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@@ -1,33 +1,8 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Battle of the Rivers, by Edmund Dane
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58417 ***
 
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll
-have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
-this ebook.
 
 
 
-Title: The Battle of the Rivers
-
-Author: Edmund Dane
-
-Release Date: December 6, 2018 [EBook #58417]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF THE RIVERS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Brian Coe, Martin Pettit and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
 
 
 
@@ -55,7 +30,7 @@ Post free 1/3 each
 
 +THE CAMPAIGN OF SEDAN.+ By GEORGE HOOPER.
 
-+THE CAMPAIGN ROUND LIÈGE.+ By J. M. KENNEDY.
++THE CAMPAIGN ROUND LIÈGE.+ By J. M. KENNEDY.
 
 +IN THE FIRING LINE.+ Battle Stories told by British Soldiers at the
 Front. By A. ST. JOHN ADCOCK.
@@ -306,7 +281,7 @@ shortest and most direct route she did not possess.
 That route we know passes in part through the plain of northern Belgium,
 and in part through the parallel valley of the Meuse to the points
 where, on the Belgium frontier, there begin the great international
-roads converging on Paris. All the way from Liége to Paris there are not
+roads converging on Paris. All the way from Liége to Paris there are not
 only these great paved highways, but lines of main trans-continental
 railroads. The route, in short, presented every natural and artificial
 facility needed to keep a vast army fully supplied.
@@ -410,7 +385,7 @@ success? It did.
 
 The plan, in the first instance, covered the operations of eight
 armies, acting in combination. These were the armies of General von
-Emmich; General von Kluck; General von Bülow; General von Hausen;
+Emmich; General von Kluck; General von Bülow; General von Hausen;
 Albert, Duke of Wurtemberg; the Crown Prince of Germany; the Crown
 Prince of Bavaria; and General von Heeringen. Embodying first reserves,
 they comprised twenty-eight army corps out of the forty-six which
@@ -565,7 +540,7 @@ idea of an alliance between Russia and France. In 1879 Bismarck, in view
 of such a development, concluded the alliance between Germany and
 Austria. Italy joined this alliance in 1883, but on a purely defensive
 footing. The account given of the Triple Alliance by Prince Bernhard von
-Bülow, ex-Imperial Chancellor, is that it was designed to safeguard the
+Bülow, ex-Imperial Chancellor, is that it was designed to safeguard the
 Continental interests of the three Powers, leaving each free to pursue
 its extra-Continental interests. From 1815 to 1878 the three absolutist
 Powers, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, had aimed at dominating the
@@ -582,7 +557,7 @@ with Great Britain and France is popular. On the other hand, the entente
 with Germany and Austria was unpopular. The view here taken that one of
 the real aims of the Triple Alliance was the furtherance of Prussia's
 designs against France is the view consistent with the course of
-Prussian policy. For Prince von Bülow's explanations, see his _Imperial
+Prussian policy. For Prince von Bülow's explanations, see his _Imperial
 Germany_.
 
 [6] F. von Bernhardi: _The Next War:_ see Introduction.
@@ -608,13 +583,13 @@ uncertain. These troops, however, were not embodied until later in the
 campaign.
 
 [8] The leading army, that of General von Kluck, consisted of 6 corps;
-and the second army, that of General von Bülow, of 4 corps. The others
+and the second army, that of General von Bülow, of 4 corps. The others
 were formed each of 3 corps, making an original total of 28 corps.
 
-Following the disaster at Liége, however, the army of General von Emmich
+Following the disaster at Liége, however, the army of General von Emmich
 was divided up, and the view here taken, which appears to be most
 consistent with the known facts, is that it was, after being re-formed,
-employed to reinforce the armies of Generals von Kluck and von Bülow.
+employed to reinforce the armies of Generals von Kluck and von Bülow.
 That would make the strength of the German force, which marched through
 northern Belgium, 780,000 men.
 
@@ -636,10 +611,10 @@ the Belgian frontier, to the day, exactly one month later, when the
 German plans were apparently changed, deal with the question: Why were
 the plans changed?
 
-The Germans entered Liége on August 10. They had hoped by that time to
+The Germans entered Liége on August 10. They had hoped by that time to
 be, if not at, at any rate close to, Paris. In part they were unable to
 begin their advance through Belgium until August 17 or August 18,
-because they had not, until that date, destroyed all the forts at Liége,
+because they had not, until that date, destroyed all the forts at Liége,
 but in part, also, these delays had played havoc with the details of
 their scheme.
 
@@ -663,7 +638,7 @@ responsible for the mess, the cruelty and ferocity shown in these raids
 ceases to be in any sense unbelievable.
 
 Dislocation of the plan, however, was not all. In the attempts to carry
-the fortress of Liége by storm the Germans lost, out of the three corps
+the fortress of Liége by storm the Germans lost, out of the three corps
 forming the army of General von Emmich, 48,700 men killed and
 wounded.[10] These corps, troops from Hanover, Pomerania, and
 Brandenburg, formed the flower of the army. The work had to be carried
@@ -672,10 +647,10 @@ had to be reformed from reserves. All this of necessity meant additional
 complications.
 
 Then there was the further fighting with the Belgians. What were the
-losses sustained by the Germans between the assaults on Liége and the
+losses sustained by the Germans between the assaults on Liége and the
 occupation of Brussels is, outside of Germany, not known, nor is it
 known in Germany save to the Government. To put that loss as at least
-equal to the losses at Liége is, however, a very conservative estimate.
+equal to the losses at Liége is, however, a very conservative estimate.
 
 Meanwhile, the French had advanced into Belgium along both banks of the
 Meuse and that further contributed to upset the great preparation.
@@ -686,7 +661,7 @@ destruction of two reinforced army corps.
 
 Now we come to the Battle of Mons and Charleroi, when to the surprise of
 all non-German tacticians, the attacks in mass formation witnessed at
-Liége were repeated.
+Liége were repeated.
 
 To describe that battle is beyond the scope of this narrative. But it is
 certain that the estimates so far formed of German losses are below, if
@@ -695,7 +670,7 @@ not a long way below, the truth.
 There is, however, a reliable comparative basis on which to arrive at a
 computation, and this has a most essential bearing on later events.
 
-At Liége there were three heavy mass attacks against trenches defended
+At Liége there were three heavy mass attacks against trenches defended
 by a total force of 20,000 Belgian riflemen with machine guns.[11] We
 have seen what the losses were. At Mons, against the British forces,
 there were mass attacks against lines held by five divisions of British
@@ -704,7 +679,7 @@ backed by over sixty batteries of artillery.
 
 Now, taking them altogether, the British infantry reach, as marksmen, a
 level quite unknown in the armies of the Continent. Further, these mass
-attacks were made by the Germans with far greater numbers than at Liége,
+attacks were made by the Germans with far greater numbers than at Liége,
 and there were far more of them. Indeed, they were pressed at frequent
 intervals during two days and part of the intervening night. The
 evidence as to the dense formations adopted in these attacks is
@@ -713,15 +688,15 @@ conclusive.
 What, from facts such as these, is the inference to be drawn as to
 losses incurred? The inference, and it is supported by the failure of
 any of these attacks to get home, is, and can only be, that the losses
-must have been proportionally on the same scale as those at Liége, for
-the attacks were, for the most part, as at Liége, launched frontally
+must have been proportionally on the same scale as those at Liége, for
+the attacks were, for the most part, as at Liége, launched frontally
 against entrenched positions. Though at first sight such figures may
 appear fantastic, to put the losses at three times the total of the
-losses at Liége is probably but a very slight exaggeration, even if it
+losses at Liége is probably but a very slight exaggeration, even if it
 be any exaggeration at all.
 
 There is, however, still another ground for such a conclusion. While
-the British front from Condé past and behind Mons to Binche allowed of
+the British front from Condé past and behind Mons to Binche allowed of
 the full and effective employment of the whole British force, even when
 holding in hand necessary reserves, it was obviously not a front wide
 enough to allow of the full and effective employment on the German side
@@ -902,7 +877,7 @@ effect one continuous battle. The British withdrawal was materially
 helped by a timely attack upon the right flank of the German forces
 delivered by two French divisions which had advanced from Arras under
 the command of General d'Amade, and by the French cavalry under General
-Sordêt.
+Sordêt.
 
 Now consider the effect upon the German plans. There is, to begin with,
 the losses. That those at Cambrai must have been extremely heavy is
@@ -933,14 +908,14 @@ von Kluck included only five army corps of first line troops.
 
 To account for that decrease, the suggestion has been made that at this
 time, consequent upon the defeat met with by the Germans at Gunbinnen in
-East Prussia and the advance of the Russians towards Königsberg, there
+East Prussia and the advance of the Russians towards Königsberg, there
 was a heavy transfer of troops from the west front to the east. Not only
 would such a transfer have been in the circumstances the most manifest
 of military blunders, but no one acquainted with the methods of the
 German Government and of the German General Staff can accept the
 explanation. Whatever may be the shortcomings of the German Government,
 vacillation is not one of them. What evidently did take place was the
-transfer of the _débris_ of army corps preparatory to their re-formation
+transfer of the _débris_ of army corps preparatory to their re-formation
 for service on the east front and their replacement by fresh reserves.
 
 But though the mass was thus made up again, there is a wide difference
@@ -963,7 +938,7 @@ throw a heavy force against St. Quentin; a third was to force the
 passage of the Somme both east and west of Ham.
 
 These operations were undertaken, of course, in conjunction with the
-army of General von Bülow. Part of the troops of von Bülow, the 10th,
+army of General von Bülow. Part of the troops of von Bülow, the 10th,
 and the Reserve Corps of the Prussian Guard were heavily defeated by the
 French at Guise. But while it was the object of the French and British
 to make the German operations as costly as possible, it formed, for
@@ -973,7 +948,7 @@ up local advantages.
 Why it formed no part of their strategy will become evident if at this
 point a glance is cast over the fortunes of the other German armies.
 
-The army of General von Bülow had been engaged against the French in the
+The army of General von Bülow had been engaged against the French in the
 battle at Charleroi and along the Sambre, and again in the battle at St.
 Quentin and Guise, and admittedly had in both encounters lost heavily.
 
@@ -986,7 +961,7 @@ The army of Duke Albert of Wurtemberg had twice been driven back over
 the Meuse into Belgian Luxemburg.
 
 The army of the Crown Prince of Germany, notwithstanding its initial
-success at Château Malins, had been defeated at Spincourt.
+success at Château Malins, had been defeated at Spincourt.
 
 The army of the Crown Prince of Bavaria had been defeated with heavy
 loss at Luneville.
@@ -1028,7 +1003,7 @@ longer, in a military sense, homogeneous, but a considerable part of the
 force, being on the wrong side of the fortified frontier, could not be
 brought to bear, and another considerable part of the force, the army of
 the Crown Prince of Germany, had fallen into an entanglement. Were the
-armies of von Kluck, von Bülow, von Hausen, and Duke Albert, the latter
+armies of von Kluck, von Bülow, von Hausen, and Duke Albert, the latter
 already badly mauled, sufficient to carry out the scheme laid down?
 Quite obviously not.
 
@@ -1186,8 +1161,8 @@ Paris, to near the southern point of the Argonne.
 The army of von Kluck was between Creil and Soissons, with advanced
 posts extended to Meaux on the Marne.
 
-The army of von Bülow was between Soissons and Rheims, with advanced
-posts pushed to Château-Thierry, also on the Marne.
+The army of von Bülow was between Soissons and Rheims, with advanced
+posts pushed to Château-Thierry, also on the Marne.
 
 The army of von Hausen held Rheims and the country between Rheims and
 Chalons, with advanced posts at Epernay.
@@ -1319,12 +1294,12 @@ That brings us to the question of the roads.
 
 Eastward from Paris, along the valley of the Marne, run three great
 highways. The most northerly, passing through Meaux, La
-Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Château Thierry, and Epernay to Chalons, follows
+Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Château Thierry, and Epernay to Chalons, follows
 nearly the same course as the river, crossing it at several points to
-avoid bends. The next branches off at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, and also
+avoid bends. The next branches off at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, and also
 runs to Chalons by way of Montmirail. The third, passing through La
-Ferté-Gaucher, Sezanne, Fère Champenoise, and Sommesons to
-Vitry-le-François, follows the backbone of country already alluded to.
+Ferté-Gaucher, Sezanne, Fère Champenoise, and Sommesons to
+Vitry-le-François, follows the backbone of country already alluded to.
 All these great roads lead farther east into Germany, the northerly and
 the middle roads to Metz and the valley of the Moselle, the third road
 to Nancy and Strasburg.
@@ -1358,7 +1333,7 @@ But there is another feature of the roads in the valley of the Marne
 which is of consequence. Great roads converge into it from the north.
 Sezanne has already been mentioned. It is half-way along the broad
 backbone dividing the valley of the Marne from the valley of the Seine.
-Five great roads meet there from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Soissons,
+Five great roads meet there from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Soissons,
 Rheims, Chalons, Verdun, and Nancy. Hence the facility for massing at
 that place a huge body of troops.
 
@@ -1440,9 +1415,9 @@ the Marne began.
 Leaving two army corps, the 2nd and the 4th Reserve corps, on the Ourcq
 to cover his flank and rear, General von Kluck struck south-east across
 the Marne with the 3rd, 4th, and 7th corps. The main body crossed the
-river at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, and took the main route to Sezanne.
-Others crossed higher up between La Ferté-sous-Jouarre and
-Château-Thierry. For this purpose they threw bridges across the river.
+river at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, and took the main route to Sezanne.
+Others crossed higher up between La Ferté-sous-Jouarre and
+Château-Thierry. For this purpose they threw bridges across the river.
 The Marne is deep and for 120 miles of its course navigable.
 
 These movements were covered and screened by the 2nd division of
@@ -1508,9 +1483,9 @@ acknowledged it in a message to the British headquarters:--
      perfect training of pilots and observers.
 
 
-Farther east the army of General von Bülow (the 9th, 10th, 10th Reserve
+Farther east the army of General von Bülow (the 9th, 10th, 10th Reserve
 corps, and the Army corps of the Prussian Guard), advancing from
-Soissons through Château-Thierry, and crossing the Marne at that place
+Soissons through Château-Thierry, and crossing the Marne at that place
 as well as at points higher up towards Epernay, was following the main
 road to Montmirail on the Petit Morin.
 
@@ -1523,7 +1498,7 @@ The army of Duke Albert, having passed the Marne above Chalons, was
 moving along the roads to Sommesous.
 
 The army of the Crown Prince of Germany was endeavouring to move from
-St. Menehould to Vitry-le-François, also on the Marne.
+St. Menehould to Vitry-le-François, also on the Marne.
 
 On the side of the Allies,
 
@@ -1535,16 +1510,16 @@ new front extending south-east to north-west from Jouey, through Le
 Chatel and Faremoutiers, to Villeneuve-le-Comte.
 
 General Conneau with the French cavalry was on the British right,
-between Coulommiers and La Ferté Gaucher.
+between Coulommiers and La Ferté Gaucher.
 
 General Desperey with the 5th French army held the line from Courtagon
-to Esternay, barring the roads from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre and Montmirail
+to Esternay, barring the roads from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre and Montmirail
 to Sezanne.
 
-General Foch, with headquarters at La Fère Champenoise, barred with his
+General Foch, with headquarters at La Fère Champenoise, barred with his
 army the roads from Epernay and Chalons.
 
-General de Langle, holding Vitry-le-François, barred the approaches to
+General de Langle, holding Vitry-le-François, barred the approaches to
 that place and to Sommesous.
 
 General Serrail, with the French army operating in the Argonne, held
@@ -1566,7 +1541,7 @@ vulnerable point of the German line.
 
 The tactical scheme of the Allied Commander-in-Chief was simple--a great
 military merit. He aimed first at defeating the German right led by
-Generals von Kluck and von Bülow. Having by that uncovered the flank of
+Generals von Kluck and von Bülow. Having by that uncovered the flank of
 General von Hausen's army, his intention was to attack it also in both
 front and flank and defeat it. The same tactic was to be repeated with
 each of the other German armies in succession.
@@ -1594,17 +1569,17 @@ The fact that General von Kluck had left two out of the five corps
 forming his army on the Ourcq, and was covering his movement to the
 south of the Marne with his cavalry, proves that he did not, as was
 supposed, intend to lose contact with Paris. His scheme was to establish
-an echelon of troops from the Ourcq to La Ferté Gaucher on the great
+an echelon of troops from the Ourcq to La Ferté Gaucher on the great
 eastern road, believing that to be meanwhile a quite sufficient defence.
 
-With the rest of his force he was to join with von Bülow and von Hausen
+With the rest of his force he was to join with von Bülow and von Hausen
 in smashing through the French position at Sezanne. Against that
 position there was to be the overwhelming concentration of ten army
 corps.
 
 To assist the stroke against Sezanne there was a concurrent intention to
-break the French line at Vitry-le-François. The French line between
-Sezanne and Vitry-le-François would then be swept away.
+break the French line at Vitry-le-François. The French line between
+Sezanne and Vitry-le-François would then be swept away.
 
 Assuming the success of these operations, the German forces would be
 echeloned south-east from the Ourcq across the valley of the Marne and
@@ -1642,11 +1617,11 @@ now overrun with fugitive villagers from the neighbourhood of Rethel,
 Laon, and Soissons. It is painful to see these unfortunate people
 hurrying away with a few household goods on carts, or with bundles, and
 walking along the country roads in regular ragged processions, not
-knowing whither they are going. Château-Thierry and all the beautiful
+knowing whither they are going. Château-Thierry and all the beautiful
 country of the Marne is by this time in the hands of the Germans. When I
 last drove through the place a few weeks ago, and lunched with a few
-amiable French officers at the best hotel in the place, "L'Eléphant,"
-Château-Thierry was teeming with cattle and army horses requisitioned
+amiable French officers at the best hotel in the place, "L'Eléphant,"
+Château-Thierry was teeming with cattle and army horses requisitioned
 for the campaign. Four times I passed through it, and each time the
 great assemblage of horses, trucks, and army material had increased,
 although the horses and cattle were driven away each day, and fresh ones
@@ -1717,7 +1692,7 @@ issued to the troops his now famous Order:--
 
 That the Germans on their side equally realised how momentous was the
 impending battle is shown by their Army Order. A copy of it was, after
-the battle, found in a house at Vitry-le-François, which for a time had
+the battle, found in a house at Vitry-le-François, which for a time had
 been used as a headquarters of the 8th German army corps. In the haste
 of flight the document was left behind. Signed by Lieut.-General Tulff
 von Tscheppe und Wendenbach, commandant of the 8th corps, and dated
@@ -1786,7 +1761,7 @@ GERMANS.
 
      2nd and 9th Cavalry Divisions            23,000
 
-     General von Bülow's Army (4 corps,
+     General von Bülow's Army (4 corps,
      Prussians)                              180,000
 
      Cavalry of the Prussian Guard             6,000
@@ -1862,13 +1837,13 @@ These developments can best be followed day by day.
 
 _September 5._--General movement of the German armies across the Marne.
 The troops of von Kluck crossed at Trilport, Sommery, and La
-Ferté-sous-Jouarre; those of von Bülow at Château-Thierry; those of von
+Ferté-sous-Jouarre; those of von Bülow at Château-Thierry; those of von
 Hausen at Epernay, and Duke Albert's at Chalons. Simultaneously columns
 of von Kluck's 2nd and 4th Reserve corps began to cross the Ourcq.
 
 From the Marne the Germans pushed on without delay to the south. The
 3rd, 4th, and 7th corps of von Kluck's army were on the march diagonally
-across the British near Coulommiers. They were making for La Ferté
+across the British near Coulommiers. They were making for La Ferté
 Gaucher. In face of this advance the 5th French army fell back on the
 latter place. This move lengthened the German flank and laid it more
 completely open to a British attack.
@@ -1877,7 +1852,7 @@ _September 6._--General Joffre gave orders for a general advance. Before
 daybreak the 6th French, British, and 5th French armies began a combined
 offensive. While the 6th French army advanced eastward towards the line
 of the Ourcq, the British advanced north-east to the line of the Grand
-Morin, and the 5th French army north from east of La Ferté Gaucher upon
+Morin, and the 5th French army north from east of La Ferté Gaucher upon
 Montmirail.
 
 The 6th French army, driving in the German advance posts, reached
@@ -1888,28 +1863,28 @@ still crossing the Grand Morin, and drove them back upon the Petit
 Morin.
 
 By this unexpected and swiftly delivered blow von Kluck's army,
-extending from the Marne to La Ferté Gaucher, was cut into two parts.
+extending from the Marne to La Ferté Gaucher, was cut into two parts.
 
 Coincidently with the British advance the 5th French army had, in a
 night attack and at the point of the bayonet, driven the leading German
-divisions out of three villages near La Ferté Gaucher, where they had
+divisions out of three villages near La Ferté Gaucher, where they had
 bivouacked.
 
 In view of these attacks General von Kluck had no alternative save to
 retreat. To escape the British he fell back on the Petit Morin in the
 direction of Montmirail.
 
-His retreat was assisted by the right of von Bülow's army, and covered
-by his divisions of cavalry, reinforced by von Bülow's cavalry of the
+His retreat was assisted by the right of von Bülow's army, and covered
+by his divisions of cavalry, reinforced by von Bülow's cavalry of the
 Prussian Guard. The German cavalry, attacked by the French and British,
 was cut up with heavy loss. More than 60,000 horsemen were engaged in
 this gigantic combat.
 
 _September 7._--To assist the retreat, the centre divisions of von
 Kluck's army opposing the British made a stand upon the Petit Morin, and
-the army of von Bülow a stand from Montmirail to Le Petit Sompius. Along
+the army of von Bülow a stand from Montmirail to Le Petit Sompius. Along
 that line the 5th French army was all day heavily engaged against the
-left wing of von Kluck's army and the right of von Bülow's.
+left wing of von Kluck's army and the right of von Bülow's.
 
 On the Ourcq the Germans launched a general assault against the 6th
 French army.
@@ -1927,7 +1902,7 @@ The armies of von Hausen and Duke Albert and the Crown Prince of Germany
 were now engaged against the armies of General Foch, General Langle, and
 General Serrail from the north of Sezanne to Sermaise-les-Bains in the
 south of the Argonne. The fighting north of Sezanne was obstinate, but
-the Wurtembergers at Vitry-le-François met with a repulse.
+the Wurtembergers at Vitry-le-François met with a repulse.
 
 On this day the battle extended for more than 120 miles, from the line
 of the Ourcq across the country to Montmirail, from that place to
@@ -1938,7 +1913,7 @@ the fortified frontier.
 _September 8._--Heavy fighting between the 6th French army and the
 Germans on the Ourcq.
 
-The British attacked the passages of the Marne. At La Ferté Gaucher,
+The British attacked the passages of the Marne. At La Ferté Gaucher,
 where the bridge had been destroyed, the Germans, supported by machine
 guns, obstinately disputed the passage against the British 3rd corps.
 The 1st and 2nd corps, however, succeeded in bridging the river higher
@@ -1947,16 +1922,16 @@ heavy losses.
 
 At Montmirail the battle was continued with great severity. The French
 carried several of the German positions at the point of the bayonet. Von
-Bülow's troops began a general retirement, and were driven over the
+Bülow's troops began a general retirement, and were driven over the
 river.
 
 Taking the offensive, General Foch's army attacked the troops of von
 Hausen in flank. The left of von Hausen's army north of Sezanne was
-forced back, but his right at Le Fère Champenoise made an obstinate
+forced back, but his right at Le Fère Champenoise made an obstinate
 stand.
 
 To meet this, General Langle also began a general advance, and drove the
-Germans from Vitry-le-François.
+Germans from Vitry-le-François.
 
 A heavy German attack was directed against Clermont-en-Argonne. Beyond
 the fortified frontier there was a renewed effort to capture Nancy said
@@ -1969,12 +1944,12 @@ The British, having crossed the Marne, fell upon the Germans fighting on
 the Ourcq, and drove them northwards. Many guns, caissons, and large
 quantities of transport were captured.
 
-The 5th French army pursued the defeated troops of von Bülow from
-Montmirail to Château-Thierry. At that place the Germans are thrown
+The 5th French army pursued the defeated troops of von Bülow from
+Montmirail to Château-Thierry. At that place the Germans are thrown
 across the Marne in disorder and with huge losses.
 
 The German line had now been completely broken. Between the wreck of von
-Bülow's troops, north of the Marne, and von Hausen's positions, north of
+Bülow's troops, north of the Marne, and von Hausen's positions, north of
 Sezanne, there was a gap of some fifteen miles.
 
 From Sezanne eastward the battle from this time continued with more
@@ -1987,7 +1962,7 @@ guns, and 2,000 prisoners. German infantry, left behind in the hurried
 march of their army, were found hiding in the woods. There were
 evidences of general looting by the enemy and of his demoralisation.
 
-In the pursuit of von Bülow's troops by the 5th French army, the
+In the pursuit of von Bülow's troops by the 5th French army, the
 Prussian Guard were driven into the marshes of St. Gond.
 
 Covered with tall reeds and rank grass, these marshes, drained by the
@@ -2001,7 +1976,7 @@ proportion of the surviving force either perished in the quagmires or
 were killed by the French shells.
 
 An effort nevertheless was made to retrieve the general disaster by a
-violent German attack from Sezanne to Vitry-le-François, accompanied by
+violent German attack from Sezanne to Vitry-le-François, accompanied by
 an energetic offensive in the Argonne, and by a renewed attempt against
 Nancy.
 
@@ -2010,7 +1985,7 @@ of Vitry were forced into retreat. The attack on Nancy was again
 unsuccessful.
 
 _September 11._--The 5th and 6th French armies and the British pursued
-the troops of von Kluck and von Bülow to the Aisne.
+the troops of von Kluck and von Bülow to the Aisne.
 
 The armies of von Hausen and Duke Albert were now in full flight at
 Epernay and Chalons. Both incurred very heavy losses. The French
@@ -2040,7 +2015,7 @@ summing up the situation with soldierly brevity, said:--
 
      Our troops, as they gain ground, are finding proofs of the
      intensity of the struggle and of the extent of the means employed
-     by the Germans in attempting to resist our _élan_.
+     by the Germans in attempting to resist our _élan_.
 
      The vigorous resumption of the offensive has brought about success.
      Officers, non-commissioned officers, and men! you have all of you
@@ -2049,7 +2024,7 @@ summing up the situation with soldierly brevity, said:--
 
 
 It had been no easy victory. The huge forces of Generals von Kluck, von
-Bülow, and von Hausen, comprising the flower of the German first line
+Bülow, and von Hausen, comprising the flower of the German first line
 army, fought with stubborn and even reckless courage. During the opening
 days of the battle they contested the ground foot by foot. The character
 of the fighting in which the British troops were engaged, gathered from
@@ -2110,7 +2085,7 @@ attack thrown upon it. Mr. Massey wrote:--
      wounded, and prisoners must reach an enormous figure. The French
      losses were very heavy.
 
-     An infantryman wounded within sight of Vitry-le-François told me
+     An infantryman wounded within sight of Vitry-le-François told me
      that the French bayonet fighting was performed with an irresistible
      dash. The men were always eager--sometimes too eager--to get to
      close quarters. The weary waiting in trenches too hastily dug to
@@ -2427,7 +2402,7 @@ Meaux, found it deserted:--
      in his hand--it is a woman's writing. Dark huddled patches among
      the cabbages and the trampled wheat, brown stains on the path,
      fragments of blood-stained lint, broken rifles and bayonets,
-     bullet-pierced helmets and rent cloaks--all the _débris_ of battle
+     bullet-pierced helmets and rent cloaks--all the _débris_ of battle
      show where the fight was fiercest.
 
      On the crest of the rise are the trenches; they extend for nearly a
@@ -2463,13 +2438,13 @@ though serious, would not have been a disaster. But it is now manifest
 that, from a quarter in which the situation was not understood,
 imperative orders were received to press on.
 
-These orders evidently led von Bülow to attempt a stand upon the Petit
+These orders evidently led von Bülow to attempt a stand upon the Petit
 Morin. General von Kluck, in face of the attack by the British and by
 the 6th French army on the Ourcq, realised that retirement on his part
 could not be delayed. But the retreat of his left from the Petit Morin
-exposed the army of von Bülow to an attack in flank. By that attack in
-flank, as well as in front, von Bülow's troops were forced at
-Château-Thierry to cross the Marne in full flight. Passing a deep and
+exposed the army of von Bülow to an attack in flank. By that attack in
+flank, as well as in front, von Bülow's troops were forced at
+Château-Thierry to cross the Marne in full flight. Passing a deep and
 navigable river in such circumstances is, of all military operations,
 perhaps, the most destructive and dangerous, and this, from the German
 standpoint, formed one of the worst episodes of the battle.
@@ -2544,7 +2519,7 @@ with it. The effect was in the main material. War wastage arising from
 fatigue and privation must have reduced the effective strength of the
 German armies in nearly as great a degree as losses in killed and
 wounded. If _on September 12_ we put the armies which turned to hold the
-new line from Compiègne to Verdun at 600,000 men still fit for duty, we
+new line from Compiègne to Verdun at 600,000 men still fit for duty, we
 shall be adopting probably an outside figure.
 
 Had this force, so reduced, not been able to make a stand along that
@@ -2590,7 +2565,7 @@ the most important of the three.
 Of the three, the first, the closing of the eastern frontier, was
 accomplished in part; the second was so far successful that the French
 were able to seize Rheims without opposition; the third was not
-accomplished. Had it been the armies of von Kluck and von Bülow forming
+accomplished. Had it been the armies of von Kluck and von Bülow forming
 the German right must both have been severed from the German line to the
 east of Rheims, and, with their supplies of food and of munitions cut
 off, must have been compelled to surrender.
@@ -2610,7 +2585,7 @@ Maunoury, he presented a flank to the 5th French army. Not only in such
 circumstances was a bad defeat almost equally foregone, but, forming
 front to a flank and fighting along the lines of his communications, he
 must, in the event of defeat, retire eastward, abandoning his lines of
-communication and obstructing the retreat of von Bülow.
+communication and obstructing the retreat of von Bülow.
 
 As events prove, the measures he adopted were these. He recalled from
 Amiens the army corps sent to that place to undertake an outflanking
@@ -2625,7 +2600,7 @@ line protected first by the Grand Morin, and then by the Petit Morin and
 the Marne. In order to carry out that movement he did not hesitate to
 sacrifice a considerable part of his cavalry.
 
-The danger-point of this disposition was La Ferté-sous-Jouarre. Into
+The danger-point of this disposition was La Ferté-sous-Jouarre. Into
 that place, consequently, he threw a strong force with orders to hold it
 to the last moment. With the rest of his three corps he formed front
 partly against the British, partly against the left of the army of
@@ -2685,7 +2660,7 @@ he slipped past them.[18]
 
 
 And once on the Aisne and in touch with his Amiens rearguard, now on the
-Oise above Compiègne, he was in a position to initiate a complete change
+Oise above Compiègne, he was in a position to initiate a complete change
 in tactics, and, his force being comparatively secure, the other German
 armies could again fall into line.
 
@@ -2920,7 +2895,7 @@ the defensive adopted by Napoleon, points out that if the left of the
 defence threatens the invaders' communications, the invaders, leaving
 their right on the Ourcq and Marne, march through Sezanne to fight on
 the right bank of the Seine. Pushing the French right and centre to the
-Yères with their own centre and left, they fight then the decisive
+Yères with their own centre and left, they fight then the decisive
 battle. It should be decisive, for the [Germans] on the two rivers,
 approaching each other in the narrowing angle can combine in a movement
 on Paris, holding the passages at Melun and Montereau on the one side,
@@ -2953,7 +2928,7 @@ masses as regards fighting efficiency. When operations are on this
 gigantic scale a certain amount of imagination must be exercised to
 realise even the barest facts.
 
-From Compiègne eastward to Rheims the Allied line was formed by the 6th
+From Compiègne eastward to Rheims the Allied line was formed by the 6th
 French, the British, and the 5th French armies. To the first for the
 moment was assigned the duty of forcing the passages of the Aisne from
 below Soissons, clearing the enemy off the western end of the ridge, and
@@ -2995,7 +2970,7 @@ attack essential, but it had to be launched against him without delay,
 and before he could recover from the effects of his retreat.
 
 Including the troops recalled from Amiens, Generals von Kluck and von
-Bülow had under their command, nominally at any rate, ten army corps.
+Bülow had under their command, nominally at any rate, ten army corps.
 If, deducting losses and war wastages, we put their strength in
 effectives at not more than the equivalent of six corps--it could have
 been very little more--yet six corps was, _in the positions they held_,
@@ -3074,11 +3049,11 @@ Oise and Aisne Canal.
      with our Allies, turned slightly to the north-east. The day was
      spent in pushing forward and in gathering in various hostile
      detachments, and by nightfall our forces had reached a line to the
-     north of the Ourcq, extending from Oulchy Le Château to Long Pont.
+     north of the Ourcq, extending from Oulchy Le Château to Long Pont.
 
      On this day there was also a general advance on the part of the
      French along their whole line, which ended in substantial success,
-     in one portion of the field Duke Albrecht of Würtemberg's fourth
+     in one portion of the field Duke Albrecht of Würtemberg's fourth
      army being driven back across the Saulx; and elsewhere the whole of
      the corps artillery of a German corps being captured. Several
      German colours also were taken.
@@ -3132,17 +3107,17 @@ of the Aisne and the Vesle. Here there is a broad stretch of meadow
 flats, commanded north, east, and south by bluffs. On the south is the
 Sermoise bluff or spur; across the flats, directly opposite to the
 north, stands out the Chivre spur. The summit of the latter is crowned
-by an old defence work, the Fort de Condé. This the Germans held, and
+by an old defence work, the Fort de Condé. This the Germans held, and
 they made use of the spur, like a miniature Gibraltar, to sweep the
 flats of the valley with their guns. On this 12th September the 5th
 division found themselves unable to make headway. They advanced to the
 Aisne, which just here sweeps close under the Chivres spur, leaving
 between the cliff and the bank a narrow strip, occupied by the village
-of Condé-sur-Aisne. Across the river at Condé there was a road bridge,
+of Condé-sur-Aisne. Across the river at Condé there was a road bridge,
 and the enemy had left the bridge intact, both because they held the
 houses of the village, which they had loop-holed, and because their guns
 above commanded the approach road. It may be stated that they held on to
-the Chivre spur and on to Condé all through the battle.
+the Chivre spur and on to Condé all through the battle.
 
 On the night of September 12 the British had possession of all the south
 bank of the Aisne from Soissons up to Maizy, immediately to the south
@@ -3161,7 +3136,7 @@ both east and west by the French artillery, until it stretched out to
 more than twice the length of the British front.
 
 Of the nine bridges over this section of the Aisne, all save that at
-Condé had been blown up. Near a little place called Bourg on the north
+Condé had been blown up. Near a little place called Bourg on the north
 bank, some three miles below Maizy, the valley is crossed by an aqueduct
 carrying the Oise and Aisne canal. This canal passes in a series of
 locks over the ridge north-west. The canal is much used in connection
@@ -3211,14 +3186,14 @@ ferrying themselves over in boats. Notwithstanding the furious efforts
 to annihilate them, both as they crossed and as they sprang ashore, a
 whole battalion in this way got across and made good their foothold.
 
-Half-way between Condé and Soissons, at the village of Venizel, at the
+Half-way between Condé and Soissons, at the village of Venizel, at the
 same time, the 14th brigade were rafting themselves over on tree-trunks
 crossed with planks, derelict doors, and stairways.
 
 These footholds won, the troops, like the 1st division, lost no time in
 pushing forward to seize points of vantage before the enemy could rally
 from his astonishment. The 2nd division advanced along the road from
-Vailly towards Courteçon; the 12th brigade made an attack in the
+Vailly towards Courteçon; the 12th brigade made an attack in the
 direction of Chivres, situated in a small side valley to the west of
 the Chivres bluff. Slightly higher up this side valley, and on its
 opposite slope, the Germans held the hillside village of Vregny in
@@ -3255,7 +3230,7 @@ command of all the part of the ridge between Soissons and Berry, and the
 operations were an effort on the one side to obtain, and on the other to
 retain, that command.
 
-Already, with the exception of the break at Condé, the lower road, and
+Already, with the exception of the break at Condé, the lower road, and
 the villages and the town of Vailly lying along its length, were, as the
 result of the fighting on September 13, in the hands of the British. The
 higher road remained in the possession of the Germans. Up the clefts and
@@ -3270,7 +3245,7 @@ system of ruses and signals. Among these devices was that of smoke from
 cottage chimneys.
 
 On the morning of September 14, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Brigades,
-defeating a heavy counter-attack, seized the roads between Condé and
+defeating a heavy counter-attack, seized the roads between Condé and
 Soissons. The object was to cut into the centre of the German defence.
 
 During this day further bodies of British troops crossed the river. The
@@ -3373,7 +3348,7 @@ the 7th German army reserve corps. The letter runs:--
 
 
 Just to the west of Vendresse the 5th infantry brigade advanced against
-the part of the ridge where is situated the village of Courteçon.
+the part of the ridge where is situated the village of Courteçon.
 Simultaneously the 4th Guards Brigade, with the 36th brigade of
 artillery, debouched from Bourg along the Aisne and Oise canal, with the
 object of seizing Ostel. They had to fight their way, opposed foot by
@@ -3385,7 +3360,7 @@ Braye at all costs.
 
 Further west, again, the British advanced from Vailly to Aizy along
 another of the approaches to the plateau. The object was to hem in the
-Germans holding the Chivres bluff and Condé. On the farther side of the
+Germans holding the Chivres bluff and Condé. On the farther side of the
 bluff from Aizy the division of Sir Charles Fergusson held on to Chivres
 village in the face of a succession of determined onslaughts.
 
@@ -3984,7 +3959,7 @@ anything, greater violence. It was the fight of the Guards Brigade over
 again, but on a greater scale. Imagine such a struggle with 50,000 men
 involved; a fighting mass nearly three miles in extent; the fire of
 rifles and machine guns and artillery; the gleam of clashing bayonets;
-the searchlights throwing momentarily into view the fury of a _mêlée_
+the searchlights throwing momentarily into view the fury of a _mêlée_
 and then shutting it off to light up another scene of struggle.
 Fortunately for the British, the columns of attack were ripped up before
 the trenches could be reached. Men fell in rows, held up by the wire
@@ -4122,14 +4097,14 @@ the power at his command, and as to his disposition of that power.
 
 Thus it was that the Germans, unopposed, made their triumphal entry.
 They swept through the famous Gate of Mars, the triumphal arch built by
-the then townsmen of Rheims in honour of Julius Cæsar and Augustus and
+the then townsmen of Rheims in honour of Julius Cæsar and Augustus and
 to mark the completion of the scheme of military roads by Agrippa. They
 parked their cannon along the noble Public Promenade which stretches
 beyond this great monument. In the square before the Cathedral, about
 which at that time German war correspondents went into ecstasies of
 admiration, the statue of Joan of Arc was ringed by stacks of German
 lances. Ranks of men in _pickelhauben_, headed by bands playing
-"Deutschland über Alles," were in movement along the great Boulevard
+"Deutschland über Alles," were in movement along the great Boulevard
 Victor Hugo. The very name now seemed a mockery. Rheims appeared
 helpless. Taking possession of the town hall, the invaders seized the
 Mayor, Dr. Langlet, and compelled him to remain up all through the
@@ -4206,7 +4181,7 @@ addresses, including four priests, the list ending with the words, "and
 some others."
 
 There was good reason for this German panic. These troops of the army of
-von Bülow had been completely defeated. Of that no better evidence can
+von Bülow had been completely defeated. Of that no better evidence can
 be offered than a letter found on a soldier of the 74th German Regiment
 of infantry, part of the 10th army corps. The letter is of vivid human
 interest.
@@ -4283,7 +4258,7 @@ Desperey when they had broken the enemy at Montmirail on September 9.
 
      Soldiers,--Upon the memorable fields of Montmirail, of Vauchamps,
      and of Champaubert, which a century ago witnessed the victories of
-     our ancestors over Blücher's Prussians, your vigorous offensive has
+     our ancestors over Blücher's Prussians, your vigorous offensive has
      triumphed over the resistance of the Germans.
 
      Held on his flanks, his centre broken, the enemy is now retreating
@@ -4358,7 +4333,7 @@ It will assist to understand the description of the operations to state
 first their plan and purpose both on the one side and the other, since
 this formed strategically the critical section of the battle.
 
-At Condé-sur-Aisne, it will be recalled, the Germans held a position
+At Condé-sur-Aisne, it will be recalled, the Germans held a position
 right on the river, and that position formed a wedge or salient jutting
 into the British lines east and west of it.
 
@@ -4370,7 +4345,7 @@ and, even if pushed back to right and left, kept their grip as long as
 possible, using the position as a general hold-up along that section of
 the front.
 
-Thus their grip on Condé and the Chivres bluff was essential to their
+Thus their grip on Condé and the Chivres bluff was essential to their
 retention of the Aisne ridge.
 
 They had a similar position at Prunay on the railway between Rheims and
@@ -4378,7 +4353,7 @@ Chalons. The village of Prunay is at the point where the theatre of
 hills narrows into the upper valley of the Vesle. The position jutted
 out like an angle from the German line, and it commanded the valley.
 
-Figuratively taking these positions of Condé-sur-Aisne on the one side
+Figuratively taking these positions of Condé-sur-Aisne on the one side
 and Prunay on the other, we may imagine the German army like a man
 clinging to a couple of posts or railings and so defying the effort to
 move him.
@@ -4551,7 +4526,7 @@ even before we reached the open square in which it stands it became
 evident that the Germans had concentrated their fire on the building.
 The pavement of the square had been torn up by the bursting of these
 6-in. shells and was covered with fragments of steel, cracked masonry,
-glass, and loose stones. In front of the façade of the cathedral stands
+glass, and loose stones. In front of the façade of the cathedral stands
 the well-known statue of Jeanne d'Arc. Someone had placed a Tricolour in
 her outstretched arm. The great shells had burst all round her, leaving
 the Maid of Orleans and her flag unscathed, but her horse's belly and
@@ -4560,7 +4535,7 @@ legs were chipped and seared with fragments of flying steel.
 "At the first view the exterior of the cathedral did not appear to have
 suffered much damage, although the masonry was chipped and scarred white
 by countless shrapnel bullets or pieces of steel, and many of the carved
-figures and gargoyles on the western façade were broken and chipped.
+figures and gargoyles on the western façade were broken and chipped.
 
 "We found no one in the square; in fact, this part of the town appeared
 to be deserted, but as we approached the main entrance to try to obtain
@@ -4621,7 +4596,7 @@ just visible on the steps outside. Most of the wounded had dragged their
 straw behind the great Gothic pillars as if seeking shelter from their
 own shells. The priest conducted us to one of the aisles beneath the
 window where the shell had entered that morning. A great pool of blood
-lay there, staining the column just as the blood of Thomas à Becket must
+lay there, staining the column just as the blood of Thomas à Becket must
 have stained the altar of Canterbury seven centuries before.
 
 "'That, Monsieur, is the blood of the French gendarme who was killed at
@@ -4812,7 +4787,7 @@ With notable promptitude, however, the Allied line was extended across
 the Somme to the north, and by the west of Arras, and the German
 movement was held. Gradually, after days of obstinate fighting, the
 enemy were battled out of Albert and then out of Arras; and the Allied
-outflanking line was stretched up to Bethune and La Bassée.
+outflanking line was stretched up to Bethune and La Bassée.
 
 Night and day, day and night, by railway, by motor-omnibus, on
 motor-cars,[33] French troops during three whole weeks were rushed up
@@ -4872,7 +4847,7 @@ Suffice it to say that here, on the great coalfield of northern France,
 in a labyrinth of railway sidings and canals, villages and lanes, pit
 heaps, and factories, the British troops, helped by the French cavalry,
 after furious fighting, drove back the Germans from the Aa and the Lys
-and took up a line continuing the outflanking positions from La Bassée
+and took up a line continuing the outflanking positions from La Bassée
 to Ypres in Belgium.
 
 A third effort of the Germans to outflank the outflanking line was
@@ -4883,7 +4858,7 @@ sacrifice neither money nor lives without good cause. The fighting on
 the Yser was as deadly for the enemy as the fighting round Rheims.
 
 Coincidently, however, with these movements were others of a different
-kind. The official _communiqués_, covering the two kinds of movements as
+kind. The official _communiqués_, covering the two kinds of movements as
 the evidences of them appeared day by day, have naturally led to a
 certain amount of mystification--not intentional, but inevitable from
 the brevity and caution of these statements and the fact that they cover
@@ -4897,7 +4872,7 @@ coast there have been two main efforts of that character. The first was
 the attempt to split the Allied front at Roye and at Arras, and to break
 up the line between those places; the second was the effort on an even
 larger scale, and pursued with still greater determination, to split the
-front at La Bassée and at Ypres, and to break up the line intervening.
+front at La Bassée and at Ypres, and to break up the line intervening.
 
 It is no mere accident that this latter attempt followed immediately on
 the failure to cross the Yser. _The attempt arose out of the necessity
@@ -5012,7 +4987,7 @@ Cavalry Brigade, threw back the Uhlans of the Guard with considerable
 loss.
 
 General Chetwode, with the 5th Cavalry Brigade, encountered the eastern
-column near Cérizy, moving south. The Brigade attacked and routed the
+column near Cérizy, moving south. The Brigade attacked and routed the
 column, the leading German regiment suffering very severe casualties and
 being almost broken up.
 
@@ -5021,7 +4996,7 @@ south to the east of Amiens. On the 29th it nearly completed its
 detrainment, and the French 6th Army got into position on my left, its
 right resting on Roye.
 
-The 5th French Army was behind the line of the Oise between La Fère and
+The 5th French Army was behind the line of the Oise between La Fère and
 Guise.
 
 The pursuit of the enemy was very vigorous; some five or six German
@@ -5038,15 +5013,15 @@ was most kind, cordial, and sympathetic, as he has always been. He told
 me that he had directed the 5th French Army on the Oise to move forward
 and attack the Germans on the Somme, with a view to checking pursuit. He
 also told me of the formation of the 6th French Army on my left flank,
-composed of the 7th Army Corps, four reserve divisions, and Sordêt's
+composed of the 7th Army Corps, four reserve divisions, and Sordêt's
 corps of cavalry.
 
 I finally arranged with General Joffre to effect a further short
-retirement towards the line Compiègne-Soissons, promising him, however,
+retirement towards the line Compiègne-Soissons, promising him, however,
 to do my utmost to keep always within a day's march of him.
 
 In pursuance of this arrangement the British forces retired to a
-position a few miles north of the line Compiègne-Soissons on the 29th.
+position a few miles north of the line Compiègne-Soissons on the 29th.
 
 The right flank of the German army was now reaching a point which
 appeared seriously to endanger my line of communications with Havre. I
@@ -5080,7 +5055,7 @@ continued practically from day to day. Although we were not severely
 pressed by the enemy, rearguard actions took place continually.
 
 On Sept. 1, when retiring from the thickly-wooded country to the south
-of Compiègne, the 1st Cavalry Brigade was overtaken by some German
+of Compiègne, the 1st Cavalry Brigade was overtaken by some German
 cavalry. They momentarily lost a horse artillery battery, and several
 officers and men were killed and wounded. With the help, however, of
 some detachments from the 3rd Corps operating on their left, they not
@@ -5123,7 +5098,7 @@ These combined movements practically commenced on Sunday, Sept. 6, at
 sunrise; and on that day it may be said that a great battle opened on a
 front extending from Ermenonville, which was just in front of the left
 flank of the 6th French Army, through Lizy on the Marne, Mauperthuis,
-which was about the British centre, Courteçon, which was the left of the
+which was about the British centre, Courteçon, which was the left of the
 5th French Army, to Esternay and Charleville, the left of the 9th Army
 under General Foch, and so along the front of the 9th, 4th, and 3rd
 French Armies to a point north of the fortress of Verdun.
@@ -5144,12 +5119,12 @@ On Sept. 5 several of these columns were observed to have crossed the
 Marne; whilst German troops, which were observed moving south-east up
 the left bank of the Ourcq on the 4th, were now reported to be halted
 and facing that river. Heads of the enemy's columns were seen crossing
-at Changis, La Ferté, Nogent, Château-Thierry, and Mezy.
+at Changis, La Ferté, Nogent, Château-Thierry, and Mezy.
 
 Considerable German columns of all arms were seen to be converging on
 Montmirail, whilst before sunset large bivouacs of the enemy were
 located in the neighbourhood of Coulommiers, south of Rebais, La
-Ferté-Gaucher and Dagny.
+Ferté-Gaucher and Dagny.
 
 I should conceive it to have been about noon on Sept. 6, after the
 British forces had changed their front to the right and occupied the
@@ -5213,7 +5188,7 @@ on the Petit Morin River, thereby materially assisting the progress of
 the French armies on our right and left, against whom the enemy was
 making his greatest efforts. On both sides the enemy was thrown back
 with very heavy loss. The First Army Corps encountered stubborn
-resistance at La Trétoire (north of Rebais). The enemy occupied a
+resistance at La Trétoire (north of Rebais). The enemy occupied a
 strong position with infantry and guns on the northern bank of the Petit
 Morin River; they were dislodged with considerable loss. Several machine
 guns and many prisoners were captured, and upwards of 200 German dead
@@ -5235,7 +5210,7 @@ infantry and made some captures.
 
 On Sept. 9 the First and Second Army Corps forced the passage of the
 Marne and advanced some miles to the north of it. The Third Corps
-encountered considerable opposition, as the bridge at La Ferté was
+encountered considerable opposition, as the bridge at La Ferté was
 destroyed and the enemy held the town on the opposite bank in some
 strength, and thence persistently obstructed the construction of a
 bridge; so the passage was not effected until after nightfall.
@@ -5249,7 +5224,7 @@ Ourc. The enemy had largely increased his force opposing them, and very
 heavy fighting ensued, in which the French were successful throughout.
 
 The left of the 5th French Army reached the neighbourhood of
-Château-Thierry after the most severe fighting, having driven the enemy
+Château-Thierry after the most severe fighting, having driven the enemy
 completely north of the river with great loss.
 
 The fighting of this army in the neighbourhood of Montmirail was very
@@ -5341,7 +5316,7 @@ which on this night bivouacked at Brenelle, south of the river.
 
 The 5th Division approached Missy, but were unable to make headway.
 
-The 1st Army Corps reached the neighbourhood of Vauxcéré without much
+The 1st Army Corps reached the neighbourhood of Vauxcéré without much
 opposition.
 
 In this manner the Battle of the Aisne commenced.
@@ -5394,9 +5369,9 @@ of the 13th.
 the Aisne.
 
 The 1st Corps and the cavalry advanced on the river. The First Division
-was directed on Chanouille, viâ the canal bridge at Bourg, and the
-Second Division on Courteçon and Presles, _viâ_ Pont-Arcy and on the
-canal to the north of Braye, _viâ_ Chavonne. On the right the cavalry
+was directed on Chanouille, viâ the canal bridge at Bourg, and the
+Second Division on Courteçon and Presles, _viâ_ Pont-Arcy and on the
+canal to the north of Braye, _viâ_ Chavonne. On the right the cavalry
 and First Division met with slight opposition, and found a passage by
 means of the canal which crosses the river by an aqueduct. The Division
 was, therefore, able to press on, supported by the Cavalry Division on
@@ -5422,7 +5397,7 @@ river, leaving only the Fifth Brigade on the north bank to establish a
 bridge head.
 
 The Second Corps found all the bridges in front of them destroyed,
-except that of Condé, which was in possession of the enemy, and remained
+except that of Condé, which was in possession of the enemy, and remained
 so until the end of the battle.
 
 In the approach to Missy, where the 5th Division eventually crossed,
@@ -5430,7 +5405,7 @@ there is some open ground which was swept by heavy fire from the
 opposite bank. The 13th Brigade was, therefore, unable to advance; but
 the 14th, which was directed to the east of Venizel at a less exposed
 point, was rafted across, and by night established itself with its left
-at St. Marguérite. They were followed by the 15th Brigade, and later on
+at St. Marguérite. They were followed by the 15th Brigade, and later on
 both the 14th and 15th supported the 4th Division on their left in
 repelling a heavy counter-attack on the Third Corps.
 
@@ -5551,7 +5526,7 @@ heavy loss.
 
 On the left the 6th Infantry Brigade had been ordered to cross the river
 and to pass through the line held during the preceding night by the 5th
-Infantry Brigade and occupy the Courteçon Ridge, whilst a detached
+Infantry Brigade and occupy the Courteçon Ridge, whilst a detached
 force, consisting of the 4th Guards Brigade and the 36th Brigade, Royal
 Field Artillery, under Brigadier-General Perceval, were ordered to
 proceed to a point east of the village of Ostel.
@@ -5619,7 +5594,7 @@ it became clear to me that the enemy was making a determined stand, and
 this view was confirmed by reports which reached me from the French
 armies fighting on my right and left, which clearly showed that a
 strongly entrenched line of defence was being taken up from the north of
-Compiègne, eastward and south-eastward, along the whole valley of the
+Compiègne, eastward and south-eastward, along the whole valley of the
 Aisne up to and beyond Rheims.
 
 A few days previously the fortress of Maubeuge fell, and a considerable
@@ -5642,7 +5617,7 @@ a force on the defensive, the 5th Division found it impossible to
 maintain its position on the southern edge of the Chivres Plateau, as
 the enemy in possession of the village of Vregny to the west was able to
 bring a flank fire to bear upon it. The division had, therefore, to
-retire to a line the left of which was at the village of Marguérite, and
+retire to a line the left of which was at the village of Marguérite, and
 thence ran by the north edge of Missy back to the river to the east of
 that place.
 
@@ -5704,7 +5679,7 @@ was renewed and again repulsed.
 
 On the 18th I discussed with the General Officer Commanding the 2nd Army
 Corps and his Divisional Commanders the possibility of driving the enemy
-out of Condé, which lay between his two divisions, and seizing the
+out of Condé, which lay between his two divisions, and seizing the
 bridge which has remained throughout in his possession.
 
 As, however, I found that the bridge was closely commanded from all
@@ -5712,7 +5687,7 @@ points on the south side and that satisfactory arrangements were made
 to prevent any issue from it by the enemy by day or night, I decided
 that it was not necessary to incur the losses which an attack would
 entail, as, in view of the position of the 2nd and 3rd Corps, the enemy
-could make no use of Condé, and would be automatically forced out of it
+could make no use of Condé, and would be automatically forced out of it
 by any advance which might become possible for us.
 
 7. On this day information reached me from General Joffre that he had
@@ -5938,363 +5913,4 @@ BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
 
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Battle of the Rivers, by Edmund Dane
 
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58417 ***
diff --git a/58417-h/58417-h.htm b/58417-h/58417-h.htm
index 286af1f..4c63a7c 100644
--- a/58417-h/58417-h.htm
+++ b/58417-h/58417-h.htm
@@ -72,44 +72,7 @@
 <body>
 
 
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Battle of the Rivers, by Edmund Dane
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
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-have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
-this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: The Battle of the Rivers
-
-Author: Edmund Dane
-
-Release Date: December 6, 2018 [EBook #58417]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF THE RIVERS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Brian Coe, Martin Pettit and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58417 ***</div>
 
 
 <div class="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
@@ -6080,377 +6043,7 @@ BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.</p>
 
 
 
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Battle of the Rivers, by Edmund Dane
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-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF THE RIVERS ***
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