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diff --git a/57954-8.txt b/57954-0.txt index 6ceabb6..2300283 100644 --- a/57954-8.txt +++ b/57954-0.txt @@ -1,32 +1,7 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Useful Knowledge: Vol. II. Vegetables, by William Bingley +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57954 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: Useful Knowledge: Vol. II. Vegetables - A familiar account of the various productions of nature -Author: William Bingley - -Release Date: September 23, 2018 [EBook #57954] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. II. VEGETABLES *** - - - - -Produced by Keith Edkins, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) @@ -213,7 +188,7 @@ PLATE VII. 74. White poplar. 75. Black poplar. 76. Flowering ash. - 77. Lignum-vitæ tree. + 77. Lignum-vitæ tree. 78. Quassia-tree. 79. Ash-tree. 80. Nutmeg-tree. @@ -266,7 +241,7 @@ their peculiar properties and uses. itself; and the _fructification_, or flower and fruit. 3. As it is the sole object of this introduction to describe, in a concise -manner, the Linnæan arrangement of plants, for the purpose of explaining +manner, the Linnæan arrangement of plants, for the purpose of explaining the classification adopted in the present volume, the parts of _fructification_ only will be mentioned. These are the calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil, seed-vessel, seeds, and receptacle. @@ -314,10 +289,10 @@ fructification together, and on which they are seated. In some plants this is very conspicuous; and in none more so than the artichoke, of which it forms the eatable part, called the bottom. -11. The Linnæan system of classification of plants is founded upon a +11. The Linnæan system of classification of plants is founded upon a supposition that the stamens represent the _male_, and the pistils the _female_ parts of fructification. The whole vegetable creation has been -distributed, by Linnæus, into twenty-four _classes_. These are divided into +distributed, by Linnæus, into twenty-four _classes_. These are divided into _orders_, which are subdivided into _genera_ or tribes; and these genera are further divided into _species_ or individuals. @@ -405,7 +380,7 @@ _Gynandria_, the orders are taken from the number of stamens: In the nineteenth class, _Syngenesia_, the orders are taken from the structure of the flower: - Polygamia æqualis,--all the florets alike. + Polygamia æqualis,--all the florets alike. Polygamia superflua,--the florets of the centre perfect or united; those of the margin with pistils only, but all producing perfect seeds. @@ -438,7 +413,7 @@ The twenty-fourth class, _Cryptogamia_, has five orders: 4. Flags. 5. Mushrooms. -The Linnæan system is professedly artificial. Its sole aim (observes Sir J. +The Linnæan system is professedly artificial. Its sole aim (observes Sir J. E. Smith) is to help any one to learn the name and history of an unknown plant in the most easy and certain manner. This is done by first determining its class and order; after which its genus is to be made out, @@ -1338,7 +1313,7 @@ wild in Worcestershire, and some other parts of England. It is, however, often cultivated for the sake of its seeds, which are extensively used as food for small birds. -41. _PURPLE MELIC GRASS_ (_Melica cærulea_, Fig. 24) is found in great +41. _PURPLE MELIC GRASS_ (_Melica cærulea_, Fig. 24) is found in great luxuriance on the turf moors, near Glastonbury, in Somersetshire. The people of that neighbourhood make of its stalks a neat kind of besoms, which are used as a cheap and tolerably good substitute for hair brooms. @@ -1423,7 +1398,7 @@ exported thence, into Germany, and other parts of the continent, under the name of _manna seeds_. These are used in soups, gruel, and puddings, even by persons of the first rank and consequence. When ground into flour, they are convertible into bread, which is little inferior to that made of wheat. -The bran of these seeds is stated by Linnæus to be useful as a medicine for +The bran of these seeds is stated by Linnæus to be useful as a medicine for horses that are troubled with worms. Geese are fond of the seeds, and well know where to find them. It is remarkable that these seeds have hitherto been entirely neglected in England; though without difficulty they might be @@ -1905,7 +1880,7 @@ of severe head-ach. The outer pulpy part of the berry, and the inner membrane, which immediately invests the seeds, are used by the Arabians, and of these the -former is much esteemed, and constitutes what is called _coffee à la +former is much esteemed, and constitutes what is called _coffee à la sultane_. 64. _STRAMONIUM, or THORN-APPLE_ (Datura stramonium), _is an annual @@ -2353,7 +2328,7 @@ with fatal consequences. and for the dried currants of the shops._ _Several species of vine are cultivated; but by far the most important of - the whole is the common vine_ (Vitis vinifera _of Linnæus_). + the whole is the common vine_ (Vitis vinifera _of Linnæus_). The earliest introduction of the vine into the western parts of Europe is stated to have been about the year 280, under the sanction of Probus, the @@ -2447,7 +2422,7 @@ is chiefly supplied from the neighbourhood of Bourdeaux. Some of the red wines of Champaigne are highly prized for their excellence and delicacy, though they, occasionally, have a pungent and sourish taste. _Hermitage_ is produced from vineyards, at a place so called, near the village of Thein, -on the eastern bank of the Rhone; and _Côte Rotie_ from vineyards on the +on the eastern bank of the Rhone; and _Côte Rotie_ from vineyards on the opposite side of the river. No French white wine has so much celebrity as _Champaigne_. This is of two @@ -2648,11 +2623,11 @@ in France. For this purpose, the roots were boiled as soon as possible after they were taken from the earth. When cold, they were sliced, and afterwards the juice was pressed out, and evaporated to the consistence of syrup. The sugar was obtained, from this syrup, by crystallization. From -110 pounds' weight of the roots, 41½ pounds of juice were obtained, which, -on further evaporation, yielded somewhat more than 4¼ pounds of brown +110 pounds' weight of the roots, 41½ pounds of juice were obtained, which, +on further evaporation, yielded somewhat more than 4¼ pounds of brown sugar; and these, by a subsequent operation, produced four pounds of well grained white powder sugar. The residuum, together with the syrup or -molasses which remained, produced after distillation, 3½ quarts of +molasses which remained, produced after distillation, 3½ quarts of rectified spirit, somewhat similar to rum. 81. _MANGEL WURZEL or ROOT OF SCARCITY, is a plant of the beet tribe_ (_a @@ -3258,7 +3233,7 @@ also made from it. The juice of garlic is said to be the best and strongest cement that can be adopted for broken glass and china, leaving little or no mark, if used with -care. Snails, worms, and the grubs, or larvæ of insects, as well as moles, +care. Snails, worms, and the grubs, or larvæ of insects, as well as moles, and other vermin, may all be driven away by placing preparations of garlic in or near their haunts. @@ -3567,7 +3542,7 @@ used as an emetic. The fan palms are said not to bear fruit until they are near forty years old; but after this period, when in perfection, they produce annually more -than twenty thousand _berries_ each. These are each about 1½ inch diameter, +than twenty thousand _berries_ each. These are each about 1½ inch diameter, of globular shape, smooth, green, and fleshy; but are not known to be of any use. @@ -3836,7 +3811,7 @@ CLASS VII.--HEPTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. - 117. _The HORSE-CHESNUT_ (Æsculus hippocastanum, Fig. 66) _is a very + 117. _The HORSE-CHESNUT_ (Æsculus hippocastanum, Fig. 66) _is a very common tree in parks and pleasure grounds, bearing leaves each composed of seven large lobes; and having large and elegant clusters of light-coloured flowers._ @@ -4069,7 +4044,7 @@ tribe, which grow wild in this country, on heaths or in woods. These are BILBERRIES, or BLEA-BERRIES (_Vaccinium myrtillus_), which are occasionally eaten in milk, and in tarts, and which afford a violet-coloured dye: GREAT BILBERRIES (_V. uliginosum_), which, in France, are sometimes employed to -tinge white wines red: and RED WHORTLE-BERRIES (_V. vitis idæa_), which, +tinge white wines red: and RED WHORTLE-BERRIES (_V. vitis idæa_), which, though not of very grateful flavour, are occasionally used in tarts, rob, and jelly. @@ -4181,7 +4156,7 @@ have attained the height of about ten feet, are cut down and barked, being then about the thickness of a common walking-stick. The cinnamon which they yield is much finer than any other. -A French ship, bound in 1782, from the island of Bourbon, to Cape François +A French ship, bound in 1782, from the island of Bourbon, to Cape François in St. Domingo, and having on board various oriental productions, the cinnamon tree among the rest, was taken by the late Admiral Rodney, who presented the trees to the assembly of Jamaica; and, from this parent @@ -4566,7 +4541,7 @@ and more agreeable to the taste. In choosing cassia, those pods should be selected which are the heaviest, and in which the seeds do not rattle on being shaken. - 138. _LIGNUM VITÆ and GUIACUM are the wood and resin of a large West + 138. _LIGNUM VITÆ and GUIACUM are the wood and resin of a large West Indian tree_ (Guiacum officinale, Fig. 77) _which has winged leaves in two sets upon one footstalk, and regular flowers of five petals._ @@ -4730,7 +4705,7 @@ ways with other substances, for medicinal use. 142. _LOG-WOOD is a dark red wood, chiefly used in dyeing; and imported from Honduras, and some of the islands of the West Indies._ - _The log-wood tree_ (Hæmatoxylon campechianum, Fig. 43) _is from sixteen + _The log-wood tree_ (Hæmatoxylon campechianum, Fig. 43) _is from sixteen to twenty-four feet high, and, both in the trunk and branches, is extremely crooked. The branches are spinous, and the leaves winged, with, in general, four or five pair of leaflets, which are somewhat @@ -5440,7 +5415,7 @@ tea. On the Continent they are employed in currying the finer kinds of leather. On the branches of this tree a singular moss-like and prickly excrescence -is frequently found. This, which is caused by an insect (_Cynips rosæ_), +is frequently found. This, which is caused by an insect (_Cynips rosæ_), and forms the habitation of its offspring, was formerly in great medicinal repute; but it is now seldom used. @@ -5454,7 +5429,7 @@ preparations. Of its _petals_, in conjunction with sugar, a conserve is made, an infusion, and a syrup; and the dried _buds_, with water and honey, are made into what is called _honey of roses_. - 167. _The RASPBERRY_ (Rubus idæus) _is a well-known garden fruit, which + 167. _The RASPBERRY_ (Rubus idæus) _is a well-known garden fruit, which grows wild in woods and thickets of several parts of England._ To most persons the flavour of the raspberry is peculiarly grateful; and @@ -5584,7 +5559,7 @@ autumn rather than in spring. When the seed-vessels have attained a sufficient state of maturity, they may be wounded, and the opium may be collected by children from eight to twelve years of age. The only proper time for collecting it is in the morning, and seven children and two men -have been able to collect 1½ pound in one morning, betwixt five and nine +have been able to collect 1½ pound in one morning, betwixt five and nine o'clock. The best mode of reducing the opium to a proper consistence appears to be to spread it thinly in shallow dishes, and expose it, under glasses, to the rays of the sun. @@ -5658,7 +5633,7 @@ though in an inferior degree. The _bark_ is occasionally manufactured into ropes; and pieces of the _wood_ are used by the Indians to procure fire by friction. - 173. _The LIME or LINDEN-TREE is a British forest tree_ (Tilia europæa), + 173. _The LIME or LINDEN-TREE is a British forest tree_ (Tilia europæa), _distinguished by its heart-shaped and serrated leaves of bright green colour, and by its berries or seed-vessels, having each four cells and one bud._ @@ -5698,7 +5673,7 @@ existed during more than six centuries. six petals or more, which is much cultivated in China._ _The tea shrub attains the height of five or six feet, and is much - branched. The leaves, when full grown, are about 1½ inch long, narrow, + branched. The leaves, when full grown, are about 1½ inch long, narrow, tapering, and of dark glossy green colour, and firm texture. The flowers are not much unlike those of the white wild rose, but smaller; and they are succeeded by a fruit about the size of a sloe, which contains two or @@ -6525,7 +6500,7 @@ Marseilles; but, in 1783, on account of the employment of which it deprived the Spanish people in working them, their exportation was prohibited by the government. - 195. _FURZE, GORZE, or WHIN_ (Ulex Europæus), _is a well-known thorny + 195. _FURZE, GORZE, or WHIN_ (Ulex Europæus), _is a well-known thorny shrub, which is common on heaths and waste ground in almost every part of England._ @@ -7052,7 +7027,7 @@ CLASS XIX.--SYNGENESIA. ---- -ÆQUALIS. +ÆQUALIS. 211. _The ARTICHOKE_ (Cynara scolymus) _is a well-known plant which is @@ -7320,7 +7295,7 @@ with Jerusalem artichoke (217). Of this fruit the Otaheitans make various messes, by putting to it either water or the milk of the cocoa-nut (233), then beating it to a paste with a stone pestle, and afterwards mixing it with ripe plantains (270), bananas (271), or a sour paste, made from the -bread fruit itself, called _mahié_. +bread fruit itself, called _mahié_. It continues in season eight months of the year; and so great is its utility in the island of Otaheite, that (observes Captain Cook), if, in @@ -7518,7 +7493,7 @@ To the inhabitants of Egypt, China, the East Indies, and other countries, where they are cultivated to a great extent, water melons are extremely valuable, both as food and physic. They are allowed to be eaten in fevers, and other inflammatory complaints. Their flesh or pulp is, in general, of -reddish colour; one kind, however, called by the French _pastèque_, has a +reddish colour; one kind, however, called by the French _pastèque_, has a whitish green pulp. The latter are frequently pickled in vinegar, like gerkins; and are eaten in fricassees, or baked in sweet wine. @@ -7904,7 +7879,7 @@ There are beech woods in many parts of England, but the trees flourish best in rich, calcareous soils. These woods, it has been observed, are peculiarly dry and pleasant to walk in; and, under their shade, afford to the botanist many interesting plants, such as the bird's nest -(_monotropa_), winter green (_pyrola_), and some rare _orchideæ_. +(_monotropa_), winter green (_pyrola_), and some rare _orchideæ_. Beech-trees bear lopping well, and may be trained so as to form lofty hedges, which are the more valuable for shelter, as the leaves, though faded, remain through the winter, and the twisted branches may be formed @@ -9428,7 +9403,7 @@ black, is frequently substituted for ebony. The ripe _fruit_ of the ebony tree is eaten by the natives of Ceylon; but it is astringent, and not very palatable. -Linnæus was of opinion that ebony was the wood of a shrub (_ebenus +Linnæus was of opinion that ebony was the wood of a shrub (_ebenus cretica_) which grows in the island of Crete, and has silky leaves and rose-coloured flowers. @@ -9543,7 +9518,7 @@ islands, they are sometimes made to supply the place of bread. It is deserving of remark that, when the root of the fern is cut obliquely across, it presents a kind of figure of the Imperial or Russian eagle; from -which circumstance Linnæus was induced to name it _Pteris aquilina_, or +which circumstance Linnæus was induced to name it _Pteris aquilina_, or "Eagle brake." 281. _The_ LICHENS _constitute a very numerous family of plants, which @@ -9671,7 +9646,7 @@ externally applied as a medicine for dispersing scrofulous and scorbutic swellings, by simply bruising them in the hand and rubbing them on the parts affected. When this plant is calcined or burnt in the open air, a black and saline powder is produced, which, under the name of _vegetable -æthiops_, has been recommended as a dentrifice, and for other uses. +æthiops_, has been recommended as a dentrifice, and for other uses. 289. _EATABLE WINGED FUCUS, or BLADDERLOCKS_ (Fucus esculentus), _is a simple, undivided, and sword-shaped sea-weed, which is olive-coloured, @@ -10031,7 +10006,7 @@ SECOND VOLUME. Cork, how collected and prepared for use, and uses of, 225 Cork cutting, how performed, 226 Corolla or blossom, 2 - Côte rotie wine, 66 + Côte rotie wine, 66 Cotton, description, culture, and preparation of, 179 ----, uses of, and trade in, 180 Court plaster, how made, 130 @@ -10172,7 +10147,7 @@ SECOND VOLUME. ----, crab's eye, and tartareous, 269 ----, purple rock, and dyer's, 270 ----, Iceland, 271 - Lignum vitæ, wood, resin, bark, and flowers, use& of, 127 + Lignum vitæ, wood, resin, bark, and flowers, use& of, 127 Lime, a species of lemon, description and uses of, 194 Lime, or Linden-tree, flowers, wood, juice, leaves, and seed, uses of, 158 @@ -10516,367 +10491,4 @@ Notes End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Useful Knowledge: Vol. II. Vegetables, by William Bingley -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. II. 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