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diff --git a/5855-h/5855-h.htm b/5855-h/5855-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c942d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/5855-h/5855-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3598 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>The Memoirs of General Philip H. Sheridan, +Vol. I., Part 2</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body {background:#faebd7; margin:10%; text-align:justify} + P { + text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; } + HR { width: 33%; text-align: center; } + blockquote {font-size: 95% } + .figleft {float: left;} + .figright {float: right;} + .toc { margin-left: 15%; margin-bottom: 0em;} + CENTER { padding: 10px;} + // --> +</style> + +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of General Philip H. Sheridan, +Vol. I., Part 2, by P. H. Sheridan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Memoirs of General Philip H. Sheridan, Vol. I., Part 2 + +Author: P. H. Sheridan + +Release Date: June 3, 2004 [EBook #5855] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF GENERAL SHERMAN *** + + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h2>MEMOIRS OF GENERAL SHERIDAN, Vol. I., Part 2.</h2> + +<br><hr> +<br><br><br><br><br><br> + +<center><h1>PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF + +<br>P. H. SHERIDAN</h1></center> +<br><br> + + <center><h2>Volume I.</h2></center> +<br> +<center><h2>Part 2</h2></center> +<br><br> + +<center><img alt="Cover.jpg (168K)" src="images/Cover.jpg" height="963" width="650"> +</center> +<br><br><br><br> + +<center><img alt="Spines.jpg (76K)" src="images/Spines.jpg" height="1425" width="597"> +</center> +<br><br><br><br> + +<center><img alt="Titlepage.jpg (28K)" src="images/Titlepage.jpg" height="1039" width="650"> +</center> +<br><br> + +<a name="Frontpiece"></a> +<br><br> + +<center><img alt="Frontpiece.jpg (70K)" src="images/Frontpiece.jpg" height="1007" width="541"> +</center> +<br><br><br><br> + + + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<center> +<table summary=""> +<tr><td> + + + +<br> +<a href="#ch9">CHAPTER IX.</a><br> +Expedition to Booneville—Destroying Supplies<br> +—Confederate Stragglers—Success of the Expedition<br> +—A Reconnoissance—The Importance of Bodily <br> +Sustenance—The Battle of Booneville—Recommended <br> +for Appointment as a Brigadier-General<br> +<br> +<a href="#ch10">CHAPTER X.</a><br> +In Camp near Rienzi—General Granger—A Valuable <br> +Capture at Ripley—Raiding a Corn—Field—Repulsing <br> +an Attack—Presented with the Black Horse "Rienzi" <br> +—Meeting General Grant—Appointed a Brigadier-General<br> +<br> +<a href="#ch11">CHAPTER XI.</a><br> +Good Advice from General Nelson—His Tragic Death <br> +—Putting Louisville in a State of Defense— <br> +Assigned to the Command of the Eleventh Division <br> +—Capture of Chaplin Heights—Battle of Perryville<br> +—Reported Among the Killed—A Thrilling Incident<br> +—General Buell Relieved by General Rosecrans<br> +<br> +<a href="#ch12">CHAPTER XII.</a><br> +Moving to Bowling Green—James Card, the Scout and <br> +Guide—General Sill—Colonel Schaefer—Colonel <br> +G. W. Roberts—Movement on Murfreesboro'<br> +—Opening of the Battle of Stone River<br> +<br> +<a href="#ch13">CHAPTER XIII.</a><br> +Assault on our Right Flank—Occupying a New Position <br> +—The Enemy Checked — Terrible Loss of Officers<br> +—Ammunition Gives Out—Reconstructing the Line<br> +—Collecting the Wounded and Burying the Dead<br> +—Dealing with Cowards—Results of the Victory<br> +<br> +<a href="#ch14">CHAPTER XIV.</a><br> +Appointed a Major-General—The Secret Expedition <br> +under Card the Scout—His Capture by Guerrillas<br> +—Escape—A Revenge Party—Women Soldiers<br> +—A Fight with Sabres—Tullahoma Campaign<br> +—A Foolish Adventure<br> +<br> +<a href="#ch15">CHAPTER XV.</a><br> +Ordered to Occupy Bridgeport—A Spy—The Battle of <br> +Chickamauga—General Thomas—Treated to Coffee <br> +—Results of the Battle<br> + + +</td></tr> +</table> +</center> + + +<br> +<br> +<br> + + +<center> +<table summary=""> +<tr><td> + + + +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS </h2> + <br> +<a href="#Frontpiece">Steel Portrait—General P. H. Sheridan</a> <br> +<a href="#rienzi">General Sheridan's War Horse "Rienzi"</a> <br> +<br> +<br> +<h2>MAPS</h2> +<br> +<a href="#p146">Northeastern Mississippi</a> <br> +<a href="#p157">Battle of Booneville</a> <br> +<a href="#p200">Map Showing the Field of Operations of the Army of the Cumberland<br> +in 1862 and 1863</a> <br> +<a href="#p238">Battle—field of Stone River</a> <br> +<a href="#p285">Positions of General Sheridan's Division <br> +in the Battle of Chickamauga</a> <br> + + +</td></tr> +</table> +</center> + + +<br> +<br> +<br><br><br><br><br> + +<h2>VOLUME I.</h2> +<h2>Part 2.</h2> + + +<br><br> +<center><h3>By Philip Henry Sheridan</h3></center> +<br><br> + + + + + + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch9"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>EXPEDITION TO BOONEVILLE—DESTROYING SUPPLIES—CONFEDERATE +STRAGGLERS—SUCCESS OF THE EXPEDITION—A RECONNOISSANCE—THE +IMPORTANCE OF BODILY SUSTENANCE—THE BATTLE OF +BOONEVILLE—RECOMMENDED FOR APPOINTMENT AS A BRIGADIER-GENERAL.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><a name="p146"></a><img alt="p146.jpg (56K)" src="images/p146.jpg" height="514" width="650"> +</center> +<br><br><br><br> + +<p>The expedition referred to by General Halleck in his parting +conversation was composed of the Second Michigan and Second Iowa +regiments of cavalry, formed into a brigade under command of Colonel +Washington L. Elliott, of the Second Iowa. It was to start on the +night of the 27th of May at 12 o'clock, and proceed by a circuitous +route through Iuka, Miss., to Booneville, a station on the Mobile and +Ohio Railroad, about twenty-two miles below Corinth, and accomplish +all it could in the way of destroying the enemy's supplies and +cutting his railroad communications.</p> + +<p>The weather in that climate was already warm, guides unobtainable, +and both men and horses suffered much discomfort from the heat, and +fatigue from the many delays growing out of the fact that we were in +almost total ignorance of the roads leading to the point that we +desired to reach. In order that we might go light we carried only +sugar, coffee, and salt, depending on the country for meat and bread. +Both these articles were scarce, but I think we got all there was, +for our advent was so unexpected by the people of the region through +which we passed that, supposing us to be Confederate cavalry, they +often gave us all they had, the women and servants contributing most +freely from their, reserve stores.</p> + +<p>Before reaching Booneville I had the advance, but just as we arrived +on the outskirts of the town the brigade was formed with the Second +Iowa on my right, and the whole force moved forward, right in front, +preceded by skirmishers. Here we encountered the enemy, but forced +him back with little resistance. When we had gained possession of +the station, Colonel Elliott directed me to take the left wing of my +regiment, pass to the south, and destroy a bridge or culvert supposed +to be at a little distance below the town on the Mobile and Ohio +Railroad. The right wing, or other half of the regiment, was to be +held in reserve for my support if necessary. I moved rapidly in the +designated direction till I reached the railroad, and then rode down +it for a mile and a half, but found neither bridge nor culvert. I +then learned that there was no bridge of any importance except the +one at Baldwin, nine miles farther down, but as I was aware, from +information recently received, that it was defended by three +regiments and a battery, I concluded that I could best accomplish the +purpose for which I had been detached—crippling the road—by tearing +up the track, bending the rails, and burning the cross-ties. This +was begun with alacrity at four different points, officers and men +vieing with one another in the laborious work of destruction. We had +but few tools, and as the difficulties to overcome were serious, our +progress was slow, until some genius conceived the idea that the +track, rails and ties, might be lifted from its bed bodily, turned +over, and subjected to a high heat; a convenient supply of dry +fence-rails would furnish ample fuel to render the rails useless. In this +way a good deal of the track was effectively broken up, and +communication by rail from Corinth to the south entirely cut off. +While we were still busy in wrecking the road, a dash was made at my +right and rear by a squadron of Confederate cavalry. This was +handsomely met by the reserve under Captain Archibald P. Campbell, of +the Second Michigan, who, dismounting a portion of his command, +received the enemy with such a volley from his Colt's repeating +rifles that the squadron broke and fled in all directions. We were +not molested further, and resumed our work, intending to extend the +break toward Baldwin, but receiving orders from Elliott to return to +Booneville immediately, the men were recalled, and we started to +rejoin the main command.</p> + +<p>In returning to Booneville, I found the railroad track above where I +had struck it blocked by trains that we had thus cut off, and the +woods and fields around the town covered with several thousand +Confederate soldiers. These were mostly convalescents and +disheartened stragglers belonging to General Beauregard's army, and +from them we learned that Corinth was being evacuated. I spent some +little time in an endeavor to get these demoralized men into an open +field, with a view to some future disposition of them; but in the +midst of the undertaking I received another order from Colonel +Elliott to join him at once. The news of the evacuation had also +reached Elliott, and had disclosed a phase of the situation so +different from that under which he had viewed it when we arrived at +Booneville, that he had grown anxious to withdraw, lest we should be +suddenly pounced upon by an overwhelming force from some one of the +columns in retreat. Under such circumstances my prisoners would +prove a decided embarrassment, so I abandoned further attempts to get +them together—not even paroling them, which I thought might have +been done with but little risk.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the captured cars had been fired, and as their +complete destruction was assured by explosions from those containing +ammunition, they needed no further attention, so I withdrew my men +and hastened to join Elliott, taking along some Confederate officers +whom I had retained from among four or five hundred prisoners +captured when making the original dash below the town.</p> + +<p>The losses in my regiment, and, in fact, those of the entire command, +were insignificant. The results of the expedition were important; +the railroad being broken so thoroughly as to cut off all rolling +stock north of Booneville, and to place at the service of General +Halleck's army the cars and locomotives of which the retreating +Confederates were now so much in need. In addition, we burned +twenty-six cars containing ten thousand stand of small arms, three +pieces of artillery, a great quantity of clothing, a heavy supply of +ammunition, and the personal baggage of General Leonidas Polk. A +large number of prisoners, mostly sick and convalescent, also fell +into our hands; but as we could not carry them with us—such a hurried +departure was an immediate necessity, by reason of our critical +situation—the process of paroling them was not completed, and they +doubtless passed back to active service in the Confederacy, properly +enough unrecognized as prisoners of war by their superiors.</p> + +<p>In returning, the column marched back by another indirect route to +its old camp near Farmington, where we learned that the whole army +had moved into and beyond Corinth, in pursuit of Beauregard, on the +13th of May, the very day we had captured Booneville. Although we +had marched about one hundred and eighty miles in four days, we were +required to take part, of course, in the pursuit of the Confederate +army. So, resting but one night in our old camp, we were early in +the saddle again on the morning of the 2d of June. Marching south +through Corinth, we passed on the 4th of June the scene of our late +raid, viewing with much satisfaction, as we took the road toward +Blackland, the still smoldering embers of the burned trains.</p> + +<p>On the 4th of June I was ordered to proceed with my regiment along +the Blackland road to determine the strength of the enemy in that +direction, as it was thought possible we might capture, by a +concerted movement which General John Pope had suggested to General +Halleck, a portion of Beauregard's rear guard. Pushing the +Confederate scouts rapidly in with a running fire for a mile or more, +while we were approaching a little stream, I hoped to gobble the main +body of the enemy's pickets. I therefore directed the sabre +battalion of the regiment, followed by that portion of it armed with +revolving rifles, to dash forward in column, cut off these videttes +before they could cross the stream, and then gather them in. The +pickets fled hastily, however, and a pell-mell pursuit carried us +over the stream at their heels by a little bridge, with no thought of +halting till we gained a hill on the other side, and suddenly found +ourselves almost in the camp of a strong body of artillery and +infantry. Captain Campbell being in advance, hurriedly dismounted +his battalion for a further forward movement on foot, but it was +readily seen that the enemy was present in such heavy force as almost +to ensure our destruction, and I gave orders for a hasty withdrawal. +We withdrew without loss under cover of thick woods, aided much, +however, by the consternation of the Confederates, who had hardly +recovered from their surprise at our sudden appearance in their camp +before we had again placed the stream between them and us by +recrossing the bridge. The reconnoissance was a success in one +way—that is, in finding out that the enemy was at the point supposed by, +General Pope; but it also had a tendency to accelerate Beauregard's +retreat, for in a day or two his whole line fell back as far south as +Guntown, thus rendering abortive the plans for bagging a large +portion of his army.</p> + +<p>General Beauregard's evacuation of Corinth and retreat southward were +accomplished in the face of a largely superior force of Union troops, +and he reached the point where he intended to halt for reorganization +without other loss than that sustained in the destruction of the cars +and supplies at Booneville, and the capture of some stragglers and +deserters that fell into our hands while we were pressing his rear +from General Pope's flank. The number of these was quite large, and +indicated that the enemy was considerably demoralized. Under such +circumstances, an energetic and skillfully directed pursuit might not +have made certain the enemy's destruction, but it would largely have +aided in disintegrating his forces, and I never could quite +understand why it was not ordered. The desultory affairs between +rear and advance guards seemed as a general, thing to have no +particular purpose in view beyond finding out where the enemy was, +and when he was found, since no supporting colums were at hand and no +one in supreme control was present to give directions, our +skirmishing was of little avail and brought but small reward.</p> + +<p>A short time subsequent to these occurrences, Colonel Elliott was +made a brigadier-general, and as General Pope appointed him his +Chief-of-Staff, I, on the 11th of June, 1862, fell in command of the +brigade by seniority. For the rest of the month but little of moment +occurred, and we settled down into camp at Booneville on the 26th of +June, in a position which my brigade had been ordered to take up some +twenty miles, in advance of the main army for the purpose of covering +its front. Although but a few days had elapsed from the date of my +appointment as colonel of the Second Michigan to that of my +succeeding to the command of the brigade, I believe I can say with +propriety that I had firmly established myself in the confidence of +the officers and men of the regiment, and won their regard by +thoughtful care. I had striven unceasingly to have them well fed and +well clothed, had personally looked after the selection of their +camps, and had maintained such a discipline as to allay former +irritation.</p> + +<p>Men who march, scout, and fight, and suffer all the hardships that +fall to the lot of soldiers in the field, in order to do vigorous +work must have the best bodily sustenance, and every comfort that can +be provided. I knew from practical experience on the frontier that +my efforts in this direction would not only be appreciated, but +requited by personal affection and gratitude; and, further, that such +exertions would bring the best results to me. Whenever my authority +would permit I saved my command from needless sacrifices and +unnecessary toil; therefore, when hard or daring work was to be done +I expected the heartiest response, and always got it. Soldiers are +averse to seeing their comrades killed without compensating results, +and none realize more quickly than they the blundering that often +takes place on the field of battle. They want some tangible +indemnity for the loss of life, and as victory is an offset the value +of which is manifest, it not only makes them content to shed their +blood, but also furnishes evidence of capacity in those who command +them. My regiment had lost very few men since coming under my +command, but it seemed, in the eyes of all who belonged to it, that +casualties to the enemy and some slight successes for us had repaid +every sacrifice, and in consequence I had gained not only their +confidence as soldiers, but also their esteem and love as men, and to +a degree far beyond what I then realized.</p> + +<p>As soon as the camp of my brigade was pitched at Booneville, I began +to scout in every direction, to obtain a knowledge of the enemy's +whereabouts and learn the ground about me. My standing in drawing at +the Military Academy had never been so high as to warrant the belief +that I could ever prove myself an expert, but a few practical lessons +in that line were impressed on me there, and I had retained enough to +enable me to make rough maps that could be readily understood, and +which would be suitable to replace the erroneous skeleton outlines of +northern Mississippi, with which at this time we were scantily +furnished; so as soon as possible I compiled for the use of myself +and my regimental commanders an information map of the surrounding +country. This map exhibited such details as country roads, streams, +farmhouses, fields, woods, and swamps, and such other topographical +features as would be useful. I must confess that my crude sketch did +not evidence much artistic merit, but it was an improvement on what +we already possessed in the way of details to guide the command, and +this was what I most needed; for it was of the first importance that +in our exposed condition we should be equipped with a thorough +knowledge of the section in which we were operating, so as to be +prepared to encounter an enemy already indicating recovery from the +disorganizing effects of his recent retreat.</p> + +<p>In the immediate vicinity of Booneville the country was covered with +heavy forests, with here and there clearings or intervening fields +that had been devoted to the cultivation of cotton and corn. The +ground was of a low character, typical of northeastern Mississippi, +and abounded in small creeks that went almost totally dry even in +short periods of drought, but became flooded with muddy water under +the outpouring of rain peculiar to a semi-tropical climate. In such +a region there were many chances of our being surprised, especially +by an enemy who knew the country well, and whose ranks were filled +with local guides; and great precautions as well as the fullest +information were necessary to prevent disaster. I therefore +endeavored to familiarize all with our surroundings, but scarcely had +matters begun to shape themselves as I desired when our annihilation +was attempted by a large force of Confederate cavalry.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><a name="p157"></a><img alt="p157.jpg (23K)" src="images/p157.jpg" height="345" width="535"> +</center> +<br><br><br><br> + +<p>On the morning of July 1, 1862, a cavalry command of between five and +six thousand-men, under the Confederate General James R. Chalmers, +advanced on two roads converging near Booneville. The head of the +enemy's column on the Blackland and Booneville road came in contact +with my pickets three miles and a half west of Booneville. These +pickets, under Lieutenant Leonidas S. Scranton, of the Second +Michigan Cavalry, fell back slowly, taking advantage of every tree or +other cover to fire from till they arrived at the point where the +converging roads joined. At this junction there was a strong +position in the protecting timber, and here Scranton made a firm +stand, being reinforced presently by the few men he had out as +pickets on the road to his left, a second company I had sent him from +camp, and subsequently by three companies more, all now commanded by +Captain Campbell. This force was dismounted and formed in line, and +soon developed that the enemy was present in large numbers. Up to +this time Chalmers had shown only the heads of his columns, and we +had doubts as to his purpose, but now that our resistance forced him +to deploy two regiments on the right and left of the road, it became +apparent that he meant business, and that there was no time to lose +in preparing to repel his attack.</p> + +<p>Full information of the situation was immediately sent me, and I +directed Campbell to hold fast, if possible, till I could support +him, but if compelled to retire he was authorized to do so slowly, +taking advantage of every means that fell in his way to prolong the +fighting. Before this I had stationed one battalion of the Second +Iowa in Booneville, but Colonel Edward Hatch, commanding that +regiment, was now directed to leave one company for the protection of +our camp a little to the north of the station, and take the balance +of the Second Iowa, with the battalion in Booneville except two sabre +companies, and form the whole in rear of Captain Campbell, to protect +his flanks and support him by a charge should the enemy break his +dismounted line.</p> + +<p>While these preparations were being made, the Confederates attempted +to drive Campbell from his position by a direct attack through an +open field. In this they failed, however, for our men, reserving +their fire until the enemy came within about thirty yards, then +opened on him with such a shower of bullets from our Colt's rifles +that it soon became too hot for him, and he was repulsed with +considerable loss. Foiled in this move, Chalmers hesitated to attack +again in front, but began overlapping both flanks of Campbell's line +by force of numbers, compelling Campbell to retire toward a strong +position I had selected in his rear for a line on which to make our +main resistance. As soon as the enemy saw this withdrawing he again +charged in front, but was again as gallantly repelled as in the first +assault, although the encounter was for a short time so desperate as +to have the character of a hand-to-hand conflict, several groups of +friend and foe using on each other the butts of their guns. At this +juncture the timely arrival of Colonel Hatch with the Second Iowa +gave a breathing-spell to Campbell, and made the Confederates so +chary of further direct attacks that he was enabled to retire; and at +the same time I found opportunity to make disposition of the +reinforcement to the best advantage possible, placing the Second Iowa +on the left of the new line and strengthening Campbell on its right +with all the men available.</p> + +<p>In view of his numbers, the enemy soon regained confidence in his +ability to overcome us, and in a little while again began his +flanking movements, his right passing around my left flank some +distance, and approaching our camp and transportation, which I had +forbidden to be moved out to the rear. Fearing that he would envelop +us and capture the camp and transportation, I determined to take the +offensive. Remembering a circuitous wood road that I had become +familiar with while making the map heretofore mentioned, I concluded +that the most effective plan would be to pass a small column around +the enemy's left, by way of this road, and strike his rear by a +mounted charge simultaneously with an advance of our main line on his +front. I knew that the attack in rear would be a most hazardous +undertaking, but in the face of such odds as the enemy had the +condition of affairs was most critical, and could be relieved, only +by a bold and radical change in our tactics; so I at once selected +four sabre companies, two from the Second Michigan and two from the +Second Iowa, and placing Captain Alger, of the former regiment, in +command of them, I informed him that I expected of them the quick and +desperate work that is usually imposed on a forlorn hope.</p> + +<p>To carry out the purpose now in view, I instructed Captain Alger to +follow the wood road as it led around the left of the enemy's +advancing forces, to a point where 'it joined the Blackland road, +about three miles from Booneville, and directed him, upon reaching +the Blackland road, to turn up it immediately, and charge the rear of +the enemy's line. Under no circumstances was he to deploy the +battalion, but charge in column right through whatever he came upon, +and report to me in front of Booneville, if at all possible for him +to get there. If he failed to break through the enemy's line, he was +to go ahead as far as he could, and then if any of his men were left, +and he was able to retreat, he was to do so by the same route he had +taken on his way out. To conduct him on this perilous service I sent +along a thin, sallow, tawny-haired Mississippian named Beene, whom I +had employed as a guide and scout a few days before, on account of +his intimate knowledge of the roads, from the public thoroughfares +down to the insignificant by-paths of the neighboring swamps. With +such guidance I felt sure that the column would get to the desired +point without delay, for there was no danger of its being lost or +misled by taking any of the many by-roads which traversed the dense +forests through which it would be obliged to pass. I also informed +Alger that I should take the reserve and join the main line in front +of Booneville for the purpose of making an advance of my whole force, +and that as a signal he must have his men cheer loudly when he struck +the enemy's rear, in order that my attack might be simultaneous with +his.</p> + +<p>I gave him one hour to go around and come back through the enemy, and +when he started I moved to the front with the balance of the reserve, +to put everything I had into the fight. This meant an inestimable +advantage to the enemy in case of our defeat, but our own safety +demanded the hazard. All along our attenuated line the fighting was +now sharp, and the enemy's firing indicated such numerical strength +that fear of disaster to Alger increased my anxiety terribly as the +time set for his cheering arrived and no sound of it was heard.</p> + +<p>Relying, however, on the fact that Beene's knowledge of the roads +would prevent his being led astray, and confident of Alger's +determination to accomplish the purpose for which he set out, as soon +as the hour was up I ordered my whole line forward. Fortunately, +just as this moment a locomotive and two cars loaded with grain for +my horses ran into Booneville from Corinth. I say fortunately, +because it was well known throughout the command that in the morning, +when I first discovered the large numbers of the enemy, I had called +for assistance; and my troops, now thinking that reinforcements had +arrived by rail from Rienzi, where a division of infantry was +encamped, and inspirated by this belief, advanced with renewed +confidence and wild cheering. Meantime I had the engineer of the +locomotive blow his whistle loudly, so that the enemy might also +learn that a train had come; and from the fact that in a few moments +he began to give way before our small force, I thought that this +strategem had some effect. Soon his men broke, and ran in the utmost +disorder over the country in every direction. I found later, +however, that his precipitous retreat was due to the pressure on his +left from the Second Iowa, in concert with the front attack of the +Second Michigan, and the demoralization wrought in his rear by Alger, +who had almost entirely accomplished the purpose of his expedition, +though he had failed to come through, or so near that I could hear +the signal agreed upon before leaving Booneville.</p> + +<p>After Alger had reached and turned up the Blackland road, the first +thing he came across was the Confederate headquarters; the officers +and orderlies about which he captured and sent back some distance to +a farm-house. Continuing on a gallop, he soon struck the rear of the +enemy's line, but was unable to get through; nor did he get near +enough for me to hear his cheering; but as he had made the distance +he was to travel in the time allotted, his attack and mine were +almost coincident, and the enemy, stampeded by the charges in front +and rear, fled toward Blackland, with little or no attempt to capture +Alger's command, which might readily have been done. Alger's +troopers soon rejoined me at Booneville, minus many hats, having +returned by their original route. They had sustained little loss +except a few men wounded and a few temporarily missing. Among these +was Alger himself, who was dragged from his saddle by the limb of a +tree that, in the excitement of the charge, he was unable to flank. +The missing had been dismounted in one way or another, and run over +by the enemy in his flight; but they all turned up later, none the +worse except for a few scratches and bruises.</p> + +<p>My effective strength in this fight was 827 all told, and Alger's +command comprised ninety officers and men. Chalmers's force was +composed of six regiments and two battalions, and though I have been +unable to find any returns from which to verify his actual numbers, +yet, from the statements of prisoners and from information obtained +from citizens along his line of march, it is safe to say that he had +in the action not less than five-thousand men. Our casualties were +not many—forty-one in all. His loss in killed and wounded was +considerable, his most severely wounded—forty men—falling into our +hands, having been left at farm-houses in the vicinity of the +battlefield.</p> + +<p>The victory in the face of such odds was most gratifying, and as it +justified my disinclination—in fact, refusal—to retire from +Booneville without fighting (for the purpose of saving my +transportation, as directed by superior authority when I applied in +the morning for reinforcements), it was to me particularly grateful. +It was also very valuable in, view of the fact that it increased the +confidence between the officers and men of my brigade and me, and +gave us for the balance of the month not only comparative rest, but +entire immunity from the dangers of a renewed effort to gobble my +isolated outpost. In addition to all this, commendation from my +immediate superiors was promptly tendered through oral and written +congratulations; and their satisfaction at the result of the battle +took definite form a few days later, in the following application for +my promotion, when, by an expedition to Ripley, Miss., most valuable +information as to the enemy's location and plans was captured:</p> + + +<blockquote> +<br>"HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE MISSISSIPPI, +<br>"JULY 30, 1862.—3.05 P. M. +<br> +<br>"MAJOR-GENERAL HALLECK, +<br>"Washington, D. C. +<br> +<br>"Brigadiers scarce; good ones scarce. Asboth goes on the month's +leave you gave him ten months since; Granger has temporary command. +The undersigned respectfully beg that you will obtain the promotion +of Sheridan. He is worth his weight in gold. His Ripley expedition +has brought us captured letters of immense value, as well as +prisoners, showing the rebel plans and dispositions, as you will +learn from District Commander. +<br> +<br>"W. S. ROSECRANS, Brigadier-General. +<br>"C. C. SULLIVAN, " " +<br>"G. GRANGER, " " +<br>"W. L. ELLIOTT, " " +<br>"A. ASBOTH, " " " +</blockquote> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch10"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>IN CAMP NEAR RIENZI—GENERAL GRANGER—A VALUABLE CAPTURE AT +RIPLEY—RAIDING A CORNFIELD—REPULSING AN ATTACK—PRESENTED WITH THE BLACK +HORSE "RIENZI"—MEETING GENERAL GRANT—APPOINTED A BRIGADIER-GENERAL.</p> + +<p>After the battle of Booneville, it was decided by General Rosecrans, +on the advice of General Granger, that my position at Booneville was +too much exposed, despite the fact that late on the evening of the +fight my force had been increased by the addition of, a battery of +four guns and two companies of infantry, and by the Third Michigan +Cavalry, commanded by Colonel John K. Mizner; so I was directed to +withdraw from my post and go into camp near Rienzi, Mississippi, +where I could equally well cover the roads in front of the army, and +also be near General Asboth's division of infantry, which occupied a +line in rear of the town. This section of country, being higher and +more rolling than that in the neighborhood of Booneville, had many +advantages in the way of better camping-grounds, better grazing and +the like, but I moved with reluctance, because I feared that my +proximity to Asboth would diminish to a certain extent my +independence of command.</p> + +<p>General Asboth was a tall, spare, handsome man, with gray mustache +and a fierce look. He was an educated soldier, of unquestioned +courage, but the responsibilities of outpost duty bore rather heavily +on him, and he kept all hands in a state of constant worry in +anticipation of imaginary attacks. His ideas of discipline were not +very rigid either, and as by this time there had been introduced into +my brigade some better methods than those obtaining when it first +fell to my command, I feared the effect should he, have any control +over it, or meddle with its internal affairs. However, there was +nothing to do but to move to the place designated, but General +Granger, who still commanded the cavalry division to which the +brigade belonged, so arranged matters with General Rosecrans, who had +succeeded to the command of the Army of the Mississippi, that my +independence was to be undisturbed, except in case of a general +attack by the enemy.</p> + +<p>We went into camp near Rienzi, July 22, sending back to the general +field-hospital at Tuscumbia Springs all our sick—a considerable +number—stricken down by the malarial influences around Booneville. +In a few days the fine grazing and abundance of grain for our +exhausted horses brought about their recuperation; and the many large +open fields in the vicinity gave opportunity for drills and parades, +which were much needed. I turned my attention to those disciplinary +measures which, on account of active work in the field, had been +necessarily neglected since the brigade had arrived at Pittsburg +Landing, in April; and besides, we had been busy in collecting +information by scouting parties and otherwise, in prosecution of the +purpose for which we were covering the main army.</p> + +<p>I kept up an almost daily correspondence with General Granger, +concerning the, information obtained by scouts and reconnoitring +parties, and he came often to Rienzi to see me in relation to this +and other matters. Previously I had not had much personal +association with Granger. While I was at Halleck's headquarters we +met on one or two occasions, and the day I joined the Second Michigan +at Farmington I saw him for a few moments, but, with such slight +exception, our intercourse had been almost exclusively official. He +had suggested my name, I was told, to Governor Blair, when the +Governor was in search of an officer of the regular army to appoint +to the colonelcy of the Second Michigan Cavalry, but his +recommendation must have been mainly based on the favorable opinions +he had heard expressed by General Halleck and by some of the officers +of his staff, rather than from any personal knowledge of my capacity. +Of course I was very grateful for this, but some of his +characteristics did not impress me favorably, and I sometimes wished +the distance between our camps greater. His most serious failing was +an uncontrollable propensity to interfere with and direct the minor +matters relating to the command, the details for which those under +him were alone responsible. Ill-judged meddling in this respect +often led to differences between us, only temporary it is true, but +most harassing to the subordinate, since I was compelled by the +circumstances of the situation not only invariably to yield my own +judgment, but many a time had to play peacemaker—smoothing down +ruffled feelings, that I knew had been excited by Granger's freaky +and spasmodic efforts to correct personally some trifling fault that +ought to have been left to a regimental or company commander to +remedy. Yet with all these small blemishes Granger had many good +qualities, and his big heart was so full of generous impulses and +good motives as to far outbalance his short-comings; and +not-withstanding the friction and occasional acerbity of our official +intercourse, we maintained friendly relations till his death.</p> + +<p>In pursuance of the fatal mistake made by dispersing Halleck's forces +after the fall of Corinth, General Don Carlos Buell's Army of the +Ohio had been started some time before on its march eastward toward +Chattanooga; and as this movement would be followed of course by a +manoeuvre on the part of the enemy, now at Tupelo under General +Braxton Bragg, either to meet Buell or frustrate his designs by some +counter-operation, I was expected to furnish, by scouting and all +other means available, information as to what was going on within the +Confederate lines. To do the work required, necessitated an increase +of my command, and the Seventh Kansas Cavalry was therefore added to +it, and my picket-line extended so as to cover from Jacinto +southwesterly to a point midway between Rienzi and Booneville, and +then northwesterly to the Hatchie River. Skirmishes between outposts +on this line were of frequent occurrence, with small results to +either side, but they were somewhat annoying, particularly in the +direction of Ripley, where the enemy maintained a considerable +outpost. Deciding to cripple if not capture this outpost, on the +evening of July 27, I sent out an expedition under Colonel Hatch, +which drove the enemy from the town of Ripley and took a few +prisoners, but the most valuable prize was in the shape of a package +of thirty-two private letters, the partial reading of which disclosed +to me the positive transfer from Mississippi of most of Bragg's army, +for the purpose of counteracting Buell's operations in northern +Alabama and East Tennessee. This decisive evidence was of the utmost +importance, and without taking time to read all the letters, I +forwarded them to General Granger July 28, in a despatch which +stated: "I deem it necessary to send them at once; the enemy is +moving in large force on Chattanooga." Other than this the results +of the expedition were few; and the enemy, having fled from Ripley +with but slight resistance, accompanied by almost all the +inhabitants, re-occupied the place next day after our people had +quitted it, and resumed in due time his annoying attacks on our +outposts, both sides trying to achieve something whenever occasion +offered.</p> + +<p>The prevalence of a severe drought had resulted in drying up many of +the streams within the enemy's lines, and, in consequence, he was +obliged to shift his camps often, and send his beef-cattle and mules +near his outposts for water. My scouts kept me well posted in regard +to the movements of both camps and herds; and a favorable opportunity +presenting itself, I sent an expedition on August 14 to gather in +some animals located on Twenty-Mile Creek, a stream always supplied +with water from a source of never-failing, springs. Our side met +with complete success in this instance, and when the expedition +returned, we were all made happy by an abundance of fresh beef, and +by some two hundred captured mules, that we thus added to our trains +at a time when draft animals were much needed.</p> + +<p>Rations for the men were now supplied in fair quantities, and the +only thing required to make us wholly contented was plenty of grain +for our animals. Because of the large number of troops then in West +Tennessee and about Corinth, the indifferent railroad leading down +from Columbus, Ky., was taxed to its utmost capacity to transport +supplies. The quantity of grain received at Corinth from the north +was therefore limited, and before reaching the different outposts, by +passing through intermediate depots of supply, it had dwindled to +insignificance. I had hopes, however, that this condition of things +might be ameliorated before long by gathering a good supply of corn +that was ripening in the neighborhood, and would soon, I thought, be +sufficiently hard to feed to my animals. Not far from my +headquarters there was a particularly fine field, which, with this +end in view, I had carefully protected through the milky stage, to +the evident disappointment of both Asboth's men and mine. They bore +the prohibition well while it affected only themselves, but the trial +was too great when it came to denying their horses; and men whose +discipline kept faith with my guards during the roasting-ear period +now fell from grace. Their horses were growing thin, and few could +withstand the mute appeals of their suffering pets; so at night the +corn, because of individual foraging, kept stealthily and steadily +vanishing, until the field was soon fringed with only earless stalks. +The disappearance was noticed, and the guard increased, but still the +quantity of corn continued to grow less, the more honest troopers +bemoaning the loss, and questioning the honor of those to whose +safekeeping it had been entrusted. Finally, doubtless under the +apprehension that through their irregularities the corn would all +disappear and find its way to the horses in accordance with the +stealthy enterprise of their owners, a general raid was made on the +field in broad daylight, and though the guard drove off the +marauders, I must admit that its efforts to keep them back were so +unsuccessful that my hopes for an equal distribution of the crop were +quickly blasted. One look at the field told that it had been swept +clean of its grain. Of course a great row occurred as to who was to +blame, and many arrests and trials took place, but there had been +such an interchanging of cap numbers and other insignia that it was +next to impossible to identify the guilty, and so much crimination +and acrimony grew out of the affair that it was deemed best to drop +the whole matter.</p> + +<p>On August 27 about half of the command was absent reconnoitring, I +having sent it south toward Tupelo, in the hope of obtaining some +definite information regarding a movement to Holly Springs of the +remainder of the Confederate army, under General Price, when about +mid-day I was suddenly aroused by excited cries and sounds of firing, +and I saw in a moment that the enemy was in my camp. He had come in +on my right flank from the direction of the Hatchie River, pell-mell +with our picket-post stationed about three miles out on the Ripley +road. The whole force of the enemy comprised about eight hundred, +but only his advance entered with my pickets, whom he had charged and +badly stampeded, without, on their part, the pretense of a fight in +behalf of those whom it was their duty to protect until proper +dispositions for defense could be made. The day was excessively hot, +one of those sultry debilitating days that had caused the suspending +of all military exercises; and as most of the men were lounging or +sleeping in their tents, we were literally caught napping. The alarm +spread instantly through the camp, and in a moment the command turned +out for action, somewhat in deshabille it is true, but none the less +effective, for every man had grabbed his rifle and cartridge-box at +the first alarm. Aided by a few shots from Captain Henry Hescock's +battery, we soon drove the intruders from our camp in about the same +disorder in which they had broken in on us. By this time Colonel +Hatch and Colonel Albert L. Lee had mounted two battalions each, and +I moved them out at a lively pace in pursuit, followed by a section +of the battery. No halt was called till we came upon the enemy's +main body, under Colonel Faulkner, drawn up in line of battle near +Newland's store. Opening on him with the two pieces of artillery, I +hurriedly formed line confronting him, and quickly and with but +little resistance drove him in confusion from the field. The sudden +turning of the tables dismayed Faulkner's men, and panic seizing +them, they threw away every loose article of arms or clothing of +which they could dismember themselves, and ran in the wildest +disorder in a mad effort to escape. As the chase went on the panic +increased, the clouds of dust from the road causing an intermingling +of friend and foe. In a little while the affair grew most ludicrous, +Faulkner's hatless and coatless men taking to the woods in such +dispersed order and so demoralized that a good many prisoners were +secured, and those of the enemy who escaped were hunted until dark. +When the recall was sounded, our men came in loaded down with plunder +in the shape of hats, haversacks, blankets, pistols, and shotguns, in +a quantity which amply repaid for the surprise of the morning, but +did not excuse the delinquent commander of our picket-guard, who a +few days later was brought to a realizing sense of his duty by a +court-martial.</p> + +<p>Shortly after this affair Captain Archibald P. Campbell, of the +Second Michigan Cavalry, presented me with the black horse called +Rienzi, since made historical from having been ridden by me in many +battles, conspicuously in the ride from Winchester to Cedar Creek, +which has been celebrated in the poem by T. Buchanan Read. This +horse was of Morgan stock, and then about three years old. He was +jet black, excepting three white feet, sixteen hands high, and +strongly built, with great powers of endurance. He was so active +that he could cover with ease five miles an hour at his natural +walking gait. The gelding had been ridden very seldom; in fact, +Campbell had been unaccustomed to riding till the war broke out, and, +I think, felt some disinclination to mount the fiery colt. Campbell +had an affection for him, however, that never waned, and would often +come to my headquarters to see his favorite, the colt being cared for +there by the regimental farrier, an old man named John Ashley, who +had taken him in charge when leaving Michigan, and had been his groom +ever since. Seeing that I liked the horse—I had ridden him on +several occasions—Campbell presented him to me on one of these +visits, and from that time till the close of the war I rode him +almost continuously, in every campaign and battle in which I took +part, without once finding him overcome by fatigue, though on many +occasions his strength was severely tested by long marches and short +rations. I never observed in him any vicious habit; a nervousness +and restlessness and switch of the tail, when everything about him +was in repose, being the only indication that he might be +untrustworthy. No one but a novice could be deceived by this, +however, for the intelligence evinced in every feature, and his +thoroughbred appearance, were so striking that any person accustomed +to horses could not misunderstand such a noble animal. But Campbell +thought otherwise, at least when the horse was to a certain degree +yet untrained, and could not be pursuaded to ride him; indeed, for +more than a year after he was given to me, Campbell still retained +suspicions of his viciousness, though, along with this mistrust, an +undiminished affection. Although he was several times wounded, this +horse escaped death in action; and living to a ripe old age, died in +1878, attended to the last with all the care and surrounded with +every comfort due the faithful service he had rendered.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><a name="rienzi"></a><img alt="p179-Rienzi.jpg (110K)" src="images/p179-Rienzi.jpg" height="435" width="650"> +</center> +<br><br><br><br> + +<p>In moving from Corinth east toward Chattanooga, General Buell's army +was much delayed by the requirement that he should repair the Memphis +and Charleston railroad as he progressed. The work of repair obliged +him to march very slowly, and was of but little use when done, for +guerrillas and other bands of Confederates destroyed the road again +as soon as he had passed on. But worst of all, the time thus +consumed gave General Bragg the opportunity to reorganize and +increase his army to such an extent that he was able to contest the +possession of Middle Tennessee and Kentucky. Consequently, the +movement of this army through Tennessee and Kentucky toward the Ohio +River—its objective points being Louisville and Cincinnati—was now +well defined, and had already rendered abortive General Buell's +designs on Chattanooga and East Tennessee. Therefore extraordinary +efforts on the part of the Government became necessary, and the +concentration of National troops at Louisville and Cincinnati to meet +the contingency of Bragg's reaching those points was an obvious +requirement. These troops were drawn from all sections in the West +where it was thought they could be spared, and among others I was +ordered to conduct thither—to Louisville or Cincinnati, as +subsequent developments might demand—my regiment, Hescock's battery, +the Second and Fifteenth Missouri, and the Thirty-sixth and +Forty-fourth Illinois regiments of infantry, known as the "Pea Ridge +Brigade." With this column I marched back to Corinth on the 6th of +September, 1862, for the purpose of getting railroad transportation +to Columbus, Kentucky.</p> + +<p>At Corinth I met General Grant, who by this time had been +reestablished in favor and command somewhat, General Halleck having +departed for Washington to assume command of the army as +General-in-Chief. Before and during the activity which followed his +reinstatement, General Grant had become familiar with my services +through the transmission to Washington of information I had furnished +concerning the enemy's movements, and by reading reports of my fights +and skirmishes in front, and he was loth to let me go. Indeed, he +expressed surprise at seeing me in Corinth, and said he had not +expected me to go; he also plainly showed that he was much hurt at +the inconsiderate way in which his command was being depleted. Since +I was of the opinion that the chief field of usefulness and +opportunity was opening up in Kentucky, I did not wish him to retain +me, which he might have done, and I impressed him with my conviction, +somewhat emphatically, I fear. Our conversation ended with my wish +gratified. I afterward learned that General Granger, whom General +Grant did not fancy, had suggested that I should take to Cincinnati +the main portion of Granger's command—the Pea Ridge Brigade—as well +as the Second Michigan Cavalry, of which I was still colonel. +We started that night, going by rail over the Mobile and Ohio road to +Columbus, Ky., where we embarked on steamboats awaiting us. These +boats were five in number, and making one of them my flag-ship, +expecting that we might come upon certain batteries reported to be +located upon the Kentucky shore of the Ohio, I directed the rest to +follow my lead. Just before reaching Caseyville, the captain of a +tin-clad gunboat that was patrolling the river brought me the +information that the enemy was in strong force at Caseyville, and +expressed a fear that my fleet could not pass his batteries. +Accepting the information as correct, I concluded to capture the +place before trying to pass up the river. Pushing in to the bank as +we neared the town, I got the troops ashore and moved on Caseyville, +in the expectation of a bloody fight, but was agreeably surprised +upon reaching the outskirts of the village by an outpouring of its +inhabitants—men, women, and children—carrying the Stars and +Stripes, and making the most loyal professions. Similar +demonstrations of loyalty had been made to the panic-stricken captain +of the gunboat when he passed down the river, but he did not stay to +ascertain their character, neither by landing nor by inquiry, for he +assumed that on the Kentucky bank of the river there could be no +loyalty. The result mortified the captain intensely; and deeming his +convoy of little further use, he steamed toward Cairo in quest of +other imaginary batteries, while I re-embarked at Caseyville, and +continued up the Ohio undisturbed. About three miles below +Cincinnati I received instructions to halt, and next day I was +ordered by Major-General H. G. Wright to take my troops back to +Louisville, and there assume command of the Pea Ridge Brigade, +composed of the Second and Fifteenth Missouri, Thirty-sixth and +Forty-fourth Illinois infantry, and of such other regiments as might +be sent me in advance of the arrival of General Buell's army. +When I reached Louisville I reported to Major-General William Nelson, +who was sick, and who received me as he lay in bed. He asked me why +I did not wear the shoulder-straps of my rank. I answered that I was +the colonel of the Second Michigan cavalry, and had on my appropriate +shoulder-straps. He replied that I was a brigadier-general for the +Booneville fight, July 1, and that I should wear the shoulder-straps +of that grade. I returned to my command and put it in camp; and as I +had no reluctance to wearing the shoulder-straps of a +brigadier-general, I was not long in procuring a pair, particularly as I was +fortified next day by receiving from Washington official information +of my appointment as a brigadier-general, to date from July 1, 1862, +the day of the battle of Booneville</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch11"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>GOOD ADVICE FROM GENERAL NELSON—HIS TRAGIC DEATH—PUTTING LOUISVILLE +IN A STATE OF DEFENSE—ASSIGNED TO THE COMMAND OF THE ELEVENTH +DIVISION—CAPTURE OF CHAPLIN HEIGHTS—BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE—REPORTED +AMONG THE KILLED—A THRILLING INCIDENT—GENERAL BUELL RELIEVED BY +GENERAL ROSECRANS.</p> + +<p>I reported to Major-General Nelson at the Galt House in Louisville, +September 14, 1862, who greeted me in the bluff and hearty fashion of +a sailor—for he had been in the navy till the breaking out of the +war. The new responsibilities that were now to fall upon me by +virtue of increased rank caused in my mind an uneasiness which, I +think, Nelson observed at the interview, and he allayed it by giving +me much good advice, and most valuable information in regard to +affairs in Kentucky, telling me also that he intended I should retain +in my command the Pea Ridge Brigade and Hescock's battery. This +latter assurance relieved me greatly, for I feared the loss of these +troops in the general redistribution which I knew must soon take +place; and being familiar with their valuable service in Missouri, +and having brought them up from Mississippi, I hoped they would +continue with me. He directed me to take position just below the +city with the Pea Ridge Brigade, Hescock's battery, and the Second +Michigan Cavalry, informing me, at the same time, that some of the +new regiments, then arriving under a recent call of the President for +volunteers, would also be assigned to my command. Shortly after the +interview eight new regiments and an additional battery joined me, +thus making good his promise of more troops.</p> + +<p>A few days later came Nelson's tragic end, shocking the whole +country. Those of us in camp outside of the city were startled on +the morning of September 29 by the news that General Jefferson C. +Davis, of the Union Army, had shot General Nelson at the Galt House, +and the wildest rumors in regard to the occurrence came thick and +fast; one to the effect that Nelson was dead, another having it that +he was living and had killed Davis, and still others reflecting on +the loyalty of both, it being supposed by the general public at first +that the difficulty between the two men had grown out of some +political rather than official or personal differences. When the +news came, I rode into the city to the Galt House to learn the +particulars, reaching there about 10 o'clock in the forenoon. Here I +learned that Nelson had been shot by Davis about two hours before, at +the foot of the main stairway leading from the corridor just beyond +the office to the second floor, and that Nelson was already dead. It +was almost as difficult to get reliable particulars of the matter at +the hotel as it had been in my camp, but I gathered that the two men +had met first at an early hour near the counter of the hotel office, +and that an altercation which had begun several days before in +relation to something official was renewed by Davis, who, attempting +to speak to Nelson in regard to the subject-matter of their previous +dispute, was met by an insulting refusal to listen. It now appears +that when Nelson made this offensive remark, Davis threw a small +paper ball that he was nervously rolling between his fingers into +Nelson's face, and that this insult was returned by Nelson slapping +Davis (Killed by a Brother Soldier.—Gen. J. B. Fry.) in the face. +But at the time, exactly what had taken place just before the +shooting was shrouded in mystery by a hundred conflicting stories, +the principal and most credited of which was that Davis had demanded +from Nelson an apology for language used in the original altercation, +and that Nelson's refusal was accompanied by a slap in the face, at +the same moment denouncing Davis as a coward. However this may be, +Nelson, after slapping Davis, moved toward the corridor, from which a +stairway led to the second floor, and just as he was about to ascend, +Davis fired with a pistol that he had obtained from some one near by +after the blow had been struck. The ball entered Nelson's breast +just above the heart, but his great strength enabled him to ascend +the stairway notwithstanding the mortal character of the wound, and +he did not fall till he reached the corridor on the second floor. He +died about half an hour later. The tragedy cast a deep gloom over +all who knew the men, for they both had many warm personal friends; +and affairs at Louisville had hardly recovered as yet from the +confused and discouraging condition which preceded the arrival of +General Buell's army. General Buell reported the killing of Nelson +to the authorities at Washington, and recommended the trial of Davis +by court-martial, but no proceedings were ever instituted against him +in either a civil or military court, so to this day it has not been +determined judicially who was the aggressor. Some months later Davis +was assigned to the command of a division in Buell's army after that +officer had been relieved from its command.</p> + +<p>Two Confederate armies, under General Kirby Smith and General Braxton +Bragg, had penetrated into Kentucky, the one under Smith by the way +of Cumberland Gap, the other and main army under Bragg by way of the +Sequatche Valley, Glasgow, and Mumfordsville. Glasgow was captured +by the enemy on the 17th of September, and as the expectation was +that Buell would reach the place in time to save the town, its loss +created considerable alarm in the North, for fears were now +entertained that Bragg would strike Louisville and capture the city +before Buell could arrive on the ground. It became necessary +therefore to put Louisville in a state of defense, and after the +cordon of principal works had been indicated, my troops threw up in +one night a heavy line of rifle-pits south of the city, from the +Bardstown pike to the river. The apprehended attack by Bragg never +came, however, for in the race that was then going on between him and +Buell on parallel roads, the Army of the Ohio outmarched the +Confederates, its advance arriving at Louisville September 25.</p> + +<p>General Buell immediately set about reorganizing the whole force, and +on September 29 issued an order designating the troops under my +command as the Eleventh Division, Army of the Ohio, and assigning +Brigadier-General J. T. Boyle to command the division, and me to +command one of its brigades. To this I could not object, of course, +for I was a brigadier-general of very recent date, and could hardly +expect more than a brigade. I had learned, however, that at least +one officer to whom a high command had been given—a corps—had not +yet been appointed a general officer by the President, and I +considered it somewhat unfair that I should be relegated to a +brigade, while men who held no commissions at all were being made +chiefs of corps and divisions; so I sought an interview with General +Buell's chief-of-staff, Colonel Fry, and, while not questioning +Buell's good intentions nor his pure motives, insisted that my rights +in the matter should be recognized. That same evening I was assigned +to the command of the Eleventh Division, and began preparing it at +once for a forward movement, which I knew must soon take place in the +resumption of offensive operations by the Army of the Ohio.</p> + +<p>During the interval from September 25 till October 1 there was among +the officers much criticism of General Buell's management of the +recent campaign, which had resulted in his retirement to Louisville; +and he was particularly censured by many for not offering battle to +General Bragg while the two armies were marching parallel to each +other, and so near that an engagement could have been brought on at +any one of several points—notably so at Glasgow, Kentucky, if there +had been a desire to join issue. It was asserted, and by many +conceded, that General Buell had a sufficient force to risk a fight. +He was much blamed for the loss of Mumfordsville also. The capture +of this point, with its garrison, gave Bragg an advantage in the race +toward the Ohio River, which odds would most likely have ensured the +fall of Louisville had they been used with the same energy and skill +that the Confederate commander displayed from Chattanooga to Glasgow; +but something always diverted General Bragg at the supreme moment, +and he failed to utilize the chances falling to him at this time, +for, deflecting his march to the north toward Bardstown, he left open +to Buell the direct road to Louisville by way of Elizabethtown.</p> + +<p>At Bardstown Bragg's army was halted while he endeavored to establish +a Confederate government in Kentucky by arranging for the +installation of a provisional governor at Lexington. Bragg had been +assured that the presence of a Confederate army in Kentucky would so +encourage the secession element that the whole State could be forced +into the rebellion and his army thereby largely increased; but he had +been considerably misled, for he now found that though much latent +sympathy existed for his cause, yet as far as giving active aid was +concerned, the enthusiasm exhibited by the secessionists of Kentucky +in the first year of the war was now replaced by apathy, or at best +by lukewarmness. So the time thus spent in political machinations +was wholly lost to Bragg; and so little reinforcement was added to +his army that it may be said that the recruits gained were not enough +to supply the deficiencies resulting from the recent toilsome marches +of the campaign.</p> + +<p>In the meanwhile Buell had arrived at Louisville, system had been +substituted for the chaos which had previously obtained there, and +orders were issued for an advance upon the enemy with the purpose of +attacking and the hope of destroying him within the limits of the +"blue grass" region, and, failing in that, to drive him from +Kentucky. The army moved October 1, 1862, and my division, now a +part of the Third Corps, commanded by General C. C. Gilbert, marched +directly on Bardstown, where it was thought the enemy would make a +stand, but Bragg's troops retreated toward Perryville, only resisting +sufficiently to enable the forces of General Kirby Smith to be drawn +in closer—they having begun a concentration at Frankfort—so they +could be used in a combined attack on Louisville as soon as the +Confederate commander's political projects were perfected.</p> + +<p>Much time was consumed by Buell's army in its march on Perryville, +but we finally neared it on the evening of October 7. During the +day, Brigadier-General Robert B. Mitchell's division of Gilbert's +corps was in the advance on the Springfield pike, but as the enemy +developed that he was in strong force on the opposite side of a small +stream called Doctor's Creek, a tributary of Chaplin River, my +division was brought up and passed to the front. It was very +difficult to obtain water in this section of Kentucky, as a drought +had prevailed for many weeks, and the troops were suffering so for +water that it became absolutely necessary that we should gain +possession of Doctor's Creek in order to relieve their distress. +Consequently General Gilbert, during the night, directed me to push +beyond Doctor's Creek early the next morning. At daylight on the 8th +I moved out Colonel Dan McCook's brigade and Barnett's battery for +the purpose, but after we had crossed the creek with some slight +skirmishing, I found that we could not hold the ground unless we +carried and occupied a range of hills, called Chaplin Heights, in +front of Chaplin River. As this would project my command in the +direction of Perryville considerably beyond the troops that were on +either flank, I brought up Laiboldt's brigade and Hescock's battery +to strengthen Colonel McCook. Putting both brigades into line we +quickly carried the Heights, much to the surprise of the enemy, I +think, for he did not hold on to the valuable ground as strongly as +he should have done. This success not only ensured us a good supply +of water, but also, later in the day, had an important bearing in the +battle of Perryville. After taking the Heights, I brought up the +rest of my division and intrenched, without much difficulty, by +throwing up a strong line of rifle-pits, although the enemy's +sharpshooters annoyed us enough to make me order Laiboldt's brigade +to drive them in on the main body. This was successfully done in a +few minutes, but in pushing them back to Chaplin River, we discovered +the Confederates forming a line of battle on the opposite bank, with +the apparent purpose of an attack in force, so I withdrew the brigade +to our intrenchments on the crest and there awaited the assault.</p> + +<p>While this skirmishing was going on, General Gilbert—the corps +commander—whose headquarters were located on a hill about a mile +distant to the rear, kept sending me messages by signal not to bring +on an engagement. I replied to each message that I was not bringing +on an engagement, but that the enemy evidently intended to do so, and +that I believed I should shortly be attacked. Soon after returning +to the crest and getting snugly fixed in the rifle-pits, my attention +was called to our left, the high ground we occupied affording me in +that direction an unobstructed view. I then saw General A. McD. +McCook's corps—the First-advancing toward Chaplin River by the +Mackville road, apparently unconscious that the Confederates were +present in force behind the stream. I tried by the use of signal +flags to get information of the situation to these troops, but my +efforts failed, and the leading regiments seemed to approach the +river indifferently prepared to meet the sudden attack that speedily +followed, delivered as it was from the chosen position of the enemy. +The fury of the Confederate assault soon halted this advance force, +and in a short time threw it into confusion, pushed it back a +considerable distance, and ultimately inflicted upon it such loss of +men and guns as to seriously cripple McCook's corps, and prevent for +the whole day further offensive movement on his part, though he +stoutly resisted the enemy's assaults until 4 o'clock in the +afternoon.</p> + +<p>Seeing McCook so fiercely attacked, in order to aid him I advanced +Hescock's battery, supported by six regiments, to a very good +position in front of a belt of timber on my extreme left, where an +enfilading fire could be opened on that portion of the enemy +attacking the right of the First Corps, and also on his batteries +across Chaplin River. But at this juncture he placed two batteries +on my right and began to mass troops behind them, and General +Gilbert, fearing that my intrenched position on the heights might be +carried, directed me to withdraw Hescock and his supports and return +them to the pits. My recall was opportune, for I had no sooner got +back to my original line than the Confederates attacked me furiously, +advancing almost to my intrenchments, notwithstanding that a large +part of the ground over which they had to move was swept by a heavy +fire of canister from both my batteries. Before they had quite +reached us, however, our telling fire made them recoil, and as they +fell back, I directed an advance of my whole division, bringing up my +reserve regiments to occupy the crest of the hills; Colonel William +P. Carlin's brigade of Mitchell's division meanwhile moving forward +on my right to cover that flank. This advance pressed the enemy to +Perryville, but he retired in such good order that we gained nothing +but some favorable ground that enabled me to establish my batteries +in positions where they could again turn their attention to the +Confederates in front of McCook, whose critical condition was shortly +after relieved, however, by a united pressure of Gilbert's corps +against the flank of McCook's assailants, compelling them to retire +behind Chaplin River.</p> + +<p>The battle virtually ended about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, though +more or less desultory firing continued until dark. Considering the +severity of the engagement on McCook's front, and the reverses that +had befallen him, I question if, from that part of the line, much +could have been done toward retrieving the blunders of the day, but +it did seem to me that, had the commander of the army been able to be +present on the field, he could have taken advantage of Bragg's final +repulse, and there would have remained in our hands more than the +barren field. But no attempt was made to do anything more till next +morning, and then we secured little except the enemy's killed and +most severely wounded.</p> + +<p>The operations of my division during the engagement pleased. General +Gilbert very much, and he informed me that he would relax a rigidly +enforced order which General Buell had issued some days before, +sufficiently to permit my trains to come to the front and supply my +almost starving troops with rations. The order in question was one +of those issued, doubtless with a good intent, to secure generally +the safety of our trains, but General Gilbert was not elastic, and on +the march he had construed the order so illiberally that it was next +to impossible to supply the men with food, and they were particularly +short in this respect on the eve of the battle. I had then +endeavored to persuade him to modify his iron-clad interpretation of +the order, but without effect, and the only wagons we could bring up +from the general parks in rear were ambulances and those containing +ammunition. So to gain access to our trains was a great boon, and at +that moment a more welcome result than would have been a complete +victory minus this concession.</p> + +<p>When the battle ceased General Gilbert asked me to join him at +Buell's headquarters, which were a considerable distance to the rear, +so after making some dispositions for the evening I proceeded there +as requested. I arrived just as Buell was about to sit down to his +supper, and noticing that he was lame, then learned that he had been +severely injured by a recent fall from his horse. He kindly invited +me to join him at the table, an invitation which I accepted with +alacrity, enjoying the meal with a relish known only to a very-hungry +man, for I had eaten nothing since morning. Of course the events of +the day were the chief topic of discussion—as they were during my +stay at headquarters—but the conversation indicated that what had +occurred was not fully realized, and I returned to my troops +impressed with the belief that General Buell and his staff-officers +were unconscious of the magnitude of the battle that had just been +fought.</p> + +<p>It had been expected by Buell that he would fight the enemy on the +9th of October, but the Confederates disposed of that proposition by +attacking us on the 8th, thus disarranging a tactical conception +which, with our superior numbers, would doubtless have proved +successful had it not been anticipated by an enterprising foe. +During the battle on the 8th the Second Corps, under General Thomas +L. Crittenden, accompanied by General George H. Thomas, lay idle the +whole day for want of orders, although it was near enough to the +field to take an active part in the fight; and, moreover, a large +part of Gilbert's corps was unengaged during the pressure on McCook. +Had these troops been put in on the enemy's left at any time after he +assaulted McCook, success would have been beyond question; but there +was no one on the ground authorized to take advantage of the +situation, and the battle of Perryville remains in history an example +of lost opportunities. This was due in some measure probably to +General Buell's accident, but is mainly attributable to the fact that +he did not clearly apprehend Bragg's aim, which was to gain time to +withdraw behind Dick's River all the troops he had in Kentucky, for +the Confederate general had no idea of risking the fate of his army +on one general battle at a place or on a day to be chosen by the +Union commander.</p> + +<p>Considering the number of troops actually engaged, the losses to +Buell were severe, amounting to something over five thousand in +killed, wounded, and missing. Among the killed were two brigade +commanders of much promise—General James S. Jackson and General +William R. Terrill. McCook's corps lost twelve guns, some of which +were recovered next day. The enemy's loss in killed and wounded we +never learned, but it must have equalled ours; and about four +thousand prisoners, consisting principally of sick and wounded, fell +into our hands. In the first report of the battle sent North to the +newspapers I was reported among the killed; but I was pleased to +notice, when the papers reached us a few days later, that the error +had been corrected before my obituary could be written.</p> + +<p>The enemy retired from our front the night of the 8th, falling back +on Harrodsburg to form a junction with Kirby Smith, and by taking +this line of retreat opened to us the road to Danville and the chance +for a direct march against his depot of supplies at Bryantsville. We +did not take advantage of this opening, however, and late in the +day—on the 9th—my division marched in pursuit, in the direction of +Harrodsburg, which was the apex of a triangle having for its base a +line from Perryville to Danville. The pursuit was slow, very slow, +consuming the evening of the 9th and all of the 10th and 11th. By +cutting across the triangle spoken of above, just south of the apex, +I struck the Harrodsburg-Danville road, near Cave Springs, joining +there Gilbert's left division, which had preceded me and marched +through Harrodsburg. Here we again rested until the intention of the +enemy could be divined, and we could learn on which side of Dick's +River he would give us battle. A reconnoissance sent toward the +Dickville crossing developed to a certainty that we should not have +another engagement, however; for it disclosed the fact that Bragg's +army had disappeared toward Camp Dick Robinson, leaving only a small +rear-guard at Danville, which in turn quickly fled in the direction +of Lancaster, after exchanging a few shots with Hescock's battery.</p> + +<p>While this parting salute of deadly projectiles was going on, a +little, daughter of Colonel William J. Landram, whose home was in +Danville, came running out from his house and planted a small +national flag on one of Hescock's guns. The patriotic act was so +brave and touching that it thrilled all who witnessed the scene; and +until the close of the war, when peace separated the surviving +officers and men of the battery, that little flag was protected and +cherished as a memento of the Perryville campaign.</p> + +<p>Pursuit of the enemy was not continued in force beyond Crab Orchard, +but some portions of the army kept at Bragg's heels until he crossed +the Cumberland River, a part of his troops retiring to Tennessee by +way of Cumberland Gap, but the major portion through Somerset. As +the retreat of Bragg transferred the theatre of operations back to +Tennessee, orders were now issued for a concentration of Buell's army +at Bowling Green, with a view to marching it to Nashville, and my +division moved to that point without noteworthy incident. I reached +Bowling Green with a force much reduced by the losses sustained in +the battle of Perryville and by sickness. I had started from +Louisville on October 1 with twelve regiments of infantry—four old +and eight new ones—and two batteries, but many poor fellows, +overcome by fatigue, and diseases induced by the heat, dust, and +drought of the season, had to be left at roadside hospitals. This +was particularly the case with the new regiments, the men of which, +much depressed by homesickness, and not yet inured to campaigning, +fell easy victims to the hardships of war.</p> + +<p>At Bowling Green General Buell was relieved, General W. S. Rosecrans +succeeding him. The army as a whole did not manifest much regret at +the change of commanders, for the campaign from Louisville on was +looked upon generally as a lamentable failure, yet there were many +who still had the utmost confidence in General Buell, and they +repelled with some asperity the reflections cast upon him by his +critics. These admirers held him blameless throughout for the +blunders of the campaign, but the greater number laid every error at +his door, and even went to the absurdity of challenging his loyalty +in a mild way, but they particularly charged incompetency at +Perryville, where McCook's corps was so badly crippled while nearly +30,000 Union troops were idle on the field, or within striking +distance. With these it was no use to argue that Buell's accident +stood in the way of his activity, nor that he did not know that the +action had assumed the proportions of a battle. The physical +disability was denied or contested, but even granting this, his +detractors claimed that it did not excuse his ignorance of the true +condition of the fight, and finally worsted his champions by pointing +out that Bragg's retreat by way of Harrodsburg beyond Dick's River so +jeopardized the Confederate army, that had a skillful and energetic +advance of the Union troops been made, instead of wasting precious +time in slow and unnecessary tactical manoeuvres, the enemy could +have been destroyed before he could quit the State of Kentucky.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><a name="p200"></a><img alt="p200.jpg (120K)" src="images/p200.jpg" height="764" width="650"> +</center> +<a href="images/p200.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="Full Size" src="images/enlarge.jpg"> +</a> + + + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch12"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>MOVING TO BOWLING GREEN—JAMES CARD, THE SCOUT AND GUIDE—GENERAL +SILL—COLONEL SCHAEFER—COLONEL G. W. ROBERTS—MOVEMENT ON +MURFREESBORO'—OPENING OF THE BATTLE OF STONE RIVER.</p> + +<p>My division had moved from Crab Orchard to Bowling Green by easy +marches, reaching this place November 1. General Rosecrans assumed +command of the department October 30, at Louisville, and joined the +army November 2. There had been much pressure brought to bear on +General Buell to induce him to take measures looking to the occupancy +of East Tennessee, and the clamor to this end from Washington still +continued; but now that Bragg was south of the Cumberland River, in a +position threatening Nashville, which was garrisoned by but a small +force, it was apparent to every one at all conversant with the +situation that a battle would have to be fought somewhere in Middle +Tennessee. So, notwithstanding the pressure from Washington, the +army was soon put in motion for Nashville, and when we arrived there +my division went into camp north of the river, on a plateau just +outside the little town of Edgefield, until the movements of the +enemy should be further developed.</p> + +<p>While in this camp, on the plantation of Mr. Hobson, there came to my +headquarters one morning an East Tennessean named James Card, who +offered to the Union cause his services in any capacity in which they +might be made useful. This offer, and the relation of his personal +history, were given with such sincerity of speech and manner that in +a short time I became convinced of his honesty of purpose. He was a +small, active, busy man, with a determined way about him, and his +countenance indicated great intelligence. He gave minute information +that was of inestimable value to me regarding East and Middle +Tennessee and northern Georgia, for, with a view to the army's future +movements, I was then making a study of the topography of this +region, and posting myself as to Middle Tennessee, for all knew this +would be the scene of active operations whenever the campaign was +resumed. This man, like most of the East Tennesseans whom I had met, +was intensely loyal and patriotic, and the interview led in a few +days to his employment as a scout and guide, and subsequently to the +engaging in the same capacity of two of his brothers, who were good +men; but not quite as active nor so intelligent as he was. Card had +been a colporter, having pedled books, especially religious tracts, +over all Middle and East Tennessee and Georgia, assisted by his +brothers at times, and was therefore thoroughly familiar with these +regions, their roads and inhabitants. He also preached to country +congregations occasionally, when ministers were scarce, and I have no +doubt often performed the functions of family physician in the +mountain district. Thus his opportunities were great; and the loyal +people in every section of the country being well known to him and +his brothers, the three began, at this time, a system of scouting and +investigation which bore its first-fruits in specifically locating +the different divisions of Bragg's army, with statements of their +strength and condition, and all with so much accuracy that I +thereafter felt reasonably sure that I could at all times procure +such knowledge of the enemy's operations as would well equip me for +any contingency that might arise.</p> + +<p>By the middle of November the enemy, having assembled his forces in +Middle Tennessee, showed considerable boldness, and it became +necessary to rearrange the Union lines; so my troops were moved to +the south side of the river, out on the Murfreesboro' pike, to Mill +Creek, distant from Nashville about seven miles. While we were in +camp on Mill Creek the army was reorganized, and General Joshua W. +Sill, at his own request, was assigned to my division, and took +command of Colonel Nicholas Greusel's brigade. My division became at +the same time the Third Division, Right Wing, Fourteenth Army Corps, +its three brigades of four regiments each being respectively +commanded by General Sill, Colonel Frederick Schaefer and Colonel Dan +McCook; but a few days later Colonel George W. Roberts's brigade, +from the garrison at Nashville, was substituted for McCook's.</p> + +<p>General Sill was a classmate of mine at the Military Academy, having +graduated in 1853. On graduating he was appointed to the Ordnance +Corps, and served in that department at various arsenals and ordnance +depots throughout the country till early in 1861, when he resigned to +accept a professorship of mathematics and civil engineering at the +Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute. At the breaking out +of the war he immediately tendered his services to the Government, +and soon rose to the colonelcy of the Thirty-Third Ohio Volunteers, +and afterward to the rank of brigadier-general. I knew him well, and +was glad that he came to my division, though I was very loth to +relieve Colonel Greusel, of the Thirty-Sixth Illinois, who had +already indicated much military skill and bravery, and at the battle +of Perryville had handled his men with the experience of a veteran. +Sill's modesty and courage were exceeded only by a capacity that had +already been demonstrated in many practical ways, and his untimely +death, almost within a month of his joining me, abruptly closed a +career which, had it been prolonged a little more, not only would +have shed additional lustre on his name, but would have been of +marked benefit to his country.</p> + +<p>Colonel Schaefer, of the Second Missouri Infantry, had been absent on +sick-leave during the Kentucky campaign, but about this date he +returned to duty, and by seniority fell in command of the second +brigade. He was of German birth, having come from Baden, where, +prior to 1848, he had been a non-commissioned officer in the service +of his State. He took part as an insurgent in the so-called +revolution which occurred at Baden in that year, and, compelled to +emigrate on the suppression of the insurrection, made his way to this +country and settled in St. Louis. Here the breaking out of the war +found him, and through the personal interest which General Sigel took +in him he was commissioned a colonel of volunteers. He had had a +pretty fair education, a taste for the military profession, and was +of tall and slender build, all of which gave him a student-like +appearance. He was extremely excitable and nervous when anticipating +a crisis, but always calmed down to cool deliberation when the +critical moment came. With such a man I could not be less than well +satisfied, although the officer whom he replaced—Colonel +Laiboldt—had performed efficient service and shown much capacity in the recent +campaign.</p> + +<p>Colonel G. W. Roberts, of the Forty-Second Illinois Infantry, also +came to me in the reorganization. He was an ideal soldier both in +mind and body. He was young, tall, handsome, brave, and dashing, and +possessed a balance-wheel of such good judgment that in his sphere of +action no occasion could arise from which he would not reap the best +results. But he too was destined to lay, down his life within a few +days, and on the same fatal field. His brigade had been performing +garrison duty in Nashville during the siege of that city while +Buell's army was in Kentucky, but disliking the prospect of +inactivity pending the operations opening before us, Roberts had +requested and obtained a transfer to the army in the field. His +brigade relieved Colonel Dan McCook's, the latter reluctantly joining +the garrison at Nashville, every one in it disappointed and disgusted +that the circumstances existing at this time should necessitate their +relegation to the harassing and tantalizing duty of protecting our +depots and line of supply.</p> + +<p>I was fortunate in having such brigade commanders, and no less +favored in the regimental and battery commanders. They all were not +only patriots, but soldiers, and knowing that discipline must be one +of the most potent factors in bringing to a successful termination, +the mighty contest in which our nation was struggling for existence, +they studied and practiced its methods ceaselessly, inspiring with +the same spirit that pervaded themselves the loyal hearts of their +subordinate officers and men. All worked unremittingly in the camp +at Mill Creek in preparing for the storm, which now plainly indicated +its speedy coming. Drills, parades, scouts, foraging expeditions, +picket and guard duty, made up the course in this school of +instruction, supplemented by frequent changes in the locations of the +different brigades, so that the division could have opportunity to +learn to break camp quickly and to move out promptly on the march. +Foraging expeditions were particularly beneficial in this respect, +and when sent out, though absent sometimes for days, the men went +without tents or knapsacks, equipped with only one blanket and their +arms, ammunition, and rations, to teach them to shift for themselves +with slender means in the event of necessity. The number of +regimental and headquarters wagons was cut down to the lowest +possible figure, and everything made compact by turning into the +supply and ammunition trains of the division all surplus +transportation, and restricting the personal baggage of officers to +the fewest effects possible.</p> + +<p>My own staff also was somewhat reorganized and increased at Mill +Creek, and though it had been perfectly satisfactory before, yet, on +account of the changes of troops that had occurred in the command, I +found it necessary to replace valuable officers in some instances, +and secure additional ones in others. The gathering of information +about the enemy was also industriously pursued, and Card and his +brothers were used constantly on expeditions within the Confederate +lines, frequently visiting Murfreesboro', Sparta, Tullahoma, +Shelbyville, and other points. What they learned was reported to +army headquarters, often orally through me or personally communicated +by Card himself, but much was forwarded in official letters, +beginning with November 24, when I transmitted accurate information +of the concentration of Bragg's main force at Tullahoma. Indeed, +Card kept me so well posted as to every movement of the enemy, not +only with reference to the troops in my immediate front, but also +throughout his whole army, that General Rosecrans placed the most +unreserved reliance on all his statements, and many times used them +to check and correct the reports brought in by his own scouts.</p> + +<p>Slight skirmishes took place frequently during this period, and now +and then heavy demonstrations were made in the neighborhood of +Nolensville by reconnoitring parties from both armies, but none of +these ever grew into a battle. These affairs sprung from the desire +of each side to feel his antagonist, and had little result beyond +emphasizing the fact that behind each line of pickets lay a massed +and powerful army busily preparing for the inevitable conflict and +eager for its opening. So it wore on till the evening of December +25, 1862; then came the order to move forward.</p> + +<p>General Rosecrans, in the reorganization of the army, had assigned +Major-General A. McD. McCook to command the right wing, Major-General +George H. Thomas the centre, and Major-General T. L. Crittenden the +left wing. McCook's wing was made up of three divisions, commanded +in order of rank by Brigadier-General Jeff. C. Davis; +Brigadier-General R. W. Johnson, and Brigadier-General P. H. Sheridan. +Although the corps nomenclature established by General Buell was +dropped, the grand divisions into which he had organized the army at +Louisville were maintained, and, in fact, the conditions established +then remained practically unaltered, with the exception of the +interchange of some brigades, the transfer of a few general officers +from one wing or division to another, and the substitution of General +Thomas for Gilbert as a corps commander. The army was thus compact +and cohesive, undisturbed by discord and unembarrassed by jealousies +of any moment; and it may be said that under a commander who, we +believed, had the energy and skill necessary to direct us to success, +a national confidence in our invincibility made us all keen for a +test of strength with the Confederates. We had not long to wait.</p> + +<p>Early on the morning of December 26, 1862, in a heavy rain, the army +marched, the movement being directed on Murfreesboro', where the +enemy had made some preparation to go into winter-quarters, and to +hold which town it was hoped he would accept battle. General Thomas +moved by the Franklin and Wilson pikes, General Crittenden by the +Murfreesboro' pike, through Lavergne, and General McCook by the +Nolensville pike—Davis's division in advance. As McCook's command +neared Nolensville, I received a message from Davis informing me that +the Confederates were in considerable force, posted on a range of +hills in his front, and requesting me to support him in an attack he +was about to make. When the head of my column arrived at Nolensville +I began massing my troops on the right of the road, and by the time +this formation was nearly completed Davis advanced, but not meeting +with sufficient resistance to demand active assistance from me, he +with his own command carried the hills, capturing one piece of +artillery. This position of the Confederates was a strong one, +defending Knob's Gap, through which the Nolensville and Triune pike +passed. On the 27th Johnson's division, followed by mine, advanced +to Triune, and engaged in a severe skirmish near that place, but my +troops were not called into action, the stand made by the enemy being +only for the purpose of gaining time to draw in his outlying troops, +which done, he retired toward Murfreesboro'. I remained inactive at +Triune during the 28th, but early on the 29th moved out by the Bole +Jack road to the support of, Davis in his advance to Stewart's Creek, +and encamped at Wilkinson's crossroads, from which point to +Murfreesboro', distant about six miles, there was a good turnpike. +The enemy had sullenly resisted the progress of Crittenden and McCook +throughout the preceding three days, and as it was thought probable +that he might offer battle at Stewart's Creek, Thomas, in pursuance +of his original instructions looking to just such a contingency, had +now fallen into the centre by way of the Nolensville crossroads.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 3oth I had the advance of McCook's corps on the +Wilkinson pike, Roberts's brigade leading. At first only slight +skirmishing took place, but when we came within about three miles of +Murfreesboro' the resistance of the enemy's pickets grew serious, and +a little further on so strong that I had to put in two regiments to +push them back. I succeeded in driving them about half a mile, when +I was directed by McCook to form line of battle and place my +artillery in position so that I could act in concert with Davis's +division, which he wished to post on my right in the general line he +desired to take up. In obedience to these directions I deployed on +the right of, and oblique to the Wilkinson pike, with a front of four +regiments, a second line of four regiments within short supporting +distance, and a reserve of one brigade in column of regiments to the +rear of my centre. All this time the enemy kept up a heavy artillery +and musketry fire on my skirmishers, he occupying, with his +sharpshooters, beyond some open fields, a heavy belt of timber to my +front and right, where it was intended the left of Davis should +finally rest. To gain this point Davis was ordered to swing his +division into it in conjunction with a wheeling movement of my right +brigade, until our continuous line should face nearly due east. This +would give us possession of the timber referred to, and not only rid +us of the annoying fire from the skirmishers screened by it, but also +place us close in to what was now developing as Bragg's line of +battle. The movement was begun about half-past 2, and was +successfully executed, after a stubborn resistance. In this +preliminary affair the enemy had put in one battery of artillery, +which was silenced in a little while, however, by Bush's and +Hescock's guns. By sundown I had taken up my prescribed position, +facing almost east, my left (Roberts's brigade) resting on the +Wilkinson pike, the right (Sill's brigade) in the timber we had just +gained, and the reserve brigade (Schaefer's) to the rear of my +centre, on some rising ground in the edge of a strip of woods behind +Houghtaling's and Hescock's batteries. Davis's division was placed +in position on my right, his troops thrown somewhat to the rear, so +that his line formed nearly a right angle with mine, while Johnson's +division formed in a very exposed position on the right of Davis, +prolonging the general line just across the Franklin pike.</p> + +<p>The centre, under Thomas, had already formed to my left, the right of +Negley's division joining my left in a cedar thicket near the +Wilkinson pike, while Crittenden's corps was posted on the left of +Thomas, his left resting on Stone River, at a point about two miles +and a half from Murfreesboro'.</p> + +<p>The precision that had characterized every manoeuvre of the past +three days, and the exactness with which each corps and division fell +into its allotted place on the evening of the 30th, indicated that at +the outset of the campaign a well-digested plan of operations had +been prepared for us; and although the scheme of the expected battle +was not known to subordinates of my grade, yet all the movements up +to this time had been so successfully and accurately made as to give +much promise for the morrow, and when night fell there was general +anticipation of the best results to the Union army.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch13"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>ASSAULT ON OUR RIGHT FLANK—OCCUPYING A NEW POSITION—THE ENEMY +CHECKED—TERRIBLE LOSS OF OFFICERS—AMMUNITION GIVES +OUT—RECONSTRUCTING THE LINE—COLLECTING THE WOUNDED AND BURYING THE +DEAD—DEALING WITH COWARDS—RESULTS OF THE VICTORY.</p> + +<p>The enemy under Bragg lay between us and stone River in order of +battle, his general line conforming to the course of that stream. In +my immediate front he appeared to be established in strong force in a +dense cedar wood, just beyond an open valley, which varied from two +hundred to four hundred yards in width, the cedars extending the +entire length of the valley. From the events of the day and evening +of the 3oth, it was apparent that the two armies were in close +proximity, and orders received during the night revealed the fact +that Rosecrans intended to attack by throwing his left on the enemy's +right, with the expectation of driving it in toward Murfreesboro', so +that the right of Crittenden's corps could attack Bragg's centre in +reverse, while Thomas supported Crittenden by a simultaneous front +assault; and from the movements of the enemy at daylight next +morning, it was plainly indicated that Bragg had planned to swing his +left on our right by an exactly similar manoeuvre, get possession of +the railroad and the Nashville pike, and if possible cut us off from +our base at Nashville. The conceptions in the minds of the two +generals were almost identical; but Bragg took the initiative, +beginning his movement about an hour earlier than the time set by +Rosecrans, which gained him an immense advantage in execution in the +earlier stages of the action.</p> + +<p>During the evening, feeling keenly all the solicitude which +attends one in anticipation of a battle, I examined my position with +great care, inspecting its whole length several times to remedy any +defects that might exist, and to let the men see that I was alive to +their interests and advantages. After dark, I went back to the rear +of my reserve brigade, and establishing my headquarters behind the +trunk of a large fallen tree, which would shelter me somewhat from +the cold December wind, lay down beside a small camp-fire to get some +rest.</p> + +<p>At 2 o'clock on the morning of the 31st General Sill came back to me +to report that on his front a continuous movement of infantry and +artillery had been going on all night within the Confederate lines, +and that he was convinced that Bragg was massing on our right with +the purpose of making an attack from that direction early in the +morning. After discussing for a few minutes the probabilities of +such a course on the part of the enemy, I thought McCook should be +made acquainted with what was going on, so Sill and I went back to +see him at his headquarters, not far from the Griscom House, where we +found him sleeping on some straw in the angle of a worm-fence. I +waked him up and communicated the intelligence, and our consequent +impressions. He talked the matter over with us for some little time, +but in view of the offensive-defensive part he was to play in the +coming battle, did not seem to think that there was a necessity for +any further dispositions than had already been taken. He said that +he thought Johnson's division would be able to take care of the +right, and seemed confident that the early assault which was to be +made from Rosecrans's left would anticipate and check the designs +which we presaged. We two then returned to my little camp-fire +behind the log, and as we continued talking of what might be expected +from the indications on the right, and Sill becoming more anxious, I +directed two regiments from the reserve to report to him, that they +might be placed within very short supporting distance of his line. +He then rejoined his brigade, better satisfied, but still adhering to +the belief he had expressed when first making his report.</p> + +<p>Long before dawn my division breakfasted, and was assembled under +arms, the infantry in line, the cannoneers at their pieces, but while +we were thus preparing, all the recent signs of activity in the +enemy's camp were hushed, a death-like stillness prevailing in the +cedars to our front. Shortly after daylight General Hardee opened +the engagement, just as Sill had predicted, by a fierce attack on +Johnson's division, the extreme right of the Union line. Immediate +success attending this assault, Hardee extended the attack gradually +along in front of Davis, hip movement taking the form of a wheel to +the right, the pivot being nearly opposite the left of my division. +Johnson's division soon gave way, and two of Davis's brigades were +forced to fall back with it, though stubbornly resisting the +determined and sweeping onset.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the enemy had also attacked me, advancing across an +old cotton-field in Sill's front in heavy masses, which were +furiously opened upon by Bush's battery from Sill's line, and by +Hescock's and Houghtaling's batteries, which had an oblique fire on +the field from a commanding position in rear of my centre. The +effect of this fire on the advancing column was terrible, but it +continued on till it reached the edge of the timber where Sill's +right lay, when my infantry opened at a range of not over fifty +yards. For a short time the Confederates withstood the fire, but +then wavered, broke, and fell back toward their original line. As +they retired, Sill's brigade followed in a spirited charge, driving +them back across the open ground and behind their intrenchments. In +this charge the gallant Sill was killed; a rifle ball passing through +his upper lip and penetrating the brain. Although this was a heavy +loss, yet the enemy's discomfiture was such as to give us an hour's +time, and as Colonel Greusel, Thirty-sixth Illinois, succeeded to +Sill's command, I directed him, as he took charge, to recall the +brigade to its original position, for the turning-column on my +extreme right was now assuming the most menacing attitude, and it was +urgently necessary to prepare for it.</p> + +<p>When that portion of the enemy driven back by Sill recovered from its +repulse it again advanced to the attack, this time directing its +efforts chiefly upon my extreme right, and the front of Woodruff's +brigade of Davis's division, which brigade still held on in its first +position. In front of my centre the Confederates were again driven +back, but as the assault on Woodruff was in conjunction with an +advance of the column that had forced Johnson to retire, Woodruff was +compelled unfortunately to give way, and two regiments on the right +of my line went with him, till they rallied on the two reserve +regiments which, in anticipation of the enemy's initiatory attack I +had sent to Sill's rear before daylight.</p> + +<p>Both Johnson's and Davis's divisions were now practically gone from +our line, having retired with a loss of all formation, and they were +being closely pursued by the enemy, whose columns were following the +arc of a circle that would ultimately carry him in on my rear. In +consequence of the fact that this state of things would soon subject +me to a fire in reverse, I hastily withdrew Sill's brigade and the +reserve regiments supporting it, and ordered Roberts's brigade, which +at the close of the enemy's second repulse had changed front toward +the south and formed in column of regiments, to cover the withdrawal +by a charge on the Confederates as they came into the timber where my +right had originally rested. Roberts made the charge at the proper +time, and was successful in checking the enemy's advance, thus giving +us a breathing-spell, during which I was able to take up a new +position with Schaefer's and Sill's brigades on the commanding ground +to the rear, where Hescock's and Houghtaling's batteries had been +posted all the morning.</p> + +<p>The general course of this new position was at right angles with my +original line, and it took the shape of an obtuse angle, with my +three batteries at the apex. Davis, and Carlin of his division, +endeavored to rally their men here on my right, but their efforts +were practically unavailing,—though the calm and cool appearance of +Carlin, who at the time was smoking a stumpy pipe, had some effect, +and was in strong contrast to the excited manner of Davis, who seemed +overpowered by the disaster that had befallen his command. But few +could be rallied, however, as the men were badly demoralized, and +most of them fell back beyond the Wilkinson pike, where they +reorganized behind the troops of General Thomas.</p> + +<p>At this juncture the enemy's turning-column began advancing again in +concert with Cheatham's division, and as the extreme left of the +Confederates was directed on Griscom's house, and their right on the +Blanton house, my new position was in danger of envelopment. No hope +of stemming the tide at this point seemed probable, but to gain time +I retained my ground as long as possible, and until, under directions +from General McCook, I moved to the front from my left flank and +attached myself to the right of Negley's division, which up to this +hour had been left almost undisturbed by the enemy in the line it had +taken up the night before. Under a heavy fire we succeeded in this +manoeuvre, Schaefer's brigade marching first, then the batteries, and +Roberts's and Sill's brigades following. When my division arrived on +this new ground, I posted Roberts on Negley's right, with Hescock's +and Bush's guns, the brigade and guns occupying a low rocky ridge of +limestone, which faced them toward Murfreesboro', nearly south. The +rest of my division was aligned facing west, along the edge of a +cedar thicket, the rear rank backed up on the right flank of Roberts, +with Houghtaling's battery in the angle. This presented Sill's and +Schaefer's brigades in an almost opposite direction to the line we +had so confidently taken up the night before, and covered Negley's +rear. The enemy, in the meantime, had continued his wheeling +movement till he occupied the ground that my batteries and reserve +brigade had held in the morning, and I had now so changed my position +that the left brigade of my division approached his intrenchments in +front of Stone River, while Sill's and Schaeffer's brigades, by +facing nearly west, confronted the successful troops that had smashed +in our extreme right.</p> + +<p>I had hardly got straightened out in this last place when I was +attacked by Cheatham's'division, which, notwithstanding the +staggering blows it had previously received from Sill and Roberts, +now again moved forward in conjunction with the wheeling movement +under the immediate command of Hardee. One of the most sanguinary +contests of the day now took place. In fulfillment of Bragg's +original design no doubt, Cheatham's division attacked on my left, +while heavy masses under Hardee, covered by batteries posted on the +high ground formerly occupied by my guns, assaulted my right, the +whole force advancing simultaneously. At the same time the enemy +opened an artillery fire from his intrenchments in front of +Murfreesboro', and it seemed that he was present on every side. My +position was strong, however, located in the edge of a dense cedar +thicket and commanding a slight depression of open ground that lay in +my front. My men were in good spirits too, notwithstanding they had +been a good deal hustled around since daylight, with losses that had +told considerably on their numbers. Only a short distance now +separated the contending lines, and as the batteries on each side +were not much more than two hundred yards apart when the enemy made +his assault, the artillery fire was fearful in its effect on the +ranks of both contestants, the enemy's heavy masses staggering under +the torrent of shell and canister from our batteries, while our lines +were thinned by his ricochetting projectiles, that rebounded again +and again over the thinly covered limestone formation and sped on to +the rear of Negley. But all his efforts to dislodge or destroy us +were futile, and for the first time since daylight General Hardee was +seriously checked in the turning movement he had begun for the +purpose of getting possession of the Nashville pike, and though +reinforced until two-fifths of Bragg's army was now at his command, +yet he met with repulse after repulse, which created great gaps in +his lines and taught him that to overwhelm us was hopeless.</p> + +<p>As the enemy was recoiling from his first attack, I received a +message from Rosecrans telling me that he was making new +dispositions, and directing me to hold on where I was until they were +completed. From this I judged that the existing conditions of the +battle would probably require a sacrifice of my command, so I +informed Roberts and Schaefer that we must be prepared to meet the +demand on us by withstanding the assault of the enemy, no matter what +the outcome. Every energy was therefore bent to the simple holding +of our ground, and as ammunition was getting scarce, instructions +were given throughout the command to have it reserve its fire till +the most effective moment. In a little while came a second and a +third assault, and although they were as daring and furious as the +first, yet in each case the Confederates were repulsed, driven back +in confusion, but not without deadly loss to us, for the noble +Roberts was killed, and Colonel Harrington, of the Twenty-Seventh +Illinois, who succeeded to his brigade, was mortally wounded a few +minutes later. I had now on the death-roll three brigade commanders, +and the loss of subordinate officers and men was appalling, but their +sacrifice had accomplished the desired result; they had not fallen in +vain. Indeed, the bravery and tenacity of my division gave to +Rosecrans the time required to make new dispositions, and exacted +from our foes the highest commendations.</p> + +<p>A lull followed the third fierce assault, and an investigation showed +that, with the exception of a few rounds in my brigade, our +ammunition was entirely exhausted; and while it was apparent that the +enemy was reluctant to renew the conflict in my front, yet I was +satisfied I could not hold on much longer without the danger of +ultimate capture, so I prepared to withdraw as soon as the troops of +Rousseau's division, which had been ordered to take up a line on my +right, came into position. Schaefer's and Sill's brigades being +without a cartridge, I directed them to fix bayonets for a charge, +and await any attempt of the enemy to embarrass my retreat, while +Roberts's brigade, offering such resistance as its small quantity of +ammunition would permit, was pulled slowly in toward the Nashville +pike. Eighty of the horses of Houghtaling's battery having been +killed, an attempt was made to bring his guns back by hand over the +rocky ground, but it could not be done, and we had to abandon them. +Hescock also had lost most of his horses, but all his guns were +saved. Bush's battery lost two pieces, the tangled underbrush in the +dense cedars proving an obstacle to getting them away which his +almost superhuman exertions could not surmount. Thus far the bloody +duel had cost me heavily, one-third of my division being killed or +wounded. I had already three brigade commanders killed; a little +later I lost my fourth—Colonel Schaefer.</p> + +<p>The difficulties of withdrawing were very great, as the ground was +exceptionally rocky, and the growth of cedars almost impenetrable for +wheeled carriages. Retiring sullenly under a heavy fire, while the +general line was reformed to my right and rear, my division was at +length drawn through the cedars and debouched into an open space near +the Murfreesboro' pike, behind the right of Palmer's division. Two +regiments of Sill's brigade, however, on account of the conformation +of the ground, were obliged to fall back from the point where +Woodruff's brigade of Davis's division had rallied after the disaster +of the early morning. The division came out of the cedars with +unbroken ranks, thinned by only its killed and wounded—but few +missing. When we came into the open ground, McCook directed +Roberts's brigade—now commanded by Colonel Luther P. Bradley—to +proceed a short distance to the rear on the Nashville pike, to repel +the enemy's threatening attempt at our communications. Willingly and +cheerfully the brigade again entered the fight under these new +conditions, and although it was supplied with but three or four +cartridges to the man now, it charged gallantly and recaptured two +pieces of artillery which the Union troops had had to abandon at that +point.</p> + +<p>Shortly after we debouched from the cedars I was directed by +Rosecrans to send some aid to the right of General Palmer's division; +and two of Schaefer's regiments, having obtained ammunition, were +pushed up on Palmer's right, accompanied by four of Hescock's guns; +but the advance of the enemy here had already been checked by Palmer, +and only a desultory contest ensued. Rosecrans, whom I now met in +the open ground west of the railroad, behind Palmer, directed that my +command should relieve Wood's division, which was required to fall +back and take up the new line that had been marked out while I was +holding on in the cedars. His usually florid face had lost its ruddy +color, and his anxious eyes told that the disasters of the morning +were testing his powers to the very verge of endurance, but he seemed +fully to comprehend what had befallen us. His firmly set lips and, +the calmness with which his instructions were delivered inspired +confidence in all around him; and expressing approbation of what my +division had done, while deliberately directing it to a new point, he +renewed in us all the hope of final victory, though it must be +admitted that at this phase of the battle the chances lay largely +with the enemy.</p> + +<p>Withdrawing the two regiments and Hescock's battery, that I had +posted on the right of Palmer, I moved as directed by Rosecrans into +the position to the east of the railroad, and formed immediately to +the right of Wood, who was now being attacked all along his front, +but more particularly where his right rested near the railroad. +Under a storm of shot and shell that came in torrents my troops took +up the new ground, advancing through a clump of open timber to Wood's +assistance. Forming in line in front of the timber we poured a +telling fire into the enemy's ranks, which were then attacking across +some cleared fields; but when he discovered additional troops +confronting him, he gave up the attempt to carry Wood's position. It +was here that I lost Schaefer, who was killed instantly, making my +fourth brigade commander dead that day. The enemy in front of Wood +having been checked, our whole line east of the railroad executed +undisturbed its retrograde movement to a position about three hundred +yards to its rear. When I fell back to the edge of the clump of +timber, where when first coming on the ground I had formed to help +Wood, I was ordered by Rosecrans to prepare to make a charge should +the enemy again assault us. In anticipation of this work I massed my +troops in close column. The expected attack never came, however, but +the shot and shell of a furious cannonade told with fatal effect upon +men and officers as they lay on their faces hugging the ground. The +torments of this trying situation were almost unbearable, but it was +obvious to all that it was necessary to have at hand a compact body +of troops to repel any assault the enemy might make pending the +reconstruction of the extreme right of our line, and a silent +determination to stay seemed to take hold of each individual soldier; +nor was this grim silence interrupted throughout the cannonade, +except in one instance, when one of the regiments broke out in a +lusty cheer as a startled rabbit in search of a new hiding-place +safely ran the whole length of the line on the backs of the men.</p> + +<p>While my troops were still lying here, General Rosecrans, with a part +of his staff and a few orderlies, rode out on the rearranged line to +supervise its formation and encourage the men, and in prosecution of +these objects moved around the front of my column of attack, within +range of the batteries that were shelling us so viciously. As he +passed to the open ground on my left, I joined him. The enemy seeing +this mounted party, turned his guns upon it, and his accurate aim was +soon rewarded, for a solid shot carried away the head of Colonel +Garesche, the chief-of-staff, and killed or wounded two or three +orderlies. Garesche's appalling death stunned us all, and a +momentary expression of horror spread over Rosecrans's face; but at +such a time the importance of self-control was vital, and he pursued +his course with an appearance of indifference, which, however, those +immediately about him saw was assumed, for undoubtedly he felt most +deeply the death of his friend and trusted staff-officer.</p> + +<p>No other attacks were made on us to the east of the railroad for the +rest of the afternoon, and just before dark I was directed to +withdraw and take up a position along the west side of the Nashville +pike, on the extreme right of our new line, where Roberts's brigade +and the Seventy-third and Eighty-eighth Illinois had already been +placed by McCook. The day had cost me much anxiety and sadness, and +I was sorely disappointed at the general result, though I could not +be other than pleased at the part taken by my command. The loss of +my brigade commanders—Sill, Roberts, Schaefer, and Harrington-and a +large number of regimental and battery officers, with so many of +their men, struck deep into my heart: My thinned ranks told the +woeful tale of the fierce struggles, indescribable by words, through +which my division had passed since 7 o'clock in the morning; and +this, added to our hungry and exhausted condition, was naturally +disheartening. The men had been made veterans, however, by the +fortunes and misfortunes of the day, and as they went into their new +places still confident of final success, it was plain to see that +they felt a self-confidence inspired by the part they had already +played.</p> + +<p>My headquarters were now established on the Nashville pike, about +three miles and a half from Murfreesboro'; my division being aligned +to the west of the pike, bowed out and facing almost west, Cleburn's +division of the Confederates confronting it. Davis's division was +posted on my right, and Walker's brigade of Thomas's corps, which had +reported to me, took up a line that connected my left with Johnson's +division.</p> + +<p>Late in the evening General Rosecrans, accompanied by General McCook, +and several other officers whose names I am now unable to recall, +rode by my headquarters on their way to the rear to look for a new +line of battle—on Overall's creek it was said—that would preserve +our communications with Nashville and offer better facilities for +resistance than the one we were now holding. Considerable time had +elapsed when they returned from this exploration and proceeded to +their respective commands, without intimating to me that anything had +been determined upon by the reconnoissance, but a little later it was +rumored through the different headquarters that while the party was +looking for a new position it discovered the enemy's troops moving +toward our right and rear, the head of his columns being conducted in +the darkness by the aid of torches, and that no alternative was left +us but to hold the lines we then occupied. The torches had been seen +unquestionably, and possibly created some alarm at first in the minds +of the reconnoitring party, but it was soon ascertained that the +lights came from a battalion of the Fourth regular cavalry that was +picketing our flank and happened to be starting its bivouac fires at +the moment. The fires and the supposed movements had no weight, +therefore, in deciding the proposition to take up a line at Overall's +creek, but General Rosecrans, fortunately for the army, decided to +remain where he was. Doubtless reflections during his ride caused +him to realize that the enemy must be quite as much crippled as +himself. If it had been decided to fall back to Overall's creek, we +could have withdrawn without much difficulty very likely, but such a +retrograde movement would have left to the enemy the entire +battle-field of Stone River and ultimately compelled our retreat to +Nashville.</p> + +<p>In the night of December 3rd several slight demonstrations were made +on my front, but from the darkness neither party felt the effect of +the other's fire, and when daylight came again the skirmishers and +lines of battle were in about the same position they had taken up the +evening before. Soon after daybreak it became evident that the +conflict was to be renewed, and a little later the enemy resumed the +offensive by an attack along my left front, especially on Walker's +brigade. His attempt was ineffectual, however, and so easily +repulsed as to demonstrate that the desperate character of his +assaults the day before had nearly exhausted his strength. About 3 +o'clock in the afternoon he made another feeble charge on my front, +but our fire from the barricades and rifle-pits soon demoralized his +advancing lines, which fell back in some confusion, thus enabling us +to pick up about a hundred prisoners. From this time till the +evening of January 3 Bragg's left remained in our front, and +continued to show itself at intervals by weak demonstrations, which +we afterward ascertained were directly intended to cover the +desperate assault he made with Breckenridge on the left of Rosecrans, +an assault that really had in view only a defensive purpose, for +unless Bragg dislodged the troops which were now massing in front of +his right he would be obliged to withdraw General Polk's corps behind +Stone River and finally abandon Murfreesboro'. The sequel proved +this to be the case; and the ill-judged assault led by Breckenridge +ending in entire defeat, Bragg retired from Murfreesboro' the night +of January 3.</p> + +<p>General Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro' on the 4th and 5th, having +gained a costly victory, which was not decisive enough in its +character to greatly affect the general course of the war, though it +somewhat strengthened and increased our hold on Middle Tennessee. +The enemy in retiring did not fall back very far—only behind Duck +River to Shelbyville and Tullahoma—and but little endeavor was made +to follow him. Indeed, we were not in condition to pursue, even if +it had been the intention at the outset of the campaign.</p> + +<p>As soon as possible after the Confederate retreat I went over the +battle-field to collect such of my wounded as had not been carried +off to the South and to bury my dead. In the cedars and on the +ground where I had been so fiercely assaulted when the battle opened, +on the morning of the 31st, evidences of the bloody struggle appeared +on every hand in the form of broken fire-arms, fragments of +accoutrements, and splintered trees. The dead had nearly all been +left unburied, but as there was likelihood of their mutilation by +roving swine, the bodies had mostly been collected in piles at +different points and inclosed by rail fences. The sad duties of +interment and of caring for the wounded were completed by the 5th, +and on the 6th I moved my division three miles, south of +Murfreesboro' on the Shelbyville pike, going into camp on the banks +of Stone River. Here the condition of my command was thoroughly +looked into, and an endeavor made to correct such defects as had been +disclosed by the recent battle.</p> + +<p>During the engagement there had been little straggling, and my list +of missing was small and legitimate; still, it was known that a very +few had shirked their duty, and an example was necessary. Among this +small number were four officers who, it was charged, had abandoned +their colors and regiments. When their guilt was clearly +established, and as soon as an opportunity occurred, I caused the +whole division to be formed in a hollow square, closed in mass, and +had the four officers marched to the centre, where, telling them that +I would not humiliate any officer or soldier by requiring him to +touch their disgraced swords, I compelled them to deliver theirs up +to my colored servant, who also cut from their coats every insignia +of rank. Then, after there had been read to the command an order +from army headquarters dismissing the four from the service, the +scene was brought to a close by drumming the cowards out of camp. It +was a mortifying spectacle, but from that day no officer in that +division ever abandoned his colors.</p> + +<p>My effective force in the battle of Stone River was 4,154 officers +and men. Of this number I lost 1,633 killed, wounded, and missing, +or nearly 40 per cent. In the remaining years of the war, though +often engaged in most severe contests, I never experienced in any of +my commands so high a rate of casualties. The ratio of loss in the +whole of Rosecrans's army was also high, and Bragg's losses were +almost equally great. Rosecrans carried into the action about 42,000 +officers and men. He lost 13,230, or 31 per cent. Bragg's effective +force was 37,800 officers and men; he lost 10,306, or nearly 28 per +cent.</p> + +<p>Though our victory was dearly bought, yet the importance of gaining +the day at any price was very great, particularly when we consider +what might have been the result had not the gallantry of the army and +the manoeuvring during the early disaster saved us from ultimate +defeat. We had started out from Nashville on an offensive campaign, +probably with no intention of going beyond Murfreesboro', in +midwinter, but still with the expectation of delivering a crushing +blow should the enemy accept our challenge to battle. He met us with +a plan of attack almost the counterpart of our own. In the execution +of his plan he had many advantages, not the least of which was his +intimate knowledge of the ground, and he came near destroying us. +Had he done so, Nashville would probably have fallen; at all events, +Kentucky would have been opened again to his incursions, and the +theatre of war very likely transferred once more to the Ohio River. +As the case now stood, however, Nashville was firmly established as a +base for future operations, Kentucky was safe from the possibility of +being again overrun, and Bragg, thrown on the defensive, was +compelled to give his thoughts to the protection of the interior of +the Confederacy and the security of Chattanooga, rather than indulge +in schemes of conquest north of the Cumberland River. While he still +held on in Middle Tennessee his grasp was so much loosened that only +slight effort would be necessary to push him back into Georgia, and +thus give to the mountain region of East Tennessee an opportunity to +prove its loyalty to the, Union.</p> + +<p>The victory quieted the fears of the West and Northwest, destroyed +the hopes of the secession element in Kentucky, renewed the drooping +spirits of the East Tennesseans, and demoralized the disunionists in +Middle Tennessee; yet it was a negative victory so far as concerned +the result on the battle-field. Rosecrans seems to have planned the +battle with the idea that the enemy would continue passive, remain +entirely on the defensive, and that it was necessary only to push +forward our left in order to force the evacuation of Murfreesboro'; +and notwithstanding the fact that on the afternoon of December 30 +McCook received information that the right of Johnson's division. +resting near the Franklin pike, extended only to about the centre of +the Confederate army, it does not appear that attack from that +quarter was at all apprehended by the Union commanders.</p> + +<p>The natural line of retreat of the Confederates was not threatened by +the design of Rosecrans; and Bragg, without risk to his +communications, anticipated it by a counter-attack of like character +from his own left, and demolished his adversary's plan the moment we +were thrown on the defensive. Had Bragg followed up with the spirit +which characterized its beginning the successful attack by Hardee on +our right wing—and there seems no reason why he should not have done +so—the army of Rosecrans still might have got back to Nashville, but +it would have been depleted and demoralized to such a degree as to +unfit it for offensive operations for a long time afterward. Bragg's +intrenchments in front of Stone River were very strong, and there +seems no reason why he should not have used his plain advantage as +explained, but instead he allowed us to gain time, intrench, and +recover a confidence that at first was badly shaken. Finally, to cap +the climax of his errors, he directed Breckenridge to make the +assault from his right flank on January 2, with small chance for +anything but disaster, when the real purpose in view could have been +accomplished without the necessity of any offensive manoeuvre +whatever.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><a name="p238"></a><img alt="p238.jpg (146K)" src="images/p238.jpg" height="461" width="650"></center> +<a href="images/p238.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="Full Size" src="images/enlarge.jpg"> +</a> +<br><br><br><br> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch14"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>APPOINTED A MAJOR-GENERAL—THE SECRET EXPEDITION UNDER CARD THE +SCOUT—HIS CAPTURE BY GUERRILLAS—ESCAPE—A REVENGE PARTY—WOMEN +SOLDIERS—A FIGHT WITH SABRES—TULLAHOMA CAMPAIGN—A FOOLISH +ADVENTURE.</p> + +<p>On the 6th of January, 1863, my division settled quietly down in its +camp south of Murfreesboro'. Its exhausted condition after the +terrible experiences of the preceding week required attention. It +needed recuperation, reinforcement, and reorganization, and I set +about these matters without delay, in anticipation of active +operations early in the spring. No forward movement was made for +nearly six months, however, and throughout this period drills, +parades, reconnoissances, and foraging expeditions filled in the time +profitably. In addition to these exercises the construction of +permanent fortifications for the security of Murfreesboro' was +undertaken by General Rosecrans, and large details from my troops +were furnished daily for the work. Much attention was also given to +creating a more perfect system of guard and picket duty-a matter that +had hitherto been somewhat neglected in the army, as its constant +activity had permitted scant opportunity for the development of such +a system. It was at this time that I received my appointment as a +major-general of Volunteers. My promotion had been recommended by +General Rosecrans immediately after the battle of Stone River, but +for some reason it was delayed until April, and though a long time +elapsed between the promise and the performance, my gratification was +extreme.</p> + +<p>My scout, Card, was exceedingly useful while encamped near +Murfreesboro, making several trips to East Tennessee within the +enemy's lines to collect information as to the condition of the loyal +people there, and to encourage them with the hope of early +liberation. He also brought back from each trip very accurate +statements as to the strength and doings of the Confederate army, +fixing almost with certainty its numbers and the locations of its +different divisions, and enabling my engineer-officer—Major +Morhardt—to construct good maps of the country in our front. On +these dangerous excursions Card was always accompanied by one of his +brothers, the other remaining with me to be ready for duty if any +accident occurred to those who had gone out, or in case I wanted to +communicate with them. In this way we kept well posted, although the +intelligence these men brought was almost always secured at the risk +of their lives.</p> + +<p>Early in the spring, before the Tullahoma campaign began, I thought +it would be practicable, by sending out a small secret expedition of +but three or four men, to break the Nashville and Chattanooga +railroad between Chattanooga and the enemy's position at Tullahoma by +burning the bridges in Crow Creek valley from its head to Stevenson, +Alabama, and then the great bridge across the Tennessee River at +Bridgeport. Feeling confident that I could persuade Card to +undertake the perilous duty, I broached the contemplated project to +him, and he at once jumped at the opportunity of thus distinguishing +himself, saying that with one of his brothers and three other loyal +East Tennesseeans, whose services he knew could be enlisted, he felt +sure of carrying out the idea, so I gave him authority to choose his +own assistants. In a few days his men appeared at my headquarters, +and when supplied with money in notes of the State Bank of Tennessee, +current everywhere as gold in those days, the party, composed of +Card, the second brother, and the three East Tennesseeans, started on +their precarious enterprise, their course being directed first toward +the Cumberland Mountains, intending to strike the Nashville and +Chattanooga railroad somewhere above Anderson's station. They +expected to get back in about fifteen days, but I looked for some +knowledge of the progress of their adventure before the expiration of +that period, hoping to hear through Confederate sources prisoners and +the like-of the destruction of the bridges. I waited in patience for +such news, but none came, and as the time Card had allotted himself +passed by, I watched anxiously for his return, for, as there was +scarcely a doubt that the expedition had proved a failure, the fate +of the party became a matter of deep concern to Card's remaining +brother and to me. Finally this brother volunteered to go to his +father's house in East Tennessee to get tidings of the party, and I +consented, for the probabilities were that some of them had made +their way to that point, or at least that some information had +reached there about them. As day after day went by, the time fixed +for this brother's return came round, yet he also remained out; but +some days after the lad was due Card himself turned up accompanied by +the brother he had taken with him, soon explained his delay in +getting back, and gave me the story of his adventures while absent.</p> + +<p>After leaving my camp, his party had followed various byways across +the Cumberland Mountains to Crow Creek Valley, as instructed; but +when nearing the railroad above Anderson's Station, they were +captured by some guerrillas prowling about that vicinity, and being +suspected of disloyalty to the Confederacy, were carried to +Chattanooga and imprisoned as Yankee spies. Their prospects now were +decidedly discouraging, for death stared them in the face. +Fortunately, however, some delays occurred relative to the +disposition that should be made of them, and they, meanwhile, +effected their escape from their jailors by way of one of the prison +windows, from which they managed to displace a bar, and by a skiff, +in the darkness of night, crossed the Tennessee River a little below +Chattanooga. From this point the party made their way back to my +camp, traveling only at night, hiding in the woods by day, and for +food depending on loyal citizens that Card had become acquainted with +when preaching and peddling.</p> + +<p>Card's first inquiry after relating his story was for the youngest +brother, whom he had left with me. I told him what I had done, in my +anxiety about himself, and that more than sufficient time had elapsed +for his brother's return. His reply was: "They have caught him. The +poor fellow is dead." His surmise proved correct; for news soon came +that the poor boy had been captured at his father's house, and +hanged. The blow to Card was a severe one, and so hardened his heart +against the guerrillas in the neighborhood of his father's home—for +he knew they were guilty of his brother's murder—that it was with +difficulty I could persuade him to continue in the employment of the +Government, so determined was he to avenge his brother's death at the +first opportunity. Finally, however, I succeeded in quieting the +almost uncontrollable rage that seemed to possess him, and he +remained with me during the Tullahoma and Chickamauga campaigns; but +when we reached Knoxville the next winter, he took his departure, +informing me that he was going for the bushwhackers who had killed +his brother. A short time after he left me, I saw him at the head of +about thirty well-armed East Tennesseeans—refugees. They were +determined-looking men, seeking revenge for the wrongs and sufferings +that had been put upon them in the last two years, and no doubt +wreaked their vengeance right and left on all who had been in any way +instrumental in persecuting them.</p> + +<p>The feeding of our army from the base at Louisville was attended with +a great many difficulties, as the enemy's cavalry was constantly +breaking the railroad and intercepting our communications on the +Cumberland River at different points that were easily accessible to +his then superior force of troopers. The accumulation of reserve +stores was therefore not an easy task, and to get forage ahead a few +days was well-nigh impossible, unless that brought from the North was +supplemented by what we could gather from the country. Corn was +abundant in the region to the south and southwest of Murfreesboro', +so to make good our deficiences in this respect, I employed a brigade +about once a week in the duty of collecting and bringing in forage, +sending out sometimes as many as a hundred and fifty wagons to haul +the grain which my scouts had previously located. In nearly every +one of these expeditions the enemy was encountered, and the wagons +were usually loaded while the skirmishers kept up a running fire, +Often there would occur a respectable brush, with the loss on each +side of a number of killed and wounded. The officer in direct +command always reported to me personally whatever had happened during +the time he was out—the result of his reconnoissance, so to speak, +for that war the real nature of these excursions—and on one occasion +the colonel in command, Colonel Conrad, of the Fifteenth Missouri, +informed me that he got through without much difficulty; in fact, +that everything had gone all right and been eminently satisfactory, +except that in returning he had been mortified greatly by the conduct +of the two females belonging to the detachment and division train at +my headquarters. These women, he said, had given much annoyance by +getting drunk, and to some extent demoralizing his men. To say that +I was astonished at his statement would be a mild way of putting it, +and had I not known him to be a most upright man and of sound sense, +I should have doubted not only his veracity, but his sanity. +Inquiring who they were and for further details, I was informed that +there certainly were in the command two females, that in some +mysterious manner had attached themselves to the service as soldiers; +that one, an East Tennessee woman, was a teamster in the division +wagon-train and the other a private soldier in a cavalry company +temporarily attached to my headquarters for escort duty. While out +on the foraging expedition these Amazons had secured a supply of +"apple-jack" by some means, got very drunk, and on the return had +fallen into Stone River and been nearly drowned. After they had been +fished from, the water, in the process of resuscitation their sex was +disclosed, though up to this time it appeared to be known only to +each other. The story was straight and the circumstance clear, so, +convinced of Conrad's continued sanity, I directed the +provost-marshal to bring in arrest to my headquarters the two disturbers of +Conrad's peace of mind, After some little search the East Tennessee +woman was found in camp, somewhat the worse for the experiences of +the day before, but awaiting her fate content idly smoking a +cob-pipe. She was brought to me, and put in duress under charge of the +division surgeon until her companion could be secured. To the doctor +she related that the year before she had "refugeed" from East +Tennessee, and on arriving in Louisville assumed men's apparel and +sought and obtained employment as a teamster in the quartermaster's +department. Her features were very large, and so coarse and +masculine was her general appearance that she would readily have +passed as a man, and in her case the deception was no doubt easily +practiced. Next day the "she dragoon" was caught, and proved to be a +rather prepossessing young woman, and though necessarily bronzed and +hardened by exposure, I doubt if, even with these marks of +campaigning, she could have deceived as readily as did her companion. +How the two got acquainted, I never learned, and though they had +joined the army independently of each other, yet an intimacy had +sprung up between them long before the mishaps of the foraging +expedition. They both were forwarded to army headquarters, and, when +provided with clothing suited to their sex, sent back to Nashville, +and thence beyond our lines to Louisville.</p> + +<p>On January 9, by an order from the War Department, the Army of the +Cumberland had been divided into three corps, designated the +Fourteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first. This order did not alter +the composition of the former grand divisions, nor change the +commanders, but the new nomenclature was a decided improvement over +the clumsy designations Right Wing, Centre, and Left Wing, which were +well calculated to lead to confusion sometimes. McCook's wing became +the Twentieth Corps, and my division continued of the same +organization, and held the same number as formerly-the Third +Division, Twentieth Corps. My first brigade was now commanded by +Brigadier-General William H. Lytle, the second by Colonel Bernard +Laiboldt, and the third by Colonel Luther P. Bradley.</p> + +<p>On the 4th of March I was directed to move in light marching order +toward Franklin and join General Gordon Granger, to take part in some +operations which he was projecting against General Earl Van Dorn, +then at Spring Hill. Knowing that my line of march would carry me +through a region where forage was plentiful, I took along a large +train of empty wagons, which I determined to fill with corn and send +back to Murfreesboro', believing that I could successfully cover the +train by Minty's brigade of cavalry, which had joined me for the +purpose of aiding in a reconnoissance toward Shelbyville. In +marching the column I placed a regiment of infantry at its head, then +the wagon-train, then a brigade of infantry—masking the cavalry +behind this brigade. The enemy, discovering that the train was with +us, and thinking he could capture it, came boldly out with his, +cavalry to attack. The head of his column came up to the crossroads +at Versailles, but holding him there, I passed the train and infantry +brigade beyond toward Eagleville, and when my cavalry had been thus +unmasked, Minty, followed by the balance of my division, which was +still behind, charged him with the sabre. Success was immediate and +complete, and pursuit of the routed forces continued through +Unionville, until we fell upon and drove in the Confederate outposts +at Shelbyville. Here the enemy was taken by surprise evidently, +which was most fortunate for us, otherwise the consequences might +have been disastrous. Minty captured in the charge about fifty +prisoners and a few wagons and mules, and thus enabled me to load my +train with corn, and send it back to Murfreesboro' unmolested. In +this little fight the sabre was freely used by both sides, and I do +not believe that during the whole war I again knew of so large a +percentage of wounds by that arm in proportion to the numbers +engaged.</p> + +<p>That night I encamped at Eagleville, and next day reported to Granger +at Franklin, arriving in the midst of much excitement prevailing on +account of the loss of Coburn's brigade, which had been captured the +day before a little distance south of that point, while marching to +form a junction with a column that had been directed on Columbia from +Murfreesboro'. Shortly after Coburn's capture General Granger had +come upon the scene, and the next day he advanced my division and +Minty's troops directly on Spring Hill, with a view to making some +reprisal; but Van Dorn had no intention of accommodating us, and +retired from Spring Hill, offering but little resistance. He +continued to fall back, till finally he got behind Duck River, where +operations against him ceased; for, in consequence of the incessant +rains of the season, the streams had become almost impassable. +Later, I returned by way of Franklin to my old camp at Murfreesboro', +passing over on this march the ground on which the Confederate +General Hood met with such disaster the following year in his attack +on Stanley's corps.</p> + +<p>My command had all returned from the Franklin expedition to +Murfreesboro' and gone into camp on the Salem pike by the latter part +of March, from which time till June it took part in only the little +affairs of outposts occurring every now and then on my own front. In +the meanwhile General Rosecrans had been materially reinforced by the +return of sick and wounded men; his army had become well disciplined, +and was tolerably supplied; and he was repeatedly pressed by the +authorities at Washington to undertake offensive operations.</p> + +<p>During the spring and early summer Rosecrans resisted, with a great +deal of spirit and on various grounds, these frequent urgings, and +out of this grew up an acrimonious correspondence and strained +feeling between him and General Halleck. Early in June, however, +stores had been accumulated and other preparations made for a move +forward, Resecrans seeming to have decided that he could safely risk +an advance, with the prospect of good results. Before finally +deciding, he called upon most of his corps and division commanders +for their opinions on certain propositions which he presented, and +most of them still opposed the projected movement, I among the +number, reasoning that while General Grant was operating against +Vicksburg, it was better to hold Bragg in Middle Tennessee than to +push him so far back into Georgia that interior means of +communication would give the Confederate Government the opportunity +of quickly joining a part of his force to that of General Johnson in +Mississippi.</p> + +<p>At this stage, and in fact prior to it, Rosecrans seemed to manifest +special confidence in me, often discussing his plans with me +independent of the occasions on which he formally referred them for +my views. I recollect that on two different occasions about this +time he unfolded his designs to me in this informal way, outlining +generally how he expected ultimately to force Bragg south of the +Tennessee River, and going into the details of the contemplated move +on Tullahoma. His schemes, to my mind, were not only comprehensive, +but exact, and showed conclusively, what no one doubted then, that +they were original with him. I found in them very little to +criticise unfavorably, if we were to move at all, and Rosecrans +certainly impressed me that he favored an advance at an early day, +though many of his generals were against it until the operations on +the Mississippi River should culminate in something definite. There +was much, fully apparent in the circumstances about his headquarters, +leading to the conviction that Rosecrans originated the Tullahoma +campaign, and the record of his prior performances collaterally +sustains the visible evidence then existing. In my opinion, then, +based on a clear recollection of various occurrences growing out of +our intimacy, he conceived the plan of the Tullahoma campaign and the +one succeeding it; and is therefore entitled to every credit that +attended their execution, no matter what may be claimed for others.</p> + +<p>On the 23d of June Bragg was covering his position north of Duck +River with a front extending from McMinnville, where his cavalry +rested, through Wartrace and Shelbyville to Columbia, his depot being +at Tullahoma. Rosecrans, thinking that Bragg would offer strong +resistance at Shelbyville—which was somewhat protected by a spur of +low mountains or hills, offshoots of the Cumberland +Mountains—decided to turn that place; consequently, he directed the mass of the +Union army on the enemy's right flank, about Manchester.</p> + +<p>On the 26th of June McCook's corps advanced toward Liberty Gap, my +divisions marching on the Shelbyville pike. I had proceeded but a +few miles when I encountered the enemy's pickets, who fell back to +Christiana, about nine miles from Murfreesboro'. Here I was assailed +pretty wickedly by the enemy's sharpshooters and a section of +artillery, but as I was instructed to do nothing more than cover the +road from Eagleville, over which Brannan's division was to approach +Christiana, I made little reply to this severe annoyance, wishing to +conceal the strength of my force. As soon as the head of Brannan's +column arrived I marched across-country to the left, and encamped +that night at the little town of Millersburg, in the vicinity of +Liberty Gap. I was directed to move from Millersburg, on Hoover's +Gap—a pass in the range of hills already referred to, through which +ran the turnpike from Murfreesboro' to Manchester—but heavy rains +had made the country roads almost impassable, and the last of my +division did not reach Hoover's Gap till the morning of June 27, +after its abandonment by the enemy. Continuing on to Fairfield, the +head of my column met, south of that place, a small force of +Confederate infantry and cavalry, which after a slight skirmish +Laiboldt's brigade drove back toward Wartrace. The next morning I +arrived at Manchester, where I remained quiet for the day. Early on +the 29th I marched by the Lynchburg road for Tullahoma, where the +enemy was believed to be in force, and came into position about six +miles from the town.</p> + +<p>By the 31st the whole army had been concentrated, in spite of many +difficulties, and though, on account of the heavy rains that had +fallen almost incessantly since we left Murfreesboro', its movements +had been slow and somewhat inaccurate, yet the precision with which +it took up a line of battle for an attack on Tullahoma showed that +forethought and study had been given to every detail. The enemy had +determined to fall back from Tullahoma at the beginning of the +campaign, however, and as we advanced, his evacuation had so far +progressed that when, on July 1. We reached the earthworks thrown. +up early in the year for the defense of the place, he had almost +wholly disappeared, carrying off all his stores and munitions of war +except some little subsistence and eleven pieces of artillery. A +strong rearguard remained to cover the retreat, and on my front the +usual encounters between advancing and retreating forces took place. +Just before reaching the intrenchments on the Lynchburg road, I came +upon an open space that was covered by a network of fallen trees and +underbrush, which had been slashed all along in front of the enemy's +earthworks. This made our progress very difficult, but I shortly +became satisfied that there were only a few of the enemy within the +works, so moving a battalion of cavalry that had joined me the day +before down the road as rapidly as the obstructions would permit, the +Confederate pickets quickly departed, and we gained possession of the +town. Three siege guns, four caissons, a few stores, and a small +number of prisoners fell into my hands.</p> + +<p>That same evening orders were issued to the army to push on from +Tullahoma in pursuit, for, as it was thought that we might not be +able to cross Elk River on account of its swollen condition, we could +do the enemy some damage by keeping close as possible at his heels. +I marched on the Winchester road at 3 o'clock on the 2d of July and +about 8 o'clock reached Elk River ford. The stream was for the time +truly an impassable torrent, and all hope of crossing by the +Winchester ford had to be abandoned. Deeming that further effort +should be made, however, under guidance of Card, I turned the head of +my column in the direction of Alisona, marching up the river and +nearly parallel with it till I came to Rock Creek. With a little +delay we got across Rock Creek, which was also much swollen, and +finding a short distance above its mouth a ford on Elk River that +Card said was practicable, I determined to attempt it: Some of the +enemy's cavalry were guarding this ford, but after a sharp little +skirmish my battalion of cavalry crossed and took up a strong +position on the other bank. The stream was very high and the current +very swift, the water, tumbling along over its rocky bed in an +immense volume, but still it was fordable for infantry if means could +be devised by which the men could keep their feet. A cable was +stretched across just below the ford as a lifeline for the weaker +ones, and then the men of the entire division having secured their +ammunition by placing the cartridge-boxes on their shoulders, the +column pushed cheerfully into the rushing current. The men as they +entered the water joined each other in sets of four in a close +embrace, which enabled them to retain a foothold and successfully +resist the force of the flood. When they were across I turned the +column down the left bank of Elk River, and driving the enemy from +some slight works near Estelle Springs, regained the Winchester road.</p> + +<p>By this time it was clear that Bragg intended to fall back behind the +Tennessee River, and our only chance of accomplishing anything of +importance was to smash up his rear-guard before it crossed the +Cumberland Mountains, and in pursuance of this idea I was directed to +attack such of his force as was holding on to Winchester. At 4 +o'clock on the morning of July 2 I moved on that town, and when we +got close to it directed my mounted troops to charge a small force of +Confederate cavalry that was picketing their front. The Confederates +resisted but little, and our men went with them in a disorderly chase +through the village to Boiling Fork, a small stream about half a mile +beyond. Here the fleeing pickets, rallying behind a stronger force, +made a stand, and I was directed by McCook to delay till I +ascertained if Davis's division, which was to support me, had made +the crossing of Elk River, and until I could open up communication +with Brannan's division, which was to come in on my left at Decherd. +As soon as I learned that Davis was across I pushed on, but the delay +had permitted the enemy to pull his rear-guard up on the mountain, +and rendered nugatory all further efforts to hurt him materially, our +only returns consisting in forcing him to relinquish a small amount +of transportation and forage at the mouth of the pass just beyond +Cowan, a station on the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga +railroad.</p> + +<p>At Cowan, Colonel Watkins, of the Sixth Kentucky Cavalry, reported to +me with twelve hundred mounted men. Having heard during the night +that the enemy had halted on the mountain near the University—an +educational establishment on the summit—I directed Watkins to make a +reconnoissance and find out the value of the information. He learned +that Wharton's brigade of cavalry was halted at the University to +cover a moderately large force of the enemy's infantry which had not +yet got down the mountain on the other side, so I pushed Watkins out +again on the 5th, supporting him by a brigade of infantry, which I +accompanied myself. We were too late, however, for when we arrived +at the top of the mountain Wharton had disappeared, and though +Watkins pursued to Bridgeport, he was able to do nothing more, and on +his return reported that the last of the enemy had crossed the +Tennessee River and burned the railroad bridge.</p> + +<p>Nothing further could now be done, so I instructed Watkins to rejoin +the division at Cowan, and being greatly fatigued by the hard +campaigning of the previous ten days, I concluded to go back to my +camp in a more comfortable way than on the back of my tired horse. +In his retreat the enemy had not disturbed the railway track at all, +and as we had captured a hand-car at Cowan, I thought I would have it +brought up to the station near the University to carry me down the +mountain to my camp, and, desiring company, I persuasively invited +Colonel Frank T. Sherman to ride with me. I sent for the car by a +courier, and for a long time patiently awaited its arrival, in fact, +until all the returning troops had passed us, but still it did not +come. Thinking it somewhat risky to remain at the station without +protection, Sherman and myself started our horses to Cowan by our +orderlies, and set out on foot to meet the car, trudging along down +the track in momentary expectation of falling in with our private +conveyance. We had not gone very far before night overtook us, and +we then began to realize the dangers surrounding us, for there we +were alone and helpless, tramping on in the darkness over an unknown +railroad track in the enemy's country, liable on the one hand to go +tumbling through some bridge or trestle, and on the other, to +possible capture or death at the hands of the guerrillas then +infesting these mountains. Just after dark we came to a little cabin +near the track, where we made bold to ask for water, notwithstanding +the fact that to disclose ourselves to the inmates might lead to +fatal consequences. The water was kindly given, but the owner and +his family were very much exercised lest some misfortune might befall +us near their house, and be charged to them, so they encouraged us to +move on with a frankness inspired by fear of future trouble to +themselves.</p> + +<p>At every turn we eagerly hoped to meet the hand-car, but it never +came, and we jolted on from tie to tie for eleven weary miles, +reaching Cowan after midnight, exhausted and sore in every muscle +from frequent falls on the rough, unballasted road-bed. Inquiry. +developed that the car had been well manned, and started to us as +ordered, and nobody could account for its non-arrival. Further +investigation next day showed, however, that when it reached the foot +of the mountain, where the railroad formed a junction, the improvised +crew, in the belief no doubt that the University was on the main line +instead of near the branch to Tracy City, followed the main stem +until it carried them clear across the range down the Crow Creek +Valley, where the party was captured.</p> + +<p>I had reason to remember for many a day this foolish adventure, for +my sore bones and bruised muscles, caused me physical suffering until +I left the Army of the Cumberland the next spring; but I had still +more reason to feel for my captured men, and on this account I have +never ceased to regret that I so thoughtlessly undertook to rejoin my +troops by rail, instead of sticking to my faithful horse.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><h2><a name="ch15"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2></center> +<br> + +<p>ORDERED TO OCCUPY BRIDGEPORT—A SPY—THE BATTLE OF +CHICKAMAUGA—GENERAL THOMAS—TREATED TO COFFEE—RESULTS OF THE BATTLE.</p> + +<p>The Tullahoma campaign was practically closed by the disappearance of +the enemy from the country north of the Tennessee River. Middle +Tennessee was once more in the possession of the National troops, and +Rosecrans though strongly urged from Washington to continue on, +resisted the pressure until he could repair the Nashville and +Chattanooga railroad, which was of vital importance in supplying his +army from its secondary base at Nashville. As he desired to hold +this road to where it crossed the Tennessee, it was necessary to push +a force beyond the mountains, and after a few days of rest at Cowan +my division was ordered to take station at Stevenson, Alabama, the +junction of the Memphis and Charleston road with the Nashville and +Chattanooga, with instructions to occupy Bridgeport also.</p> + +<p>The enemy had meanwhile concentrated most of his forces at +Chattanooga for the twofold purpose of holding this gateway of the +Cumberland Mountains, and to assume a defensive attitude which would +enable him to take advantage of such circumstances as might arise in +the development of the offensive campaign he knew we must make. The +peculiar topography of the country was much to his advantage, and +while we had a broad river and numerous spurs and ridges of the +Cumberland Mountains to cross at a long distance from our base, he +was backed up on his depots of supply, and connected by interior +lines of railway with the different armies of the Confederacy, so +that he could be speedily reinforced.</p> + +<p>Bridgeport was to be ultimately a sub-depot for storing subsistence +supplies, and one of the points at which our army would cross the +Tennessee, so I occupied it on July 29 with two brigades, retaining +one at Stevenson, however, to protect that railway junction from +raids by way of Caperton's ferry. By the 29th of August a +considerable quantity of supplies had been accumulated, and then +began a general movement of our troops for crossing the river. As +there were not with the army enough pontoons to complete the two +bridges required, I was expected to build one of them of trestles; +and a battalion of the First Michigan Engineers under Colonel Innis +was sent me to help construct the bridge. Early on the 3ist I sent +into the neighboring woods about fifteen hundred men with axes and +teams, and by nightfall they had delivered on the riverbank fifteen +hundred logs suitable for a trestle bridge. Flooring had been +shipped to me in advance by rail, but the quantity was insufficient, +and the lack had to be supplied by utilizing planking and +weather-boarding taken from barns and houses in the surrounding country. The +next day Innis's engineers, with the assistance of the detail that +had felled the timber, cut and half-notched the logs, and put the +bridge across; spanning the main channel, which was swimming deep, +with four or five pontoons that had been sent me for this purpose. +On the 2d and 3d of September my division crossed on the bridge in +safety, though we were delayed somewhat because of its giving way +once where the pontoons joined the trestles. We were followed by a +few detachments from other commands, and by nearly all the +transportation of McCook's corps.</p> + +<p>After getting to the south side of the Tennessee River I was ordered +to Valley Head, where McCook's corps was to concentrate. On the 4th +of September I ascended Sand Mountain, but had got only half way +across the plateau, on top, when night came, the march having been a +most toilsome one. The next day we descended to the base, and +encamped near Trenton. On the 10th I arrived at Valley Head, and +climbing Lookout Mountain, encamped on the plateau at Indian Falls. +The following day I went down into Broomtown Valley to Alpine. +The march of McCook's corps from Valley Head to Alpine was in +pursuance of orders directing it to advance on Summerville, the +possession of which place would further threaten the enemy's +communications, it being assumed that Bragg was in full retreat +south, as he had abandoned Chattanooga on the 8th. This assumption +soon proved erroneous, however, and as we, while in Broomtown Valley, +could not communicate directly with Thomas's corps, the scattered +condition of the army began to alarm us all, and McCook abandoned the +advance to Summerville, ordering back to the summit of Lookout +Mountain such of the corps trains as had got down into Broomtown +Valley.</p> + +<p>But before this I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed +situation of our army, and, to inform myself of what was going on, +determined to send a spy into the enemy's lines. In passing Valley +Head on the 10th my scout Card, who had been on the lookout for some +one capable to undertake the task, brought me a Union man with whom +he was acquainted, who lived on Sand Mountain, and had been much +persecuted by guerrillas on account of his loyal sentiments. He knew +the country well, and as his loyalty was vouched for I asked him to +go into the enemy's camp, which I believed to be near Lafayette, and, +bring me such information as he could gather. He said such a journey +would be at the risk of his life, and that at best he could not +expect to remain in that section of country if he undertook it, but +that he would run all the chances if I would enable him to emigrate +to the West at the end c f the "job," which I could do by purchasing +the small "bunch" of stock he owned on the mountain. To this I +readily assented, and he started on the delicate undertaking. He +penetrated the enemy's lines with little difficulty, but while +prosecuting his search for information was suspected, and at once +arrested and placed under guard. From this critical situation he +escaped; however, making his way through the enemy's picket-line in +the darkness by crawling on his belly and deceiving the sentinels by +imitating the grunts of the half-wild, sand-colored hogs with which +the country abounded. He succeeded in reaching Rosecrans's +headquarters finally, and there gave the definite information that +Bragg intended to fight, and that he expected to be reinforced by +Longstreet.</p> + +<p>By this time it was clear that Bragg had abandoned Chattanooga with +the sole design of striking us in detail as we followed in pursuit; +and to prevent his achieving this purpose orders came at 12 o'clock, +midnight, for McCook to draw in toward Chattanooga. This could be +done only by recrossing Lookout Mountain, the enemy's army at +Lafayette now interposing between us and Thomas's corps. The +retrograde march began at once. I moved back over the mountain on +the 13th and 14th to Stevens's Mills, and on the 15th and 16th +recrossed through Stevens's Gap, in the Lookout range, and encamped +at its base in McLamore's cove. The march was made with all possible +celerity, for the situation was critical and demanded every exertion. +The ascent and descent of the mountains was extremely exhausting, the +steep grades often rendering it necessary to drag up and let down by +hand both the transportation and artillery. But at last we were in +conjunction with the main army, and my division breathed easier.</p> + +<p>On the 17th I remained in line of battle all day and night in front +of McLamore's cove, the enemy making slight demonstrations against me +from the direction of Lafayette. The main body of the army having +bodily moved to the left meanwhile, I followed it on the 18th, +encamping at Pond Spring. On the 19th I resumed the march to the +left and went into line of battle at Crawfish Springs to cover our +right and rear. Immediately after forming this line, I again became +isolated by the general movement to the left, and in consequence was +directed to advance and hold the ford of Chickamauga Creek at Lee and +Gordon's Mills, thus coming into close communication with the balance +of our forces. I moved into this position rapidly, being compelled, +though, first to drive back the enemy's cavalry skirmishers, who, +having crossed to the west side of the creek, annoyed the right flank +of my column a good deal while en route.</p> + +<p>Upon arrival at Lee and Gordon's Mills I found the ford over +Chickamauga Creek temporarily uncovered, through the hurried movement +of Wood to the assistance of Davis's division. The enemy was already +present in small force, with the evident intention of taking +permanent possession, but my troops at once actively engaged him and +recovered the ford with some slight losses. Scarcely had this been +done when I was directed to assist Crittenden. Leaving Lytle's +brigade at the ford, I proceeded with Bradley's and Laiboldt's to +help Crittenden, whose main line was formed to the east of the +Chattanooga and Lafayette road, its right trending toward a point on +Chickamauga Creek about a mile and a half north of Lee and Gordon's +Mills. By the time I had joined Crittenden with my two brigades, +Davis had been worsted in an attack Rosecrans had ordered him to make +on the left of that portion of the enemy's line which was located +along the west bank of the Chickamauga, the repulse being so severe +that one of Davis's batteries had to be abandoned. Bradley's brigade +arrived on the ground first and was hastily formed and thrown into +the fight, which up to this moment had been very doubtful, fortune +inclining first to one side, then to the other. Bradley's brigade +went in with steadiness, and charging across an open corn-field that +lay in front of the Lafayette road, recovered Davis's guns and forced +the enemy to retire. Meanwhile Laiboldt's brigade had come on the +scene, and forming it on Bradley's right, I found myself at the end +of the contest holding the ground which was Davis's original +position. It was an ugly fight and my loss was heavy, including +Bradley wounded. The temporary success was cheering, and when +Lytle's brigade joined me a little later I suggested to Crittenden +that we attack, but investigation showed that his troops, having been +engaged all day, were not in condition, so the suggestion could not +be carried out.</p> + +<p>The events of the day had indicated that Bragg's main object was to +turn Rosecrans's left; it was therefore still deemed necessary that +the army should continue its flank movement to the left, so orders +came to draw my troops in toward the widow Glenn's house. By +strengthening the skirmish line and shifting my brigades in +succession from right to left until the point designated was reached, +I was able to effect the withdrawal without much difficulty, calling +in my skirmish line after the main force had retired.</p> + +<p>My command having settled down for the night in this new line I rode +to army headquarters, to learn if possible the expectations for the +morrow and hear the result of the battle in General Thomas's front. +Nearly all the superior officers of the army were at headquarters, +and it struck me that much depression prevailed, notwithstanding the +fact that the enemy's attempts during the day to turn our left flank +and also envelop our right had been unsuccessful. It was now +positively known, through prisoners and otherwise, that Bragg had +been reinforced to such an extent as to make him materially outnumber +us, consequently there was much apprehension for the future.</p> + +<p>The necessity of protecting our left was most apparent, and the next +day the drifting in that direction was to be continued. This +movement in the presence of the enemy, who at all points was actively +seeking an opportunity to penetrate our line and interpose a column +between its right and left, was most dangerous. But the necessity +for shifting the army to the left was obvious, hence only the method +by which it was undertaken is open to question. The move was made by +the flank in the face of an exultant foe superior in numbers, and was +a violation of a simple and fundamental military principle. Under +such circumstances columns naturally stretch out into attenuated +lines, organizations become separated, and intervals occur, all of +which we experienced; and had the orders for the movement been +construed properly I doubt if it could have been executed without +serious danger. Necessity knows no law, however, and when all the +circumstances of this battle are fully considered it is possible that +justification may be found for the manoeuvres by which the army was +thus drifted to the left. We were in a bad strait unquestionably, +and under such conditions possibly the exception had to be applied +rather than the rule.</p> + +<p>At daylight on the morning of the 20th a dense fog obscured +everything; consequently both armies were passive so far as fighting +was concerned. Rosecrans took advantage of the inaction to rearrange +his right, and I was pulled back closer to the widow Glenn's house to +a strong position, where I threw together some rails and logs as +barricades, but I was disconnected from the troops on my left by a +considerable interval. Here I awaited the approach of the enemy, but +he did not disturb me, although about 9 o'clock in the forenoon he +had opened on our extreme left with musketry fire and a heavy +cannonade. Two hours later it was discovered by McCook that the +interval between the main army and me was widening, and he ordered me +to send Laiboldt's brigade to occupy a portion of the front that had +been covered by Negley's division. Before getting this brigade into +place, however, two small brigades of Davis's division occupied the +ground, and I directed Laiboldt to form in column of regiments on the +crest of a low ridge in rear of Carlin's brigade, so as to prevent +Davis's right flank from being turned. The enemy was now feeling +Davis strongly, and I was about sending for Lytle's and Bradley's +brigades when I received an order to move these rapidly to the, +extreme left of the army to the assistance of General Thomas. I rode +hastily back toward their position, but in the meanwhile, they had +been notified by direct orders from McCook, and were moving out at a +double-quick toward the Lafayette road. By this time the enemy had +assaulted Davis furiously in front and flank, and driven him from his +line, and as the confused mass came back, McCook ordered Laiboldt to +charge by deploying to the front. This he did through Davis's broken +ranks, but failed to check the enemy's heavy lines, and finally +Laiboldt's brigade broke also and fell to the rear. My remaining +troops, headed by Lytle, were now passing along the rear of the +ground where this disaster took place—in column on the road—en +route to Thomas, and as the hundreds of fugitives rushed back, McCook +directed me to throw in Lytle's and Bradley's brigades. This was +hastily done, they being formed to the front under a terrible fire. +Scarcely were they aligned when the same horde of Confederates that +had overwhelmed Davis and Laiboldt poured in upon them a deadly fire +and shivered the two brigades to pieces. We succeeded in rallying +them, however, and by a counter attack regained the ridge that +Laiboldt had been driven from, where we captured the colors of the +Twenty-fourth Alabama. We could not hold the ridge, though, and my +troops were driven back with heavy loss, including General Lytle +killed, past the widow Glenn's house, and till I managed to establish +them in line of battle on a range of low hills behind the Dry Valley +road.</p> + +<p>During these occurrences General Rosecrans passed down the road +behind my line, and sent word that he wished to see me, but affairs +were too critical to admit of my going to him at once, and he rode on +to Chattanooga. It is to be regretted that he did not wait till I +could join him, for the delay would have permitted him to see that +matters were not in quite such bad shape as he supposed; still, there +is no disguising the fact that at this juncture his army was badly +crippled.</p> + +<p>Shortly after my division had rallied on the low hills already +described, I discovered that the enemy, instead of attacking me in +front, was wedging in between my division and the balance of the +army; in short, endeavoring to cut me off from Chattanooga. This +necessitated another retrograde movement, which brought me back to +the southern face of Missionary Ridge, where I was joined by Carlin's +brigade of Davis's division. Still thinking I could join General +Thomas, I rode some distance to the left of my line to look for a way +out, but found that the enemy had intervened so far as to isolate me +effectually. I then determined to march directly to Rossville, and +from there effect a junction with Thomas by the Lafayette road. I +reached Rossville about o'clock in the afternoon, bringing with me +eight guns, forty-six caissons, and a long ammunition train, the +latter having been found in a state of confusion behind the widow +Glenn's when I was being driven back behind the Dry Valley road.</p> + +<p>The head of my column passed through Rossville, appearing upon +Thomas's left about 6 o'clock in the evening, penetrated without any +opposition the right of the enemy's line, and captured several of his +field-hospitals. As soon as I got on the field I informed Thomas of +the presence of my command, and asked for orders. He replied that +his lines were disorganized, and that it would be futile to attack; +that all I could do was to hold on, and aid in covering his +withdrawal to Rossville.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center><a name="p285"></a><img alt="p285.jpg (56K)" src="images/p285.jpg" height="344" width="650"> +</center> +<a href="images/p285.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="Full Size" src="images/enlarge.jpg"> +</a> +<br><br><br><br> + +<p>I accompanied him back to Rossville, and when we reached the skirt of +the little hamlet General Thomas halted and we dismounted. Going +into one of the angles of a worm fence near by I took a rail from the +top and put it through the lower rails at a proper height from the +ground to make a seat, and General Thomas and I sat down while, my +troops were moving by. The General appeared very much exhausted, +seemed to forget what he had stopped for, and said little or nothing +of the incidents of the day. This was the second occasion on which I +had met him in the midst of misfortune, for during the fight in the +cedars at Stone River, when our prospects were most disheartening, we +held a brief conversation respecting the line he was then taking up +for the purpose of helping me. At other times, in periods of +inactivity, I saw but little of him. He impressed me, now as he did +in the cedars, his quiet, unobtrusive: demeanor communicating a +gloomy rather than a hopeful view of the situation. This apparent +depression was due no doubt to the severe trial through which he had +gone in the last forty-eight hours, which, strain had exhausted him +very much both physically and mentally. His success in maintaining +his ground was undoubtedly largely influenced by the fact that +two-thirds of the National forces had been sent to his succor, but his +firm purpose to save the army was the mainstay on which all relied +after Rosecrans left the field. As the command was getting pretty +well past, I rose to go in order to put my troops into camp. This +aroused the General, when, remarking that he had a little flask of +brandy in his saddle-holster, he added that he had just stopped for +the purpose of offering me a drink, as he knew I must be very tired. +He requested one of his staff-officers to get the flask, and after +taking a sip himself, passed it to me. Refreshed by the brandy, I +mounted and rode off to supervise the encamping of my division, by no +means an easy task considering the darkness, and the confusion that +existed among the troops that had preceded us into Rossville.</p> + +<p>This done, I lay down at the foot of a tree, with my saddle for a +pillow, and saddle-blanket for a cover. Some soldiers near me having +built a fire, were making coffee, and I guess I must have been +looking on wistfully, for in a little while they brought me a +tin-cupful of the coffee and a small piece of hard bread, which I +relished keenly, it being the first food that had passed my lips +since the night before. I was very tired, very hungry, and much +discouraged by what had taken place since morning. I had been +obliged to fight my command under the most disadvantageous +circumstances, disconnected, without supports, without even +opportunity to form in line of battle, and at one time contending +against four divisions of the enemy. In this battle of Chickamauga, +out of an effective strength Of 4,000 bayonets, I had lost 1,517 +officers and men, including two brigade commanders. This was not +satisfactory indeed, it was most depressing—and then there was much +confusion prevailing around Rossville; and, this condition of things +doubtless increasing my gloomy reflections, it did not seem to me +that the outlook for the next day was at all auspicious, unless the +enemy was slow to improve his present advantage. Exhaustion soon +quieted all forebodings, though, and I fell into a sound sleep, from +which I was not aroused till daylight.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 21st the enemy failed to advance, and his +inaction gave us the opportunity for getting the broken and +disorganized army into shape. It took a large part of the day to +accomplish this, and the chances of complete victory would have been +greatly in Bragg's favor if he could have attacked us vigorously at +this time. But he had been badly hurt in the two days' conflict, and +his inactivity on the 21st showed that he too had to go through the +process of reorganization. Indeed, his crippled condition began to +show itself the preceding evening, and I have always thought that, +had General Thomas held on and attacked the Confederate right and +rear from where I made the junction with him on the Lafayette road, +the field of Chickamauga would have been relinquished to us; but it +was fated to be otherwise.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans, McCook, and Crittenden passed out of the battle when they +went back to Chattanooga, and their absence was discouraging to all +aware of it. Doubtless this had much to do with Thomas's final +withdrawal, thus leaving the field to the enemy, though at an immense +cost in killed and wounded. The night of the 21st the army moved +back from Rossville, and my division, as the rearguard of the +Twentieth Corps, got within our lines at Chattanooga about 8 o'clock +the morning of the 22d. Our unmolested retirement from Rossville +lent additional force to the belief that the enemy had been badly +injured, and further impressed me with the conviction that we might +have held on. Indeed, the battle of Chickamauga was somewhat like +that of Stone River, victory resting with the side that had the grit +to defer longest its relinquishment of the field.</p> + +<p>The manoeuvres by which Rosecrans had carried his army over the +Cumberland Mountains, crossed the Tennessee River, and possessed +himself of Chattanooga, merit the highest commendation up to the +abandonment of this town by Bragg on the 8th of September; but I have +always fancied that that evacuation made Rosecrans over-confident, +and led him to think that he could force Bragg south as far as Rome. +After the Union army passed the river and Chattanooga fell into our +hands; we still kept pressing the enemy's communications, and the +configuration of the country necessitated more or less isolation of +the different corps. McCook's corps of three divisions had crossed +two difficult ridges—Sand and Lookout mountains—to Alpine in +Broomtown Valley with intentions against Summerville. Thomas's corps +had marched by the way of Stevens's Gap toward Lafayette, which he +expected to occupy. Crittenden had passed through Chattanooga, at +first directing his march an Ringgold. Thus the corps of the army +were not in conjunction, and between McCook and Thomas there +intervened a positive and aggressive obstacle in the shape of Bragg's +army concentrating and awaiting reinforcement at Lafayette. Under +these circumstances Bragg could have taken the different corps in +detail, and it is strange that he did not, even before receiving his +reinforcements, turn on McCook in Broomtown Valley and destroy him.</p> + +<p>Intelligence that Bragg would give battle began to come to us from +various sources as early as the 10th of September, and on the 11th +McCook found that he could not communicate with Thomas by the direct +road through Broomtown Valley; but we did not begin closing in toward +Chattanooga till the 13th, and even then the Twentieth Corps had +before it the certainty of many delays that must necessarily result +from the circuitous and difficult mountain roads which we would be +obliged to follow. Had the different corps, beginning with McCook's, +been drawn in toward Chattanooga between the 8th and 12th of +September, the objective point of the campaign would have remained in +our hands without the battle of Chickamauga, but, as has been seen, +this was not done. McCook was almost constantly on the march day and +night between the 13th and the 19th, ascending and descending +mountains, his men worried and wearied, so that when they appeared on +the battle-field, their fatigued condition operated greatly against +their efficiency. This delay in concentration was also the original +cause of the continuous shifting toward our left to the support of +Thomas, by which manoeuvre Rosecrans endeavored to protect his +communications with Chattanooga, and out of which grew the intervals +that offered such tempting opportunities to Bragg. In addition to +all this, much transpired on the field of battle tending to bring +about disaster. There did not seem to be any well-defined plan of +action in the fighting; and this led to much independence of judgment +in construing orders among some of the subordinate generals. It also +gave rise to much license in issuing orders: too many people were +giving important directions, affecting the whole army, without +authority from its head. In view, therefore, of all the errors that +were committed from the time Chattanooga fell into our hands after +our first crossing the Tennessee, it was fortunate that the Union +defeat was not more complete, that it left in the enemy's possession +not much more than the barren results arising from the simple holding +of the ground on which the engagement was fought.</p> + + + +<br><br> +<hr> +<br><br> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of General Philip H. +Sheridan, Vol. I., Part 2, by P. H. 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