summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/57783-h/57783-h.htm
blob: d150ac51ca5a5c321257bc30e132ceab78239bdd (plain) 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687
9688
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807
10808
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829
10830
10831
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845
10846
10847
10848
10849
10850
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924
10925
10926
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940
10941
10942
10943
10944
10945
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
11162
11163
11164
11165
11166
11167
11168
11169
11170
11171
11172
11173
11174
11175
11176
11177
11178
11179
11180
11181
11182
11183
11184
11185
11186
11187
11188
11189
11190
11191
11192
11193
11194
11195
11196
11197
11198
11199
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11208
11209
11210
11211
11212
11213
11214
11215
11216
11217
11218
11219
11220
11221
11222
11223
11224
11225
11226
11227
11228
11229
11230
11231
11232
11233
11234
11235
11236
11237
11238
11239
11240
11241
11242
11243
11244
11245
11246
11247
11248
11249
11250
11251
11252
11253
11254
11255
11256
11257
11258
11259
11260
11261
11262
11263
11264
11265
11266
11267
11268
11269
11270
11271
11272
11273
11274
11275
11276
11277
11278
11279
11280
11281
11282
11283
11284
11285
11286
11287
11288
11289
11290
11291
11292
11293
11294
11295
11296
11297
11298
11299
11300
11301
11302
11303
11304
11305
11306
11307
11308
11309
11310
11311
11312
11313
11314
11315
11316
11317
11318
11319
11320
11321
11322
11323
11324
11325
11326
11327
11328
11329
11330
11331
11332
11333
11334
11335
11336
11337
11338
11339
11340
11341
11342
11343
11344
11345
11346
11347
11348
11349
11350
11351
11352
11353
11354
11355
11356
11357
11358
11359
11360
11361
11362
11363
11364
11365
11366
11367
11368
11369
11370
11371
11372
11373
11374
11375
11376
11377
11378
11379
11380
11381
11382
11383
11384
11385
11386
11387
11388
11389
11390
11391
11392
11393
11394
11395
11396
11397
11398
11399
11400
11401
11402
11403
11404
11405
11406
11407
11408
11409
11410
11411
11412
11413
11414
11415
11416
11417
11418
11419
11420
11421
11422
11423
11424
11425
11426
11427
11428
11429
11430
11431
11432
11433
11434
11435
11436
11437
11438
11439
11440
11441
11442
11443
11444
11445
11446
11447
11448
11449
11450
11451
11452
11453
11454
11455
11456
11457
11458
11459
11460
11461
11462
11463
11464
11465
11466
11467
11468
11469
11470
11471
11472
11473
11474
11475
11476
11477
11478
11479
11480
11481
11482
11483
11484
11485
11486
11487
11488
11489
11490
11491
11492
11493
11494
11495
11496
11497
11498
11499
11500
11501
11502
11503
11504
11505
11506
11507
11508
11509
11510
11511
11512
11513
11514
11515
11516
11517
11518
11519
11520
11521
11522
11523
11524
11525
11526
11527
11528
11529
11530
11531
11532
11533
11534
11535
11536
11537
11538
11539
11540
11541
11542
11543
11544
11545
11546
11547
11548
11549
11550
11551
11552
11553
11554
11555
11556
11557
11558
11559
11560
11561
11562
11563
11564
11565
11566
11567
11568
11569
11570
11571
11572
11573
11574
11575
11576
11577
11578
11579
11580
11581
11582
11583
11584
11585
11586
11587
11588
11589
11590
11591
11592
11593
11594
11595
11596
11597
11598
11599
11600
11601
11602
11603
11604
11605
11606
11607
11608
11609
11610
11611
11612
11613
11614
11615
11616
11617
11618
11619
11620
11621
11622
11623
11624
11625
11626
11627
11628
11629
11630
11631
11632
11633
11634
11635
11636
11637
11638
11639
11640
11641
11642
11643
11644
11645
11646
11647
11648
11649
11650
11651
11652
11653
11654
11655
11656
11657
11658
11659
11660
11661
11662
11663
11664
11665
11666
11667
11668
11669
11670
11671
11672
11673
11674
11675
11676
11677
11678
11679
11680
11681
11682
11683
11684
11685
11686
11687
11688
11689
11690
11691
11692
11693
11694
11695
11696
11697
11698
11699
11700
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
11726
11727
11728
11729
11730
11731
11732
11733
11734
11735
11736
11737
11738
11739
11740
11741
11742
11743
11744
11745
11746
11747
11748
11749
11750
11751
11752
11753
11754
11755
11756
11757
11758
11759
11760
11761
11762
11763
11764
11765
11766
11767
11768
11769
11770
11771
11772
11773
11774
11775
11776
11777
11778
11779
11780
11781
11782
11783
11784
11785
11786
11787
11788
11789
11790
11791
11792
11793
11794
11795
11796
11797
11798
11799
11800
11801
11802
11803
11804
11805
11806
11807
11808
11809
11810
11811
11812
11813
11814
11815
11816
11817
11818
11819
11820
11821
11822
11823
11824
11825
11826
11827
11828
11829
11830
11831
11832
11833
11834
11835
11836
11837
11838
11839
11840
11841
11842
11843
11844
11845
11846
11847
11848
11849
11850
11851
11852
11853
11854
11855
11856
11857
11858
11859
11860
11861
11862
11863
11864
11865
11866
11867
11868
11869
11870
11871
11872
11873
11874
11875
11876
11877
11878
11879
11880
11881
11882
11883
11884
11885
11886
11887
11888
11889
11890
11891
11892
11893
11894
11895
11896
11897
11898
11899
11900
11901
11902
11903
11904
11905
11906
11907
11908
11909
11910
11911
11912
11913
11914
11915
11916
11917
11918
11919
11920
11921
11922
11923
11924
11925
11926
11927
11928
11929
11930
11931
11932
11933
11934
11935
11936
11937
11938
11939
11940
11941
11942
11943
11944
11945
11946
11947
11948
11949
11950
11951
11952
11953
11954
11955
11956
11957
11958
11959
11960
11961
11962
11963
11964
11965
11966
11967
11968
11969
11970
11971
11972
11973
11974
11975
11976
11977
11978
11979
11980
11981
11982
11983
11984
11985
11986
11987
11988
11989
11990
11991
11992
11993
11994
11995
11996
11997
11998
11999
12000
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
12034
12035
12036
12037
12038
12039
12040
12041
12042
12043
12044
12045
12046
12047
12048
12049
12050
12051
12052
12053
12054
12055
12056
12057
12058
12059
12060
12061
12062
12063
12064
12065
12066
12067
12068
12069
12070
12071
12072
12073
12074
12075
12076
12077
12078
12079
12080
12081
12082
12083
12084
12085
12086
12087
12088
12089
12090
12091
12092
12093
12094
12095
12096
12097
12098
12099
12100
12101
12102
12103
12104
12105
12106
12107
12108
12109
12110
12111
12112
12113
12114
12115
12116
12117
12118
12119
12120
12121
12122
12123
12124
12125
12126
12127
12128
12129
12130
12131
12132
12133
12134
12135
12136
12137
12138
12139
12140
12141
12142
12143
12144
12145
12146
12147
12148
12149
12150
12151
12152
12153
12154
12155
12156
12157
12158
12159
12160
12161
12162
12163
12164
12165
12166
12167
12168
12169
12170
12171
12172
12173
12174
12175
12176
12177
12178
12179
12180
12181
12182
12183
12184
12185
12186
12187
12188
12189
12190
12191
12192
12193
12194
12195
12196
12197
12198
12199
12200
12201
12202
12203
12204
12205
12206
12207
12208
12209
12210
12211
12212
12213
12214
12215
12216
12217
12218
12219
12220
12221
12222
12223
12224
12225
12226
12227
12228
12229
12230
12231
12232
12233
12234
12235
12236
12237
12238
12239
12240
12241
12242
12243
12244
12245
12246
12247
12248
12249
12250
12251
12252
12253
12254
12255
12256
12257
12258
12259
12260
12261
12262
12263
12264
12265
12266
12267
12268
12269
12270
12271
12272
12273
12274
12275
12276
12277
12278
12279
12280
12281
12282
12283
12284
12285
12286
12287
12288
12289
12290
12291
12292
12293
12294
12295
12296
12297
12298
12299
12300
12301
12302
12303
12304
12305
12306
12307
12308
12309
12310
12311
12312
12313
12314
12315
12316
12317
12318
12319
12320
12321
12322
12323
12324
12325
12326
12327
12328
12329
12330
12331
12332
12333
12334
12335
12336
12337
12338
12339
12340
12341
12342
12343
12344
12345
12346
12347
12348
12349
12350
12351
12352
12353
12354
12355
12356
12357
12358
12359
12360
12361
12362
12363
12364
12365
12366
12367
12368
12369
12370
12371
12372
12373
12374
12375
12376
12377
12378
12379
12380
12381
12382
12383
12384
12385
12386
12387
12388
12389
12390
12391
12392
12393
12394
12395
12396
12397
12398
12399
12400
12401
12402
12403
12404
12405
12406
12407
12408
12409
12410
12411
12412
12413
12414
12415
12416
12417
12418
12419
12420
12421
12422
12423
12424
12425
12426
12427
12428
12429
12430
12431
12432
12433
12434
12435
12436
12437
12438
12439
12440
12441
12442
12443
12444
12445
12446
12447
12448
12449
12450
12451
12452
12453
12454
12455
12456
12457
12458
12459
12460
12461
12462
12463
12464
12465
12466
12467
12468
12469
12470
12471
12472
12473
12474
12475
12476
12477
12478
12479
12480
12481
12482
12483
12484
12485
12486
12487
12488
12489
12490
12491
12492
12493
12494
12495
12496
12497
12498
12499
12500
12501
12502
12503
12504
12505
12506
12507
12508
12509
12510
12511
12512
12513
12514
12515
12516
12517
12518
12519
12520
12521
12522
12523
12524
12525
12526
12527
12528
12529
12530
12531
12532
12533
12534
12535
12536
12537
12538
12539
12540
12541
12542
12543
12544
12545
12546
12547
12548
12549
12550
12551
12552
12553
12554
12555
12556
12557
12558
12559
12560
12561
12562
12563
12564
12565
12566
12567
12568
12569
12570
12571
12572
12573
12574
12575
12576
12577
12578
12579
12580
12581
12582
12583
12584
12585
12586
12587
12588
12589
12590
12591
12592
12593
12594
12595
12596
12597
12598
12599
12600
12601
12602
12603
12604
12605
12606
12607
12608
12609
12610
12611
12612
12613
12614
12615
12616
12617
12618
12619
12620
12621
12622
12623
12624
12625
12626
12627
12628
12629
12630
12631
12632
12633
12634
12635
12636
12637
12638
12639
12640
12641
12642
12643
12644
12645
12646
12647
12648
12649
12650
12651
12652
12653
12654
12655
12656
12657
12658
12659
12660
12661
12662
12663
12664
12665
12666
12667
12668
12669
12670
12671
12672
12673
12674
12675
12676
12677
12678
12679
12680
12681
12682
12683
12684
12685
12686
12687
12688
12689
12690
12691
12692
12693
12694
12695
12696
12697
12698
12699
12700
12701
12702
12703
12704
12705
12706
12707
12708
12709
12710
12711
12712
12713
12714
12715
12716
12717
12718
12719
12720
12721
12722
12723
12724
12725
12726
12727
12728
12729
12730
12731
12732
12733
12734
12735
12736
12737
12738
12739
12740
12741
12742
12743
12744
12745
12746
12747
12748
12749
12750
12751
12752
12753
12754
12755
12756
12757
12758
12759
12760
12761
12762
12763
12764
12765
12766
12767
12768
12769
12770
12771
12772
12773
12774
12775
12776
12777
12778
12779
12780
12781
12782
12783
12784
12785
12786
12787
12788
12789
12790
12791
12792
12793
12794
12795
12796
12797
12798
12799
12800
12801
12802
12803
12804
12805
12806
12807
12808
12809
12810
12811
12812
12813
12814
12815
12816
12817
12818
12819
12820
12821
12822
12823
12824
12825
12826
12827
12828
12829
12830
12831
12832
12833
12834
12835
12836
12837
12838
12839
12840
12841
12842
12843
12844
12845
12846
12847
12848
12849
12850
12851
12852
12853
12854
12855
12856
12857
12858
12859
12860
12861
12862
12863
12864
12865
12866
12867
12868
12869
12870
12871
12872
12873
12874
12875
12876
12877
12878
12879
12880
12881
12882
12883
12884
12885
12886
12887
12888
12889
12890
12891
12892
12893
12894
12895
12896
12897
12898
12899
12900
12901
12902
12903
12904
12905
12906
12907
12908
12909
12910
12911
12912
12913
12914
12915
12916
12917
12918
12919
12920
12921
12922
12923
12924
12925
12926
12927
12928
12929
12930
12931
12932
12933
12934
12935
12936
12937
12938
12939
12940
12941
12942
12943
12944
12945
12946
12947
12948
12949
12950
12951
12952
12953
12954
12955
12956
12957
12958
12959
12960
12961
12962
12963
12964
12965
12966
12967
12968
12969
12970
12971
12972
12973
12974
12975
12976
12977
12978
12979
12980
12981
12982
12983
12984
12985
12986
12987
12988
12989
12990
12991
12992
12993
12994
12995
12996
12997
12998
12999
13000
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13025
13026
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
13036
13037
13038
13039
13040
13041
13042
13043
13044
13045
13046
13047
13048
13049
13050
13051
13052
13053
13054
13055
13056
13057
13058
13059
13060
13061
13062
13063
13064
13065
13066
13067
13068
13069
13070
13071
13072
13073
13074
13075
13076
13077
13078
13079
13080
13081
13082
13083
13084
13085
13086
13087
13088
13089
13090
13091
13092
13093
13094
13095
13096
13097
13098
13099
13100
13101
13102
13103
13104
13105
13106
13107
13108
13109
13110
13111
13112
13113
13114
13115
13116
13117
13118
13119
13120
13121
13122
13123
13124
13125
13126
13127
13128
13129
13130
13131
13132
13133
13134
13135
13136
13137
13138
13139
13140
13141
13142
13143
13144
13145
13146
13147
13148
13149
13150
13151
13152
13153
13154
13155
13156
13157
13158
13159
13160
13161
13162
13163
13164
13165
13166
13167
13168
13169
13170
13171
13172
13173
13174
13175
13176
13177
13178
13179
13180
13181
13182
13183
13184
13185
13186
13187
13188
13189
13190
13191
13192
13193
13194
13195
13196
13197
13198
13199
13200
13201
13202
13203
13204
13205
13206
13207
13208
13209
13210
13211
13212
13213
13214
13215
13216
13217
13218
13219
13220
13221
13222
13223
13224
13225
13226
13227
13228
13229
13230
13231
13232
13233
13234
13235
13236
13237
13238
13239
13240
13241
13242
13243
13244
13245
13246
13247
13248
13249
13250
13251
13252
13253
13254
13255
13256
13257
13258
13259
13260
13261
13262
13263
13264
13265
13266
13267
13268
13269
13270
13271
13272
13273
13274
13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
13281
13282
13283
13284
13285
13286
13287
13288
13289
13290
13291
13292
13293
13294
13295
13296
13297
13298
13299
13300
13301
13302
13303
13304
13305
13306
13307
13308
13309
13310
13311
13312
13313
13314
13315
13316
13317
13318
13319
13320
13321
13322
13323
13324
13325
13326
13327
13328
13329
13330
13331
13332
13333
13334
13335
13336
13337
13338
13339
13340
13341
13342
13343
13344
13345
13346
13347
13348
13349
13350
13351
13352
13353
13354
13355
13356
13357
13358
13359
13360
13361
13362
13363
13364
13365
13366
13367
13368
13369
13370
13371
13372
13373
13374
13375
13376
13377
13378
13379
13380
13381
13382
13383
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
13389
13390
13391
13392
13393
13394
13395
13396
13397
13398
13399
13400
13401
13402
13403
13404
13405
13406
13407
13408
13409
13410
13411
13412
13413
13414
13415
13416
13417
13418
13419
13420
13421
13422
13423
13424
13425
13426
13427
13428
13429
13430
13431
13432
13433
13434
13435
13436
13437
13438
13439
13440
13441
13442
13443
13444
13445
13446
13447
13448
13449
13450
13451
13452
13453
13454
13455
13456
13457
13458
13459
13460
13461
13462
13463
13464
13465
13466
13467
13468
13469
13470
13471
13472
13473
13474
13475
13476
13477
13478
13479
13480
13481
13482
13483
13484
13485
13486
13487
13488
13489
13490
13491
13492
13493
13494
13495
13496
13497
13498
13499
13500
13501
13502
13503
13504
13505
13506
13507
13508
13509
13510
13511
13512
13513
13514
13515
13516
13517
13518
13519
13520
13521
13522
13523
13524
13525
13526
13527
13528
13529
13530
13531
13532
13533
13534
13535
13536
13537
13538
13539
13540
13541
13542
13543
13544
13545
13546
13547
13548
13549
13550
13551
13552
13553
13554
13555
13556
13557
13558
13559
13560
13561
13562
13563
13564
13565
13566
13567
13568
13569
13570
13571
13572
13573
13574
13575
13576
13577
13578
13579
13580
13581
13582
13583
13584
13585
13586
13587
13588
13589
13590
13591
13592
13593
13594
13595
13596
13597
13598
13599
13600
13601
13602
13603
13604
13605
13606
13607
13608
13609
13610
13611
13612
13613
13614
13615
13616
13617
13618
13619
13620
13621
13622
13623
13624
13625
13626
13627
13628
13629
13630
13631
13632
13633
13634
13635
13636
13637
13638
13639
13640
13641
13642
13643
13644
13645
13646
13647
13648
13649
13650
13651
13652
13653
13654
13655
13656
13657
13658
13659
13660
13661
13662
13663
13664
13665
13666
13667
13668
13669
13670
13671
13672
13673
13674
13675
13676
13677
13678
13679
13680
13681
13682
13683
13684
13685
13686
13687
13688
13689
13690
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13702
13703
13704
13705
13706
13707
13708
13709
13710
13711
13712
13713
13714
13715
13716
13717
13718
13719
13720
13721
13722
13723
13724
13725
13726
13727
13728
13729
13730
13731
13732
13733
13734
13735
13736
13737
13738
13739
13740
13741
13742
13743
13744
13745
13746
13747
13748
13749
13750
13751
13752
13753
13754
13755
13756
13757
13758
13759
13760
13761
13762
13763
13764
13765
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
13771
13772
13773
13774
13775
13776
13777
13778
13779
13780
13781
13782
13783
13784
13785
13786
13787
13788
13789
13790
13791
13792
13793
13794
13795
13796
13797
13798
13799
13800
13801
13802
13803
13804
13805
13806
13807
13808
13809
13810
13811
13812
13813
13814
13815
13816
13817
13818
13819
13820
13821
13822
13823
13824
13825
13826
13827
13828
13829
13830
13831
13832
13833
13834
13835
13836
13837
13838
13839
13840
13841
13842
13843
13844
13845
13846
13847
13848
13849
13850
13851
13852
13853
13854
13855
13856
13857
13858
13859
13860
13861
13862
13863
13864
13865
13866
13867
13868
13869
13870
13871
13872
13873
13874
13875
13876
13877
13878
13879
13880
13881
13882
13883
13884
13885
13886
13887
13888
13889
13890
13891
13892
13893
13894
13895
13896
13897
13898
13899
13900
13901
13902
13903
13904
13905
13906
13907
13908
13909
13910
13911
13912
13913
13914
13915
13916
13917
13918
13919
13920
13921
13922
13923
13924
13925
13926
13927
13928
13929
13930
13931
13932
13933
13934
13935
13936
13937
13938
13939
13940
13941
13942
13943
13944
13945
13946
13947
13948
13949
13950
13951
13952
13953
13954
13955
13956
13957
13958
13959
13960
13961
13962
13963
13964
13965
13966
13967
13968
13969
13970
13971
13972
13973
13974
13975
13976
13977
13978
13979
13980
13981
13982
13983
13984
13985
13986
13987
13988
13989
13990
13991
13992
13993
13994
13995
13996
13997
13998
13999
14000
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
14045
14046
14047
14048
14049
14050
14051
14052
14053
14054
14055
14056
14057
14058
14059
14060
14061
14062
14063
14064
14065
14066
14067
14068
14069
14070
14071
14072
14073
14074
14075
14076
14077
14078
14079
14080
14081
14082
14083
14084
14085
14086
14087
14088
14089
14090
14091
14092
14093
14094
14095
14096
14097
14098
14099
14100
14101
14102
14103
14104
14105
14106
14107
14108
14109
14110
14111
14112
14113
14114
14115
14116
14117
14118
14119
14120
14121
14122
14123
14124
14125
14126
14127
14128
14129
14130
14131
14132
14133
14134
14135
14136
14137
14138
14139
14140
14141
14142
14143
14144
14145
14146
14147
14148
14149
14150
14151
14152
14153
14154
14155
14156
14157
14158
14159
14160
14161
14162
14163
14164
14165
14166
14167
14168
14169
14170
14171
14172
14173
14174
14175
14176
14177
14178
14179
14180
14181
14182
14183
14184
14185
14186
14187
14188
14189
14190
14191
14192
14193
14194
14195
14196
14197
14198
14199
14200
14201
14202
14203
14204
14205
14206
14207
14208
14209
14210
14211
14212
14213
14214
14215
14216
14217
14218
14219
14220
14221
14222
14223
14224
14225
14226
14227
14228
14229
14230
14231
14232
14233
14234
14235
14236
14237
14238
14239
14240
14241
14242
14243
14244
14245
14246
14247
14248
14249
14250
14251
14252
14253
14254
14255
14256
14257
14258
14259
14260
14261
14262
14263
14264
14265
14266
14267
14268
14269
14270
14271
14272
14273
14274
14275
14276
14277
14278
14279
14280
14281
14282
14283
14284
14285
14286
14287
14288
14289
14290
14291
14292
14293
14294
14295
14296
14297
14298
14299
14300
14301
14302
14303
14304
14305
14306
14307
14308
14309
14310
14311
14312
14313
14314
14315
14316
14317
14318
14319
14320
14321
14322
14323
14324
14325
14326
14327
14328
14329
14330
14331
14332
14333
14334
14335
14336
14337
14338
14339
14340
14341
14342
14343
14344
14345
14346
14347
14348
14349
14350
14351
14352
14353
14354
14355
14356
14357
14358
14359
14360
14361
14362
14363
14364
14365
14366
14367
14368
14369
14370
14371
14372
14373
14374
14375
14376
14377
14378
14379
14380
14381
14382
14383
14384
14385
14386
14387
14388
14389
14390
14391
14392
14393
14394
14395
14396
14397
14398
14399
14400
14401
14402
14403
14404
14405
14406
14407
14408
14409
14410
14411
14412
14413
14414
14415
14416
14417
14418
14419
14420
14421
14422
14423
14424
14425
14426
14427
14428
14429
14430
14431
14432
14433
14434
14435
14436
14437
14438
14439
14440
14441
14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450
14451
14452
14453
14454
14455
14456
14457
14458
14459
14460
14461
14462
14463
14464
14465
14466
14467
14468
14469
14470
14471
14472
14473
14474
14475
14476
14477
14478
14479
14480
14481
14482
14483
14484
14485
14486
14487
14488
14489
14490
14491
14492
14493
14494
14495
14496
14497
14498
14499
14500
14501
14502
14503
14504
14505
14506
14507
14508
14509
14510
14511
14512
14513
14514
14515
14516
14517
14518
14519
14520
14521
14522
14523
14524
14525
14526
14527
14528
14529
14530
14531
14532
14533
14534
14535
14536
14537
14538
14539
14540
14541
14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548
14549
14550
14551
14552
14553
14554
14555
14556
14557
14558
14559
14560
14561
14562
14563
14564
14565
14566
14567
14568
14569
14570
14571
14572
14573
14574
14575
14576
14577
14578
14579
14580
14581
14582
14583
14584
14585
14586
14587
14588
14589
14590
14591
14592
14593
14594
14595
14596
14597
14598
14599
14600
14601
14602
14603
14604
14605
14606
14607
14608
14609
14610
14611
14612
14613
14614
14615
14616
14617
14618
14619
14620
14621
14622
14623
14624
14625
14626
14627
14628
14629
14630
14631
14632
14633
14634
14635
14636
14637
14638
14639
14640
14641
14642
14643
14644
14645
14646
14647
14648
14649
14650
14651
14652
14653
14654
14655
14656
14657
14658
14659
14660
14661
14662
14663
14664
14665
14666
14667
14668
14669
14670
14671
14672
14673
14674
14675
14676
14677
14678
14679
14680
14681
14682
14683
14684
14685
14686
14687
14688
14689
14690
14691
14692
14693
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
14699
14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708
14709
14710
14711
14712
14713
14714
14715
14716
14717
14718
14719
14720
14721
14722
14723
14724
14725
14726
14727
14728
14729
14730
14731
14732
14733
14734
14735
14736
14737
14738
14739
14740
14741
14742
14743
14744
14745
14746
14747
14748
14749
14750
14751
14752
14753
14754
14755
14756
14757
14758
14759
14760
14761
14762
14763
14764
14765
14766
14767
14768
14769
14770
14771
14772
14773
14774
14775
14776
14777
14778
14779
14780
14781
14782
14783
14784
14785
14786
14787
14788
14789
14790
14791
14792
14793
14794
14795
14796
14797
14798
14799
14800
14801
14802
14803
14804
14805
14806
14807
14808
14809
14810
14811
14812
14813
14814
14815
14816
14817
14818
14819
14820
14821
14822
14823
14824
14825
14826
14827
14828
14829
14830
14831
14832
14833
14834
14835
14836
14837
14838
14839
14840
14841
14842
14843
14844
14845
14846
14847
14848
14849
14850
14851
14852
14853
14854
14855
14856
14857
14858
14859
14860
14861
14862
14863
14864
14865
14866
14867
14868
14869
14870
14871
14872
14873
14874
14875
14876
14877
14878
14879
14880
14881
14882
14883
14884
14885
14886
14887
14888
14889
14890
14891
14892
14893
14894
14895
14896
14897
14898
14899
14900
14901
14902
14903
14904
14905
14906
14907
14908
14909
14910
14911
14912
14913
14914
14915
14916
14917
14918
14919
14920
14921
14922
14923
14924
14925
14926
14927
14928
14929
14930
14931
14932
14933
14934
14935
14936
14937
14938
14939
14940
14941
14942
14943
14944
14945
14946
14947
14948
14949
14950
14951
14952
14953
14954
14955
14956
14957
14958
14959
14960
14961
14962
14963
14964
14965
14966
14967
14968
14969
14970
14971
14972
14973
14974
14975
14976
14977
14978
14979
14980
14981
14982
14983
14984
14985
14986
14987
14988
14989
14990
14991
14992
14993
14994
14995
14996
14997
14998
14999
15000
15001
15002
15003
15004
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
15019
15020
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15039
15040
15041
15042
15043
15044
15045
15046
15047
15048
15049
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
15057
15058
15059
15060
15061
15062
15063
15064
15065
15066
15067
15068
15069
15070
15071
15072
15073
15074
15075
15076
15077
15078
15079
15080
15081
15082
15083
15084
15085
15086
15087
15088
15089
15090
15091
15092
15093
15094
15095
15096
15097
15098
15099
15100
15101
15102
15103
15104
15105
15106
15107
15108
15109
15110
15111
15112
15113
15114
15115
15116
15117
15118
15119
15120
15121
15122
15123
15124
15125
15126
15127
15128
15129
15130
15131
15132
15133
15134
15135
15136
15137
15138
15139
15140
15141
15142
15143
15144
15145
15146
15147
15148
15149
15150
15151
15152
15153
15154
15155
15156
15157
15158
15159
15160
15161
15162
15163
15164
15165
15166
15167
15168
15169
15170
15171
15172
15173
15174
15175
15176
15177
15178
15179
15180
15181
15182
15183
15184
15185
15186
15187
15188
15189
15190
15191
15192
15193
15194
15195
15196
15197
15198
15199
15200
15201
15202
15203
15204
15205
15206
15207
15208
15209
15210
15211
15212
15213
15214
15215
15216
15217
15218
15219
15220
15221
15222
15223
15224
15225
15226
15227
15228
15229
15230
15231
15232
15233
15234
15235
15236
15237
15238
15239
15240
15241
15242
15243
15244
15245
15246
15247
15248
15249
15250
15251
15252
15253
15254
15255
15256
15257
15258
15259
15260
15261
15262
15263
15264
15265
15266
15267
15268
15269
15270
15271
15272
15273
15274
15275
15276
15277
15278
15279
15280
15281
15282
15283
15284
15285
15286
15287
15288
15289
15290
15291
15292
15293
15294
15295
15296
15297
15298
15299
15300
15301
15302
15303
15304
15305
15306
15307
15308
15309
15310
15311
15312
15313
15314
15315
15316
15317
15318
15319
15320
15321
15322
15323
15324
15325
15326
15327
15328
15329
15330
15331
15332
15333
15334
15335
15336
15337
15338
15339
15340
15341
15342
15343
15344
15345
15346
15347
15348
15349
15350
15351
15352
15353
15354
15355
15356
15357
15358
15359
15360
15361
15362
15363
15364
15365
15366
15367
15368
15369
15370
15371
15372
15373
15374
15375
15376
15377
15378
15379
15380
15381
15382
15383
15384
15385
15386
15387
15388
15389
15390
15391
15392
15393
15394
15395
15396
15397
15398
15399
15400
15401
15402
15403
15404
15405
15406
15407
15408
15409
15410
15411
15412
15413
15414
15415
15416
15417
15418
15419
15420
15421
15422
15423
15424
15425
15426
15427
15428
15429
15430
15431
15432
15433
15434
15435
15436
15437
15438
15439
15440
15441
15442
15443
15444
15445
15446
15447
15448
15449
15450
15451
15452
15453
15454
15455
15456
15457
15458
15459
15460
15461
15462
15463
15464
15465
15466
15467
15468
15469
15470
15471
15472
15473
15474
15475
15476
15477
15478
15479
15480
15481
15482
15483
15484
15485
15486
15487
15488
15489
15490
15491
15492
15493
15494
15495
15496
15497
15498
15499
15500
15501
15502
15503
15504
15505
15506
15507
15508
15509
15510
15511
15512
15513
15514
15515
15516
15517
15518
15519
15520
15521
15522
15523
15524
15525
15526
15527
15528
15529
15530
15531
15532
15533
15534
15535
15536
15537
15538
15539
15540
15541
15542
15543
15544
15545
15546
15547
15548
15549
15550
15551
15552
15553
15554
15555
15556
15557
15558
15559
15560
15561
15562
15563
15564
15565
15566
15567
15568
15569
15570
15571
15572
15573
15574
15575
15576
15577
15578
15579
15580
15581
15582
15583
15584
15585
15586
15587
15588
15589
15590
15591
15592
15593
15594
15595
15596
15597
15598
15599
15600
15601
15602
15603
15604
15605
15606
15607
15608
15609
15610
15611
15612
15613
15614
15615
15616
15617
15618
15619
15620
15621
15622
15623
15624
15625
15626
15627
15628
15629
15630
15631
15632
15633
15634
15635
15636
15637
15638
15639
15640
15641
15642
15643
15644
15645
15646
15647
15648
15649
15650
15651
15652
15653
15654
15655
15656
15657
15658
15659
15660
15661
15662
15663
15664
15665
15666
15667
15668
15669
15670
15671
15672
15673
15674
15675
15676
15677
15678
15679
15680
15681
15682
15683
15684
15685
15686
15687
15688
15689
15690
15691
15692
15693
15694
15695
15696
15697
15698
15699
15700
15701
15702
15703
15704
15705
15706
15707
15708
15709
15710
15711
15712
15713
15714
15715
15716
15717
15718
15719
15720
15721
15722
15723
15724
15725
15726
15727
15728
15729
15730
15731
15732
15733
15734
15735
15736
15737
15738
15739
15740
15741
15742
15743
15744
15745
15746
15747
15748
15749
15750
15751
15752
15753
15754
15755
15756
15757
15758
15759
15760
15761
15762
15763
15764
15765
15766
15767
15768
15769
15770
15771
15772
15773
15774
15775
15776
15777
15778
15779
15780
15781
15782
15783
15784
15785
15786
15787
15788
15789
15790
15791
15792
15793
15794
15795
15796
15797
15798
15799
15800
15801
15802
15803
15804
15805
15806
15807
15808
15809
15810
15811
15812
15813
15814
15815
15816
15817
15818
15819
15820
15821
15822
15823
15824
15825
15826
15827
15828
15829
15830
15831
15832
15833
15834
15835
15836
15837
15838
15839
15840
15841
15842
15843
15844
15845
15846
15847
15848
15849
15850
15851
15852
15853
15854
15855
15856
15857
15858
15859
15860
15861
15862
15863
15864
15865
15866
15867
15868
15869
15870
15871
15872
15873
15874
15875
15876
15877
15878
15879
15880
15881
15882
15883
15884
15885
15886
15887
15888
15889
15890
15891
15892
15893
15894
15895
15896
15897
15898
15899
15900
15901
15902
15903
15904
15905
15906
15907
15908
15909
15910
15911
15912
15913
15914
15915
15916
15917
15918
15919
15920
15921
15922
15923
15924
15925
15926
15927
15928
15929
15930
15931
15932
15933
15934
15935
15936
15937
15938
15939
15940
15941
15942
15943
15944
15945
15946
15947
15948
15949
15950
15951
15952
15953
15954
15955
15956
15957
15958
15959
15960
15961
15962
15963
15964
15965
15966
15967
15968
15969
15970
15971
15972
15973
15974
15975
15976
15977
15978
15979
15980
15981
15982
15983
15984
15985
15986
15987
15988
15989
15990
15991
15992
15993
15994
15995
15996
15997
15998
15999
16000
16001
16002
16003
16004
16005
16006
16007
16008
16009
16010
16011
16012
16013
16014
16015
16016
16017
16018
16019
16020
16021
16022
16023
16024
16025
16026
16027
16028
16029
16030
16031
16032
16033
16034
16035
16036
16037
16038
16039
16040
16041
16042
16043
16044
16045
16046
16047
16048
16049
16050
16051
16052
16053
16054
16055
16056
16057
16058
16059
16060
16061
16062
16063
16064
16065
16066
16067
16068
16069
16070
16071
16072
16073
16074
16075
16076
16077
16078
16079
16080
16081
16082
16083
16084
16085
16086
16087
16088
16089
16090
16091
16092
16093
16094
16095
16096
16097
16098
16099
16100
16101
16102
16103
16104
16105
16106
16107
16108
16109
16110
16111
16112
16113
16114
16115
16116
16117
16118
16119
16120
16121
16122
16123
16124
16125
16126
16127
16128
16129
16130
16131
16132
16133
16134
16135
16136
16137
16138
16139
16140
16141
16142
16143
16144
16145
16146
16147
16148
16149
16150
16151
16152
16153
16154
16155
16156
16157
16158
16159
16160
16161
16162
16163
16164
16165
16166
16167
16168
16169
16170
16171
16172
16173
16174
16175
16176
16177
16178
16179
16180
16181
16182
16183
16184
16185
16186
16187
16188
16189
16190
16191
16192
16193
16194
16195
16196
16197
16198
16199
16200
16201
16202
16203
16204
16205
16206
16207
16208
16209
16210
16211
16212
16213
16214
16215
16216
16217
16218
16219
16220
16221
16222
16223
16224
16225
16226
16227
16228
16229
16230
16231
16232
16233
16234
16235
16236
16237
16238
16239
16240
16241
16242
16243
16244
16245
16246
16247
16248
16249
16250
16251
16252
16253
16254
16255
16256
16257
16258
16259
16260
16261
16262
16263
16264
16265
16266
16267
16268
16269
16270
16271
16272
16273
16274
16275
16276
16277
16278
16279
16280
16281
16282
16283
16284
16285
16286
16287
16288
16289
16290
16291
16292
16293
16294
16295
16296
16297
16298
16299
16300
16301
16302
16303
16304
16305
16306
16307
16308
16309
16310
16311
16312
16313
16314
16315
16316
16317
16318
16319
16320
16321
16322
16323
16324
16325
16326
16327
16328
16329
16330
16331
16332
16333
16334
16335
16336
16337
16338
16339
16340
16341
16342
16343
16344
16345
16346
16347
16348
16349
16350
16351
16352
16353
16354
16355
16356
16357
16358
16359
16360
16361
16362
16363
16364
16365
16366
16367
16368
16369
16370
16371
16372
16373
16374
16375
16376
16377
16378
16379
16380
16381
16382
16383
16384
16385
16386
16387
16388
16389
16390
16391
16392
16393
16394
16395
16396
16397
16398
16399
16400
16401
16402
16403
16404
16405
16406
16407
16408
16409
16410
16411
16412
16413
16414
16415
16416
16417
16418
16419
16420
16421
16422
16423
16424
16425
16426
16427
16428
16429
16430
16431
16432
16433
16434
16435
16436
16437
16438
16439
16440
16441
16442
16443
16444
16445
16446
16447
16448
16449
16450
16451
16452
16453
16454
16455
16456
16457
16458
16459
16460
16461
16462
16463
16464
16465
16466
16467
16468
16469
16470
16471
16472
16473
16474
16475
16476
16477
16478
16479
16480
16481
16482
16483
16484
16485
16486
16487
16488
16489
16490
16491
16492
16493
16494
16495
16496
16497
16498
16499
16500
16501
16502
16503
16504
16505
16506
16507
16508
16509
16510
16511
16512
16513
16514
16515
16516
16517
16518
16519
16520
16521
16522
16523
16524
16525
16526
16527
16528
16529
16530
16531
16532
16533
16534
16535
16536
16537
16538
16539
16540
16541
16542
16543
16544
16545
16546
16547
16548
16549
16550
16551
16552
16553
16554
16555
16556
16557
16558
16559
16560
16561
16562
16563
16564
16565
16566
16567
16568
16569
16570
16571
16572
16573
16574
16575
16576
16577
16578
16579
16580
16581
16582
16583
16584
16585
16586
16587
16588
16589
16590
16591
16592
16593
16594
16595
16596
16597
16598
16599
16600
16601
16602
16603
16604
16605
16606
16607
16608
16609
16610
16611
16612
16613
16614
16615
16616
16617
16618
16619
16620
16621
16622
16623
16624
16625
16626
16627
16628
16629
16630
16631
16632
16633
16634
16635
16636
16637
16638
16639
16640
16641
16642
16643
16644
16645
16646
16647
16648
16649
16650
16651
16652
16653
16654
16655
16656
16657
16658
16659
16660
16661
16662
16663
16664
16665
16666
16667
16668
16669
16670
16671
16672
16673
16674
16675
16676
16677
16678
16679
16680
16681
16682
16683
16684
16685
16686
16687
16688
16689
16690
16691
16692
16693
16694
16695
16696
16697
16698
16699
16700
16701
16702
16703
16704
16705
16706
16707
16708
16709
16710
16711
16712
16713
16714
16715
16716
16717
16718
16719
16720
16721
16722
16723
16724
16725
16726
16727
16728
16729
16730
16731
16732
16733
16734
16735
16736
16737
16738
16739
16740
16741
16742
16743
16744
16745
16746
16747
16748
16749
16750
16751
16752
16753
16754
16755
16756
16757
16758
16759
16760
16761
16762
16763
16764
16765
16766
16767
16768
16769
16770
16771
16772
16773
16774
16775
16776
16777
16778
16779
16780
16781
16782
16783
16784
16785
16786
16787
16788
16789
16790
16791
16792
16793
16794
16795
16796
16797
16798
16799
16800
16801
16802
16803
16804
16805
16806
16807
16808
16809
16810
16811
16812
16813
16814
16815
16816
16817
16818
16819
16820
16821
16822
16823
16824
16825
16826
16827
16828
16829
16830
16831
16832
16833
16834
16835
16836
16837
16838
16839
16840
16841
16842
16843
16844
16845
16846
16847
16848
16849
16850
16851
16852
16853
16854
16855
16856
16857
16858
16859
16860
16861
16862
16863
16864
16865
16866
16867
16868
16869
16870
16871
16872
16873
16874
16875
16876
16877
16878
16879
16880
16881
16882
16883
16884
16885
16886
16887
16888
16889
16890
16891
16892
16893
16894
16895
16896
16897
16898
16899
16900
16901
16902
16903
16904
16905
16906
16907
16908
16909
16910
16911
16912
16913
16914
16915
16916
16917
16918
16919
16920
16921
16922
16923
16924
16925
16926
16927
16928
16929
16930
16931
16932
16933
16934
16935
16936
16937
16938
16939
16940
16941
16942
16943
16944
16945
16946
16947
16948
16949
16950
16951
16952
16953
16954
16955
16956
16957
16958
16959
16960
16961
16962
16963
16964
16965
16966
16967
16968
16969
16970
16971
16972
16973
16974
16975
16976
16977
16978
16979
16980
16981
16982
16983
16984
16985
16986
16987
16988
16989
16990
16991
16992
16993
16994
16995
16996
16997
16998
16999
17000
17001
17002
17003
17004
17005
17006
17007
17008
17009
17010
17011
17012
17013
17014
17015
17016
17017
17018
17019
17020
17021
17022
17023
17024
17025
17026
17027
17028
17029
17030
17031
17032
17033
17034
17035
17036
17037
17038
17039
17040
17041
17042
17043
17044
17045
17046
17047
17048
17049
17050
17051
17052
17053
17054
17055
17056
17057
17058
17059
17060
17061
17062
17063
17064
17065
17066
17067
17068
17069
17070
17071
17072
17073
17074
17075
17076
17077
17078
17079
17080
17081
17082
17083
17084
17085
17086
17087
17088
17089
17090
17091
17092
17093
17094
17095
17096
17097
17098
17099
17100
17101
17102
17103
17104
17105
17106
17107
17108
17109
17110
17111
17112
17113
17114
17115
17116
17117
17118
17119
17120
17121
17122
17123
17124
17125
17126
17127
17128
17129
17130
17131
17132
17133
17134
17135
17136
17137
17138
17139
17140
17141
17142
17143
17144
17145
17146
17147
17148
17149
17150
17151
17152
17153
17154
17155
17156
17157
17158
17159
17160
17161
17162
17163
17164
17165
17166
17167
17168
17169
17170
17171
17172
17173
17174
17175
17176
17177
17178
17179
17180
17181
17182
17183
17184
17185
17186
17187
17188
17189
17190
17191
17192
17193
17194
17195
17196
17197
17198
17199
17200
17201
17202
17203
17204
17205
17206
17207
17208
17209
17210
17211
17212
17213
17214
17215
17216
17217
17218
17219
17220
17221
17222
17223
17224
17225
17226
17227
17228
17229
17230
17231
17232
17233
17234
17235
17236
17237
17238
17239
17240
17241
17242
17243
17244
17245
17246
17247
17248
17249
17250
17251
17252
17253
17254
17255
17256
17257
17258
17259
17260
17261
17262
17263
17264
17265
17266
17267
17268
17269
17270
17271
17272
17273
17274
17275
17276
17277
17278
17279
17280
17281
17282
17283
17284
17285
17286
17287
17288
17289
17290
17291
17292
17293
17294
17295
17296
17297
17298
17299
17300
17301
17302
17303
17304
17305
17306
17307
17308
17309
17310
17311
17312
17313
17314
17315
17316
17317
17318
17319
17320
17321
17322
17323
17324
17325
17326
17327
17328
17329
17330
17331
17332
17333
17334
17335
17336
17337
17338
17339
17340
17341
17342
17343
17344
17345
17346
17347
17348
17349
17350
17351
17352
17353
17354
17355
17356
17357
17358
17359
17360
17361
17362
17363
17364
17365
17366
17367
17368
17369
17370
17371
17372
17373
17374
17375
17376
17377
17378
17379
17380
17381
17382
17383
17384
17385
17386
17387
17388
17389
17390
17391
17392
17393
17394
17395
17396
17397
17398
17399
17400
17401
17402
17403
17404
17405
17406
17407
17408
17409
17410
17411
17412
17413
17414
17415
17416
17417
17418
17419
17420
17421
17422
17423
17424
17425
17426
17427
17428
17429
17430
17431
17432
17433
17434
17435
17436
17437
17438
17439
17440
17441
17442
17443
17444
17445
17446
17447
17448
17449
17450
17451
17452
17453
17454
17455
17456
17457
17458
17459
17460
17461
17462
17463
17464
17465
17466
17467
17468
17469
17470
17471
17472
17473
17474
17475
17476
17477
17478
17479
17480
17481
17482
17483
17484
17485
17486
17487
17488
17489
17490
17491
17492
17493
17494
17495
17496
17497
17498
17499
17500
17501
17502
17503
17504
17505
17506
17507
17508
17509
17510
17511
17512
17513
17514
17515
17516
17517
17518
17519
17520
17521
17522
17523
17524
17525
17526
17527
17528
17529
17530
17531
17532
17533
17534
17535
17536
17537
17538
17539
17540
17541
17542
17543
17544
17545
17546
17547
17548
17549
17550
17551
17552
17553
17554
17555
17556
17557
17558
17559
17560
17561
17562
17563
17564
17565
17566
17567
17568
17569
17570
17571
17572
17573
17574
17575
17576
17577
17578
17579
17580
17581
17582
17583
17584
17585
17586
17587
17588
17589
17590
17591
17592
17593
17594
17595
17596
17597
17598
17599
17600
17601
17602
17603
17604
17605
17606
17607
17608
17609
17610
17611
17612
17613
17614
17615
17616
17617
17618
17619
17620
17621
17622
17623
17624
17625
17626
17627
17628
17629
17630
17631
17632
17633
17634
17635
17636
17637
17638
17639
17640
17641
17642
17643
17644
17645
17646
17647
17648
17649
17650
17651
17652
17653
17654
17655
17656
17657
17658
17659
17660
17661
17662
17663
17664
17665
17666
17667
17668
17669
17670
17671
17672
17673
17674
17675
17676
17677
17678
17679
17680
17681
17682
17683
17684
17685
17686
17687
17688
17689
17690
17691
17692
17693
17694
17695
17696
17697
17698
17699
17700
17701
17702
17703
17704
17705
17706
17707
17708
17709
17710
17711
17712
17713
17714
17715
17716
17717
17718
17719
17720
17721
17722
17723
17724
17725
17726
17727
17728
17729
17730
17731
17732
17733
17734
17735
17736
17737
17738
17739
17740
17741
17742
17743
17744
17745
17746
17747
17748
17749
17750
17751
17752
17753
17754
17755
17756
17757
17758
17759
17760
17761
17762
17763
17764
17765
17766
17767
17768
17769
17770
17771
17772
17773
17774
17775
17776
17777
17778
17779
17780
17781
17782
17783
17784
17785
17786
17787
17788
17789
17790
17791
17792
17793
17794
17795
17796
17797
17798
17799
17800
17801
17802
17803
17804
17805
17806
17807
17808
17809
17810
17811
17812
17813
17814
17815
17816
17817
17818
17819
17820
17821
17822
17823
17824
17825
17826
17827
17828
17829
17830
17831
17832
17833
17834
17835
17836
17837
17838
17839
17840
17841
17842
17843
17844
17845
17846
17847
17848
17849
17850
17851
17852
17853
17854
17855
17856
17857
17858
17859
17860
17861
17862
17863
17864
17865
17866
17867
17868
17869
17870
17871
17872
17873
17874
17875
17876
17877
17878
17879
17880
17881
17882
17883
17884
17885
17886
17887
17888
17889
17890
17891
17892
17893
17894
17895
17896
17897
17898
17899
17900
17901
17902
17903
17904
17905
17906
17907
17908
17909
17910
17911
17912
17913
17914
17915
17916
17917
17918
17919
17920
17921
17922
17923
17924
17925
17926
17927
17928
17929
17930
17931
17932
17933
17934
17935
17936
17937
17938
17939
17940
17941
17942
17943
17944
17945
17946
17947
17948
17949
17950
17951
17952
17953
17954
17955
17956
17957
17958
17959
17960
17961
17962
17963
17964
17965
17966
17967
17968
17969
17970
17971
17972
17973
17974
17975
17976
17977
17978
17979
17980
17981
17982
17983
17984
17985
17986
17987
17988
17989
17990
17991
17992
17993
17994
17995
17996
17997
17998
17999
18000
18001
18002
18003
18004
18005
18006
18007
18008
18009
18010
18011
18012
18013
18014
18015
18016
18017
18018
18019
18020
18021
18022
18023
18024
18025
18026
18027
18028
18029
18030
18031
18032
18033
18034
18035
18036
18037
18038
18039
18040
18041
18042
18043
18044
18045
18046
18047
18048
18049
18050
18051
18052
18053
18054
18055
18056
18057
18058
18059
18060
18061
18062
18063
18064
18065
18066
18067
18068
18069
18070
18071
18072
18073
18074
18075
18076
18077
18078
18079
18080
18081
18082
18083
18084
18085
18086
18087
18088
18089
18090
18091
18092
18093
18094
18095
18096
18097
18098
18099
18100
18101
18102
18103
18104
18105
18106
18107
18108
18109
18110
18111
18112
18113
18114
18115
18116
18117
18118
18119
18120
18121
18122
18123
18124
18125
18126
18127
18128
18129
18130
18131
18132
18133
18134
18135
18136
18137
18138
18139
18140
18141
18142
18143
18144
18145
18146
18147
18148
18149
18150
18151
18152
18153
18154
18155
18156
18157
18158
18159
18160
18161
18162
18163
18164
18165
18166
18167
18168
18169
18170
18171
18172
18173
18174
18175
18176
18177
18178
18179
18180
18181
18182
18183
18184
18185
18186
18187
18188
18189
18190
18191
18192
18193
18194
18195
18196
18197
18198
18199
18200
18201
18202
18203
18204
18205
18206
18207
18208
18209
18210
18211
18212
18213
18214
18215
18216
18217
18218
18219
18220
18221
18222
18223
18224
18225
18226
18227
18228
18229
18230
18231
18232
18233
18234
18235
18236
18237
18238
18239
18240
18241
18242
18243
18244
18245
18246
18247
18248
18249
18250
18251
18252
18253
18254
18255
18256
18257
18258
18259
18260
18261
18262
18263
18264
18265
18266
18267
18268
18269
18270
18271
18272
18273
18274
18275
18276
18277
18278
18279
18280
18281
18282
18283
18284
18285
18286
18287
18288
18289
18290
18291
18292
18293
18294
18295
18296
18297
18298
18299
18300
18301
18302
18303
18304
18305
18306
18307
18308
18309
18310
18311
18312
18313
18314
18315
18316
18317
18318
18319
18320
18321
18322
18323
18324
18325
18326
18327
18328
18329
18330
18331
18332
18333
18334
18335
18336
18337
18338
18339
18340
18341
18342
18343
18344
18345
18346
18347
18348
18349
18350
18351
18352
18353
18354
18355
18356
18357
18358
18359
18360
18361
18362
18363
18364
18365
18366
18367
18368
18369
18370
18371
18372
18373
18374
18375
18376
18377
18378
18379
18380
18381
18382
18383
18384
18385
18386
18387
18388
18389
18390
18391
18392
18393
18394
18395
18396
18397
18398
18399
18400
18401
18402
18403
18404
18405
18406
18407
18408
18409
18410
18411
18412
18413
18414
18415
18416
18417
18418
18419
18420
18421
18422
18423
18424
18425
18426
18427
18428
18429
18430
18431
18432
18433
18434
18435
18436
18437
18438
18439
18440
18441
18442
18443
18444
18445
18446
18447
18448
18449
18450
18451
18452
18453
18454
18455
18456
18457
18458
18459
18460
18461
18462
18463
18464
18465
18466
18467
18468
18469
18470
18471
18472
18473
18474
18475
18476
18477
18478
18479
18480
18481
18482
18483
18484
18485
18486
18487
18488
18489
18490
18491
18492
18493
18494
18495
18496
18497
18498
18499
18500
18501
18502
18503
18504
18505
18506
18507
18508
18509
18510
18511
18512
18513
18514
18515
18516
18517
18518
18519
18520
18521
18522
18523
18524
18525
18526
18527
18528
18529
18530
18531
18532
18533
18534
18535
18536
18537
18538
18539
18540
18541
18542
18543
18544
18545
18546
18547
18548
18549
18550
18551
18552
18553
18554
18555
18556
18557
18558
18559
18560
18561
18562
18563
18564
18565
18566
18567
18568
18569
18570
18571
18572
18573
18574
18575
18576
18577
18578
18579
18580
18581
18582
18583
18584
18585
18586
18587
18588
18589
18590
18591
18592
18593
18594
18595
18596
18597
18598
18599
18600
18601
18602
18603
18604
18605
18606
18607
18608
18609
18610
18611
18612
18613
18614
18615
18616
18617
18618
18619
18620
18621
18622
18623
18624
18625
18626
18627
18628
18629
18630
18631
18632
18633
18634
18635
18636
18637
18638
18639
18640
18641
18642
18643
18644
18645
18646
18647
18648
18649
18650
18651
18652
18653
18654
18655
18656
18657
18658
18659
18660
18661
18662
18663
18664
18665
18666
18667
18668
18669
18670
18671
18672
18673
18674
18675
18676
18677
18678
18679
18680
18681
18682
18683
18684
18685
18686
18687
18688
18689
18690
18691
18692
18693
18694
18695
18696
18697
18698
18699
18700
18701
18702
18703
18704
18705
18706
18707
18708
18709
18710
18711
18712
18713
18714
18715
18716
18717
18718
18719
18720
18721
18722
18723
18724
18725
18726
18727
18728
18729
18730
18731
18732
18733
18734
18735
18736
18737
18738
18739
18740
18741
18742
18743
18744
18745
18746
18747
18748
18749
18750
18751
18752
18753
18754
18755
18756
18757
18758
18759
18760
18761
18762
18763
18764
18765
18766
18767
18768
18769
18770
18771
18772
18773
18774
18775
18776
18777
18778
18779
18780
18781
18782
18783
18784
18785
18786
18787
18788
18789
18790
18791
18792
18793
18794
18795
18796
18797
18798
18799
18800
18801
18802
18803
18804
18805
18806
18807
18808
18809
18810
18811
18812
18813
18814
18815
18816
18817
18818
18819
18820
18821
18822
18823
18824
18825
18826
18827
18828
18829
18830
18831
18832
18833
18834
18835
18836
18837
18838
18839
18840
18841
18842
18843
18844
18845
18846
18847
18848
18849
18850
18851
18852
18853
18854
18855
18856
18857
18858
18859
18860
18861
18862
18863
18864
18865
18866
18867
18868
18869
18870
18871
18872
18873
18874
18875
18876
18877
18878
18879
18880
18881
18882
18883
18884
18885
18886
18887
18888
18889
18890
18891
18892
18893
18894
18895
18896
18897
18898
18899
18900
18901
18902
18903
18904
18905
18906
18907
18908
18909
18910
18911
18912
18913
18914
18915
18916
18917
18918
18919
18920
18921
18922
18923
18924
18925
18926
18927
18928
18929
18930
18931
18932
18933
18934
18935
18936
18937
18938
18939
18940
18941
18942
18943
18944
18945
18946
18947
18948
18949
18950
18951
18952
18953
18954
18955
18956
18957
18958
18959
18960
18961
18962
18963
18964
18965
18966
18967
18968
18969
18970
18971
18972
18973
18974
18975
18976
18977
18978
18979
18980
18981
18982
18983
18984
18985
18986
18987
18988
18989
18990
18991
18992
18993
18994
18995
18996
18997
18998
18999
19000
19001
19002
19003
19004
19005
19006
19007
19008
19009
19010
19011
19012
19013
19014
19015
19016
19017
19018
19019
19020
19021
19022
19023
19024
19025
19026
19027
19028
19029
19030
19031
19032
19033
19034
19035
19036
19037
19038
19039
19040
19041
19042
19043
19044
19045
19046
19047
19048
19049
19050
19051
19052
19053
19054
19055
19056
19057
19058
19059
19060
19061
19062
19063
19064
19065
19066
19067
19068
19069
19070
19071
19072
19073
19074
19075
19076
19077
19078
19079
19080
19081
19082
19083
19084
19085
19086
19087
19088
19089
19090
19091
19092
19093
19094
19095
19096
19097
19098
19099
19100
19101
19102
19103
19104
19105
19106
19107
19108
19109
19110
19111
19112
19113
19114
19115
19116
19117
19118
19119
19120
19121
19122
19123
19124
19125
19126
19127
19128
19129
19130
19131
19132
19133
19134
19135
19136
19137
19138
19139
19140
19141
19142
19143
19144
19145
19146
19147
19148
19149
19150
19151
19152
19153
19154
19155
19156
19157
19158
19159
19160
19161
19162
19163
19164
19165
19166
19167
19168
19169
19170
19171
19172
19173
19174
19175
19176
19177
19178
19179
19180
19181
19182
19183
19184
19185
19186
19187
19188
19189
19190
19191
19192
19193
19194
19195
19196
19197
19198
19199
19200
19201
19202
19203
19204
19205
19206
19207
19208
19209
19210
19211
19212
19213
19214
19215
19216
19217
19218
19219
19220
19221
19222
19223
19224
19225
19226
19227
19228
19229
19230
19231
19232
19233
19234
19235
19236
19237
19238
19239
19240
19241
19242
19243
19244
19245
19246
19247
19248
19249
19250
19251
19252
19253
19254
19255
19256
19257
19258
19259
19260
19261
19262
19263
19264
19265
19266
19267
19268
19269
19270
19271
19272
19273
19274
19275
19276
19277
19278
19279
19280
19281
19282
19283
19284
19285
19286
19287
19288
19289
19290
19291
19292
19293
19294
19295
19296
19297
19298
19299
19300
19301
19302
19303
19304
19305
19306
19307
19308
19309
19310
19311
19312
19313
19314
19315
19316
19317
19318
19319
19320
19321
19322
19323
19324
19325
19326
19327
19328
19329
19330
19331
19332
19333
19334
19335
19336
19337
19338
19339
19340
19341
19342
19343
19344
19345
19346
19347
19348
19349
19350
19351
19352
19353
19354
19355
19356
19357
19358
19359
19360
19361
19362
19363
19364
19365
19366
19367
19368
19369
19370
19371
19372
19373
19374
19375
19376
19377
19378
19379
19380
19381
19382
19383
19384
19385
19386
19387
19388
19389
19390
19391
19392
19393
19394
19395
19396
19397
19398
19399
19400
19401
19402
19403
19404
19405
19406
19407
19408
19409
19410
19411
19412
19413
19414
19415
19416
19417
19418
19419
19420
19421
19422
19423
19424
19425
19426
19427
19428
19429
19430
19431
19432
19433
19434
19435
19436
19437
19438
19439
19440
19441
19442
19443
19444
19445
19446
19447
19448
19449
19450
19451
19452
19453
19454
19455
19456
19457
19458
19459
19460
19461
19462
19463
19464
19465
19466
19467
19468
19469
19470
19471
19472
19473
19474
19475
19476
19477
19478
19479
19480
19481
19482
19483
19484
19485
19486
19487
19488
19489
19490
19491
19492
19493
19494
19495
19496
19497
19498
19499
19500
19501
19502
19503
19504
19505
19506
19507
19508
19509
19510
19511
19512
19513
19514
19515
19516
19517
19518
19519
19520
19521
19522
19523
19524
19525
19526
19527
19528
19529
19530
19531
19532
19533
19534
19535
19536
19537
19538
19539
19540
19541
19542
19543
19544
19545
19546
19547
19548
19549
19550
19551
19552
19553
19554
19555
19556
19557
19558
19559
19560
19561
19562
19563
19564
19565
19566
19567
19568
19569
19570
19571
19572
19573
19574
19575
19576
19577
19578
19579
19580
19581
19582
19583
19584
19585
19586
19587
19588
19589
19590
19591
19592
19593
19594
19595
19596
19597
19598
19599
19600
19601
19602
19603
19604
19605
19606
19607
19608
19609
19610
19611
19612
19613
19614
19615
19616
19617
19618
19619
19620
19621
19622
19623
19624
19625
19626
19627
19628
19629
19630
19631
19632
19633
19634
19635
19636
19637
19638
19639
19640
19641
19642
19643
19644
19645
19646
19647
19648
19649
19650
19651
19652
19653
19654
19655
19656
19657
19658
19659
19660
19661
19662
19663
19664
19665
19666
19667
19668
19669
19670
19671
19672
19673
19674
19675
19676
19677
19678
19679
19680
19681
19682
19683
19684
19685
19686
19687
19688
19689
19690
19691
19692
19693
19694
19695
19696
19697
19698
19699
19700
19701
19702
19703
19704
19705
19706
19707
19708
19709
19710
19711
19712
19713
19714
19715
19716
19717
19718
19719
19720
19721
19722
19723
19724
19725
19726
19727
19728
19729
19730
19731
19732
19733
19734
19735
19736
19737
19738
19739
19740
19741
19742
19743
19744
19745
19746
19747
19748
19749
19750
19751
19752
19753
19754
19755
19756
19757
19758
19759
19760
19761
19762
19763
19764
19765
19766
19767
19768
19769
19770
19771
19772
19773
19774
19775
19776
19777
19778
19779
19780
19781
19782
19783
19784
19785
19786
19787
19788
19789
19790
19791
19792
19793
19794
19795
19796
19797
19798
19799
19800
19801
19802
19803
19804
19805
19806
19807
19808
19809
19810
19811
19812
19813
19814
19815
19816
19817
19818
19819
19820
19821
19822
19823
19824
19825
19826
19827
19828
19829
19830
19831
19832
19833
19834
19835
19836
19837
19838
19839
19840
19841
19842
19843
19844
19845
19846
19847
19848
19849
19850
19851
19852
19853
19854
19855
19856
19857
19858
19859
19860
19861
19862
19863
19864
19865
19866
19867
19868
19869
19870
19871
19872
19873
19874
19875
19876
19877
19878
19879
19880
19881
19882
19883
19884
19885
19886
19887
19888
19889
19890
19891
19892
19893
19894
19895
19896
19897
19898
19899
19900
19901
19902
19903
19904
19905
19906
19907
19908
19909
19910
19911
19912
19913
19914
19915
19916
19917
19918
19919
19920
19921
19922
19923
19924
19925
19926
19927
19928
19929
19930
19931
19932
19933
19934
19935
19936
19937
19938
19939
19940
19941
19942
19943
19944
19945
19946
19947
19948
19949
19950
19951
19952
19953
19954
19955
19956
19957
19958
19959
19960
19961
19962
19963
19964
19965
19966
19967
19968
19969
19970
19971
19972
19973
19974
19975
19976
19977
19978
19979
19980
19981
19982
19983
19984
19985
19986
19987
19988
19989
19990
19991
19992
19993
19994
19995
19996
19997
19998
19999
20000
20001
20002
20003
20004
20005
20006
20007
20008
20009
20010
20011
20012
20013
20014
20015
20016
20017
20018
20019
20020
20021
20022
20023
20024
20025
20026
20027
20028
20029
20030
20031
20032
20033
20034
20035
20036
20037
20038
20039
20040
20041
20042
20043
20044
20045
20046
20047
20048
20049
20050
20051
20052
20053
20054
20055
20056
20057
20058
20059
20060
20061
20062
20063
20064
20065
20066
20067
20068
20069
20070
20071
20072
20073
20074
20075
20076
20077
20078
20079
20080
20081
20082
20083
20084
20085
20086
20087
20088
20089
20090
20091
20092
20093
20094
20095
20096
20097
20098
20099
20100
20101
20102
20103
20104
20105
20106
20107
20108
20109
20110
20111
20112
20113
20114
20115
20116
20117
20118
20119
20120
20121
20122
20123
20124
20125
20126
20127
20128
20129
20130
20131
20132
20133
20134
20135
20136
20137
20138
20139
20140
20141
20142
20143
20144
20145
20146
20147
20148
20149
20150
20151
20152
20153
20154
20155
20156
20157
20158
20159
20160
20161
20162
20163
20164
20165
20166
20167
20168
20169
20170
20171
20172
20173
20174
20175
20176
20177
20178
20179
20180
20181
20182
20183
20184
20185
20186
20187
20188
20189
20190
20191
20192
20193
20194
20195
20196
20197
20198
20199
20200
20201
20202
20203
20204
20205
20206
20207
20208
20209
20210
20211
20212
20213
20214
20215
20216
20217
20218
20219
20220
20221
20222
20223
20224
20225
20226
20227
20228
20229
20230
20231
20232
20233
20234
20235
20236
20237
20238
20239
20240
20241
20242
20243
20244
20245
20246
20247
20248
20249
20250
20251
20252
20253
20254
20255
20256
20257
20258
20259
20260
20261
20262
20263
20264
20265
20266
20267
20268
20269
20270
20271
20272
20273
20274
20275
20276
20277
20278
20279
20280
20281
20282
20283
20284
20285
20286
20287
20288
20289
20290
20291
20292
20293
20294
20295
20296
20297
20298
20299
20300
20301
20302
20303
20304
20305
20306
20307
20308
20309
20310
20311
20312
20313
20314
20315
20316
20317
20318
20319
20320
20321
20322
20323
20324
20325
20326
20327
20328
20329
20330
20331
20332
20333
20334
20335
20336
20337
20338
20339
20340
20341
20342
20343
20344
20345
20346
20347
20348
20349
20350
20351
20352
20353
20354
20355
20356
20357
20358
20359
20360
20361
20362
20363
20364
20365
20366
20367
20368
20369
20370
20371
20372
20373
20374
20375
20376
20377
20378
20379
20380
20381
20382
20383
20384
20385
20386
20387
20388
20389
20390
20391
20392
20393
20394
20395
20396
20397
20398
20399
20400
20401
20402
20403
20404
20405
20406
20407
20408
20409
20410
20411
20412
20413
20414
20415
20416
20417
20418
20419
20420
20421
20422
20423
20424
20425
20426
20427
20428
20429
20430
20431
20432
20433
20434
20435
20436
20437
20438
20439
20440
20441
20442
20443
20444
20445
20446
20447
20448
20449
20450
20451
20452
20453
20454
20455
20456
20457
20458
20459
20460
20461
20462
20463
20464
20465
20466
20467
20468
20469
20470
20471
20472
20473
20474
20475
20476
20477
20478
20479
20480
20481
20482
20483
20484
20485
20486
20487
20488
20489
20490
20491
20492
20493
20494
20495
20496
20497
20498
20499
20500
20501
20502
20503
20504
20505
20506
20507
20508
20509
20510
20511
20512
20513
20514
20515
20516
20517
20518
20519
20520
20521
20522
20523
20524
20525
20526
20527
20528
20529
20530
20531
20532
20533
20534
20535
20536
20537
20538
20539
20540
20541
20542
20543
20544
20545
20546
20547
20548
20549
20550
20551
20552
20553
20554
20555
20556
20557
20558
20559
20560
20561
20562
20563
20564
20565
20566
20567
20568
20569
20570
20571
20572
20573
20574
20575
20576
20577
20578
20579
20580
20581
20582
20583
20584
20585
20586
20587
20588
20589
20590
20591
20592
20593
20594
20595
20596
20597
20598
20599
20600
20601
20602
20603
20604
20605
20606
20607
20608
20609
20610
20611
20612
20613
20614
20615
20616
20617
20618
20619
20620
20621
20622
20623
20624
20625
20626
20627
20628
20629
20630
20631
20632
20633
20634
20635
20636
20637
20638
20639
20640
20641
20642
20643
20644
20645
20646
20647
20648
20649
20650
20651
20652
20653
20654
20655
20656
20657
20658
20659
20660
20661
20662
20663
20664
20665
20666
20667
20668
20669
20670
20671
20672
20673
20674
20675
20676
20677
20678
20679
20680
20681
20682
20683
20684
20685
20686
20687
20688
20689
20690
20691
20692
20693
20694
20695
20696
20697
20698
20699
20700
20701
20702
20703
20704
20705
20706
20707
20708
20709
20710
20711
20712
20713
20714
20715
20716
20717
20718
20719
20720
20721
20722
20723
20724
20725
20726
20727
20728
20729
20730
20731
20732
20733
20734
20735
20736
20737
20738
20739
20740
20741
20742
20743
20744
20745
20746
20747
20748
20749
20750
20751
20752
20753
20754
20755
20756
20757
20758
20759
20760
20761
20762
20763
20764
20765
20766
20767
20768
20769
20770
20771
20772
20773
20774
20775
20776
20777
20778
20779
20780
20781
20782
20783
20784
20785
20786
20787
20788
20789
20790
20791
20792
20793
20794
20795
20796
20797
20798
20799
20800
20801
20802
20803
20804
20805
20806
20807
20808
20809
20810
20811
20812
20813
20814
20815
20816
20817
20818
20819
20820
20821
20822
20823
20824
20825
20826
20827
20828
20829
20830
20831
20832
20833
20834
20835
20836
20837
20838
20839
20840
20841
20842
20843
20844
20845
20846
20847
20848
20849
20850
20851
20852
20853
20854
20855
20856
20857
20858
20859
20860
20861
20862
20863
20864
20865
20866
20867
20868
20869
20870
20871
20872
20873
20874
20875
20876
20877
20878
20879
20880
20881
20882
20883
20884
20885
20886
20887
20888
20889
20890
20891
20892
20893
20894
20895
20896
20897
20898
20899
20900
20901
20902
20903
20904
20905
20906
20907
20908
20909
20910
20911
20912
20913
20914
20915
20916
20917
20918
20919
20920
20921
20922
20923
20924
20925
20926
20927
20928
20929
20930
20931
20932
20933
20934
20935
20936
20937
20938
20939
20940
20941
20942
20943
20944
20945
20946
20947
20948
20949
20950
20951
20952
20953
20954
20955
20956
20957
20958
20959
20960
20961
20962
20963
20964
20965
20966
20967
20968
20969
20970
20971
20972
20973
20974
20975
20976
20977
20978
20979
20980
20981
20982
20983
20984
20985
20986
20987
20988
20989
20990
20991
20992
20993
20994
20995
20996
20997
20998
20999
21000
21001
21002
21003
21004
21005
21006
21007
21008
21009
21010
21011
21012
21013
21014
21015
21016
21017
21018
21019
21020
21021
21022
21023
21024
21025
21026
21027
21028
21029
21030
21031
21032
21033
21034
21035
21036
21037
21038
21039
21040
21041
21042
21043
21044
21045
21046
21047
21048
21049
21050
21051
21052
21053
21054
21055
21056
21057
21058
21059
21060
21061
21062
21063
21064
21065
21066
21067
21068
21069
21070
21071
21072
21073
21074
21075
21076
21077
21078
21079
21080
21081
21082
21083
21084
21085
21086
21087
21088
21089
21090
21091
21092
21093
21094
21095
21096
21097
21098
21099
21100
21101
21102
21103
21104
21105
21106
21107
21108
21109
21110
21111
21112
21113
21114
21115
21116
21117
21118
21119
21120
21121
21122
21123
21124
21125
21126
21127
21128
21129
21130
21131
21132
21133
21134
21135
21136
21137
21138
21139
21140
21141
21142
21143
21144
21145
21146
21147
21148
21149
21150
21151
21152
21153
21154
21155
21156
21157
21158
21159
21160
21161
21162
21163
21164
21165
21166
21167
21168
21169
21170
21171
21172
21173
21174
21175
21176
21177
21178
21179
21180
21181
21182
21183
21184
21185
21186
21187
21188
21189
21190
21191
21192
21193
21194
21195
21196
21197
21198
21199
21200
21201
21202
21203
21204
21205
21206
21207
21208
21209
21210
21211
21212
21213
21214
21215
21216
21217
21218
21219
21220
21221
21222
21223
21224
21225
21226
21227
21228
21229
21230
21231
21232
21233
21234
21235
21236
21237
21238
21239
21240
21241
21242
21243
21244
21245
21246
21247
21248
21249
21250
21251
21252
21253
21254
21255
21256
21257
21258
21259
21260
21261
21262
21263
21264
21265
21266
21267
21268
21269
21270
21271
21272
21273
21274
21275
21276
21277
21278
21279
21280
21281
21282
21283
21284
21285
21286
21287
21288
21289
21290
21291
21292
21293
21294
21295
21296
21297
21298
21299
21300
21301
21302
21303
21304
21305
21306
21307
21308
21309
21310
21311
21312
21313
21314
21315
21316
21317
21318
21319
21320
21321
21322
21323
21324
21325
21326
21327
21328
21329
21330
21331
21332
21333
21334
21335
21336
21337
21338
21339
21340
21341
21342
21343
21344
21345
21346
21347
21348
21349
21350
21351
21352
21353
21354
21355
21356
21357
21358
21359
21360
21361
21362
21363
21364
21365
21366
21367
21368
21369
21370
21371
21372
21373
21374
21375
21376
21377
21378
21379
21380
21381
21382
21383
21384
21385
21386
21387
21388
21389
21390
21391
21392
21393
21394
21395
21396
21397
21398
21399
21400
21401
21402
21403
21404
21405
21406
21407
21408
21409
21410
21411
21412
21413
21414
21415
21416
21417
21418
21419
21420
21421
21422
21423
21424
21425
21426
21427
21428
21429
21430
21431
21432
21433
21434
21435
21436
21437
21438
21439
21440
21441
21442
21443
21444
21445
21446
21447
21448
21449
21450
21451
21452
21453
21454
21455
21456
21457
21458
21459
21460
21461
21462
21463
21464
21465
21466
21467
21468
21469
21470
21471
21472
21473
21474
21475
21476
21477
21478
21479
21480
21481
21482
21483
21484
21485
21486
21487
21488
21489
21490
21491
21492
21493
21494
21495
21496
21497
21498
21499
21500
21501
21502
21503
21504
21505
21506
21507
21508
21509
21510
21511
21512
21513
21514
21515
21516
21517
21518
21519
21520
21521
21522
21523
21524
21525
21526
21527
21528
21529
21530
21531
21532
21533
21534
21535
21536
21537
21538
21539
21540
21541
21542
21543
21544
21545
21546
21547
21548
21549
21550
21551
21552
21553
21554
21555
21556
21557
21558
21559
21560
21561
21562
21563
21564
21565
21566
21567
21568
21569
21570
21571
21572
21573
21574
21575
21576
21577
21578
21579
21580
21581
21582
21583
21584
21585
21586
21587
21588
21589
21590
21591
21592
21593
21594
21595
21596
21597
21598
21599
21600
21601
21602
21603
21604
21605
21606
21607
21608
21609
21610
21611
21612
21613
21614
21615
21616
21617
21618
21619
21620
21621
21622
21623
21624
21625
21626
21627
21628
21629
21630
21631
21632
21633
21634
21635
21636
21637
21638
21639
21640
21641
21642
21643
21644
21645
21646
21647
21648
21649
21650
21651
21652
21653
21654
21655
21656
21657
21658
21659
21660
21661
21662
21663
21664
21665
21666
21667
21668
21669
21670
21671
21672
21673
21674
21675
21676
21677
21678
21679
21680
21681
21682
21683
21684
21685
21686
21687
21688
21689
21690
21691
21692
21693
21694
21695
21696
21697
21698
21699
21700
21701
21702
21703
21704
21705
21706
21707
21708
21709
21710
21711
21712
21713
21714
21715
21716
21717
21718
21719
21720
21721
21722
21723
21724
21725
21726
21727
21728
21729
21730
21731
21732
21733
21734
21735
21736
21737
21738
21739
21740
21741
21742
21743
21744
21745
21746
21747
21748
21749
21750
21751
21752
21753
21754
21755
21756
21757
21758
21759
21760
21761
21762
21763
21764
21765
21766
21767
21768
21769
21770
21771
21772
21773
21774
21775
21776
21777
21778
21779
21780
21781
21782
21783
21784
21785
21786
21787
21788
21789
21790
21791
21792
21793
21794
21795
21796
21797
21798
21799
21800
21801
21802
21803
21804
21805
21806
21807
21808
21809
21810
21811
21812
21813
21814
21815
21816
21817
21818
21819
21820
21821
21822
21823
21824
21825
21826
21827
21828
21829
21830
21831
21832
21833
21834
21835
21836
21837
21838
21839
21840
21841
21842
21843
21844
21845
21846
21847
21848
21849
21850
21851
21852
21853
21854
21855
21856
21857
21858
21859
21860
21861
21862
21863
21864
21865
21866
21867
21868
21869
21870
21871
21872
21873
21874
21875
21876
21877
21878
21879
21880
21881
21882
21883
21884
21885
21886
21887
21888
21889
21890
21891
21892
21893
21894
21895
21896
21897
21898
21899
21900
21901
21902
21903
21904
21905
21906
21907
21908
21909
21910
21911
21912
21913
21914
21915
21916
21917
21918
21919
21920
21921
21922
21923
21924
21925
21926
21927
21928
21929
21930
21931
21932
21933
21934
21935
21936
21937
21938
21939
21940
21941
21942
21943
21944
21945
21946
21947
21948
21949
21950
21951
21952
21953
21954
21955
21956
21957
21958
21959
21960
21961
21962
21963
21964
21965
21966
21967
21968
21969
21970
21971
21972
21973
21974
21975
21976
21977
21978
21979
21980
21981
21982
21983
21984
21985
21986
21987
21988
21989
21990
21991
21992
21993
21994
21995
21996
21997
21998
21999
22000
22001
22002
22003
22004
22005
22006
22007
22008
22009
22010
22011
22012
22013
22014
22015
22016
22017
22018
22019
22020
22021
22022
22023
22024
22025
22026
22027
22028
22029
22030
22031
22032
22033
22034
22035
22036
22037
22038
22039
22040
22041
22042
22043
22044
22045
22046
22047
22048
22049
22050
22051
22052
22053
22054
22055
22056
22057
22058
22059
22060
22061
22062
22063
22064
22065
22066
22067
22068
22069
22070
22071
22072
22073
22074
22075
22076
22077
22078
22079
22080
22081
22082
22083
22084
22085
22086
22087
22088
22089
22090
22091
22092
22093
22094
22095
22096
22097
22098
22099
22100
22101
22102
22103
22104
22105
22106
22107
22108
22109
22110
22111
22112
22113
22114
22115
22116
22117
22118
22119
22120
22121
22122
22123
22124
22125
22126
22127
22128
22129
22130
22131
22132
22133
22134
22135
22136
22137
22138
22139
22140
22141
22142
22143
22144
22145
22146
22147
22148
22149
22150
22151
22152
22153
22154
22155
22156
22157
22158
22159
22160
22161
22162
22163
22164
22165
22166
22167
22168
22169
22170
22171
22172
22173
22174
22175
22176
22177
22178
22179
22180
22181
22182
22183
22184
22185
22186
22187
22188
22189
22190
22191
22192
22193
22194
22195
22196
22197
22198
22199
22200
22201
22202
22203
22204
22205
22206
22207
22208
22209
22210
22211
22212
22213
22214
22215
22216
22217
22218
22219
22220
22221
22222
22223
22224
22225
22226
22227
22228
22229
22230
22231
22232
22233
22234
22235
22236
22237
22238
22239
22240
22241
22242
22243
22244
22245
22246
22247
22248
22249
22250
22251
22252
22253
22254
22255
22256
22257
22258
22259
22260
22261
22262
22263
22264
22265
22266
22267
22268
22269
22270
22271
22272
22273
22274
22275
22276
22277
22278
22279
22280
22281
22282
22283
22284
22285
22286
22287
22288
22289
22290
22291
22292
22293
22294
22295
22296
22297
22298
22299
22300
22301
22302
22303
22304
22305
22306
22307
22308
22309
22310
22311
22312
22313
22314
22315
22316
22317
22318
22319
22320
22321
22322
22323
22324
22325
22326
22327
22328
22329
22330
22331
22332
22333
22334
22335
22336
22337
22338
22339
22340
22341
22342
22343
22344
22345
22346
22347
22348
22349
22350
22351
22352
22353
22354
22355
22356
22357
22358
22359
22360
22361
22362
22363
22364
22365
22366
22367
22368
22369
22370
22371
22372
22373
22374
22375
22376
22377
22378
22379
22380
22381
22382
22383
22384
22385
22386
22387
22388
22389
22390
22391
22392
22393
22394
22395
22396
22397
22398
22399
22400
22401
22402
22403
22404
22405
22406
22407
22408
22409
22410
22411
22412
22413
22414
22415
22416
22417
22418
22419
22420
22421
22422
22423
22424
22425
22426
22427
22428
22429
22430
22431
22432
22433
22434
22435
22436
22437
22438
22439
22440
22441
22442
22443
22444
22445
22446
22447
22448
22449
22450
22451
22452
22453
22454
22455
22456
22457
22458
22459
22460
22461
22462
22463
22464
22465
22466
22467
22468
22469
22470
22471
22472
22473
22474
22475
22476
22477
22478
22479
22480
22481
22482
22483
22484
22485
22486
22487
22488
22489
22490
22491
22492
22493
22494
22495
22496
22497
22498
22499
22500
22501
22502
22503
22504
22505
22506
22507
22508
22509
22510
22511
22512
22513
22514
22515
22516
22517
22518
22519
22520
22521
22522
22523
22524
22525
22526
22527
22528
22529
22530
22531
22532
22533
22534
22535
22536
22537
22538
22539
22540
22541
22542
22543
22544
22545
22546
22547
22548
22549
22550
22551
22552
22553
22554
22555
22556
22557
22558
22559
22560
22561
22562
22563
22564
22565
22566
22567
22568
22569
22570
22571
22572
22573
22574
22575
22576
22577
22578
22579
22580
22581
22582
22583
22584
22585
22586
22587
22588
22589
22590
22591
22592
22593
22594
22595
22596
22597
22598
22599
22600
22601
22602
22603
22604
22605
22606
22607
22608
22609
22610
22611
22612
22613
22614
22615
22616
22617
22618
22619
22620
22621
22622
22623
22624
22625
22626
22627
22628
22629
22630
22631
22632
22633
22634
22635
22636
22637
22638
22639
22640
22641
22642
22643
22644
22645
22646
22647
22648
22649
22650
22651
22652
22653
22654
22655
22656
22657
22658
22659
22660
22661
22662
22663
22664
22665
22666
22667
22668
22669
22670
22671
22672
22673
22674
22675
22676
22677
22678
22679
22680
22681
22682
22683
22684
22685
22686
22687
22688
22689
22690
22691
22692
22693
22694
22695
22696
22697
22698
22699
22700
22701
22702
22703
22704
22705
22706
22707
22708
22709
22710
22711
22712
22713
22714
22715
22716
22717
22718
22719
22720
22721
22722
22723
22724
22725
22726
22727
22728
22729
22730
22731
22732
22733
22734
22735
22736
22737
22738
22739
22740
22741
22742
22743
22744
22745
22746
22747
22748
22749
22750
22751
22752
22753
22754
22755
22756
22757
22758
22759
22760
22761
22762
22763
22764
22765
22766
22767
22768
22769
22770
22771
22772
22773
22774
22775
22776
22777
22778
22779
22780
22781
22782
22783
22784
22785
22786
22787
22788
22789
22790
22791
22792
22793
22794
22795
22796
22797
22798
22799
22800
22801
22802
22803
22804
22805
22806
22807
22808
22809
22810
22811
22812
22813
22814
22815
22816
22817
22818
22819
22820
22821
22822
22823
22824
22825
22826
22827
22828
22829
22830
22831
22832
22833
22834
22835
22836
22837
22838
22839
22840
22841
22842
22843
22844
22845
22846
22847
22848
22849
22850
22851
22852
22853
22854
22855
22856
22857
22858
22859
22860
22861
22862
22863
22864
22865
22866
22867
22868
22869
22870
22871
22872
22873
22874
22875
22876
22877
22878
22879
22880
22881
22882
22883
22884
22885
22886
22887
22888
22889
22890
22891
22892
22893
22894
22895
22896
22897
22898
22899
22900
22901
22902
22903
22904
22905
22906
22907
22908
22909
22910
22911
22912
22913
22914
22915
22916
22917
22918
22919
22920
22921
22922
22923
22924
22925
22926
22927
22928
22929
22930
22931
22932
22933
22934
22935
22936
22937
22938
22939
22940
22941
22942
22943
22944
22945
22946
22947
22948
22949
22950
22951
22952
22953
22954
22955
22956
22957
22958
22959
22960
22961
22962
22963
22964
22965
22966
22967
22968
22969
22970
22971
22972
22973
22974
22975
22976
22977
22978
22979
22980
22981
22982
22983
22984
22985
22986
22987
22988
22989
22990
22991
22992
22993
22994
22995
22996
22997
22998
22999
23000
23001
23002
23003
23004
23005
23006
23007
23008
23009
23010
23011
23012
23013
23014
23015
23016
23017
23018
23019
23020
23021
23022
23023
23024
23025
23026
23027
23028
23029
23030
23031
23032
23033
23034
23035
23036
23037
23038
23039
23040
23041
23042
23043
23044
23045
23046
23047
23048
23049
23050
23051
23052
23053
23054
23055
23056
23057
23058
23059
23060
23061
23062
23063
23064
23065
23066
23067
23068
23069
23070
23071
23072
23073
23074
23075
23076
23077
23078
23079
23080
23081
23082
23083
23084
23085
23086
23087
23088
23089
23090
23091
23092
23093
23094
23095
23096
23097
23098
23099
23100
23101
23102
23103
23104
23105
23106
23107
23108
23109
23110
23111
23112
23113
23114
23115
23116
23117
23118
23119
23120
23121
23122
23123
23124
23125
23126
23127
23128
23129
23130
23131
23132
23133
23134
23135
23136
23137
23138
23139
23140
23141
23142
23143
23144
23145
23146
23147
23148
23149
23150
23151
23152
23153
23154
23155
23156
23157
23158
23159
23160
23161
23162
23163
23164
23165
23166
23167
23168
23169
23170
23171
23172
23173
23174
23175
23176
23177
23178
23179
23180
23181
23182
23183
23184
23185
23186
23187
23188
23189
23190
23191
23192
23193
23194
23195
23196
23197
23198
23199
23200
23201
23202
23203
23204
23205
23206
23207
23208
23209
23210
23211
23212
23213
23214
23215
23216
23217
23218
23219
23220
23221
23222
23223
23224
23225
23226
23227
23228
23229
23230
23231
23232
23233
23234
23235
23236
23237
23238
23239
23240
23241
23242
23243
23244
23245
23246
23247
23248
23249
23250
23251
23252
23253
23254
23255
23256
23257
23258
23259
23260
23261
23262
23263
23264
23265
23266
23267
23268
23269
23270
23271
23272
23273
23274
23275
23276
23277
23278
23279
23280
23281
23282
23283
23284
23285
23286
23287
23288
23289
23290
23291
23292
23293
23294
23295
23296
23297
23298
23299
23300
23301
23302
23303
23304
23305
23306
23307
23308
23309
23310
23311
23312
23313
23314
23315
23316
23317
23318
23319
23320
23321
23322
23323
23324
23325
23326
23327
23328
23329
23330
23331
23332
23333
23334
23335
23336
23337
23338
23339
23340
23341
23342
23343
23344
23345
23346
23347
23348
23349
23350
23351
23352
23353
23354
23355
23356
23357
23358
23359
23360
23361
23362
23363
23364
23365
23366
23367
23368
23369
23370
23371
23372
23373
23374
23375
23376
23377
23378
23379
23380
23381
23382
23383
23384
23385
23386
23387
23388
23389
23390
23391
23392
23393
23394
23395
23396
23397
23398
23399
23400
23401
23402
23403
23404
23405
23406
23407
23408
23409
23410
23411
23412
23413
23414
23415
23416
23417
23418
23419
23420
23421
23422
23423
23424
23425
23426
23427
23428
23429
23430
23431
23432
23433
23434
23435
23436
23437
23438
23439
23440
23441
23442
23443
23444
23445
23446
23447
23448
23449
23450
23451
23452
23453
23454
23455
23456
23457
23458
23459
23460
23461
23462
23463
23464
23465
23466
23467
23468
23469
23470
23471
23472
23473
23474
23475
23476
23477
23478
23479
23480
23481
23482
23483
23484
23485
23486
23487
23488
23489
23490
23491
23492
23493
23494
23495
23496
23497
23498
23499
23500
23501
23502
23503
23504
23505
23506
23507
23508
23509
23510
23511
23512
23513
23514
23515
23516
23517
23518
23519
23520
23521
23522
23523
23524
23525
23526
23527
23528
23529
23530
23531
23532
23533
23534
23535
23536
23537
23538
23539
23540
23541
23542
23543
23544
23545
23546
23547
23548
23549
23550
23551
23552
23553
23554
23555
23556
23557
23558
23559
23560
23561
23562
23563
23564
23565
23566
23567
23568
23569
23570
23571
23572
23573
23574
23575
23576
23577
23578
23579
23580
23581
23582
23583
23584
23585
23586
23587
23588
23589
23590
23591
23592
23593
23594
23595
23596
23597
23598
23599
23600
23601
23602
23603
23604
23605
23606
23607
23608
23609
23610
23611
23612
23613
23614
23615
23616
23617
23618
23619
23620
23621
23622
23623
23624
23625
23626
23627
23628
23629
23630
23631
23632
23633
23634
23635
23636
23637
23638
23639
23640
23641
23642
23643
23644
23645
23646
23647
23648
23649
23650
23651
23652
23653
23654
23655
23656
23657
23658
23659
23660
23661
23662
23663
23664
23665
23666
23667
23668
23669
23670
23671
23672
23673
23674
23675
23676
23677
23678
23679
23680
23681
23682
23683
23684
23685
23686
23687
23688
23689
23690
23691
23692
23693
23694
23695
23696
23697
23698
23699
23700
23701
23702
23703
23704
23705
23706
23707
23708
23709
23710
23711
23712
23713
23714
23715
23716
23717
23718
23719
23720
23721
23722
23723
23724
23725
23726
23727
23728
23729
23730
23731
23732
23733
23734
23735
23736
23737
23738
23739
23740
23741
23742
23743
23744
23745
23746
23747
23748
23749
23750
23751
23752
23753
23754
23755
23756
23757
23758
23759
23760
23761
23762
23763
23764
23765
23766
23767
23768
23769
23770
23771
23772
23773
23774
23775
23776
23777
23778
23779
23780
23781
23782
23783
23784
23785
23786
23787
23788
23789
23790
23791
23792
23793
23794
23795
23796
23797
23798
23799
23800
23801
23802
23803
23804
23805
23806
23807
23808
23809
23810
23811
23812
23813
23814
23815
23816
23817
23818
23819
23820
23821
23822
23823
23824
23825
23826
23827
23828
23829
23830
23831
23832
23833
23834
23835
23836
23837
23838
23839
23840
23841
23842
23843
23844
23845
23846
23847
23848
23849
23850
23851
23852
23853
23854
23855
23856
23857
23858
23859
23860
23861
23862
23863
23864
23865
23866
23867
23868
23869
23870
23871
23872
23873
23874
23875
23876
23877
23878
23879
23880
23881
23882
23883
23884
23885
23886
23887
23888
23889
23890
23891
23892
23893
23894
23895
23896
23897
23898
23899
23900
23901
23902
23903
23904
23905
23906
23907
23908
23909
23910
23911
23912
23913
23914
23915
23916
23917
23918
23919
23920
23921
23922
23923
23924
23925
23926
23927
23928
23929
23930
23931
23932
23933
23934
23935
23936
23937
23938
23939
23940
23941
23942
23943
23944
23945
23946
23947
23948
23949
23950
23951
23952
23953
23954
23955
23956
23957
23958
23959
23960
23961
23962
23963
23964
23965
23966
23967
23968
23969
23970
23971
23972
23973
23974
23975
23976
23977
23978
23979
23980
23981
23982
23983
23984
23985
23986
23987
23988
23989
23990
23991
23992
23993
23994
23995
23996
23997
23998
23999
24000
24001
24002
24003
24004
24005
24006
24007
24008
24009
24010
24011
24012
24013
24014
24015
24016
24017
24018
24019
24020
24021
24022
24023
24024
24025
24026
24027
24028
24029
24030
24031
24032
24033
24034
24035
24036
24037
24038
24039
24040
24041
24042
24043
24044
24045
24046
24047
24048
24049
24050
24051
24052
24053
24054
24055
24056
24057
24058
24059
24060
24061
24062
24063
24064
24065
24066
24067
24068
24069
24070
24071
24072
24073
24074
24075
24076
24077
24078
24079
24080
24081
24082
24083
24084
24085
24086
24087
24088
24089
24090
24091
24092
24093
24094
24095
24096
24097
24098
24099
24100
24101
24102
24103
24104
24105
24106
24107
24108
24109
24110
24111
24112
24113
24114
24115
24116
24117
24118
24119
24120
24121
24122
24123
24124
24125
24126
24127
24128
24129
24130
24131
24132
24133
24134
24135
24136
24137
24138
24139
24140
24141
24142
24143
24144
24145
24146
24147
24148
24149
24150
24151
24152
24153
24154
24155
24156
24157
24158
24159
24160
24161
24162
24163
24164
24165
24166
24167
24168
24169
24170
24171
24172
24173
24174
24175
24176
24177
24178
24179
24180
24181
24182
24183
24184
24185
24186
24187
24188
24189
24190
24191
24192
24193
24194
24195
24196
24197
24198
24199
24200
24201
24202
24203
24204
24205
24206
24207
24208
24209
24210
24211
24212
24213
24214
24215
24216
24217
24218
24219
24220
24221
24222
24223
24224
24225
24226
24227
24228
24229
24230
24231
24232
24233
24234
24235
24236
24237
24238
24239
24240
24241
24242
24243
24244
24245
24246
24247
24248
24249
24250
24251
24252
24253
24254
24255
24256
24257
24258
24259
24260
24261
24262
24263
24264
24265
24266
24267
24268
24269
24270
24271
24272
24273
24274
24275
24276
24277
24278
24279
24280
24281
24282
24283
24284
24285
24286
24287
24288
24289
24290
24291
24292
24293
24294
24295
24296
24297
24298
24299
24300
24301
24302
24303
24304
24305
24306
24307
24308
24309
24310
24311
24312
24313
24314
24315
24316
24317
24318
24319
24320
24321
24322
24323
24324
24325
24326
24327
24328
24329
24330
24331
24332
24333
24334
24335
24336
24337
24338
24339
24340
24341
24342
24343
24344
24345
24346
24347
24348
24349
24350
24351
24352
24353
24354
24355
24356
24357
24358
24359
24360
24361
24362
24363
24364
24365
24366
24367
24368
24369
24370
24371
24372
24373
24374
24375
24376
24377
24378
24379
24380
24381
24382
24383
24384
24385
24386
24387
24388
24389
24390
24391
24392
24393
24394
24395
24396
24397
24398
24399
24400
24401
24402
24403
24404
24405
24406
24407
24408
24409
24410
24411
24412
24413
24414
24415
24416
24417
24418
24419
24420
24421
24422
24423
24424
24425
24426
24427
24428
24429
24430
24431
24432
24433
24434
24435
24436
24437
24438
24439
24440
24441
24442
24443
24444
24445
24446
24447
24448
24449
24450
24451
24452
24453
24454
24455
24456
24457
24458
24459
24460
24461
24462
24463
24464
24465
24466
24467
24468
24469
24470
24471
24472
24473
24474
24475
24476
24477
24478
24479
24480
24481
24482
24483
24484
24485
24486
24487
24488
24489
24490
24491
24492
24493
24494
24495
24496
24497
24498
24499
24500
24501
24502
24503
24504
24505
24506
24507
24508
24509
24510
24511
24512
24513
24514
24515
24516
24517
24518
24519
24520
24521
24522
24523
24524
24525
24526
24527
24528
24529
24530
24531
24532
24533
24534
24535
24536
24537
24538
24539
24540
24541
24542
24543
24544
24545
24546
24547
24548
24549
24550
24551
24552
24553
24554
24555
24556
24557
24558
24559
24560
24561
24562
24563
24564
24565
24566
24567
24568
24569
24570
24571
24572
24573
24574
24575
24576
24577
24578
24579
24580
24581
24582
24583
24584
24585
24586
24587
24588
24589
24590
24591
24592
24593
24594
24595
24596
24597
24598
24599
24600
24601
24602
24603
24604
24605
24606
24607
24608
24609
24610
24611
24612
24613
24614
24615
24616
24617
24618
24619
24620
24621
24622
24623
24624
24625
24626
24627
24628
24629
24630
24631
24632
24633
24634
24635
24636
24637
24638
24639
24640
24641
24642
24643
24644
24645
24646
24647
24648
24649
24650
24651
24652
24653
24654
24655
24656
24657
24658
24659
24660
24661
24662
24663
24664
24665
24666
24667
24668
24669
24670
24671
24672
24673
24674
24675
24676
24677
24678
24679
24680
24681
24682
24683
24684
24685
24686
24687
24688
24689
24690
24691
24692
24693
24694
24695
24696
24697
24698
24699
24700
24701
24702
24703
24704
24705
24706
24707
24708
24709
24710
24711
24712
24713
24714
24715
24716
24717
24718
24719
24720
24721
24722
24723
24724
24725
24726
24727
24728
24729
24730
24731
24732
24733
24734
24735
24736
24737
24738
24739
24740
24741
24742
24743
24744
24745
24746
24747
24748
24749
24750
24751
24752
24753
24754
24755
24756
24757
24758
24759
24760
24761
24762
24763
24764
24765
24766
24767
24768
24769
24770
24771
24772
24773
24774
24775
24776
24777
24778
24779
24780
24781
24782
24783
24784
24785
24786
24787
24788
24789
24790
24791
24792
24793
24794
24795
24796
24797
24798
24799
24800
24801
24802
24803
24804
24805
24806
24807
24808
24809
24810
24811
24812
24813
24814
24815
24816
24817
24818
24819
24820
24821
24822
24823
24824
24825
24826
24827
24828
24829
24830
24831
24832
24833
24834
24835
24836
24837
24838
24839
24840
24841
24842
24843
24844
24845
24846
24847
24848
24849
24850
24851
24852
24853
24854
24855
24856
24857
24858
24859
24860
24861
24862
24863
24864
24865
24866
24867
24868
24869
24870
24871
24872
24873
24874
24875
24876
24877
24878
24879
24880
24881
24882
24883
24884
24885
24886
24887
24888
24889
24890
24891
24892
24893
24894
24895
24896
24897
24898
24899
24900
24901
24902
24903
24904
24905
24906
24907
24908
24909
24910
24911
24912
24913
24914
24915
24916
24917
24918
24919
24920
24921
24922
24923
24924
24925
24926
24927
24928
24929
24930
24931
24932
24933
24934
24935
24936
24937
24938
24939
24940
24941
24942
24943
24944
24945
24946
24947
24948
24949
24950
24951
24952
24953
24954
24955
24956
24957
24958
24959
24960
24961
24962
24963
24964
24965
24966
24967
24968
24969
24970
24971
24972
24973
24974
24975
24976
24977
24978
24979
24980
24981
24982
24983
24984
24985
24986
24987
24988
24989
24990
24991
24992
24993
24994
24995
24996
24997
24998
24999
25000
25001
25002
25003
25004
25005
25006
25007
25008
25009
25010
25011
25012
25013
25014
25015
25016
25017
25018
25019
25020
25021
25022
25023
25024
25025
25026
25027
25028
25029
25030
25031
25032
25033
25034
25035
25036
25037
25038
25039
25040
25041
25042
25043
25044
25045
25046
25047
25048
25049
25050
25051
25052
25053
25054
25055
25056
25057
25058
25059
25060
25061
25062
25063
25064
25065
25066
25067
25068
25069
25070
25071
25072
25073
25074
25075
25076
25077
25078
25079
25080
25081
25082
25083
25084
25085
25086
25087
25088
25089
25090
25091
25092
25093
25094
25095
25096
25097
25098
25099
25100
25101
25102
25103
25104
25105
25106
25107
25108
25109
25110
25111
25112
25113
25114
25115
25116
25117
25118
25119
25120
25121
25122
25123
25124
25125
25126
25127
25128
25129
25130
25131
25132
25133
25134
25135
25136
25137
25138
25139
25140
25141
25142
25143
25144
25145
25146
25147
25148
25149
25150
25151
25152
25153
25154
25155
25156
25157
25158
25159
25160
25161
25162
25163
25164
25165
25166
25167
25168
25169
25170
25171
25172
25173
25174
25175
25176
25177
25178
25179
25180
25181
25182
25183
25184
25185
25186
25187
25188
25189
25190
25191
25192
25193
25194
25195
25196
25197
25198
25199
25200
25201
25202
25203
25204
25205
25206
25207
25208
25209
25210
25211
25212
25213
25214
25215
25216
25217
25218
25219
25220
25221
25222
25223
25224
25225
25226
25227
25228
25229
25230
25231
25232
25233
25234
25235
25236
25237
25238
25239
25240
25241
25242
25243
25244
25245
25246
25247
25248
25249
25250
25251
25252
25253
25254
25255
25256
25257
25258
25259
25260
25261
25262
25263
25264
25265
25266
25267
25268
25269
25270
25271
25272
25273
25274
25275
25276
25277
25278
25279
25280
25281
25282
25283
25284
25285
25286
25287
25288
25289
25290
25291
25292
25293
25294
25295
25296
25297
25298
25299
25300
25301
25302
25303
25304
25305
25306
25307
25308
25309
25310
25311
25312
25313
25314
25315
25316
25317
25318
25319
25320
25321
25322
25323
25324
25325
25326
25327
25328
25329
25330
25331
25332
25333
25334
25335
25336
25337
25338
25339
25340
25341
25342
25343
25344
25345
25346
25347
25348
25349
25350
25351
25352
25353
25354
25355
25356
25357
25358
25359
25360
25361
25362
25363
25364
25365
25366
25367
25368
25369
25370
25371
25372
25373
25374
25375
25376
25377
25378
25379
25380
25381
25382
25383
25384
25385
25386
25387
25388
25389
25390
25391
25392
25393
25394
25395
25396
25397
25398
25399
25400
25401
25402
25403
25404
25405
25406
25407
25408
25409
25410
25411
25412
25413
25414
25415
25416
25417
25418
25419
25420
25421
25422
25423
25424
25425
25426
25427
25428
25429
25430
25431
25432
25433
25434
25435
25436
25437
25438
25439
25440
25441
25442
25443
25444
25445
25446
25447
25448
25449
25450
25451
25452
25453
25454
25455
25456
25457
25458
25459
25460
25461
25462
25463
25464
25465
25466
25467
25468
25469
25470
25471
25472
25473
25474
25475
25476
25477
25478
25479
25480
25481
25482
25483
25484
25485
25486
25487
25488
25489
25490
25491
25492
25493
25494
25495
25496
25497
25498
25499
25500
25501
25502
25503
25504
25505
25506
25507
25508
25509
25510
25511
25512
25513
25514
25515
25516
25517
25518
25519
25520
25521
25522
25523
25524
25525
25526
25527
25528
25529
25530
25531
25532
25533
25534
25535
25536
25537
25538
25539
25540
25541
25542
25543
25544
25545
25546
25547
25548
25549
25550
25551
25552
25553
25554
25555
25556
25557
25558
25559
25560
25561
25562
25563
25564
25565
25566
25567
25568
25569
25570
25571
25572
25573
25574
25575
25576
25577
25578
25579
25580
25581
25582
25583
25584
25585
25586
25587
25588
25589
25590
25591
25592
25593
25594
25595
25596
25597
25598
25599
25600
25601
25602
25603
25604
25605
25606
25607
25608
25609
25610
25611
25612
25613
25614
25615
25616
25617
25618
25619
25620
25621
25622
25623
25624
25625
25626
25627
25628
25629
25630
25631
25632
25633
25634
25635
25636
25637
25638
25639
25640
25641
25642
25643
25644
25645
25646
25647
25648
25649
25650
25651
25652
25653
25654
25655
25656
25657
25658
25659
25660
25661
25662
25663
25664
25665
25666
25667
25668
25669
25670
25671
25672
25673
25674
25675
25676
25677
25678
25679
25680
25681
25682
25683
25684
25685
25686
25687
25688
25689
25690
25691
25692
25693
25694
25695
25696
25697
25698
25699
25700
25701
25702
25703
25704
25705
25706
25707
25708
25709
25710
25711
25712
25713
25714
25715
25716
25717
25718
25719
25720
25721
25722
25723
25724
25725
25726
25727
25728
25729
25730
25731
25732
25733
25734
25735
25736
25737
25738
25739
25740
25741
25742
25743
25744
25745
25746
25747
25748
25749
25750
25751
25752
25753
25754
25755
25756
25757
25758
25759
25760
25761
25762
25763
25764
25765
25766
25767
25768
25769
25770
25771
25772
25773
25774
25775
25776
25777
25778
25779
25780
25781
25782
25783
25784
25785
25786
25787
25788
25789
25790
25791
25792
25793
25794
25795
25796
25797
25798
25799
25800
25801
25802
25803
25804
25805
25806
25807
25808
25809
25810
25811
25812
25813
25814
25815
25816
25817
25818
25819
25820
25821
25822
25823
25824
25825
25826
25827
25828
25829
25830
25831
25832
25833
25834
25835
25836
25837
25838
25839
25840
25841
25842
25843
25844
25845
25846
25847
25848
25849
25850
25851
25852
25853
25854
25855
25856
25857
25858
25859
25860
25861
25862
25863
25864
25865
25866
25867
25868
25869
25870
25871
25872
25873
25874
25875
25876
25877
25878
25879
25880
25881
25882
25883
25884
25885
25886
25887
25888
25889
25890
25891
25892
25893
25894
25895
25896
25897
25898
25899
25900
25901
25902
25903
25904
25905
25906
25907
25908
25909
25910
25911
25912
25913
25914
25915
25916
25917
25918
25919
25920
25921
25922
25923
25924
25925
25926
25927
25928
25929
25930
25931
25932
25933
25934
25935
25936
25937
25938
25939
25940
25941
25942
25943
25944
25945
25946
25947
25948
25949
25950
25951
25952
25953
25954
25955
25956
25957
25958
25959
25960
25961
25962
25963
25964
25965
25966
25967
25968
25969
25970
25971
25972
25973
25974
25975
25976
25977
25978
25979
25980
25981
25982
25983
25984
25985
25986
25987
25988
25989
25990
25991
25992
25993
25994
25995
25996
25997
25998
25999
26000
26001
26002
26003
26004
26005
26006
26007
26008
26009
26010
26011
26012
26013
26014
26015
26016
26017
26018
26019
26020
26021
26022
26023
26024
26025
26026
26027
26028
26029
26030
26031
26032
26033
26034
26035
26036
26037
26038
26039
26040
26041
26042
26043
26044
26045
26046
26047
26048
26049
26050
26051
26052
26053
26054
26055
26056
26057
26058
26059
26060
26061
26062
26063
26064
26065
26066
26067
26068
26069
26070
26071
26072
26073
26074
26075
26076
26077
26078
26079
26080
26081
26082
26083
26084
26085
26086
26087
26088
26089
26090
26091
26092
26093
26094
26095
26096
26097
26098
26099
26100
26101
26102
26103
26104
26105
26106
26107
26108
26109
26110
26111
26112
26113
26114
26115
26116
26117
26118
26119
26120
26121
26122
26123
26124
26125
26126
26127
26128
26129
26130
26131
26132
26133
26134
26135
26136
26137
26138
26139
26140
26141
26142
26143
26144
26145
26146
26147
26148
26149
26150
26151
26152
26153
26154
26155
26156
26157
26158
26159
26160
26161
26162
26163
26164
26165
26166
26167
26168
26169
26170
26171
26172
26173
26174
26175
26176
26177
26178
26179
26180
26181
26182
26183
26184
26185
26186
26187
26188
26189
26190
26191
26192
26193
26194
26195
26196
26197
26198
26199
26200
26201
26202
26203
26204
26205
26206
26207
26208
26209
26210
26211
26212
26213
26214
26215
26216
26217
26218
26219
26220
26221
26222
26223
26224
26225
26226
26227
26228
26229
26230
26231
26232
26233
26234
26235
26236
26237
26238
26239
26240
26241
26242
26243
26244
26245
26246
26247
26248
26249
26250
26251
26252
26253
26254
26255
26256
26257
26258
26259
26260
26261
26262
26263
26264
26265
26266
26267
26268
26269
26270
26271
26272
26273
26274
26275
26276
26277
26278
26279
26280
26281
26282
26283
26284
26285
26286
26287
26288
26289
26290
26291
26292
26293
26294
26295
26296
26297
26298
26299
26300
26301
26302
26303
26304
26305
26306
26307
26308
26309
26310
26311
26312
26313
26314
26315
26316
26317
26318
26319
26320
26321
26322
26323
26324
26325
26326
26327
26328
26329
26330
26331
26332
26333
26334
26335
26336
26337
26338
26339
26340
26341
26342
26343
26344
26345
26346
26347
26348
26349
26350
26351
26352
26353
26354
26355
26356
26357
26358
26359
26360
26361
26362
26363
26364
26365
26366
26367
26368
26369
26370
26371
26372
26373
26374
26375
26376
26377
26378
26379
26380
26381
26382
26383
26384
26385
26386
26387
26388
26389
26390
26391
26392
26393
26394
26395
26396
26397
26398
26399
26400
26401
26402
26403
26404
26405
26406
26407
26408
26409
26410
26411
26412
26413
26414
26415
26416
26417
26418
26419
26420
26421
26422
26423
26424
26425
26426
26427
26428
26429
26430
26431
26432
26433
26434
26435
26436
26437
26438
26439
26440
26441
26442
26443
26444
26445
26446
26447
26448
26449
26450
26451
26452
26453
26454
26455
26456
26457
26458
26459
26460
26461
26462
26463
26464
26465
26466
26467
26468
26469
26470
26471
26472
26473
26474
26475
26476
26477
26478
26479
26480
26481
26482
26483
26484
26485
26486
26487
26488
26489
26490
26491
26492
26493
26494
26495
26496
26497
26498
26499
26500
26501
26502
26503
26504
26505
26506
26507
26508
26509
26510
26511
26512
26513
26514
26515
26516
26517
26518
26519
26520
26521
26522
26523
26524
26525
26526
26527
26528
26529
26530
26531
26532
26533
26534
26535
26536
26537
26538
26539
26540
26541
26542
26543
26544
26545
26546
26547
26548
26549
26550
26551
26552
26553
26554
26555
26556
26557
26558
26559
26560
26561
26562
26563
26564
26565
26566
26567
26568
26569
26570
26571
26572
26573
26574
26575
26576
26577
26578
26579
26580
26581
26582
26583
26584
26585
26586
26587
26588
26589
26590
26591
26592
26593
26594
26595
26596
26597
26598
26599
26600
26601
26602
26603
26604
26605
26606
26607
26608
26609
26610
26611
26612
26613
26614
26615
26616
26617
26618
26619
26620
26621
26622
26623
26624
26625
26626
26627
26628
26629
26630
26631
26632
26633
26634
26635
26636
26637
26638
26639
26640
26641
26642
26643
26644
26645
26646
26647
26648
26649
26650
26651
26652
26653
26654
26655
26656
26657
26658
26659
26660
26661
26662
26663
26664
26665
26666
26667
26668
26669
26670
26671
26672
26673
26674
26675
26676
26677
26678
26679
26680
26681
26682
26683
26684
26685
26686
26687
26688
26689
26690
26691
26692
26693
26694
26695
26696
26697
26698
26699
26700
26701
26702
26703
26704
26705
26706
26707
26708
26709
26710
26711
26712
26713
26714
26715
26716
26717
26718
26719
26720
26721
26722
26723
26724
26725
26726
26727
26728
26729
26730
26731
26732
26733
26734
26735
26736
26737
26738
26739
26740
26741
26742
26743
26744
26745
26746
26747
26748
26749
26750
26751
26752
26753
26754
26755
26756
26757
26758
26759
26760
26761
26762
26763
26764
26765
26766
26767
26768
26769
26770
26771
26772
26773
26774
26775
26776
26777
26778
26779
26780
26781
26782
26783
26784
26785
26786
26787
26788
26789
26790
26791
26792
26793
26794
26795
26796
26797
26798
26799
26800
26801
26802
26803
26804
26805
26806
26807
26808
26809
26810
26811
26812
26813
26814
26815
26816
26817
26818
26819
26820
26821
26822
26823
26824
26825
26826
26827
26828
26829
26830
26831
26832
26833
26834
26835
26836
26837
26838
26839
26840
26841
26842
26843
26844
26845
26846
26847
26848
26849
26850
26851
26852
26853
26854
26855
26856
26857
26858
26859
26860
26861
26862
26863
26864
26865
26866
26867
26868
26869
26870
26871
26872
26873
26874
26875
26876
26877
26878
26879
26880
26881
26882
26883
26884
26885
26886
26887
26888
26889
26890
26891
26892
26893
26894
26895
26896
26897
26898
26899
26900
26901
26902
26903
26904
26905
26906
26907
26908
26909
26910
26911
26912
26913
26914
26915
26916
26917
26918
26919
26920
26921
26922
26923
26924
26925
26926
26927
26928
26929
26930
26931
26932
26933
26934
26935
26936
26937
26938
26939
26940
26941
26942
26943
26944
26945
26946
26947
26948
26949
26950
26951
26952
26953
26954
26955
26956
26957
26958
26959
26960
26961
26962
26963
26964
26965
26966
26967
26968
26969
26970
26971
26972
26973
26974
26975
26976
26977
26978
26979
26980
26981
26982
26983
26984
26985
26986
26987
26988
26989
26990
26991
26992
26993
26994
26995
26996
26997
26998
26999
27000
27001
27002
27003
27004
27005
27006
27007
27008
27009
27010
27011
27012
27013
27014
27015
27016
27017
27018
27019
27020
27021
27022
27023
27024
27025
27026
27027
27028
27029
27030
27031
27032
27033
27034
27035
27036
27037
27038
27039
27040
27041
27042
27043
27044
27045
27046
27047
27048
27049
27050
27051
27052
27053
27054
27055
27056
27057
27058
27059
27060
27061
27062
27063
27064
27065
27066
27067
27068
27069
27070
27071
27072
27073
27074
27075
27076
27077
27078
27079
27080
27081
27082
27083
27084
27085
27086
27087
27088
27089
27090
27091
27092
27093
27094
27095
27096
27097
27098
27099
27100
27101
27102
27103
27104
27105
27106
27107
27108
27109
27110
27111
27112
27113
27114
27115
27116
27117
27118
27119
27120
27121
27122
27123
27124
27125
27126
27127
27128
27129
27130
27131
27132
27133
27134
27135
27136
27137
27138
27139
27140
27141
27142
27143
27144
27145
27146
27147
27148
27149
27150
27151
27152
27153
27154
27155
27156
27157
27158
27159
27160
27161
27162
27163
27164
27165
27166
27167
27168
27169
27170
27171
27172
27173
27174
27175
27176
27177
27178
27179
27180
27181
27182
27183
27184
27185
27186
27187
27188
27189
27190
27191
27192
27193
27194
27195
27196
27197
27198
27199
27200
27201
27202
27203
27204
27205
27206
27207
27208
27209
27210
27211
27212
27213
27214
27215
27216
27217
27218
27219
27220
27221
27222
27223
27224
27225
27226
27227
27228
27229
27230
27231
27232
27233
27234
27235
27236
27237
27238
27239
27240
27241
27242
27243
27244
27245
27246
27247
27248
27249
27250
27251
27252
27253
27254
27255
27256
27257
27258
27259
27260
27261
27262
27263
27264
27265
27266
27267
27268
27269
27270
27271
27272
27273
27274
27275
27276
27277
27278
27279
27280
27281
27282
27283
27284
27285
27286
27287
27288
27289
27290
27291
27292
27293
27294
27295
27296
27297
27298
27299
27300
27301
27302
27303
27304
27305
27306
27307
27308
27309
27310
27311
27312
27313
27314
27315
27316
27317
27318
27319
27320
27321
27322
27323
27324
27325
27326
27327
27328
27329
27330
27331
27332
27333
27334
27335
27336
27337
27338
27339
27340
27341
27342
27343
27344
27345
27346
27347
27348
27349
27350
27351
27352
27353
27354
27355
27356
27357
27358
27359
27360
27361
27362
27363
27364
27365
27366
27367
27368
27369
27370
27371
27372
27373
27374
27375
27376
27377
27378
27379
27380
27381
27382
27383
27384
27385
27386
27387
27388
27389
27390
27391
27392
27393
27394
27395
27396
27397
27398
27399
27400
27401
27402
27403
27404
27405
27406
27407
27408
27409
27410
27411
27412
27413
27414
27415
27416
27417
27418
27419
27420
27421
27422
27423
27424
27425
27426
27427
27428
27429
27430
27431
27432
27433
27434
27435
27436
27437
27438
27439
27440
27441
27442
27443
27444
27445
27446
27447
27448
27449
27450
27451
27452
27453
27454
27455
27456
27457
27458
27459
27460
27461
27462
27463
27464
27465
27466
27467
27468
27469
27470
27471
27472
27473
27474
27475
27476
27477
27478
27479
27480
27481
27482
27483
27484
27485
27486
27487
27488
27489
27490
27491
27492
27493
27494
27495
27496
27497
27498
27499
27500
27501
27502
27503
27504
27505
27506
27507
27508
27509
27510
27511
27512
27513
27514
27515
27516
27517
27518
27519
27520
27521
27522
27523
27524
27525
27526
27527
27528
27529
27530
27531
27532
27533
27534
27535
27536
27537
27538
27539
27540
27541
27542
27543
27544
27545
27546
27547
27548
27549
27550
27551
27552
27553
27554
27555
27556
27557
27558
27559
27560
27561
27562
27563
27564
27565
27566
27567
27568
27569
27570
27571
27572
27573
27574
27575
27576
27577
27578
27579
27580
27581
27582
27583
27584
27585
27586
27587
27588
27589
27590
27591
27592
27593
27594
27595
27596
27597
27598
27599
27600
27601
27602
27603
27604
27605
27606
27607
27608
27609
27610
27611
27612
27613
27614
27615
27616
27617
27618
27619
27620
27621
27622
27623
27624
27625
27626
27627
27628
27629
27630
27631
27632
27633
27634
27635
27636
27637
27638
27639
27640
27641
27642
27643
27644
27645
27646
27647
27648
27649
27650
27651
27652
27653
27654
27655
27656
27657
27658
27659
27660
27661
27662
27663
27664
27665
27666
27667
27668
27669
27670
27671
27672
27673
27674
27675
27676
27677
27678
27679
27680
27681
27682
27683
27684
27685
27686
27687
27688
27689
27690
27691
27692
27693
27694
27695
27696
27697
27698
27699
27700
27701
27702
27703
27704
27705
27706
27707
27708
27709
27710
27711
27712
27713
27714
27715
27716
27717
27718
27719
27720
27721
27722
27723
27724
27725
27726
27727
27728
27729
27730
27731
27732
27733
27734
27735
27736
27737
27738
27739
27740
27741
27742
27743
27744
27745
27746
27747
27748
27749
27750
27751
27752
27753
27754
27755
27756
27757
27758
27759
27760
27761
27762
27763
27764
27765
27766
27767
27768
27769
27770
27771
27772
27773
27774
27775
27776
27777
27778
27779
27780
27781
27782
27783
27784
27785
27786
27787
27788
27789
27790
27791
27792
27793
27794
27795
27796
27797
27798
27799
27800
27801
27802
27803
27804
27805
27806
27807
27808
27809
27810
27811
27812
27813
27814
27815
27816
27817
27818
27819
27820
27821
27822
27823
27824
27825
27826
27827
27828
27829
27830
27831
27832
27833
27834
27835
27836
27837
27838
27839
27840
27841
27842
27843
27844
27845
27846
27847
27848
27849
27850
27851
27852
27853
27854
27855
27856
27857
27858
27859
27860
27861
27862
27863
27864
27865
27866
27867
27868
27869
27870
27871
27872
27873
27874
27875
27876
27877
27878
27879
27880
27881
27882
27883
27884
27885
27886
27887
27888
27889
27890
27891
27892
27893
27894
27895
27896
27897
27898
27899
27900
27901
27902
27903
27904
27905
27906
27907
27908
27909
27910
27911
27912
27913
27914
27915
27916
27917
27918
27919
27920
27921
27922
27923
27924
27925
27926
27927
27928
27929
27930
27931
27932
27933
27934
27935
27936
27937
27938
27939
27940
27941
27942
27943
27944
27945
27946
27947
27948
27949
27950
27951
27952
27953
27954
27955
27956
27957
27958
27959
27960
27961
27962
27963
27964
27965
27966
27967
27968
27969
27970
27971
27972
27973
27974
27975
27976
27977
27978
27979
27980
27981
27982
27983
27984
27985
27986
27987
27988
27989
27990
27991
27992
27993
27994
27995
27996
27997
27998
27999
28000
28001
28002
28003
28004
28005
28006
28007
28008
28009
28010
28011
28012
28013
28014
28015
28016
28017
28018
28019
28020
28021
28022
28023
28024
28025
28026
28027
28028
28029
28030
28031
28032
28033
28034
28035
28036
28037
28038
28039
28040
28041
28042
28043
28044
28045
28046
28047
28048
28049
28050
28051
28052
28053
28054
28055
28056
28057
28058
28059
28060
28061
28062
28063
28064
28065
28066
28067
28068
28069
28070
28071
28072
28073
28074
28075
28076
28077
28078
28079
28080
28081
28082
28083
28084
28085
28086
28087
28088
28089
28090
28091
28092
28093
28094
28095
28096
28097
28098
28099
28100
28101
28102
28103
28104
28105
28106
28107
28108
28109
28110
28111
28112
28113
28114
28115
28116
28117
28118
28119
28120
28121
28122
28123
28124
28125
28126
28127
28128
28129
28130
28131
28132
28133
28134
28135
28136
28137
28138
28139
28140
28141
28142
28143
28144
28145
28146
28147
28148
28149
28150
28151
28152
28153
28154
28155
28156
28157
28158
28159
28160
28161
28162
28163
28164
28165
28166
28167
28168
28169
28170
28171
28172
28173
28174
28175
28176
28177
28178
28179
28180
28181
28182
28183
28184
28185
28186
28187
28188
28189
28190
28191
28192
28193
28194
28195
28196
28197
28198
28199
28200
28201
28202
28203
28204
28205
28206
28207
28208
28209
28210
28211
28212
28213
28214
28215
28216
28217
28218
28219
28220
28221
28222
28223
28224
28225
28226
28227
28228
28229
28230
28231
28232
28233
28234
28235
28236
28237
28238
28239
28240
28241
28242
28243
28244
28245
28246
28247
28248
28249
28250
28251
28252
28253
28254
28255
28256
28257
28258
28259
28260
28261
28262
28263
28264
28265
28266
28267
28268
28269
28270
28271
28272
28273
28274
28275
28276
28277
28278
28279
28280
28281
28282
28283
28284
28285
28286
28287
28288
28289
28290
28291
28292
28293
28294
28295
28296
28297
28298
28299
28300
28301
28302
28303
28304
28305
28306
28307
28308
28309
28310
28311
28312
28313
28314
28315
28316
28317
28318
28319
28320
28321
28322
28323
28324
28325
28326
28327
28328
28329
28330
28331
28332
28333
28334
28335
28336
28337
28338
28339
28340
28341
28342
28343
28344
28345
28346
28347
28348
28349
28350
28351
28352
28353
28354
28355
28356
28357
28358
28359
28360
28361
28362
28363
28364
28365
28366
28367
28368
28369
28370
28371
28372
28373
28374
28375
28376
28377
28378
28379
28380
28381
28382
28383
28384
28385
28386
28387
28388
28389
28390
28391
28392
28393
28394
28395
28396
28397
28398
28399
28400
28401
28402
28403
28404
28405
28406
28407
28408
28409
28410
28411
28412
28413
28414
28415
28416
28417
28418
28419
28420
28421
28422
28423
28424
28425
28426
28427
28428
28429
28430
28431
28432
28433
28434
28435
28436
28437
28438
28439
28440
28441
28442
28443
28444
28445
28446
28447
28448
28449
28450
28451
28452
28453
28454
28455
28456
28457
28458
28459
28460
28461
28462
28463
28464
28465
28466
28467
28468
28469
28470
28471
28472
28473
28474
28475
28476
28477
28478
28479
28480
28481
28482
28483
28484
28485
28486
28487
28488
28489
28490
28491
28492
28493
28494
28495
28496
28497
28498
28499
28500
28501
28502
28503
28504
28505
28506
28507
28508
28509
28510
28511
28512
28513
28514
28515
28516
28517
28518
28519
28520
28521
28522
28523
28524
28525
28526
28527
28528
28529
28530
28531
28532
28533
28534
28535
28536
28537
28538
28539
28540
28541
28542
28543
28544
28545
28546
28547
28548
28549
28550
28551
28552
28553
28554
28555
28556
28557
28558
28559
28560
28561
28562
28563
28564
28565
28566
28567
28568
28569
28570
28571
28572
28573
28574
28575
28576
28577
28578
28579
28580
28581
28582
28583
28584
28585
28586
28587
28588
28589
28590
28591
28592
28593
28594
28595
28596
28597
28598
28599
28600
28601
28602
28603
28604
28605
28606
28607
28608
28609
28610
28611
28612
28613
28614
28615
28616
28617
28618
28619
28620
28621
28622
28623
28624
28625
28626
28627
28628
28629
28630
28631
28632
28633
28634
28635
28636
28637
28638
28639
28640
28641
28642
28643
28644
28645
28646
28647
28648
28649
28650
28651
28652
28653
28654
28655
28656
28657
28658
28659
28660
28661
28662
28663
28664
28665
28666
28667
28668
28669
28670
28671
28672
28673
28674
28675
28676
28677
28678
28679
28680
28681
28682
28683
28684
28685
28686
28687
28688
28689
28690
28691
28692
28693
28694
28695
28696
28697
28698
28699
28700
28701
28702
28703
28704
28705
28706
28707
28708
28709
28710
28711
28712
28713
28714
28715
28716
28717
28718
28719
28720
28721
28722
28723
28724
28725
28726
28727
28728
28729
28730
28731
28732
28733
28734
28735
28736
28737
28738
28739
28740
28741
28742
28743
28744
28745
28746
28747
28748
28749
28750
28751
28752
28753
28754
28755
28756
28757
28758
28759
28760
28761
28762
28763
28764
28765
28766
28767
28768
28769
28770
28771
28772
28773
28774
28775
28776
28777
28778
28779
28780
28781
28782
28783
28784
28785
28786
28787
28788
28789
28790
28791
28792
28793
28794
28795
28796
28797
28798
28799
28800
28801
28802
28803
28804
28805
28806
28807
28808
28809
28810
28811
28812
28813
28814
28815
28816
28817
28818
28819
28820
28821
28822
28823
28824
28825
28826
28827
28828
28829
28830
28831
28832
28833
28834
28835
28836
28837
28838
28839
28840
28841
28842
28843
28844
28845
28846
28847
28848
28849
28850
28851
28852
28853
28854
28855
28856
28857
28858
28859
28860
28861
28862
28863
28864
28865
28866
28867
28868
28869
28870
28871
28872
28873
28874
28875
28876
28877
28878
28879
28880
28881
28882
28883
28884
28885
28886
28887
28888
28889
28890
28891
28892
28893
28894
28895
28896
28897
28898
28899
28900
28901
28902
28903
28904
28905
28906
28907
28908
28909
28910
28911
28912
28913
28914
28915
28916
28917
28918
28919
28920
28921
28922
28923
28924
28925
28926
28927
28928
28929
28930
28931
28932
28933
28934
28935
28936
28937
28938
28939
28940
28941
28942
28943
28944
28945
28946
28947
28948
28949
28950
28951
28952
28953
28954
28955
28956
28957
28958
28959
28960
28961
28962
28963
28964
28965
28966
28967
28968
28969
28970
28971
28972
28973
28974
28975
28976
28977
28978
28979
28980
28981
28982
28983
28984
28985
28986
28987
28988
28989
28990
28991
28992
28993
28994
28995
28996
28997
28998
28999
29000
29001
29002
29003
29004
29005
29006
29007
29008
29009
29010
29011
29012
29013
29014
29015
29016
29017
29018
29019
29020
29021
29022
29023
29024
29025
29026
29027
29028
29029
29030
29031
29032
29033
29034
29035
29036
29037
29038
29039
29040
29041
29042
29043
29044
29045
29046
29047
29048
29049
29050
29051
29052
29053
29054
29055
29056
29057
29058
29059
29060
29061
29062
29063
29064
29065
29066
29067
29068
29069
29070
29071
29072
29073
29074
29075
29076
29077
29078
29079
29080
29081
29082
29083
29084
29085
29086
29087
29088
29089
29090
29091
29092
29093
29094
29095
29096
29097
29098
29099
29100
29101
29102
29103
29104
29105
29106
29107
29108
29109
29110
29111
29112
29113
29114
29115
29116
29117
29118
29119
29120
29121
29122
29123
29124
29125
29126
29127
29128
29129
29130
29131
29132
29133
29134
29135
29136
29137
29138
29139
29140
29141
29142
29143
29144
29145
29146
29147
29148
29149
29150
29151
29152
29153
29154
29155
29156
29157
29158
29159
29160
29161
29162
29163
29164
29165
29166
29167
29168
29169
29170
29171
29172
29173
29174
29175
29176
29177
29178
29179
29180
29181
29182
29183
29184
29185
29186
29187
29188
29189
29190
29191
29192
29193
29194
29195
29196
29197
29198
29199
29200
29201
29202
29203
29204
29205
29206
29207
29208
29209
29210
29211
29212
29213
29214
29215
29216
29217
29218
29219
29220
29221
29222
29223
29224
29225
29226
29227
29228
29229
29230
29231
29232
29233
29234
29235
29236
29237
29238
29239
29240
29241
29242
29243
29244
29245
29246
29247
29248
29249
29250
29251
29252
29253
29254
29255
29256
29257
29258
29259
29260
29261
29262
29263
29264
29265
29266
29267
29268
29269
29270
29271
29272
29273
29274
29275
29276
29277
29278
29279
29280
29281
29282
29283
29284
29285
29286
29287
29288
29289
29290
29291
29292
29293
29294
29295
29296
29297
29298
29299
29300
29301
29302
29303
29304
29305
29306
29307
29308
29309
29310
29311
29312
29313
29314
29315
29316
29317
29318
29319
29320
29321
29322
29323
29324
29325
29326
29327
29328
29329
29330
29331
29332
29333
29334
29335
29336
29337
29338
29339
29340
29341
29342
29343
29344
29345
29346
29347
29348
29349
29350
29351
29352
29353
29354
29355
29356
29357
29358
29359
29360
29361
29362
29363
29364
29365
29366
29367
29368
29369
29370
29371
29372
29373
29374
29375
29376
29377
29378
29379
29380
29381
29382
29383
29384
29385
29386
29387
29388
29389
29390
29391
29392
29393
29394
29395
29396
29397
29398
29399
29400
29401
29402
29403
29404
29405
29406
29407
29408
29409
29410
29411
29412
29413
29414
29415
29416
29417
29418
29419
29420
29421
29422
29423
29424
29425
29426
29427
29428
29429
29430
29431
29432
29433
29434
29435
29436
29437
29438
29439
29440
29441
29442
29443
29444
29445
29446
29447
29448
29449
29450
29451
29452
29453
29454
29455
29456
29457
29458
29459
29460
29461
29462
29463
29464
29465
29466
29467
29468
29469
29470
29471
29472
29473
29474
29475
29476
29477
29478
29479
29480
29481
29482
29483
29484
29485
29486
29487
29488
29489
29490
29491
29492
29493
29494
29495
29496
29497
29498
29499
29500
29501
29502
29503
29504
29505
29506
29507
29508
29509
29510
29511
29512
29513
29514
29515
29516
29517
29518
29519
29520
29521
29522
29523
29524
29525
29526
29527
29528
29529
29530
29531
29532
29533
29534
29535
29536
29537
29538
29539
29540
29541
29542
29543
29544
29545
29546
29547
29548
29549
29550
29551
29552
29553
29554
29555
29556
29557
29558
29559
29560
29561
29562
29563
29564
29565
29566
29567
29568
29569
29570
29571
29572
29573
29574
29575
29576
29577
29578
29579
29580
29581
29582
29583
29584
29585
29586
29587
29588
29589
29590
29591
29592
29593
29594
29595
29596
29597
29598
29599
29600
29601
29602
29603
29604
29605
29606
29607
29608
29609
29610
29611
29612
29613
29614
29615
29616
29617
29618
29619
29620
29621
29622
29623
29624
29625
29626
29627
29628
29629
29630
29631
29632
29633
29634
29635
29636
29637
29638
29639
29640
29641
29642
29643
29644
29645
29646
29647
29648
29649
29650
29651
29652
29653
29654
29655
29656
29657
29658
29659
29660
29661
29662
29663
29664
29665
29666
29667
29668
29669
29670
29671
29672
29673
29674
29675
29676
29677
29678
29679
29680
29681
29682
29683
29684
29685
29686
29687
29688
29689
29690
29691
29692
29693
29694
29695
29696
29697
29698
29699
29700
29701
29702
29703
29704
29705
29706
29707
29708
29709
29710
29711
29712
29713
29714
29715
29716
29717
29718
29719
29720
29721
29722
29723
29724
29725
29726
29727
29728
29729
29730
29731
29732
29733
29734
29735
29736
29737
29738
29739
29740
29741
29742
29743
29744
29745
29746
29747
29748
29749
29750
29751
29752
29753
29754
29755
29756
29757
29758
29759
29760
29761
29762
29763
29764
29765
29766
29767
29768
29769
29770
29771
29772
29773
29774
29775
29776
29777
29778
29779
29780
29781
29782
29783
29784
29785
29786
29787
29788
29789
29790
29791
29792
29793
29794
29795
29796
29797
29798
29799
29800
29801
29802
29803
29804
29805
29806
29807
29808
29809
29810
29811
29812
29813
29814
29815
29816
29817
29818
29819
29820
29821
29822
29823
29824
29825
29826
29827
29828
29829
29830
29831
29832
29833
29834
29835
29836
29837
29838
29839
29840
29841
29842
29843
29844
29845
29846
29847
29848
29849
29850
29851
29852
29853
29854
29855
29856
29857
29858
29859
29860
29861
29862
29863
29864
29865
29866
29867
29868
29869
29870
29871
29872
29873
29874
29875
29876
29877
29878
29879
29880
29881
29882
29883
29884
29885
29886
29887
29888
29889
29890
29891
29892
29893
29894
29895
29896
29897
29898
29899
29900
29901
29902
29903
29904
29905
29906
29907
29908
29909
29910
29911
29912
29913
29914
29915
29916
29917
29918
29919
29920
29921
29922
29923
29924
29925
29926
29927
29928
29929
29930
29931
29932
29933
29934
29935
29936
29937
29938
29939
29940
29941
29942
29943
29944
29945
29946
29947
29948
29949
29950
29951
29952
29953
29954
29955
29956
29957
29958
29959
29960
29961
29962
29963
29964
29965
29966
29967
29968
29969
29970
29971
29972
29973
29974
29975
29976
29977
29978
29979
29980
29981
29982
29983
29984
29985
29986
29987
29988
29989
29990
29991
29992
29993
29994
29995
29996
29997
29998
29999
30000
30001
30002
30003
30004
30005
30006
30007
30008
30009
30010
30011
30012
30013
30014
30015
30016
30017
30018
30019
30020
30021
30022
30023
30024
30025
30026
30027
30028
30029
30030
30031
30032
30033
30034
30035
30036
30037
30038
30039
30040
30041
30042
30043
30044
30045
30046
30047
30048
30049
30050
30051
30052
30053
30054
30055
30056
30057
30058
30059
30060
30061
30062
30063
30064
30065
30066
30067
30068
30069
30070
30071
30072
30073
30074
30075
30076
30077
30078
30079
30080
30081
30082
30083
30084
30085
30086
30087
30088
30089
30090
30091
30092
30093
30094
30095
30096
30097
30098
30099
30100
30101
30102
30103
30104
30105
30106
30107
30108
30109
30110
30111
30112
30113
30114
30115
30116
30117
30118
30119
30120
30121
30122
30123
30124
30125
30126
30127
30128
30129
30130
30131
30132
30133
30134
30135
30136
30137
30138
30139
30140
30141
30142
30143
30144
30145
30146
30147
30148
30149
30150
30151
30152
30153
30154
30155
30156
30157
30158
30159
30160
30161
30162
30163
30164
30165
30166
30167
30168
30169
30170
30171
30172
30173
30174
30175
30176
30177
30178
30179
30180
30181
30182
30183
30184
30185
30186
30187
30188
30189
30190
30191
30192
30193
30194
30195
30196
30197
30198
30199
30200
30201
30202
30203
30204
30205
30206
30207
30208
30209
30210
30211
30212
30213
30214
30215
30216
30217
30218
30219
30220
30221
30222
30223
30224
30225
30226
30227
30228
30229
30230
30231
30232
30233
30234
30235
30236
30237
30238
30239
30240
30241
30242
30243
30244
30245
30246
30247
30248
30249
30250
30251
30252
30253
30254
30255
30256
30257
30258
30259
30260
30261
30262
30263
30264
30265
30266
30267
30268
30269
30270
30271
30272
30273
30274
30275
30276
30277
30278
30279
30280
30281
30282
30283
30284
30285
30286
30287
30288
30289
30290
30291
30292
30293
30294
30295
30296
30297
30298
30299
30300
30301
30302
30303
30304
30305
30306
30307
30308
30309
30310
30311
30312
30313
30314
30315
30316
30317
30318
30319
30320
30321
30322
30323
30324
30325
30326
30327
30328
30329
30330
30331
30332
30333
30334
30335
30336
30337
30338
30339
30340
30341
30342
30343
30344
30345
30346
30347
30348
30349
30350
30351
30352
30353
30354
30355
30356
30357
30358
30359
30360
30361
30362
30363
30364
30365
30366
30367
30368
30369
30370
30371
30372
30373
30374
30375
30376
30377
30378
30379
30380
30381
30382
30383
30384
30385
30386
30387
30388
30389
30390
30391
30392
30393
30394
30395
30396
30397
30398
30399
30400
30401
30402
30403
30404
30405
30406
30407
30408
30409
30410
30411
30412
30413
30414
30415
30416
30417
30418
30419
30420
30421
30422
30423
30424
30425
30426
30427
30428
30429
30430
30431
30432
30433
30434
30435
30436
30437
30438
30439
30440
30441
30442
30443
30444
30445
30446
30447
30448
30449
30450
30451
30452
30453
30454
30455
30456
30457
30458
30459
30460
30461
30462
30463
30464
30465
30466
30467
30468
30469
30470
30471
30472
30473
30474
30475
30476
30477
30478
30479
30480
30481
30482
30483
30484
30485
30486
30487
30488
30489
30490
30491
30492
30493
30494
30495
30496
30497
30498
30499
30500
30501
30502
30503
30504
30505
30506
30507
30508
30509
30510
30511
30512
30513
30514
30515
30516
30517
30518
30519
30520
30521
30522
30523
30524
30525
30526
30527
30528
30529
30530
30531
30532
30533
30534
30535
30536
30537
30538
30539
30540
30541
30542
30543
30544
30545
30546
30547
30548
30549
30550
30551
30552
30553
30554
30555
30556
30557
30558
30559
30560
30561
30562
30563
30564
30565
30566
30567
30568
30569
30570
30571
30572
30573
30574
30575
30576
30577
30578
30579
30580
30581
30582
30583
30584
30585
30586
30587
30588
30589
30590
30591
30592
30593
30594
30595
30596
30597
30598
30599
30600
30601
30602
30603
30604
30605
30606
30607
30608
30609
30610
30611
30612
30613
30614
30615
30616
30617
30618
30619
30620
30621
30622
30623
30624
30625
30626
30627
30628
30629
30630
30631
30632
30633
30634
30635
30636
30637
30638
30639
30640
30641
30642
30643
30644
30645
30646
30647
30648
30649
30650
30651
30652
30653
30654
30655
30656
30657
30658
30659
30660
30661
30662
30663
30664
30665
30666
30667
30668
30669
30670
30671
30672
30673
30674
30675
30676
30677
30678
30679
30680
30681
30682
30683
30684
30685
30686
30687
30688
30689
30690
30691
30692
30693
30694
30695
30696
30697
30698
30699
30700
30701
30702
30703
30704
30705
30706
30707
30708
30709
30710
30711
30712
30713
30714
30715
30716
30717
30718
30719
30720
30721
30722
30723
30724
30725
30726
30727
30728
30729
30730
30731
30732
30733
30734
30735
30736
30737
30738
30739
30740
30741
30742
30743
30744
30745
30746
30747
30748
30749
30750
30751
30752
30753
30754
30755
30756
30757
30758
30759
30760
30761
30762
30763
30764
30765
30766
30767
30768
30769
30770
30771
30772
30773
30774
30775
30776
30777
30778
30779
30780
30781
30782
30783
30784
30785
30786
30787
30788
30789
30790
30791
30792
30793
30794
30795
30796
30797
30798
30799
30800
30801
30802
30803
30804
30805
30806
30807
30808
30809
30810
30811
30812
30813
30814
30815
30816
30817
30818
30819
30820
30821
30822
30823
30824
30825
30826
30827
30828
30829
30830
30831
30832
30833
30834
30835
30836
30837
30838
30839
30840
30841
30842
30843
30844
30845
30846
30847
30848
30849
30850
30851
30852
30853
30854
30855
30856
30857
30858
30859
30860
30861
30862
30863
30864
30865
30866
30867
30868
30869
30870
30871
30872
30873
30874
30875
30876
30877
30878
30879
30880
30881
30882
30883
30884
30885
30886
30887
30888
30889
30890
30891
30892
30893
30894
30895
30896
30897
30898
30899
30900
30901
30902
30903
30904
30905
30906
30907
30908
30909
30910
30911
30912
30913
30914
30915
30916
30917
30918
30919
30920
30921
30922
30923
30924
30925
30926
30927
30928
30929
30930
30931
30932
30933
30934
30935
30936
30937
30938
30939
30940
30941
30942
30943
30944
30945
30946
30947
30948
30949
30950
30951
30952
30953
30954
30955
30956
30957
30958
30959
30960
30961
30962
30963
30964
30965
30966
30967
30968
30969
30970
30971
30972
30973
30974
30975
30976
30977
30978
30979
30980
30981
30982
30983
30984
30985
30986
30987
30988
30989
30990
30991
30992
30993
30994
30995
30996
30997
30998
30999
31000
31001
31002
31003
31004
31005
31006
31007
31008
31009
31010
31011
31012
31013
31014
31015
31016
31017
31018
31019
31020
31021
31022
31023
31024
31025
31026
31027
31028
31029
31030
31031
31032
31033
31034
31035
31036
31037
31038
31039
31040
31041
31042
31043
31044
31045
31046
31047
31048
31049
31050
31051
31052
31053
31054
31055
31056
31057
31058
31059
31060
31061
31062
31063
31064
31065
31066
31067
31068
31069
31070
31071
31072
31073
31074
31075
31076
31077
31078
31079
31080
31081
31082
31083
31084
31085
31086
31087
31088
31089
31090
31091
31092
31093
31094
31095
31096
31097
31098
31099
31100
31101
31102
31103
31104
31105
31106
31107
31108
31109
31110
31111
31112
31113
31114
31115
31116
31117
31118
31119
31120
31121
31122
31123
31124
31125
31126
31127
31128
31129
31130
31131
31132
31133
31134
31135
31136
31137
31138
31139
31140
31141
31142
31143
31144
31145
31146
31147
31148
31149
31150
31151
31152
31153
31154
31155
31156
31157
31158
31159
31160
31161
31162
31163
31164
31165
31166
31167
31168
31169
31170
31171
31172
31173
31174
31175
31176
31177
31178
31179
31180
31181
31182
31183
31184
31185
31186
31187
31188
31189
31190
31191
31192
31193
31194
31195
31196
31197
31198
31199
31200
31201
31202
31203
31204
31205
31206
31207
31208
31209
31210
31211
31212
31213
31214
31215
31216
31217
31218
31219
31220
31221
31222
31223
31224
31225
31226
31227
31228
31229
31230
31231
31232
31233
31234
31235
31236
31237
31238
31239
31240
31241
31242
31243
31244
31245
31246
31247
31248
31249
31250
31251
31252
31253
31254
31255
31256
31257
31258
31259
31260
31261
31262
31263
31264
31265
31266
31267
31268
31269
31270
31271
31272
31273
31274
31275
31276
31277
31278
31279
31280
31281
31282
31283
31284
31285
31286
31287
31288
31289
31290
31291
31292
31293
31294
31295
31296
31297
31298
31299
31300
31301
31302
31303
31304
31305
31306
31307
31308
31309
31310
31311
31312
31313
31314
31315
31316
31317
31318
31319
31320
31321
31322
31323
31324
31325
31326
31327
31328
31329
31330
31331
31332
31333
31334
31335
31336
31337
31338
31339
31340
31341
31342
31343
31344
31345
31346
31347
31348
31349
31350
31351
31352
31353
31354
31355
31356
31357
31358
31359
31360
31361
31362
31363
31364
31365
31366
31367
31368
31369
31370
31371
31372
31373
31374
31375
31376
31377
31378
31379
31380
31381
31382
31383
31384
31385
31386
31387
31388
31389
31390
31391
31392
31393
31394
31395
31396
31397
31398
31399
31400
31401
31402
31403
31404
31405
31406
31407
31408
31409
31410
31411
31412
31413
31414
31415
31416
31417
31418
31419
31420
31421
31422
31423
31424
31425
31426
31427
31428
31429
31430
31431
31432
31433
31434
31435
31436
31437
31438
31439
31440
31441
31442
31443
31444
31445
31446
31447
31448
31449
31450
31451
31452
31453
31454
31455
31456
31457
31458
31459
31460
31461
31462
31463
31464
31465
31466
31467
31468
31469
31470
31471
31472
31473
31474
31475
31476
31477
31478
31479
31480
31481
31482
31483
31484
31485
31486
31487
31488
31489
31490
31491
31492
31493
31494
31495
31496
31497
31498
31499
31500
31501
31502
31503
31504
31505
31506
31507
31508
31509
31510
31511
31512
31513
31514
31515
31516
31517
31518
31519
31520
31521
31522
31523
31524
31525
31526
31527
31528
31529
31530
31531
31532
31533
31534
31535
31536
31537
31538
31539
31540
31541
31542
31543
31544
31545
31546
31547
31548
31549
31550
31551
31552
31553
31554
31555
31556
31557
31558
31559
31560
31561
31562
31563
31564
31565
31566
31567
31568
31569
31570
31571
31572
31573
31574
31575
31576
31577
31578
31579
31580
31581
31582
31583
31584
31585
31586
31587
31588
31589
31590
31591
31592
31593
31594
31595
31596
31597
31598
31599
31600
31601
31602
31603
31604
31605
31606
31607
31608
31609
31610
31611
31612
31613
31614
31615
31616
31617
31618
31619
31620
31621
31622
31623
31624
31625
31626
31627
31628
31629
31630
31631
31632
31633
31634
31635
31636
31637
31638
31639
31640
31641
31642
31643
31644
31645
31646
31647
31648
31649
31650
31651
31652
31653
31654
31655
31656
31657
31658
31659
31660
31661
31662
31663
31664
31665
31666
31667
31668
31669
31670
31671
31672
31673
31674
31675
31676
31677
31678
31679
31680
31681
31682
31683
31684
31685
31686
31687
31688
31689
31690
31691
31692
31693
31694
31695
31696
31697
31698
31699
31700
31701
31702
31703
31704
31705
31706
31707
31708
31709
31710
31711
31712
31713
31714
31715
31716
31717
31718
31719
31720
31721
31722
31723
31724
31725
31726
31727
31728
31729
31730
31731
31732
31733
31734
31735
31736
31737
31738
31739
31740
31741
31742
31743
31744
31745
31746
31747
31748
31749
31750
31751
31752
31753
31754
31755
31756
31757
31758
31759
31760
31761
31762
31763
31764
31765
31766
31767
31768
31769
31770
31771
31772
31773
31774
31775
31776
31777
31778
31779
31780
31781
31782
31783
31784
31785
31786
31787
31788
31789
31790
31791
31792
31793
31794
31795
31796
31797
31798
31799
31800
31801
31802
31803
31804
31805
31806
31807
31808
31809
31810
31811
31812
31813
31814
31815
31816
31817
31818
31819
31820
31821
31822
31823
31824
31825
31826
31827
31828
31829
31830
31831
31832
31833
31834
31835
31836
31837
31838
31839
31840
31841
31842
31843
31844
31845
31846
31847
31848
31849
31850
31851
31852
31853
31854
31855
31856
31857
31858
31859
31860
31861
31862
31863
31864
31865
31866
31867
31868
31869
31870
31871
31872
31873
31874
31875
31876
31877
31878
31879
31880
31881
31882
31883
31884
31885
31886
31887
31888
31889
31890
31891
31892
31893
31894
31895
31896
31897
31898
31899
31900
31901
31902
31903
31904
31905
31906
31907
31908
31909
31910
31911
31912
31913
31914
31915
31916
31917
31918
31919
31920
31921
31922
31923
31924
31925
31926
31927
31928
31929
31930
31931
31932
31933
31934
31935
31936
31937
31938
31939
31940
31941
31942
31943
31944
31945
31946
31947
31948
31949
31950
31951
31952
31953
31954
31955
31956
31957
31958
31959
31960
31961
31962
31963
31964
31965
31966
31967
31968
31969
31970
31971
31972
31973
31974
31975
31976
31977
31978
31979
31980
31981
31982
31983
31984
31985
31986
31987
31988
31989
31990
31991
31992
31993
31994
31995
31996
31997
31998
31999
32000
32001
32002
32003
32004
32005
32006
32007
32008
32009
32010
32011
32012
32013
32014
32015
32016
32017
32018
32019
32020
32021
32022
32023
32024
32025
32026
32027
32028
32029
32030
32031
32032
32033
32034
32035
32036
32037
32038
32039
32040
32041
32042
32043
32044
32045
32046
32047
32048
32049
32050
32051
32052
32053
32054
32055
32056
32057
32058
32059
32060
32061
32062
32063
32064
32065
32066
32067
32068
32069
32070
32071
32072
32073
32074
32075
32076
32077
32078
32079
32080
32081
32082
32083
32084
32085
32086
32087
32088
32089
32090
32091
32092
32093
32094
32095
32096
32097
32098
32099
32100
32101
32102
32103
32104
32105
32106
32107
32108
32109
32110
32111
32112
32113
32114
32115
32116
32117
32118
32119
32120
32121
32122
32123
32124
32125
32126
32127
32128
32129
32130
32131
32132
32133
32134
32135
32136
32137
32138
32139
32140
32141
32142
32143
32144
32145
32146
32147
32148
32149
32150
32151
32152
32153
32154
32155
32156
32157
32158
32159
32160
32161
32162
32163
32164
32165
32166
32167
32168
32169
32170
32171
32172
32173
32174
32175
32176
32177
32178
32179
32180
32181
32182
32183
32184
32185
32186
32187
32188
32189
32190
32191
32192
32193
32194
32195
32196
32197
32198
32199
32200
32201
32202
32203
32204
32205
32206
32207
32208
32209
32210
32211
32212
32213
32214
32215
32216
32217
32218
32219
32220
32221
32222
32223
32224
32225
32226
32227
32228
32229
32230
32231
32232
32233
32234
32235
32236
32237
32238
32239
32240
32241
32242
32243
32244
32245
32246
32247
32248
32249
32250
32251
32252
32253
32254
32255
32256
32257
32258
32259
32260
32261
32262
32263
32264
32265
32266
32267
32268
32269
32270
32271
32272
32273
32274
32275
32276
32277
32278
32279
32280
32281
32282
32283
32284
32285
32286
32287
32288
32289
32290
32291
32292
32293
32294
32295
32296
32297
32298
32299
32300
32301
32302
32303
32304
32305
32306
32307
32308
32309
32310
32311
32312
32313
32314
32315
32316
32317
32318
32319
32320
32321
32322
32323
32324
32325
32326
32327
32328
32329
32330
32331
32332
32333
32334
32335
32336
32337
32338
32339
32340
32341
32342
32343
32344
32345
32346
32347
32348
32349
32350
32351
32352
32353
32354
32355
32356
32357
32358
32359
32360
32361
32362
32363
32364
32365
32366
32367
32368
32369
32370
32371
32372
32373
32374
32375
32376
32377
32378
32379
32380
32381
32382
32383
32384
32385
32386
32387
32388
32389
32390
32391
32392
32393
32394
32395
32396
32397
32398
32399

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
  <head>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
  <title>
  The Legislative Manual of the State of Colorado, by Thomas B. Corbett, a Project Gutenberg eBook.
  </title>
  <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
  <style type="text/css">

a {text-decoration: none;}
a:visited {color: gray;}
.i0 {padding-left: 6em; text-indent: -6em;}
.i2 {padding-left: 1em;}
.i4 {padding-left: 2em;}
.i8 {padding-left: 4em;}

.nowrap {
  white-space: nowrap;
}

small {
  font-size: small;
}

body {
  padding: 4px;
  margin: auto 10%;
}

p {
  text-align: justify;
}

.small {
  font-size: small;
}

.medium {
  font-size: medium;
}

.large {
  font-size: large;
}

.x-large {
  font-size: x-large;
}

.xx-large {
  font-size: xx-large;
}

h1, h2 {
  page-break-before: always;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {
  text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
  font-weight: normal;
  clear: both;
  margin: 2em auto 1em auto;
}

table .author {
  float: right;
  display: table-cell;
  text-align: right;
  margin-left: 3em;
}

.author {
  display: block;
  text-align: right;
  margin: auto 5%;
}

.hang {
  text-indent: -2em;
  padding-left: 2em;
}

hr {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 0.5em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  border-style: inset;
  border-width: 1px;
}

hr.tb  {
  width: 45%; margin: 2em 27.5%; clear: both;
}

hr.chap {
  width: 65%; margin: 2em 17.5%; clear: both;
}

/* Tables */
td.i4 {padding-left: 5em; text-indent: -2em;}

th {
  font-weight: normal;}

.col2 td {
  text-align: right;
  text-indent: -1em;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
}

.col2 td:first-child {
  text-align: left;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
}

.col3 td {
  max-width: 50%;
  text-indent: -1em;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
}

.col4 td:first-child {
  text-align: right;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
}

.col4 td {max-width: 50%;
  text-indent: -1em;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
  vertical-align: top;
}

#state  {
  font-size: small;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 1px gray solid;
}

#state th {
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 1px gray solid;
}

#state td {
  text-align: right;
  text-indent: -1em;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 1px gray solid;
}

#state td:first-child {
  text-align: left;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
}

#states  {
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 1px gray solid;
}

#states th {
  font-size: small;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 1px gray solid;
}

#states td.tdr {
  vertical-align: middle;
  text-align: right;
  text-indent: -1em;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
  padding-right: 1em;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: 1px gray solid;
}

#states td:first-child {
  text-align: left;
  padding-left: 1.5em;
}

#chrono td:first-child {
  vertical-align: top;
}

#chrono .i0 {
  text-indent: 0;
  padding-left: 0.5em;
}

.table {
  display: table;
  margin: auto;
}

.tcell {
  display: table-cell;
}

.trow {
  display: table-row;
}

table {
  margin: 2em auto;
}

th {
  padding: 5px;
}

.tdr {
  vertical-align: top;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-align: right;
}

.tdc {
  text-align: center;
}

.bbox {
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border: solid 2px;
}

.bbox td {
  border: solid 1px}

.bbox th {
  border: solid 1px;
}

/* End Tables */

.copy {
  font-size: small;
  text-align: center;
}

.smcap {
  font-style: normal;
  font-variant: small-caps;
}

.caption  {
  text-align: center}

/* Images */
img {
  border: none;
  max-width: 100%;
}

.figcenter  {
  clear: both;
  margin: 2em auto;
  display: table;
}

.figleft {
  float: left;
  clear: left;
  margin: 0 10px 0 0;
}

/* Footnotes */
.footnotes {
  margin: 2em auto;
  border: 1px solid #004200;
}

.fnanchor {
  font-size: 60%;
  vertical-align: baseline;
  position: relative;
  top: -0.4em;
  text-decoration: none;
  white-space: nowrap;
}  /* keeps footnote on same line as referenced text */

.footnote p:first-child {
  text-indent: -2.5em;
}

.footnote p {
  margin: 1em;
  padding-left: 2.5em;
}

.label {
  width: 2em;
  display: inline-block;
  text-align: right;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
  /*  visibility: hidden;  */
  color: #004200;
  position: absolute;
  right: 5px;
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-size: small;
  text-align: right;
} /* page numbers */

/* Transcriber's notes */
.transnote {
  background-color: #E6E6FA;
  border: #004200 solid 1px;
  color: black;
  margin: 2em auto;
  padding: 1em;
}

@media handheld {

  table .author {
    float: right;
    display: table-cell;
    text-align: right;
    margin-left: 3em;
  }
}

  </style>
  </head>
<body>


<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57783 ***</div>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">i</span></p>

<h1>
<span class="medium">THE</span><br />

<span class="smcap">Legislative Manual</span>,<br />

<small>&mdash;OF THE&mdash;</small><br />

<span class="large">STATE OF COLORADO,</span><br />

<small>&mdash;COMPRISING&mdash;</small><br />

<span class="medium table">THE HISTORY OF COLORADO, ANNALS OF THE LEGISLATURE,<br />
MANUAL OF CUSTOMS, PRECEDENTS AND FORMS, RULES<br />
OF PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE, AND THE CONSTITUTIONS<br />
OF THE UNITED STATES AND<br />
THE STATE OF COLORADO.</span><br />

<small>&mdash;ALSO&mdash;</small><br />

<span class="medium table">CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF AMERICAN HISTORY, LISTS AND<br />
TABLES FOR REFERENCE, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC.</span><br />

<span class="large"><i>THOMAS B. CORBETT.</i></span><br />

<span class="medium">FIRST EDITION.</span><br />

<span class="medium table">DENVER, COLORADO.<br />
DENVER TIMES PUBLISHING HOUSE AND BINDERY.<br />
<small>1877.</small></span><br />
</h1>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p>

<p class="copy">
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1877,<br />
<span class="smcap">By Thomas B. Corbett</span>,<br />
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2>

<p>The first edition of the <span class="smcap">Colorado Legislative Manual</span> is
herewith presented. While designed for the use of the General Assembly,
it cannot fail to interest all classes&mdash;the lawyer, the merchant,
the aspirant after political honors, and even the young who are ripening
into manhood and soon to share its grave responsibilities. It contains
information which cannot be elsewhere acquired without a great expenditure
of time and patience, in the examination of records, the reconciliation
of numerous discrepancies, the supplement of omissions and
the correction of errors. The pre-State history is necessarily brief.
Sketches of prominent characters, and comments on events and the
acts of individuals are not introduced, for the reason that the period
of the narrative should be removed some distance from the present age
to secure the historian from undue prejudice and partiality. The settlement
of Colorado, now a flourishing State, began scarcely twenty
years ago. A sense of propriety, therefore, demands that only a plain,
accurate and truthful statement be made of what occurred in connection
with that settlement. In the preparation of the Legislative Annals,
much labor and care have been expended. The Annals are as complete
and correct as it was possible to make them, considering the removals
of members from the Territory, the inaccuracy of the records
and the imperfection of the journals. To the novice in legislation, the
Manual of Customs, Precedents and Forms will prove of great value.
I have sought, and indeed have spared no pains nor expense, to make
this an improvement upon all other Legislative Manuals yet published.</p>

<p>This Manual will be published <i>biennially</i> with such changes as circumstances
may require, and such improvements as experience may
suggest. That I am anxious to receive the commendation of an appreciative
public, I do not deny, and hope that their fullest sympathy with
my effort in this direction will be freely accorded. It is a satisfaction
to know, and should beget a praiseworthy pride, that Colorado is not
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span>
behind any of the oldest, most populous and wealthy States in the
character, style and completeness of this publication.</p>

<p>It gives me great pleasure to confess, that from the inception to
the completion of this work, I have received much kind and cordial
assistance. My warmest thanks and acknowledgments are extended
to Robert Berry and William W. Webster, experienced legislators,
for their good offices and valuable help. The courtesies of Judge
Amos Steck, whose memory of facts, dates and persons deserves special
mention, and the kindness of O. J. Goldrick, editor and proprietor
of the <i>Rocky Mountain Herald</i>, are here gratefully acknowledged.</p>

<p>Trusting that this work will meet the expectations of the General
Assembly, and State at large, I respectfully submit it to their judgment.</p>

<p class="author">
T. B. C.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">History of Colorado</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdr"><small>PAGE.</small></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">History from early settlement to present time</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">33</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ORGANIC_ACT">Organic Act of Territory</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">44</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Amendments_to_Organic_Act">Amendments to Organic Act</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">51</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Enabling_Act">Enabling Act</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">63</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Constitution_of_Colorado">Constitution of Colorado</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">68</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Presidents_Proclamation">President’s Proclamation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">120</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Analytical_Table_of_Contents">Analytical Table of Contents</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CONSTITUTION_OF_UNITED_STATES">Constitution</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">124</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION">Amendments</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">136</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Manual of Parliamentary Practice</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#INDEX_TO_MANUAL_OF_PARLIAMENTARY_PRACTICE">Index</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#MANUAL_OF_PARLIAMENTARY_PRACTICE">Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">140</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Legislative Assemblies</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#TERRITORIAL_GOVERNMENT">Members and officers of the Legislative Assemblies under Territorial government</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">212</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CONST_CONV_1865">Members of the Constitutional Convention of 1865</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">225</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#LEG_ASSMBLY_1865">Members of Legislative Assembly of 1865</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">226</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CONST_CONV_1875">Members of the Constitutional Convention of 1875-76</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">227</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#MEM_FRST_LEG">Members of the first State Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">228</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#LNGTHS_LEG_SESS">Table showing the length of the several sessions of the Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">230</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Territorial and State Officers</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#TERRITORIAL_OFFICERS">Territorial officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">231</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Delegates_to_Congress">Delegates to Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">232</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#STATE_OFFICERS">State officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">233</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#JUDGES_OF_SUPREME_COURT">Judges of Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">233</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#UNITED_STATES_SENATORS_AND_REPRESENTATIVE">United States Senators and Representative</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">233</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#PRESIDENTIAL_ELECTORS">Presidential Electors</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">234</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#OFFICIAL_VOTE_FOR_STATE_OFFICERS">Official vote for State officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">235</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Legislative Department</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CUSTOMS_PRECEDENTS_AND_FORMS">Manual of Customs, Precedents and Forms</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">236</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#RULES_AND_ORDERS_OF_SENATE">Rules and Orders of Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">254</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#RULES_AND_ORDERS_OF_THE_HOUSE">Rules and Orders of House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">261</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#JOINT_RULES_OF_THE_SENATE_AND_HOUSE">Joint Rules of Senate and House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">269<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CHRONOLOGICAL_TABLE"><span class="smcap">Chronological Table</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">271</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">United States Government</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#UNITED_STATES_GOVERNMENT">The Executive, Cabinet and Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">295</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#UNITED_STATES_ARMY_ORGANIZATION">United States Army Organization</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">295</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#FORTY_FOURTH_CONGRESS">Members of the Forty-fourth Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">296</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#FORTY_FIFTH_CONGRESS">Members of the Forty-fifth Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">301</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#PRESIDENTS_AND_VICE_PRESIDENTS">Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">307</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#STATES_AND_TERRITORIES_OF_THE_UNION">States and Territories of the Union, Capitals, Governors, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">308</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#DIPLOMATIC_OFFICERS_OF_UNITED_STATES">Diplomatic officers of the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">312</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a href="#FOREIGN_GOVERNMENTS"><span class="smcap">Foreign Governments</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">310</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a href="#POST_OFFICES_IN_COLORADO"><span class="smcap">Post Offices in Colorado</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">313</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Counties of Colorado</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Area_population_and_valuation">Area, population and valuation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">316</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Biographical Sketches</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Congressional_Delegation">Congressional Delegation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">317</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#THE_EXECUTIVE_OFFICERS">Executive officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">319</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Senators">Senators</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">323</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#HOUSE_OF_REPRESENTATIVES">Representatives</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">332</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2>HISTORY OF COLORADO.</h2>

<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h3>

<p>Cession of Louisiana Province and Territorial purchase from
Mexico&mdash;expedition of Coronado&mdash;United States expedition to examine
Louisiana Province&mdash;brief history of Kansas to 1861&mdash;first discovery
of Gold&mdash;trains of prospectors&mdash;first settlements in Colorado&mdash;early
attempts to organize a Territory and State&mdash;first representative
to Kansas Legislature&mdash;visit of Horace Greeley&mdash;Provisional Territorial
government organized&mdash;people’s courts and miners’ courts&mdash;condition
of affairs in 1860&mdash;pony express and other events of 1860&mdash;Territory
of Colorado organized.&mdash;Pages 33-43.</p>

<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.&mdash;ORGANIC ACT.</a></h3>

<p>Boundaries&mdash;Governor, Secretary, their duties and term of office&mdash;Legislature&mdash;suffrage&mdash;judicial
power&mdash;election of delegate&mdash;Surveyor-General
to be appointed.</p>

<h3><a href="#Amendments_to_Organic_Act">AMENDMENTS TO ORGANIC ACT.</a></h3>

<p>To provide a temporary government&mdash;to regulate the elective
franchise&mdash;in regard to appropriations&mdash;compensation of members and
officers of legislature.&mdash;Pages 44-56.</p>

<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h3>

<p>Provisional government ends&mdash;federal officers arrive&mdash;Territorial
government established&mdash;events of 1862&mdash;events of 1863&mdash;events of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span>
1864&mdash;Indians punished by Col. Chivington&mdash;renewal of Indian hostilities
in 1865&mdash;attempt to organize a State&mdash;events of 1866&mdash;events of
1867&mdash;railroads and colonies&mdash;temporary division of Republican party
in Colorado&mdash;enabling act passed.&mdash;Pages 57-62.</p>

<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.&mdash;ENABLING ACT.</a></h3>

<p>Power to organize a State government&mdash;boundaries&mdash;suffrage&mdash;Constitutional
Convention&mdash;Constitution to be submitted to the people
and President to admit the State by proclamation&mdash;lands and Salt
Springs appropriated&mdash;that five per centum of the proceeds of the
sales of lands by the United States be paid to the State. Amendment
to the Enabling Act&mdash;Constitutional Convention.&mdash;Pages 63-67.</p>

<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.&mdash;CONSTITUTION.</a></h3>

<p>Preamble&mdash;bill of rights&mdash;distribution of powers&mdash;Executive Department&mdash;Lieutenant-Governor&mdash;legislative
department&mdash;judicial department&mdash;suffrage
and elections&mdash;State institutions&mdash;education&mdash;revenue&mdash;officers&mdash;impeachments&mdash;counties&mdash;corporations&mdash;mining
and irrigation&mdash;militia&mdash;miscellaneous&mdash;future amendments&mdash;schedule&mdash;ordinances.
Constitution submitted to the people&mdash;vote&mdash;the new
State admitted. Proclamation of the President&mdash;party conventions&mdash;election
for State officers&mdash;General Assembly meet&mdash;Governor’s message&mdash;general
remarks.&mdash;Pages 67-123.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span>
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="ANALYTICAL_INDEX"><span class="large">ANALYTICAL INDEX</span><br />
<small>OF THE</small><br />
CONSTITUTION OF COLORADO.</h2>

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>A.</th>
    <th>ART.</th>
    <th>SEC.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S16"><span class="smcap">Accused</span>, right of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S1"><span class="smcap">Actions</span>, to be continued as if no change in government. <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S16"><span class="smcap">Adjournment</span>, of Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S27"><span class="smcap">Aliens</span>, to possess and enjoy property same as citizens</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">27</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIX_S2"><span class="smcap">Amendments</span> to Constitution, how made</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S45"><span class="smcap">Apportionment</span> of Senators and members of House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">45</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S34"><span class="smcap">Appropriations</span> for charitable and other purposes not to be made</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">34</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S16">not to be made unless assessment be made to meet</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S13"><span class="smcap">Arms</span>, right to keep and bear</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S46"><span class="smcap">Assembly General</span>, number of members of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">46</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S35">power to interfere with municipal functions, not to delegate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">35</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S2">members of, when and how chosen</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S47"><span class="smcap">Assembly Districts</span>, may be altered</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">47</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S48">State divided into, of Senators</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">48</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S49">what State divided into, of Representatives what</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">49</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S9"><span class="smcap">Attainder</span>, no bill of, to be passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S9">of treason, not to work corruption of blood</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S16"><span class="smcap">Attorneys</span>, suitors may prosecute and defend by, or in person</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S21"><span class="smcap">Attorneys</span> District, when and how chosen, and term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">21</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S3"><span class="smcap">Attorney</span> General, when and how chosen, term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S9">to be one of State Board of Land Commissioners</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S1">to be one of Board of Education</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S21"><span class="smcap">Auditor</span>, not eligible for re-election</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">21</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S13"><span class="smcap">Ayes</span> and Noes, when to be entered on journal</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S22">on final passage of bill to be taken and entered on journal</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">22</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S23">for concurrence in an amendment, to be taken and entered on journal</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">23<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>B.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S20"><span class="smcap">Bail</span>, excessive shall not be required</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S19">all persons bailable, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S20"><span class="smcap">Bills</span> in Legislature, shall be printed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S21">not to embrace more than one subject</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">21</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S22">shall be read on three different days</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">22</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S11">action of Governor on</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S19">introduced after a certain time, not to become laws</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S20">to be referred to committee and returned</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S28">giving extra compensation not to be passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">28</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S11">if vetoed, how proceed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S11">when become laws without Governor’s signature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S12">appropriating money, item or items of, Governor may disapprove</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S2"><span class="smcap">Bonds</span>, executed under Territorial government to Territory, any county, etc., to remain valid <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_I"><span class="smcap">Boundaries</span>, of State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S4"><span class="smcap">Bribery</span>, persons convicted of, incapable of holding office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S6">guilty of, civil officers or members of General Assembly, who</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>C.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S45"><span class="smcap">Census</span> of State,</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">45</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S45">General Assembly to revise apportionment every five years</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">45</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S8"><span class="smcap">Chief</span> Justice, one of judges of Supreme Court to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S13"><span class="smcap">Cities</span>, Legislature to provide for organization of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S27"><span class="smcap">Citizens</span> and Aliens equal as to possession and enjoyment of property</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">27</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S19"><span class="smcap">Clerks</span> of District Courts, to be appointed in each county</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S9"><span class="smcap">Clerk</span> of Supreme Court, to be appointed by court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S5"><span class="smcap">Commander</span>-in-Chief, Governor to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S9"><span class="smcap">Commissioners</span> Land, State Board of, who to constitute</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S10">duty in regard to State lands</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S6"><span class="smcap">Compensation</span> of members of Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S6">extra dis-allowed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S30">of public officers not to be increased or diminished</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">30</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S44"><span class="smcap">Congressional</span> Districts</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">44</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S4"><span class="smcap">Conscience</span>, rights of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Constitution</span> of Colorado&mdash;</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S7">oath to support, by whom to be taken</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">7, 8, 9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIX_S2">how to be amended</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Ords_S2">when to be submitted for ratification or rejection <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Ords_S2">who entitled to vote for or against <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#Ords_S6">copy of, to be forwarded to President <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S11"><span class="smcap">Contracts</span>, State not to pass laws impairing obligations of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S29">no member of Legislature or State officer to be interested in certain</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">29
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S9"><span class="smcap">Conviction</span> not to work corruption of blood</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S8"><span class="smcap">Coroners</span>, when and how chosen, term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XV_S2"><span class="smcap">Corporations</span>, not to be created by special law except in certain cases</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XV_S3">charters may be altered, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S2"><span class="smcap">Counties</span>, removal of county seats, how effected, by whom</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIV_S4">new, their liability</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S3">not divided, except by consent of qualified voters</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S15"><span class="smcap">County</span> Board of Equalization, consists of, duties of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S23"><span class="smcap">County</span> Courts, judicial powers vested in</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S22"><span class="smcap">County</span> Judges (probate), how elected and term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">22</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S6"><span class="smcap">County</span> Officers, how and when to be elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">6, 8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIV_S10">who eligible to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIV_S9">in vacancies of, who to appoint</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIV_S15">compensation of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S8"><span class="smcap">Crimes</span>, no person to answer for, except by indictment, except in certain cases</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#SCHED_S2">committed under Territory may be prosecuted under State <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S24"><span class="smcap">Criminal</span> Courts, may be created</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">24</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S3"><span class="smcap">Courts</span> of Arbitration, law to provide for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>D.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S12"><span class="smcap">Debts</span>, no imprisonment for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S3">public, when, how and for what purpose contracted</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">3, 5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II"><span class="smcap">Declaration</span> of rights</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S8"><span class="smcap">Deeds</span>, recorders of, how chosen and term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S4"><span class="smcap">Defaulters</span>, ineligible to office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S17"><span class="smcap">Deposition</span>, no person to be imprisoned longer than</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S3"><span class="smcap">Distribution</span>, of income of school fund</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S15"><span class="smcap">District</span> Attorneys, how chosen and term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S11"><span class="smcap">District</span> Courts, jurisdiction thereof</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S15"><span class="smcap">District</span> Judges, how chosen</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S12">term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S47"><span class="smcap">Districts</span>, Assembly may be altered</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">47</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S48">Senate and House apportionment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">48, 49</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S44"><span class="smcap">Districts</span>, Congressional, apportionment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">44</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S15">School to be established</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S14"><span class="smcap">Districts</span>, Judicial, may be increased after 1880</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S25"><span class="smcap">Divorces</span>, Legislature not to grant</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S12"><span class="smcap">Duelling</span>, persons engaged in not to hold office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>E.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX"><span class="smcap">Education</span>, how provided for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S2"><span class="smcap">Elections</span>, Governor may issue writs of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S5">no power, civil or military to prevent</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">5<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S2"><span class="smcap">Elections</span> for General Assembly, when and how held</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S3">for Executive officers, when held, how decided</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S15">for Judicial officers, when</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S8">shall be by ballot</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S10">persons confined in prison cannot vote</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S11">abuses of the elective franchise to be guarded against</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S9">in contested, no person to withhold testimony because it may criminate himself</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S5">voters privileged from arrest during attendance at</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S7">general, when to be held</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S20"><span class="smcap">Electors</span>, Presidential, the General Assembly to provide for elections of, by the people <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VII_S1"><span class="smcap">Electors</span>, qualifications of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S2">General Assembly may enact laws to qualify women as</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S3">General Assembly, may prescribe educational qualifications for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S4"><span class="smcap">Embezzlement</span>, persons convicted of incapable of holding office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S8"><span class="smcap">Eminent</span> Domain, not to be abridged</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S18"><span class="smcap">Enacting</span> Clause, provisions concerning</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S45"><span class="smcap">Enumeration</span> of inhabitants provided for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">45</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S15"><span class="smcap">Equalization</span>, State Board of, consists of, duty of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S15">County Board of, consists of, duty of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S5"><span class="smcap">Escheats</span>, to state from defect of heirs, to be part of school fund</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S20"><span class="smcap">Excessive</span> bail, not to be required</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S2"><span class="smcap">Executive</span>, power vested in Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S11"><span class="smcap">Ex post facto</span> law, not to be passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>F.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S19"><span class="smcap">Fees</span>, collected by State officers to be paid into State Treasury</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIV_S15">collected by county and precinct officers above salary to be paid into treasury</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S4"><span class="smcap">Felony</span>, what construed to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S13">what use of school moneys deemed to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S9">conviction of, not to work forfeiture of estate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S20"><span class="smcap">Fines</span>, excessive and unusual punishment not to be imposed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S10"><span class="smcap">Freedom</span> of speech guaranteed to all persons</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S1"><span class="smcap">Fiscal Year</span>, when begins</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S6"><span class="smcap">Forests</span>, destruction of, to prevent</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S3"><span class="smcap">Fund</span>, school, of the State to be inviolate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S3">who custodian of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S3">to whom to be distributed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S3">all losses to be supplied by State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S5">shall consist of what</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S4"><span class="smcap">Funds</span>, school, county treasurer to collect and distribute</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S14">university, under control of regents</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">14<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>G.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VII_S7"><span class="smcap">General elections</span>, when to be held</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S1"><span class="smcap">Governor</span>, term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S3">when and how</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S4">elected who eligible to office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S5">of to be commander in chief, his powers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S6">appointments to be made by, what and when</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S7">may grant reprieves, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S13">when powers and duties devolve on Lieut.-Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S11">his powers in approving bills</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S6">may remove certain officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S1">first elected, how long to hold office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S18"><span class="smcap">Great Seal</span>, what called, by whom kept</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>H.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S21"><span class="smcap">Habeas</span> Corpus, privilege not to be suspended</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">21</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>I.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIII_S1"><span class="smcap">Impeachments</span>, House of Representatives to have sole power of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S12"><span class="smcap">Imprisonment</span> for debt not to be, except, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S30"><span class="smcap">Indictments</span>, how to conclude</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">30</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVI_S6"><span class="smcap">Irrigation</span>, right to use unappropriated waters</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVI_S7">right of way for conveying water to be granted</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVI_S8">rates for use of water, county commissioners to establish</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>J.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S18"><span class="smcap">Jeopardy</span>, no person to be twice put in</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S13"><span class="smcap">Journals</span> of Legislature to be published</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI"><span class="smcap">Judges</span>, election of, term of office, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S1"><span class="smcap">Judicial</span> power, where vested</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Judicial</span> officers, in relation to impeachment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S13"><span class="smcap">Judicial</span> Districts, division of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S14">limits may be altered</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S12">judge to be chosen from each</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S12">judges may hold court in other districts</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S23"><span class="smcap">Jury</span> Grand, to consist of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S23">General Assembly may change, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S23"><span class="smcap">Jury</span>, right of trial by</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S6"><span class="smcap">Justice</span>, courts of, open to all, how administered</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S25"><span class="smcap">Justice</span> of the Peace, judicial powers vested in</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>L.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S3"><span class="smcap">Land</span>, title in Territory to vest in State <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#SCHED_S3">no change of title <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S10">granted to State, how provided for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">10<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S5"><span class="smcap">Lands</span>, school, proceeds to school fund</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S9">public, who control</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S10">university, granted to, under what control</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S2">United States, not to be taxed <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V"><span class="smcap">Laws</span>, how passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S25">local or special not to be passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S11"><i>ex-post facto</i>, not to be passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S18">style of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S6">publication in Spanish and German</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S17">not to be enacted, except by bill</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S21">not to embrace but one subject</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">21</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S19">not in force until ninety days after passage</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S22">each on final passage has vote taken by ayes and noes</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">22</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S23">amendments, vote taken by ayes and noes</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#SCHED_S1">of Territory, when to expire, etc. <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S1">homestead and exemption, Legislature to pass</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S46"><span class="smcap">Legislature</span>, number of members</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">46</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V">powers and duties</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S4">who eligible to</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S6">session of, how limited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S3">terms for which members are elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S2">vacancies in, to fill, writs of election issued by Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S7">when meet, how often</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S8">members not to be appointed to civil offices</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S28">shall not pass bills giving extra compensation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">28</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S25">local or special laws, shall not pass</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S6">compensation of members</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S3">when may borrow money</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIX_S1">to propose amendments to Constitution</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIX_S2">to revise Constitution, may recommend election of a convention</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S27">number, duties, and compensation of officers to be prescribed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">27</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S1">power to enact laws, where vested</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S10"><span class="smcap">Libel</span>, truth may be given in evidence</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S10">jury may determine law and fact</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S25"><span class="smcap">Liberty</span>, without process of law no person to be deprived of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S18">of speech and the press, relating to</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S5"><span class="smcap">Liquors</span>, adulterated or drugged, sale to be prohibited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S3"><span class="smcap">Lieutenant-Governor</span>, how and when elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S1">term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S13">when to act as Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S14">to be president of Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S14">to have only casting vote</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S19">his compensation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S1">first elected, how long to hold office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Lotteries</span>, Legislature not to authorize</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVIII_S2">tickets of, sale to be prohibited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
    <td class="tdr">2<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>M.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S11"><span class="smcap">Majority</span> of each House of Legislature to constitute a quorum</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S8"><span class="smcap">Members</span> of Congress ineligible to Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S46"><span class="smcap">Members</span> of Legislature, number of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">46</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S2">how and when chosen</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S4">who eligible as</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S8">not to be elected or appointed civil officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S4">who ineligible as</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S16">not liable for words spoken in debate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S6">compensation of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S6">mileage of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S22"><span class="smcap">Military</span> subordinate to civil power</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">22</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVII_S1"><span class="smcap">Militia</span>, of whom shall consist</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVII_S2">organization, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVII_S3">officers, appointed by whom, elected by whom</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVII_S4">arms, etc., safe keeping, who provide for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVII_S5">duty not compulsory, etc., when</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">17</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVI_S1"><span class="smcap">Mines</span>, office of commissioner of, to be established</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVI_S2">sanitary provisions to be made by law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XVI_S4">teaching science of working, etc., provision may be made</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S3">exempt from taxation for ten years, except, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>O.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S7"><span class="smcap">Oaths</span>, of members of Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S9">of executive and judicial officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S8">of civil officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S38"><span class="smcap">Obligations</span> to State or any municipal corporation to be paid in full</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">38</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S1"><span class="smcap">Officers</span>, State, first elected, how long to hold office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S1">to exercise duties of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S11">elected to fill vacancy, when term expires</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XII_S4"><span class="smcap">Offices</span>, who disqualified from holding</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">4, 12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S10">when may be declared vacant</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Order</span>, resolution, or vote, requiring concurrence of both Houses</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S39">Governor to approve</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>P.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S7"><span class="smcap">Pardons</span>, Governor may grant</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S6"><span class="smcap">Persons</span>, every one entitled to speedy remedy by the laws</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S24"><span class="smcap">Petition</span>, right to</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">24</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S26"><span class="smcap">Police</span>, magistrates for cities and towns</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">26</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S14"><span class="smcap">President</span> of Senate, Lieutenant-Governor to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S6">his compensation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S14">has only casting vote</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">14<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S20"><span class="smcap">Presidential Electors</span>, the General Assembly to provide for election of by the people <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S10"><span class="smcap">Press</span>, freedom of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S16"><span class="smcap">Privileges</span>, of members and officers of Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S30"><span class="smcap">Process</span>, style of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">30</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#SCHED_S2">issued under authority of Territory to be valid. <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S25">of law, no person to be deprived of life, etc., without</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S15"><span class="smcap">Property</span>, private, not to be taken for public use without compensation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S25">without process of law no person to be deprived of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">25</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#SCHED_S3">of Territory to vest in State <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S14">private, not to be taken for debt of municipal corporations</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S2">of United States, not to be taxed <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S30"><span class="smcap">Prosecutions</span>, criminal, how carried on</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">30</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S20"><span class="smcap">Punishments</span>, cruel and unusual not to be inflicted</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>Q.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VII_S1"><span class="smcap">Qualifications</span> of voters at elections</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S4">of members of Legislature</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S4">of Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S10">of judges of Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S16">of District judges</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S11"><span class="smcap">Quorum</span>, what shall constitute in each House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S5">what shall constitute in Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>R.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XV_S4"><span class="smcap">Railroads</span>, common carriers to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XV_S5">consolidation of parallel or competing lines forbidden</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XV_S6">discriminations between individuals not to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XV_S11">street, not to be built without consent of local authorities</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S2"><span class="smcap">Recognizances</span>, executed under Territorial government to remain valid <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S8"><span class="smcap">Recorder of Deeds</span>, when and how chosen, and term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S4"><span class="smcap">Religion</span>, constitutional provisions relative to</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S4">no persons to be denied civil or political rights for opinions concerning</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Religious</span>, test not to be required as qualification for teacher or student</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S7">societies, no appropriation to be made for support of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Removal</span>, from office in case of impeachment</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S6">of what officers may be made by Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XV_S3"><span class="smcap">Repeal</span> of acts of incorporation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S7"><span class="smcap">Reprieves</span>, Governor may grant</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S2"><span class="smcap">Revenue</span>, annual tax to be imposed for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">2<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S7"><span class="smcap">Rights</span> of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S16">of the accused</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S28">enumerated in Constitution not to be construed to deny, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">28</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S24">of the people to assemble and consult and to petition</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">24</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S4">of worship not to be infringed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#SCHED_S1">to continue as if no change in government <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>S.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED"><span class="smcap">Schedule</span> of Constitution</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S2"><span class="smcap">Schools</span>, free public, Legislature to establish</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S2">to be uniform, and one or more in each district</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S8">no sectarian instruction to be allowed therein</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S16">text-books not to be prescribed by Legislature or State Board of Education</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S15">control of instruction to be vested in Boards of Education</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S5"><span class="smcap">School Funds</span>, what to consist of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S3">to remain inviolate and intact</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S3">how interest to be applied</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S4">county, how collected, how distributed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S5"><span class="smcap">School Lands</span>, of what to consist</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S9">who to sell</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S3">purchase money, of who custodian, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S18"><span class="smcap">Seal</span> of State, who to keep</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S7"><span class="smcap">Searches</span> and Seizures, constitutional provision relating thereto</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Seat</span> of government, how determined, and where till determined</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S3"><span class="smcap">Secretary</span> of State, when and how chosen</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S1">his term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S9">to be one of commissioners for sale of school lands, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S18">to be keeper of the Great Seal</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S5"><span class="smcap">Senators</span>, divided into classes</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S48"><span class="smcap">Senate</span> districts, how formed and numbered</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">48</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S8"><span class="smcap">Sheriff</span>, when and how chosen and term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S26"><span class="smcap">Slavery</span>, not to exist in State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">26</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VII_S4"><span class="smcap">Soldiers</span>, their eligibility to office and right to vote</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S10"><span class="smcap">Speech</span>, liberty of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S16">or debate of members of Legislature not to be questioned in any other place</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_I"><span class="smcap">State of Colorado</span>, boundaries</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S1">credit or faith thereof not to be loaned or pledged</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S2">not to impose tax on U. S. lands.  <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S2">no donation or grant by, to any corporation, etc., except, etc.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S3">not to contract debts except in certain cases</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XV_S8">police powers not to be abridged</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S15"><span class="smcap">State Board of Equalization</span>, consists of, duty of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XI_S3"><span class="smcap">State Debt</span>, when may be contracted</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S5">for what may be created</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XI_S4">not to be created except by law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S3"><span class="smcap">State Treasurer</span>, when elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S1">term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S12">duties</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S29"><span class="smcap">Stationery</span>, etc., for use of State, to be let to lowest bidder</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">29</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XVI_S5"><span class="smcap">Streams</span>, natural, to be property of public</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">16</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S18"><span class="smcap">Style</span>, of laws</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S30">of process and prosecutions</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">30</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S3"><span class="smcap">Superintendent of Public Instruction</span>, how elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S20">ex-officio State Librarian</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S9">to be one of State Board of Land Commissioners</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S1">president of State Board of Education</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S1"><span class="smcap">Supreme Court</span>, judicial power vested in</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S2">to have appellate jurisdiction only</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">its general powers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S5">number of judges to constitute a quorum</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S6">judges electable</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S15">how elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S7">judges, term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S8">judges, classified to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S8">who Chief Justice</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S9">clerk appointed by judges</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S4">two terms each year to be held at seat of government</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S10">qualifications for office of judge</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S9">oath of office to be filed with Secretary of State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>T.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S11"><span class="smcap">Taxation</span>, for State purposes, rates of not to exceed six mills.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S3">rule of, to be uniform</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S11">rate of, when valuation amounts to $100,000,000 not to exceed four mills.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S11">rate of, when valuation amounts to $300,000,000 not to exceed two mills.</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S4">what exempt from</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">4, 5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S6">laws exempting from to be void</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_X_S7"><span class="smcap">Taxes</span>, not to be imposed for purposes of any county, etc., by the General Assembly</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S8">no county, city, etc., for State purposes, to be released from</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S9">power to levy on corporations and corporate property not to be relinquished or suspended</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S2">not to be imposed on lands or property of United States <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_X_S10">all corporations subject to</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XV_S13"><span class="smcap">Telegraph</span>, consolidation with competing lines forbidden</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">15</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_I"><span class="smcap">Territorial</span> limits, same as State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#SCHED_S3"><span class="smcap">Territory of Colorado</span>, property of to vest in State <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr"></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S9">officers of, how long to hold office <span class="author">Sched.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">9, 10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S9"><span class="smcap">Treason</span>, against State, what consists in</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S9">evidence necessary to convict</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S9">no person can be attainted of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Treasurer of State.</span> (See State Treasurer)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IX_S7"><span class="smcap">Treasury</span>, state, county, city, town, etc., no money to be drawn from for religious societies or seminaries</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S16"><span class="smcap">Trial</span> by Jury, right of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">16, 23</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S36"><span class="smcap">Trust</span> funds not to be invested in bonds or stock of private corporations</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">36</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>U.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S2"><span class="smcap">United States</span>, no taxes to be imposed by State on lands or property of <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_II_S3">ordinance 2, irrevocable without consent of <span class="author">Ords.</span></a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VIII_S5"><span class="smcap">University</span>, State, subject to control of State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S12">regents of, how elected, term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S12">regents of, a body corporate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S12">regents of, classified by lot</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S13">president of, how elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S13">president of, ex officio member of board, voting only in case of tie</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S13">president of, principal executive officer of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S14">supervision of, by whom</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IX_S14">funds of, under control of regents</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>V.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_XIV_S9"><span class="smcap">Vacancies</span>, office of County Commissioners filled by governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XIV_S9">any other county office filled by Board of County Commissioners</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">14</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_XII_S11">when filled, term of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">12</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S29">in elective offices, to be filled by election</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">29</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S29">in judicial offices, when an unexpired term is less than one year, filled by whom</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">29</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S2">in either House, to fill such, writs of election to be issued by Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S6">in certain offices, during recess of Senate, to be filled by Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S6">in the offices of Auditor of State, State Treasurer, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, to be filled by appointment of Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_IV_S13">in offices of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">13, 14, 15</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_V_S37"><span class="smcap">Venue</span>, power to change, vested where</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">37</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_IV_S11"><span class="smcap">Veto</span>, of Governor, to pass a bill over</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VII_S8"><span class="smcap">Voting</span>, to be by ballot</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VII_S1"><span class="smcap">Voters</span>, who qualified</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S5">during attendance at elections to be privileged from arrest</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S6">only qualified, to be elected or appointed to any civil or military office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VII_S10">not qualified</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>W.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S18"><span class="smcap">Witness</span> against self in criminal cases, not compelled to be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">18</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_II_S4"><span class="smcap">Worship</span>, right not to be infringed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#CA_VI_S30"><span class="smcap">Writs</span>, style of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">30</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">power of Supreme Court to issue</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">of Habeas Corpus, may issue from Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">of Certiorari, may issue from the Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">of Mandamus, may issue from the Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">quo warranto</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_VI_S3">injunction</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#CA_V_S2">of election to be issued by Governor</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="Analytical_Table_of_Contents"><span class="large">ANALYTICAL INDEX</span><br />
<small>OF THE</small><br />
CONSTITUTION OF UNITED STATES.</h2>

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>A.</th>
    <th><span class="small">ART.</span></th>
    <th><span class="small">SEC.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Acts</span>, records and judicial proceedings of each State entitled to faith and credit in other States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_V_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Amendments</span> to the Constitution, how made</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION">which have been made (see page 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Appointments</span> to be made by the President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Apportionment</span> of Representatives</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Appropriations</span> by law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">for army not to exceed two years</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Armies</span>, Congress to raise and support</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_II"><span class="smcap">Arms</span>, right of people to keep and bear (see page 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Arts</span> and sciences to be promoted</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_I"><span class="smcap">Assemble</span>, people may (see page 136).</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Attainder</span>, bill of, prohibited to Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">prohibited to the States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_III">of treason shall not work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>B.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Bail</span>, excessive not required</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Bankruptcy</span> laws to be uniform</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII"><span class="smcap">Bills</span> for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII">before they become laws shall be passed by both houses and approved by the President, or if disapproved, shall be passed by two-thirds of each house</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII">not returned in ten days, unless an adjournment intervenes, shall be laws</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Borrow</span> money, Congress may</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>C.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Capitation</span> tax, apportionment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Census</span>, or enumeration, to be made every ten years</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Citizens</span> of each State shall be entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_1">who are (14th amendment, sec. 1, p. 138).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Claims</span>, no prejudice to certain</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III">of the United States, or of the several States, not to be prejudiced by any construction of the Constitution</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Coasting</span> trade, regulations respecting</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Coins</span>, Congress to fix value of foreign</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Commerce</span>, Congress to regulate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX">regulations respecting to be equal and uniform</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Commissions</span> to be granted by the President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_VII"><span class="smcap">Common Law</span> recognized and established (7th amendment, page 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Congress</span> vested with power</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IV">may alter the regulations of State Legislatures concerning elections of Senators and Representatives, except as to place of choosing Senators</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IV">shall assemble once every year</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">officers of government cannot be members of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">may provide for cases of removal, death, etc., of President and Vice-President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">may determine the time of choosing electors of President and Vice-President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">may invest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or the heads of departments</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_I">may establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_III">may declare the punishment of treason</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_I">may prescribe the manner of proving the acts and records of each State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III">to assent to the formation of new states</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_V_SEC_I">may propose amendments to the Constitution or call a convention</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to lay and collect duties</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to borrow money</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to regulate commerce</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to establish uniform laws of bankruptcy and naturalization</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to coin money, to regulate the value of coin, and fix a standard of weights and measures</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to punish counterfeiting</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to define and punish piracies, felonies on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of nations</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to establish post-offices and post-roads</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to authorize patents to authors and inventors</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to declare war, grant letters of marque, and make rules concerning captures</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to raise and support armies</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to provide and maintain a navy</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to make rules for the government of the army and navy</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to call out the militia in certain cases</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to organize, arm and discipline militia</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to exercise exclusive legislation over seat of government</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to pass laws necessary to carry the enumerated powers into effect</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III">to dispose of, and make rules concerning, the territory or other property of the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">President may convene and adjourn in certain cases</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_V_SEC_I">Constitution, how amended</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_VI_SEC_I">laws and treaties declared to be the supreme law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_VII_SEC_I">rendered operative by the ratification of nine States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X"><span class="smcap">Contract</span>, no law impairing</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_V_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Conventions</span> for proposing amendments to the Constitution</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Counterfeiting</span>, Congress to provide for the punishment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Court</span>, Supreme, its original and appellate jurisdiction</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Courts</span>, inferior to the Supreme Court, may be ordained by Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Courts</span>, inferior to the Supreme Court, may be ordained by Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Crimes</span>, persons accused of fleeing from justice, may be demanded</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_II">how to be tried</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Criminal Prosecutions</span>, proceedings in cases of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>D.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_VI_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Debts</span>, against the confederation to be valid</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Duties</span> to be laid by Congress, and to be uniform</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX">further provisions respecting</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">cannot be laid by the States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX">on exports prohibited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_I">on imports and exports imposed by States shall inure to the treasury of the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>E.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IV"><span class="smcap">Election</span> of Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed by the States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V"><span class="smcap">Elections</span>, qualifications and returns of members of Congress to be determined by each House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Electors</span> of President and Vice-President, how chosen, their duties</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_XII">altered (see 12th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">to vote the same day throughout the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">no Senator or Representative, or public officer shall serve as</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Enumeration</span> every ten years</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Executive</span> power vested in the President. (See President).</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Exports</span> not to be taxed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">and imports, States prohibited from laying duties on</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Ex post facto</span> Law, none shall be passed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">prohibited to States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>F.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_VIII"><span class="smcap">Fines</span>, excessive, prohibited (8th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Fugitives</span> from justice to be delivered up</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_II">from service may be reclaimed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>H.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Habeas Corpus</span>, writ of, can only be suspended in cases of rebellion or invasion</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">House of Representatives.</span> (See Representatives.)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>I.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Impeachment</span> to be brought by House of Representatives</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">tried by the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">judgment on</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_IV">all civil officers liable to</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Importation</span> of slaves, not prohibited till 1808</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>J.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Judges</span> shall hold their offices during good behavior</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_I">their compensation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Judiciary</span> tribunals, inferior to Supreme Court, may be created</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Judicial</span> power vested in Supreme Court and courts inferior</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_II">powers of the judiciary</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_XI">restriction as to suit against a State (11th amendment, page 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_I">proceedings of each State are entitled to faith and credit in every State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III"><span class="smcap">Jury</span> trial secured, and shall be held in the State where the crime shall have been committed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_VI">further regulated (6th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_VII">secured in suits at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars (7th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>L.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_VI_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Law</span>, what is declared the supreme</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_VII">common, recognized and established (7th amendment, page 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Laws</span>, President to see them faithfully executed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Legislative</span> powers vested in Congress. (See Congress.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Loans</span>, authority to make</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>M.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Marque</span> and Reprisal, letters of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Militia</span> to be called out</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">to be officered by the States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">to be commanded by the President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_II">their right to keep and bear arms secured (2d amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Money</span> shall be drawn from the treasury only by appropriation laws</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII">Congress to coin, and regulate value of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">States cannot make</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>N.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Naturalization</span>, uniform rules of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Navy</span>, Congress to provide and govern</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Nobility</span>, titles of, shall not be granted by the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">nor by the States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>O.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Officers</span>, of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by the House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">of the Senate shall be chosen by the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_IV">civil, may be removed by impeachment</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII"><span class="smcap">Order</span> of one house requiring the concurrence of the other</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Oath</span> of the President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_VI_SEC_I">of the public officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>P.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Pardons</span>, President may grant</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Patents</span> to be granted to inventors</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_I"><span class="smcap">Petitions</span>, right of (1st amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Persons</span> held to service or labor, their importation or migration into the United States may be prohibited after 1808</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV">escaping from one State to another shall be delivered up to those entitled to service</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Piracy</span>, Congress to prescribe punishment for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Post-offices</span> and Post-roads, establishment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_X"><span class="smcap">Powers</span> not delegated to Congress nor prohibited to the States are reserved (10th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">legislative. (See Congress.)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">executive. (See President.)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">judicial. (See Judicial.)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Presents</span> from foreign powers to public officers prohibited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_I"><span class="smcap">Press</span>, freedom of (1st amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">President</span> of the U. S. vested with the executive power</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">shall be chosen for four years</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">of the U. S., how elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_XII">same (12th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">qualifications for</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">who shall act in case of vacancy</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">compensation of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">shall take an oath of office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_IV">may be removed by impeachment</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">commander of army, navy and militia</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">may require the written opinions of the heads of departments</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">may reprieve and pardon</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">may make treaties with consent of the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">may appoint to office with consent of the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II">shall fill vacancies happening during the recess of the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">shall give information to Congress and recommend measures</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">may convene both houses or either house</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">may adjourn them in case of disagreement</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">shall receive ambassadors and public ministers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_III">shall commission all officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI"><span class="smcap">Privileges</span> and immunities of members of Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of citizens. (See Citizens; also Rights.)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Property</span>, Congress to provide for care of public</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_V">shall not be taken for public use without just compensation (5th amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_XIV"><span class="smcap">Public Debt</span>, not to be questioned (14th amendment, sec. 4, page 139).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_VIII"><span class="smcap">Punishment</span>, cruel and unusual prohibited (8th amendment, page 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>Q.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V"><span class="smcap">Quorum</span> for business, what shall be</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">of States in choosing a President by House of Representatives</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_III"><span class="smcap">Quartered</span>, no soldier to be quartered on a citizen (3rd amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>R.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Receipts</span> and expenditures, accounts of to be published</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Records</span>, how to be authenticated</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_I"><span class="smcap">Religion</span>, no law to be made, free exercise of (1st amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_VI"><span class="smcap">Religious</span> test not required</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Reprieves</span> granted by the President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Representatives</span>, House of, composed of members chosen every second year</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">qualification of voters</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">qualification of members</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">apportionment of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">vacancies, how supplied</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">shall choose their officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">shall have power of impeachment</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">shall be the judge of the election and qualification of its members</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">what shall be a quorum</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">any number may adjourn and compel the attendance of absentees</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">may determine the rules of proceeding</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">may punish or expel a member</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">shall keep a journal and publish the same</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">shall not adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place, without the consent of the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">one-fifth may require the yeas and nays</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII">shall originate bills for raising revenue</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">compensation to be ascertained by law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">privileged from arrests, except in certain cases</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">shall not be questioned for speech or debate in the House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">shall not be appointed to office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">shall not serve as electors of President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II">and direct taxes apportioned according to numbers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_2">how apportioned (14th amendment, sec. 2, p. 139).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Representation</span> of a State, vacancies in, supplied until a new election by executive authority</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII"><span class="smcap">Resolution</span>, order, or vote, requiring the concurrence of both houses to undergo the formalities of bills</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII"><span class="smcap">Revenue</span> bills to originate in the House of Representatives</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Rights of the Citizen Declared to be</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_II">privileges of citizens of the several States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_I">liberty of conscience in matters of religion (1st amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_I">freedom of speech and of the press (1st amendment, page 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_I">to assemble and petition (1st amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_II">to keep and bear arms (2d amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_III">to be secure from the quartering of soldiers (3d amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_IV">to be exempt from unreasonable searches and seizures (4th amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_V">to be free from answering for a crime unless on presentment or indictment of a jury (5th amendment, page 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_V">not to be twice jeopardized for the same offence (5th amendment, p. 136). not to be compelled to be a witness against himself (5th amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_V">not to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due course of law (5th amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_V">private property not to be taken for public use (5th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_VI">in criminal prosecution shall enjoy the right of speedy trial by jury, with all the means necessary for his defence (6th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_VI">in civil cases trial to be by jury, and shall only be re-examined according to common law (6th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_VIII">excessive bail shall not be required, excessive fines imposed, nor cruel nor unusual punishment inflicted (8th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_IX">enumeration of certain rights shall not operate against retained rights (9th amendment, p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Rules</span>, each house shall determine its own</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>S.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_IV"><span class="smcap">Searches</span> and <span class="smcap">Seizures</span>, security against (4th amend., p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V"><span class="smcap">Seat</span> of government, exclusive legislation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Senate</span>, composed of two Senators from each State</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">how chosen, classed, and terms of service</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Senate</span>, qualifications of Senators</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">Vice-President to be President of the</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">shall choose their officers</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">shall be the judge of the election and qualification of its members</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">what number shall be a quorum</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">any number may adjourn and compel the attendance of absentees</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">may determine its rules</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">may punish or expel a member</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">shall keep a journal and publish the same, except parts requiring secrecy</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">shall not adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place, without the consent of the other House</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V">one-fifth may require the Yeas and Nays</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII">may propose amendments to bills for raising revenue</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">shall try impeachments</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III">effect of their judgment on impeachment</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">compensation to be ascertained by law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">privileged from arrest</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">not questioned for any speech or debate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VI">shall not be appointed to office</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I"><span class="smcap">Senator</span> shall not be elector</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IV"><span class="smcap">Senators</span> and Representatives, elections of, how prescribed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Slaves</span>, their importation may be prohibited after 1808</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_II">escaping from one State to another, may be reclaimed</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_XIII"><span class="smcap">Slavery</span> and involuntary servitude abolished, except for crime (13th amendment, p. 138).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_III"><span class="smcap">Soldiers</span> not quartered on citizens (3d amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Speaker</span>, how chosen</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_I"><span class="smcap">Speech</span>, freedom of (1st amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">States, Prohibited from</span>&mdash;</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">entering into a treaty, alliance, or confederation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">granting letters of marque</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">coining money</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">emitting bills of credit</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">making anything a tender but gold and silver coin</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">passing bills of attainder, ex-post facto laws, or laws impairing contracts</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">granting titles of nobility</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">laying duties on imports and exports</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">laying duties on tonnage</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">keeping troops or ships of war in time of peace</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">entering into any agreement or contract with another State or foreign power</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">engaging in war</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">States</span>, new, may be admitted into the Union</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III">may be formed within the jurisdiction of others, or by the junction of two or more, with the consent of Congress and the Legislatures concerned</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_VI"><span class="smcap">State Judges</span> bound to consider treaties, the Constitution, and laws under it, as supreme</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_IV"><span class="smcap">State</span>, every, guaranteed a Republican form of government, protected by the United States</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Supreme Court</span>. (See Court and Judiciary.)</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_VII"><span class="smcap">Suits</span> at Common Law, proceedings in (7th amend., p. 137).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>T.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Tax</span>, direct, according to representation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX">shall be laid only in proportion to census</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Tax</span> on exports prohibited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X"><span class="smcap">Tender</span>, what shall be legal</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_IV_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Territory</span>, or public property, Congress may make rules concerning</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_VI"><span class="smcap">Test</span>, religious, shall not be required</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Titles.</span> (See Nobility.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Title</span> from foreign State prohibited</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Treason</span> defined</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Treason</span>, two witnesses or confession necessary for conviction</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_III_SEC_III">punishment of may be prescribed by Congress</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_IX"><span class="smcap">Treasury</span>, money drawn from only by appropriation</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Treaties</span>, how made</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_VI">the supreme law</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_X">States cannot make</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>V.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Vacancies</span> happening during the recess may be filled temporarily by the President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">2<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_II"><span class="smcap">Vacancies</span>, in representation in Congress, how filled</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII"><span class="smcap">Veto</span> of the President, effect of and proceedings on</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_III"><span class="smcap">Vice-President</span> of the United States to be President of the Senate</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">how elected</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendment (see p. 137).</td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_I">shall in certain cases discharge the duties of President</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ART_II_SEC_IV">may be removed by impeachment</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VII"><span class="smcap">Vote</span> of one House requiring the concurrence of the other</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><a href="#ARTICLE_XV">right not to be denied on account of race (15th amendment, p. 139).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>W.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">War</span>, Congress to declare</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_IV"><span class="smcap">Warrants</span> for searches and seizures, when and how they shall issue (4th amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ARTICLE_V"><span class="smcap">Witness</span> in criminal cases, no one compelled to be against himself (5th amendment, p. 136).</a></td>
    <td />
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_VIII"><span class="smcap">Weights</span> and Measures, standard of</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>Y.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><a href="#ART_I_SEC_V"><span class="smcap">Yeas</span> and Nays entered on journal</a></td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="INDEX_TO_MANUAL_OF_PARLIAMENTARY_PRACTICE"><span class="large">INDEX TO</span><br />

MANUAL OF PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE.</h2>

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>A.</th>
    <th class="tdr"><small>PAGE.</small></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Absence</span>, not allowed without leave,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">provision in case of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Address</span>, how presented,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Adhere</span>, question discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of a vote to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">should be two conferences before vote to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Adjournment</span>, motion for cannot be amended,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">rules and regulations in respect to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a question is removed by,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the session, all unfinished business fall,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the session, modes and manner discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be declared by the Speaker,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">for more than three days by concurrent votes,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">provision for disagreement respecting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of, on business pending,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Amendment to Bills</span>&mdash;See also <span class="smcap">Bills</span>,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings in relation to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">now to be reported,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">fail on recommitment,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">in the third degree not admissable,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">discussion of the nature and coherence of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Speaker cannot refuse to receive because inconsistent,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may totally change the subject,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">if House refuse to strike out a paragraph it cannot be amended,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a new bill may be engrafted on another,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">mode of proceeding on amendments between the Houses,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">made in Committee of the Whole, falls on reference,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proposed, inconsistent with one adopted may be put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be amended prior to adoption, but not after,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">(proposed) by striking out, and lost, the paragraph proposed to be stricken out cannot be amended,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not identical or equivalent to one lost, may be proposed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">by insertion, how far liable for further amendment,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Apportionment</span> of representatives, table of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Appropriation</span>, made by resolution,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Arrest</span>, definition of privilege from,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">terminates with the session,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Assaults and Affrays</span> in the House, how settled,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Ayes and Noes</span>, how questions are determined by,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">no member to vote if not present,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>B.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Bills</span>, engrossed, must not be looked into,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be fairly written, or Speaker may refuse them,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendment fall, if recommitted,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a particular clause may be recommitted,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendments, how proceeded with,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendments fail if referred to committee,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings on second reading,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">time for attacking or opposing,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">what constitutes possession,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">one bill may be engrafted on another,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">one House may pass with blanks and be filled in the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">on third reading, forms observed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">on third reading, may be committed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">on third reading, amended by riders,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">on third reading, blanks filled,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot be altered after passage,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">new, concerning their introduction,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to receive three readings, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how brought in on notice and leave,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">forms in introducing, 166 not amended at first reading,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings on the second reading,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how and to whom committed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">shall be read twice before commitment,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not to be referred to avowed opponents,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">referred, may be delivered to any of the committee,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendments between the Houses, mode of proceedings,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">by whom to be taken from House to House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be specially commended to notice of other House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">rejected, course to be pursued,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">if one House neglects a bill, the other may remind of it,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how to be enrolled, signed, and presented to the President,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendments cannot be receded from or insisted on, by the amending House, with a further amendment,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendment to an amendment has precedence over a motion to agree or disagree,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">amendments to amendments, how far admissable,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings upon in Committee of the Whole, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">titles, when made,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">reconsideration, when and how the question may be moved,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">reconsideration, effect of a vote for,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">(rejected) relating to their being brought in during the same session,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Bills</span>, originating in one House, rejected in the other, may be renewed in the rejecting House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">expedient for remedying omissions in,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">mode of proceeding, when founded on facts requiring an explanation,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of a vote to insist or adhere,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">conference upon, at what stages, and by whom asked,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">papers relating to, to be left with the conferees of the House acceding to the conference,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">enrolling,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceeding when disapproved,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not returned in ten days, to be laws, unless an adjournment intervene,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Blanks</span>, longest time, largest sum first put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">bill may be passed with, and filled in other House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be filled in engrossed bills,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">construction of the rule of filling,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Breach of Peace</span>, mode of proceeding on charge of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Bribery</span> (Randall &amp; Witney’s case) breach of privilege,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Business</span>, order of in Senate,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a settled order in its arrangement useful,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>C.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Call of the House</span>, proceedings in case of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Challenge</span>, breach of privilege,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Chairman</span>, of committee elected,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Committee of the Whole, may be elected,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Change of Vote</span>, right to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Clerk</span>, puts the question before election of Speaker,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to read standing, 173 numbers the sections,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may correct his errors,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Committee</span>, cannot inquire concerning their members,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">must not sit when the House is in session,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may elect chairman,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">manner of proceeding in,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">members of the House may be present at their sittings,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot reconsider or alter their own votes,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how they report amendments,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot sit in recess after Congress has expired,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a member elect, though not returned, may be appointed on,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">standing,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">forms and proceedings in,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Committee</span>, joint, how they act,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">who shall compose,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how appointed in Senate,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">time and place of meeting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">majority of to constitute a quorum,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Committee of the Whole</span>, great matters usually referred to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Committee of the Whole</span>, their power over a bill,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">have entire control over a report committed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">dissolved by a report,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how revived,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be discharged from instructions,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">when they may sit during recess,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of a reference to, when a bill has been amended in Committee of the Whole,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may elect their chairman,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Speaker may resume chair if in great disorder,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">manner of doing business, in Senate,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings in,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">irregularly dissolved,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot adjourn,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">report proceedings,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">subjects which have passed through may be referred to special committee,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">particulars which attach to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Communications</span>, confidential, to be kept secret,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Common Fame</span>, a ground for proceeding,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Conferences</span>, common to have two before vote to adhere,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot alter anything upon which the House have agreed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">discussions of the nature and occasion of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">report of, cannot be amended or altered,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">papers left with conferees of House agreeing to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">when, by which House, and what stages to be asked,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Co-existing Questions</span>, discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Counsel</span>, may be heard on private bills and law points,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Count of the House</span>, may be called,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">(See <span class="smcap">Division of the House</span>.)</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Covered</span>, when members are not to be,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>D.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Debate</span>, no one to speak impertinently, superfluously or tediously,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not cut off till both sides of the question are put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">forms and proprieties to be observed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">the Speaker not allowed to engage in, except on points of order,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings of the House not to be censured,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">personalities to be prohibited,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">motives not to be arraigned,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">violation of order in, to be suppressed by the Speaker,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">disorderly words not noticed until the member has finished,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Debate</span>, disorderly words, when taken down,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings of the House not to be noticed in,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">members concerned or implicated by the subject of, ought to withdraw,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Decorum</span>, points. (See <span class="smcap">Debate</span>.),</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Defamatory Publications</span>, breach of privilege,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Disorder</span> in Committee of the Whole, Speaker to resume the chair, if great,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Disorder</span>, members creating, proceedings,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Disorderly Words</span>, how and when taken down,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Division</span> of the House, practice in ascertaining,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of questions discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Doors</span>, rule respecting their being closed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">ought not to be shut, to be kept by persons appointed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Duel</span>, challenge to, breach of privilege,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>E.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Elections</span>, time, place, and manner of holding,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of members to be judged by each House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Engrossed Bills</span>, not to be looked into,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Errors</span>, cannot be corrected in Committee of the Whole,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">various modes of correcting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">clerk may correct his own,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Equivalent Questions</span>, discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>F.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Felony</span>, mode of proceeding on charge of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>G.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Gallery</span>, clearing of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Committee of the Whole cannot punish for disorder in,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>H.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Hats</span>, when to be taken off,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">House</span>, division of, how ascertained, 192,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Representatives. (See <span class="smcap">Representatives</span>.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>I.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Impeachment</span>, sketch of the law respecting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Inquiry</span>, or accusation, common fame a ground for,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Insist</span>, questions discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of vote to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>J.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Journal</span>, shall be kept by each House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of each House to be published,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">shall show every vote,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to contain a brief statement of every petition, paper, etc., presented,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">titles of bills and parts affected by amendments to be inserted on,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">what question to be entered on,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a record in law,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">subject to examination,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Journal</span>, directions as to making up,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">either House may notice and inspect journal of the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how it may be amended,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>K.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">King</span>, not to be spoken of irreverently, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>L.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Largest Sum</span>, question first put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Lie on the Table</span>, call up any time matters that,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Longest Time</span>, question first put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>M.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Majority</span>, decides on general questions,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Members</span> and officers of one House not amenable to the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">must vote when the question is put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not to vote unless present when the question is put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Memorial.</span> (See <span class="smcap">Petition</span>.)</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Messages</span>, cannot be received in committee,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">nature of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Executive to be made to both Houses at the same time,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be received, 199 forms in receiving,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">errors in delivery may be corrected,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">bills not acted on the subject of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Minority</span>, protected by adherence to rules,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Mistakes.</span> (See <span class="smcap">Errors</span>.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Motion</span>, not to be put or debated until seconded,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be put in writing if desired,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be read for information,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to adjourn not in order when a member has the floor,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">privilege, what shall be,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">removed from before House by adjournment, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">(See <span class="smcap">Questions</span>.)</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>N.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Newspaper Publications</span>, breach of privilege,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>O.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Officers</span>, of either House, forms of nomination or election,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of one House not amenable to the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Onslow, Mr.</span>, his opinion of importance of rules,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Order</span>, violated by Speaker, by not putting question,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">“instances make” order,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">respecting papers. (See <span class="smcap">Papers</span>),</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">in debate. (See <span class="smcap">Debate</span>),</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Questions of may be adjourned,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">decisions of Speaker, on points of, may be controlled,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">a member may insist on the execution of a subsisting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Committee of the Whole cannot punish breach of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Order</span>, if points arise while question is putting, Speaker to decide promptly,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of business, propriety of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">for the Senate,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the day, how and when to be called up,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the day, may be discharged at any time,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot be moved while member is speaking,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">take precedence on all questions,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the House, determined with the session,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">question of, to supercede a question depending,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">and resolution, distinction between,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">special, rule upon the subject of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Opposition to Bills</span>, proper time to make,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>P.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Papers and Journals</span>, not to be removed from the clerk’s table,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">rules respecting their preservation,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">reading of, how far they may be called for,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">referred, usually read by title,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be left with conferees of the House, according to conference</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>, each House may adjourn independently of the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Petition and Remonstrance</span>, distinction,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be presented by a member, its form, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be subscribed or written by petitioner,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">must go to committee through the House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">question as to receiving,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Postpone</span> indefinitely, effect of a question to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">beyond session, effect of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Preamble</span>, last considered,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">President</span> of the Senate, provided by the Constitution,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may appoint chairman,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><i>pro tem.</i>, to be chosen in the absence of the Vice-President,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">at what time his office shall determine,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the United States, forms in presenting bills to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Previous Question</span>, its intention and effect,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">can an amendment be moved to P. Q.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot be put in committee,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Priority and Precedence</span>, <span class="smcap">of Motions</span>, discussions of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Privilege</span> of Parliament has gradually increased,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Members of Parliament,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Senators and Representatives,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Senators, constructive extent,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of the two Houses, cases of the alleged breach of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Members, commence by virtue of election,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Members, must be ascertained at the peril of the party violating,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of Members, the privilege of the House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Privilege</span>, a Member cannot waive breach of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">is violated by Speaker not putting a question which is in order,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of one House in relation to the other, or in relation to a co-ordinate branch of the Government,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">breach of, party summoned or sent for,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">breach of, by Members, punishable by House only,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">breach of, by King or executive,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Member of one House cannot be summoned by the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">neither House can exercise authority over members or officers of the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of a Member, where he is charged or interested, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">questions of, take precedence of all,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Privileged questions.</span> (See <span class="smcap">Questions</span>.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>Q.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Qualification</span> of Senators,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Quarrel</span>, in committee must be settled in House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Members must declare they will not prosecute,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">question of privilege arising from, has precedence,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Questions</span>, general rule for putting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">the propriety of certain, considered,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">removed from before the House by adjournment,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be debated between the count of affirmative and negative</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">manner of putting, 188 must not speak or move about while putting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">must decide peremptorily if any difficulty arise,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">one House cannot question the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Questions, Privileged</span>, what shall be,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">in filling blanks,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">in reference to committees,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">in amending amendments, and agree or disagree,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">motions to amend have precedence over motions to strike out,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Questions of Order</span> (incidental), how far it shall supercede any other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Questions, Division of</span>, how made,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">what are divisible,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">when divided, each point open to debate and amendment,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Questions, Co-existing</span>, what suspends, and what removes from the House an existing question,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Questions, Equivalent</span>, what is considered,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">determined by ayes and noes,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be resumed in status quo, when suspended by the want of a quorum,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Question, Previous.</span> (See <span class="smcap">Previous Question</span>.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Quorum</span>, only shall do business,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">what number shall be a,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how attendance of, may be compelled,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Quorum</span>, any member may desire a count for the purpose of ascertaining,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not present suspend the question,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>R.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Randall and Whitney</span>, reference to case, breach of privilege,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Reading of Papers</span>, right to require,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">question on, first put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Reading a Speech</span>, is not a right,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Reading a Report</span> of one House not of right in other House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Recede</span>, questions discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">effect of a vote to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Recommitment</span>, effect of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Reconsideration</span> of bills, orders, instructions, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">questions requiring two-thirds, by whom may be moved,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Remonstrance and Petition</span>, distinction,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Report</span> of Committee, how to proceed in House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">of one House not to be read in the other,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Representatives</span>, apportionment of, since 1787,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">qualifications of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Representatives, House of</span>, of whom composed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">shall choose their Speaker and other officers,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">powers of in reference to rules and conduct of its members,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Resolution and Order</span>, distinction,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to pay money, in order,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">when to be presented for approval,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Riders</span>, amend engrossed bills by,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Rules</span> and orders of each House, to what cases they shall apply,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>S.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Sections</span>, numbered by the Clerk,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Senate</span>, of whom composed and how classed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">the Vice-President to be the President,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">shall choose their officers, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">power of, in relation to rules and the conduct of members,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">equal division, determined by vote of the Vice-President,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">adjournment of (see <span class="smcap">Adjournment</span>),</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">session of, what constitutes,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Session</span>, what constitutes,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Speaker</span>, manner of choosing,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">151</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">absence of, from sickness, another chosen,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">violates order by not putting question,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Clerk puts question, before election of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be removed at will of House,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">not to speak unless to order,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">reads sitting, rises to put question,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">cannot refuse an amendment, inconsistent,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Speaker</span> to decide points of order that arise in putting questions, promptly, may ask advice of old members,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Special Orders.</span> (See <span class="smcap">Orders</span>.)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Speech</span>, cannot read of right,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Strike out</span>, paragraph may be perfected before question to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Strike out and Insert</span>, discussed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Sum</span>, largest first put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>T.</th>
    <th />
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Tellers</span>, to count sides of questions,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">their errors rectified,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Time</span>, longest first put,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Title</span>, on the back,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">when to be made or amended,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Transposing</span> of sections, rules respecting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Treason</span>, mode of proceeding on charge of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Treaties</span>, may be made by the President and Senate,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">shall be kept secret until injunction removed,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">are legislative acts,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">extent of power to make,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">may be rescinded by an act of the Legislature,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">paper to be communicated with,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">ratified by nominal call,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">read for information the day received,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">read for consideration on subsequent day,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">proceedings upon,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">reconsideration of votes upon, may be moved by one of the side prevailing,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>V.</th>
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Vote</span>, every member must,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">must not vote if not present,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">change of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>W.</th>
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Warm Words</span>, or quarrel, adjustment of,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Whitney and Randall</span>, bribery case, reference to,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Withdraw</span>, members cannot when question is putting,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">motions, rule of Parliament,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Witnesses</span>, how summoned, examined, etc.,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>Y.</th>
    <th />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Yeas and Nays</span>, may be required by one-fifth,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">to be taken alphabetically,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">all present shall vote unless excused,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">when called and decision announced, no member allowed to vote,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">how questions are determined by,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">no member to vote unless present,</td>
    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="History_of_Colorado">HISTORY OF COLORADO.</h2>

<h3 id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</h3>

<p>On April 3d of the year 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul
of France, for the sum of $16,000,000, ceded to the United States,
then under the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, all that vast territory
entitled the Province of Louisiana. The province extended from the
possessions of New Spain on the south, to the boundary line of the
British possessions on the north, and had the magnificent Mississippi
river on the one side, and the great Pacific Ocean on the other. At
the close of the Mexican war, in 1848, by the treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, for the sum of $15,000,000, all New Mexico and Upper
California&mdash;a region extending from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, and containing about 500,000 square miles&mdash;was ceded to the
United States. This immense domain, thus acquired by purchase from
France and Mexico, has been occupied by an intelligent and enterprising
population, and divided into states and territories, each an
empire in its dimensions, and has been cultivated, developed, and
embellished by all the arts and inventions of the most progressed
civilization. One portion of this domain is Colorado, destined by her
position, resources and climate to enjoy an immortal precedence among
the States of our great Republic.</p>

<p>Before the year 1858 very little was known of Colorado. It is
recorded, with some apparent truth, that a large force of Spaniards
and Indian allies, led by Coronado, a Spanish military captain, having
for their object the discovery of gold, had, about the middle of the
sixteenth century, penetrated to this section of the Rocky Mountains.
The expedition, after incredible hardships, returned without the golden
treasures, for which they had ventured so far and suffered so much.</p>

<p>Soon after the transfer of the Louisiana province, and the establishment
of the United States authority therein, it was determined at
Washington to ascertain the nature of the country, the sources of its
large rivers and the general character of the climate. Accordingly, in
the summer of 1806, a small expedition was equipped, and dispatched
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span>
under the command of Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike, who, for his
skillful services, was, on his return, promoted to the rank of major.
On the 15th of November, Major Pike and his small company beheld
the prominent and stately mountain which, in honor of the commander,
was named Pike’s Peak. Major Pike, in his diary, thus refers to this
peak: “This mountain was so remarkable as to be known to all the
savage nations for hundreds of miles around, and to be spoken of with
admiration by the Spaniards of New Mexico, and was the bounds of
their travels north-west.” Directing his march with the course of the
mountains, Major Pike continued his explorations. Failing to discover
the object of his search&mdash;the source of the Red River&mdash;he
retraced his steps, and proceeded in a south-westerly direction. Determined
to find the head-waters of that important stream, and unconquered
by the fearful severities of winter in the midst of the mountains,
the little party of explorers pursued their way. Their discoveries
were, however, brought to a close by an untoward event&mdash;the capture
of the whole party by the Spaniards, who held a military post in the
San Juan country. This arrest would hardly have occurred had the
boundaries between New Spain and Louisiana been definitely known.</p>

<p>In the year 1819 another and larger expedition was prepared, and
ordered to explore this section of the Rocky Mountains. The party
engaged in this enterprise had advanced a considerable distance into
the Indian country without molestation, when its further progress was
checked by the loss of their horses, which had been stolen by the
Pawnee Indians. This mischance detained the expedition for a whole
year. In June, 1820, Col. S. H. Long, the commander, all losses
having been repaired, resumed his march. Early in the summer they
reached the South Platte, and followed its course until the mountains
came in sight. The massive giant peak, which stood out boldly and
grandly before them, was, in honor of Col. Long, called Long’s Peak.
Col. Long made a careful examination of the mountains from Long’s
Peak to Pike’s Peak, and of the plains lying along their base.</p>

<p>A very full exploration of the Rocky Mountains was made, in
1832, by Captain Bonneville, who commanded a party fitted out by
the American Fur Company.</p>

<p>The most effective expedition hitherto equipped by the Government,
for purposes of exploration, was commanded by Col. Fremont,
and set out in 1842. Upon his arrival at the South Platte, he sent the
larger portion of his force to Fort Laramie, a post of the American
Fur Company. With the rest of his command he advanced to Fort
St. Vrain, an Indian trading post, situated seventeen miles east from
Long’s Peak, and one hundred miles north from Pike’s Peak. From
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>
this point he journeyed northward, exploring the country beyond the
limits of Colorado.</p>

<p>Another band of explorers, conducted by Col. Fremont, camped
at Fort St. Vrain in July, 1843. This party made accurate surveys of
the regions known as north and south of the Divide&mdash;an elevated
ridge, separating the Arkansas and Platte valleys; crossed and re-crossed
the range, ascertained many valuable facts, and mapped out
the main geographical features of Colorado. But, so far, none of
these explorers, nor any of the white inhabitants, mostly occupied in
trading, trapping and hunting, had made any discovery of the vast
mineral wealth now known to exist in this portion of the Sierra Madre
mountains.</p>

<p>As the limits of Kansas formerly embraced a large part of what
now constitutes Colorado, a brief summary of the early history of
Kansas is essential. The territory of Kansas was organized on the
thirtieth day of May, 1854. Then began her pupilage under the
guardianship of Congress. In theory, the relation of a territory to
the national government is that of a child to its parent. It is supposed
to be under discipline and training, by which it will, in due
time, be fitted to discharge the high and important duties incident to
statehood. Kansas, it seems, was an unruly ward, and caused much
trouble and anxiety to her guardian. In the Organic Act of the territory
it was prescribed that the Constitution and all the laws of the
United States should be in full force and effect, except the Missouri
Compromise Act of 1820, which was declared to be inoperative and void
in that territory. The Missouri Compromise, thus partially rescinded,
opened the way for a pro-slavery and an anti-slavery agitation. Anti-slavery
colonies from New England, and pro-slavery colonies from the
Southern States, came to settle in the new territory of Kansas. Confusion,
riot, and bloodshed soon followed. This unhappy state of
affairs continued until the adoption of a State constitution prohibiting
slavery. This important event occurred December 6th, 1859. From
that time peace and order reigned. On January 29th, 1861, an
Act for the admission of Kansas into the Union as a state, passed
both Houses of Congress. On February 26th, 1861, Congress divided
the new state, and organized the western portion into a territory bearing
the name of Colorado.</p>

<p>We have seen that Kansas became a territory in 1854. From
that year until 1858 no one authorized to represent the territory of
Kansas appeared within the present limits of Colorado. The inhabitants
before this time, beside the employees of the American Fur
Company and a few independent trappers, hunters, and Indian traders,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>
consisted of a scattered population of Pueblos and Mexicans, mostly
engaged in stock raising in the vicinity of the Raton Mountains, and
the roving tribes of savages. The Indian traders, among whom were
Lieutenant Lupton and Vigil St. Vrain in the north, and Colonels
Boone and Bent in the south, had erected small forts to shield them
from the savages. The junction of the Fontaine qui Bouille with the
Arkansas was a favorite winter rendezvous for the trappers and hunters,
among whom was the famous Kit Carson. In 1854, the Ute Indians
massacred, in one night, all who had assembled at this resort. Hitherto
the protection of Kansas power and law had never been invoked, nor
had the needs of the scanty and motley population occupied the attention
of the Kansas government. In 1852 a party of Cherokee Indians,
on their way from Georgia to California, discovered gold on the banks
of a small stream tributary to the South Platte. On their return
journey they showed the gold and reported the place of discovery.
Exciting rumors of gold found in large quantities in the Rocky
Mountains, inflamed thousands with the desire to reach and possess
the open treasures. The first train of prospectors, led by W. Green
Russell, Esq., started from Georgia. As they passed through Missouri
and Kansas, the gold fever influenced many to leave home and competency
for the distant plains and mountains teeming with riches.
The Georgians took up their position where Denver now stands, and
thoroughly prospected Cherry Creek from its mouth to its source, but
as their labors were poorly rewarded, they gave the Platte, of which
Cherry Creek is a tributary, a fair trial for six or seven miles south.
Much disappointed, they set out for the North Platte and Green River
regions, but faring worse, returned to their first location, and were
made happy by larger returns for their labor. The first Kansas party
built their camp fires near the present site of Pueblo. As the news of
gold discoveries sped across the continent, a strong tide of emigration
set in to the Pike’s Peak country. Strings of wagons and troops of
men, in constant succession, kept crossing the great plains, anxious
as they toiled on, to catch a glimpse of the blue outlines of the
mountains, where fortune stood waiting to enrich the hardy adventurers.
From all parts, and embracing all characters, poured in the
earnest crowd, all animated by a common hope of attaining sudden
wealth.</p>

<p>J. W. Denver, after whom Denver, the present capital of Colorado,
was called, was then governor of Kansas territory. But neither
he, nor his successor Medary, nor even Robinson, elected State governor
December 6th, 1859, could give scarcely any attention to occurrences
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span>
in the distant Pike’s Peak gold regions. Their thoughts and
time were almost entirely engrossed by political events at home.</p>

<p>On the banks of the Platte, near the present Younker ranch, some
of the Kansas company, who had camped on the Arkansas, with
others, began to erect a number of log cabins. These were soon
completed, and the name of Montana City was applied to the settlement.
In these cabins a large party of prospectors spent the winter.
On the 24th of September, a party of nine selected the east side of
Cherry Creek, near its mouth, for a town site, and agreed to lay out
640 acres for that purpose. The peculiar and pious name of St.
Charles was given to it, but no steps were taken to survey and plot the
town or put up buildings, unless a few logs crossed together, with an
old wagon cover for a roof, might be designated a house. Another
company chose the west side of Cherry Creek for a town site, and in
the latter part of October proceeded to construct some log cabins.
These, and a number of others used as stores, were built, and the
town called Auraria, from a small mining town in Georgia. The
prospects of this new enterprise soon became encouraging, while
Montana City in time lost its inhabitants, and its tenements went to
ruin. A town company, composed mainly of Kansas citizens, on
November 17th, 1858, took possession of the deserted St. Charles
town site. Steps for the erection of cabins were immediately taken
in order to secure the right of pre-emption. By New Year’s Day
Denver had twenty and Auraria forty cabins. Up to this time the
settlements contained only three white women. In the fall of 1859, a
warm rivalry existed between Auraria and Denver. This was manifested
in every issue, and continued until the consolidation of Denver
and Auraria in 1860. The first inhabitants of Boulder came to that
section October 17, 1858. In the summer of 1859 settlements were
made in South Park. In the autumn months of 1859 Mountain City,
Boulder, Russellville, Colorado City, Golden and Arapahoe became
large settlements.</p>

<p>As the population increased, protection of life and property was
felt as the special need. Animated, therefore, by a common desire to
establish security, prevent and punish crime, the new settlers called a
public meeting. The meeting was held November 6, 1858, in the
settlement of Auraria, containing at that time about 200 inhabitants.
The assembly, though composed of immigrants from different states,
acted as citizens of Kansas territory. Out of the Pike’s Peak country,
as that part of the Rocky Mountains, and the plains around their base,
were called, they formed a county, defined its limits, and named it
Arapahoe, from a neighboring tribe of Indians. They also declared
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span>
Auraria to be the county seat. They then proceeded to elect a delegate
to Congress and a representative to the Kansas Legislature. H.
J. Graham was chosen delegate, and A. J. Smith representative. This
action of the assembly manifested a rare spirit of enterprise in politics.
They declare a district of Kansas to be a county, and depute one of
their number to the legislature with credentials of his election, and
petitions that the county be established, and their representative be
received. At the same time a delegate is dispatched to Congress with
instructions to have the county converted into a territory. The delegate
of <i>Kansas</i> Territory would be duly recognized and admitted to a
seat in Congress. But to the delegate of Arapahoe county no such
recognition or position would be tendered. His labors would be
confined to the advocacy of the petitions and claims of the people
he represented before committees, or with individual members of the
House or Senate. Nevertheless, Mr. Graham hurried to Washington,
impelled by the delusive hope that his mission would be successful, and
that he would enjoy the honors and emoluments of territorial delegate.
The people of Arapahoe county were 700 miles distant from Leavenworth,
the capital of Kansas, without railroads or telegraphs, and
with immense uninhabited plains lying between them and the territorial
authorities. They, therefore, naturally desired to have the
territory of Kansas divided, and the western part organized into a new
territory. This arrangement, if consummated, would place the country
on a stable footing. Peace and order would be maintained, the general
prosperity promoted, while Congress and the nation would be
directly acquainted with the growth, prospects and necessities of the
country. Mr. Graham exerted himself to prevail on Congress to
respect the petition of his constituents, but his efforts proved unsuccessful.
Their representative, A. J. Smith, succeeded in his mission,
had Arapahoe county confirmed, but was not admitted as a member
of the Kansas legislature.</p>

<p>During the winter of 1858 the population was only slightly increased.
The settlements were governed by local laws, devised and
adopted by the people, and these laws were executed by a Probate
judge and other officers, of the people’s appointment. The first election
of Arapahoe county officers, under Kansas laws, was held March
28, 1859. Over 700 votes were polled, of which 231 were credited to
Auraria and 144 to Denver. The spring months brought a great
increase to the mining population. From authentic sources it has
been computed that, during the summer, the Pike’s Peak gold regions
contained 20,000 souls. An established and accessible government
became indispensable. The subject pressed itself more and more
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span>
urgently on the public mind. Their first attempt, in 1858, to impress
Congress favorably with the necessities of their situation, had proved
abortive. But a profound sense of their needs moved them to renew
their efforts to prevail on Congress to consummate a partition of the
territory of Kansas, and to establish a separate government in this
distant but populous region. A mass meeting was called, to convene
in Auraria, April 11th, 1859. In the resolutions adopted, it was
expressed as the unanimous sentiment of the meeting, that a separate
and distinct government was not only important but necessary. By
these resolutions, also, the several precincts of Arapahoe county were
requested to choose delegates, to meet in joint convention on the fourth
day after the meeting, April 15th, to consider the question of organizing
a new state or territory. On the day appointed the delegates
met. In order to save time and determine quickly, they pursued an
eminently judicious course. They resolved on one subject of debate,
and only one: “The formation of a new and independent state of the
Union.” It must be remembered that Kansas, at this time, was only
a territory, though pressing her claims for recognition and admission
as a State. Thus early, and prematurely, as facts subsequently proved,
did the people, who crowded into this new country, seek for the
honors and privileges of statehood. While these delegates were in
session, or shortly after, the <i>Rocky Mountain News</i>, the pioneer
journal of Colorado, issued its first edition, April 23d, 1859. This
Auraria convention, as a summing up of their labors, ordered a general
election of delegates on the second Monday in May, to meet on the
first Monday in June. At the time designated fifty delegates assembled.
As in the April convention, only one subject, it seems, engaged their
deliberations&mdash;the attainment of statehood. The work of drafting a
constitution was entrusted to eight committees, in order to economize
time and secure a complete instrument. The committees were requested
to report, and submit their labors to a fuller convention, which
was enjoined to meet on the first Monday in August. In the interval
the several committees prepared their work. When the convention,
which consisted of one hundred and sixty-seven delegates, met, the
committees presented their reports. A constitution was completed,
and arrangements made for its acceptance or rejection by the votes of
the people. Though some members of the convention were sanguine
of success, the majority thought that the result would be adverse, and
sought to provide against such a contingency. The day set for voting
on the constitution and movement for a state, was the first Monday in
September. The convention therefore resolved that should the constitution
be rejected, a delegate to Congress should be elected on the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>
first Monday in October. The delegate would represent Jefferson
Territory&mdash;the name given by the convention to Arapahoe county, or
Pike’s Peak gold regions. On September 4th the votes far or against
the constitution were cast, and resulted in 2,007 against, and 649 for,
that instrument. A short time (about ten days) before the October
election, it was proposed, at a mass meeting held in Auraria, that on
the day a delegate to Congress was elected, delegates should be chosen
to form a Provisional Territorial Government. The proposition was
adopted. Accordingly, on the first Monday in October this double
election took place.</p>

<p>The governor of Kansas, in 1859, had issued a proclamation that
Arapahoe county be established, and that a representative be elected.
The Arapahoe county election for Kansas officials was therefore also held.
Captain Richard Sopris was elected representative, and was the first
member from Arapahoe county admitted to a seat in the Kansas
legislature. An event, worthy of relation, is the arrival of the Leavenworth
and Pike’s Peak express, May 17th, 1859. This assured direct
communication with the capital of Kansas, and thence with all the
States. It was a day of congratulations, and one to be remembered.
Another noticeable matter of record is the visit of Horace Greeley,
editor of the <i>N. Y. Tribune</i>, who witnessed, with extraordinary
interest the operations of gold mining. A letter, to which he attached
his own signature, was published June 6th, 1859. This letter set forth
in strong language the large returns of the mines and placer diggings.
As a consequence, another immigration that fall largely increased the
population.</p>

<p>At the October election above mentioned, B. D. Williams was
chosen delegate to Congress. He was the exponent of the August
convention, and entrusted with the mission to memorialize Congress
to separate the Pike’s Peak region from Kansas, and organize it into
a territory under the name of Jefferson. The other delegates chosen
were instructed to form a Provisional Government. Eighty-six delegates
met in convention. They entered upon their duties with great
earnestness. A new constitution, called the “Organic Act of the
Territory of Jefferson,” was framed and adopted. Other important
measures received their approval. The territory was divided into
legislative districts. A full state ticket was nominated, and an election
ordered for the fourth Monday of October, the same month in which
they had been elected, had convened, had acted. The election took
place; 2,000 votes were cast in twenty-seven precincts. The Provisional
Government was adopted, a full corps of legislators chosen,
and, indeed, all but one of the entire ticket elected. The purpose of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span>
the parties who had determined on a Provisional Government ran
swift to its fulfillment. The legislature thus suddenly and questionably
brought into existence, met and began their session. The message of
the governor, R. W. Steele, was received with the usual formalities,
and the session was passed in diligent legislative labors. Many general
and special laws were enacted; nine counties were organized; a
poll-tax of one dollar was imposed, and a committee appointed to
report full civil and criminal codes to an adjourned session, January
23d, 1860. In each of the nine newly organized counties the governor
appointed a Probate Judge, to hold office until the regular county
election on the first Monday in January, 1860. The legislature met
pursuant to adjournment, and for the remainder of the session devoted
their attention to the report of the committee. Full civil and criminal
codes were finally adopted. An <i>imperium in imperio</i> was now fairly
established. Right in the midst of the Kansas Government stood the
Provisional Government. The first resistance to the authority of the
latter, and protest against its legality, arose from the Arapahoe county
officials, who were elected according to Kansas territorial law, and
were, therefore, beyond a doubt, legal. Besides this, a remonstrance
against the per capita tax, signed by seven hundred miners, was sent
down from the mountains. In the valley, therefore, the Kansas and
the Provisional governments held divided sway; and in the mountains
the Miners’ Courts and the Provisional Government contended for the
mastery. Golden was the only settlement that wholly submitted to
the Provisional Government. In truth, the authority of the Kansas
officials was never fairly recognized, and they soon ceased to have even
a nominal existence.</p>

<p>From 1858 to some time in 1861, two kinds of courts existed in
the Pike’s Peak region, whose decisions were final. These were called
the People’s Courts and the Miners’ Courts. The People’s Courts
were improvised assemblies of the people, who convened to adjudicate
criminal cases, such as murders, homicides, and other felonies. They
were usually presided over by a probate judge or justice of the peace.
The extreme penalties were hanging, lashes on the bare back, and
banishment. The Miners’ Courts were differently organized. Pursuant
to a general call, all occupying a mining district met together.
They fixed the limits of their district, adopted a miners’ code, defined
the duties of officers, and elected them for the ensuing year. A president,
judge, sheriff, collector, surveyor, and recorder, who was <i>ex
officio</i> treasurer and secretary of the district, composed the officers of
the court, who were all responsible to the superior tribunal, the
Miners’ Meeting. These courts settled all claims and offences in mining
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span>
districts. When a case was not settled in the courts, it was carried
to the Miners’ Meeting. There was no appeal from their decision.
The courts organized under the Provisional Government were respected
by the people, and their decisions accepted with general satisfaction.
In Denver and some other places the People’s Courts alone were
recognized.</p>

<p>The year 1860 witnessed great activity in mining throughout the
mountains. April 3d, 1860, Denver and Auraria, by mutual agreement
of the citizens, were consolidated. During this year the celebrated
Consolidated Ditch, constructed for mining uses, was completed.
In the fall of 1860 Edward M. McCook was elected representative to
the Kansas legislature. It is certain that no bills were passed for the
benefit of his constituents, who formed a very small minority of the
people, and it is a matter of doubt whether he received more than his
mileage. On New Year’s Day, 1860, Denver had two hundred and
Auraria four hundred houses, with a combined settled population of
one thousand. At the close of 1860 it was estimated that sixty thousand
people, chiefly transient, were in the Pike’s Peak country, and
the population in and around Denver, four thousand.</p>

<p>The Pony Express, which started simultaneously from St. Joseph,
Missouri, and Sacramento, California, April 9th, 1860, and which was
conceived and made a success by the bold enterprise of W. H. Russell,
Esq., was an event of unusual consequence to the whole nation.
Telegrams from New York, by this conveyance, were delivered in San
Francisco in eight days and four hours, and letters from San Francisco
reached St. Joseph, Missouri, in eight days and nine hours. The
great Pacific Mail Steamship Company had, for about ten years, held
the contract for the transportation of the U. S. mails. This service
realized a million dollars annually. By this line the transit of the
mails took twenty-three days. But this achievement of the pony
express, reducing the time to eight days and nine hours, induced the
government to change the route for the Pacific mails. The contract
was given to Butterfield, who sub-contracted to W. H. Russell,
through whom the Pike’s Peak gold regions soon had ample mail
facilities. On May 1st, 1860, began the publication of the <i>Rocky
Mountain Herald</i>, daily edition, whose racy columns drew an encouraging
patronage. In August, 1860, the first mail service was
extended to the mountains. During this year, considering the number
of lawless and reckless men congregated in this new country, comparatively
few crimes were committed. The criminals guilty of murder
were tried by a People’s Court, sentenced, and hanged. During
the summer months Denver was overrun by a crew of desperadoes
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span>
and robbers, who, if resisted, did not hesitate to use any violence.
They assailed the office of the Denver <i>News</i>, and forcibly, with intent
to kill, abducted the editor for his unsparing condemnation of their
outrages. But the career of one of them was ingloriously terminated,
being shot down by the citizens, and the fate of others speedily determined
by the People’s Courts. The rest hurried away to other parts,
where justice did not follow the offender so surely and so swiftly. In
the mountains crimes, at first frequent, soon almost disappeared,
owing to the vigilance and prompt action of the Miners’ Courts. At
Washington the Congressional delegate indefatigably pressed the
petitions of the people, and urged the necessity of immediately organising
a territory. Thus 1860 passed.</p>

<p>The next year, so full of great events, brought the desired relief.
On the 26th of February, 1861, a bill passed Congress designating the
boundaries of the new territory of Colorado, which embraced portions
of Kansas, Nebraska, and Utah, and providing for its political organization
and administration. The news of this important event was
received with great demonstrations of joy.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</h2>

<h3 id="ORGANIC_ACT">ORGANIC ACT.</h3>

<p class="caption">AN ACT TO PROVIDE A TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT FOR THE
TERRITORY OF COLORADO.</p>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That all that part
of the territory of the United States included within the following
limits, viz: commencing on the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude,
where the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington
crosses the same; thence north on said meridian to the forty-first
parallel of north latitude; thence along said parallel west to the
thirty-second meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence
south on said meridian to the northern line of New Mexico; thence
along the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude to the place of
beginning; be and the same is hereby erected into a temporary government
by the name of the Territory of Colorado: <i>Provided</i>, That
nothing in this act contained shall be construed to impair the rights of
person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Territory, so
long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the
United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by
treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of said tribe,
to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State
or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out of the
boundaries, and constitute no part of the territory of Colorado, until
said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United
States to be included within the said Territory, or to affect the authority
of the government of the United States to make any regulations
respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by
treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent for the
government to make, if this act had never passed: <i>Provided further</i>,
That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to inhibit the
government of the United States from dividing said Territory into
two or more territories, in such manner and at such times as Congress
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span>
shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion
thereof to any other Territory or State.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the executive power and
authority in and over said Territory of Colorado shall be vested in a
Governor, who shall hold his office four years, and until his successor
shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President
of the United States. The Governor shall reside within said Territory,
shall be Commander-in-Chief of the militia thereof, shall perform
the duties and receive the emoluments of Superintendent of Indian
Affairs, and shall approve all laws passed by the Legislative Assembly
before they shall take effect; he may grant pardons for offenses
against the laws of said Territory, and reprieves for offenses against
the laws of the United States, until the decision of the President can
be made known thereon; he shall commission all officers who shall be
appointed to office under the laws of said Territory, and shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That there shall be a Secretary
of said Territory, who shall reside therein, and hold his office for
four years, unless sooner removed by the President of the United
States; he shall record and preserve all the laws and proceedings of
the Legislative Assembly hereinafter constituted, and all the acts and
proceedings of the Governor, in his executive department; he shall
transmit one copy of the laws and one copy of the executive proceedings
on or before the first day of December in each year, to the President
of the United States, and, at the same time, two copies of the
laws to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President
of the Senate for the use of Congress. And in case of the death,
removal, or resignation, or other necessary absence of the Governor
from the Territory, the Secretary shall have, and is hereby authorized
and required to execute and perform, all the powers and duties
of the Governor during such vacancy or necessary absence, or until
another Governor shall be duly appointed to fill such vacancy.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the legislative power and
authority of said Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a Legislative
Assembly. The Legislative Assembly shall consist of a Council
and House of Representatives. The Council shall consist of nine
members, which may be increased to thirteen, having the qualifications
of voters as hereinafter prescribed, whose term of service shall continue
two years. The House of Representatives shall consist of thirteen
members, which may be increased to twenty-six, possessing the same
qualifications as prescribed for members of the Council, and whose
term of service shall continue one year. An apportionment shall be
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span>
made, as nearly equally as practicable, among the several counties or
districts for the election of the Council and House of Representatives,
giving to each section of the Territory representation in the ratio of its
population (Indians excepted) as nearly as may be; and the members
of the Council and House of Representatives shall reside in, and be
inhabitants of, the district for which they may be elected respectively.
Previous to the first election, the Governor shall cause a census or
enumeration of the inhabitants of the several counties and districts of
the Territory to be taken; and the first election shall be held at such
time and places, and be conducted in such a manner as the Governor
may direct; and he shall, at the same time, declare the number of the
members of the Council and House of Representatives to which each
of the counties or districts shall be entitled under this act. The number
of persons authorized to be elected, having the highest number of
votes in each of said Council districts for members of the Council
shall be declared by the Governor to be duly elected to the Council;
and the person or persons authorized to be elected having the greatest
number of votes for the House of Representatives, equal to the number
to which each county or district shall be entitled, shall be declared
by the Governor to be elected members of the House of Representatives:
<i>Provided</i>, That in case of a tie between two or more persons
voted for, the Governor shall order a new election, to supply the vacancy
made by such tie. And the persons thus elected to the Legislative
Assembly shall meet at such place and on such day as the Governor
shall appoint; but thereafter the time, place, and manner of holding
and conducting all elections by the people, and the apportioning
and representation in the several counties or districts to the Council
and House of Representatives, according to the population, shall be
prescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the
regular session of the Legislative Assembly; <i>Provided</i>, That no session
shall exceed the term of forty days, except the first, which may be
extended to sixty days, but no longer.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That every free white male
citizen of the United States, above the age of twenty-one years,
who shall have been a resident of said Territory at the time of the
passage of this act, including those recognized as citizens by the treaty
with the Republic of Mexico, concluded February two, eighteen hundred
and forty-eight, and the treaty negotiated with the same country
on the thirtieth of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, shall
be entitled to vote at the first election, and shall be eligible to any
office within the said Territory; but the qualifications of voters and
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span>
of holding office at all subsequent elections shall be such as shall be
prescribed by the Legislative Assembly.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the legislative power
of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent
with the Constitution of the United States and the provisions
of this act; but no laws shall be passed interfering with the primary
disposal of the soil; no tax shall be imposed upon the property of the
United States; nor shall the lands or other property of non-residents
be taxed higher than the lands or other property of residents; nor
shall any law be passed impairing the rights of private property; nor
shall any discrimination be made in taxing different kinds of property;
but all property subject to taxation shall be in proportion to the value
of the property taxed.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That all township, district,
and county officers, not herein otherwise provided for, shall be appointed
or elected, as the case may be, in such manner as shall be
provided by the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the Territory.
The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent
of the Legislative Assembly, appoint all officers not herein otherwise
provided for; and in the first instance the Governor alone may appoint
said officers, who shall hold their offices until the end of the first
session of the Legislative Assembly, and shall lay off the necessary
districts for members of the Council and House of Representatives,
and all other officers.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That no member of the Legislative
Assembly shall hold or be appointed to any office which shall
have been created, or the salary or emoluments of which shall have
been increased while he was a member, during the term for which he
was elected, and for one year after the expiration of such term; and
no person holding a commission or appointment under the United
States, except postmasters, shall be a member of the Legislative
Assembly, or shall hold any office under the government of said
Territory.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the judicial power of
said Territory shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts,
Probate Courts, and Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court shall
consist of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, any two of
whom shall constitute a quorum, and who shall hold a term at the
seat of government of said Territory annually; and they shall hold
their offices during the period of four years; the said Territory shall
be divided into three judicial districts, and a District Court shall be
held in each of said districts by one of the Justices of the Supreme
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span>
Court at such time and place as may be prescribed by law; and the
Judges shall, after their appointments, respectively, reside in the districts
which shall be assigned them. The jurisdiction of the several
courts herein provided for, both appellate and original, and that of the
Probate Courts and of the Justices of the Peace, shall be as limited by
law: <i>Provided</i>, That Justices of the Peace and Probate Courts shall
not have jurisdiction of any matter in controversy where the title
or boundaries of land may be in dispute, or where the debt or sum
claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars; and the said Supreme and
District Courts, respectively, shall possess chancery as well as common
law jurisdiction; and authority for redress of all wrongs committed
against the constitution or laws of the United States or of the Territory,
affecting persons or property. Each District Court or the Judge
thereof shall appoint its Clerk, who shall also be the register in chancery,
and shall keep his office at the place where the court may be held.
Writs of error, bills of exception, and appeals, shall be allowed in all
cases from the final decisions of said District Courts to the Supreme
Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; but in no
case removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed in
said Court. The Supreme Court, or the Justices thereof, shall appoint
its own Clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure of
the court for which he shall have been appointed. Writs of error and
appeals from the final decisions of said Supreme Court shall be
allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States,
in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the Circuit
Courts of the United States, where the value of the property or the
amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of
either party, or other competent witness, shall exceed one thousand
dollars; and each of the said District Courts shall have and exercise
the same jurisdiction, in all cases arising under the constitution and
laws of the United States, as is vested in the Circuit and District
Courts of the United States; and the said Supreme and District
Courts of the said Territory, and the respective Judges thereof, shall
and may grant writs of habeas corpus in all cases in which the same
are grantable by the Judges of the United States in the District of
Columbia; and the first six days of every term of said courts, or so
much thereof as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial
of causes arising under the said constitution and laws, and writs of
error and appeals in all such cases shall be made to the Supreme Court
of said Territory the same as in other cases. The said Clerk shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span>
receive in all such cases the same fees which the Clerks of the District
Courts of Oregon received for similar services.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That there shall be appointed
an Attorney for said Territory, who shall continue in office for four
years, unless sooner removed by the President, and who shall receive
the same fees and salary as the Attorney of the United States for the
Territory of Oregon. There shall also be a Marshal for the Territory
appointed, who shall hold his office for four years, unless sooner removed
by the President, and who shall execute all processes issuing
from said courts when exercising their jurisdiction as Circuit and District
Courts of the United States; he shall perform the duties, be subject
to the same regulations and penalties, and be entitled to the same
fees as the Marshal of the District Court of the United States for the
Territory of Oregon, and shall, in addition, be paid two hundred dollars
annually as a compensation for extra services.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Governor, Secretary,
Chief Justice, and Associate Justices, Attorney, and Marshal
shall be nominated, and by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, appointed by the President of the United States. The Governor
and Secretary to be appointed as aforesaid shall, before they act
as such, respectively take an oath or affirmation before the District
Judge, or some Justice of the Peace in the limits of said Territory duly
authorized to administer oaths and affirmations by the laws now in
force therein, or before the Chief Justice, or some Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court of the United States, to support the constitution
of the United States, and faithfully to discharge the duties of
their respective offices, which said oaths, when so taken, shall be certified
by the person by whom the same shall have been taken; and such
certificate shall be received and recorded by the Secretary among the
executive proceedings; and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices,
and all other civil officers in said Territory, before they act as such,
shall take a like oath or affirmation, before the said Governor or Secretary,
or some Judge or Justice of the Peace of the Territory who
may be duly commissioned and qualified, which said oath or affirmation
shall be certified and transmitted by the person taking the same
to the Secretary, to be by him recorded as aforesaid; and afterwards
the like oath or affirmation shall be taken, certified and recorded in
such manner and form as may be prescribed by law. The Governor
shall receive an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars as Governor,
and one thousand dollars as Superintendent of Indian Affairs; the
Chief Justice and Associate Justices shall receive an annual salary of
eighteen hundred dollars. The said salaries shall be paid quarter yearly
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>
at the Treasury of the United States. The members of the Legislative
Assembly shall be entitled to receive three dollars each per day
during their attendance at the session thereof, and three dollars for
every twenty miles travel in going to and returning from the said sessions,
estimated according to the nearest usually traveled route. There
shall be appropriated annually the sum of one thousand dollars, to be
expended by the Governor, to defray the contingent expenses of the
Territory. There shall also be appropriated, annually, a sufficient sum
to be expended by the Secretary of the Territory, and upon an estimate
to be made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United
States, to defray the expenses of the Legislative Assembly, the printing
of the laws, and other incidental expenses; and the Secretary of
the Territory shall annually account to the Secretary of the Treasury
of the United States for the manner in which the aforesaid sum shall
have been expended.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Legislative Assembly
of the Territory of Colorado shall hold its first session at such time
and place in said Territory as the Governor thereof shall appoint and
direct; and at said first session, or as soon thereafter as they shall
deem expedient, the Governor and Legislative Assembly shall proceed
to locate and establish the seat of government for said Territory at
such place as they may deem eligible, which place, however, shall
thereafter be subject to be changed by the said Governor and Legislative
Assembly.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That a delegate to the House
of Representatives of the United States, to serve during each Congress
of the United States, may be elected by the voters qualified to
elect members of the Legislative Assembly, who shall be entitled to
the same rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyed by the
Delegates from the several other Territories of the United States to
the said House of Representatives. The first election shall be held at
such time and places, and be conducted in such manner as the Governor
shall appoint and direct; and at all subsequent elections the times,
places, and manner of holding elections shall be prescribed by law.
The person having the greatest number of votes shall be declared by
the Governor to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be
given accordingly.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when the land in the
said Territory shall be surveyed, under the direction of the Government
of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into
market, sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six in each town in said
Territory and be and the same are hereby reserved for the purpose of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>
being applied to schools in the States hereafter to be erected out of
the same.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That temporarily, and until
otherwise provided by law, the Governor of said Territory may
define the judicial districts of said Territory, and assign the Judges
who may be appointed for said Territory, to the several districts, and
also appoint the times and places for holding courts in the several
counties or subdivisions in each of said judicial districts by proclamation
to be issued by him; but the Legislative Assembly, at their first
or any subsequent session, may organize, alter or modify such judicial
districts, and assign the Judges, and alter the times and places of holding
the courts, as to them shall seem proper and convenient.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Constitution and
all laws of the United States, which are not locally inapplicable, shall
have the same force and effect within the said Territory of Colorado
as elsewhere within the United States.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the President of the
United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall
be and is hereby authorized to appoint a Surveyor General for Colorado,
who shall locate his office at such place as the Secretary of the
Interior shall from time to time direct, and whose duties, powers,
obligations, responsibilities, compensation, and allowances for clerk
hire, office rent, fuel, and incidental expenses, shall be the same as
those of the Surveyor General of New Mexico, under the direction of
the Secretary of the Interior, and such instructions as he may from
time to time deem it advisable to give him.</p>

<p>Approved February 28th, 1861.</p>

<h3 id="Amendments_to_Organic_Act">AMENDMENTS TO THE ORGANIC ACT.</h3>

<p class="caption">AN ACT TO AMEND AN ACT ENTITLED “AN ACT TO PROVIDE A TEMPORARY
GOVERNMENT FOR THE TERRITORY OF COLORADO.”</p>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the second
section of the act to which this act is an amendment, be altered so as
to read as follows: The executive power and authority in and over
said Territory of Colorado, shall be vested in a Governor, who shall
hold his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed
and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President of the United
States. The Governor shall reside within said Territory, shall be
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span>
commander-in-chief of the militia thereof, shall perform the duties,
and shall receive the emoluments of Superintendent of Indian Affairs;
he may grant pardons for offences against the laws of said Territory,
and reprieves for offenses against the laws of the United States, until
the decision of the President shall be made known thereon; he shall
commission all officers who shall be appointed to office under the laws
of said Territory, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That every bill which shall
have passed the Legislative Assembly shall, before it become a law,
be presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he
shall sign it; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to the
house in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at large
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds
of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes
of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered
on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be
returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Assembly, by adjournment,
prevents its return, in which case it shall not be law.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That section nine of the act to
which this act is amendatory be altered so as to read as follows:
Section 9. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the judicial power of said
Territory shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate
Courts, and Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court shall
consist of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, any two of
whom shall constitute a quorum, and who shall hold a term at the seat
of government of said Territory, annually, and they shall hold their
offices during the period of four years. The said Territory shall be
divided into three judicial districts, and a District Court shall be held
in each of said districts by one of the Justices of the Supreme Court,
at such time and place as may be prescribed by law; and the said
judges shall, after their appointments, respectively reside in the districts
which shall be assigned them. The jurisdiction of the several
courts herein provided for, both appellate and original, and of Justices
of the Peace, shall be as limited by law; <i>Provided</i>, That Justices of
the Peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in controversy,
when the title or boundaries of land may be in dispute, or when the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span>
debt or sum claimed shall exceed three hundred dollars; and the said
Probate Court shall not have jurisdiction in any matter in controversy,
when the debt or sum claimed shall exceed the sum of two thousand
dollars; and said Supreme and District Courts shall have authority
for redress of all wrongs committed against the constitution and laws
of the United States; and the said Supreme, District, and Probate
Courts respectively, shall possess chancery, as well as common law
jurisdiction, and authority for the redress of all wrongs committed
against the laws of said Territory, affecting persons or property.
Each District Court, or the judge thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who
shall also be the Register in Chancery, and shall keep his office at the
place where the court may be held. Writs of error, bills of exception
and appeals shall be allowed from the final decisions of said District
and Probate Courts to the Supreme Court, under such regulations as
shall be prescribed by law; but in no case remove to the Supreme
Court, shall trial by jury be allowed in said court. The Supreme
Court, or the justices, thereof, shall appoint its own clerk, and every
clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure of the court for which he
shall have been appointed. Writs of error and appeals from the final
decisions of said Supreme Court shall be allowed, and may be taken
to the Supreme Court of the United States in the same manner and
under the same regulations as from the Circuit Courts of the United
States, when the value of the property, or the amount in controversy,
to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party, or other
competent witness, shall exceed one thousand dollars; and each of said
Supreme and District Courts shall have and exercise the same jurisdiction
in all cases arising under the constitution and laws of the
United States, as is vested in the Circuit and District Courts of the
United States; and the said Supreme and District Courts of said
Territory, and the respective judges thereof, shall and may grant writs
of habeas corpus in all cases in which the same are granted by the
judges of the United States in the District of Columbia; and the first
six days of every term of said courts, or so much thereof as shall be
necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial of causes arising under the
said constitution and laws; and writs of error and appeals in all such
cases shall be made to the Supreme Court of said Territory, the same
as in other cases. The said clerk shall receive in all such cases the
same fees which the clerks of the Districts Courts of Oregon Territory
received for similar services.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the provisions of sections
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span>
one and two of this act shall be applicable to the Territory of Dakota,
and shall have like effect as in the Territory of Colorado.</p>

<p>Approved March 2, 1863.</p>

<h4>AN ACT AMENDATORY OF THE ORGANIC ACT OF COLORADO
TERRITORY.</h4>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That hereafter the
sessions of the Legislative Assembly of Colorado Territory shall be
biennial. Members of the Council shall be elected for the term of
four years, and members of the House for the term of two years, and
shall receive the sum of six dollars per day instead of three dollars
heretofore allowed, and shall also receive the same mileage now allowed
by law.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That each house shall have
authority to elect, in addition to the officers now allowed by law, an
enrolling clerk, who shall receive five dollars per day. The chief clerk
shall receive six dollars per day, and the other officers elected by said
Legislature shall receive five dollars per day each.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the members of the Legislative
Assembly elected at the general election of said Territory in
the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, shall compose the first Legislature
under this act, and said Legislature shall meet at the time now
fixed by law for the meeting of the Legislative Assembly of Colorado
Territory.</p>

<p>Approved March 30th, 1867.</p>

<h4>AN ACT TO REGULATE THE ELECTIVE FRANCHISE IN THE TERRITORIES
OF THE UNITED STATES.</h4>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That from and
after the passage of this act, there shall be no denial of the elective
franchise in any of the territories of the United States, now, or hereafter
to be organized, to any citizen thereof, on account of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude; and all acts or parts of acts, either
of Congress or the Legislative Assemblies of said Territories, inconsistent
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span>
with the provisions of this act are hereby declared null and void.</p>

<p class="caption">
SCHUYLER COLFAX,<br />
<i>Speaker of the House of Representatives.</i><br />
LAFAYETTE S. FOSTER,<br />
<i>President of the Senate, pro tempore.</i></p>

<p>Endorsed by the President: Received on the 14th January, 1867.</p>

<blockquote>

<p class="small">[<span class="smcap">Note by the State Department.</span>&mdash;The foregoing act having been presented
to the President of the United States for his approval, and not having been returned
by him to the House of Congress, in which it originated, within the time prescribed
by the Constitution of the United States, has become a law without his approval.]</p></blockquote>

<h4>AN ACT AMENDATORY OF “AN ACT TO PROVIDE A TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT
FOR THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA.” APPROVED MAY
26th, 1864.</h4>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the Legislative
Assemblies of the several Territories of the United States shall
not, after the passage of this act, grant private charters or especial
privileges, but they may, by general incorporation acts, permit persons
to associate themselves together as bodies corporate for mining, manufacturing,
and other industrial pursuits.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That from and after the first
day of April next the salary of each of the judges of the several Supreme
Courts, in each of the organized Territories (except Montana
and Idaho), shall be two thousand five hundred dollars.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That all acts and parts of acts
inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed.</p>

<p>Approved March 2d, 1867.</p>

<h4>AN ACT MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE,
AND JUDICIAL EXPENSES OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE
YEAR ENDING THE THIRTIETH OF JUNE, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED
AND SEVENTY.</h4>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, <span class="nowrap">* * * * * *</span>
That hereafter the members of both branches of the Legislative
Assemblies of the several Territories shall be chosen for the term of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span>
two years, and the sessions of the Legislative Assemblies shall be
biennial; and each Territorial Legislature shall, at its first session
after the passage of this act, make provision by law for carrying this
act into effect.</p>

<p>Approved March 3d, 1869.</p>

<h4>AN ACT REGULATING THE COMPENSATION OF THE MEMBERS AND
OFFICERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES OF THE SEVERAL
TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, AND LIMITING THE
DURATION OF THE SESSIONS OF SAID ASSEMBLIES.</h4>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the sessions of
the Legislative Assemblies of the several Territories of the United
States shall be limited to forty days duration.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the members of each branch of said Legislatures
shall receive a compensation of six dollars per day during the sessions
herein provided for, and they shall receive such mileage as now provided
by law; <i>Provided</i>, That the President of the Council, and
Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each receive a compensation
of ten dollars per day, and that the additional officers of each
branch of said Legislative Assemblies shall consist of one Chief Clerk,
who shall receive a compensation of eight dollars per day, and of one
Assistant Clerk, one Enrolling Clerk, one Engrossing Clerk, one
Sergeant-at-arms, one Doorkeeper, one Messenger, and one Watchman,
who shall each receive a compensation of five dollars per day
during the sessions.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That from and after the first day of July, eighteen hundred
and seventy-three, the annual salaries of the Governors of the
several Territories of the United States shall be three thousand five
hundred dollars, and the salaries of the Secretaries of said Territories
shall be two thousand five hundred dollars each.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the provisions of this act shall not apply to the
District of Columbia; <i>Provided</i>, That no law of any Territorial
Legislature shall be made or enforced by which any officer of a Territory
herein provided for, or the officers or members of any Territorial
Legislature shall be paid any compensation other than that provided
by the laws of the United States.</p>

<p>Approved January 23, 1873.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</h2>

<p>In 1861 the Kansas officials had disappeared. The Provisional
government continued to exercise its partially acknowledged authority
until the arrival of the United States appointees for the new Territory.
These arrived on the 29th of May. The Federal officers, who then
came, with their sealed commissions, were: William Gilpin, Governor;
Lewis Ledyard Weld, Secretary; B. F. Hall, Chief Justice; S. N.
Pettis, and Charles Lee Armor, Associate Justices; Copeland Townsend,
Marshal; James E. Dalliba, Attorney General; F. M. Case,
Surveyor General. The Provisional government now ceased. Its
laws had been published, but not enforced, and its officers had the
honor, but not the pay, of the positions they held.</p>

<p>Governor Gilpin was welcomed with undisguised pleasure. His
greeting was a perfect ovation. The people now felt a new sense of
security, for the strong arm of the General Government was in their
midst. The Governor at once proceeded with commendable energy to
discharge the functions of his high office. His first duty was to see
the settlements of the Territory, and ascertain the character, condition
and wants of the people. This visitation was accomplished with great
celerity. Wherever the Governor went, the joy and hospitality of the
people knew no bounds. Everywhere he was welcomed with bouquets,
balls, congratulations. On his return to Denver, in accordance with
his prescribed duty, a census was ordered. The returns exhibited a
population of 25,329. The proportion of men to women was nearly
five to one. The Governor, qualified July 8th, and was now in the
full exercise of his authority. The other co-ordinate branch of Federal
Government had now to be established. This was the United
States Supreme Court. On July 10th, the Governor assigned the
judges to their districts, and the Supreme Court immediately organized.
On July 11th, he issued a proclamation, in which the Territory
was declared to be one Congressional District, and the Congressional
District to be divided into nine Council, and thirteen Representative
Districts, and in which the election of a delegate to Congress, and of
Legislative Assembly were ordered. The election was duly held on
the 19th of August&mdash;Hiram P. Bennet was elected delegate to Congress.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span>
The Legislature of the Territory of Colorado convened on the
9th of September. They adopted full civil, and criminal codes. They
recognized the miners as authority in mining legislation, acknowledged
the legality of their courts, adopted their laws, confirmed their decisions,
and arranged for the transfer of cases to the regular courts, so
that no jarring, nor inconvenience was experienced. Great praise is
due to this legislative body for the laws they enacted, and though some
have been found faulty, and others repealed, yet they have effectually
served the needs of the Territory. When the rebellion had been in
progress for several months, Gov. Gilpin issued a call for volunteers.
Recruits quickly responded to the call, and the first regiment of Colorado
infantry, under Col. John P. Slough, soon took the field. This
infantry was transformed into a cavalry regiment, and did good service
in repelling the Texan invasion early in 1862. During this year immigration
received a strong impetus. It was computed that the daily
arrivals, averaging one hundred, added in a short time ten thousand to
the population as returned by the census. The city of Denver, including
Auraria and Highland, was again incorporated in November, 1861.
Among the industries, placer mining was most successfully prosecuted,
California gulch alone yielding one million dollars.</p>

<p>In April, 1862, Dr. John Evans superseded Governor William
Gilpin. The levy of the second regiment of Colorado cavalry was
made this year, and the troops ordered to Missouri. In 1863 they
were consolidated with the third regiment raised in Colorado. This
body of cavalry did effective service in Missouri, and in 1864 won
considerable renown in the movements executed against Price in his
last invasion. They took a prominent part in four battles, to wit:
Mine Creek, Oct. 22; Westport, Oct. 23; Charlot, Oct. 25; Newtonia,
Nov. 4. The quantity of gold obtained by gulch mining this
year exceeded any previous yield. H. P. Bennet was re-elected delegate
to Congress in September.</p>

<p>In the year 1863 began in the East the stupendous speculation in
gold mines. The spirit of speculation had infected all classes of people,
and financial schemes were quickly devised to draw millions from
the public. Among these Colorado mines prominently figured. On
the 19th of April Denver lost, by a severe conflagration, a sum estimated
at a quarter of a million dollars. A branch telegraph line was
completed from Julesburg to Denver in October, whereby telegraphic
communication with the world was established. On the 7th of October
a treaty was concluded with the Tabeguache band of Utah Indians,
by which the Indian title to all of the settled portions of the mountains
of Colorado, and most of the San Luis valley, was extinguished.</p>

<p>The year 1864 was the gloomy period of the rebellion. Speculation
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span>
became a mania. Stock companies of the most gigantic character were
organized on the basis of Colorado gold mines. It need hardly be said that
thousands lost large sums by reckless investments in gold mining stocks.
In the spring the Indians of the plains, composed of Sioux, Cheyennes,
and Arapahoes, combined to carry on a bloody and exterminating war
against the whites. They attacked the coaches; murdered, scalped,
and mutilated the passengers. Exposed dwellings were surrounded
and the inmates massacred. Emboldened by little or no resistance,
they admitted no pause to their savage butcheries. This thoroughly
roused the people to punish the hostile fiends. Twelve hundred men,
under the command of Col. J. M. Chivington, hurried forward to meet
the merciless savages, and arrest their work of horrors. They found
and suddenly assailed a large troop of Cheyennes, about seven hundred
in number, and with hearts steeled against mercy, dealt swift retribution,
sparing neither age nor sex, until nearly all were destroyed. This
stunning blow checked the Indian outrages. A temporary quiet ensued,
and the roads were again animated with coaches and wagon trains.
Much credit is due to Captain Tyler, who, with his brave company,
opened and protected the line of communication with the States.
On May 19th, a more disastrous calamity befell Denver than the fire
of the preceding year. An appalling flood swept down Cherry Creek,
overwhelming large buildings, and sweeping them and their contents
down its destructive current. Twenty persons perished in the ruthless
waters. The damages were computed to be a million dollars. Near
the close of the Thirty-eighth Congress, a bill was passed, in response
to a petition of the Colorado Legislature, enabling the territory
to organize a State government and enter the Union. Under its
provisions a convention met in Denver July 4th, 1864, and framed a
constitution. This was rejected by the people on the second Tuesday
of October. In the fall of 1864, A. A. Bradford was elected delegate
to Congress.</p>

<p>In 1865 the Indians renewed hostilities, apparently determined to
force back immigration. All intercourse with the East was interrupted
for a time. Business was paralyzed. Lonely ranches were invaded,
and their occupants fiendishly massacred. This second outbreak of
the Indians was effectually checked by United States troops. In the
spring of this year all parties concurred in another attempt to organize
a state. A convention met in Denver in August, and framed a constitution,
which was adopted by a majority of 155. A State legislature,
and the complement of State officers, were elected November
14th. Ex-Governor William Gilpin was chosen State Governor. Ex-Governor
John Evans and Jerome B. Chaffee were chosen senators by
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span>
the legislature. Application for the admission of Colorado as a state
was made during each session of the Thirty-ninth Congress. A strong
disinclination to grant the application was manifested. An exigency,
however, arose, which changed their disposition. The President,
Andrew Johnson, had been impeached. The success of the impeachment
was involved in doubt. To secure two senators and a representative,
an enabling act was passed to admit the new state. The President,
as might be expected, vetoed the bill. Governor John Evans
was superseded by Alexander Cummings, who qualified October 19th.</p>

<p>In 1866 a reaction followed the prostration of trade and industry
consequent upon the Indian outrages of the preceding year. An
unwonted stimulus pervaded the territory. Mining pursuits were followed
with fresh vigor. In Denver and other places building was
carried on with unparalleled activity. Money became plentiful, and
many laid the foundations of large fortunes. George M. Chilcott
was elected delegate. Up to this time the bullion deposited in the
mint amounted to 12,401,372 dollars, said to be less than half of the
real yield.</p>

<p>On May 27th, 1867, A. C. Hunt superseded Governor Cummings.
The struggle for statehood ended with the winter of 1867-8, when it
was found impossible to pass the bill over the veto. In the fall the
Denver Board of Trade was organized, which principally labored to
initiate the enterprise of building a railroad to join the Union Pacific
road at Cheyenne. Near the close of the year the Union Pacific road
reached Cheyenne. The Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company
was incorporated November 18th, 1867. During this year the
various interests of Colorado were ably represented at the Universal
Exposition in Paris. The first gold medal was awarded to the minerals
of Colorado. The French Government, moved by Colorado’s
display at the Exposition, appointed an Imperial Commissioner, who
visited the territory and reported his observations therein for the benefit
of capital and science in France. The Kiowas and Comanches, the
Cheyennes and Arapahoes were removed to reservations bordering on
Colorado and Kansas, where their southern boundary lines meet. By
their treaties they stipulate to withdraw opposition to immigrants,
settlers, and lines of railroad.</p>

<p>In 1868 A. A. Bradford was again elected delegate to Congress.</p>

<p>On June 15th, 1869, Edward M. McCook superseded Governor A.
C. Hunt.</p>

<p>The Denver Pacific Railway Company had been formed in 1867.
Its principal object, as stated in the articles of incorporation, was to
build a railroad and telegraph line to Cheyenne, and there connect
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span>
with the Union Pacific road. After some delay the funds were secured,
the construction of the road hastened, and on the 23d day of
June, 1870, the first train arrived in Denver. On the 15th day of
August, the Kansas Pacific Railway, 640 miles in length, was completed.
In September, seventeen miles of the Colorado Central were
finished. The connection of Golden with Denver was thereby effected.
During this year successful efforts were made to plant colonies in choice
sections of the Territory. The Meeker-Greeley colony was organized
in New York in the winter of 1869-70, and located in the spring. It
now has a population of 2,000, happy and prosperous, and distinguished
by prohibition laws and devotion to temperance. The town site of
the colony is a delta formed by the Cache-a-la-Poudre and South Platte
rivers. The Chicago-Colorado colony is largely composed of Western
men, and is animated by a liberal progressive spirit. The location of
the colony is in every way most desirable. The energy and enterprise
of the colonists excite great admiration. They have already a beautiful
town, and a large extent of country under cultivation. The German
colony may also be mentioned. It occupied Wet Mountain Valley,
which lies in Pueblo and Fremont counties. Thus, by rapid
transit, the Territory was brought into close communication with the
States, and began to fill up with thousands, who, independently, or in
co-operative association, settled for the purposes of agriculture. No
sign so cheering as a settlement of a country by intelligent, enterprising
farmers. Hardy, industrious miners had already crowded into
the mountains, and skillful, energetic farmers now collected on the
plains, intent to reap from them rich and abundant harvests. In the
fall, Jerome B. Chaffee was elected delegate to Congress.</p>

<p>This year, 1871, dates the settlement of the Colorado Springs
colony, distinguished for its rapid and prosperous growth. Situated
seventy-five miles south from Denver, it became the temporary terminus
of the Denver and Rio Grande railway, which was completed to
that point during this year. The railroad has since passed on to
Pueblo, and thence to La Veta, with branches to El Moro, and Canon
City.</p>

<p>In 1872, Jerome B. Chaffee was re-elected delegate to Congress.</p>

<p>In 1873, a large immigration into the San Juan region commenced,
owing to reports of rich mineral discoveries. S. H. Elbert superseded
Gov. E. M. McCook. Following the custom of those removed from
office, the ex-Governor proceeded to Washington to confer with the
federal authorities, and in January, 1874, was re-appointed in place of
Gov. Elbert. Severe and bitter editorials filled the columns of the
press devoted to the fallen regime. A temporary division of the Republican
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>
party ensued. A lively contest for political supremacy followed
and continued until the usual period for an election to Congress,
when the two sides of the party marshaled themselves, the one to rebuke
and the other to sustain the administration. The malcontents
not only turned the election against the Republican nominee, H. P.
H. Bromwell, but gave a large and unprecedented majority to the
Democratic nominee, Thomas M. Patterson. This change in the
popular vote deeply touched the administration, and it was determined,
in order to reconcile the disaffected, to remove the obnoxious appointments,
and fill the federal offices with men not implicated in the controversy.</p>

<p>During the year 1874, the South Park railroad was finished to
Morrison.</p>

<p>John L. Routt, the successor to Gov. McCook, qualified on
March 29th, 1875. He set to work without delay to unite the discordant
factions and succeeded. The people in general were now fully
persuaded that the time had come for demanding the privileges of
Statehood. The Republican delegate, Jerome B. Chaffee, had during
the winter of 1874-5, drawn up an Enabling Act with much skill,
and by persistent effort and untiring zeal, had, in the face of strong
opposition, effected the passage of the bill. Before its passage the
Act was amended so as to postpone the date of admission to July
4th, 1876.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</h2>

<p class="hang">An Act to amend the Act entitled “An Act to enable the people of
Colorado to form a constitution and State government, and for
the admission of said State into the Union on an equal footing
with the original States,” approved March 3, 1875.</p>

<h3 id="Enabling_Act">ENABLING ACT.</h3>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the inhabitants
of the Territory of Colorado included in the boundaries hereinafter
designated be, and they are hereby, authorized to form for themselves,
out of said Territory, a State government, with the name of the State
of Colorado; which State, when formed, shall be admitted into the
Union upon an equal footing with the original States in all respects
whatsoever, as hereinafter provided.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the said State of Colorado shall consist of all the
territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing
on the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude where the twenty-fifth
meridian of longitude west from Washington crosses the same;
thence north on said meridian, to the forty-first parallel of north latitude;
thence along said parallel west to the thirty-second meridian of
longitude west from Washington; thence south on said meridian, to
the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude; thence along said thirty-seventh
parallel of north latitude, to the place of beginning.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That all persons qualified by law to vote for representatives
to the general assembly of said Territory, at the date of the passage of
this act, shall be qualified to be elected, and they are hereby authorized
to vote for and choose representatives to form a convention under such
rules and regulations as the governor of said Territory, the chief justice,
and the United States attorney thereof may prescribe; and also to vote
upon the acceptance or rejection of such constitution as may be formed
by said convention, under such rules and regulations as said convention
may prescribe; and the aforesaid representatives to form the aforesaid
convention shall be apportioned among the several counties in said
Territory in proportion to the vote polled in each of said counties at the
last general election as near as may be; and said apportionment shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span>
be made for said Territory by the governor, United States district attorney,
and chief justice thereof, or any two of them; and the governor of
said Territory shall, by proclamation, order an election of the representatives
aforesaid to be held throughout the Territory at such time as
shall be fixed by the governor, chief justice, and United States attorney,
or any two of them, which proclamation shall be issued within ninety
days next after the first day of September, eighteen hundred and seventy-five,
and at least thirty days prior to the time of said election; and such
election shall be conducted in the same manner as is prescribed by the
laws of said Territory regulating elections therein for members of the
house of representatives; and the number of members to said convention
shall be the same as now constitutes both branches of the legislature
of the aforesaid Territory.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the members of the convention thus elected shall meet
at the capital of said Territory, on a day to be fixed by said governor,
chief justice, and United States attorney, not more than sixty days
subsequent to the day of election, which time of meeting shall be contained
in the aforesaid proclamation mentioned in the third section of
this act, and, after organization, shall declare, on behalf of the people
of said Territory, that they adopt the Constitution of the United
States; whereupon the said convention shall be, and is hereby, authorized
to form a constitution and State government for said Territory:
<i>Provided</i>, That the constitution shall be republican in form, and make
no distinction in civil or political rights on account of race or color,
except Indians not taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of
the United States and the principles of the Declaration of Independence:
<i>And provided further</i>, That said convention shall provide, by an ordinance
irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the
people of said State, first, that perfect toleration of religious sentiment
shall be secured, and no inhabitant of said State shall ever be molested
in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship;
secondly, that the people inhabiting said Territory do agree and declare
that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated
public lands lying within said Territory, and that the same shall be
and remain at the sole and entire disposition of the United States, and
that the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing
without the said State shall never be taxed higher than the lands belonging
to residents thereof, and that no taxes shall be imposed by the
State on lands or property therein belonging to, or which may hereafter
be purchased by the United States.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That in case the constitution and State government shall
be formed for the people of said Territory of Colorado, in compliance
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span>
with the provisions of this act, said convention forming the same shall
provide, by ordinance, for submitting said constitution to the people of
said State for their ratification or rejection, at an election, to be held
at such time, in the month of July, eighteen hundred and seventy-six,
and at such places and under such regulations as may be prescribed by
said convention, at which election the lawful voters of said new State
shall vote directly for or against the proposed constitution; and the
returns of said election shall be made to the acting governor of the
Territory, who, with the chief justice and United States attorney of
said Territory, or any two of them, shall canvass the same; and if a
majority of legal votes shall be cast for said constitution in said proposed
State, the said acting governor shall certify the same to the
President of the United States, together with a copy of said constitution
and ordinances; whereupon it shall be the duty of the President
of the United States to issue his proclamation declaring the State
admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States,
without any further action whatever on the part of Congress.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That until the next general census said State shall be entitled
to one Representative in the House of Representatives of the United
States, which Representative, together with the governor and State
and other officers provided for in said constitution, shall be elected on
a day subsequent to the adoption of the constitution, and to be fixed
by said constitutional convention; and until said State officers are
elected and qualified under the provisions of the constitution, the territorial
officers shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective
offices.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six in every
township, and where such sections have been sold or otherwise disposed
of by any act of Congress, other lands, equivalent thereto, in
legal subdivisions of not more than one quarter-section, and as contiguous
as may be, are hereby granted to said State for the support of
common schools.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That, provided the State of Colorado shall be admitted
into the Union in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this act,
fifty entire sections of the unappropriated public lands within said
State, to be selected and located by direction of the legislature thereof,
and with the approval of the President, on or before the first day of
January, eighteen hundred and seventy-eight, shall be, and are hereby,
granted, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter-section, to
said State for the purpose of erecting public buildings at the capital
of said State for legislative and judicial purposes, in such manner as
the legislature shall prescribe.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That fifty other entire sections of land as aforesaid, to be
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span>
selected and located and with the approval as aforesaid, in legal subdivisions
as aforesaid, shall be, and they are hereby, granted to said
State for the purpose of erecting a suitable building for a penitentiary
or State prison in the manner aforesaid.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That seventy-two other sections of land shall be set
apart and reserved for the use and support of a State university, to be
selected and approved in manner as aforesaid, and to be appropriated
and applied as the legislature of said State may prescribe for the purpose
named, and for no other purpose.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> That all salt-springs within said State, not exceeding
twelve in number, with six sections of land adjoining, and as contiguous
as may be to each, shall be granted to said State for its use, the
said land to be selected by the governor of said State within two years
after the admission of the State, and when so selected to be used and
disposed of on such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature
shall direct: <i>Provided</i>, That no salt-springs or lands the right
whereof is now vested in any individual or individuals, or which hereafter
shall be confirmed or adjudged to any individual or individuals,
shall by this act be granted to said State.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> That five per centum of the proceeds of the sales of
agricultural public lands lying within said State which shall be sold by
the United States subsequent to the admission of said State into the
Union, after deducting all the expenses incident to the same, shall be
paid to the said State for the purpose of making such internal improvements
within said State as the legislature thereof may direct: <i>Provided</i>,
That this section shall not apply to any lands disposed of under the
homestead laws of the United States, or to any lands now or hereafter
reserved for public or other uses.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> That any balance of the appropriations for the legislative
expenses of said Territory of Colorado remaining unexpended shall be
applied to and used for defraying the expenses of said convention,
and for the payment of the members thereof, under the same rules
and regulations and rates as are now provided by law for the payment
of the territorial legislature.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> That the two sections of land in each township herein
granted for the support of common schools shall be disposed of only
at public sale and at a price not less than two dollars and fifty cents
per acre, the proceeds to constitute a permanent school fund, the
interest of which to be expended in the support of common schools.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> That all mineral lands shall be excepted from the operation
and grants of this act.</p>

<p>Approved March 3, 1875.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span></p>

<p class="hang">An Act to amend the Act entitled “An Act to enable the people of
Colorado to form a constitution and State government, and for
the admission of said State into the Union on an equal footing
with the original States,” approved March 3, 1875.</p>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That so much of
section three of the act entitled “An act to enable the people of Colorado
to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission
of the said State into the Union on an equal footing with the
original States” approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-five,
as reads “and also to vote upon the acceptance or rejection of
such constitution as may be formed by said convention” be amended
so as to read as follows: “And all who are qualified voters of said
Territory under the laws thereof at such time as the constitution to be
framed shall be submitted to the people for ratification or rejection
shall be entitled to vote upon the question of such ratification or rejection.”</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That section thirteen of said act be amended by adding
at the end of said section thirteen the following: “And if the balance
of said legislative appropriations does not amount to the sum of twenty
thousand dollars, then there shall be, and there hereby is, appropriated,
out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, a sum
sufficient, with the said unexpended appropriations, to make the sum
of twenty thousand dollars, which shall be used for the purposes aforesaid:
<i>Provided</i>, That any money hereby appropriated not necessary
for such purposes shall be covered into the Treasury of the United
States.”</p>

<p>Approved March 3, 1876.</p>

<hr class="tb" />

<p>Under this Act delegates to frame a constitution were duly elected.
They met in convention in December, 1875, and continued their session
to March 13th, 1876, when the convention adjourned <i>sine die</i>.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</h2>

<h3 id="Constitution_of_Colorado">CONSTITUTION.</h3>

<h4>PREAMBLE.</h4>

<p>We, the people of Colorado, with profound reverence for the
Supreme Ruler of the Universe, in order to form a more independent
and perfect government; establish justice; insure tranquility; provide
for the common defense; promote the general welfare and secure the
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the “State of Colorado.”</p>

<h3 id="CA_I">ARTICLE I.</h3>

<h4>BOUNDARIES.</h4>

<p>The boundaries of the State of Colorado shall be as follows:
Commencing on the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude, where
the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington crosses
the same; thence north on said meridian to the forty-first parallel of
north latitude; thence along said parallel west to the thirty-second
meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence south on said
meridian to the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude; thence along
said thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude to the place of beginning.</p>

<h3 id="CA_II">ARTICLE II.</h3>

<h4>BILL OF RIGHTS.</h4>

<p>In order to assert our rights, acknowledge our duties, and proclaim
the principles upon which our government is founded, we declare:</p>

<p id="CA_II_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> That all political power is vested in and derived from
the people; that all government, of right, originates from the people,
is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of
the whole.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the people of this State have the sole and exclusive
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>
right of governing themselves, as a free, sovereign and independent
State; and to alter and abolish their constitution and form of government
whenever they may deem it necessary to their safety and happiness,
provided such change be not repugnant to the Constitution of the
United States.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That all persons have certain natural, essential and inalienable
rights, among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying
and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing
and protecting property; and of seeking and obtaining their safety
and happiness.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession
and worship, without discrimination, shall forever hereafter be
guaranteed; and no person shall be denied any civil or political right,
privilege, or capacity, on account of his opinions concerning religion;
but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to
dispense with oaths or affirmations, excuse acts of licentiousness, or
justify practices inconsistent with the good order, peace, or safety of
the State. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry
or place of worship, religious sect, or denomination against his
consent. Nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious
denomination or mode of worship.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That all elections shall be free and open; and no power,
civil or military, shall at any time interfere to prevent the free exercise
of the right of suffrage.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That courts of justice shall be open to every person, and
a speedy remedy afforded for every injury to person, property, or
character; and that right and justice should be administered without
sale, denial, or delay.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That the people shall be secure in their persons, papers,
homes and effects from unreasonable searches and seizures; and no
warrant to search any place or seize any person or thing shall issue
without describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to
be seized, as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported
by oath or affirmation, reduced to writing.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That, until otherwise provided by law, no person shall,
for a felony, be proceeded against criminally, otherwise than by indictment,
except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, or in the
militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger. In all
other cases offenses shall be prosecuted criminally by indictment or
information.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That treason against the State can consist only in levying
war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort;
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>
that no person can be convicted of treason unless on the testimony
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on his confession in
open court; that no person can be attainted of treason or felony by
the General Assembly; that no conviction can work corruption of
blood or forfeiture of estate; that the estates of such persons as
may destroy their own lives shall descend or vest as in cases of natural
death.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That no law shall be passed impairing the freedom of
speech; that every person shall be free to speak, write or publish
whatever he will on any subject, being responsible for all abuse of that
liberty; and that all suits and prosecutions for libel, the truth thereof
may be given in evidence, and the jury, under the direction of the
court, shall determine the law and the fact.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> That no <i>ex post facto</i> law, nor law impairing the obligation
of contracts, or retrospective in its operation, or making any
irrevocable grant of special privileges, franchises, or immunities, shall
be passed by the General Assembly.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> That no person shall be imprisoned for debt, unless upon
refusal to deliver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such
manner as shall be prescribed by law, or in cases of tort or where
there is a strong presumption of fraud.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> That the right of no person to keep and bear arms in
defense of his home, person and property, or in aid of the civil power
when thereto legally summoned, shall be called in question; but nothing
herein contained shall be construed to justify the practice of carrying
concealed weapons.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> That private property shall not be taken for private use
unless by consent of the owner, except for private ways of necessity,
and except for reservoirs, drains, flumes or ditches on or across the
lands of others, for agricultural, mining, milling, domestic or sanitary
purposes.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> That private property shall not be taken or damaged,
for public or private use, without just compensation. Such compensation
shall be ascertained by a board of commissioners, of not less
than three freeholders, or by a jury when required by the owner of the
property, in such manner as may be prescribed by law, and until the
same shall be paid to the owner, or into court for the owner, the property
shall not be needlessly disturbed, or the proprietary rights of the
owner therein divested; and whenever an attempt is made to take
private property for a use alleged to be public, the question whether
the contemplated use be really public, shall be a judicial question, and
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>
determined as such without regard to any legislative assertion that the
use is public.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> That in criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the
right to appear and defend in person and by counsel; to demand the
nature and cause of the accusation; to meet the witnesses against
him face to face; to have process to compel the attendance of witnesses
in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of
the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S17"><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> That no person shall be imprisoned for the purpose of
securing his testimony in any case longer than may be necessary in
order to take his deposition. If he can give security he shall be discharged;
if he cannot give security, his deposition shall be taken by
some Judge of the Supreme, District, or County Court, at the earliest
time he can attend, at some convenient place by him appointed for
that purpose, of which time and place the accused and the attorney
prosecuting for the people, shall have reasonable notice. The accused
shall have the right to appear in person and by counsel. If he have
no counsel, the Judge shall assign him one in that behalf only. On
the completion of such examination the witness shall be discharged on
his own recognizance, entered in before said Judge, but such deposition
shall not be used if, in the opinion of the Court the personal
attendance of the witness might be procured by the prosecution, or is
procured by the accused. No exception shall be taken to such deposition
as to matters of form.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S18"><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> That no person shall be compelled to testify against
himself in a criminal case, nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy
for the same offense. If the jury disagree, or if the judgment be
arrested after verdict, or if the judgment be reversed for error in law,
the accused shall not be deemed to have been in jeopardy.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S19"><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties,
except for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption
great.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S20"><span class="smcap">Sec. 20.</span> That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S21"><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> That the privilege of the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> shall
never be suspended, unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the
public safety may require it.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S22"><span class="smcap">Sec. 22.</span> That the military shall always be in strict subordination
to the civil power; that no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war
except in the manner prescribed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S23"><span class="smcap">Sec. 23.</span> The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate in criminal
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span>
cases; but a jury in civil cases in all courts, or in criminal cases
in courts not of record, may consist of less than twelve men, as may
be prescribed by law. Hereafter a Grand Jury shall consist of twelve
men, any nine of whom concurring may find an indictment: <i>Provided</i>,
the General Assembly may change, regulate or abolish the grand jury
system.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S24"><span class="smcap">Sec. 24.</span> That the people have the right peaceably to assemble
for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the powers
of government for redress of grievances, by petition or remonstrance.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S25"><span class="smcap">Sec. 25.</span> That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S26"><span class="smcap">Sec. 26.</span> That there shall never be in this State either slavery or
involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S27"><span class="smcap">Sec. 27.</span> Aliens, who are, or who may hereafter become, <i>bona fide</i>
residents of this State, may acquire, inherit, possess, enjoy and dispose
of property real and personal, as native born citizens.</p>

<p id="CA_II_S28"><span class="smcap">Sec. 28.</span> The enumeration in this Constitution of certain rights
shall not be construed to deny, impair, or disparage others retained by
the people.</p>

<h3 id="CA_III">ARTICLE III.</h3>

<h4>DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS.</h4>

<p>The powers of the government of this State are divided into three
distinct departments&mdash;the Legislative, Executive and Judicial&mdash;and no
person, or collection of persons, charged with the exercise of powers
properly belonging to one of these departments, shall exercise any
power properly belonging to either of the others, except as in this
Constitution expressly directed or permitted.</p>

<h3 id="CA_IV">ARTICLE IV.</h3>

<h4>EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.</h4>

<p id="CA_IV_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The Executive Department shall consist of a Governor,
Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of State, State
Treasurer, Attorney General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction,
each of whom shall hold his office for the term of two years,
beginning on the second Tuesday of January next after his election:
<i>Provided</i>, That the terms of office of those chosen at the first election
held under this Constitution, shall begin on the day appointed for the
first meeting of the General Assembly. The officers of the Executive
Department, excepting the Lieutenant Governor, shall, during their
term of offices, reside at the seat of government, where they shall keep
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span>
the public records books and papers. They shall perform such duties
as are prescribed by this Constitution or by law.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The supreme executive power of the State shall be vested
in the Governor, who shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The officers named in section one of this article, shall be
chosen on the day of the general election, by the qualified electors of
the State. The returns of every election for said officers shall be
sealed up and transmitted to the Secretary of State, directed to the
Speaker of the House of Representatives who shall immediately,
upon the organization of the House, and before proceeding to other
business open and publish the same in the presence of a majority of
the members of both Houses of the General Assembly, who shall for
that purpose assemble in the House of Representatives. The person
having the highest number of votes for either of said offices shall be
declared duly elected, but if two or more have an equal and the highest
number of votes for the same office, one of them shall be chosen
thereto by the two Houses on joint ballot. Contested elections for
the said offices shall be determined by the two Houses on joint ballot,
in such manner as may be prescribed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor,
Lieutenant Governor, or Superintendent of Public Instruction, unless
he shall have attained the age of thirty years, nor to the office of
Auditor of State, Secretary of State, or State Treasurer, unless he
shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor to the office of
Attorney General unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-five
years, and be a licensed attorney of the Supreme Court of the State,
or of the Territory of Colorado, in good standing. At the first election,
under this Constitution, any person being a qualified elector at
the time of the adoption of this Constitution, and having the qualifications
above herein prescribed for any one of said officers shall be
eligible thereto; but thereafter no person shall be eligible to any one
of said offices, unless, in addition to the qualifications above prescribed
therefor, he shall be a citizen of the United States and have
resided within the limits of the State two years next preceding his
election.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military
forces of the State, except when they shall be called into actual
service of the United States. He shall have power to call out the
militia to execute the laws, suppress insurrection, or repel invasion.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the consent
of the Senate, appoint all officers whose offices are established by
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>
this Constitution, or which may be created by law, and whose appointment
or election is not otherwise provided for, and may remove any
such officer for incompetency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.
If during the recess of the Senate a vacancy occur in any such office,
the Governor shall appoint some fit person to discharge the duties
thereof until the next meeting of the Senate, when he shall nominate
some person to fill such office. If the office of Auditor of State,
State Treasurer, Secretary of State, Attorney General, or Superintendent
of Public Instruction, shall be vacated by death, resignation,
or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to fill the same by
appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor
shall be elected and qualified in such manner as may be provided by
law. The Senate in deliberating upon executive nominations may sit
with closed doors, but in acting upon nominations they shall sit with
open doors, and the vote shall be taken by ayes and noes, which shall
be entered upon the journal.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations
and pardons after conviction, for all offenses except treason,
and except in case of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may
be prescribed by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons,
but he shall in every case, where he may exercise this power, send to
the General Assembly, at its first session thereafter, a transcript of the
petition, all proceedings, and the reasons for his action.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The Governor may require information in writing from
the officers of the Executive Department upon any subject relating to
the duties of their respective offices, which information shall be given
upon oath whenever so required; he may also require information in
writing at any time, under oath, from all officers and managers of State
institutions, upon any subject relating to the condition, management
and expenses of their respective offices and institutions. The Governor
shall, at the commencement of each session, and from time to time,
by message, give to the General Assembly information of the condition
of the State, and shall recommend such measures as he shall deem
expedient. He shall also send to the General Assembly a statement,
with vouchers, of the expenditures of all moneys belonging to the
State, and paid out by him. He shall, also, at the commencement of
each session, present estimates of the amount of money required to be
raised by taxation for all purposes of the State.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, convene
the General Assembly, by proclamation, stating therein the purpose
for which it is assembled; but at such special session no business shall
be transacted other than that specially named in the proclamation.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span>
He may, by proclamation, convene the Senate in extraordinary session
for the transaction of executive business.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> The Governor, in case of a disagreement between the
two Houses as to the time of adjournment, may, upon the same being
certified to him by the House last moving adjournment, adjourn the
General Assembly to a day not later than the first day of the next
regular session.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> Every bill passed by the General Assembly shall, before
it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If he approve, he
shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not
approve, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which
it originated, which House shall enter the objections at large upon its
journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If then two-thirds of the
members elected agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with
the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,
and if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to
that House, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of
the Governor. In all such cases the vote of each House shall be
determined by ayes and noes, to be entered upon the journal. If any
bill shall not be returned by the Governor within ten days after it
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner
as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly shall, by their
adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be filed, with
his objections, in the office of the Secretary of State, within thirty
days after such adjournment, or else become a law.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The Governor shall have power to disapprove of any
item or items of any bill making appropriations of money, embracing
distinct items, and part or parts of the bill approved shall be law, and
the item or items disapproved shall be void, unless enacted in manner
following: If the General Assembly be in session, he shall transmit to
the House, in which the bill originated, a copy of the item or items
thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, and the
items objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item shall
then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over
the Executive veto.</p>

<h4>LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR.</h4>

<p id="CA_IV_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> In case of the death, impeachment, or conviction of
felony or infamous misdemeanor, failure to qualify, resignation, absence
from the State, or other disability of the Governor, the powers,
duties and emoluments of the office, for the residue of the term, or
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span>
until the disability be removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant
Governor.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the
Senate, and shall vote only when the Senate is equally divided. In
case of the absence, impeachment or disqualification from any cause
of the Lieutenant Governor, or when he shall hold the office of Governor,
then the President <i>pro tem.</i> of the Senate shall perform the
duties of the Lieutenant Governor, until the vacancy is filled or the
disability removed.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> In case of the failure to qualify in his office, death,
resignation, absence from the State, impeachment, conviction of felony,
or infamous misdemeanor, or disqualification from any cause, of both
the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, the duties of the Governor
shall devolve on the President of the Senate <i>pro tem.</i>, until such disqualification
of either the Governor or Lieutenant Governor be removed,
or the vacancy be filled; and if the President of the Senate,
for any of the above named causes, shall become incapable of performing
the duties of Governor, the same shall devolve upon the
Speaker of the House.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> An account shall be kept by the officers of the Executive
Department, and of all public institutions of the State, of all
moneys received by them severally from all sources, and for every service
performed, and of all moneys disbursed by them severally, and a
semi-annual report thereof shall be made to the Governor, under oath.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S17"><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> The officers of the Executive Department, and of all
public institutions of the State, shall, at least twenty days preceding
each regular session of the General Assembly, make full and complete
report of their actions to the Governor, who shall transmit the same
to the General Assembly.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S18"><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept
by the Secretary of State, and shall be called the “Great Seal of the
State of Colorado.” The seal of the Territory of Colorado, as now
used, shall be the seal of the State until otherwise provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S19"><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> The officers named in section one of this article, shall
receive for their services a salary to be established by law, which shall
not be increased or diminished during their official terms. It shall be
the duty of all such officers to collect in advance all fees prescribed by
law for services rendered by them severally, and pay the same into the
State treasury.</p>

<p id="CA_IV_S20"><span class="smcap">Sec. 20.</span> The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be <i>ex
officio</i> State Librarian.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span></p>

<p id="CA_IV_S21"><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> Neither the State Treasurer nor State Auditor shall be
eligible for re-election as his own immediate successor.</p>

<h3 id="CA_V">ARTICLE V.</h3>

<h4>LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.</h4>

<p id="CA_V_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The legislative power shall be vested in the General
Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives,
both to be elected by the people.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> An election for members of the General Assembly shall
be held on the first Tuesday in October, in the years of our Lord 1876
and 1878, and in each alternate year thereafter, on such day, at such
places in each county as now are, or hereafter may be, provided by
law. The first election for members of the General Assembly under
the State organization shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by
the laws of Colorado Territory regulating elections for members of
the Legislative Assembly thereof. When vacancies occur in either
House, the Governor, or person exercising the powers of Governor,
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> Senators shall be elected for the term of four years,
except as hereinafter provided, and Representatives for the term of
two years.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> No person shall be a Representative or Senator who shall
not have attained the age of twenty-five years, who shall not be a citizen
of the United States, who shall not for at least twelve months next preceding
his election have resided within the Territory included in the
limits of the county or district in which he shall be chosen: <i>Provided</i>,
That any person who at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
was a qualified elector under the Territorial laws, shall be eligible to
the first General Assembly.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The Senators, at their first session, shall be divided into
two classes. Those elected in districts designated by even numbers
shall constitute one class; those elected in districts designated by odd
numbers shall constitute the other class, except that Senators elected
in each of the districts having more than one Senator shall be equally
divided between the two classes. The Senators of one class shall hold
for two years; those of the other class shall hold for four years&mdash;to
be decided by lot between the two classes, so that one-half of the
Senators, as near as practicable, may be biennially chosen forever
thereafter.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> Each member for the first General Assembly, as a compensation
for his services, shall receive four dollars for each day’s
attendance, and fifteen cents for each mile necessarily traveled in going
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span>
to and returning from the seat of government; and shall receive no
other compensation, perquisite or allowance whatsoever. No session of
the General Assembly, after the first, shall exceed forty days. After
the first session, the compensation of the members of the General
Assembly shall be as provided by law: <i>Provided</i>, That no General
Assembly shall fix its own compensation.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The General Assembly shall meet at 12 o’clock, noon,
on the first Wednesday in November, <small>A. D.</small> 1876; and at 12 o’clock,
noon, on the first Wednesday in January, <small>A. D.</small> 1879; and at 12 o’clock,
noon, on the first Wednesday in January of each alternate year forever
thereafter, and at other times when convened by the Governor.
The term of service of the members thereof shall begin on the first
Wednesday of November next after their election, until otherwise provided
by law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for
which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under
this State; and no member of Congress, or other person holding any
office (except of attorney-at-law, notary public, or in the militia) under
the United States, or this State, shall be a member of either House
during his continuance in office.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> No member of either House shall, during the term for
which he may have been elected, receive any increase of salary or
mileage, under any law passed during such term.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> The Senate shall, at the beginning and close of each
regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one
of its members President <i>pro tempore</i>. The House of Representatives
shall elect one of its members as Speaker. Each House shall
choose its other officers, and shall judge of the election and qualification
of its members.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum,
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the
attendance of absent members.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> Each House shall have power to determine the rules of
its proceedings and punish its members or other persons for contempt
or disorderly behavior in its presence; to enforce obedience to its process;
to protect its members against violence, or offers of bribes, or
private solicitation, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel
a member, but not a second time for the same cause, and shall have
all other powers necessary for the Legislature of a free State. A
member, expelled for corruption, shall not thereafter be eligible to
either House of the same General Assembly, and punishment for contempt
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span>
or disorderly behavior shall not bar an indictment for the same
offense.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and
may, in its discretion, from time to time, publish the same, except such
parts as require secrecy, and the ayes and noes on any question shall,
at the desire of any two members, be entered on the journal.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> The sessions of each House, and of the committees of
the whole, shall be open, unless when the business is such as ought to
be kept secret.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> Neither House shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in
which the two Houses shall be sitting.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> The members of the General Assembly shall, in all cases
except treason, felony, violation of their oath of office, and breach or
surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
at the sessions of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning
from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House they
shall not be questioned in any other place.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S17"><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall
be so altered or amended on its passage through either House as to
change its original purpose.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S18"><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> The style of the laws of this State shall be: “<i>Be it
enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado.</i>”</p>

<p id="CA_V_S19"><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> No act of the General Assembly shall take effect until
ninety days after its passage, unless in case of emergency (which shall
be expressed in the preamble or body of the act) the General Assembly
shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each
House, otherwise direct. No bill, except the general appropriation
for the expenses of the government only, introduced in either House
of the General Assembly after the first twenty-five days of the session,
shall become a law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S20"><span class="smcap">Sec. 20.</span> No bill shall be considered or become a law unless
referred to a committee, returned therefrom, and printed for the use
of the members.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S21"><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> No bill, except general appropriation bills, shall be
passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed
in its title; but if any subject shall be embraced in any act
which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as
to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S22"><span class="smcap">Sec. 22.</span> Every bill shall be read at length on three different days
in each House; all substantial amendments made thereto shall be
printed for the use of the members, before the final vote is taken on
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span>
the bill; and no bill shall become a law except by vote of a majority
of all the members elected to each House, nor unless on its final passage
the vote be taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting
be entered on the journal.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S23"><span class="smcap">Sec. 23.</span> No amendment to any bill by one House shall be concurred
in by the other, nor shall the report of any committee of conference
be adopted in either House, except by a vote of a majority of
the members elected thereto, taken by ayes and noes, and the names
of those voting recorded upon the journal thereof.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S24"><span class="smcap">Sec. 24.</span> No law shall be revived, or amended, or the provisions
thereof extended or conferred by reference to its title only, but so
much thereof as is revived, amended, extended or conferred, shall be
re-enacted and published at length.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S25"><span class="smcap">Sec. 25.</span> The General Assembly shall not pass local or special
laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: for
granting divorces; laying out, opening, altering or working roads or
highways; vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds;
locating or changing county seats; regulating county or township
affairs; regulating the practice in courts of justice; regulating the
jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates and
constables; changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry;
providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases; declaring
any person of age; for limitation of civil actions or giving effect to
informal or invalid deeds; summoning or impaneling grand or petit
juries; providing for the management of common schools; regulating
the rate of interest on money; the opening or conducting of any election,
or designating the place of voting; the sale or mortgage of real
estate belonging to minors or others under disability; the protection
of game or fish; chartering or licensing ferries or toll bridges; remitting
fines, penalties, or forfeitures; creating, increasing, or decreasing
fees, per centage, or allowances of public officers; changing the law
of descent; granting to any corporation, association, or individual
the right to lay down railroad tracks; granting to any corporation,
association, or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity,
or franchise whatever. In all other cases, where a general law can be
made applicable, no special law shall be enacted.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S26"><span class="smcap">Sec. 26.</span> The presiding officer of each House shall, in the presence
of the House over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions
passed by the General Assembly, after their titles shall have
been publicly read, immediately before signing; and the fact of signing
shall be entered on the journal.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S27"><span class="smcap">Sec. 27.</span> The General Assembly shall prescribe by law the number,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span>
duties and compensation of the officers and employes of each
House; and no payment shall be made from the State Treasury, or be
in any way authorized to any person, except to an acting officer or
employe elected or appointed in pursuance of law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S28"><span class="smcap">Sec. 28.</span> No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to
any public officer, servant or employe, agent or contractor, after services
shall have been rendered or contract made, nor providing for the
payment of any claim made against the State without previous authority
of law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S29"><span class="smcap">Sec. 29.</span> All stationery, printing, paper and fuel used in the legislative
and other departments of government, shall be furnished; and
the printing, and binding, and distributing of the laws, journals, department
reports, and other printing and binding; and the repairing
and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the General
Assembly and its committees, shall be performed under contract,
to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum
price and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No
member or officer of any department of the government shall be in
any way interested in any such contract; and all such contracts shall
be subject to the approval of the Governor and State Treasurer.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S30"><span class="smcap">Sec. 30.</span> Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, no
law shall extend the term of any public officer, or increase or diminish
his salary or emoluments after his election or appointment: <i>Provided</i>,
This shall not be construed to forbid the General Assembly to fix the
salary or emoluments of those first elected or appointed under this
Constitution.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S31"><span class="smcap">Sec. 31.</span> All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose amendments, as in
case of other bills.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S32"><span class="smcap">Sec. 32.</span> The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing
but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the Executive, Legislative
and Judicial Departments of the State, interest on the public
debt, and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made
by separate bills, each embracing but one subject.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S33"><span class="smcap">Sec. 33.</span> No money shall be paid out of the treasury except upon
appropriations made by law, and on warrant drawn by the proper officer
in pursuance thereof.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S34"><span class="smcap">Sec. 34.</span> No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial,
educational or benevolent purposes, to any person, corporation,
or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any
denominational or sectarian institution or association.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S35"><span class="smcap">Sec. 35.</span> The General Assembly shall not delegate to any special
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span>
commission, private corporation or association, any power to make,
supervise or interfere with any municipal improvement, money, property
or effects, whether held in trust or otherwise, or to levy taxes, or
to perform any municipal function whatever.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S36"><span class="smcap">Sec. 36.</span> No act of the General Assembly shall authorize the
investment of trust funds by executors, administrators, guardians, or
other trustees, in the bonds or stock of any private corporation.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S37"><span class="smcap">Sec. 37.</span> The power to change the venue in civil and criminal
cases shall be vested in the courts, to be exercised in such a manner as
shall be provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S38"><span class="smcap">Sec. 38.</span> No obligation or liability of any person, association or
corporation, held or owned by the State, or any municipal corporation
therein, shall ever be exchanged, transferred, remitted, released
or postponed, or in any way diminished by the General Assembly, nor
shall such liability or obligation be extinguished except by payment
thereof into the proper treasury.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S39"><span class="smcap">Sec. 39.</span> Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence
of both Houses may be necessary, except on the question of adjournment,
or relating solely to the transaction of business of the two
Houses, shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take
effect, be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be re-passed
by two-thirds of both Houses, according to the rules and limitations
prescribed in case of a bill.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S40"><span class="smcap">Sec. 40.</span> If any person elected to either House of the General
Assembly shall offer or promise to give his vote or influence in favor
of or against any measure or proposition, pending or proposed to be
introduced into the General Assembly, in consideration or upon condition
that any other person elected to the same General Assembly
will give or will promise or assent to give his vote or influence in favor
of or against any other measure or proposition, pending or proposed
to be introduced in such General Assembly, the person making such
offer or promise, shall be deemed guilty of solicitation of bribery. If
any member of the General Assembly shall give his vote or influence
for or against any measure or proposition pending in such General Assembly,
or offer, promise or assent so to do, upon condition that any
other member will give or will promise or assent to give his vote or influence
in favor of or against any other measure or proposition pending
or proposed to be introduced in such General Assembly, or in consideration
that any other member hath given his vote or influence for or
against any other measure or proposition in such General Assembly, he
shall be deemed guilty of bribery, and any member of the General
Assembly, or person elected thereto, who shall be guilty of either of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span>
such offenses shall be expelled, and shall not be thereafter eligible to
the same General Assembly; and, on the conviction thereof in the
civil courts, shall be liable to such further penalty as may be prescribed
by law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S41"><span class="smcap">Sec. 41.</span> Any person who shall directly or indirectly offer, give
or promise any money or thing of value, testimonial, privilege or personal
advantage to any executive or judicial officer or member of the
General Assembly to influence him in the performance of any of his
public or official duties, shall be deemed guilty of bribery, and be
punished in such manner as shall be provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S42"><span class="smcap">Sec. 42.</span> The offense of corrupt solicitation of members of the
General Assembly, or of public officers of the State, or of any municipal
division thereof, and any occupation or practice of solicitation
of such members or officers to influence their official action, shall be
defined by law, and shall be punished by fine and imprisonment.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S43"><span class="smcap">Sec. 43.</span> A member who has a personal or private interest in any
measure or bill proposed or pending before the General Assembly,
shall disclose the fact to the House of which he is a member, and shall
not vote thereon.</p>

<h4>CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT.</h4>

<p id="CA_V_S44"><span class="smcap">Sec. 44.</span> One Representative in the Congress of the United States
shall be elected from the State at large at the first election under this
Constitution, and thereafter at such times and places and in such manner
as may be prescribed by law. When a new apportionment shall
be made by Congress, the General Assembly shall divide the State
into Congressional Districts accordingly.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S45"><span class="smcap">Sec. 45.</span> The General Assembly shall provide by law for an enumeration
of the inhabitants of the State in the year of our Lord 1885,
and every tenth year thereafter; and at the session next following
such enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumeration
made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and
adjust the apportionment for Senators and Representatives on the
basis of such enumeration, according to ratios to be fixed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S46"><span class="smcap">Sec. 46.</span> The Senate shall consist of twenty-six, and the House
of Representatives forty-nine members, which number shall not be
increased until the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
ninety, after which time the General Assembly may increase the number
of Senators and Representatives, preserving, as near as may be,
the present proportion as to the number in each House: <i>Provided</i>,
That the aggregate number of Senators and Representatives shall
never exceed one hundred.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S47"><span class="smcap">Sec. 47.</span> Senatorial and Representative Districts may be altered
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span>
from time to time, as public convenience may require. When a Senatorial
or Representative District shall be composed of two or more
counties, they shall be contiguous, and the district as compact as may
be. No county shall be divided in the formation of a Senatorial or
Representative District.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S48"><span class="smcap">Sec. 48.</span> Until the State shall be divided into Senatorial Districts,
in accordance with the provisions of this article, said districts shall be
constituted and numbered as follows:</p>

<p>The county of Weld shall constitute the first district, and be entitled
to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Larimer shall constitute the second district, and be
entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Boulder shall constitute the third district, and be
entitled to two Senators.</p>

<p>The county of Gilpin shall constitute the fourth district, and be
entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The counties of Gilpin, Summit and Grand shall constitute the
fifth district, and be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Clear Creek shall constitute the sixth district, and
be entitled to two Senators.</p>

<p>The county of Jefferson shall constitute the seventh district, and
be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Arapahoe shall constitute the eighth district, and
be entitled to four Senators.</p>

<p>The counties of Elbert and Bent shall constitute the ninth district,
and be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of El Paso shall constitute the tenth district, and be
entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Douglas shall constitute the eleventh district, and
be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Park shall constitute the twelfth district, and be
entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The counties of Lake and Saguache shall constitute the thirteenth
district, and be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Fremont shall constitute the fourteenth district,
and be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Pueblo shall constitute the fifteenth district, and
be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Huerfano shall constitute the sixteenth district,
and be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Las Animas shall constitute the seventeenth district,
and be entitled to two Senators.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p>

<p>The county of Costilla shall constitute the eighteenth district, and
be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The county of Conejos shall constitute the nineteenth district, and
be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p>The counties of Rio Grande, Hinsdale, La Plata and San Juan
shall constitute the twentieth district, and be entitled to one Senator.</p>

<p id="CA_V_S49"><span class="smcap">Sec. 49.</span> Until an apportionment of Representatives be made in
accordance with the provisions of this article, they shall be divided
among the several counties of the State in the following manner: The
county of Arapahoe shall have seven; the counties of Boulder and
Clear Creek, each, four; the counties of Gilpin and Las Animas,
each, three; the counties of El Paso, Fremont, Huerfano, Jefferson,
Pueblo and Weld, each, two; the counties of Bent, Costilla, Conejos,
Douglas, Elbert, Grand, Hinsdale, Larimer, La Plata, Lake, Park,
Rio Grande, Summit, Saguache and San Juan, each, one; and the
counties of Costilla and Conejos, jointly, one.</p>

<h3 id="CA_VI">ARTICLE VI.</h3>

<h4>JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The judicial powers of the State, as to matters of
law and equity, except as in this Constitution otherwise provided, shall
be vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, County Courts, Justices
of the Peace, and such other courts as may be created by law for
cities and incorporated towns.</p>

<h4>SUPREME COURT.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The Supreme Court, except as otherwise provided in this
Constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive
with the State, and shall have a general superintending control
over all inferior courts, under such regulations and limitations as
may be prescribed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> It shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus,
quo warranto, certiorari, injunction, and other original and
remedial writs, with authority to hear and determine the same.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> At least two terms of the Supreme Court shall be held
each year at the seat of government.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, a majority
of whom shall be necessary to form a quorum or pronounce a
decision.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by
electors of the State at large, as hereinafter provided.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The term of office of the Judges of the Supreme Court,
except as in this article otherwise provided, shall be nine years.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The Judges of the Supreme Court shall, immediately
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span>
after the first election under this Constitution, be classified by lot, so
that one shall hold his office for the term of three years, one for the
term of six years, and one for the term of nine years. The lot shall
be drawn by the Judges, who shall for that purpose assemble at the
seat of government, and they shall cause the result thereof to be certified
to the Secretary of the Territory, and filed in his office. The
Judge having the shortest term to serve, not holding his office by appointment
or election to fill a vacancy, shall be the Chief Justice, and
shall preside at all terms of the Supreme Court, and, in case of his
absence, the Judge having in like manner the next shortest term to
serve shall preside in his stead.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> There shall be a Clerk of the Supreme Court, who shall
be appointed by the Judges thereof, and shall hold his office during
the pleasure of said Judges, and whose duties and emoluments shall
be as prescribed by law and by the rules of the Supreme Court.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> No person shall be eligible to the office of Judge of the
Supreme Court unless he be learned in the law; be at least thirty
years of age, and a citizen of the United States, nor unless he shall
have resided in this State or Territory at least two years next preceding
his election.</p>

<h4>DISTRICT COURTS.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> The District Courts shall have original jurisdiction of
all causes, both at law and in equity, and such appellate jurisdiction
as may be conferred by law. They shall have original jurisdiction to
determine all controversies upon relation of any person on behalf of
the people, concerning the rights, duties and liabilities of railroad,
telegraph or toll-road companies or corporations.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The State shall be divided into judicial districts, in each
of which there shall be elected by the electors thereof, one Judge of
the District Court therein, whose term of office shall be six years.
The Judges of the District Courts may hold courts for each other,
and shall do so when required by law.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> Until otherwise provided by law, said districts shall be
four in number, and constituted as follows, viz.:</p>

<p><i>First District</i>&mdash;The counties of Boulder, Jefferson, Gilpin, Clear
Creek, Summit and Grand.</p>

<p><i>Second District</i>&mdash;The counties of Arapahoe, Douglas, Elbert,
Weld and Larimer.</p>

<p><i>Third District</i>&mdash;The counties of Park, El Paso, Fremont, Pueblo,
Bent, Las Animas and Huerfano.</p>

<p><i>Fourth District</i>&mdash;The counties of Costilla, Conejos, Rio Grande,
San Juan, La Plata, Hinsdale, Saguache and Lake.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p>

<p id="CA_VI_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> The General Assembly may, after the year 1880 (whenever
two-thirds of the members of each House shall concur therein),
but not oftener than once in six years, increase the number of the
judicial districts and the judges thereof; such districts shall be formed
of compact territory, and bounded by county lines, but such increase
or change in the boundaries of a district shall not work the removal
of any Judge from his office during the term for which he shall have
been elected or appointed.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> The Judges of the District Court first elected shall be
chosen at the first general election. The General Assembly may provide
that, after the year 1878, the election of the Judges of the Supreme,
District and County Courts, and the District Attorneys, or any of
them, shall be on a different day from that on which an election is
held for any other purpose, and for that purpose may extend or
abridge the term of office of any such officers then holding, but not
in any case more than six months. Until otherwise provided by law,
such officers shall be elected at the time of holding the general elections.
The terms of office of all Judges of the District Court elected
in the several districts throughout the State, shall expire on the same
day; and the terms of office of the District Attorneys elected in the
several districts throughout the State shall, in like manner, expire on
the same day.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> No person shall be eligible to the office of District
Judge unless he be learned in the law, be at least thirty years old, and
a citizen of the United States, nor unless he shall have resided in the
State or Territory at least two years next preceding his election, nor
unless he shall, at the time of his election, be an elector within the
judicial district for which he is elected: <i>Provided</i>, That at the first
election, any person of the requisite age and learning, and who is an
elector of the Territory of Colorado, under the laws thereof, at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office
of Judge of the District Court of the judicial district within which he
is an elector.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S17"><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> The time of holding courts within the said districts shall
be as provided by law, but at least one term of the District Court
shall be held annually in each county, except in such counties as may
be attached, for judicial purposes, to another county wherein such
courts are so held. This shall not be construed to prevent the holding
of special terms, under such regulations as may be provided by
law.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S18"><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> The Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall
each receive such salary as may be provided by law, and no such Judge
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span>
shall receive any other compensation, perquisite or emolument for or
on account of his office, in any form whatever, nor act as attorney or
counselor at law.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S19"><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> There shall be a Clerk of the District Court in each
county wherein a term is held, who shall be appointed by the Judge
of the district, to hold his office during the pleasure of the Judge.
His duties and compensation shall be as provided by law, and regulated
by the rules of the court.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S20"><span class="smcap">Sec. 20.</span> Until the General Assembly shall provide by law for fixing
the terms of the courts aforesaid, the Judges of the Supreme and
District Courts, respectively, shall fix the terms thereof.</p>

<h4>DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S21"><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> There shall be elected, by the qualified electors of each
judicial district, at each regular election for Judges of the Supreme
Court, a District Attorney for such district, whose term of office shall
be three years, and whose duties and compensations shall be as provided
by law. No person shall be eligible to the office of District
Attorney who shall not, at the time of his election, be at least twenty-five
years of age, and possess all the other qualifications for Judges of
District Courts, as prescribed in this article.</p>

<h4>COUNTY COURTS.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S22"><span class="smcap">Sec. 22.</span> There shall be elected, at the general election in each
organized county in the year 1877, and every three years thereafter,
except as otherwise provided in this article, a County Judge, who shall
be Judge of the County Court of said County, whose term of office
shall be three years, and whose compensation shall be as may be provided
by law.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S23"><span class="smcap">Sec. 23.</span> County Courts shall be courts of record, and shall have
original jurisdiction in all matters of probate, settlement of estates of
deceased persons, appointment of guardians, conservators and administrators,
and settlement of their accounts, and such other civil and
criminal jurisdiction as may be conferred by law: <i>Provided</i>, Such
courts shall not have jurisdiction in any case where the debt, damage,
or claim or value of property involved shall exceed two thousand
dollars, except in cases relating to the estates of deceased persons.
Appeals may be taken from County to District Courts, or to the
Supreme Court, in such cases and in such manner as may be prescribed
by law. Writs of error shall lie from the Supreme Court to every
final judgment of the County Court. No appeal shall lie to the District
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span>
Court from any judgment given upon an appeal from a Justice
of the Peace.</p>

<h4>CRIMINAL COURT.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S24"><span class="smcap">Sec. 24.</span> The General Assembly shall have power to create and
establish a Criminal Court in each county having a population exceeding
fifteen thousand, which court may have concurrent jurisdiction
with the District Courts in all criminal cases not capital; the terms
of such courts to be as provided by law.</p>

<h4>JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S25"><span class="smcap">Sec. 25.</span> Justices of the Peace shall have such jurisdiction as may
be conferred by law; but they shall not have jurisdiction of any case
wherein the value of the property, or the amount in controversy,
exceeds the sum of three hundred dollars, nor where the boundaries or
title to real property shall be called in question.</p>

<h4>POLICE MAGISTRATES.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S26"><span class="smcap">Sec. 26.</span> The General Assembly shall have power to provide for
creating such police magistrates for cities and towns as may be deemed
from time to time necessary or expedient, who shall have jurisdiction
of all cases arising under the ordinances of such cities and towns
respectively.</p>

<h4>MISCELLANEOUS.</h4>

<p id="CA_VI_S27"><span class="smcap">Sec. 27.</span> The judges of courts of record inferior to the Supreme
Court, shall, on or before the first day in July in each year, report in
writing, to the judges of the Supreme Court, such defects and omissions
in the laws as their knowledge and experience may suggest, and
the Judges of the Supreme Court shall, on or before the first day of
December of each year, report in writing to the Governor, to be by
him transmitted to the General Assembly, together with his message,
such defects and omissions in the Constitution and laws as they may
find to exist, together with appropriate bills for curing the same.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S28"><span class="smcap">Sec. 28.</span> All laws relating to courts shall be general and of uniform
operation throughout the State; and the organization, jurisdiction,
powers, proceedings and practice of all the courts of the same
class or grade, so far as regulated by law, and the force and effect of
the proceedings, judgments and decrees of such courts severally, shall
be uniform.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S29"><span class="smcap">Sec. 29.</span> All Officers provided for in this article, excepting Judges
of the Supreme Court, shall respectively reside in the district, county,
precinct, city or town for which they may be elected or appointed.
Vacancies in elective offices shall be filled by election, but when the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span>
unexpired term does not exceed one year, the vacancy shall be filled
by appointment, as follows: Of Judges of the Supreme and District
Courts, by the Governor; of District Attorneys, by the Judge of the
Court of which the office appertains; and of all other judicial officers
by the Board of County Commissioners of the county where the
vacancy occurs.</p>

<p id="CA_VI_S30"><span class="smcap">Sec. 30.</span> All process shall run in the name of “The People of
the State of Colorado;” all prosecutions shall be carried on in the
name and by the authority of “The People of the State of Colorado,”
and conclude, “against the peace and dignity of the same.”</p>

<h3 id="CA_VII">ARTICLE VII.</h3>

<h4>SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS.</h4>

<p id="CA_VII_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Every male person over the age of twenty-one years,
possessing the following qualifications, shall be entitled to vote at all
elections:</p>

<p><i>First</i>&mdash;He shall be a citizen of the United States, or not being a
citizen of the United States, he shall have declared his intention,
according to law, to become such citizen, not less than four months
before he offers to vote.</p>

<p><i>Second</i>&mdash;He shall have resided in the State six months immediately
preceding the election at which he offers to vote, and in the county,
city, town, ward or precinct, such time as may be prescribed by law:
<i>Provided</i>, That no person shall be denied the right to vote at any
school district election, nor to hold any school district office, on account
of sex.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall, at the first session thereof,
and may at any subsequent session, enact laws to extend the right of
suffrage to women of lawful age, and otherwise qualified according to
the provisions of this article. No such enactment shall be of effect
until submitted to the vote of the qualified electors at a general election,
nor unless the same be approved by a majority of those voting
thereon.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The General Assembly may prescribe, by law, an educational
qualification for electors, but no such law shall take effect prior
to the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and
no qualified elector shall be thereby disqualified.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> For the purpose of voting and eligibility to office, no
person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his
presence, or lost it by reason of his absence, while in the civil or
military service of the State, or of the United States, nor while a
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span>
student at any institution of learning, nor while kept at public expense
in any poor-house or other asylum, nor while confined in public
prison.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> Voters shall in all cases, except treason, felony or breach
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at
elections, and in going to and returning therefrom.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> No person except a qualified elector shall be elected or
appointed to any civil or military office in the State.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The general election shall be held on the first Tuesday
of October, in the years of our Lord eighteen hundred and seventy-six,
eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, and eighteen hundred and
seventy-eight, and annually thereafter on such day as may be prescribed
by law.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> All elections by the people shall be by ballot; every ballot
voted shall be numbered in the order in which it shall be received,
and the number be recorded by the election officers on the list of
voters opposite the name of the voter who presents the ballot. The
election officers shall be sworn or affirmed not to enquire or disclose
how any elector shall have voted. In all cases of contested elections,
the ballots cast may be counted, compared with the list of voters, and
examined under such safeguards and regulations as may be prescribed
by law.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> In trials of contested elections, and for offenses arising
under the election law, no person shall be permitted to withhold his
testimony on the ground that it may criminate himself, or subject
him to public infamy; but such testimony shall not be used against
him in any judicial proceedings, except for perjury in giving such testimony.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> No person while confined in any public prison shall be
entitled to vote; but every such person who was a qualified elector
prior to such imprisonment, and who is released therefrom by virtue
of a pardon, or by virtue of having served out his full term of imprisonment,
shall, without further action, be invested with all the
rights of citizenship, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> The General Assembly shall pass laws to secure the purity
of elections, and guard against abuses of the elective franchise.</p>

<p id="CA_VII_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The General Assembly shall, by general law, designate
the courts and judges by whom the several classes of election contests,
not herein provided for, shall be tried, and regulate the manner of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span>
trial, and all matters incident thereto; but no such law shall apply to
any contest arising out of an election held before its passage.</p>

<h3 id="CA_VIII">ARTICLE VIII.</h3>

<h4>STATE INSTITUTIONS.</h4>

<p id="CA_VIII_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and
those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and mute, and such
other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established
and supported by the State, in such manner as may be prescribed by
law.</p>

<p id="CA_VIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall have no power to change or
to locate the seat of government of the State, but shall at its first
session subsequent to the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and eighty, provide by law for submitting the question of the permanent
location of the seat of government to the qualified electors of the
State, at the general election then next ensuing, and a majority of all
the votes upon said question cast at said election, shall be necessary to
determine the location thereof. Said General Assembly shall also
provide that in case there shall be no choice of location at said election,
the question of choice between the two places for which the
highest number of votes shall have been cast, shall be submitted in
like manner to the qualified electors of the State, at the next general
election: <i>Provided</i>, That until the seat of government shall have been
permanently located as herein provided, the temporary location thereof
shall remain at the city of Denver.</p>

<p id="CA_VIII_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> When the seat of government shall have been located as
herein provided, the location thereof shall not thereafter be changed,
except by a vote of two-thirds of all the qualified electors of the State
voting on that question, at a general election, at which the question of
location of the seat of government shall have been submitted by the
General Assembly.</p>

<p id="CA_VIII_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The General Assembly shall make no appropriation or
expenditures for capitol buildings or grounds, until the seat of government
shall have been permanently located, as herein provided.</p>

<p id="CA_VIII_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The following Territorial institutions, to wit: The University
at Boulder, the Agricultural College at Fort Collins, the School
of Mines at Golden, the Institute for the education of Mutes at Colorado
Springs, shall, upon the adoption of this Constitution, become
institutions of the State of Colorado, and the management thereof
subject to the control of the State, under such laws and regulations as
the General Assembly shall provide; and the location of said institutions,
as well as all gifts, grants, and appropriations of money and
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span>
property, real and personal, heretofore made to said several institutions,
are hereby confirmed to the use and benefit of the same respectively:
<i>Provided</i>, This section shall not apply to any institution, the
property, real or personal, of which is now vested in the trustees
thereof, until such property be transferred by proper conveyance, together
with the control thereof, to the officers provided for the management
of said institution by this Constitution or by law.</p>

<h3 id="CA_IX">ARTICLE IX.</h3>

<h4>EDUCATION.</h4>

<p id="CA_IX_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The general supervision of the public schools of the
State shall be vested in a Board of Education, whose powers and duties
shall be prescribed by law; the Superintendent of Public Instruction,
the Secretary of State, and Attorney General, shall constitute the
Board, of which the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be
President.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall, as soon as practicable, provide
for the establishment and maintenance of a thorough and uniform
system of free public schools throughout the State, wherein all residents
of the State between the ages of six and twenty-one years may
be educated gratuitously. One or more public schools shall be maintained
in each school district within the State, at least three months
in each year; any school district failing to have such school shall not
be entitled to receive any portion of the school fund for that year.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The public school fund of the State shall forever remain
inviolate and intact; the interest thereon, only, shall be expended in
the maintenance of the schools of the State, and shall be distributed
amongst the several counties and school districts of the State, in such
manner as may be prescribed by law. No part of this fund, principal
or interest, shall ever be transferred to any other fund, or used or
appropriated except as herein provided. The State Treasurer shall be
the custodian of this fund, and the same shall be securely and profitably
invested as may be by law directed. The State shall supply all
losses thereof that may in any manner occur.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> Each County Treasurer shall collect all school funds
belonging to his county, and the several school districts therein, and
disburse the same to the proper districts upon warrants drawn by the
County Superintendent, or by the proper district authorities, as may
be provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The public school fund of the State shall consist of the
proceeds of such lands as have heretofore been, or may hereafter be,
granted to the State by the General Government for educational purposes;
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span>
all estates that may escheat to the State; also all other grants,
gifts, or devises that may be made to this State for educational purpose.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> There shall be a County Superintendent of Schools in
each county, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose duties,
qualifications and compensation shall be prescribed by law. He shall
be <i>ex officio</i> Commissioner of Lands within his county, and shall discharge
the duties of said office under the direction of the State Board
of Land Commissioners, as directed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> Neither the General Assembly, nor any county, city,
town, township, school district or other public corporation, shall ever
make any appropriation, or pay from any public fund or moneys whatever,
anything in aid of any church or sectarian society, or for any
sectarian purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy,
seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution,
controlled by any church or sectarian denomination whatsoever; nor
shall any grant or donation of land, money, or other personal property,
ever be made by the State, or any such public corporation, to any
church or for any sectarian purpose.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> No religious test or qualification shall ever be required of
any person as a condition of admission into any public educational
institution of the State, either as teacher or student; and no teacher
or student of any such institution shall ever be required to attend, or
participate in, any religious service whatever. No sectarian tenets or
doctrines shall ever be taught in the public schools, nor shall any
distinction or classification of pupils be made on account of race or
color.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> The Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction,
Secretary of State and Attorney General shall constitute the State
Board of Land Commissioners, who shall have the direction, control,
and disposition of the public lands of the State, under such regulations
as may be prescribed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> It shall be the duty of the State Board of Land Commissioners
to provide for the location, protection, sale or other disposition
of all the lands heretofore, or which may hereafter be, granted
to the State by the general government, under such regulations as may
be prescribed by law; and in such manner as will secure the maximum
possible amount therefor. No law shall ever be passed by the General
Assembly granting any privileges to persons who may have settled
upon any such public lands subsequent to the survey thereof by the
general government, by which the amount to be derived by the sale, or
other disposition of such lands, shall be diminished, directly or indirectly.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span>
The General Assembly shall, at the earliest practicable period,
provide by law that the several grants of land made by Congress to
the State shall be judiciously located and carefully preserved and held
in trust, subject to disposal, for the use and benefit of the respective
objects for which said grants of land were made, and the General
Assembly shall provide for the sale of said lands from time to time;
and for the faithful application of the proceeds thereof in accordance
with the terms of said grants.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> The General Assembly may require, by law, that every
child of sufficient mental and physical ability, shall attend the public
school during the period between the ages of six and eighteen years,
for a time equivalent to three years, unless educated by other means.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> There shall be elected by the qualified electors of the
State, at the first general election under this Constitution, six Regents
of the University, who shall immediately after their election be so
classified, by lot, that two shall hold their office for the term of two
years, two for four years, and two for six years; and every two years
after the first election there shall be elected two Regents of the University,
whose term of office shall be six years. The Regents thus
elected, and their successors, shall constitute a body corporate, to be
known by the name and style of “The Regents of the University of
Colorado.”</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> The Regents of the University shall, at their first meeting,
or as soon thereafter as practicable, elect a President of the
University, who shall hold his office until removed by the Board of
Regents for cause; he shall be <i>ex officio</i> a member of the Board, with
the privilege of speaking, but not voting, except in cases of a tie; he
shall preside at the meetings of the Board, and be the principal executive
officer of the University, and a member of the faculty thereof.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> The Board of Regents shall have the general supervision
of the University, and the exclusive control and direction of all funds
of, and appropriations to, the University.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> The General Assembly shall, by law, provide for organization
of school districts of convenient size, in each of which shall
be established a Board of Education, to consist of three or more
directors, to be elected by the qualified electors of the district. Said
directors shall have control of instruction in the public schools of their
respective districts.</p>

<p id="CA_IX_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> Neither the General Assembly nor the State Board of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span>
Education shall have power to prescribe text books to be used in the
public schools.</p>

<h3 id="CA_X">ARTICLE X.</h3>

<h4>REVENUE.</h4>

<p id="CA_X_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The fiscal year shall commence on the first day of
October in each year, unless otherwise provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall provide by law for an annual
tax sufficient, with other resources, to defray the estimated expenses
of the State government for each fiscal year.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> All taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects
within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and
shall be levied and collected under general laws, which shall prescribe
such regulations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all
property, real and personal: <i>Provided</i>, That mines and mining claims
bearing gold, silver, and other precious metals (except the net proceeds
and surface improvements thereof), shall be exempt from taxation for
the period of ten years from the date of the adoption of this Constitution,
and thereafter may be taxed as provided by law. Ditches,
canals, and flumes owned and used by individuals or corporations for
irrigating lands owned by such individuals or corporations, or the
individual members thereof, shall not be separately taxed, so long as
they shall be owned and used exclusively for such purpose.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The property, real and personal, of the State, counties,
cities, towns and other municipal corporations, and public libraries
shall be exempt from taxation.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> Lots, with the buildings thereon, if said buildings are
used solely and exclusively for religious worship, for schools, or for
strictly charitable purposes, also cemeteries not used or held for private
or corporate profit, shall be exempt from taxation, unless otherwise
provided by general law.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> All laws exempting from taxation property other than
that hereinbefore mentioned, shall be void.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The General Assembly shall not impose taxes for the
purposes of any county, city, town, or other municipal corporation,
but may, by law, vest in the corporate authorities thereof respectively
the power to assess and collect taxes for all purposes of such corporation.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> No county, city, town, or other municipal corporation,
the inhabitants thereof, nor the property therein, shall be released or
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span>
discharged from their or its proportionate share of taxes to be levied
for State purposes.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> The power to tax corporations and corporate property,
real and personal, shall never be relinquished or suspended.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> All corporations in this State, or doing business therein,
shall be subject to taxation for State, county, school, municipal, and
other purposes, on the real and personal property owned or used by
them within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> The rate of taxation on property, for State purposes,
shall never exceed six mills on each dollar of valuation; and whenever
the taxable property within the State shall amount to one hundred million
dollars, the rate shall not exceed four mills on each dollar of valuation;
and whenever the taxable property within the State shall amount to
three hundred million dollars, the rate shall never thereafter exceed
two mills on each dollar of valuation, unless a proposition to increase
such rate, specifying the rate proposed, and the time during which the
same shall be levied, be first submitted to a vote of such of the qualified
electors of the State as, in the year next preceding such election,
shall have paid a property tax assessed to them within the State, and
a majority of those voting thereon shall vote in favor thereof, in such
manner as may be provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The Treasurer shall keep a separate account of each fund
in his hands; and shall, at the end of each quarter of the fiscal year,
report to the Governor in writing, under oath, the amount of all moneys
in his hands to the credit of every such fund, and the place where the
same are kept or deposited, and the number and amount of every warrant
received, and the number and amount of every warrant paid therefrom
during the quarter. Swearing falsely to any such report shall be
deemed perjury. The Governor shall cause every such report to be
immediately published in at least one newspaper printed at the seat of
government, and otherwise as the General Assembly may require.
The General Assembly may provide by law further regulations for the
safe-keeping and management of the public funds in the hands of the
Treasurer; but, notwithstanding any such regulation, the Treasurer
and his sureties shall in all cases be held responsible therefor.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> The making of profit, directly or indirectly, out of State,
county, city, town or school district money, or using the same for any
purpose not authorized by law, by any public officer, shall be deemed
a felony, and shall be punished as provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> Private property shall not be taken or sold for the payment
of the corporate debt of municipal corporations.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> There shall be a State Board of Equalization, consisting
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span>
of the Governor, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Secretary of State,
and Attorney General; also, in each county of this State, a County
Board of Equalization, consisting of the Board of County Commissioners
of said county. The duty of the State Board of Equalization
shall be to adjust and equalize the valuation of real and personal
property among the several counties of the State. The duty of the
County Board of Equalization shall be to adjust and equalize the valuation
of real and personal property within their respective counties.
Each board shall also perform such other duties as may be prescribed
by law.</p>

<p id="CA_X_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> No appropriation shall be made, nor any expenditure
authorized by the General Assembly, whereby the expenditure of the
State, during any fiscal year, shall exceed the total tax then provided
for by law and applicable for such appropriation or expenditure, unless
the General Assembly making such appropriation shall provide for
levying a sufficient tax, not exceeding the rates allowed in section eleven
of this article, to pay such appropriation or expenditure within such
fiscal year. This provision shall not apply to appropriations or expenditures
to suppress insurrection, defend the State, or assist in defending
the United States in time of war.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XI">ARTICLE XI.</h3>

<h4>PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XI_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Neither the State, nor any county, city, town, township,
or school district, shall lend or pledge the credit or faith thereof,
directly or indirectly, in any manner to, or in aid of, any person, company,
or corporation, public or private, for any amount or for any
purpose whatever, or become responsible for any debt, contract or
liability of any person, company or corporation, public or private, in
or out of the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> Neither the State nor any county, city, town, township,
or school district shall make any donation or grant to, or in aid of, or
become a subscriber to, or shareholder in, any corporation or company,
or a joint owner with any person, company, or corporation, public or
private, in or out of the State, except as to such ownership as may
accrue to the State by escheat, or by forfeiture, by operation or provision
of law; and except as to such ownership as may accrue to the
State, or to any county, city, town, township, or school district, or to
either or any of them, jointly with any person, company, or corporation,
by forfeiture or sale of real estate for non-payment of taxes, or
by donation or devise for public use, or by purchase by or on behalf
of any or either of them, jointly with any or either of them, under
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span>
execution in cases of fines, penalties, or forfeiture of recognizance,
breach of condition of official bond, or of bond to secure public moneys,
or the performance of any contract in which they, or any of them, may
be jointly or severally interested.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The State shall not contract any debt by loan in any
form, except to provide for casual deficiencies of revenue, erect public
buildings for use of the State, suppress insurrection, defend the State,
or, in time of war, assist in defending the United States; and the
amount of debt contracted in any one year to provide for deficiencies
of the revenue shall not exceed one-fourth of a mill on each dollar of
valuation of taxable property within the State, and the aggregate
amount of such debt shall not at any time exceed three-fourths of a
mill on each dollar of said valuation until the valuation shall equal one
hundred millions of dollars, and thereafter such debt shall not exceed
one hundred thousand dollars, and the debt incurred in any one year
for erection of public buildings shall not exceed one-half mill on each
dollar of said valuation, and the aggregate amount of such debt shall
never at any time exceed the sum of fifty thousand dollars (except as
provided in section five of this article), and in all cases the valuation
in this section mentioned shall be that of the assessment last preceding
the creation of said debt.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> In no case shall any debt above mentioned in this article
be created except by a law which shall be irrepealable until the indebtedness
therein provided for shall have been fully paid or discharged;
such law shall specify the purposes to which the funds so
raised shall be applied, and provide for the levy of a tax sufficient to
pay the interest on, and extinguish the principal of, such debt, within
the time limited by such law for the payment thereof, which in the
case of debts contracted for the erection of public buildings and supplying
deficiencies of revenue, shall not be less than ten nor more than
fifteen years, and the funds arising from the collection of any such tax
shall not be applied to any other purpose than that provided in the
law levying the same; and when the debt thereby created shall be paid
or discharged, such tax shall cease, and the balance, if any, to the
credit of the fund, shall immediately be placed to the credit of the
general fund of the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> A debt for the purpose of erecting public buildings may
be created by law, as provided for in section four of this article, not
exceeding in the aggregate three mills on each dollar of said valuation:
<i>Provided</i>, That before going into effect, such law shall be ratified by
the vote of a majority of such qualified electors of the State as shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>
vote thereon at a general election, under such regulations as the General
Assembly may prescribe.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> No county shall contract any debt by loan in any form,
except for the purpose of erecting necessary public buildings, making
or repairing public roads and bridges; and such indebtedness contracted
in any one year shall not exceed the rates upon the taxable property in
such county, following, to wit: Counties in which the assessed valuation
of taxable properly shall exceed five millions of dollars, one dollar
and fifty cents on each thousand dollars thereof. Counties in which
such valuation shall be less than five millions of dollars, three dollars
on each thousand dollars thereof. And the aggregate amount of indebtedness
of any county for all purposes, exclusive of debts contracted
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall not at any time exceed
twice the amount above herein limited, unless when in manner provided
by law, the question of incurring such debt shall, at a general election,
be submitted to such of the qualified electors of such county as in the
year last preceding such election shall have paid a tax upon property
assessed to them in such county, and a majority of those voting thereon
shall vote in favor of incurring the debt, but the bonds, if any be
issued therefor, shall not run less than ten years, and the aggregate
amount of debt so contracted shall not at any time exceed twice the
rate upon the valuation last herein mentioned: <i>Provided</i>, That this
section shall not apply to counties having a valuation of less than one
million of dollars.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> No debt by loan in any form shall be contracted by any
school district for the purpose of erecting and furnishing school buildings,
or purchasing grounds, unless the proposition to create such debt
shall first be submitted to such qualified electors of the districts as
shall have paid a school tax therein, in the year next preceding such
election, and a majority of those voting thereon shall vote in favor of
incurring such debt.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> No city or town shall contract any debt by loan in any
form, except by means of an ordinance, which shall be irrepealable
until the indebtedness therein provided for shall have been fully paid
or discharged; specifying the purposes to which the funds to be raised
shall be applied, and providing for the levy of a tax, not exceeding
twelve mills on each dollar of valuation of taxable property within
such city or town, sufficient to pay the annual interest, and extinguish
the principal of such debt within fifteen, but not less than ten years
from the creation thereof; and such tax when collected shall be applied
only to the purposes in such ordinance specified, until the indebtedness
shall be paid or discharged. But no such debt shall be created unless
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span>
the question of incurring the same shall, at a regular election for councilmen,
aldermen, or officers of such city or town, be submitted to a
vote of such qualified electors thereof as shall, in the year next preceding,
have paid a property tax therein, and a majority of those voting
on the question, by ballot deposited in a separate ballot-box, shall
vote in favor of creating such debt; but the aggregate amount of debt
so created, together with the debt existing at the time of such election,
shall not at any time exceed three per cent. of the valuation last aforesaid.
Debts contracted for supplying water to such city or town are
excepted from the operation of this section. The valuation in this
section mentioned shall be in all cases that of the assessment next preceding
the last assessment before the adoption of such ordinance.</p>

<p id="CA_XI_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> Nothing contained in this article shall be so construed as
to either impair or add to the obligation of any debt heretofore contracted
by any county, city, town, or school district, in accordance
with the laws of Colorado Territory, or prevent the contracting of
any debt, or the issuing of bonds therefor, in accordance with said
laws, upon any proposition for that purpose which may have been,
according to said laws, submitted to a vote of the qualified electors of
any county, city, town, or school district before the day on which
this Constitution takes effect.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XII">ARTICLE XII.</h3>

<h4>OFFICERS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XII_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Every person holding any civil office under the State
or any municipality therein, shall, unless removed according to law,
exercise the duties of such office until his successor is duly qualified;
but this shall not apply to members of the General Assembly, nor to
members of any board or assembly, two or more of whom are elected
at the same time; the General Assembly may by law provide for suspending
any officer in his functions, pending impeachment or prosecution
for misconduct in office.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> No person shall hold any office or employment of trust or
profit, under the laws of the State or any ordinance of any municipality
therein, without devoting his personal attention to the duties of the
same.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> No person who is now or hereafter may become a collector
or receiver of public money, or the deputy or assistant of such
collector or receiver, and who shall have become a defaulter in his
office, shall be eligible to or assume the duties of any office of trust or
profit in this State, under the laws thereof, or of any municipality
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>
therein, until he shall have accounted for and paid over all public
money for which he may be accountable.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public
moneys, bribery, perjury, solicitation of bribery, or subornation of
perjury, shall be eligible to the General Assembly, or capable of holding
any office of trust or profit in this State.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The District Court of each county shall, at each term
thereof, specially give in charge to the grand jury, if there be one, the
laws regulating the accountability of the County Treasurer, and shall
appoint a committee of such grand jury, or of other reputable persons,
not exceeding five, to investigate the official accounts and affairs
of the Treasurer of such county, and report to the Court the condition
thereof. The Judge of the District Court may appoint a like committee
in vacation at any time, but not oftener than once in every three
months. The District Court of the county wherein the seat of government
may be, shall have the like power to appoint committees to
investigate the official accounts and affairs of the State Treasurer and
the Auditor of State.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> Any civil officer or member of the General Assembly
who shall solicit, demand or receive, or consent to receive, directly or
indirectly, for himself or for another, from any company, corporation
or person, any money, office, appointment, employment, testimonial, reward,
thing of value or enjoyment, or of personal advantage or promise
thereof, for his vote, official influence or action, or for withholding the
same, or with an understanding that his official influence or action shall be
in any way influenced thereby, or who shall solicit or demand any such
money or advantage, matter or thing aforesaid for another, as the consideration
of his vote, official influence or action, or for withholding
the same, or shall give or withhold his vote, official influence or action,
in consideration of the payment or promise of such money, advantage,
matter or thing to another, shall be held guilty of bribery, or
solicitation of bribery, as the case may be, within the meaning of the
Constitution, and shall incur the disabilities provided thereby for such
offense, and such additional punishment as is or shall be prescribed by
law.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> Every member of the General Assembly shall, before he
enters upon his official duties, take an oath or affirmation to support
the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Colorado,
and to faithfully perform the duties of his office according to the best
of his ability. This oath or affirmation shall be administered in the
hall of the House to which the member shall have been elected.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> Every civil officer, except members of the General Assembly
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span>
and such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall,
before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe an
oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States
and of the State of Colorado, and to faithfully perform the duties of
the office upon which he shall be about to enter.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> Officers of the Executive Department and Judges of the
Supreme and District Courts, and District Attorneys, shall file their
oaths of office with the Secretary of State; every other officer shall
file his oath of office with the County Clerk of the county wherein he
shall have been elected.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> If any person elected or appointed to any office shall
refuse or neglect to qualify therein within the time prescribed by law,
such office shall be deemed vacant.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> The term of office of any officer elected to fill a vacancy
shall terminate at the expiration of the term during which the vacancy
occurred.</p>

<p id="CA_XII_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in
the same as a second, or send, accept or knowingly carry a challenge
therefor, or agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall hold any
office in the State.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XIII">ARTICLE XIII.</h3>

<h4>IMPEACHMENTS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XIII_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The House of Representatives shall have the sole
power of impeachment. The concurrence of a majority of all the
members shall be necessary to an impeachment. All impeachments
shall be tried by the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose, the
Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation to do justice according to
law and evidence. When the Governor or Lieutenant Governor is on
trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside. No person
shall be convicted without a concurrence of two-thirds of the
Senators elected.</p>

<p id="CA_XIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The Governor and other State and Judicial Officers, except
County Judges and Justices of the Peace, shall be liable to impeachment
for high crimes or misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office,
but judgment in such cases shall only extend to removal from office
and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit in the
State. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless,
be liable to prosecution, trial, judgment and punishment according to
law.</p>

<p id="CA_XIII_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> All officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span>
removal for misconduct or malfeasance in office, in such manner as may
be provided by law.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XIV">ARTICLE XIV.</h3>

<h4>COUNTIES.</h4>

<p id="CA_XIV_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The several counties of the Territory of Colorado,
as they now exist, are hereby declared to be counties of the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall have no power to remove
the county seat of any county, but the removal of county seats shall
be provided for by general law, and no county seat shall be removed
unless a majority of the qualified electors of the county, voting on the
proposition at a general election, vote therefor; and no such proposition
shall be submitted oftener than once in four years, and no person
shall vote on such proposition who shall not have resided in the
county six months, and in the election precinct ninety days next preceding
such election.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> No part of the territory of any county shall be stricken off
and added to an adjoining county, without first submitting the question
to the qualified voters of the county from which the territory
is proposed to be stricken off; nor unless a majority of all the
qualified voters of said county voting on the question shall vote therefor.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> In all cases of the establishment of any new county, the
new county shall be held to pay its ratable proportion of all then existing
liabilities of the county or counties from which such new county
shall be formed.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> When any part of the county is stricken off and attached
to another county, the part stricken off shall be held to pay its ratable
proportion of all then existing liabilities of the county from which it
is taken.</p>

<h4>COUNTY OFFICERS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XIV_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> In each county there shall be elected for the term of three
years, three County Commissioners, who shall hold sessions for the
transaction of county business as provided by law; any two of whom
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. One of said
commissioners shall be elected on the first Tuesday of October,
eighteen hundred and seventy-six, and every year thereafter one such
officer shall be elected in each county, at the general election, for the
term of three years: <i>Provided</i>, That when the population of any
county shall exceed ten thousand, the Board of County Commissioners
may consist of five members, who shall be elected as provided by
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span>
law, any three of whom shall constitute a quorum for the transaction
of business.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The compensation of all county and precinct officers shall
be as provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> There shall be elected in each county, on the first Tuesday
of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven,
and every alternate year forever thereafter, one County Clerk,
who shall be <i>ex-officio</i> Recorder of Deeds and Clerk of the Board of
County Commissioners; one Sheriff, one Coroner, one Treasurer, who
shall be collector of taxes; one County Superintendent of Schools,
one County Surveyor, and one County Assessor.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> In case of a vacancy occurring in the office of County
Commissioner, the Governor shall fill the same by appointment; and
in the case of a vacancy in any other county office, or in any precinct
office, the Board of County Commissioners shall fill the same by appointment;
and the person appointed shall hold the office until the
next general election, or until the vacancy be filled by election according
to law.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> No person shall be eligible to any county office unless
he be a qualified elector; nor unless he shall have resided in the county
one year preceding his election.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> There shall, at the first election at which county officers
are chosen, and annually thereafter, be elected in each precinct one
Justice of the Peace and one Constable, who shall each hold his office
for the term of two years: <i>Provided</i>, That in precincts containing five
thousand or more inhabitants, the number of justices and constables
may be increased as provided by law.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The General Assembly shall provide for the election or
appointment of such other county, township, precinct and municipal
officers as public convenience may require; and their terms of office
shall be as prescribed by law, not in any case to exceed two years.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> The General Assembly shall provide, by general laws,
for the organization and classification of cities and towns. The number
of such classes shall not exceed four, and the powers of each class
shall be defined by general laws, so that all municipal corporations of the
same class shall possess the same powers, and be subject to the same
restrictions.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> The General Assembly shall also make provision, by
general law, whereby any city, town or village, incorporated by any
special or local law, may elect to become subject to and be governed
by the general law relating to such corporations.</p>

<p id="CA_XIV_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> For the purpose of providing for and regulating the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span>
compensation of county and precinct officers, the General Assembly
shall, by law, classify the several counties of the State according to
population, and shall grade and fix the compensation of the officers
within the respective classes according to the population thereof. Such
law shall establish scales of fees to be charged and collected by such
of the county and precinct officers as may be designated therein, for
services to be performed by them respectively; and where salaries are
provided, the same shall be payable only out of the fees actually collected
in all cases where fees are prescribed. All fees, perquisites and emoluments,
above the amount of such salaries, shall be paid into the county
treasury.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XV">ARTICLE XV.</h3>

<h4>CORPORATIONS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XV_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive
privileges, under which the corporators or grantees shall not have organized
and commenced business in good faith at the time of the adoption
of this Constitution, shall thereafter have no validity.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> No charter of incorporations shall be granted, extended,
changed or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable,
educational, penal or reformatory corporations as are or may be
under the control of the State; but the General Assembly shall provide
by general laws for the organization of corporations hereafter to
be created.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The General Assembly shall have the power to alter, revoke
or annul any charter of incorporation now existing and revocable
at the adoption of this Constitution, or any that may hereafter be
created, whenever in their opinion it may be injurious to the citizens
of the State, in such manner, however, that no injustice shall be done
to the corporators.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> All railroads shall be public highways, and all railroad
companies shall be common carriers. Any association or corporation
organized for the purpose, shall have the right to construct and operate
a railroad between any designated points within this State, and to
connect at the State line with railroads of other States and Territories.
Every railroad company shall have the right with its road to intersect,
connect with or cross any other railroad.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> No railroad corporation or the lessees or managers thereof,
shall consolidate its stock, property or franchises with any other railroad
corporation owning or having under its control a parallel or competing
line.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> All individuals, associations and corporations shall have
equal rights to have persons and property transported over any railroad
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span>
in this State, and no undue or unreasonable discrimination shall
be made in charges or in facilities for transportation of freight or passengers
within the State, and no railroad company, nor any lessee,
manager or employe thereof, shall give any preference to individuals,
associations, or corporations in furnishing cars or motive power.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> No railroad or other transportation company in existence,
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall have the benefit
of any future legislation without first filing in the office of the Secretary
of State an acceptance of the provisions of this Constitution in
binding form.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The right of eminent domain shall never be abridged,
nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from taking the
property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them
to public use, the same as the property of individuals; and the police
powers of the State shall never be abridged, or so construed as to
permit corporations to conduct their business in such manner as to
infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the general well-being of
the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> No corporation shall issue stocks or bonds, except for
labor done, services performed, or money or property actually received,
and all fictitious increase of stock or indebtedness shall be void. The
stock of corporations shall not be increased except in pursuance of
general law, nor without the consent of the persons holding a majority
of the stock, first obtained at a meeting held after at least thirty days’
notice given in pursuance of law.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> No foreign corporation shall do any business in this
State without having one or more known places of business, and an
authorized agent or agents in the same, upon whom process may be
served.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> No street railroad shall be constructed within any city,
town, or incorporated village, without the consent of the local authorities
having the control of the street or highway proposed to be
occupied by such street railroad.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The General Assembly shall pass no law for the benefit
of a railroad or other corporation, or any individual, or association of
individuals, retrospective in its operation, or which imposes on the
people of any county or municipal subdivision of the State, a new
liability in respect to transactions or considerations already past.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> Any association or corporation, or the lessees or managers
thereof, organized for the purpose, or any individual, shall have
the right to construct and maintain lines of telegraph within this State,
and to connect the same with other lines, and the General Assembly
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span>
shall, by general law of uniform operation, provide reasonable regulations
to give full effect to this section. No telegraph company shall
consolidate with, or hold a controlling interest in, the stock or bonds
of any other telegraph company owning or having the control of a
competing line, or acquire, by purchase or otherwise, any other competing
line of telegraph.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> If any railroad, telegraph, express, or other corporation
organized under any of the laws of this State, shall consolidate,
by sale or otherwise, with any railroad, telegraph, express, or other
corporation organized under any laws of any other State or Territory,
or of the United States, the same shall not thereby become a foreign
corporation, but the courts of this State shall retain jurisdiction over
that part of the corporate property within the limits of the State in
all matters which may arise, as if said consolidation had not taken
place.</p>

<p id="CA_XV_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> It shall be unlawful for any person, company or corporation
to require of its servants or employes, as a condition of their
employment or otherwise, any contract or agreement whereby such
person, company or corporation shall be released or discharged from
liability or responsibility on account of personal injuries received by
such servants or employes while in the service of such person, company
or corporation, by reason of the negligence of such person, company
or corporation, or the agents or employes thereof, and such contracts
shall be absolutely null and void.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XVI">ARTICLE XVI.</h3>

<h4>MINING AND IRRIGATION.</h4>

<h5>MINING.</h5>

<p id="CA_XVI_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> There shall be established and maintained the office
of Commissioner of Mines, the duties and salary of which shall be prescribed
by law. When said office shall be established, the Governor
shall, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint thereto a
person known to be competent, whose term of office shall be four years.</p>

<p id="CA_XVI_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall provide by law for the proper
ventilation of mines, the construction of escapement shafts, and such
other appliances as may be necessary to protect the health and secure
the safety of the workmen therein, and shall prohibit the employment
in the mines of children under twelve years of age.</p>

<p id="CA_XVI_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The General Assembly may make such regulations, from
time to time, as may be necessary for the proper and equitable drainage
of mines.</p>

<p id="CA_XVI_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The General Assembly may provide that the science of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span>
mining and metallurgy be taught in one or more of the institutions of
learning under the patronage of the State.</p>

<h5>IRRIGATION.</h5>

<p id="CA_XVI_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The water of every natural stream, not heretofore appropriated,
within the State of Colorado, is hereby declared to be the
property of the public, and the same is dedicated to the use of the
people of the State, subject to appropriation as hereinafter provided.</p>

<p id="CA_XVI_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The right to divert the unappropriated waters of any
natural stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied. Priority of
appropriation shall give the better right as between those using the
water for the same purpose; but when the waters of any natural
stream are not sufficient for the service of all those desiring the use
of the same, those using the water for domestic purposes shall have
the preference over those claiming for any other purpose, and those
using the water for agricultural purposes shall have preference over
those using the same for manufacturing purposes.</p>

<p id="CA_XVI_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> All persons and corporations shall have the right of way
across public, private, and corporate lands for the construction of
ditches, canals and flumes, for the purpose of conveying water for
domestic purposes, for the irrigation of agricultural lands, and for
mining and manufacturing purposes, and for drainage, upon payment
of just compensation.</p>

<p id="CA_XVI_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The General Assembly shall provide by law that the
Board of County Commissioners, in their respective counties, shall
have power, when application is made to them by either party interested,
to establish reasonable maximum rates to be charged for the
use of water, whether furnished by individuals or corporations.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XVII">ARTICLE XVII.</h3>

<h4>MILITIA.</h4>

<p id="CA_XVII_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The militia of the State shall consist of all able-bodied
male residents of the State, between the ages of eighteen and
forty-five years; except such persons as may be exempted by the laws
of the United States, or of the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XVII_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The organization, equipment and discipline of the militia
shall conform, as nearly as practicable, to the regulations for the government
of the armies of the United States.</p>

<p id="CA_XVII_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The Governor shall appoint all general, field and staff
officers, and commission them. Each company shall elect its own
officers, who shall be commissioned by the Governor; but if any company
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span>
shall fail to elect such officers within the time prescribed by law,
they may be appointed by the Governor.</p>

<p id="CA_XVII_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The General Assembly shall provide for the safe-keeping
of the public arms, military records, relics and banners of the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XVII_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> No person having conscientious scruples against bearing
arms shall be compelled to do militia duty in time of peace: <i>Provided</i>,
such person shall pay an equivalent for such exemption.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XVIII">ARTICLE XVIII.</h3>

<h4>MISCELLANEOUS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The General Assembly shall pass liberal homestead
and exemption laws.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The General Assembly shall have no power to authorize
lotteries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to
prohibit the sale of lottery or gift enterprise tickets in this State.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass such
laws as may be necessary and proper to decide differences by arbitrators,
to be appointed by mutual agreement of the parties to any controversy,
who may choose that mode of adjustment. The powers and
duties of such arbitrators shall be as prescribed by law.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The term felony, wherever it may occur in this Constitution,
or the laws of the State, shall be construed to mean any criminal
offense punishable by death or imprisonment in the penitentiary, and
none other.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The General Assembly shall prohibit by law the importation
into this State, for the purpose of sale, of any spurious, poisonous,
or drugged spirituous liquors, or spirituous liquors adulterated
with any poisonous or deleterious substance, mixture or compound;
and shall prohibit the compounding or manufacture within this State,
except for chemical or mechanical purposes, of any of said liquors,
whether they be denominated spirituous, vinous, malt or otherwise;
and shall also prohibit the sale of any such liquors to be used as a
beverage, and any violation of either of said prohibitions shall be
punished by fine and imprisonment. The General Assembly shall provide
by law for the condemnation and destruction of all spurious,
poisonous, or drugged liquors herein prohibited.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The General Assembly shall enact laws in order to prevent
the destruction of, and to keep in good preservation, the forests
upon the lands of the State, or upon lands of the public domain, the
control of which shall be conferred by Congress upon the State.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> The General Assembly may provide that the increase in
the value of private lands, caused by the planting of hedges, orchards,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span>
and forests thereon, shall not, for a limited time, to be fixed by law,
be taken into account in assessing such lands for taxation.</p>

<p id="CA_XVIII_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The General Assembly shall provide for the publication
of the laws passed at each session thereof; and, until the year 1900,
they shall cause to be published in Spanish and German, a sufficient
number of copies of said laws to supply that portion of the inhabitants
of the State who speak those languages, and who may be unable
to read and understand the English language.</p>

<h3 id="CA_XIX">ARTICLE XIX.</h3>

<h4>FUTURE AMENDMENTS.</h4>

<p id="CA_XIX_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The General Assembly may, at any time, by a vote
of two-thirds of the members elected to each house, recommend to
the electors of the State, to vote at the next general election, for or
against a Convention to revise, alter and amend this Constitution;
and if a majority of those voting on the question shall declare in
favor of such Convention, the General Assembly shall, at its next
session, provide for the calling thereof. The number of members of
the Convention shall be twice that of the Senate, and they shall be
elected in the same manner, at the same places, and in the same districts.
The General Assembly shall, in the act calling the Convention,
designate the day, hour and place of its meeting; fix the pay of
its members and officers, and provide for the payment of the same,
together with the necessary expenses of the Convention. Before proceeding
the members shall take an oath to support the Constitution
of the United States and of the State of Colorado, and to faithfully
discharge their duties as members of the Convention. The qualifications
of members shall be the same as of members of the Senate, and
vacancies occurring shall be filled in the manner provided for filling
vacancies in the General Assembly. Said Convention shall meet within
three months after such election, and prepare such revisions, alterations
or amendments to the Constitution as may be deemed necessary,
which shall be submitted to the electors for their ratification or rejection
at an election appointed by the Convention for that purpose, not
less than two nor more than six months after the adjournment thereof;
and unless so submitted and approved by a majority of the electors
voting at the election, no such revision, alteration or amendment shall
take effect.</p>

<p id="CA_XIX_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may
be proposed in either House of the General Assembly, and if the
same shall be voted for by two-thirds of all the members elected to
each House, such proposed amendments, together with the ayes and
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span>
noes of each House thereon, shall be entered in full on their respective
journals; and the Secretary of State shall cause the said amendment
or amendments to be published in full in at least one newspaper
in each county (if such there be), for three months previous to the
next general election for members to the General Assembly; and at
said election the said amendment or amendments shall be submitted
to the qualified electors of the State for their approval or rejection,
and such as are approved by a majority of those voting thereon, shall
become part of this Constitution; but the General Assembly shall
have no power to propose amendments to more than one article of
this Constitution at the same session.</p>

<h4 id="SCHED">SCHEDULE.</h4>

<p>That no inconvenience may arise by reason of the change in the
form of government, it is hereby ordained and declared:</p>

<p id="SCHED_S1"><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> That all laws in force at the adoption of this Constitution
shall, so far as not inconsistent therewith, remain of the same
force as if this Constitution had not been adopted until they expire
by their own limitation, or are altered or repealed by the General
Assembly; and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims and contracts
of the Territory of Colorado, counties, individuals or bodies corporate
(not inconsistent therewith), shall continue as if the form of government
had not been changed and this Constitution adopted.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S2"><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That all recognizances, obligations and all other instruments
entered into or executed before the admission of the State, to
the Territory of Colorado, or to any county, school district, or other
municipality therein, or any officer thereof, and all fines, taxes, penalties,
and forfeitures due or owing to the Territory of Colorado, or
any such county, school district or municipality, or officer, and all
writs, prosecutions, actions and causes of action, except as herein
otherwise provided, shall continue and remain unaffected by the change
of the form of government. All indictments which shall have been
found, or may hereafter be found, and all informations which shall
have been filed, or may hereafter be filed, for any crime or offense
committed before this Constitution takes effect, may be proceeded
upon as if no change had taken place, except as otherwise provided
in the Constitution.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S3"><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That all property, real and personal, and all moneys,
credits, claims, and choses in action, belonging to the Territory of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span>
Colorado, at the adoption of this Constitution, shall be vested in and
become the property of the State of Colorado.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S4"><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The General Assembly shall pass all necessary laws to
carry into effect the provisions of the Constitution.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S5"><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> Whenever any two of the Judges of the Supreme Court
of the State, elected or appointed under the provisions of this Constitution,
shall have qualified in their office the causes theretofore
pending in the Supreme Court of the Territory, and the papers,
records and proceedings of said court, and the seal and other property
pertaining thereto, shall pass into the jurisdiction and possession of
the Supreme Court of the State; and, until so superceded, the Supreme
Court of the Territory, and the Judges thereof, shall continue with
like powers and jurisdiction as if this Constitution had not been
adopted. Whenever the Judge of the District Court of any district,
elected or appointed under the provisions of this Constitution, shall
have qualified in his office, the several causes theretofore pending in
the District Court of the Territory, within any county in such district,
and the records, papers, and proceedings of said District Court,
and the seal and other property pertaining thereto, shall pass into the
jurisdiction and possession of the District Court of the State for such
county, and until the district courts of the Territory shall be superceded
in manner aforesaid, the said district courts and the Judges thereof
shall continue with the same jurisdiction and powers to be exercised
in the same judicial districts respectively as heretofore constituted
under the laws of the Territory.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S6"><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The terms of office of the several Judges of the Supreme
and District Courts and the District Attorneys of the several judicial
districts first elected under this Constitution, shall commence from
the day of filing their respective oaths of office in the office of the
Secretary of State.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S7"><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> Until otherwise provided by law, the seals now in use in
the Supreme and District Courts of this Territory are hereby declared
to be the seals of the Supreme and District Courts respectively of the
State.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S8"><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> Whenever this Constitution shall go into effect, the books,
records, papers and proceedings of the Probate Court in each county,
and all causes and matters of administration pending therein, shall
pass into the jurisdiction and possession of the County Court of the
same county, and the said County Court shall proceed to final decree
or judgment, order or other determination, in the said several matters
and causes as the said Probate Court might have done if this Constitution
had not been adopted. And until the election of the County
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span>
Judges provided for in this Constitution, the Probate Judges shall act
as Judges of the County Courts within their respective counties, and
the seal of the Probate Court in each county shall be the seal of the
County Court therein until the said court shall have procured a proper
seal.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S9"><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> The terms “Probate Court” or “Probate Judge,” whenever
occurring in the statutes of Colorado Territory, shall, after the
adoption of this Constitution, be held to apply to the County Court
or County Judge; and all laws specially applicable to the Probate
Court in any county, shall be construed to apply to and be in force as
to the County Court in the same county, until repealed.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S10"><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> All county and precinct officers who may be in office
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall hold their respective
offices for the full time for which they may have been elected,
and until such time as their successors may be elected and qualified,
in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, and the official
bonds of all such officers shall continue in full force and effect as
though this Constitution had not been adopted.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S11"><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> All county offices that may become vacant during the
year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, by the expiration of
the term of the persons elected to said offices, shall be filled at the general
election on the first Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six, and, except County Commissioners, the
persons so elected shall hold their respective offices for the term of one
year.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S12"><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The provisions of this Constitution shall be in force from
the day on which the President of the United States shall issue his
proclamation declaring the State of Colorado admitted into the
Union; and the Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, and Superintendent
of Public Instruction of the Territory of Colorado shall
continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices after the
admission of the State into the Union, until the qualification of the
officers elected or appointed under the State government; and said
officers, for the time they may serve, shall receive the same compensation
as the State officers shall by law be paid for like services.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S13"><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> In case of a contest of election between candidates, at
the first general election under this Constitution, for Judges of the
Supreme, District, or County Courts, or District Attorneys, the evidence
shall be taken in the manner prescribed by Territorial law; and
the testimony so taken shall be certified to the Secretary of State, and
said officer, together with the Governor and Attorney General, shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span>
review the testimony and determine who is entitled to the certificate
of election.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S14"><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> The votes at the first general election under this Constitution
for the several offices provided for in this Constitution who are
to be elected at the first election, shall be canvassed in the manner
prescribed by the Territorial law for canvassing votes for like officers.
The votes cast for the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts and
District Attorneys shall be canvassed by the county canvassing board
in the manner prescribed by the Territorial law for canvassing the
votes for members of the General Assembly; and the County Clerk
shall transmit the abstract of votes to the Secretary of the Territory,
acting as Secretary of State, under the same regulations as are prescribed
by law for sending the abstracts of votes for Territorial officers;
and the aforesaid acting Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, or
any two of them, in the presence of the Governor, shall proceed to
canvass the votes, under the regulations of sections thirty-five and
thirty-six of chapter twenty-eight of the Revised Statutes of Colorado
Territory.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S15"><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> Senators and members of the House of Representatives
shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the several senatorial
and representative districts as established in this Constitution, until
such districts shall be changed by law, and thereafter by the qualified
electors of the several districts as the same shall be established by
law.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S16"><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> The votes cast for Representatives in Congress at the
first election held under this Constitution, shall be canvassed, and the
result determined in the manner provided by the laws of the Territory
for the canvass of votes for Delegate in Congress.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S17"><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> The provision of the Constitution that no bill, except
the general appropriation bill, introduced in either House after the
first twenty-five days of the session shall become a law, shall not apply
to the first session of the General Assembly; but no bill, introduced
in either House at the first session of the General Assembly after the
first fifty days thereof, shall become a law.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S18"><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> A copy of the abstracts of the votes cast at the first
general election held under this Constitution, shall, by the County
Clerks of the several counties, be returned to the Secretary of the
Territory immediately after the canvass of said votes in their several
counties; and the Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of the Territory,
or any two of them, shall, on the twenty-fifth day after the election,
meet at the seat of government and proceed to canvass the votes cast
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span>
for members of the General Assembly, and determine the result
thereof.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S19"><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> The General Assembly shall, at their first session, immediately
after the organization of the two Houses, and after the
canvass of the votes for the officers of the Executive Department,
and before proceeding to other business, provide, by act or joint resolution,
for the appointment, by said General Assembly, of electors in
the electoral college; and such joint resolution, or the bill for such
enactment, may be passed without being printed or referred to any
committee, or read on more than one day in either House, and shall
take effect immediately after the concurrence of the two Houses
therein, and the approval of the Governor thereto shall not be necessary.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S20"><span class="smcap">Sec. 20.</span> The General Assembly shall provide that after the year
one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, the electors of the electoral
college shall be chosen by direct vote of the people.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S21"><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> The General Assembly shall have power, at their first
session, to provide for the payment of the expenses of this Convention,
if any there be then remaining unpaid.</p>

<p id="SCHED_S22"><span class="smcap">Sec. 22.</span> All recognizances, bail bonds, official bonds, and other
obligations or undertakings which have been, or at any time before
the admission of the State, shall be made or entered into and expressed
to be payable to the people of the Territory of Colorado,
shall continue in full force, notwithstanding the change in the form of
government; and any breach thereof, whenever occurring, may, after
the admission of the State, be prosecuted in the name of the people
of the State.</p>

<p class="hang"><i>Done in Convention</i>, at the City of Denver, Colorado, this fourteenth
day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six, and of the Independence of
the United States the one hundredth.</p>

<p><i>In Witness Whereof</i>, We have hereunto subscribed our names.</p>

<p class="author">J. C. WILSON, <i>President</i>.</p>

<div class="table">
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell">
<span class="smcap">H. P. H. Bromwell</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Casimiro Barela</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">George Boyles</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">W. E. Beck</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Byron L. Carr</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">W. M. Clark</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">A. D. Cooper</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">H. R. Crosby</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Wm. H. Cushman</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Robert Douglas</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">L. C. Ellsworth</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">C. P. Elder</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">F. J. Ebert</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">W. B. Felton</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">J. M. Garcia</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Daniel Hurd</span>,<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span>
<span class="smcap">John S. Hough</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Lafayette Head</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Wm. H. James</span>,<br />
</span>
<span class="tcell">
<span class="smcap">Wm. R. Kennedy</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Wm. L. Lee</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Alvin Marsh</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Wm. H. Meyer</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">S. J. Plumb</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Geo. E. Pease</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Robert A. Quillian</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">A. K. Yount</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Wilbur F. Stone</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">W. C. Stover</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">H. C. Thatcher</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Agapeta Vigil</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">W. W. Webster</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">G. G. White</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">E. T. Wells</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">P. P. Wilcox</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">J. S. Wheeler</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">J. W. Widderfield</span>,<br />
<span class="smcap">Lewis C. Rockwell</span>,<br />
</span></span>
</div>

<p>Attest:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>
<span class="smcap">W. W. Coulson</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.<br />
<span class="smcap">Herbert Stanley</span>, <i>1st Assistant Secretary</i>.<br />
<span class="smcap">H. A. Terpenning</span>, <i>2d Assistant Secretary</i>.<br />
</p></blockquote>

<h4 id="Ords">ORDINANCES.</h4>

<p>In conformity with the requirements of an Act of the Congress
of the United States, entitled “An Act to enable the people of Colorado
to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission
of said State into the Union on an equal footing with the original
States,” approved March 3, <small>A. D.</small> 1875, on behalf and by the authority
of the people of the Territory of Colorado, this Convention assembled
in pursuance of said Enabling Act, at the city of Denver, the capital
of said Territory, on the twentieth day of December, <small>A. D.</small> 1875, does
ordain and declare:</p>

<p id="Ords_S1"><i>First</i>&mdash;That an election shall be held throughout the Territory
of Colorado, on the first day of July, in the year one thousand eight
hundred and seventy-six, for ratification or rejection of the Constitution
framed and adopted by the Convention.</p>

<p id="Ords_S2"><i>Second</i>&mdash;At said election the Constitution framed and adopted by
this Convention, shall be submitted to the people of the Territory for
their ratification or rejection, and all persons who are then qualified
electors under the laws of the Territory, shall be qualified to vote
upon the ratification or rejection thereof.</p>

<p id="Ords_S3"><i>Third</i>&mdash;Said election shall be held at the several places in the
several wards and precincts throughout the Territory, appointed for
the holding of elections under the laws of the Territory, and shall be
conducted in the manner prescribed by the laws of said Territory regulating
elections. The judges of elections, appointed under the laws
of the Territory, in each of said wards and precincts, shall act as the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span>
judges of said election, and vacancies in the board of judges of any
ward or precinct shall be filled, and clerks of election shall be appointed,
in the manner prescribed by said laws: <i>Provided</i>, That no law requiring
a registration of voters shall apply to said election, and any qualified
elector may at said election vote at any ward or precinct in the
Territory. Whenever any person shall present himself to vote at said
election, and either of the judges shall suspect that such person is not
a qualified elector of the Territory, or if his vote shall be challenged
by any elector who has previously voted at the said election, then
before the ballot of such person shall be received, he shall take and
subscribe the following oath or affirmation: “You do solemnly swear
(or affirm) that you are a resident of &mdash;&mdash; county, in the Territory
of Colorado; that you have resided in this Territory six months immediately
preceding this election; that you have, to the best of your
knowledge and belief, attained the age of twenty-one years, and have
not voted at this election.”</p>

<p id="Ords_S4"><i>Fourth</i>&mdash;Each elector voting at said election shall deposit in the
ballot-box a ticket, whereon shall be printed or written the words
“For the Constitution,” or the words, “Against the Constitution,” or
other equivalent words.</p>

<p id="Ords_S5"><i>Fifth</i>&mdash;The acting Governor of the Territory shall, within thirty
days after the adjournment of this Convention, issue his proclamation
for said election, to be held in conformity with the provisions of this
ordinance; and the Secretary of the Territory shall, on or before the
fifteenth day of May, <small>A. D.</small> 1876, make out and transmit to the sheriff
of each county a notice in writing of said election, together with a
copy of this ordinance.</p>

<p id="Ords_S6"><i>Sixth</i>&mdash;The votes cast at said election for the adoption or rejection
of the Constitution, shall be canvassed in the manner prescribed
by the laws of the Territory of Colorado for canvassing the votes at
general elections; and the returns of said election shall be made to
the acting Governor of the Territory, who, with the Chief Justice
and the United States Attorney of said Territory, or any two of them,
shall canvass the same, and if a majority of the legal votes cast shall
be for the Constitution, the acting Governor shall certify the same to
the President of the United States, together with a copy of said Constitution
and the Ordinances adopted by this Convention.</p>

<hr class="tb" />

<p>In conformity with the requirements of an Act of the Congress
of the United States, entitled “An Act to enable the People of Colorado
to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span>
of said State into the Union on an equal footing with the original
States,” approved March 3d, <small>A. D.</small> 1875, on behalf and by the authority
of the People of the Territory of Colorado, this Convention, assembled
in pursuance of said Enabling Act, at the city of Denver, the capital
of said Territory, on the 20th day of December, <small>A. D.</small> 1875, does
ordain and declare:</p>

<p><i>First</i>&mdash;That perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be
secured, and no inhabitant of said State shall ever be molested in person
or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship.</p>

<p><i>Second</i>&mdash;That the people inhabiting the Territory of Colorado,
by their representatives in said Convention assembled, do agree and
declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated
public lands lying within said Territory, and that the same
shall be and remain at the sole and entire disposal of the United States;
that the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without
said State, shall never be taxed higher than the lands belonging to
residents thereof; and that no taxes shall be imposed by the State on
lands or property therein belonging to, or which may hereafter be purchased
by, the United States.</p>

<p><i>Third</i>&mdash;That this Ordinance shall be irrevocable without the consent
of the United States and the people of the State of Colorado.</p>

<hr class="tb" />

<p><span class="smcap">Be it Remembered</span>, That in the Convention of the Representatives
of the People of the Territory of Colorado, chosen in pursuance
of the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled “An Act to
enable the People of Colorado to form a Constitution and State
Government, and for the admission of the said State into the Union
on an equal footing with the original States,” approved March 3d,
<small>A. D.</small> 1875, and assembled at the seat of government of said Territory,
in pursuance of said Act, on the twentieth day of December, <small>A. D.</small> 1875,
after the organization of said Convention, and before proceeding to
other business, it was, on the 22d day of December, <small>A. D.</small> 1875.</p>

<p><i>Resolved</i>&mdash;That in pursuance of the Enabling Act, and in behalf
of the People of Colorado, we in convention assembled, do adopt the
Constitution of the United States.</p>

<hr class="tb" />

<p>The constitution was submitted to the people and adopted July
1st, 1876, by a large majority. The votes returned stood 15,443 for,
and 4,039 against the constitution. This constitution is an admirable
production, and reflects great credit on those who framed it. Though
not perfect, it contains the excellencies of all the State constitutions
so far promulgated, and largely conforms in spirit to the liberality
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span>
and intelligence of the people for whom it was prepared. President
Grant, empowered by Congress, on July 4th, 1876, just one century
since the declaration of independence, admitted the new State into the
Union by proclamation. Hence Colorado’s title&mdash;“The Centennial
State.” (The honor of first applying this title to Colorado is due to
Capt. R. W. Woodbury, editor and proprietor of the <i>Denver Times</i>.)</p>

<h4 id="Presidents_Proclamation">THE PROCLAMATION OF THE PRESIDENT ADMITTING
THE STATE OF COLORADO INTO THE UNION.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The Congress of the United States did, by an act
approved on the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and
seventy-five, authorize the inhabitants of the Territory of Colorado
to form for themselves, out of said Territory, a State Government,
with the name of the State of Colorado, and for the admission of such
State into the Union on an equal footing with the original states upon
certain conditions in said act specified; and,</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It was provided by said Act of Congress that the Convention
elected by the people of said Territory to frame a State Constitution,
should, when assembled for that purpose, and after organization,
declare on behalf of the people that they adopt the Constitution
of the United States, and should also provide by an ordinance, irrevocable
without the consent of the United States and the people of said
State, that perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured,
and that no inhabitant of said State shall ever be molested in person
or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship, and
that the people inhabiting said Territory do agree and declare that
they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public
lands lying within said Territory, and that the same shall be and remain
at the sole and entire disposition of the United States, and that
lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without the
said State, shall never be taxed higher than lands belonging to residents
thereof, and that no taxes shall be imposed by the State on lands or
property therein belonging to, or which may hereafter be purchased
by, the United States; and,</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It was further provided by said Act that the Constitution
thus formed for the people of the Territory of Colorado should,
by an ordinance of the Convention forming the same, be submitted to
the people of said Territory for ratification or rejection at an election
to be held in the month of July, eighteen hundred and seventy-six, at
which election the lawful voters of said new State should vote directly
for or against the proposed Constitution, and the returns of said election
should be made to the acting Governor of the Territory, who,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span>
with the Chief Justice and United States attorney of said Territory, or
any two of them, should canvass the same, and if a majority of legal
votes should be cast for said Constitution in said proposed State, the
said acting Governor should certify the same to the President of the
United States, together with a copy of said Constitution and Ordinances;
whereupon it should be the duty of the President of the United
States to issue his proclamation declaring the State admitted into the
Union on an equal footing with the original states without any further
action whatever on the part of Congress; and</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It has been certified to me by the acting Governor of
said Territory of Colorado, that within the time prescribed by said
Act of Congress a Constitution for said proposed State has been adopted,
and the same ratified by a majority of the legal voters of said proposed
new State, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by said Act of
Congress; and</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, A duly authenticated copy of said Constitution, and
of the declaration and ordinances required by said Act of Congress
has been received by me:</p>

<p>Now, therefore, I, Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United
States of America, do, in accordance with the provisions of the Act
of Congress aforesaid, declare and proclaim the fact that the fundamental
conditions imposed by Congress on the State of Colorado, to
entitle that State to admission to the Union have been ratified and
accepted, and that the admission of said State into the Union is now
complete.</p>

<p>In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and have caused
the seal of the United States to be affixed.</p>

<p class="figleft"><img src="images/seal.png" alt="" /></p>

<p>Done at the city of Washington this first day of August,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
seventy-six, and of the independence of the United States
of America the one hundred and first.</p>

<p class="author">
U. S. GRANT.</p>

<p>By the President:<br />
<span class="i4"><span class="smcap">Hamilton Fish</span>,</span><br />
<span class="i8">Secretary of State.</span></p>

<p>In the spring of this year the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
railroad was completed to Pueblo.</p>

<p>The Republican State Convention met at Pueblo August 23d, and
the Democratic State Convention at Manitou, August 29th. Full
state tickets were nominated by each convention. Both parties entered
upon the campaign not only sanguine, but confident of success. Up
to the day of election the most strenuous efforts were put forth to
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span>
insure victory. On the third day of October, as directed by the Constitution,
the election was held. The vote polled was nearly 30,000.
The entire Republican state ticket for the executive and judicial departments
was elected. John L. Routt was chosen Governor; Lafayette
Head, Lieutenant-Governor; William M. Clark, Secretary of
State; D. C. Crawford, Auditor; George C. Corning, Treasurer; A.
J. Sampson, Attorney General; Joseph C. Shattuck, Superintendent
Public Instruction. The Legislature, in both House and Senate, had
a Republican majority. In the Senate, nineteen Republicans and
seven Democrats; in the House, thirty-one Republicans and eighteen
Democrats. James B. Belford was elected Representative for the
Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses. The Territorial Secretary
had ordered an election for representative for the Forty-fourth Congress
to be held October 3d, and afterwards an election for the Forty-fifth
Congress to be held November 7th. On the third of October the
people voted for a representative for both Congresses. The State
Canvassing Board received and counted the returns. The Secretary
recalled his order for an election November 7th, but an election was
held, and Thomas M. Patterson received almost the entire vote. This
vote the Canvassing Board refused to count. The next Congress will
decide the contest.</p>

<p>At noon on November 1st the General Assembly convened. On
November 3d the executive officers were duly inaugurated. Judge
Brazee administered the oaths of office. The Governor then delivered
his inaugural message to the General Assembly. This message of the
first governor of the State of Colorado is a sensible and well-written
document. Its statements are accurate and clear, and its suggestions
thoroughly practical. He thus addresses the General Assembly: “The
people, by their choice, have signified their faith in your wisdom, integrity,
and patriotism, and I feel assured that their confidence will
not have been misplaced. Upon you, Senators and Representatives,
rests the responsibility of making our laws, and I trust that in your
legislation you will have a single eye to the promotion of the general
welfare. In this object it will be my greatest pleasure and chief aim
to co-operate.” In this message it is stated that the present export of
gold and silver bullion and ores amounts to nearly $8,000,000 annually,
with a prospect of an increase to $10,000,000 in the near future. The
total value of real and personal property in Colorado, in 1876, is estimated
to be about $100,000,000. Up to 1877 the bullion deposited
in the Denver mint amounted to almost $70,000,000 in value. The
population of Colorado in 1870 was about 40,000, in 1876, 135,000.
In the early part of the session the General Assembly chose two Senators&mdash;Jerome
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span>
B. Chaffee and Henry M. Teller; and three Presidential
Electors&mdash;Herman Beckurts, W. L. Hadley, and Otto Mears. After
a protracted session, the General Assembly adjourned <i>sine die</i>, March
20, 1877.</p>

<p>Colorado, on account of its altitude, is quite near that great ocean
of positive electricity which envelops the earth about a mile from its
surface. It is one of the great electrodes of the globe. All that
ascend her high peaks are charged with this subtle element. To this,
in a measure, is to be attributed that peculiar bracing and life-inspiring
atmosphere for which Colorado is renowned. This atmosphere is dry,
pure and clear, and nearly always pervaded with sunshine. The climate
therefore possesses great restorative properties, and cannot fail to be a
prominent resort for invalids. But besides this, in magnificent and
varied scenery Colorado is not excelled by any other land, and in rich
resources is unequalled. In Colorado large sums have been expended
in imposing school structures, and teachers are liberally remunerated.
A spirit of religious toleration that is truly gratifying prevails throughout
the State. All creeds are represented, and, in general, well supported.
Towns spring into existence and grow with magic speed;
mines are developed with much energy; farms show thrift and prosperity;
new railroads are projected; the lines of those already built
are extending; manufactures increase, though slow in their establishment;
and, notwithstanding an occasional exodus, the population
steadily advances.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="CONSTITUTION_OF_UNITED_STATES">CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h2>

<p>We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide
for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish
this Constitution of the United States of America.</p>

<h3 id="ART_I">ARTICLE I.</h3>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_I">SECTION I.</h4>

<p>1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Congress
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
of Representatives.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_II">SECTION II.</h4>

<p>1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
chosen every second year, by the people of the several States; and the
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors
of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.</p>

<p>2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained
to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of
that State in which he shall be chosen.</p>

<p>3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among
the several States which may be included within this Union, according
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to
the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for
a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and
within every subsequent term of ten years in such manner as they
shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed
one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State
of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span>
eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut,
five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware,
one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South
Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.</p>

<p>4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State,
the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.</p>

<p>5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and
other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_III">SECTION III.</h4>

<p>1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
years, and each Senator shall have one vote.</p>

<p>2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of
the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three
classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated
at the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration
of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of
the sixth year; so that one-third may be chosen every second year;
and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess
of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which
shall then fill such vacancies.</p>

<p>3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the
age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States,
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for
which he shall be chosen.</p>

<p>4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of
the Senate; but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.</p>

<p>5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President
<i>pro tempore</i>, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he
shall exercise the office of President of the United States.</p>

<p>6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments.
When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation.
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice
shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence
of two-thirds of the members present.</p>

<p>7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further
than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any
office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span>
convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
judgment, and punishment, according to law.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_IV">SECTION IV.</h4>

<p>1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators
and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State, by the legislature
thereof, but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such
regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.</p>

<p>2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and
such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they
shall by law appoint a different day.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_V">SECTION V.</h4>

<p>1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute
a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from
day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent
members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House may
provide.</p>

<p>2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish
its members for disorderly behavior, and with a concurrence of two-thirds,
expel a member.</p>

<p>3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their
judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of
either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those
present, be entered on the journal.</p>

<p>4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without
the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to
other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_VI">SECTION VI.</h4>

<p>1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury
of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,
and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and
returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House,
they shall not be questioned in any other place.</p>

<p>2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which
he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of
the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments
whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span>
holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in office.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_VII">SECTION VII.</h4>

<p>1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
as on other bills.</p>

<p>2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives
and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to
the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it;
but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections, at large,
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
two-thirds of the House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House,
it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of persons voting
for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each
House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented
to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it,
unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which
case it shall not be a law.</p>

<p>3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds
of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_VIII">SECTION VIII.</h4>

<p>The Congress shall have power,</p>

<p>1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; to pay
the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of
the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States:</p>

<p>2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:</p>

<p>3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the
several States, and with the Indian tribes:</p>

<p>4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform
laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p>

<p>5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin,
and fix the standard of weights and measures:</p>

<p>6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities
and current coin of the United States:</p>

<p>7. To establish post offices and post roads:</p>

<p>8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing,
for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to
their respective writings and discoveries:</p>

<p>9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court. To define
and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and
offenses against the law of nations:</p>

<p>10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make
rules concerning captures on land and water:</p>

<p>11. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money
to that use shall be for a longer term than two years:</p>

<p>12. To provide and maintain a navy:</p>

<p>13. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land
and naval forces:</p>

<p>14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of
the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:</p>

<p>15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia,
and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service
of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment
of the officers and the authority of training the militia according
to the discipline prescribed by Congress:</p>

<p>16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over
all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the State in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dock-yards and other needful buildings: and</p>

<p>17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this constitution in the government of the United States,
or in any department or officer thereof.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_IX">SECTION IX.</h4>

<p>1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span>
eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not
exceeding ten dollars for such person.</p>

<p>2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public
safety may require it.</p>

<p>3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.</p>

<p>4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.</p>

<p>5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any
State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce
or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall
vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay
duties in another.</p>

<p>6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence
of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account
of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published
from time to time.</p>

<p>7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and
no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without
the consent of Congress, accept any present, emolument, office,
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.</p>

<h4 id="ART_I_SEC_X">SECTION X.</h4>

<p>1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation;
grant letters of marque or reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;
pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.</p>

<p>2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any
imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely
necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all
duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be
for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State
shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep
troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or
compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in
war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not
admit of delay.</p>

<h3 id="ART_II">ARTICLE II.</h3>

<h4 id="ART_II_SEC_I">SECTION I.</h4>

<p>1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span>
years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term,
be elected as follows:</p>

<p>2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature
thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number
of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled
in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding
an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed
an elector.</p>

<p>3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant
of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which
list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the
government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and
the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest
number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority
of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than
one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then
the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one
of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from
the five highest on the list the said House shall, in like manner, choose
the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by
States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum
for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a
choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person
having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the Vice-President.
But if there should remain two or more who have equal
votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President.</p>

<p>4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors,
and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be
the same throughout the United States.</p>

<p>5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the
United States, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall
be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five
years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.</p>

<p>6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span>
the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the
Congress, may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation,
or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring
what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected.</p>

<p>7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
compensation, which shall neither be increased or diminished during
the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not
receive, within that period, any other emolument from the United
States, or any of them.</p>

<p>8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:</p>

<p>9. “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute
the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of
my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United
States.”</p>

<h4 id="ART_II_SEC_II">SECTION II.</h4>

<p>1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States,
when called into the actual service of the United States. He may
require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the
executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons
for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.</p>

<p>2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators
present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers
of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise
provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress
may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they
think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the
heads of departments.</p>

<p>3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions,
which shall expire at the end of their next session.</p>

<h4 id="ART_II_SEC_III">SECTION III.</h4>

<p>1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span>
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on
extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and
in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper.
He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. He
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission
all the officers of the United States.</p>

<h4 id="ART_II_SEC_IV">SECTION IV.</h4>

<p>1. The President and Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.</p>

<h3 id="ART_III">ARTICLE III.</h3>

<h4 id="ART_III_SEC_I">SECTION I.</h4>

<p>1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from
time to time, ordain and establish.</p>

<p>2. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall
hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times,
receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office.</p>

<h4 id="ART_III_SEC_II">SECTION II.</h4>

<p>1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity,
arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or
more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between
citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State, claiming
lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the
citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.</p>

<p>2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and
consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned,
the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to
law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the
Congress shall make.</p>

<p>3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall
be by a jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said
crime shall have been committed; but when not committed within any
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span>
State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by
law have directed.</p>

<h4 id="ART_III_SEC_III">SECTION III.</h4>

<p>1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies; giving them aid
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
open court.</p>

<p>2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of
treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood
or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.</p>

<h3 id="ART_IV">ARTICLE IV.</h3>

<h4 id="ART_IV_SEC_I">SECTION I.</h4>

<p>1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the
Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such
acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.</p>

<h4 id="ART_IV_SEC_II">SECTION II.</h4>

<p>1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the several States.</p>

<p>2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall,
on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled,
be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime.</p>

<p>3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law
or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
labor may be due.</p>

<h4 id="ART_IV_SEC_III">SECTION III.</h4>

<p>1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of
any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or
more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures
of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.</p>

<p>2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span>
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
any particular State.</p>

<h4 id="ART_IV_SEC_IV">SECTION IV.</h4>

<p>1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them
against invasion; and on application of the legislature or of the executive
(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic
violence.</p>

<h3 id="ART_V">ARTICLE V.</h3>

<p id="ART_V_SEC_I">1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem
it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution; or, on the
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution,
when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: <i>Provided</i>,
That no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand
eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in
the Senate.</p>

<h3 id="ART_VI">ARTICLE VI.</h3>

<p id="ART_VI_SEC_I">1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the
adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States, under this constitution, as under the confederation.</p>

<p id="ART_VI_SEC_II">2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which
shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which
shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the
supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound
thereby; anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.</p>

<p id="ART_VI_SEC_III">3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the
members of the several legislatures, and all executive and judicial
officers, both of the United States and of the several States shall be
bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or
public trust under the United States.</p>

<h3 id="ART_VII">ARTICLE VII.</h3>

<p id="ART_VII_SEC_I">1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span>
sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the States
so ratifying the same.</p>

<p class="hang"><i>Done in Convention</i>, by the unanimous consent of the States
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of
the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.</p>

<p><i>In Witness Whereof</i> we have hereunto subscribed our names.</p>

<p class="author">
<span class="smcap">Geo. Washington, President</span>, <i>and Deputy from Virginia</i>.</p>

<p class="table">
<span class="tcell">
<i>New Hampshire</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">John Langdon</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Nicholas Gilman</span>.<br />

<i>Connecticut</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Wm. Samuel Johnson</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Roger Sherman</span>.<br />

<i>New York</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>.<br />

<i>New Jersey</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">William Livingston</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">David Brearley</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">William Patterson</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Jonathan Dayton</span>.<br />

<i>Pennsylvania</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Thomas Mifflin</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Robert Morris</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">George Clymer</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Thomas Fitzsimons</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Jared Ingersoll</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">James Wilson</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Gouverneur Morris</span>.<br />

<i>Delaware</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Geo. Reed</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Gunning Bedford, Jr.</span><br />
</span>
<span class="tcell">
<i>Massachusetts</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Nathaniel Gorham</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Rufus King</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">John Dickinson</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Richard Basset</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Jacob Broom</span>.<br />

<i>Maryland</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">James McHenry</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Daniel Carroll</span>.<br />

<i>Virginia</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">John Blair</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">James Madison, Jr.</span><br />

<i>North Carolina</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">William Blount</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Richard Dobbs Spaight</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Hugh Williamson</span>.<br />

<i>South Carolina</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">John Rutledge</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">C. Cotesworth Pinckney</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Charles Pinckney</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Pierce Butler</span>.<br />

<i>Georgia</i>:<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">William Few</span>,<br />
<span class="i2 smcap">Abraham Baldwin</span>.<br />
</span>
</p>

<p class="caption">
Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, <i>Secretary</i>.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION">AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.</h2>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_I">ARTICLE I.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_I_SEC_1">1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_II">ARTICLE II.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_II_SEC_1">1. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_III">ARTICLE III.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_III_SEC_1">1. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house
without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but in a manner
to be prescribed by law.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_IV">ARTICLE IV.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_IV_SEC_1">1. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_V">ARTICLE V.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_V_SEC_1">1. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury,
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia,
when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness
against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span>
without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
public use without just compensation.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_VI">ARTICLE VI.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_VI_SEC_1">1. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to
a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature
and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in
his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_VII">ARTICLE VII.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_VII_SEC_1">1. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall
exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved;
and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court
of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_VIII">ARTICLE VIII.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_VIII_SEC_1">1. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_IX">ARTICLE IX.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_IX_SEC_1">1. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_X">ARTICLE X.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_X_SEC_1">1. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_XI">ARTICLE XI.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_XI_SEC_1">1. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed
to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or
subjects of any foreign State.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_XII">ARTICLE XII.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_XII_SEC_1">1. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
not be an inhabitant of the same State as themselves; they shall name
in their ballots the person voted for as President; and in distinct ballots
the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted
for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span>
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;
the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall
then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for
President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding
three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of
Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in the case of the death or other Constitutional disability
of the President.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XII_SEC_2">2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President,
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority,
then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose
the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole
number shall be necessary to a choice.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XII_SEC_3">3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President,
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_XIII">ARTICLE XIII.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIII_SEC_1">1. Neither slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment
for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall
exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIII_SEC_2">2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_XIV">ARTICLE XIV.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_1">1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any
law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span>
property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_2">2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President
and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress,
the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
Legislature thereof is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States,
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other
crime, the basis of Representatives therein shall be reduced in the proportion
which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_3">3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the constitution of
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But
Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
disability.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_4">4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized
by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not
be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation
of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall
be held illegal and void.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XIV_SEC_5">5. That Congress have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation,
the provisions of this article.</p>

<h3 id="ARTICLE_XV">ARTICLE XV.</h3>

<p id="ARTICLE_XV_SEC_1">1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.</p>

<p id="ARTICLE_XV_SEC_2">2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span>-</p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="MANUAL_OF_PARLIAMENTARY_PRACTICE">MANUAL OF PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE.</h2>

<blockquote>

<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The rules and practices peculiar to the Senate are printed between
brackets [ ]. Those of <span class="smcap">Parliament</span> are not so distinguished.</p></blockquote>

<h3>IMPORTANCE OF RULES.</h3>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_I">SECTION I.</h4>

<h5>IMPORTANCE OF ADHERING TO RULES.</h5>

<p>Mr. Onslow, the ablest among the Speakers of the House of
Commons, used to say, “It was a maxim he had often heard when he
was a young man, from old and experienced Members, that nothing
tended more to throw power into the hands of the administration, and
those who acted with the majority of the House of Commons, than a
neglect of, or departure from, the rules of proceeding: that these forms,
as instituted by our ancestors, operated as a check and control on the
actions of the majority, and that they were, in many instances, a shelter
and protection to the minority, against the attempts of power.”
So far the maxim is certainly true, and it is founded in good sense, that
as it is always in the power of the majority, by their numbers, to stop
any improper measures proposed on the part of their opponents, the
only weapons by which the minority can defend themselves against
similar attempts from those in power, are the forms and rules of proceeding
which have been adopted as they were found necessary, from
time to time, and are become the law of the House; by a strict adherence
to which, the weaker party can only be protected from those
irregularities and abuses which these forms were intended to check,
and which the wantonness of power is but too often apt to suggest to
large and successful majorities. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 171, 172.</p>

<p>And whether these forms be in all cases the most rational or not,
is really not of so great importance. It is much more material that
there should be a rule to go by, than what that rule is; that there may
be a uniformity of proceeding in business, not subject to the caprice
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span>
of the Speaker, or captiousness of the members. It is very material
that order, decency, and regularity, be preserved in a dignified public
body. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 149.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_II">SECTION II.</h4>

<h5>LEGISLATIVE.</h5>

<p>[All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives. <i>Constitution of the United States, Art. 1, Sec. 1.</i>]</p>

<p>[The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury
of the United States. <i>Constitution of the United States, Art. 1, Sec. 6.</i>]</p>

<p>[For the powers of Congress, see the following Articles and Sections
of the Constitution of the United States: I., 4, 7, 8, 9; II., 1,
2; III., 3; IV., 1, 3, 5, and all the amendments.]</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_III">SECTION III.</h4>

<h5>PRIVILEGE.</h5>

<p>The privileges of Members of Parliament, from small and obscure
beginnings, have been advancing for centuries with a firm and never
yielding pace. Claims seem to have been brought forward from time
to time, and repeated, till some example of their admission enabled
them to build law on that example. We can only, therefore, state
the points of progression at which they now are. It is now acknowledged:
1st. That they are at all times exempted from question elsewhere
for anything said in their own House; that during the time of
privilege, 2d. Neither a Member himself, his<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> wife, nor his servants,
(familaries sui,) for any matter of their own, may be<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> arrested on
mesne process, in any civil suit: 3d. Nor be detained under execution,
though levied before time of privilege: 4th. Nor impleaded, cited, or
subpœnaed in any court: 5th. Nor summoned as a witness or juror:
6th. Nor may their lands or goods be distrained: 7th. Nor their persons
assaulted, or characters traduced. And the period of time covered
by privilege, before and after the session, with the practice of short
prorogations under the connivance of the Crown, amounts in fact to a
perpetual protection against the course of justice. In one instance,
indeed, it has been relaxed by the 10 G. 3, c. 50, which permits judiciary
proceedings to go on against them. That these privileges must be
continually progressive, seems to result from their rejecting all definition
of them; the doctrine being that “their dignity and independence
are preserved by keeping their privileges indefinite; and that ‘the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span>
maxims upon which they proceed, together with the method of proceeding,
rest entirely in their own breast, and are not defined and
ascertained by any particular stated laws.’” 1 <i>Blackst.</i>, 163, 164.</p>

<p>[It was probably from this view of the encroaching character of
privilege that the framers of our Constitution, in their care to provide
that the law shall bind equally on all, and especially that those who
make them shall not exempt themselves from their operation, have
only privileged “Senators and Representatives” themselves from the
single act of “arrest in all cases except treason, felony and breach of
the peace, during their attendance at the session of their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same, and from being
questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House.”
<i>Const. U. S., Art. 1, Sec. 6.</i> Under the general authority “to make
all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers
given them,” <i>Const. U. S., Art. 2, Sec. 8</i>, they may provide by law
the details which may be necessary for giving full effect to the enjoyment
of this privilege. No such law being as yet made, it seems to
stand at present on the following ground: 1. The act of arrest is void,
ab initio.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> 2. The member arrested may be discharged on motion,
1 <i>Bl.</i> 166; 3 <i>Stra.</i>, 990; or by habeas corpus under the Federal or
State authority, as the case may be; or by a writ of privilege out of
the Chancery, 2 <i>Stra.</i>, 989, in those States which have adopted that
part of the laws of England. <i>Orders of the House of Commons, 1550,
February 20.</i> 3. The arrest being unlawful, is a trespass for which
the officers and others concerned are liable to action and indictment in
the ordinary courts of justice, as in other cases of unauthorized arrest.
4. The court before which the process is returnable is bound to act as
in other cases of unauthorized proceeding, and liable also, as in other
similar cases, to have their proceedings stayed or corrected by the
superior courts.]</p>

<p>[The time necessary for going to, and returning from, Congress,
not being defined, it will, of course, be judged of in every particular
case by those who will have to decide the case.] While privilege was
understood in England to extend, as it does here, only to exemption
from arrest, eundo, moranda, et redeundo, the House of Commons
themselves decided that “a convenient time was to be understood.”
(1580) 1 <i>Hats.</i>, 99, 100. Nor is the law so strict in point of time as
to require the party to set out immediately on his return, but allows
him time to settle his private affairs, and to prepare for his journey;
and does not even scan his road very nicely, nor forfeit his protection
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span>
for a little deviation from that which is most direct; some necessity
perhaps constraining him to it. 2 <i>Stra.</i>, 986, 987.</p>

<p>This privilege from arrest, privileges of course against all process,
the disobedience to which is punishable by an attachment of the person;
as a subpœna ad respondendum, or, testificandum, or a summons
on a jury; and with reason, because a member has superior duty to
perform in another place. [When a representative is withdrawn from
his seat by summons, the 40,000 people whom he represents lose their
voice in debate and vote, as they do on his voluntary absence; when
a senator is withdrawn by summons, his State loses half its voice in
debate and vote, as it does on his voluntary absence. The enormous
disparity of evil admits no comparison.]</p>

<p>[So far there will probably be no difference of opinion as to the
privileges of the two Houses of Congress; but in the following cases
it is otherwise. In December, 1795, the House of Representatives
committed two persons of the name of Randall and Whitney, for attempting
to corrupt the integrity of certain members, which they considered
as a contempt and breach of the privileges of the House; and
the facts being proved, Whitney was detained in confinement a fortnight,
and Randall three weeks, and was reprimanded by the Speaker.
In March, 1796, the House of Representatives voted a challenge given
to a member of their House to be a breach of the privileges of the
House; but satisfactory apologies and acknowledgments being made,
no further proceeding was had. The editor of the <i>Aurora</i> having, in
his paper of February 19, 1800, inserted some paragraphs defamatory
of the Senate, and failed in his appearance, he was ordered to be committed.
In debating the legality of this order, it was insisted, in support
of it, that every man, by the law of nature, and every body of
men, possesses the right of self-defence; that all public functionaries
are essentially invested with the powers of self-preservation; that they
have an inherent right to do all acts necessary to keep themselves in
a condition to discharge the trusts confided to them; that whenever
authorities are given, the means of carrying them into execution are
given by necessary implication; that thus we see the British Parliament
exercise the right of punishing contempts; all the State Legislatures
exercise the same power, and every court does the same; that,
if we have it not, we sit at the mercy of every intruder who may enter
our doors or gallery, and, by noise and tumult, render proceeding in
business impracticable; that if our tranquility is to be perpetually
disturbed by newspaper defamation, it will not be possible to exercise
our functions with the requisite coolness and deliberation; and that
we must, therefore, have a power to punish these disturbers of our
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span>
peace and proceedings. To this it was answered, that the Parliament
and courts of England have cognizance of contempts by the express
provisions of their law; that the State Legislatures have equal authority,
because their powers are plenary; they represent their constituents
completely, and possess all their powers, except such as their Constitutions
have expressly denied them; that the courts of the several States
have the same powers by the laws of their States, and those of the
Federal Government by the same State laws adopted in each State,
by a law of Congress; that none of these bodies, therefore, derive
those powers from natural or necessary right, but from express law;
that Congress have no such natural or necessary power, nor any powers
but such as are given them by the Constitution; that that has given
them, directly, exemption from personal arrest, exemption from question
elsewhere for what is said in their House, and power over their
own members and proceedings; for these no further law is necessary,
the Constitution being the law; that, moreover, by that article of the
Constitution which authorizes them “to make all laws necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the powers vested by the Constitution
in them,” they may provide by law for an undisturbed exercise of
their functions, e. g., for the punishment of contempts, of affrays or
tumult in their presence, &amp;c.; but, till the law be made, it does not
exist; and does not exist, from their own neglect; that in the mean
time, however, they are not unprotected, the ordinary magistrates and
courts of law being open and competent to punish all unjustifiable
disturbances or defamations, and even their own sergeant, who may
appoint deputies <i>ad libitum</i> to aid him, 3 <i>Grey</i>, 59, 147, 255, is equal
to small disturbances; that in requiring a previous law, the Constitution
had regard to the inviolability of the citizen, as well as of the
member; as, should one House, in the regular form of a bill, aim at
too broad privileges, it may be checked by the other, and both by the
President; and also as, the law being promulgated, the citizen will
know how to avoid offense. But if one branch may assume its own
privileges without control; if it may do it on the spur of the occasion,
conceal the law in its own breast, and after the fact committed, make
its sentence both the law and the judgment on that fact; if the offense
is to be kept undefined, and to be declared only <i>ex re nata</i>, and according
to the passion of the moment, and there be no limitation
either in the manner or measure of the punishment, the condition of
the citizen will be perilous indeed. Which of these doctrines is to
prevail time will decide. Where there is no fixed law, the judgment
on any particular case, is the law of that single case only, and dies
with it. When a new and even similar case arises, the judgment which
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span>
is to make, and at the same time apply, the law, is open to question
and consideration, as are all new laws. Perhaps Congress, in the
meantime, in their care for the safety of the citizen as well as that for
their own protection, may declare by law what is necessary and proper
to enable them to carry into execution the powers vested in them, and
thereby hang up a rule for the inspection of all, which may direct the
conduct of the citizen, and at the same time test the judgments they
shall themselves pronounce in their own case.]</p>

<p>Privilege from arrest takes place by force of the election; and
before a return be made a member elected may be named of a committee,
and is to every extent a member, except that he cannot vote
until he is sworn. <i>Memor.</i>, 107, 108. <i>D’Ewes</i>, 642, <i>col.</i> 2; 643, <i>col.</i>
1. <i>Pet. Miscel. Parl.</i>, 119. <i>Lex. Parl. c.</i> 23. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 22, 62.</p>

<p>Every man must, at his peril, take notice who are members of
either House returned of record. <i>Lex. Parl.</i>, 23; 4 <i>Inst.</i>, 24.</p>

<p>On complaint of a breach of privilege, the party may either be
summoned or sent for in custody of the sergeant. <i>Grey</i>, 88, 95.</p>

<p>The privilege of a member is the privilege of the House. If the
member waive it without leave, it is a ground for punishing him, but
cannot in effect waive the privilege of the House. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 140, 222.</p>

<p>For any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned
in any other place. <i>Const. U. S., I</i>, 6,; <i>S. P. protest of the
Commons to James I.</i>, 1621; 2 <i>Rapin</i>, No. 54, pp. 211, 212. But
this is restrained to things done in the House in a parliamentary course.
1 <i>Rush.</i>, 663. For he is not to have privilege contra morem parliamentarum,
to exceed the bounds and limits of his place and duty.
<i>Com. p.</i></p>

<p>If an offense be committed by a member of the House, of which
the House has cognizance, it is an infringement of their right for any
person or court to take notice of it, till the House has punished the
offender, or referred him to a due course. <i>Lex. Parl.</i>, 63.</p>

<p>Privilege is in the power of the House, and is a restraint to proceedings
of inferior courts, but not of the House itself. 2 <i>Nalson</i>,
450; 2 <i>Grey</i>, 399. For whatever is spoken in the House is subject to
the censure of the House; and offenses of this kind have been severely
punished by calling the person to the bar to make submission, committing
him to the tower, expelling the House, etc. <i>Scob.</i>, 72; <i>L.
Parl., c.</i> 22.</p>

<p>It is a breach of order for the Speaker to refuse to put a question
which is in order. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 175-6; 5 <i>Grey</i>, 133.</p>

<p>And even in cases of treason, felony, and breach of the peace, to
which privilege does not extend as to substance, yet in Parliament a
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span>
member is privileged as to the mode of proceeding. The case is first
to be laid before the House, that it may judge of the fact and of the
grounds of the accusation, and how far forth the manner of the trial
may concern their privilege; otherwise it would be in the power of
other branches of the government, and even of every private man,
under pretenses of treason, etc., to take any man from his service in
the House, and so as many, one after another, as would make the
House what he pleaseth. <i>Dec. of the Com. on the King’s declaring
Sir John Hotham a traitor.</i> 4 <i>Rushw.</i>, 586. So, when a member
stood indicted for felony, it was adjudged that he ought to remain of
the House till conviction; for it may be any man’s case, who is guiltless,
to be accused and indicted of felony, or the like crime. <i>23 El.</i>,
1580; <i>D’Ewes, 283, col.</i> 1; <i>Lex. Parl.</i>, 133.</p>

<p>When it is found necessary for the public service to put a member
under arrest, or when, on any public inquiry, matter comes out which
may lead to affect the person of a member, it is the practice immediately
to acquaint the House, that they may know the reasons for such
a proceeding, and take such steps as they think proper. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 259.
Of which see many examples. <i>Ib.</i>, 256, 257, 258. But the communication
is subsequent to the arrest. 1 <i>Blackst.</i>, 167.</p>

<p>It is highly expedient, says Hatsel, for the due preservation of the
privileges of the separate branches of the Legislature, that neither
should encroach on the other, or interfere in any matter depending
before them, so as to preclude, or even influence that freedom of
debate, which is essential to a free council. They are therefore not to
take notice of any bills or other matters depending, or of votes that
have been given, or of speeches which have been held, by the members
of either of the other branches of the Legislature, until the same have
been communicated to them in the usual parliamentary manner. <i>2
Hats.</i>, 252. 4 <i>Inst.</i>, 15. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 53. Thus the king’s taking
notice of the bill for suppressing soldiers, depending before the House;
his proposing a provisional clause for a bill before it was presented to
him by the two Houses; his expressing displeasure against some persons
for matters moved in parliament during the debate and preparation
of a bill, were breaches of privilege; 2 <i>Nalson</i>, 347; and in 1783,
December 17, it was declared a breach of fundamental privileges, etc.,
to report any opinion or pretended opinion of the king on any bill or
proceeding depending in either House of Parliament, with a view to
influence the votes of the members. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 251, 6.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_IV">SECTION IV.</h4>

<h5>ELECTIONS.</h5>

<p>[The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span>
and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature
thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such
regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. <i>Const.</i> I., 4.]</p>

<p>[Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members. <i>Const.</i> I., 5.]</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_V">SECTION V.</h4>

<h5>QUALIFICATIONS.</h5>

<p>[The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years;
and each Senator shall have one vote.]</p>

<p>[Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the
first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be into three
classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated
at the end of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration
of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of the
sixth year; so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if
vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of
the Legislature of the State, any Executive thereof may make temporary
appointments, until the next meeting of the Legislature, which
shall then fill such vacancies.]</p>

<p>[No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the
age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States,
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for
which he shall be chosen. <i>Const.</i> I., 3.]</p>

<p>[The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the
electors of each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors
of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.]</p>

<p>[No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained
to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of
that State in which he shall be chosen.]</p>

<p>[Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according to
their respective numbers; which shall be determined by adding to the
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other
persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by
law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span>
every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative.
<i>Constitution of the United States</i>, I., 2.]</p>

<p>The provisional apportionments of Representatives made in the
Constitution in 1787, and afterwards by Congress, were as follows:</p>

<table id="apportionments_of_Representatives" class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th>STATES.</th>
    <th>1787<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></th>
    <th>1790<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a></th>
    <th>1800<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a></th>
    <th>1810<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a></th>
    <th>1820<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></th>
    <th>1830<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a></th>
    <th>1840<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></th>
    <th>1850<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></th>
    <th>1860<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a></th>
    <th>1870<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a>Maine</td>
    <td />
    <td />
    <td />
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">New Hampshire</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Massachusetts</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">14</td>
    <td class="tdc">17</td>
    <td class="tdc">20</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">12</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">11</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Rhode Island</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Connecticut</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Vermont</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">New York</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">17</td>
    <td class="tdc">27</td>
    <td class="tdc">34</td>
    <td class="tdc">40</td>
    <td class="tdc">34</td>
    <td class="tdc">33</td>
    <td class="tdc">31</td>
    <td class="tdc">33</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">New Jersey</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Pennsylvania</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">18</td>
    <td class="tdc">23</td>
    <td class="tdc">26</td>
    <td class="tdc">28</td>
    <td class="tdc">34</td>
    <td class="tdc">25</td>
    <td class="tdc">24</td>
    <td class="tdc">27</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Delaware</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Maryland</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">19</td>
    <td class="tdc">22</td>
    <td class="tdc">28</td>
    <td class="tdc">22</td>
    <td class="tdc">21</td>
    <td class="tdc">15</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">North Carolina</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">12</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">South Carolina</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Georgia</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">18</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Kentucky</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">12</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a>Tennessee</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
    <td class="tdc">11</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> Ohio</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">14</td>
    <td class="tdc">19</td>
    <td class="tdc">21</td>
    <td class="tdc">21</td>
    <td class="tdc">19</td>
    <td class="tdc">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a>Louisiana</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a>Indiana</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">11</td>
    <td class="tdc">11</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a>Mississippi</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a>Illinois</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">14</td>
    <td class="tdc">19</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a>Alabama</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a>Missouri</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
    <td class="tdc">13</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a>Michigan</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a>Arkansas</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a>Florida</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a>Iowa</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">9<br />
</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a>Texas</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a>Wisconsin</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">6</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a>California</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a>Minnesota</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a>Oregon</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a>Kansas</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a>West Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a>Nevada</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a>Nebraska</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a>Colorado</td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
    <td class="tdc"></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td class="tdc">65</td>
    <td class="tdc">105</td>
    <td class="tdc">141</td>
    <td class="tdc">186</td>
    <td class="tdc">212</td>
    <td class="tdc">241</td>
    <td class="tdc">243</td>
    <td class="tdc">236</td>
    <td class="tdc">243</td>
    <td class="tdc">292</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span></p>

<p>[When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies. <i>Const. U. S., Art. I, Sec. 2.</i>]</p>

<p>[No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he
was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments
whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person,
holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in office. <i>Const.</i> I, 6.]</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_VI">SECTION VI.</h4>

<h5>QUORUM.</h5>

<p>[A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business;
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner
and under such penalties as each House may provide. <i>Const.</i> I, 5.]</p>

<p>[In general, the chair is not to be taken till a quorum for business
is present; unless, after due waiting, such a quorum be despaired of,
when the chair may be taken and the House adjourned. And whenever,
during business, it is observed that a quorum is not present, any
member may call for the House to be counted; and being found
deficient, business is suspended. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 125, 126.]</p>

<p>[The President having taken the chair, and a quorum being present,
the journal of the preceding day shall be read, to the end that any
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span>
mistake may be corrected that shall have been made in the entries.
<i>Rules of the Senate.</i>]</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_VII">SECTION VII.</h4>

<h5 id="MM_SECTION_VII_CALL_OF_THE_HOUSE">CALL OF THE HOUSE.</h5>

<p>On a call of the House, each person rises up as he is called and
answereth; the absentees are then only noted, but no excuse to be
made till the House be fully called a second time, and if still absent,
excuses are to be heard. <i>Ord. House of Commons</i>, 92.</p>

<p>They rise that their persons may be recognized; the voice in such
a crowd, being an insufficient verification of their presence. But in so
small a body as the Senate of the United States, the trouble of rising
cannot be necessary.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_VIII">SECTION VIII.</h4>

<h5 id="MM_SECTION_VIII_ABSENCE">ABSENCE.</h5>

<p id="MM_S8_leave">[No member shall absent himself from the service of the Senate
without leave of the Senate first obtained. And in case a less number
than a quorum of the Senate shall convene, they are hereby authorized
to send the Sergeant-at-Arms, or any other person or persons by them
authorized, for any or all absent members, as the majority of such
members present shall agree, at the expense of such absent members,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span>
respectively, unless such excuse for non-attendance shall be made as
the Senate, when a quorum is convened, shall judge sufficient; and in
that case the expense shall be paid out of the contingent fund. And
this rule shall apply as well to the first convention of the Senate, at
the legal time of meeting, as to each day of the session, after the hour
is arrived to which the Senate stood adjourned. <i>Rule 8.</i>]</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_IX">SECTION IX.</h4>

<h5>SPEAKER.</h5>

<p>[The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of
the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. <i>Constitution</i>,
I, 3.]</p>

<p>[The Senate shall choose their officers, and also a President pro
tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise
the office of President of the United States. <i>Ib.</i>]</p>

<p>[The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and
other officers. <i>Const.</i>, I, 2.]</p>

<p>When but one person is proposed, and no objection made, it has
not been usual in Parliament to put any question to the House; but
without a question the members proposing him conduct him to the
chair. But if there be objection, or another proposed, a question is
put by the clerk. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 168. As are also questions of adjournment.
6 <i>Grey</i>, 406. Where the House debated and exchanged messages
and answers with the king for a week, without a Speaker, till
they were prorogued. They have done it de die in diem for fourteen
days. 1 <i>Chand.</i>, 331, 335.</p>

<p>[In the Senate, a President pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President
is proposed and chosen by ballot. His office is understood
to be determined on the Vice-President’s appearing and taking the
chair, or at the meeting of the Senate after the first recess.]</p>

<p>Where the Speaker has been ill, other Speakers pro tempore have
been appointed. Instances of this are 1 <i>H.</i>, 4. Sir John Cheyney,
and for Sir Wm. Sturton, and in <i>15 H.</i>, 6. Sir John Tyrrell, in 1656,
January 27; 1658, March 9; 1659, January 13.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Sir Job Charlton ill, Seymour chosen, 1673, February 18.</td>
    <td class="i4" rowspan="3">Not merely pro tempore, 1 <i>Chand.</i>, 169, 276, 277.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Seymour being ill, Sir Robert Sawyer chosen, 1678, April 15.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4">Sawyer being ill, Seymour chosen.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p>Thorpe in execution, a new Speaker chosen, <i>31 H.</i> VI. 3 <i>Grey</i>,
11; and March 14, 1694, Sir John Trevor chosen. There have been
no later instances. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 161; 4 <i>Inst.</i>; 8 <i>E. Parl.</i>, 263.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span></p>

<p>A Speaker may be removed at the will of the House, and a
Speaker pro tempore appointed.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> 2 <i>Grey</i>, 186; 5 <i>Grey</i>, 134.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_X">SECTION X.</h4>

<h5 id="MM_SECTION_X_ADDRESS">ADDRESS.</h5>

<p>[The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress
information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
<i>Const.</i>, II, 3.]</p>

<p>A joint address of both Houses of Parliament is read by the
Speaker of the House of Lords. It may be attended by both Houses
in a body, or by a committee from each House, or by the two Speakers
only. An address of the House of Commons only, may be presented
by the whole House, or by the Speaker, 9 <i>Grey</i>, 473; 1 <i>Chand.</i>,
298, 301; or by such particular members as are of the privy council.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 278.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XI">SECTION XI.</h4>

<h5 id="MM_SECTION_XI_COMMITTEES">COMMITTEES.</h5>

<p>Standing committees, as of privileges and elections, etc., are
usually appointed at the first meeting, to continue through the session.
The person first named is generally permitted to act as chairman.
But this is a matter of courtesy; every committee having a right to
elect their own chairman, who presides over them, puts questions, and
reports their proceedings to the House. 4 <i>Inst.</i>, 11, 12; <i>Scob.</i>, 9; <i>1
Grey</i>, 122.</p>

<p>At these committees the members are to speak standing, and not
sitting; though there is reason to conjecture it was formerly otherwise.
<i>D’Ewes</i>, 630, <i>col.</i> 1; 4 <i>Parl. Hist.</i>, 440; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 77.</p>

<p>Their proceedings are not to be published, as they are of no force
till confirmed by the House. <i>Rushw., part 3, vol. 2</i>, 74; 3 <i>Grey</i>,
401; <i>Scob.</i>, 39. Nor can they receive a petition but through the
House. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 412.</p>

<p>When a committee is charged with an inquiry, if a member prove
to be involved, they cannot proceed against him, but must make a
special report to the House; whereupon the member is heard in his
place, or at the bar, or a special authority is given to the committee to
inquire concerning him. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 523.</p>

<p>So soon as the House sits, and a committee is notified of it, the
chairman is in duty bound to rise instantly, and the members to attend
the service of the House. 2 <i>Nals.</i>, 319.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span></p>

<p>It appears that on joint committees of the Lords and Commons,
each committee acted integrally in the following instances: 7 <i>Grey</i>,
261, 278, 285, 338; 1 <i>Chandler</i>, 357, 462. In the following instances
it does not appear whether they did or not: 6 <i>Grey</i>, 129; 7 <i>Grey</i>,
213, 229, 321.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a></p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XII">SECTION XII.</h4>

<h5 id="_MMSECTION_XII_COMMITTEE">COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.</h5>

<p>The speech, message, and other matters of great concernment,
are usually referred to a committee of the whole house, (6 <i>Grey</i>, 311,)
where general principles are digested in the form of resolutions, which
are debated and amended till they get into a shape which meets the
approbation of a majority. These being reported and confirmed by
the House, are then referred to one or more select committees, according
as the subject divides itself into one or more bills. <i>Scob.</i>, 36, 44.
Propositions for any charge on the people are especially to be first
made in a committee of the whole. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 127. The sense of the
whole is better taken in committee, because in all committees every
one speaks as often as he pleases. <i>Scob.</i>, 49. They generally acquiesce
in the chairman named by the Speaker; but, as well as all other committees,
have a right to elect one, some member, by consent, putting
the question. <i>Scob.</i>, 36; 3 <i>Grey</i>, 301. The form of going from the
House into committee is for the Speaker, on motion, to put the question
that the House do now resolve itself into a Committee of the
Whole, to take into consideration such a matter, naming it. If determined
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span>
in the affirmative, he leaves the chair and takes a seat elsewhere,
as any other member; and the person appointed chairman seats himself
at the clerk’s table. <i>Scob.</i>, 36. Their quorum is the same as
that of the House, and if a defect happens, the chairman, on a motion
and question, rises, the Speaker resumes the chair, and the chairman
can make no other report than to inform the House of the cause of
their dissolution. If a message is announced during a committee, the
Speaker takes the chair, and receives it, because the committee cannot.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 125, 126.</p>

<p>In a Committee of the Whole, the tellers, on a division, differing
as to numbers, great heats and confusion arose, and danger of a decision
by the sword. The Speaker took the chair, the mace was forcibly laid
on the table: whereupon the Members retiring to their places, the
Speaker told the House “he had taken the chair without an order to
bring the House into order.” Some excepted against it; but it was
generally approved, as the only expedient to suppress the disorder.
And every member was required, standing up in his place, to engage
that he would proceed no further, in consequence of what had happened
in the grand committee, which was done. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 128.</p>

<p>A Committee of the Whole being broken up in disorder, and the
chair resumed by the Speaker without an order, the House was adjourned.
The next day the committee was considered as thereby dissolved,
and the subject again before the House, and it was decided in
the House, without returning into committee. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 130.</p>

<p>No previous question can be put in a committee, nor can this
committee adjourn as others may; but if their business is unfinished,
they rise, on a question, the House is resumed, and the chairman reports
that the Committee of the Whole have, according to order, had
under their consideration such a matter, and have made progress
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span>
therein; but not having had time to go through the same, have directed
him to ask leave to sit again. Whereupon a question is put upon their
having leave, and on the time the House will again resolve itself into
a committee. <i>Scob.</i>, 38. But if they have gone through the matter
referred to them, a member moves that the committee may rise, and
the chairman report their proceedings to the House; which being
resolved, the chairman rises, the Speaker resumes the chair, the chairman
informs him that the committee have gone through the business
referred to them, and that he is ready to make report when the House
shall think proper to receive it. If the House have time to receive it,
there is usually a cry of “Now, now,” whereupon he makes the report;
but if it be late, the cry is, “To-morrow, to-morrow,” or “Monday,”
etc.; or a motion is made to that effect, and a question put, that it be
received to-morrow, etc. <i>Scob.</i>, 38.</p>

<p>In other things the rules of proceedings are to be the same as in
the House. <i>Scob.</i>, 39.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XIII">SECTION XIII.</h4>

<h5 id="MM_SECTION_XII_EXAMINATION">EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES.</h5>

<p>Common fame is a good ground for the House to proceed by inquiry,
and even to accusation. <i>Resolution House of Commons, 1 Car.</i>,
1, 1624; <i>Rush., L. Parl.</i>, 115; 1 <i>Grey</i>, 16-22, 92; <i>Grey</i>, 21, 23,
27, 45.</p>

<p>Witnesses are not to be produced but where the House has previously
instituted an inquiry (2 <i>Hats.</i>, 102), nor then are orders for
their attendance given blank. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 51.</p>

<p>When any person is examined before a committee, or at the bar
of the House, any member wishing to ask the person a question, must
address it to the Speaker or chairman, who repeats the question to the
person, or says to him, “You hear the question&mdash;answer it.” But if
the propriety of the question be objected to, the Speaker directs the
witness, counsel, and parties, to withdraw, for no question can be moved
or put or debated while they are there. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 108. Sometimes
the questions are previously settled in writing before the witness enters.
<i>Ib.</i>, 106, 107; 8 <i>Grey</i>, 64. The questions asked must be entered in
the journals. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 81. But the testimony given in answer before
the House is never written down; but before a committee it must be,
for the information of the House, who are not present to hear it. <i>7
Grey</i>, 52, 334.</p>

<p>If either house have occasion for the presence of a person in custody
of the other, they ask the other their leave that he may be brought
up to them in custody. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 52.</p>

<p>A member, in his place, gives information to the House of what
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span>
he knows of any matter under hearing at the bar. <i>Jour. H. of C.,
Jan. 22, 1744-45.</i></p>

<p>Either house may request, but not demand, the attendance of a
member of the other. They are to make the request by message to
the other house, and to express clearly the purpose of attendance, that
no improper subject of examination may be tendered to him. The
House then gives leave to the member to attend, if he chooses it;
waiting first to know from the member himself whether he chooses to
attend, till which they do not take the message into consideration.
But when the peers are sitting as a court of criminal judicature, they
may order attendance, unless where it be a case of impeachment by
the Commons. There it is to be a request. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 17; 9 <i>Grey</i>,
306, 406; <i>10 Grey</i>, 133.</p>

<p>Counsel are to be heard only on private, not on public bills, and
on such points of law only as the House shall direct. <i>10 Grey</i>, 61.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XIV">SECTION XIV.</h4>

<h5>ARRANGEMENT OF BUSINESS.</h5>

<p>The Speaker is not precisely bound to any rules as to what bills
or other matter shall be first taken up; but is left to his own discretion,
unless the House on the question decide to take up a particular subject.
<i>Hakew.</i>, 136.</p>

<p>A settled order of business is, however, necessary for the government
of the presiding person, and to restrain individual members from
calling up favorite measures, or matters under their special patronage,
out of their just turn. It is useful also for directing the discretion of
the House, when they are moved to take up a particular matter, to
the prejudice of the others having priority of right to their attention in
the general order of business.</p>

<p>[In Senate, the bills and other papers which are in possession of
the House, and in a state to be acted on, are arranged every morning,
and brought on in the following order:]</p>

<p>[1. Bills ready for a second reading are read, that they may be
referred to committees, and so be put under way. But if, on their
being read, no motion is made for commitment, they are then laid on
the table in the general file, to be taken up in their just turn.]</p>

<p>[2. After 12 o’clock, bills ready for it are put on their passage.]</p>

<p>[3. Reports in possession of the House, which offer grounds for a
bill, are to be taken up, that the bill may be ordered in.]</p>

<p>[4. Bills or other matters before the House, and unfinished on the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span>
preceding day, whether taken up in turn or on special order, are entitled
to be resumed and passed on through their present stage.]</p>

<p>[5. These matters being dispatched, for preparing and expediting
business, the general file of bills and other papers is then taken up, and
each article of it is brought on according to its seniority, reckoned by
the date of its first introduction to the House. Reports on bills belong
to the dates of their bills.]</p>

<p>[The arrangement of the business of the Senate is now as follows:]</p>

<p>[1. Motions previously submitted.]</p>

<p>[2. Reports of Committees previously made.]</p>

<p>[3. Bills from the House of Representatives, and those introduced
on leave, which have been read the first time, are read the second time;
and if not referred to a committee, are considered in Committee of the
Whole, and proceeded with as in other cases.]</p>

<p>[4. After twelve o’clock, engrossed bills of the Senate, and bills
of the House of Representatives, on third reading, are put on their
passage.]</p>

<p>[5. If the above are finished before one o’clock, the general file
of bills, consisting of those reported from committees on the second
reading, and those reported from committees after having been referred,
are taken up in the order in which they were reported to the
Senate by the respective committees.]</p>

<p>[6. At one o’clock, if no business be pending, or if no motion be
called to proceed to other business, the special orders are called, at
the head of which stands the unfinished business of the preceding day.]</p>

<p>[In this way we do not waste our time in debating what shall be
taken up. We do one thing at a time; follow up a subject while it is
fresh, and till it is done with, clear the House of business gradatim as
it is brought on, and prevent, to a certain degree, its immense accumulation
towards the close of the session.]</p>

<p>[Arrangement, however, can only take hold of matters in possession
of the House. New matter may be moved at any time when no
question is before the House. Such are original motions and reports
on bills. Such are bills from the other House, which are received at
all times, and receive their first reading as soon as the question then
before the House is disposed of; and bills brought in on leave, which
are read first whenever presented. So messages from the other House
respecting amendments to bills are taken up as soon as the House is
clear of a question, unless they require to be printed, for better consideration.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span>
Orders of the day may be called for, even when another
question is before the House.]</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XV">SECTION XV.</h4>

<h5>ORDER.</h5>

<p>[Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings; punish
its members for disorderly behavior; and, with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member. <i>Const.</i>, I, 5.]</p>

<p>In Parliament, “Instances make order,” per Speaker Onslow.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 141. But what is done only by one Parliament, cannot be
called custom of Parliament; by Prynne. 1 <i>Grey</i>, 52.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XVI">SECTION XVI.</h4>

<h5>ORDER RESPECTING PAPERS.</h5>

<p>The Clerk is to let no journals, records, accounts or papers, be
taken from the table or out of his custody. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 193, 194.</p>

<p>Mr. Prynne having at a Committee of the Whole amended a mistake
in a bill without order or knowledge of the committee, was reprimanded.
1 <i>Chand.</i>, 77.</p>

<p>A bill being missing, the House resolved that a protestation should
be made and subscribed by the members “before Almighty God and
this honorable House, that neither myself nor any other to my knowledge
have taken away, or do at this present conceal a bill entitled,”
etc. 5 <i>Grey</i>, 202.</p>

<p>After a bill is engrossed, it is put into the Speaker’s hands, and
he is not to let any one have it to look into. <i>Town.</i>, <i>col.</i> 200.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XVII">SECTION XVII.</h4>

<h5>ORDER IN DEBATE.</h5>

<p>When the Speaker is seated in his chair, every member is to sit
in his place. <i>Scob.</i>, 6; 3 <i>Grey</i>, 403.</p>

<p>When any member means to speak, he is to stand up in his place,
uncovered, and to address himself, not to the House, or any particular
member, but to the speaker, who calls him by his name, that the House
may take notice who it is that speaks. <i>Scob.</i>, 6; <i>D’Ewes</i>, 487; <i>col.</i> 1;
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 77; 4 <i>Grey</i>, 66; 8 <i>Grey</i>, 108. But members who are indisposed
may be indulged to speak sitting. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 75; 1 <i>Grey</i>, 143.</p>

<p>[In Senate, every member, when he speaks, shall address the
chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished, shall sit down.
<i>Rule 3.</i>]</p>

<p>When a member stands up to speak, no question is to be put, but
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span>
he is to be heard unless the House overrules him. 4 <i>Grey</i>, 390; <i>5
Grey</i>, 6, 143.</p>

<p>If two or more rise to speak nearly together, the Speaker determines
who was first up, and calls him by name; whereupon he proceeds,
unless he voluntarily sits down and gives way to the other. But sometimes
the House does not acquiesce in the Speaker’s decision, in which
case the question is put, “Which member was first up?” 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 76;
<i>Scob.</i>, 7; <i>D’Ewes.</i>, 434, <i>col.</i> 1, 2.</p>

<p>[In the Senate of the United States, the President’s decision is
without appeal. Their rule is in these words: <i>When two members rise
at the same time, the President shall name the person to speak; but in
all cases</i> the member who shall first rise and address the chair, shall
speak first. <i>Rule 5.</i>]</p>

<p>No man may speak more than once on the same bill on the same
day; or even on another day, if the debate be adjourned. But if it
be read more than once in the same day, he may speak once at every
reading. <i>Co.</i>, 12, 115; <i>Hakew.</i>, 148; <i>Scob.</i>, 58; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 75. Even
a change of opinion does not give a right to be heard a second time.
<i>Smyth’s Comw., L.</i> 2, <i>c.</i> 3; <i>Arcan Parl.</i>, 17.</p>

<p>[The corresponding rule of the Senate is in these words: No
member shall speak more than twice, in any one debate on the same
day, without leave of the Senate. <i>Rule 4.</i>]</p>

<p>But he may be permitted to speak again to a clear matter of fact
(3 <i>Grey</i>, 357, 416); or merely to explain himself (2 <i>Hats.</i>, 73) in some
material part of his speech (<i>Ib.</i> 75); or to the manner of words
of the question, keeping himself to that only, and not traveling into
the merits of it (<i>Memorials in Hakew.</i>, 29), or to the orders of the
House, if they be transgressed, keeping within that line, and not falling
into the matter itself. <i>Mem. Hakew.</i>, 30, 31.</p>

<p>But if the Speaker rise to speak, the member standing up ought
to sit down, that he may be first heard. <i>Town. col.</i>, 205; <i>Hale Parl.</i>,
133; <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 30, 31. Nevertheless, though the Speaker
may of right speak to matters of order, and be first heard, he is restrained
from speaking on any other subject, except where the House
have occasion for facts within his knowledge; then he may with their
leave, state the matter of fact. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 38.</p>

<p>No one is to speak impertinently or beside the question, superfluously
or tediously. <i>Scob.</i>, 31, 33; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 166, 168; <i>Hale Parl.</i>,
133.</p>

<p>No person is to use indecent language against the proceedings of
the House; no prior determination of which is to be reflected on by
any member, unless he means to conclude with a motion to rescind it.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span>
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 169, 170; <i>Rushw.</i>, <i>p.</i> 3, <i>v.</i> 1, <i>fol.</i> 42. But while a proposition
under consideration is still in <i>fieri</i>, though it has even been reported
by a committee, reflections on it are no reflections on the
House. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 508.</p>

<p>No person in speaking, is to mention a member then present by
his name, but to describe him by his seat in the House, or who spoke
last, or on the other side of the question, etc. (<i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 3;
<i>Smyth’s Comw.</i>, <i>L.</i> 2, <i>c.</i> 3); nor to digress from the matter to fall
upon the person (<i>Scob.</i>, 31; <i>Hale Parl.</i>, 133; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 166) by speaking
reviling, nipping or unmanly words against a particular member.
<i>Smyth’s Comw.</i>, <i>L.</i> 2, <i>c.</i> 3. The consequences of a measure may be
reprobated in strong terms; but to arraign the motives of those who
propose to advocate it, is a personality, and against order. <i>Qui digreditur
a materia ad personam</i>, Mr. Speaker ought to suppress. <i>Ord.
Som., 1604, Apr. 19.</i></p>

<p>[<span class="nowrap">* * * </span>When a member shall be called to order by the President
or a Senator, he shall sit down, and shall not proceed without
leave of the Senate; and every question of order shall be decided by
the President, without debate, subject to an appeal to the Senate;
and the President may call for the sense of the Senate on any question
of order. <i>Rule 6.</i>]</p>

<p>[No member shall speak to another or otherwise interrupt the
business of the Senate, or read any newspaper while the journals or
public papers are reading, or when any member is speaking in any
debate. <i>Rule 2.</i>]</p>

<p>No one is to disturb another in his speech by hissing, coughing,
spitting (6 <i>Grey</i>, 332; <i>Scob.</i>, 8; <i>D’Ewes</i>, 332, <i>col.</i> 1, 640, <i>col.</i> 1) speaking
or whispering to another (<i>Scob.</i>, 6; <i>D’Ewes</i>, 487, <i>col.</i> 1); nor stand
up to interrupt him (<i>Town.</i>, <i>col.</i> 205; <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 31); nor to
push between the Speaker and the speaking member, nor to go across
the house (<i>Scob.</i>, 6), or to walk up and down it, or to take books or
papers from the table, or write there. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 171.</p>

<p>Nevertheless, if a member finds that it is not the inclination of
the House to hear him, and that by conversation or any other noise
they endeavor to drown his voice, it is his most prudent way to submit
to the pleasure of the House, and sit down; for it scarcely ever
happens that they are guilty of this piece of ill manners without sufficient
reason, or inattentive to a member who says anything worth
their hearing. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 77, 78.</p>

<p>If repeated calls do not produce order, the Speaker may call by
his name any member obstinately persisting in irregularity; whereupon
the House may require the member to withdraw. He is then to be
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span>
heard in exculpation, and to withdraw. Then the Speaker states the
offense committed, and the House considers the degree of punishment
they will inflict. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 167, 7, 8, 172.</p>

<p>For instances of assaults and affrays in the House of Commons,
and the proceedings thereon, see 1 <i>Pet. Misc.</i>, 82; 3 <i>Grey</i>, 128; <i>4
Grey</i>, 328; 5 <i>Grey</i>, 382; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 254; <i>10 Grey</i>, 8.</p>

<p>Whenever warm words or an assault have passed between members,
the House, for the protection of their members, requires them
to declare in their places not to prosecute any quarrel (3 <i>Grey</i>, 127,
293; 5 <i>Grey</i>, 280); or orders them to attend the Speaker, who is to
accommodate their differences, and report to the House (3 <i>Grey</i>, 419);
and they are put under restraint if they refuse, or until they do. <i>9
Grey</i>, 234, 312.</p>

<p>Disorderly words are not to be noticed till the member has finished
his speech. 5 <i>Grey</i>, 356; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 60. Then the person objecting
to them, and desiring them to be taken down by the clerk at the
table, must repeat them. The Speaker then may direct the clerk to
take them down in his minutes; but if he thinks them not disorderly,
he delays the direction. If the call becomes pretty general, he orders
the clerk to take them down, as stated by the objecting member.
They are then part of his minutes, and when read to the offending
member, he may deny they were his words, and the House must then
decide by a question whether they are his words or not. Then the
member may justify them, or explain the sense in which he used them,
or apologize. If the House is satisfied, no further proceeding is
necessary. But if two members still insist to take the sense of the
House, the member must withdraw before that question is stated, and
then the sense of the House is to be taken. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 199; 4 <i>Grey</i>,
170; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 59. When any member has spoken, or other business
intervenes, after offensive words spoken, they cannot be taken notice
of for censure. And this is for the common security of all, and to
prevent mistakes which must happen if words are not taken down
immediately. Formerly they might be taken down at any time the
same day. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 196; <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 71; 3 <i>Grey</i>, 48; 9 <i>Grey</i>,
514.</p>

<p>Disorderly words spoken in a committee must be written down as
in the House; but the committee can only report them to the House
for animadversion. 6 <i>Grey</i>, 46.</p>

<p>[The rule of the Senate says: “If the member be called to order
by a senator for words spoken, the exceptional words shall immediately
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span>
be taken down in writing, that the President may be better
enabled to judge of the matter.” <i>Rule 7.</i>]</p>

<p>In Parliament, to speak irreverently or seditiously against the
King, is against order. <i>Smyth’s Comw.</i>, <i>L.</i> 2, <i>c.</i> 3; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 170.</p>

<p>It is a breach of order in debate to notice what has been said on
the same subject in the other house, or the particular votes or majorities
on it there; because the opinion of each house should be left to
its own independency, not to be influenced by the proceedings of the
other; and the quoting them might beget reflections leading to a misunderstanding
between the two houses. 8 <i>Grey</i>, 22.</p>

<p>Neither house can exercise any authority over a member or officer
of the other, but should complain to the house of which he is, and
leave the punishment to them. Where the complaint is of words disrespectfully
spoken by a member of another house, it is difficult to
obtain punishment, because of the rules supposed necessary to be
observed (as to the immediate noting down of words) for the security
of members. Therefore it is the duty of the House, and more particularly
of the Speaker, to interfere immediately, and not to permit
expressions to go unnoticed, which may give a ground of complaint to
the other house, and introduce proceedings and mutual accusations
between the two houses, which can hardly be terminated without difficulty
and disorder. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 51.</p>

<p>No member may be present when a bill or any business concerning
himself is debating; nor is any member to speak to the merits of
it till he withdraws. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 219. The rule is, that if a charge against a
member arise out of a report of a committee, or examination of witnesses
in the House, as the member knows from that to what points
he is to direct his exculpation, he may be heard to those points before
any question is moved or stated against him. He is then to be heard,
and withdraw before any question is moved. But if the question itself
is the charge, as for breach of order, or matter arising in the debate,
then the charge must be stated, (that is, the question must be moved,)
himself heard, and then to withdraw. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 121, 122.</p>

<p>Where the private interests of a member are concerned in a bill
or question, he is to withdraw. And where such an interest has appeared,
his voice has been disallowed, even after a division. In a case
so contrary, not only to the laws of decency, but to the fundamental
principle of the social compact which denies to any man to be a judge
in his own cause, it is for the honor of the House that this rule of immemorial
observance, should be strictly adhered to. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 119, 121;
6 <i>Grey</i>, 368.</p>

<p>No member is to come into the house with his head covered, nor
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span>
to remove from one place to another with his hat on, nor is to put on
his hat in coming in or removing, until he be set down in his place.
<i>Scob.</i>, 6.</p>

<p>A question of order may be adjourned to give time to look into
precedents. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 118.</p>

<p>In Parliament all decisions of the Speaker may be controlled by
the House. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 319.</p>

<h4>SECTION XVIII.</h4>

<h5>ORDERS OF THE HOUSE.</h5>

<p>Of right, the doors of the House ought not to be shut, but to be
kept by porters, or sergeant-at-arms, assigned for that purpose. <i>Mod.
Ten. Parl.</i>, 23.</p>

<p>[By the rules of the Senate, on motion made and seconded to shut
the doors of the Senate on the discussion of any business which may,
in the opinion of a member, require secrecy, the President shall direct
the gallery to be cleared; and during the discussion of such motion the
doors shall remain shut. <i>Rule 18.</i>]</p>

<p>No motion shall be deemed in order to admit any person or persons
whatsoever, within the doors of the Senate chamber, to present any
petition, memorial or address, or to hear any such read. <i>Rule 19.</i></p>

<p>[The only case where a member has a right to insist on anything,
is where he calls for the execution of a subsisting order of the House.
Here, there having been already a resolution, any person has a right
to insist that the Speaker, or any other whose duty it is, shall carry
it into execution; and no debate or delay can be had on it. Thus
any member has a right to have the House or gallery cleared of
strangers, an order existing for that purpose; or to have the House
told where there is not a quorum present. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 87, 129. How far
an order of the House is binding. See <i>Hakew.</i>, 392.]</p>

<p>But where an order is made that any particular matter be taken
up on a particular day, there a question is to be put, when it is called
for, whether the House will now proceed to that matter? Where
orders of the day are on important or interesting matter, they ought
not to be proceeded on till an hour at which the House is usually full,
[<i>which in Senate is at noon</i>.]</p>

<p>Orders of the day may be discharged at any time, and a new one
made for a different day. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 48, 313.</p>

<p>When a session is drawing to a close, and the important bills are
all brought in, the House, in order to prevent interruption by further
unimportant bills, sometimes come to a resolution that no new bill be
brought in, except it be sent from the other house. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 156.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span></p>

<p>All orders of the House determine with the session; and one
taken under such an order may, after the session is ended, be discharged
on a habeas corpus. <i>Raym.</i>, 120; <i>Jacob’s L. D. by Ruffhead</i>; <i>Parliament,
1 Lev.</i>, 165, (<i>Pritchard’s case</i>.)</p>

<p>[Where the Constitution authorizes each House to determine the
rules of its proceedings, it must mean in those cases (legislative, executive
or judiciary) submitted to them by the Constitution, or in something
relating to these, and necessary towards their execution. But
orders and resolutions are sometimes entered in the journals, having
no relation to these, such as acceptances of invitations to attend
orations, to take part in processions, etc. These must be understood
to be merely conventional among those who are willing to participate
in the ceremony, and are, therefore, perhaps, improperly placed
among the records of the House.]</p>

<h4>SECTION XIX.</h4>

<h5>PETITIONS.</h5>

<p>A petition prays something. A remonstrance has no prayer. <i>1
Grey</i>, 58.</p>

<p>Petitions must be subscribed by the petitioners (<i>Scob.</i>, 87; <i>L.
Parl.</i>, <i>c.</i> 22; 9 <i>Grey</i>, 362), unless they are attending (1 <i>Grey</i>, 401);
or unable to sign, and averred by a member (3 <i>Grey</i>, 418). But a
petition not subscribed, but which the member presenting it affirmed
to be all in the handwriting of the petitioner, and his name written in
the beginning, was on the question (Mar. 14, 1800) received by the
Senate. The averment of a member, or of somebody withoutdoors, that
they know the handwriting of the petitioners, is necessary, if it be
questioned (6 <i>Grey</i>, 36). It must be presented by a member, not by
the petitioners, and must be opened by him holding it in his hand.
<i>10 Grey</i>, 57.</p>

<p>[Before any petition or memorial addressed to the Senate shall be
received and read at the table, whether the same shall be introduced
by the President or a member, a brief statement of the contents of
the petition or memorial shall verbally be made by the introducer.
<i>Rule 24.</i>]</p>

<p>Regularly, a motion for receiving it must be made and seconded,
and a question put, whether it shall be received? But a cry from the
House of “Received,” or even its silence, dispenses with the formality
of this question; it is then to be read at the table, and disposed of.</p>

<h4>SECTION XX.</h4>

<h5>MOTIONS.</h5>

<p>When a motion has been made it is not to be put to the question,
or debated until it is seconded. <i>Scob.</i>, 21.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span></p>

<p>[The Senate say: No motion shall be debated until the same
shall be seconded. <i>Rule 9.</i>]</p>

<p>It is then, and not till then, in possession of the House, and cannot
be withdrawn but by leave of the House. It is to be put into
writing, if the House or Speaker require it, and must be read to the
House by the Speaker as often as any member desires it for his information.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 82.</p>

<p>[The rule of the Senate is: When a motion shall be made and
seconded, it shall be reduced to writing, if desired by the President or
any member, delivered in at the table, and read, before the same shall
be debated. <span class="nowrap">* * * </span><i>Rule 10.</i>]</p>

<p>It might be asked, whether a motion for adjournment or for the
orders of the day, can be made by any one member while another is
speaking. It cannot. When two members offer to speak, he who
rose first is to be heard; and it is a breach of order in another to
interrupt him, unless by calling him to order if he departs from it.
And the question of order being decided, he is still to be heard through.
A call for adjournment, or for the order of the day, or for the question,
by gentlemen from their seats, is not a motion. No motion can be
made without arising and addressing the chair. Such calls are themselves
breaches of order, which, though the member who has risen
may respect as an expression of impatience of the House against further
debate, yet, if he chooses, he has a right to go on.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXI.</h4>

<h5>RESOLUTIONS.</h5>

<p>When the House commands, it is by an “order.” But facts, principles,
and their own opinions and purposes, are expressed in the form
of resolutions.</p>

<p>[A resolution for an allowance of money to the clerks being
moved, it was objected to as not in order, and so ruled by the Chair;
but on an appeal to the Senate (<i>i. e.</i>, a call for their sense by the President,
on account of doubt in his mind, according to rule 26), the decision
was overruled, <i>Jour. Sen., June 1, 1796</i>. I presume the doubt
was, whether an allowance of money could be made otherwise than by
bill.]</p>

<h4>SECTION XXII.</h4>

<h5>BILLS.</h5>

<p>[Every bill shall receive three readings previous to its being passed;
and the President shall give notice at each whether it be first, second
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span>
or third; which readings shall be on three different days, unless the
Senate unanimously direct otherwise. <span class="nowrap">* * * </span><i>Rule 26.</i>]</p>

<h4>SECTION XXIII.</h4>

<h5>BILLS&mdash;LEAVE TO BRING IN.</h5>

<p>[One day’s notice, at least, shall be given of an intended motion
for leave to bring in a bill. <i>Rule 25.</i>]</p>

<p>When a member desires to bring in a bill on any subject, he states
to the House in general terms the causes for doing it, and concludes
by moving for leave to bring in a bill entitled, etc. Leave being given
on the question, a committee is appointed to prepare and bring in the
bill. The mover and seconder are always appointed of this committee,
and one or more in addition. <i>Hakew.</i>, 122; <i>Scob.</i>, 40.</p>

<p>It is to be presented fairly written, without any other erasure or
interlineation, or the Speaker may refuse it. <i>Scob.</i>, 41; 1 <i>Grey</i>, 82, 84.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXIV.</h4>

<h5>BILLS&mdash;FIRST READING.</h5>

<p>When a bill is first presented, the clerk reads it at the table, and
hands it to the Speaker, who, rising, states to the House the title of
the bill; that this is the first time of reading it; and the question will
be, whether it shall be read a second time? then sitting down to give
an opening for objections. If none be made, he rises again, and puts
the question, whether it shall be read a second time? <i>Hakew.</i>, 137,
141. A bill cannot be amended on the first reading, (6 <i>Grey</i>, 286;)
nor is it usual for it to be opposed then, but it may be done and rejected.
<i>D’Ewes</i>, 335, <i>col</i> 1; 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 198.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXV.</h4>

<h5>BILLS&mdash;SECOND READING.</h5>

<p>The second reading must regularly be on another day. <i>Hakew.</i>,
143. It is done by the Clerk at the table, who then hands it to the
Speaker. The Speaker rising, states to the House the title of the
bill; that this is the second time of reading it; and that the question
will be, whether it shall be committed or engrossed and read a third
time? But if the bill came from the other House, as it always comes
engrossed, he states that the question will be, whether it shall be read
a third time? and before he has so reported the state of the bill, no
one is to speak to it. <i>Hakew.</i>, 143, 146.</p>

<p>[In the Senate of the United States, the President reports the title
of the bill; that this is the second time of reading it; that it is now
to be considered as in a Committee of the Whole; and the question
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span>
will be, whether it shall be read a third time? or that it may be
referred to a special committee?]</p>

<h4>SECTION XXVI.</h4>

<h5>BILLS&mdash;COMMITMENT.</h5>

<p>If on motion and question it be decided that the bill shall be committed,
it may then be moved to be referred to Committee of the
Whole House, or to a special committee. If the latter, the Speaker
proceeds to name the committee. Any member also may name a single
person, and the clerk is to write him down as of the committee. But
the House have a controlling power over the names and number, if
a question be moved against anyone; and may in any case put in and
put out whom they please.</p>

<p>Those who take exceptions to some particulars in the bill are to be
of the committee, but none who speak directly against the body of the
bill; for he that would totally destroy will not amend it, (<i>Hakew.</i>,
146; <i>Town.</i>, <i>col.</i> 208; <i>D’Ewes</i>, 634, <i>col.</i> 2; <i>Scob.</i>, 47;) or, as it is
said, (5 <i>Grey</i>, 145,) the child is not to be put to a nurse that cares not
for it, (6 <i>Grey</i>, 373.) It is therefore a constant rule “that no man is
to be employed in any matter who has declared himself against it.”
And when any member, who is against the bill, hears himself named to
its committee, he ought to ask to be excused. Thus (March 7, 1606)
Mr. Hadley was, on the question being put, excused from being of a
committee, declaring himself to be against the matter itself. <i>Scob.</i>, 46.</p>

<p>[No bill shall be committed or amended until it shall have been
twice read; after which it may be referred to a committee. <i>Rule 27.</i>]</p>

<p>[In the appointment of the standing committees, the Senate will
proceed, by ballot, severally to appoint the Chairman of each committee;
and then, by one ballot, the other members necessary to complete
the same; and a majority of the whole number of votes given shall be
necessary to the choice of a chairman of a standing committee. All
other committees shall be appointed by ballot, and a plurality of votes
shall make a choice. When any subject or matter shall have been
referred to a committee, any other subject or matter of a similar
nature, may, on motion, be referred to such committee. <i>Rule 34.</i>]</p>

<p>The clerk may deliver the bill to any member of the committee,
(<i>Town.</i>, <i>col.</i> 138;) but it is usual to deliver it to him who is first
named.</p>

<p>In some cases the House has ordered a committee to withdraw
immediately into the Committee Chamber, and act on and bring back
the bill, sitting in the House. <i>Scob.</i>, 48. A committee meet when and
where they please, if the House has not ordered time and place for
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span>
them, (6 <i>Grey</i>, 370;) but they can only act when together, and not by
separate consultation and consent&mdash;nothing being the report of the
committee but what has been agreed to in committee actually assembled.</p>

<p>A majority of the committee constitutes a quorum for business.
<i>Elsynge’s Method of Passing Bills</i>, 11.</p>

<p>Any member of the House may be present at any select committee,
but cannot vote, and must give place to all of the committee, and
sit below them. <i>Elsynge</i>, 12; <i>Scob.</i>, 49.</p>

<p>The committee have full power over the bill or other paper committed
to them, except that they cannot change the title or subject.
8 <i>Grey</i>, 228.</p>

<p>The paper before a committee, whether select or of the whole,
may be a bill, resolutions, draught of an address, etc., and it may
either originate with them or be referred to them. In every case the
whole paper is read first by the clerk, and then by the chairman, by
paragraphs, (<i>Scob.</i>, 49,) pausing at the end of each paragraph, and
putting questions for amending, if proposed. In the case of resolutions
on distinct subjects, originating with themselves, a question is put
on each separately, as amended or unamended, and no final question
on the whole. (3 <i>Hats.</i>, 276;) but if they relate to the same subject,
a question is put on the whole. If it be a bill, draught of an address,
or other paper originating with them, they proceed by paragraphs;
putting questions for amending either by insertion or striking out, if
proposed; but no question on agreeing to the paragraphs separately;
this is reserved to the close, when a question is put on the whole for
agreeing to it as amended or unamended. But if it be a paper referred
to them, they proceed to put questions of amendment, if proposed, but
no final question on the whole, because all parts of the paper, having
been adopted by the House, stand, of course, unless altered or struck
out by a vote. Even if they are opposed to the whole paper, and
think it cannot be made good by amendments, they cannot reject it,
but must report it back to the House without amendments, and there
make their opposition.</p>

<p>The natural order in considering and amending any paper is, to
begin at the beginning, and proceed through it by paragraphs, and this
order is so strictly adhered to in Parliament, that when a latter part
has been amended, you cannot recur back and make any alterations in
a former part. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 90. In numerous assemblies this restraint is
doubtless important. [But in the Senate of the United States, though
in the main we consider and amend the paragraphs in their natural
order, yet recurrences are indulged; and they seem, on the whole, in
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span>
that small body, to produce advantages overweighing their inconveniences.]</p>

<p>To this natural order of beginning at the beginning, there is a
single exception found in parliamentary usage. When a bill is taken
up in committee, or on its second reading, they postpone the preamble
till the other parts of the bill are gone through. The reason is, that
on consideration of the body of the bill, such alterations may therein
be made as may also occasion the alteration of the preamble. <i>Scob.</i>,
50; 7 <i>Grey</i>, 431.</p>

<p>On this head the following case occurred in the Senate, March 6,
1800: A resolution which had no preamble having been already
amended by the House so that a few words only of the original remained
in it, a motion was made to prefix a preamble, which having
an aspect very different from the resolution, the mover intimated that
he should afterwards propose a corresponding amendment in the body
of the resolution. It was objected that a preamble could not be taken
up till the body of the resolution is done with; but the preamble was
received, because we are in fact through the body of the resolution;
we have amended that as far as amendments have offered, and, indeed,
till little of the original is left. It is the proper time, therefore, to
consider a preamble; and whether the one offered be consistent with
the resolution is for the House to determine. The mover, indeed,
has intimated that he shall offer a subsequent proposition for the body
of the resolution; but the House is not in possession of it; it remains
in his breast, and may be withheld. The rules of the House can only
operate on what is before them. [The practice of the Senate, too,
allows recurrences backwards and forwards, for the purposes of amendment,
not permitting amendments in a subsequent to preclude those
in a prior part, or <i>e converso</i>.]</p>

<p>When the committee is through the whole, a member moves that
the committee may rise, and the chairman report the paper to the
House, with or without amendments, as the case may be. 2 <i>Hats.</i>,
289, 292; <i>Scob.</i>, 53; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 290; 8 <i>Scob.</i>, 50.</p>

<p>When a vote is once passed in a committee, it cannot be altered
but by the House, their votes being binding on themselves. <i>1607,
June 4.</i></p>

<p>The committee may not erase, interline, or blot the bill itself;
but must, in a paper by itself, set down the amendments, stating the
words which are to be inserted or omitted (<i>Scob.</i>, 50), and where, by
references to the page, line, and word of the bill. <i>Scob.</i>, 50.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span></p>

<h4>SECTION XXVII.</h4>

<h5>REPORT OF COMMITTEE.</h5>

<p>The chairman of the committee, standing in his place, informs
the House that the committee, to whom was referred such a bill, have,
according to order, had the same under consideration, and have directed
him to report the same without any amendment or with sundry amendments
(as the case may be), which he is ready to do when the House
pleases to receive it. And he or any other may move that it be now
received; but the cry of “now, now,” from the House, generally dispenses
with the formality of a motion and question. He then reads
the amendment, with the coherence in the bill, and opens the alterations
and the reasons of the committee for such amendments, until he
has gone through the whole. He then delivers it at the clerk’s table,
where the amendments reported are read by the clerk without the
coherence; whereupon the papers lie upon the table till the House, at
its convenience, shall take up the report. <i>Scob.</i>, 52; <i>Hakew.</i>, 148.</p>

<p>The report being made, the committee is dissolved and can act
no more without a new power. <i>Scob.</i>, 51. But it may be revived by
a vote, and the same matter recommitted to them. 4 <i>Grey</i>, 361.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXVIII.</h4>

<h5>BILL&mdash;RECOMMITMENT.</h5>

<p>After a bill has been committed and reported, it ought not in an
ordinary course to be recommitted; but in cases of importance, and
for special reasons, it is sometimes recommitted, and usually to the
same committee. <i>Hakew.</i>, 151. If a report be recommitted before
agreed to in the House, what has passed in committee is of no validity;
the whole question is again before the committee, and a new
resolution must be again moved, as if nothing had passed. 2 <i>Hats.</i>,
131&mdash;<i>note</i>.</p>

<p>In Senate, January, 1800, the salvage bill was recommitted three
times after the commitment.</p>

<p>A particular clause of a bill may be committed without the whole
bill (3 <i>Hats.</i>, 131); or so much of a paper to one and so much to
another committee.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXIX.</h4>

<h5>BILL&mdash;REPORTS TAKEN UP.</h5>

<p>When the report of a paper originating with a committee is taken
up by the House, they proceed exactly as in committee. Here, as in
committee, when the paragraphs have, on distinct questions, been
agreed to <i>seriatim</i> (5 <i>Grey</i>, 366; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 368; 8 <i>Grey</i>, 47, 104, 360;
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span>
1 <i>Torbuck’s Deb.</i>, 125; 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 348), no question need be put on the
whole report. 5 <i>Grey</i>, 381.</p>

<p>On taking up a bill reported with amendments, the amendments
only are read by the Clerk. The Speaker then reads the first, and
puts it to the question, and so on until the whole are adopted or rejected,
before any other amendment be admitted, except it be an
amendment to an amendment. <i>Elsynge’s Mem.</i>, 53. When through
the amendments of the committee, the Speaker pauses, and gives time
for amendments to be proposed in the House to the body of the bill
as he does also if it has been reported without amendments, putting
no questions but on amendments proposed; and when through the
whole, he puts the question whether the bill be read the third time.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXX.</h4>

<h5>QUASI-COMMITTEE.</h5>

<p>If on motion and question the bill be not committed, or if no
proposition for commitment be made, then the proceedings in the
Senate of the United States and in Parliament are totally different.
The former shall be first stated.</p>

<p>[The 28th rule of the Senate says: “All bills on a second reading
shall first be considered by the Senate in the same manner as if
the Senate were in Committee of the Whole, before they shall be taken
up and proceeded on by the Senate agreeably to the standing rules,
unless otherwise ordered;” (that is to say, unless ordered to be referred
to a special committee.) And when the Senate shall consider a treaty,
bill, or resolution, as in Committee of the Whole, the Vice-President
or President <i>pro tempore</i> may call a member to fill the chair during
the time the Senate shall remain in Committee of the Whole; and
the chairman (so called) shall, during such time, have the powers of
a President <i>pro tempore</i>.]</p>

<p>[The proceedings of the Senate, as in a Committee of the Whole,
or in Quasi-Committee, are precisely as in a real Committee of the
Whole, taking no questions but on amendments. When through the
whole, they consider the Quasi-Committee as risen, the House resumes
without any motion, question, or resolution to that effect, and the
President reports that “The House acting as in Committee of the Whole,
have had under their consideration the bill entitled, etc., and have
made sundry amendments, which he will now report to the House.” The
bill is then before them, as it would have been if reported from a committee,
and the questions are regularly to be put again on every amendment;
which being gone through, the President pauses to give time to
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span>
the House to propose amendments to the body of the bill, and when
through, puts the question whether it shall be read a third time.]</p>

<p>[After progress in amending the bill in Quasi-Committee, a motion
may be made to refer it to a special committee. If the motion prevails,
it is equivalent in effect to the several votes, that the committee
rise, the House resume itself, discharge the Committee of the Whole,
and refer the bill to a special committee. In that case, the amendments
already made, fall. But if the motion falls, the Quasi-Committee
stands <i>in statu quo</i>.]</p>

<p>[How far does this 28th rule subject the House, when in Quasi-Committee,
to the laws which regulate the proceedings of Committees
of the Whole?] The particulars in which these differ from proceedings
in the House are the following: 1. In a committee every member
may speak as often as he pleases. 2. The votes of a committee
may be rejected or altered when reported to the House. 3. A committee,
even of the Whole, cannot refer any matter to another committee.
4. In a committee no previous question can be taken: the
only means to avoid an improper discussion is to move that the committee
rise; and if it be apprehended that the same discussion will be
attempted on returning into committee, the House can discharge
them, and proceed itself on the business, keeping down the improper
discussions by the previous question. 5. A committee cannot punish a
breach of order in the House, or in the gallery. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 113. It can
only rise and report it to the House, who may proceed to punish.
[The first and second of these peculiarities attach to the Quasi-Committee
of the Senate, as every day’s practice proves, and seem to be
the only ones to which the 28th rule meant to subject them; for it continues
to be a House, and therefore, though it acts in some respects as
a committee, in others it preserves its character as House. Thus:
3. It is in the daily habit of referring its business to a special committee.
4. It admits of the previous question; if it did not, it would
have no means of preventing an improper discussion, not being able,
as a committee is, to avoid it by returning into the House, for the moment
it would resume the same subject there, the 28th rule declares it
again a Quasi-Committee. 5. It would doubtless exercise its powers
as a house on any breach of order. 6. It takes a question by yea and
nay, as the House does. 7. It receives messages from the President
and the other House. 8. In the midst of a debate it receives a motion
to adjourn, and adjourns as a house, not a committee.]</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXI.</h4>

<h5>BILLS&mdash;SECOND READING IN THE HOUSE.</h5>

<p>In Parliament, after the bill has been read a second time, if on
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span>
the motion and question it be not committed, or if no proposition for
commitment be made, the Speaker reads it by paragraphs, pausing
between each, but putting no question but on amendments proposed;
and when through the whole, he puts the question whether it shall be
read a third time? if it come from the other House; or, if originating
with themselves, whether it shall be engrossed and read a third
time? The Speaker reads sitting, but rises to put questions. The
clerk stands while he reads.</p>

<p>[<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a>But the Senate of the United States is so much in the habit of
making many and material amendments at the third reading, that it
has become the practice not to engross a bill till it has passed&mdash;an
irregular and dangerous practice, because in this way the paper which
passes the Senate is not that which goes to the other House, and that
which goes to the other House as the act of the Senate has never been
seen in Senate. In reducing numerous, difficult, and illegible amendments
into the text, the Secretary may with the most innocent intentions,
commit errors which can never again be corrected.]</p>

<p>The bill being now as perfect as its friends can make it, this is
the proper stage for those fundamentally opposed to make their first
attack. All attempts at earlier periods are with disjointed efforts,
because many who do not expect to be in favor of the bill ultimately
are willing to let it go on to its perfect state, to take time to examine
it themselves and to hear what can be said for it, knowing that after
all, they will have sufficient opportunities of giving it their veto. Its
last two stages, therefore, are reserved for this&mdash;that is to say, on the
question whether it shall be engrossed and read a third time, and
lastly, whether it shall pass? The first of these is usually the most
interesting contest, because then the whole subject is new and engaging;
and the minds of the members having not yet been declared by
any trying vote, the issue is the more doubtful. In this stage, therefore,
is the main trial of strength between its friends and opponents,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span>
and it behooves every one to make up his mind decisively for this
question, or he loses the main battle; and accident and management
may, and often do, prevent a successful rallying on the next and last
question, whether it shall pass.</p>

<p>When the bill is engrossed, the title is to be endorsed on the back
and not within the bill. <i>Hakew.</i>, 250.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXII.</h4>

<h5>READING PAPERS.</h5>

<p>Where papers are laid before the House or referred to a committee,
every member has a right to have them once read at the table before
he can be compelled to vote on them; but it is a great though common
error to suppose that he has a right <i>toties quoties</i>, to have acts, journals,
accounts, or papers on the table, read independently of the will of the
House. The delay and interruption which this might be made to
produce, evince the impossibility of the existence of such a right.
There is, indeed, so manifest a propriety of permitting every member
to have as much information as possible on every question on which
he is to vote, that when he desires the reading, if it be seen that it is
really for information and not for delay, the Speaker directs it to be
read without putting a question, if no one objects; but if objected to,
a question must be put. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 117, 118.</p>

<p>It is equally an error to suppose that any member has a right,
without a question put, to lay a book or paper on the table, or have
it read, on suggesting that it contains matter infringing on the privileges
of the House. <i>Ib.</i></p>

<p>For the same reason a member has not a right to read a paper in
his place, if it be objected to, without leave of the House. But this
rigor is never exercised but where there is an intentional or gross abuse
of the time and patience of the House.</p>

<p>A member has not a right even to read his own speech, committed
to writing, without leave. This also is to prevent an abuse of time,
and therefore is not refused but where that is intended. 2 <i>Grey</i>, 226.</p>

<p>A report of a committee of the Senate on a bill from the House
of Representatives being under consideration, on motion that the
report of the committee of the House of Representatives on the same
bill be read in the Senate, it passed in the negative. <i>Feb. 28, 1793.</i></p>

<p>Formerly when papers were referred to a committee, they used to
be first read; but of late only the titles, unless a number insist that
they shall be read, and then nobody can oppose it. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 117.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span></p>

<h4>SECTION XXXIII.</h4>

<h5>PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS.</h5>

<p>[<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> While a question is before the Senate, no motion shall be received,
unless for an amendment, for the previous question, or for
postponing the main question, or to commit it, or to adjourn.
<i>Rule 8.</i>]</p>

<p>It is no possession of a bill unless it be delivered to the Clerk to
be read, or the Speaker reads the title. <i>Lex. Parl.</i>, 273; <i>Elsynge’s
Mem.</i>, 85; <i>Ord. House of Commons</i>, 64.</p>

<p>It is a general rule that the question first moved and seconded
shall be first put. <i>Scob.</i>, 28, 22; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 81. But this rule gives way
to what may be called privileged questions; and the privileged questions
are of different grades among themselves.</p>

<p>A motion to adjourn simply takes place of all others, for otherwise
the House might be kept sitting against its will, and indefinitely.
Yet this motion cannot be received after another question is actually
put, and while the House is engaged in voting.</p>

<p>Orders of the day take place of all other questions, except for
adjournment&mdash;that is to say, the question which is the subject of an
order is made a privileged one, <i>pro hac vice</i>. The order is a repeal of
the general rule as to this special case. When any member moves,
therefore, for the Order of the Day to be read, no further debate is
permitted on the question which was before the House; for if the
debate might proceed, it might continue through the day and defeat
the order. This motion, to entitle it to precedence, must be for the
orders generally, and not for any particular one; and if it be carried
on the question, “Whether the House will now proceed to the orders
of the day?” they must be read and proceeded on in the course in
which they stand (2 <i>Hats.</i>, 83), for priority of order gives priority of
right, which cannot be taken away but by another special order.</p>

<p>After these there are other privileged questions, which will require
considerable explanation.</p>

<p>It is proper that every parliamentary assembly should have certain
forms of questions, so adapted as to enable them fitly to dispose
of every proposition which can be made to them. Such are: 1. The
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span>
previous question. 2. To postpone indefinitely. 3. To adjourn a
question to a definite day. 4. To lie on the table. 5. To commit.
6. To amend. The proper occasion for each of these questions should
be understood.</p>

<p>1. When a proposition is moved which it is useless or inexpedient
now to express or discuss, the previous question has been introduced
for suppressing for that time the motion and its discussion. 3 <i>Hats.</i>,
188, 189.</p>

<p>2. But as the previous question gets rid of it only for that day,
and the same proposition may recur the next day, if they wish to suppress
it for the whole of that session, they postpone it indefinitely.
3 <i>Hats.</i>, 183. This quashes the proposition for that session, as an
indefinite adjournment is a dissolution, or the continuance of a suit
sine die is a discontinuance of it.</p>

<p>3. When a motion is made which it will be proper to act on, but
information is wanted, or something more pressing claims the present
time, the question or debate is adjourned to such day within the session
as will answer the views of the House. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 81. And those
who have spoken before may not speak again when the adjourned
debate is resumed. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 73. Sometimes, however, this has been
abusedly used by adjourning it to a day beyond the session, to get rid
of it altogether, as would be done by an indefinite postponement.</p>

<p>4. When the House has something else which claims its present
attention, but would be willing to reserve in their power to take up a
proposition whenever it shall suit them, they order it to lie on the
table. It may then be called for at any time.</p>

<p>5. If the proposition will want more amendment and digestion
than the formalities of the House will conveniently admit, they refer
it to a committee.</p>

<p>6. But if the proposition be well digested, and may need but few
and simple amendments, and especially if these be of leading consequence,
they then proceed to consider and amend it themselves.</p>

<p>The Senate, in their practice, vary from this regular gradation of
forms. Their practice comparatively with that of Parliament stands
thus:</p>

<table class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th>FOR THE PARLIAMENT:</th>
    <th>THE SENATE USES:</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Postponement indefinite,</td>
    <td>Postponement to a day beyond the session,</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Adjournment,</td>
    <td>Postponement to a day within the session,</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td rowspan="2">Lying on the table.</td>
    <td>Postponement indefinite,</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lying on the table.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p>In their eighth rule, therefore, which declares that while the question
is before the Senate no motion shall be received, unless it be for
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span>
the previous question, or to postpone, commit, or amend the main
question, the term postponement must be understood according to
their broad use of it and not in the parliamentary sense. Their rule
then establishes as privileged questions, the previous questions, postponement,
commitment and amendment.</p>

<p>But it may be asked, Have these questions any privileges among
themselves? or are they so equal that the common principle of the
“first moved first put” takes place among them? This will need
explanation. Their competitions may be as follows:</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>1. Previous question and</td>
    <td>postpone </td>
    <td rowspan="6">In the first, second and<br />
        third classes, and the<br />
        first member of the<br />
        fourth class the rule<br />
        “first moved first put”<br />
        takes place.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>commit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>amend</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>2. Postpone and previous</td>
    <td>question</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>commit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>amend</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>3. Commit and previous</td>
    <td>question</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>postpone</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>amend</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>4. Amend and previous</td>
    <td>question</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>postpone</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td>commit</td>
    <td />
  </tr></table>

<p>In the first class, where the previous question is first moved, the
effect is peculiar; for it not only prevents the after motion to postpone
or commit from being put to question before it, but also from being
put after it; for if the previous question be decided affirmatively, to
wit, that the main question shall <i>now</i> be put, it would of course be
against the decision to postpone or commit; and if it be decided negatively,
to wit, that the main question shall not now be put, this puts
the House out of possession of the main question, and consequently
there is nothing before them to postpone or commit. So that neither
voting for nor against the previous question will enable the advocates
for postponing or committing to get at their object. Whether it may
be amended shall be examined hereafter.</p>

<p>Second class. If postponement be decided affirmatively, the
proposition is removed from before the House, and consequently there
is no ground for the previous question, commitment, or amendment;
but if decided negatively (that it shall not be postponed), the main
question may then be suppressed by the previous question, or may be
committed or amended.</p>

<p>The third class is subject to the same observations as the second.</p>

<p>The fourth class. Amendment of the main question first moved,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span>
and afterwards the previous question, the question of amendment shall
be first put.</p>

<p>Amendment and postponement competing, postponement is first
put, as the equivalent proposition to adjourn the main question would
be in Parliament. The reason is, that the question for amendment is
not suppressed by postponing or adjourning the main question, but
remains before the House whenever the main question is resumed;
and it might be that the occasion for other urgent business might go
by, and be lost by length of debate on the amendment if the House
had it not in their power to postpone the whole subject.</p>

<p>Amendment and commitment. The question for committing
though last moved, shall be first put; because, in truth, it facilitates
and befriends the motion to amend. <i>Scobell</i> is express: “On motion
to amend a bill, any one may notwithstanding move to commit it, and
the question for commitment shall be first put.” <i>Scob.</i>, 46.</p>

<p>We have hitherto considered the case of two or more of the privileged
questions contending for privilege between themselves, when
both are moved on the original or main question; but now let us suppose
one of them to be moved not on the original primary question,
but on the secondary one, <i>e. g.</i></p>

<p>Suppose a motion to postpone, commit or amend the main question,
and that it be moved to suppress that motion by putting a previous
question on it. This is not allowed, because it would embarrass
questions too much to allow them to be piled on one another several
stories high; and the same result may be had in a more simple way,
by deciding against the postponement, commitment or amendment.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 81, 2, 3, 4.</p>

<p>Suppose a motion for the previous question, or commitment, or
amendment of the main question, and that it be then moved to postpone
the motion for the previous question, or for commitment or
amendment of the main question. 1. It would be absurd to postpone
the previous question, commitment or amendment alone, and thus
separate the appendage from its principal; yet it must be postponed
separately from its original, if at all, because the eighth rule of Senate
says that “When a main question is before the house, no motion shall
be received but to commit, amend or pre-question the original question,”
which is the parliamentary doctrine also; therefore, the motion
to postpone the secondary motion for the previous question, or for
committing or amending, cannot be received. 2. This is a piling of
questions one on another; which, to avoid embarrassment, is not
allowed. 3. The same result may be had more simply by voting
against the previous question, commitment or amendment.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span></p>

<p>Suppose a commitment moved of a motion for the previous question,
or to postpone or amend. The first, second and third reasons
before stated, all hold good against this.</p>

<p>Suppose an amendment moved to a motion for the previous question.
Answer: the previous question cannot be amended. Parliamentary
usage, as well as the ninth rule of the Senate, has fixed its
form to be, “Shall the main question be now put?”&mdash;<i>i. e.</i>, at this
instant; and as the present instant is but one, it can admit of no modification.
To change it to to-morrow, or any other moment, is without
example and without utility. But suppose a motion to amend a
motion for postponement, as to one day instead of another, or to a
special instead of an indefinite time. The useful character of amendment
gives it a privilege of attaching itself to a secondary and privileged
motion: that is, we may amend a postponement of a main question.
So, we may amend a commitment of a main question, as by
adding, for example, “with instructions to inquire,” etc. In like manner,
if an amendment be moved to an amendment, it is admitted; but
it would not be admitted in another degree, to-wit: to amend an
amendment to an amendment of a main question. This would lead
to too much embarrassment. The line must be drawn somewhere, and
usage has drawn it after the amendment to the amendment. The same
result must be sought by deciding against the amendment to the
amendment, and then moving it again as it wished to be amended. In
this form it becomes only an amendment to an amendment.</p>

<p>[When motions are made for reference of the same subject to a
select committee and to a standing committee, the question on reference
to the standing committee shall be first put. <i>Rule 36.</i>]</p>

<p>[In filling a blank with a sum, the largest sum shall be first put to
the question, by the thirteenth rule of the Senate,<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a>] contrary to the
rule of Parliament, which privileges the smallest sum and longest time.
5 <i>Grey</i>, 179; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 8, 83; 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 132, 133. And this is considered
to be not in the form of an amendment to the question, but as
alternative or successive originals. In all cases of time or number, we
must consider whether the larger comprehends the lesser, as in a question
to what day a postponement shall be, the number of a committee,
amount of a fine, term of an imprisonment, term of irredeemability of
a loan, or the <i>terminus in quem</i> in any other case; then the question
must begin <i>a maximo</i>. Or whether the lesser includes the greater, as
in questions on the limitation of the rate of interest, on what day the session
shall be closed by adjournment, on what day the next shall commence
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span>
when an act shall commence, or the <i>terminus a quo</i> in any other case
where the question must begin <i>a minimo</i>; the object being not to begin
at that extreme which, and more, being within every man’s wish, no
one could negative it, and yet, if he should vote in the affirmative,
every question for more would be precluded; but at that extreme
which would unite few, and then to advance or recede till you get a
number which will unite a bare majority. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 376, 384, 385. “The
fair question in this case is not that to which, and more, all will agree,
whether there shall be addition to the question.” <i>Grey</i>, 355.</p>

<p>Another exception to the rule of priority is when a motion has
been made to strike out or agree to a paragraph. Motions to amend
it are to be put to the question before a vote is taken on striking out
or agreeing to the whole paragraph.</p>

<p>But there are several questions which, being incidental to every
one, will take place of every one, privileged or not, to-wit: a question of
order arising out of any other question must be decided before that
question. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 88.</p>

<p>A matter of privilege arising out of any question, or from a
quarrel between two members or any other cause, supercedes the consideration
of the original question, and must be first disposed of. <i>2
Hats.</i>, 88.</p>

<p>Reading papers relative to the question before the House. This
question must be put before the principal one. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 88.</p>

<p>Leave asked to withdraw a motion. The rule of Parliament being
that a motion made and seconded is in the possession of the House,
and cannot be withdrawn without leave, the very terms of the rule
imply that leave may be given, and, consequently, may be asked and
put to the question.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXIV.</h4>

<h5>THE PREVIOUS QUESTION.</h5>

<p>When any question is before the House, any member may move
a previous question. “Whether that question (called the main question)
shall now be put?” If it pass in the affirmative, then the main
question is to be put immediately, and no man may speak anything
further to it, either to add or alter. <i>Memor. in Hakew.</i>, 28; <i>4
Grey</i>, 27.</p>

<p>The previous question being moved and seconded, the question
from the chair shall be, “Shall the main question be now put?” and
if the nays prevail, the main question shall not then be put.</p>

<p>This kind of question is understood by Mr. Hatsell to have been
introduced in 1604. 1 <i>Hats.</i>, 80. Sir Henry Vane introduced it. <i>2
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span>
Grey</i>, 113, 114; 3 <i>Grey</i>, 384. When the question was put in this
form, “Shall the main question be put?” a determination in the negative
suppressed the main question during the session; but since the
words, “now put” are used, they exclude it for the present only; formerly,
indeed, only till the present debate was over (4 <i>Grey</i>, 43), but
now for that day and no longer. 2 <i>Grey</i>, 113, 114.</p>

<p>Before the question “Whether the main question shall now be
put?” any person might formerly have spoken to the main question,
because otherwise he would be precluded from speaking to it at all.
<i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 28.</p>

<p>The proper occasion for the previous question, is when a question
is brought forward of a delicate nature as to high personages, etc., or
the discussion of which may call forth observations which might be of
injurious consequences. Then the previous question is proposed; and
in the modern usage, the discussion of the main question is suspended,
and the debate confined to the previous question. The use of it has
been extended abusively to other cases; but in these it has been an
embarrassing procedure; its uses would be as well answered by other
more simple parliamentary forms, and therefore it should not be
favored, but restricted within as narrow limits as possible.</p>

<p>Whether a main question may be amended after the previous
question on it has been moved and seconded? 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 88, says, if
the previous question has been moved and seconded, and also proposed
from the chair (by which he means stated by the Speaker for debate),
it has been doubted whether an amendment can be admitted to the
main question. He thinks it may, after the previous question is
moved and seconded; but not after it has been proposed from the
chair. In this case he thinks the friends to the amendment must vote
that the main question be not now put; and then move their amended
question, which being made new by the amendment, is no longer the
same which has just been suppressed, and therefore may be proposed
as a new one. But this proceeding certainly endangers the main question,
by dividing its friends, some of whom may choose it unamended,
rather than lose it altogether; while others of them may vote, as
Hatsell advises, that the main question be not now put with a view to
move it again in an amended form. The enemies of the main question,
by this manœuvre to the previous question, get the enemies to
the amendment added to them on the first vote, and throw the friends
of the main question under the embarrassment of rallying again as
they can. To support his opinion, too, he makes the deciding circumstances,
whether an amendment may or may not be made, to be, that
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span>
the previous question has been proposed from the Chair. But, as the
rule is that the House is in possession of a question as soon as it is
moved and seconded, it cannot be more than possessed of it by its
being also proposed from the Chair. It maybe said, indeed, that the
object of the previous question being to get rid of a question, which
it is not expedient should be discussed, this object may be defeated by
moving to amend, and, in the discussion of that motion, involving the
subject of the main question. But so may the object of the previous
question be defeated, by moving the amended question as Mr. Hatsell
proposes after the decision against putting the original question. He
acknowledges, too, that the practice has been to admit previous
amendments, and only cites a few late instances to the contrary. On
the whole, I should think it best to decide it ab inconvenienti, to wit:
which is most inconvenient, to put it in the power of one side of the
House to defeat a proposition by hastily moving the previous question,
and thus forcing the main question to be put unamended; or to put it
in the power of the other side to force on, incidentally at least, a discussion
which would be better avoided? Perhaps the last is the least
inconvenience; inasmuch as the Speaker, by confining the discussion
rigorously to the amendment only, may prevent their going into the
main question, and inasmuch also as so great a proportion of the
cases in which the previous question is called for, are fair and proper
subjects for public discussion, and ought not to be obstructed by a
formality introduced for questions of a peculiar character.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXV.</h4>

<h5 id="AMENDMENTS">AMENDMENTS.</h5>

<p>On an amendment being moved, a member who has spoken to
the main question may speak again to the amendment. <i>Scob.</i>, 23.</p>

<p>If an amendment be proposed inconsistent with one already
agreed to, it is a fit ground for its rejection by the House, but not
within the competence of the Speaker to suppress as if it were against
order; for were he permitted to draw questions of consistence within
the vortex of order, he might usurp a negative on important modifications,
and suppress, instead of subserving the legislative will.</p>

<p>Amendments may be made so as totally to alter the nature of the
proposition; and it is a way of getting rid of a proposition, by making
it bear a sense different from what it was intended by the movers,
so that they vote against it themselves. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 79, 4, 82, 84. A
new bill may be engrafted by way of amendment, on the words, “Be
it enacted,” etc. 1 <i>Grey</i>, 190, 192.</p>

<p>If it be proposed to amend by leaving out certain words, it may
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span>
be moved, as an amendment to this amendment, to leave out part of
the words of the amendment, which is equivalent to leaving them in
the bill 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 80, 9. The parliamentary question is, always,
whether the words shall stand part of the bill.</p>

<p>When it is proposed to amend by inserting a paragraph, or part
of one, the friends of the paragraph may make it as perfect as they
can by amendments before the question is put for inserting it. If
it be received, it cannot be amended afterwards, in the same stage,
because the House has, on a vote, agreed to it in that form. In like
manner, if it is proposed to amend by striking out a paragraph, the
friends of the paragraph are first to make it as perfect as they can by
amendments, before the question is put for striking it out. If on the
question it be retained, it cannot be amended afterwards, because a
vote against striking out is equivalent to a vote agreeing to it in that
form.</p>

<p>When it is moved to amend by striking out certain words and inserting
others, the manner of stating the question is first to read the
whole passage to be amended as it stands at present, then the words proposed
to be struck out, next those to be inserted, and lastly the whole
passage as it will be when amended. And the question, if desired, is
then to be divided, and put first on striking out. If carried, it is
next on inserting the words proposed. If that be lost, it may be moved
to insert others. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 80, 7.</p>

<p>A motion is made to amend by striking out certain words and
inserting others in their place, which is negatived. Then it is moved
to strike out the same words, and to insert others, of a tenor entirely
different from those first proposed. It is negatived. Then it is moved
to strike out the same words and insert nothing, which is agreed to.
All this is admissible, because to strike out and insert A, is one proposition.
To strike out and insert B, is a different proposition. And to
strike out and insert nothing is still different. And the rejection of
one proposition does not preclude the offering a different one. Nor
would it change the case were the first motion divided by putting the
question first on striking out, and that negatived; for, as putting the
whole motion to the question at once would not have precluded, the
putting the half of it cannot do it.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a>
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span></p>

<p>But if it had been carried affirmatively to strike out the words
and to insert A, it could not afterwards be permitted to strike out A
and insert B. The mover of B should have notified, while the insertion
of A was under debate, that he would move to insert B; in which
case those who preferred it would join in rejecting A.</p>

<p>After A is inserted, however, it may be moved to strike out a portion
of the original paragraph, comprehending A, provided the coherence
to be struck out be so substantial as to make this effectively a
different proposition; for then it is resolved into the common case of
striking out a paragraph after amending it. Nor does anything forbid
a new insertion, instead of A and its coherence.</p>

<p>In Senate, January 25, 1798, a motion to postpone until the second
Tuesday in February some amendments proposed to the Constitution;
the words “until the second Tuesday in February” were struck out
by way of amendment. Then it was moved to add, “until the first
day of June.” Objected that it was not in order, as the question
should be first put on the longest time; therefore, after a shorter time
decided against, a longer cannot be put to question. It was answered
that this rule takes place only in filling blanks for time. But when a
specific time stands part of motion, that may be struck out as well as
any other part of a motion; and when struck out, a motion may be
received to insert any other. In fact, it is not until they are struck
out, and a blank for the time thereby produced, that the rule can begin
to operate, by receiving all the propositions for different times, and
putting the question successively on the longest. Otherwise it would
be in the power of the mover, by inserting originally a short time, to
preclude the possibility of a longer, for till the short time is struck out,
you cannot insert a longer; and if, after it is struck out, you cannot
do it, then it cannot be done at all. Suppose the first motion had been
made to amend by striking out “the second Tuesday in February,” and
inserting instead thereof “the first of June;” it would have been regular,
then, to divide the question, by proposing the first question to strike out
and then that to insert. Now this is precisely the effect of the present
proceeding; only, instead of one motion and two questions, there are
two motions and two questions to effect it&mdash;the motion being divided
as well as the question.</p>

<p>When the matter contained in two bills might better be put into
one, the manner is to reject the one, and incorporate its matter into
another bill by way of amendment. So if the matter of one bill
would be better distributed into two, any part may be struck out by
way of amendment, and put into a new bill. If a section is to be
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span>
transposed, a question must be put on striking it out where it stands,
and another for inserting it in the place desired.</p>

<p>A bill passed by the one house with blanks. These may be filled
up by the other by way of amendments, returned to the first as such,
and passed. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 83.</p>

<p>The number prefixed to the section of a bill, being merely a
marginal indication, and no part of the text of the bill, the clerk regulates
that&mdash;the House or committee is only to amend the text.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXVI.</h4>

<h5>DIVISION OF THE QUESTION.</h5>

<p>If a question contain more parts than one, it may be divided into
two or more questions. <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 39. But not as the right
of an individual member, but with the consent of the House. For
who is to decide whether a question is complicated or not?&mdash;where it
is complicated?&mdash;into how many propositions it may be divided? The
fact is, that the only mode of separating a complicated question is by
moving amendments to it; and these must be decided by the House,
on a question, unless the House orders it to be divided; as, on the
question, December 2, 1640, making void the election of the knights
for Worcester, on a motion it was resolved to make two questions of
it, to-wit: one on each knight. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 85, 86. So, wherever there
are several names in question, they may be divided and put one by
one. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 444. So, 1729, April 17, on an objection that a question
was complicated, it was separated by amendment. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 79.</p>

<p>The soundness of these observations will be evident from the
embarrassments produced by the 12th rule of the Senate, which says,
“If the question in debate contain several points, any member may
have the same divided.”</p>

<p>1798, May 30, the alien bill in quasi-committee. To a section
and proviso in the original had been added two new provisos by way
of amendment. On a motion to strike out the section as amended,
the question was desired to be divided. To do this it must be put
first on striking out either the former proviso or some distinct member
of the section. But when nothing remains but the last member
or the section and the proviso, they cannot be divided so as to put the
last member to question by itself; for the provisos might then be left
standing alone as exceptions to a rule when the rule is taken away;
or the new provisos might be left to a second question, after having
been decided on once before at the same reading, which is contrary to
rule. But the question must be on striking out the last member of the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span>
section as amended. This sweeps away the exceptions with the rule,
and relieves from inconsistence. A question to be divisible, must
comprehend points so distinct and entire that one of them being taken
away the other may stand entire. But a proviso or exception without
an enacting clause does not contain an entire point or proposition.</p>

<p>May 31. The same bill being before the Senate. There was a
proviso that the bill should not extend, 1, To any foreign minister;
nor, 2, To any person to whom the President should give a passport;
nor, 3, To any alien merchant conforming himself to such regulations
as the President shall prescribe; and a division of the question into
its simplest elements was called for. It was divided into four parts,
the fourth taking in the words, “conforming himself,” etc. It was
objected that the words, “any alien merchant,” could not be separated
from their modifying words, “conforming,” etc., because these words
if left by themselves contain no substantive idea&mdash;will make no sense.
But admitting that the divisions of a paragraph into separate questions
must be so made that each part may stand by itself, yet the
House having, on the question, retained the two first divisions, the
words, “any alien merchant,” may be struck out, and their modifying
words will then attach themselves to the preceding description of persons,
and become a modification of that description.</p>

<p>When a question is divided, after the question on the first member,
the second is open to debate and amendment; because it is a
known rule that a person may rise and speak at any time before the
question has been completely decided, by putting the negative as well
as the affirmative side. But the question is not completely put when
the vote has been taken on the first member only. One-half of the
question, both affirmative and negative, remains still to be put. See
<i>Execut. Jour., June 25, 1795</i>. The same decision by President
Adams.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXVII.</h4>

<h5>CO-EXISTING QUESTIONS.</h5>

<p>It may be asked whether the House can be in possession of two
motions or propositions at the same time, so that one of them being
decided, the other goes to question without being moved anew? The
answer must be special. When a question is interrupted by a vote of
adjournment, it is thereby removed from before the House, and does
not stand ipso facto before them at their next meeting, but must come
forward in the usual way. So, when it is interrupted by the order of
the day. Such other privileged questions also as dispose of the main
question (<i>e. g.</i> the previous question, postponement, or commitment),
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span>
remove it from before the House. But it is only suspended by a
motion to amend, to withdraw, to read papers, or by a question of
order or privilege, and stands again before the House when these are
decided. None but the class of privileged questions can be brought
forward while there is another question before the House, the rule
being that when a motion has been made and seconded, no other can
be received, except it be a privileged one.</p>

<h4>SECTION XXXVIII.</h4>

<h5>EQUIVALENT.</h5>

<p>If, on a question for rejection, a bill be retained, it passes of
course to its next reading. <i>Hakew.</i>, 141; <i>Scob.</i>, 42. And a question
for a second reading determined negatively, is a rejection without further
question. 4 <i>Grey</i>, 149. And see <i>Elsynge’s Mem.</i>, 42, in what
cases questions are to be taken for rejection.</p>

<p>Where questions are perfectly equivalent, so that the negative of
the one amounts to the affirmative of the other, and leaves no other
alternative, the decision of the one concludes necessarily the other.
4 <i>Grey</i>, 157. Thus the negative of striking out amounts to the affirmative
of agreeing; and therefore to put a question on agreeing after
that on striking out, would be to put the same question in effect twice
over. Not so in questions of amendments between the two Houses.
A motion to recede being negatived, does not amount to a positive
vote to insist, because there is another alternative, to wit: to adhere.</p>

<p>A bill originating in one House is passed by the other with an
amendment. A motion in the originating House to agree to the
amendment is negatived. Does there result from this a vote of disagreement,
or must the question on disagreement be expressly voted?
The questions respecting amendments from another house are&mdash;1st, to
agree; 2d, to disagree; 3d, recede; 4th, insist; 5th, adhere.</p>

<p class="table">
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell nowrap">
1st. To agree.<br />
2nd. To disagree.</span>
<span class="tcell">Either of these concludes the other
necessarily, for the positive of either is
exactly the equivalent of the negative of
the other, and no other alternative remains.
On either motion amendments to
the amendments may be proposed: <i>e. g.</i>,
if it be moved to disagree, those who are
for the amendment have a right to propose
amendments, and to make it as perfect
as they can, before the question of
disagreeing is put.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span></span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell nowrap">3d.  To recede.</span>
<span class="tcell">You may then either insist or adhere.</span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell nowrap">4th. To insist.</span>
<span class="tcell">You may then either recede or adhere.</span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell nowrap">5th. To adhere.</span>
<span class="tcell">You may then either recede or insist.</span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell"></span>
<span class="tcell">Consequently the negative of these is not
equivalent to a positive vote the other
way. It does not raise so necessary an
implication as may authorize the Secretary
by inference to enter another vote; for
two alternatives still remain, either of
which may be adopted by the House.</span>
</span></p>

<h4>SECTION XXXIX.</h4>

<h5>THE QUESTION.</h5>

<p>The question is to be first put on the affirmative, and then on the
negative side.</p>

<p>After the Speaker has put the affirmative part of the question,
any member who has not spoken before to the question may rise and
speak before the negative be put; because it is no full question till the
negative part be put. <i>Scob.</i>, 23; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 73.</p>

<p>But in small matters, and which are, of course, such as receiving
petitions, reports, withdrawing motions, reading papers, etc., the
Speaker most commonly supposes the consent of the House where no
objection is expressed, and does not give them the trouble of putting
the question formally. <i>Scob.</i>, 22; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 87; 5 <i>Grey</i>, 129; 9 <i>Grey</i>,
301.</p>

<h4>SECTION XL.</h4>

<h5>BILLS&mdash;THIRD READING.</h5>

<p>To prevent bills from being passed by surprise, the House by a
standing order, directs that they shall not be put on their passage before
a fixed hour, naming one at which the House is commonly full.
<i>Hakew.</i>, 153.</p>

<p>[The usage of the Senate is, not to put bills on their passage till
noon.]</p>

<p>A bill reported and passed to the third reading cannot on that day
be read the third time and passed; because this would be to pass on
two readings in the same day.</p>

<p>At the third reading the clerk reads the bill and delivers it to the
Speaker, who states the title, that it is the third time of reading the
bill, and that the question will be whether it shall pass? Formerly, the
Speaker, or those who prepared a bill, prepared also a breviate or summary
statement of its contents, which the Speaker read when he declared
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span>
the state of the bill, at the several readings. Sometimes, however,
he read the bill itself, especially on its passage. <i>Hakew.</i>, 136,
137, 153; Coke, 22, 115. Latterly, instead of this, he, at the third
reading, states the whole contents of the bill, verbatim, only, instead,
of reading the formal parts “Be it enacted,” etc., he states that “preamble
recites so and so&mdash;the first section enacts that, etc.; the second
section enacts,” etc.</p>

<p>[But in the Senate of the United States both of these formalities
are dispensed with; the breviate presenting but an imperfect view of
the bill, and being capable of being made to present a false one; and
the full statement being a useless waste of time, immediately after a
full reading by the clerk, and especially as every member has a printed
copy in his hand.]</p>

<p>A bill on the third reading is not to be committed for the matter
or body thereof; but to receive some particular clause or proviso, it
has been sometimes suffered, but as a thing very unusual. <i>Hakew.</i>,
126. Thus, <i>27 El.</i>, 1584, a bill was committed on the third reading,
having been formally committed on the second, but it is declared not
usual. <i>D’Ewes</i>, 337, <i>col.</i> 2; 414, <i>col.</i> 2.</p>

<p>When an essential provision has been omitted, rather than erase
the bill and render it suspicious, they add a clause on a separate
paper, engrossed and called a rider, which is read and put to the question
three times. <i>Elsynge’s Memorials</i>, 59; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 335; 1 <i>Blackst.</i>,
183. For examples of riders, see 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 121, 122, 124, 126. Every
one is at liberty to bring in a rider without asking leave. <i>10 Grey</i>, 52.</p>

<p>It is laid down as a general rule, that amendments proposed at the
second reading shall be twice read, and those proposed at the third
reading thrice read; as also all amendments from the other House.
<i>Town.</i>, <i>col.</i> 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28.</p>

<p>It is with great and almost invincible reluctance that amendments
are admitted at this reading, which occasion erasures or interlineations.
Sometimes a proviso has been cut off from a bill; sometimes
erased. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 513.</p>

<p>This is the proper stage for filling up blanks; for if filled up before,
and now altered by erasure, it would be peculiarly unsafe.</p>

<p>At this reading the bill is debated afresh, and for the most part
is more spoken to at this time than on any of the former readings.
<i>Hakew.</i>, 153.</p>

<p>The debate on the question whether it should be read a third time
has discovered to its friends and opponents the arguments on which each
side relies, and which of these appear to have influence with the House;
they have had time to meet them with new arguments, and to put their
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span>
old ones into new shapes. The former vote has tried the strength of the
former opinion, and furnished grounds to estimate the issue; and the
question now offered for its passage is the last occasion which is ever
to be offered for carrying or rejecting it.</p>

<p>When the debate is ended, the Speaker, holding the bill in his
hand, puts the question for its passage, by saying, “Gentlemen, all of
you who are of opinion that this bill shall pass, say aye;” and after the
answer of the ayes, “All those of the contrary opinion, say no.”
<i>Hakew.</i>, 154.</p>

<p>After the bill is passed, there can be no further alteration of it in
any point. <i>Hakew.</i>, 159.</p>

<h4>SECTION XLI.</h4>

<h5>DIVISION OF THE HOUSE.</h5>

<p>The affirmative and negative of the question having been both
put and answered, the Speaker declares whether the yeas or nays have
it by the sound, if he be himself satisfied, and it stands as the judgment
of the House. But if he be not himself satisfied which voice is the
greater, or if before any other member comes into the House, or before
any new motion is made (for it is too late after that), any member shall
rise and declare himself dissatisfied with the Speaker’s decision, then
the Speaker is to divide the House. <i>Scob.</i>, 24; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 140.</p>

<p>When the House of Commons is divided, the one party goes forth,
and the other remains in the House. This has made it important which
go forth and which remain; because the latter gain all the indolent,
the indifferent, and inattentive. Their general rule therefore, is, that
those who give their vote for the preservation of the orders of the
House, shall stay in; and those who are for introducing any new
matter or alteration, or proceeding contrary to the established course,
are to go out. But this rule is subject to many exceptions and modifications.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 134; 1 <i>Rush.</i>, <i>p.</i> 3, <i>fol.</i> 92; <i>Scob.</i>, 43, 52; <i>Co.</i>,
12, 116; <i>D’Ewes</i>, 505, <i>col.</i> 1; <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 25, 29, as will appear
by the following statement of who go forth.</p>

<table class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <td>Petition that it be received<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a></td>
    <td rowspan="2">Ayes.</td>
    <td rowspan="2" />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Read</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Lie on the table</td>
    <td rowspan="2">Noes.</td>
    <td rowspan="2" />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Rejected after refusal to lie on the table</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Referred to committee for further proceeding</td>
    <td>Ayes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bill, that it be brought in</td>
    <td rowspan="5">Ayes.</td>
    <td rowspan="5" />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Read first or second time</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Engrossed or read a third time</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Proceedings on every other stage</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Committed
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>To committee of the whole</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>To select committee</td>
    <td>Ayes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Report of bill to lie on table</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Be now <i>read</i></td>
    <td rowspan="2">Ayes.<br />30, P. J.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Be taken into consideration three months hence</td>
    <td class="tdr">251</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amendments to be read a second time</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Clause offered on report of bill be read a second time</td>
    <td rowspan="3">Ayes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">For receiving a clause</td>
    <td class="tdr">334</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>With amendments be engrossed</td>
    <td class="tdr">395</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>That a bill be <i>now</i> read a third time</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td class="tdr">398</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Receive a rider</td>
    <td rowspan="3">Ayes.</td>
    <td rowspan="3" class="tdr">260<br />259</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Pass</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Be printed</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Committees. That A take the chair</td>
    <td rowspan="6">Noes.</td>
    <td rowspan="6">291</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">To agree to the whole or any part of report</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">That the House do <i>now</i> resolve into committee</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Speaker. That he now leave the chair, after order to go into committee</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">That he issue warrant for new writ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Member. That none be absent without leave</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Witness. That he be further examined</td>
    <td>Ayes.</td>
    <td>344</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Previous question</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Blanks. That they be filled with the largest sum</td>
    <td rowspan="2">Ayes.</td>
    <td rowspan="2" />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amendments. That words stand part of</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lords. That their amendment be read a second time</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Messenger be received</td>
    <td rowspan="2">Ayes.</td>
    <td rowspan="2" />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Orders of day be now read, if before 2 o’clock</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">If after 2 o’clock</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Adjournment. Till the next sitting day, if before 4 o’clock</td>
    <td>Ayes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">If after 4 o’clock</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Over a sitting day (unless a previous resolution)</td>
    <td>Ayes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2">Over the 30th of January</td>
    <td>Noes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>For sitting on Sunday, or any other day not being a sitting day</td>
    <td>Ayes.</td>
    <td />
  </tr></table>

<p>The one party being gone forth, the Speaker names two tellers
from the affirmative and two from the negative side, who first count
those sitting in the House and report the number to the Speaker.
Then they place themselves within the door, two on each side, and
count those who went forth as they come in, and report the number to
the Speaker. <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 26.</p>

<p>A mistake in the report of the tellers may be rectified after the
report made. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 145, note.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span></p>

<p>[But in both Houses of Congress all these intricacies are avoided.
The ayes first rise, and are counted standing in their places by the
President or Speaker. Then they sit, and the noes rise and are counted
in like manner.]</p>

<p>[In Senate, if they are equally divided, the Vice-President announces
his opinion, which decides.]</p>

<p>[The Constitution, however, has directed that “the yeas and nays
of the members of either House, on any question shall, at the desire
of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.” And again:
that in all cases of reconsidering a bill disapproved by the President,
and returned with his objections, “the votes of both Houses shall be
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for
and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each House
respectively.”]</p>

<p>[By the 16th and 17th rules of the Senate, when the yeas and nays
shall be called for by one-fifth of the members present, each member
called upon shall, unless for special reasons he be excused by the Senate,
declare openly, and without debate, his assent or dissent to the
question. In taking the yeas and nays, and upon the call of the House,
the names of the members shall be taken alphabetically.]</p>

<p>[When the yeas and nays shall be taken upon any question in pursuance
of the above rule, no member shall be permitted, under any
circumstances whatever, to vote after the decision is announced from
the chair.]</p>

<p>[When it is proposed to take the vote by yeas and nays, the
President or Speaker stales that “the question is whether, <i>e. g.</i>, the
bill shall pass&mdash;that it is proposed that the yeas and nays shall be entered
on the journal. Those, therefore, who desire it, will rise.” If he
finds and declares that one-fifth have risen, he then states that “those
who are of the opinion that the bill shall pass, are to answer in the
affirmative; those of the contrary opinion in the negative.” The clerk
then calls over the names alphabetically, notes the yea or nay of each,
and gives the list to the President or Speaker, who declares the result.
In the Senate, if there be an equal division, the Secretary calls on the
Vice-President and notes his affirmative or negative, which becomes
the decision of the House.]</p>

<p>In the House of Commons, every member must give his vote the
one way or the other, (<i>Scob.</i>, 24.,) as it is not permitted to any one to
withdraw who is in the House when the question is put, nor is any one to
be told in the division who was not in when the question was put.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 140.</p>

<p>This last position is always true when the vote is by yeas and nays;
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span>
where the negative as well as affirmative of the question is stated by
the President at the same time, and the vote of both sides begins and
proceeds <i>pari passu</i>. It is true also when the question is put in the
usual way, if the negative has also been put; but if it has not, the
member entering, or any other member, may speak, and even propose
amendments, by which the debate may be opened again, and the question
be greatly deferred. And as some who have answered aye may have
been changed by the new arguments, the affirmative must be put over
again. If, then, the member entering may, by speaking a few words,
occasion a repetition of a question, it would be useless to deny it on
his simple call for it.</p>

<p>While the House is telling, no member may speak or move out of
his place, for if any mistake be suspected it must be told again. <i>Mem.
in Hakew.</i>, 26; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 143.</p>

<p>If any difficulty arises in point of order during the division, the
Speaker is to decide peremptorily, subject to the future censure of the
House if irregular. He sometimes permits old experienced members
to assist him with their advice which they do sitting in their seats, covered,
to avoid the appearance of debate; but this can only be with the
Speaker’s leave, else the division might last several hours. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 143.</p>

<p>The voice of the majority decides; for the <i>lex majoris partis</i> is
the law of all councils, elections, etc., where not otherwise expressly
provided. <i>Hakew.</i>, 93. But if the House be equally divided, “<i>semper
presumatur pro negante</i>;” that is, the former law is not to be changed
but by a majority. <i>Towns.</i>, <i>col.</i> 134.</p>

<p>[But in the Senate of the United States, the Vice-President decides
when the House is divided. <i>Const., U. S.</i>, I, 3.]</p>

<p>When from counting the House on a division, it appears that there
is not a quorum, the matter continues exactly in the State in which it
was before the division, and must be resumed at that point on any
future day. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 126.</p>

<p>1606, May 1, on a question whether a member having said yea
may afterwards sit and change his opinion, a precedent was remembered
by the Speaker, of Mr. Morris, attorney of the wards, in <i>39
Elis.</i>, who in like case changed his opinion. <i>Mem. Hakew.</i>, 27.</p>

<h4>SECTION XLII.</h4>

<h5>TITLES.</h5>

<p>After the bill has passed, and not before, the title may be amended,
and is to be fixed by a question; and the bill is then sent to the other
house.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span></p>

<h4>SECTION XLIII.</h4>

<h5>RECONSIDERATION.</h5>

<p>[When a question has been once made and carried in the affirmative,
or negative, it shall be in order for any member of the majority to move for
the reconsideration thereof; but no motion for the reconsideration of
any vote shall be in order after a bill, resolution, message, report,
amendment, or motion upon which the vote was taken shall have gone
out of the possession of the Senate announcing their decision; nor
shall any motion for reconsideration be in order unless made on the
same day on which the vote was taken, or within the two next days of
the actual session of the Senate thereafter. <i>Rule 20.</i>]</p>

<p>[1798, January. A bill on its second reading being amended and
on the question whether it shall be read a third time negatived, was
restored by a decision to reconsider that question. Here the votes of
negative and reconsideration, like positive and negative quantities in an
equation, destroy one another, and are as if they were expunged from
the journal. Consequently the bill is open for amendment, just so
far as it was the moment preceding the question for the third reading;
that is to say, all parts of the bill are open for amendment except those
on which votes have been already taken in its present stage. So, also,
it may be recommitted.]</p>

<p>[<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a>The rule permitting a reconsideration of a question affixing to
it no limitation of time or circumstance, it may be asked whether
there is no limitation? If, after the vote, the paper on which it is
passed has been parted with, there can be no reconsideration; as if
a vote has been for the passage of a bill, and the bill has been sent to
the other House. But where the paper remains, as on a bill rejected,
when, or under what circumstances, does it cease to be susceptible of
reconsideration? This remains to be settled; unless, a sense that the
right of reconsideration is a right to waste the time of the House in
repeated agitations of the same question, so that it shall never know
when a question is done with, should induce them to reform this anomalous
proceeding.]</p>

<p>In Parliament, a question once carried cannot be questioned again
at the same session, but must stand as the judgment of the House.
<i>Towns.</i> <i>col.</i>, 67.; <i>Mem. in Hakew.</i>, 33. And a bill once rejected,
another of the same substance cannot be brought in again the same
session. <i>Hakew.</i>, 158; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 392. But this does not extend to prevent
putting the same question in different stages of a bill; because
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span>
every stage of a bill submits the whole and every part of it to the
opinion of the House, as open for amendment, either by insertion or
omission, though the same amendment has been accepted or rejected
in a former stage. So in reports of committees, <i>e. g.</i>, report of an address,
the same question is before the House, and open for free discussion.
<i>Towns.</i>, <i>col.</i> 26; 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 98, 100, 101. So orders of the House,
or instructions to committee, may be discharged. So a bill, begun in
one house, and sent to the other, and there rejected, may be renewed
again in that other, passed and sent back. <i>Ib.</i>, 92; 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 161. Or
if, instead of being rejected, they read it once and lay it aside, or
amend it, and put it off a month, they may order in another to the same
effect, with the same or a different title. <i>Hakew.</i>, 97, 98.</p>

<p>Divers expedients are used to correct the effects of this rule; as
by passing an explanatory act, if anything has been omitted or ill expressed
(3 <i>Hats.</i>, 278), or an act to enforce, and make more effectual
an act, etc., or to rectify mistakes in act, etc., or a committee on one
bill may be instructed to receive a clause to rectify the mistakes of
another. Thus, June 24, 1685, a clause was inserted in a bill for rectifying
a mistake committed by a clerk in engrossing a bill of supply.
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 194, 6. Or the session may be closed for one, two, three, or
more days, and a new one commenced. But then all matters depending
must be finished, or they fall, and are to begin de novo. 3 <i>Hats.</i>,
94, 98. Or a part of the subject may be taken up by another bill, or
taken up in a different way. 6 <i>Grey</i>, 304, 316.</p>

<p>And in cases of the last magnitude, this rule has not been so strictly
and verbally observed as to stop indispensable proceedings altogether,
2 <i>Hats.</i>, 92, 98. Thus when the address on the preliminaries of peace
in 1782 had been lost by a majority of one, on account of the importance
of the question, and smallness of the majority, the same question
in substance, though with some words not in the first, and which might
change the opinion of some members, was brought on again and carried,
as the motives for it were thought to outweigh the objection of
form. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 99, 100.</p>

<p>A second bill may be passed to continue an act of the same session,
or to enlarge the time limited for its execution. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 95, 98.
This is not in contradiction to the first act.</p>

<h4>SECTION XLIV.</h4>

<h5>BILLS SENT TO THE OTHER HOUSE.</h5>

<p>[All bills passed in the Senate shall, before they are sent to the
House of Representatives, be examined by a committee, consisting of
three members, whose duty shall be to examine all bills, amendments,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span>
resolutions, or motions, before they go out of the possession of the
Senate, and to make report that they are correctly engrossed; which
report shall be entered on the journal. <i>Rule 33.</i>]</p>

<p>A bill from the other House is sometimes ordered to lie on the
table. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 97.</p>

<p>When bills, passed in one House and sent to the other, are
grounded on special facts requiring proof, it is usual, either by message
or at a conference, to ask the grounds and evidence; and this
evidence, whether arising out of papers, or from the examination of
witnesses, is immediately communicated. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 48.</p>

<h4>SECTION XLV.</h4>

<h5>AMENDMENTS BETWEEN THE HOUSES.</h5>

<p>When either house, <i>e. g.</i>, the House of Commons, sends a bill to
the other, the other may pass it with amendments. The regular progression
in this case is, that the Commons disagree to the amendment;
the Lords insist on it; the Commons insist on their disagreement; the
Lords adhere to their amendment; the Commons adhere to their disagreement.
The term of insisting may be repeated as often as they
choose to keep the question open. But the first adherence by either
renders it necessary for the other to recede or adhere also; when the
matter is usually suffered to fall. <i>10 Grey</i>, 148. Latterly, however,
there are instances of their having gone to a second adherence. There
must be an absolute conclusion of the subject somewhere, or otherwise
transactions between the houses would become endless. 3 <i>Hats.</i>,
268, 270. The term of insisting, we are told by Sir John Trevor,
was then (1679) newly introduced into parliamentary usage by the
Lords. 7 <i>Grey</i>, 94. It was certainly a happy innovation, as it multiplies
the opportunities of trying modifications which may bring the
houses to concurrence. Either house, however, is free to pass over
the term of insisting, and to adhere in the first instance (<i>10 Grey</i>, 146);
but it is not respectful to the other. In the ordinary parliamentary
course, there are two free conferences, at least before an adherence.
<i>10 Grey</i>, 147.</p>

<p>Either house may recede from its amendment and agree to the
bill; or recede from their disagreement to the amendment, and agree
to the same absolutely, or with an amendment; for here the disagreement
and receding destroy one another, and the subject stands as
before the disagreement. <i>Elsynge</i>, 23, 27; 9 <i>Grey</i>, 476.</p>

<p>But the House cannot recede from, or insist on its own amendment,
with an amendment; for the same reason that it cannot send to
the other house an amendment to its own act after it has passed the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span>
act. They may modify an amendment from the other house by ingrafting
an amendment on it, because they have never assented to it;
but they cannot amend their own amendment, because they have, on
the question passed it in that form. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 363; <i>10 Grey</i>, 240. In
the Senate, March 29, 1798. Nor where one house has adhered to
their amendment, and the other agrees with an amendment, can the
first house depart from the form which they have fixed by an adherence.</p>

<p>In the case of a money bill, the Lords’ proposed amendments
become, by delay, confessedly necessary. The Commons, however,
refused them, as infringing on their privileges as to money bills; but
they offered themselves to add to the bill a proviso to the same effect,
which had no coherence with the Lords’ amendments; and urged that
it was an expedient warranted by precedent, and not unparliamentary
in a case become impracticable, and irremediable in any other way.
3 <i>Hats.</i>, 256, 266, 270, 271. But the Lords refused, and the bill was
lost. 1 <i>Chand.</i>, 288. A like case, 1 <i>Chand.</i>, 311. So the Commons
resolved that it was unparliamentary to strike out, at a conference,
anything in a bill which had been agreed and passed by both Houses.
6 <i>Grey</i>, 274; 1 <i>Chand.</i>, 312.</p>

<p>A motion to amend an amendment from the other House takes
precedence of a motion to agree or disagree.</p>

<p>A bill originating in one House is passed by the other with an
amendment.</p>

<p>The originating House agrees to their amendment with an amendment.
The other may agree to their amendment with an amendment,
that being only in the 2d and not the 3d degree; for, as to the amending
House, the first amendment with which they passed the bill is a
part of its text; it is the only text they have agreed to. The amendment
to that text by the originating House, therefore, is only in the
1st degree, and the amendment to that again by the amending House
is only in the 2d, to wit: an amendment to an amendment, and so
admissible. Just so, when, on a bill from the originating House, the
other, at its second reading makes an amendment; on the third reading
this amendment is become the text of the bill, and if an amendment
to it be moved, an amendment to that amendment may also be
moved, as being only in the 2d degree.</p>

<h4 id="MMS_ECTION_XLVI">SECTION XLVI.</h4>

<h5>CONFERENCES.</h5>

<p>It is on the occasion of amendments between the Houses that
conferences are usually asked; but they may be asked in all cases of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span>
difference of opinion between the two Houses on matters depending
between them. The request of a conference, however, must always
be with the House which is possessed of the papers. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 31; <i>1
Grey</i>, 425.</p>

<p>Conferences may be either simple or free. At a conference simply,
written reasons are prepared by the House asking it, and they are
read and delivered, without debate, to the managers of the other House
at the conference; but are not then to be answered. 4 <i>Grey</i>, 144.
The other House, then, if satisfied, vote the reason satisfactory, or
say nothing; if not satisfied, they resolve them not satisfactory, and
ask a conference on the subject of the last conference, where they
read and deliver, in like manner, written answers to those reasons. <i>3
Grey</i>, 183. They are meant chiefly to record the jurisdiction of each
House to the nation at large, and to posterity, and in proof that the
miscarriage of a necessary measure is not imputable to them. 3 <i>Grey</i>,
255. At free conferences the managers discuss, viva voce and freely,
and interchange propositions for such modifications as may be made
in a parliamentary way, and may bring the sense of the two Houses
together. And each party reports in writing to their respective
Houses the substance of what is said on both sides, and it is entered
in their journals. 9 <i>Grey</i>, 220; 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 280. This report cannot be
amended or altered, as that of a committee may be. <i>Journal of
Senate, May 24, 1796.</i></p>

<p>A conference may be asked, before the House asking it has come
to a resolution of disagreement, insisting or adhering. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 269,
341. In which case the papers are not left with the other conferees,
but are brought back to be the foundation of the vote to be given.
And this is the most reasonable and respectful proceeding; for, as
was urged by the Lords on a particular occasion, “It is held vain, and
below the wisdom of Parliament, to reason or argue against fixed
resolutions, and upon terms of impossibility to persuade.” 3 <i>Hats.</i>,
226. So the Commons say, “An adherence is never delivered at a free
conference, which implies debate.” <i>10 Grey</i>, 137. And on another
occasion the Lords made it an objection that the Commons had asked
a free conference after they had made resolutions of adhering. It was
then affirmed, however, on the part of the Commons, that nothing
was more parliamentary than to proceed with free conferences after
adhering (3 <i>Hats.</i>, 269), and we do in fact see inferences of conferences,
or of free conference, asked after the resolution of disagreeing
(3 <i>Hats.</i>, 251, 253, 260, 286, 291, 316, 349); of insisting (<i>Ib.</i> 280,
296, 299, 319, 322, 355); of adhering (269, 270, 283, 300); and even
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span>
of a second or final adherence; 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 270. And in all cases of
conference asked after a vote of disagreement, etc., the conferees of
the House asking it are to leave the papers with the conferees of the
other; and in one case where they refused to receive them, they were
left on the table in the conference chamber. <i>Ib.</i>, 317, 323, 354; <i>10
Grey</i>, 146.</p>

<p>After a free conference, the usage is to proceed with free conferences,
and not return again to a conference. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 270; 9 <i>Grey</i>,
229.</p>

<p>After a conference denied, a free conference may be asked. <i>1
Grey</i>, 45.</p>

<p>When a conference is asked, the subject of it must be expressed,
or the conference not agreed to. <i>Ord. H. Com.</i>, 89; 1 <i>Grey</i>, 425;
7 <i>Grey</i>, 31. They are sometimes asked to inquire concerning an offence
or default of a member of the other House. 6 <i>Grey</i>, 181; 1 <i>Chand.</i>,
304. Or the failure of the other House to present to the King a bill
passed by both Houses. 8 <i>Grey</i>, 302. Or on information received,
and relating to the safety of the nation. <i>10 Grey</i>, 177. Or when
the methods of Parliament are thought by the one House to have
been departed from by the other, a conference is asked to come to a
right understanding thereon. <i>10 Grey</i>, 148. So when an unparliamentary
message has been sent, instead of answering it, they ask a
conference. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 155. Formerly an address or article of impeachment,
or a bill with amendments, or a vote of the House, or concurrence
in a vote, or a message from the King, were sometimes communicated
by way of conference. 6 <i>Grey</i>, 128, 300, 387; 7 <i>Grey</i>,
80; 8 <i>Grey</i>, 210, 255; 1 <i>Torbuck’s Deb.</i>, 278; <i>10 Grey</i>, 293; 1 <i>Chandler</i>,
49, 287. But this is not the modern practice. 8 <i>Grey</i>, 255.</p>

<p>A conference has been asked after the first reading of the bill.
1 <i>Grey</i>, 194. This is a singular instance.</p>

<h4 id="MM_SECTION_XLVII">SECTION XLVII.</h4>

<h5>MESSAGES.</h5>

<p>Messages between the Houses are to be sent only while both
Houses are sitting. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 15. They are received during debate
without adjourning the debate. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 22.</p>

<p>[In Senate the messengers are introduced in any state of business,
except, 1. While a question is putting. 2. While the yeas and nays
are calling. 3. While the ballots are counting. <i>Rule 47.</i> The first
case is short; the second and third are cases where any interruption
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span>
might occasion errors difficult to be corrected. So arranged June 15,
1788.]</p>

<p>In the House of Representatives, as in Parliament, if the House
be in committee when a messenger attends, the Speaker takes the chair
to receive the message, and then quits it to return into committee,
without any question or interruption. 4 <i>Grey</i>, 226.</p>

<p>Messengers are not saluted by the members, but by the Speaker
of the House. 2 <i>Grey</i>, 253, 274.</p>

<p>If messengers commit an error in delivering their message, they
may be admitted or called in to correct their message. 4 <i>Grey</i>, 41.
Accordingly, March 13, 1800, the Senate having made two amendments
to a bill from the House of Representatives, their Secretary, by
mistake, delivered one only, which being inadmissible by itself, that
house disagreed, and notified the Senate of their disagreement. This
produced a discovery of the mistake. The Secretary was sent to the
House to correct his mistake, the correction was received, and the two
amendments acted on de novo.</p>

<p>As soon as the messenger, who has brought bills from the other
House, has retired, the Speaker holds the bills in his hand, and acquaints
the House “that the other house have by their messenger sent
certain bills,” and then reads their titles, and delivers them to the
clerk, to be safely kept till they shall be called for to be read.
<i>Hakew.</i>, 178.</p>

<p>It is not the usage for one House to inform the other by what
numbers a bill has passed. <i>10 Grey</i>, 150. Yet they have sometimes
recommended a bill, as of great importance, to the consideration of the
House to which it is sent. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 25. Nor when they have rejected
a bill from the other house, do they give notice of it; but it
passes sub silentio, to prevent unbecoming altercations. 1 <i>Blackst.</i>, 183.</p>

<p>[But in Congress the rejection is notified by message to the house
in which the bill originated.]</p>

<p>A question is never asked by the one house of the other by way
of message, but only at a conference; for this is an interrogatory, not a
message. 3 <i>Grey</i>, 151, 181.</p>

<p>When a bill is sent by one house to the other, and is neglected,
they may send a message to remind them of it. 3 <i>Hats.</i>, 25; 5 <i>Grey</i>,
154. But if it be mere inattention, it is better to have it done informally,
by communication between the Speakers or members of the
two houses.</p>

<p>Where the subject of a message is of a nature that it can properly
be communicated to both Houses of Parliament, it is expected that
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span>
this communication should be made to both on the same day. But
where a message was accompanied with an original declaration, signed
by the party to which the message referred, its being sent to one house
was not noticed by the other, because the declaration, being original,
could not possibly be sent to both houses at the same time. 2 <i>Hats.</i>,
260, 261, 262.</p>

<p>The King having sent original letters to the Commons, afterwards
desires they may be returned, that he may communicate them to the
lords. 1 <i>Chandler</i>, 303.</p>

<h4 id="_SECTION_XLVIIIMM">SECTION XLVIII.</h4>

<h5>ASSENT.</h5>

<p>The house which has received a bill and passed it, may present it
for the King’s assent, and ought to do it, though they have not by
message notified to the other their passage of it. Yet the notifying
by message is a form which ought to be observed between the two
houses, from motives of respect and good understanding. 2 <i>Hats.</i>,
142. Were the bill to be withheld from being presented to the King,
it would be an infringement of the rules of Parliament. <i>Ib.</i></p>

<p>[When a bill has passed both houses of Congress, the house last
acting on it notifies its passage to the other, and delivers the bill to the
Joint Committee of Enrollment, who see that it is truly enrolled in
parchment.] When the bill is enrolled, it is not to be written in paragraphs,
but solidly, and all of a piece, that the blanks between the
paragraphs may not give room for forgery. <i>Grey</i>, 143. [It is then
put into the hands of the clerk of the House of Representatives to
have it signed by the Speaker. The clerk then brings it by way of
message to the Senate to be signed by their President. The Secretary
of the Senate returns it to the Committee of Enrollment, who
present it to the President of the United States. If he approve, he
signs, and deposits it among the rolls in the office of the Secretary of
State, and notifies by message the house in which it originated that he
has approved and signed it; of which that house informs the other by
message. If the President disapproves, he is to return it, with his
objections, to that house in which it shall have originated; who are to
enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider
it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the President’s objections,
to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered;
and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.
If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span>
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by
its adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a
law. <i>Const. U. S.</i>, I, 7.]</p>

<p>[Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the
United States, and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him; or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds
of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. <i>Const. U. S.</i>, I, 7.]</p>

<h4>SECTION XLIX.</h4>

<h5>JOURNALS.</h5>

<p>[Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time
to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
require secrecy. <i>Const.</i>, I, 5.]</p>

<p>[The proceedings of the Senate, when not acting as in a Committee
of the Whole, shall be entered on the journals as concisely as
possible, care being taken to detail a true account of the proceedings.
Every vote of the Senate shall be entered on the journals, and a brief
statement of the contents of each petition, memorial, or paper presented
to the Senate, be also inserted on the journal. <i>Rule 33.</i>]</p>

<p>[The titles of bills, and such parts thereof only, as shall be affected
by proposed amendments, shall be inserted on the journals. <i>Rule 32.</i>]</p>

<p>If a question is interrupted by a vote to adjourn, or to proceed
to the orders of the day, the original question is never printed in the
journal, it never having been a vote, nor introductory to any vote;
but when suppressed by the previous question, the first question must
be stated, in order to introduce and make intelligible the second. <i>2
Hats.</i>, 83.</p>

<p>So also when a question is postponed, adjourned, or laid on the
table, the original question, though not yet a vote, must be expressed
in the journals; because it makes part of the vote of postponement,
adjourning, or laying it on the table.</p>

<p>Where amendments are made to a question, those amendments
are not printed in the journals, separated from the question; but only
the question as finally agreed to by the House. The rule of entering
in the journals only what the House has agreed to, is founded in great
prudence and good sense; as there may be many questions proposed,
which it may be improper to publish to the world in the form in which
they are made. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 85.</p>

<p>[In both Houses of Congress, all questions whereon the yeas and
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span>
nays are desired by one-fifth of the members present, whether decided
affirmatively or negatively, must be entered on the journals. <i>Const.</i>,
I, 5.]</p>

<p>The first order for printing the votes of the House of Commons
was October 30, 1685. 1 <i>Chandler</i>, 387.</p>

<p>Some judges have been of opinion that the journals of the House
of Commons are no records, but only remembrances. But this is not
law. <i>Hob.</i>, 110, 111; <i>Lex. Parl.</i>, 114, 115; <i>Journal H. C., Mar.
17, 1592</i>; <i>Hale. Parl.</i>, 105. For the Lords in their house have power
of judicature, the Commons in their house have power of judicature;
and both houses together have power of judicature; and the Book of
the Clerk of the House of Commons is a record, as is affirmed by act
of Parl., 6 <i>H.</i> 8, <i>c.</i> 16; 4 <i>Inst.</i>, 23, 24; and every member of the
House of Commons hath a judicial place. 4 <i>Inst.</i>, 15. As records
they are open to every person, and a printed vote of either house is
sufficient ground for the other to notice it. Either may appoint a
committee to inspect the journals of the other, and report what has
been done by the other in any particular case. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 361; 3 <i>Hats.</i>,
27-30. Every member has a right to see the journals, and take and
publish votes from them. Being a record, every one may see and
publish them. 6 <i>Grey</i>, 118, 119.</p>

<p>On information of a mis-entry or omission of an entry in the
journal, a committee may be appointed to examine and rectify it, and
report it to the House. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 194, 5.</p>

<h4>SECTION L.</h4>

<h5 id="ADJOURNMENT">ADJOURNMENT.</h5>

<p>The two Houses of Parliament have the sole, separate and independent
power of adjourning each their respective Houses. The King
has no authority to adjourn them; he can only signify his desire, and
it is in the wisdom and prudence of either house to comply with his
requisition, or not, as they see fitting. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 332; 1 <i>Blackstone</i>,
186; 5 <i>Grey</i>, 122.</p>

<p>[By the Constitution of the United States a smaller number than
a majority may adjourn from day to day. I, 5. But “neither House,
during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in
which the two Houses shall be sitting.” I, 5. And in case of disagreement
between them, with respect to the time of adjournment,
the President may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper.
<i>Const.</i>, II, 3.]</p>

<p>A motion to adjourn, simply, cannot be amended, as by adding
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span>
“to a particular day;” but must be put simply, “that this House do
now adjourn;” and if carried in the affirmative, it is adjourned to the
next sitting day, unless it has come to a previous resolution, “that at
its rising it will adjourn to a particular day,” and then the House is
adjourned to that day. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 82.</p>

<p>Where it is convenient that the business of the House be suspended
for a short time, as for a conference presently to be held, etc.,
it adjourns during pleasure. 2 <i>Hats.</i>, 305; or for a quarter of an hour.
5 <i>Grey</i>, 331.</p>

<p>If a question be put for adjournment, it is no adjournment till
the Speaker pronounces it. 5 <i>Grey</i>, 137. And from courtesy and
respect, no member leaves his place till the Speaker has passed on.</p>

<h4>SECTION LI.</h4>

<h5>A SESSION.</h5>

<p>Parliament have three modes of separation, to wit: By adjournment,
by prorogation or dissolution by the King, or by the efflux of
the term for which they were elected. Prorogation or dissolution
constitutes there what is called a session, provided some act has passed.
In this case all matters depending before them are discontinued, and
at their next meeting are to be taken up de novo, if taken up at all.
1 <i>Blackst.</i>, 186. Adjournment, which is by themselves, is no more
than a continuance of the session from one day to another, or for a
fortnight, a month, etc., ad libitum. All matters depending remain
in statu quo, and when they meet again, be the term ever so distant,
are resumed without any fresh commencement, at the point at which
they were left. 1 <i>Lev.</i>, 165; <i>Lex. Parl., c. 2</i>; 1 <i>Ro. Rep.</i>, 29; 4 <i>Inst.</i>,
7, 27, 28; <i>Hutt.</i>, 61; 1 <i>Mod.</i>, 252; <i>Ruffh. Jac. L. Dict. Parliament</i>;
1 <i>Blackst.</i>, 186. Their whole session is considered in law but as one
day, and has relation to the first day thereof. <i>Bro. Abr. Parliament</i>,
86.</p>

<p>Committees may be appointed to sit during a recess by adjournment
but not by prorogation. 5 <i>Grey</i>, 374; 9 <i>Grey</i>, 350; 1 <i>Chandler</i>, 50.
Neither house can continue any portion of itself in any parliamentary
function beyond the end of the session without the consent of the other
two branches. When done, it is by a bill constituting them commissioners
for the particular purpose.</p>

<p>[Congress separate in two ways only, to-wit: by adjournment, or
dissolution by the efflux of their time. What, then, constitutes a session
with them? A dissolution closes one session, and the meeting of
the new Congress begins another. The Constitution authorizes the
President, “on extraordinary occasions to convene both houses, or
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span>
either of them.” (I, 3) If convened by the President’s proclamation,
this must begin a new session, and of course determine the preceding
one to have been a session. So if it meets under the clause of the
Constitution, which says, “the Congress shall assemble at least once in
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,
unless they shall by law appoint a different day.” I, 4. This
must begin a new session; for even if the last adjournment was to this
day, the act of adjournment is merged in the higher authority of the
Constitution, and the meeting will be under that, and not under their
adjournment. So far, we have fixed landmarks for determining sessions.
In other cases it is declared by the joint vote authorizing the
President of the Senate and Speaker to close the session on a fixed day,
which is usually in the following form: “Resolved by the Senate and
House of Representatives, that the President of the Senate and
Speaker of the House of Representatives be authorized to close the
present session by adjourning their respective houses on the &mdash;&mdash; day
of &mdash;&mdash;.”]</p>

<p>When it was said above that all matters depending before Parliament
were discontinued by the determination of the session, it was
not meant for judiciary cases, depending before the House of Lords,
such as impeachments, appeals, and writs of error. These stand continued,
of course, to the next session. <i>Raym.</i>, 120, 381; <i>Ruffh. Jack.
L. D. Parliament</i>.</p>

<p>[Impeachments stand, in like manner, continued before the Senate
of the United States.]</p>

<h4>SECTION LII.</h4>

<h5>TREATIES.</h5>

<p>[The President of the United States has power, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds
of the Senators present concur. <i>Const. U. S.</i>, II, 2.]</p>

<p>[All confidential communications made by the President of the
United States to the Senate, shall be by the members thereof kept
secret; and that all treaties which may hereafter be laid before the
Senate, shall also be kept secret, until the Senate shall, by their resolution,
take off the injunction of secrecy. <i>Rule 39.</i>]</p>

<p>Treaties are legislative acts. A treaty is the law of the land. It
differs from other laws only as it must have the consent of a foreign
nation, being but a contract with respect to that nation. In all countries,
I believe, except England, treaties are made by the legislative
power; and there also, if they touch the laws of the land, they must
be approved by Parliament. Ware vs. Hayton, 3 <i>Dallas’ Rep.</i>, 223.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span>
It is acknowledged, for instance, that the King of Great Britain cannot
by a treaty make a citizen of an alien. <i>Vattel</i>, <i>b.</i> 1, <i>c.</i> 19, <i>sec.</i>
214. An act of Parliament was necessary to validate the American
treaty of 1783. And abundant examples of such acts can be cited.
In the case of the treaty of Utrecht, in 1712, the commercial articles
required the concurrence of Parliament; but a bill brought in for that
purpose was rejected. France, the other contracting party, suffered
these articles, in practice, to be not insisted on, and adhered to the
rest of the treaty. 4 <i>Russel’s Hist. Mod. Europe</i>, 457; 2 <i>Smollet</i>,
242, 246.</p>

<p>[By the Constitution of the United States this department of
legislation is confined to two branches only of the ordinary legislature;
the President originating, and the Senate having a negative. To what
subjects this power extends has not been defined in detail by the Constitution;
nor are we entirely agreed among ourselves. 1. It is
admitted that it must concern the foreign nation party to the contract,
or it would be a mere nullity, res inter alios acta. 2. By the general
power to make treaties, the Constitution must have intended to comprehend
only those subjects which are usually regulated by treaty, and
cannot be otherwise regulated. 3. It must have meant to except out
of these rights reserved to the States; for surely the President and
Senate cannot do by treaty what the whole government is interdicted
from doing in any way. 4. And also to except those subjects of legislation
in which it gave a participation to the House of Representatives.
This last exception is denied by some, on the ground that it would
leave very little matter for the treaty power to work on. The less the
better, say others. The Constitution thought it wise to restrain the
Executive and Senate from entangling and embroiling our affairs with
those of Europe. Besides, as the negotiations are carried on by the
Executive alone, the subjecting to the ratification of the representatives
such articles as are within their participation, is no more inconvenient
than to the Senate. But the ground of this exception is denied
as unfounded. For examine, <i>e. g.</i> the treaty of commerce with France,
and it will be found that, out of thirty-one articles, there are not more
than small portions of two or three of them which would not still
remain as subjects of treaties, untouched by these exceptions.]</p>

<p>Treaties being declared, equally with the laws of the United States,
to be the supreme law of the land, it is understood that an act of the
legislature alone can declare them infringed and rescinded. This was
accordingly the process adopted in the case of France in 1798.</p>

<p>[It has been the usage for the Executive, when it communicates
a treaty to the Senate for their ratification, to communicate also the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span>
correspondence of the negotiators. This having been omitted in case
of the Prussian treaty, was asked by a vote of the House, of February
12, 1800, and was obtained. And in December, 1800, the convention
of that year between the United States and France, with the
report of the negotiations by the envoys, but not their instructions,
being laid before the Senate, the instructions were asked for, and communicated
by the President.]</p>

<p>[The mode of voting on questions of ratification is by nominal
call.]</p>

<p>[Whenever a treaty shall be laid before the Senate for ratification,
it shall be read a first time for information only; when no motion to
reject, ratify, or modify the whole, or any part, shall be received. Its
second reading shall be for consideration, and on a subsequent day,
when it shall be taken up as in a committee of the whole, and every
one shall be free to move a question on any particular article, in this
form: “Will the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of this
article?” or to propose amendments thereto, either by inserting or by
leaving out words, in which last case the question shall be: “Shall
the words stand part of the article?” And in every of the said cases,
the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present shall be requisite
to decide affirmatively. And when, through the whole, the proceedings
shall be stated to the House, and questions be again severally
put thereon, for confirmation, or new ones proposed, requiring in
like manner a concurrence of two-thirds for whatever is retained or
inserted.]</p>

<p>[The votes so confirmed shall, by the House, or a committee
thereof, be reduced into the form of a ratification, with or without
modifications, as may have been decided, and shall be proposed on a
subsequent day, when every one shall again be free to move amendments,
either by inserting or leaving out words; in which last case the
question shall be: “Shall the words stand part of the resolution?”
And in both cases the concurrence of two-thirds shall be requisite to
carry the affirmative; as well as on the final question to advise and
consent to the ratification in the form agreed to. <i>Rule 37.</i>]</p>

<p>[When any question may have been decided by the Senate, in
which two-thirds of the members present are necessary to carry the
affirmative, any member who voted on that side which prevailed in the
question may be at liberty to move for a reconsideration, and a motion
for reconsideration shall be decided by a majority of votes. <i>Rule 37.</i>]
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span></p>

<h4>SECTION LIII.</h4>

<h5>IMPEACHMENT.</h5>

<p>[The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment.
<i>Const. U. S.</i>, I, 3.]</p>

<p>[The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments.
When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation.
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice
shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence
of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment
shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification
to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the
United States. But the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable
and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according
to law. <i>Const.</i>, I, 3.]</p>

<p>[The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction
of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
<i>Const.</i>, II, 4.]</p>

<p>[The trial of crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury. <i>Const.</i>, III, 2.]</p>

<p>These are the provisions of the Constitution of the United States
on the subject of impeachments. The following is a sketch of some
of the principles and practices of England on the same subject:</p>

<p><i>Jurisdiction.</i> The Lords cannot impeach any to themselves, nor
join in the accusation, because they are the judges. <i>Seld. Judic. in
Parl.</i>, 12, 63. Nor can they proceed against a commoner but on complaint
of the Commons. <i>Ib.</i>, 84. The Lords may not, by the law,
try a commoner for a capital offense, on the information of the King
or a private person, because the accused is entitled to a trial by his
peers generally; but on accusation by the House of Commons, they
may proceed against the delinquent, of whatsoever degree, and whatsoever
be the nature of the offense; for there they do not assume to
themselves trial at common law. The commons are then instead of a
jury, and the judgment is given on their demand, which is instead of a
verdict. So the Lords do only judge, but not try the delinquent. <i>Ib.</i>
6, 7. But Wooddeson denies that a commoner can now be charged
capitally before the Lords, even by the Commons; and cites Fitzharris’s
case, 1681, impeached for high treason, where the Lords remitted
the prosecution to the inferior court. 8 <i>Grey’s Deb.</i>, 325-7;
<i>Wooddeson</i>, 601, 576; 3 <i>Seld.</i>, 1610, 1619, 1641; 4 <i>Blackst.</i>, 25; <i>73
Seld.</i>, 1604, 1618; 9, 1656.</p>

<p><i>Accusation.</i> The Commons, as the grand inquest of the nation,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span>
become suitors for penal justice. 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 597; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 356. The
general course is to pass a resolution containing a criminal charge
against the supposed delinquent, and then to direct some member to
impeach him by oral accusation, at the bar of the House of Lords, in
the name of the Commons. The person signifies that the articles
will be exhibited, and desires that the delinquent may be sequestered
from his seat, or be committed, or that the peers will take order from
his appearance. <i>Sachev. Trial</i>, 325; <i>Woodd.</i>, 602, 605; <i>Lords’ Jour.
3 June, 1701</i>, 101; 1 <i>Wms.</i>, 616; 6 <i>Grey</i>, 324.</p>

<p><i>Process.</i> If a party do not appear, proclamations are to be issued,
giving him a day to appear. On their return they are strictly examined.
If any error be found in them, a new proclamation issues, giving a
short day. If he appear not, his goods may be arrested and they may
proceed. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 98, 99.</p>

<p><i>Articles.</i> The accusation (articles) of the Commons is substituted
in place of an indictment. Thus, by the usage of Parliament, in
impeachment for writing or speaking, the particular words need not
be specified. <i>Sach. Tr.</i>, 325; 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 602, 605; <i>Lords’ Jour., 3
June, 1701</i>; 1 <i>Wms.</i>, 616.</p>

<p><i>Appearance.</i> If he appears, and the case be capital, he answers
in custody; though not if the accusations be general. He is not to be
committed but on special accusations. If it be for a misdemeanor
only, he answers a Lord in his place, a Commoner at the bar, and not
in custody, unless on the answer the Lords find cause to commit him,
till he finds sureties to attend, and lest he should fly. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 98,
99. A copy of the articles is given him, and a day fixed for his answer.
<i>T. Ray</i>; 1 <i>Rushw.</i>, 268; <i>Fost.</i>, 232; 1 <i>Clar. Hist. of the Reb.</i>, 379.
On a misdemeanor, his appearance may be in person, or he may answer
in writing, or by attorney. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 100. The general rule on
accusation for a misdemeanor is, that in such a state of liberty or restraint
as the party is when the Commons complain of him, in such he
is to answer. <i>Ib.</i>, 101. If previously committed by the Commons,
he answers as a prisoner. But this may be called in some sort judicium
parium snorum. <i>Ib.</i> In misdemeanors the party has a right to counsel
by the common law; but not in capital cases. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 102-5.</p>

<p><i>Answer.</i> The answer need not observe great strictness of form.
He may plead guilty as to part, and defend as to the residue; or,
saving all exceptions, deny the whole or give a particular answer to
each article separately. 1 <i>Rush.</i>, 274; 1 <i>Rush.</i>, 1374; <i>12 Parl. Hist.</i>,
442; 3 <i>Lords’ Journ., 13 Nov., 1643</i>; <i>Woodd.</i>, 607. But he cannot
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span>
plead a pardon in bar to the impeachment. 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 615; 2 <i>St.
Tr.</i>, 735.</p>

<p><i>Replication, rejoinder, etc.</i> There may be a replication, rejoinder,
etc. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 114; 8 <i>Grey’s Deb.</i>, 233; <i>Sach. Tr.</i>, 15; <i>Journ.
H. of Commons, 6 March, 1640</i>, 1.</p>

<p><i>Witnesses.</i> The practice is to swear the witnesses in open House,
and then examine them there; or a committee may be named, who shall
examine them in committee, either on interrogatories agreed on in the
House, or such as the committee in their discretion shall demand. <i>Seld.
Jud.</i>, 120, 123.</p>

<p><i>Jury.</i> In the case of Alice Pierce, 1 <i>R.</i> 2, a jury was impanneled
for her trial before a committee. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 123. But this was on
a complaint, not on impeachment by the commons. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 163.
It must also have been for a misdemeanor only, as the lords spiritual
sat in the case, which they do on misdemeanors, but not in capital
cases. <i>Id.</i>, 148. The judgment was a forfeiture of all her lands
and goods. <i>Id.</i>, 188. This, Seldon says, is the only jury he finds recorded
in Parliament for misdemeanor; but he makes no doubt, if the
delinquent doth put himself on trial of his country, a jury ought to
be impanneled, and he adds that it is not so on impeachment by the
commons; for they are in loco proprio, and there no jury ought to be
impanneled. <i>Id.</i> 124. The Ld. Berkely (6 <i>E.</i> 3) was arraigned for
the murder of L. 2, on an information on the part of the King, and
not on impeachment of the commons; for then they had been patria
sua. He waived his peerage, and was tried by a jury of Gloucestershire
and Warwickshire. <i>Id.</i>, 125. In 1 H. 7, the commons protest that they are
not to be considered as parties to any judgment given, or hereafter to be
given in Parliament. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 133. They have been generally and more
justly considered, as is before stated, as the grand jury; for the conceit
of Seldom is certainly not accurate, and they are the patria sua of
the accused, and that the lords do only judge, but not try. It is undeniable
that they do try; for they examine witnesses as to the facts, and
acquit or condemn, according to their own belief of them. And Lord
Hale says “the peers are judges of law as well as of fact;” 2 <i>Hale, P.
C.</i>, 275; consequently of fact as well as of law.</p>

<p><i>Presence of Commons.</i> The commons are to be present at the
examination of witnesses. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 124. Indeed, they are to attend
throughout, either as a committee of the whole House, or otherwise,
at discretion, appoint managers to conduct the proofs. <i>Rushw.
Tr. of Straff.</i>, 37; <i>Com. Journ., 4 Feb., 1709-10</i>; 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 614.
And judgment is not to be given till they demand it. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 124.
But they are not to be present on impeachment when the lords consider
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span>
of the answer of proofs and determine of their judgment. Their presence,
however, is necessary at the answer and judgment in cases capital
(<i>Id.</i>, 58, 159) as well as not capital; (162.) The lords debate the
judgment among themselves. Then the vote is first taken on the question
of guilty or not guilty; and if they convict, the question, or particular
sentence, is out of that which seemeth to be most generally
agreed on. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 167; 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 612.</p>

<p><i>Judgment.</i> Judgments in Parliament, for death, have been
strictly guided per legem terræ, which they cannot alter; and not at
all according to their discretion. They can neither omit any legal part
of the judgment nor add to it. Their sentence must be secundum,
non ultra legem. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 168-171. This trial, though it varies in
external ceremony, yet differs not in essentials from criminal prosecutions
before inferior courts. The same rules of evidence, the same
legal notions of crimes and punishments, prevailed; for impeachments
are not framed to alter the law, but to carry it into more effectual execution
against too powerful delinquents. The judgment, therefore, is
to be such as is warranted by legal principles or precedents. 6 <i>Sta.
Tr.</i>, 14; 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 611. The Chancellor gives judgment in misdemeanors;
the Lord High Steward formerly in cases of life and death.
<i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 180. But now the Steward is deemed not necessary. <i>Fost.</i>,
144; 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 613. In misdemeanors the greatest corporal punishment
hath been imprisonment. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 184. The King’s assent
is necessary in capital judgments (2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 614, contra), but not in
misdemeanors. <i>Seld. Jud.</i>, 136.</p>

<p><i>Continuance.</i> An impeachment is not discontinued by the dissolution
of Parliament, but may be resumed by the new Parliament. <i>T.
Ray.</i>, 383; 4 <i>Com. Journ., 23 Dec., 1790</i>; <i>Lords’ Journ., May 15,
1791</i>; 2 <i>Woodd.</i>, 618.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="Legislative_Assemblies">LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES.</h2>

<h3 id="TERRITORIAL_GOVERNMENT">TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.</h3>

<p class="copy">First Session of the First Legislative Assembly of Colorado, convened
at Denver September 9th, and adjourned November 7th, 1861.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">E. A. Arnold</span>, of Lake, President; <span class="smcap">S. L. Baker</span>, Secretary; <span class="smcap">David
A. Chever</span>, Asst.-Sec.; <span class="smcap">E. W. Kingsbury</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. J. Graham</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amos Steck</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Mather</td>
    <td>Gilpin and Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. F. Parker</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. U. Colby</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S. M. Robbins</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. A. Arnold</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R. B. Willis</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. M. Francisco</td>
    <td>Huerfano and Pueblo</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Charles F. Holly</span>, of Boulder, Speaker; <span class="smcap">F. H. Page</span>, Chief Clerk;
<span class="smcap">E. P. Elmer</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel Steele</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles F. Holly</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. S. Wilhite</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edwin Scudder</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Rankin</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James H. Noteware</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. A. Whittemore<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a></td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel Witter<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a></td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George F. Crocker</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Victor Garcia</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus M. Barela</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George M. Chilcott</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span></p>

<p class="copy">Second Session of the Legislative Assembly convened at Colorado City on the 7th
day of July, 1862; adjourned to Denver July 11th. Adjourned sine die August
15th, 1862.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">N. J. Bond</span>, of Park, President; <span class="smcap">John Howard</span>, Secretary; <span class="smcap">Matt.
Riddlebarger</span>, Asst.-Sec.; <span class="smcap">Amos Widner</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. J. Graham</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. R. Hunt</td>
    <td>Douglas, Arapahoe, Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amos Steck</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Jefferson, Gilpin, Clear Creek and Boulder</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Mather</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>N. J. Bond</td>
    <td>Park, Summit and Lake</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry F. Parker</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. B. Woodson</td>
    <td>Fremont, El Paso, Huerfano, Conejos, Costilla, andPueblo</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. U. Colby</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry Altman<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a></td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. A. Arnold</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert B. Willis</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. M. Francisco</td>
    <td>Huerfano and Pueblo</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George F. Crocker</span>, of Lake, Speaker; <span class="smcap">William Train Muir</span>,
Chief Clerk; <span class="smcap">E. P. Elmer</span>, Assistant-Clerk; <span class="smcap">Richard Sopris</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel Steele</td>
    <td>Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph Kenyon</td>
    <td>Larimer, Weld, Boulder, and Jefferson</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles F. Holly</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. C. Oakes</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. S. Wilhite</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. G. Hanscome</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edwin Scudder</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William M. Slaughter</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Rankin<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. B. Hayes</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. W. Hamilton</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James H. Noteware</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wilbur F. Stone</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. A. Whittemore</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R. R. Harbour</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel Witter</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Fosher</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George F. Crocker</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>M. S. Beach</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Victor Garcia</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Raphael Martine</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus M. Barela</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Francisco Gallejos</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George M. Chilcott</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. Powell</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Third Session of the Legislative Assembly convened at Golden on the 1st day of
February, 1864; adjourned to Denver February 4th. Adjourned sine die March
11th, 1864.</p>

<h3>COUNCIL.</h3>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Charles W. Mather</span>, of Gilpin, President; <span class="smcap">C. B. Haynes</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">W. T. Reynolds</span>, Assistant-Secretary; <span class="smcap">E. C. Parmelee</span>,
Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">O. B. Brown</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">C. A. Bartholomew</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amos Widner</td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Moses Hallett</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard E. Whitsitt</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Mather</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. J. Van Deren</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. A. Johnson</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lewis Jones</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R. O. Bailey</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert Berry</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. B. Doyle</td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. Dominguez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. E. Esterday</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h3>REPRESENTATIVES.</h3>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Jerome B. Chaffee</span>, of Gilpin, Speaker; <span class="smcap">Baxter B. Stiles</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">John Walker</span>;, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">C. C. Carpenter</span>,
Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">Richard Sopris</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. O. Patterson<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a></td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David A. Chever</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. A. Koontz</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John A. Nye</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. H. Eames</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David Ripley</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James Kelley</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Leon D. Judd</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Kipp<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alvin Marsh</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel Mallory<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. F. Holland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. E. Leeper</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>M. C. White</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John T. Lynch</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry Henson</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. B. Stansell</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joel Wood</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. McCannon</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pablo Ortega</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Victor Garcia</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>N. W. Welton</td>
    <td>Costilla and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. J. McComas<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a></td>
    <td>Costilla and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>L. D. Webster</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Z. Sheldon</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Fourth Session of the Legislative Assembly convened at Golden, January 2d, and
adjourned February 10th, 1865.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">J. Wentz Wilson</span>, of Gilpin, President; <span class="smcap">Ozias Millett</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">James O. Allen</span>, Assistant Secretary; <span class="smcap">W. B. Felton</span>,
Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">W. Adams</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap"> Marshall Silverthorn</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amos Widner</td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Moses Hallett</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard E. Whitsitt<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a></td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Wentz Wilson</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George R. Mitchell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. K. Baxter</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lewis Jones<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a></td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. L. Pearson</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert Berry</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert B. Willis</td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. Dominguez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. E. Esterday<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a></td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">L. H. Harsh</span>, of Gilpin, Speaker; <span class="smcap">C. H. Grover</span>, Chief Clerk;
<span class="smcap">N. S. Hurd</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">A. D. Cooper</span>, Enrolling Clerk;
<span class="smcap">Henry Gibson</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hiram J. Brendlinger</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rufus Clark</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Baxter B. Stiles</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>F. M. Case.<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a></td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. H. Nichols</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. O. Patterson</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas D. Worrall</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>L. H. Harsh</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin Lake</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Mansur</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. M. Tyler</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. F. Holland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. F. Pine</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John T. Lynch</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Hopkins</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wilbur F. Stone</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James Thompson</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. North</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. G. Ehrhart</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>Costilla and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>Costilla and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mills M. Craig</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. H. P. Baxter<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a></td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Fifth Session of the Legislative Assembly convened at Golden, on the first day of
January, 1866, adjourned to Denver, January 4th, and adjourned sine die Feb.
9th, 1866.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Henry C. Leach</span>, of Arapahoe, President; <span class="smcap">Charles G. Cox</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">George H. Stilwell</span>, Assistant Secretary; <span class="smcap">Benjamin
P. Thompson</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">N. F. Cheeseman</span>, Enrolling
Clerk; <span class="smcap">Marshall Silverthorn</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph M. Marshall</td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld  First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry C. Leach</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Q. Charles</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George R. Mitchell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ebenezer Smith</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin Woodbury</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert Douglas</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Mann</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. H. DeMary</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. H. P. Baxter</td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus Maria Velasquez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George A. Hinsdale</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">E. Norris Stearns</span>, of Park, Speaker; <span class="smcap">C. J. McDivitt</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">A. D. Cooper</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">A. Hopkins</span>, Engrossing
Clerk; <span class="smcap">Charles Bartholomew</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. F. Johnson</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David Gregory</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Louis F. Bartels</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James F. Gardner</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. J. Graham</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S. M. Breath</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. C. Bergen</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Perley Dodge</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frank Hall</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Columbus Nuckolls<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. M. Grimes<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. W. Watson<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David T. Ball</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. R. Colvin</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Fosher</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. D. Bevan<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a></td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. Norris Stearns</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Norris</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas Keys</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. G. Ehrhart</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Gabriel Martin</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>M. Mandrigan</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus Maria Barela</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Matt. Riddlebarger</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Lock</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Henry</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span></p>

<p class="copy">Sixth Session of the Legislative Assembly, convened at Golden December 3d,
1866, and adjourned January 11th, 1867.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Robert Douglas</span>, of Park, President; <span class="smcap">Robert Berry</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">J. A. Miller</span>, Assistant-Secretary; <span class="smcap">N. F. Cheeseman</span>, Enrolling
Clerk; <span class="smcap">William B. Rines</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">B. R. Wall</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph M. Marshall</td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Q. Charles</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry C. Leach</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George R. Mitchell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin Woodbury</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ebenezer Smith</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert Douglas</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Mann</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. H. DeMary</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. H. P. Baxter</td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus Maria Velasquez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George A. Hinsdale</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">E. L. Berthoud</span>, of Jefferson, Speaker; <span class="smcap">C. J. McDivitt</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">W. J. Kram</span>, Assistant-Clerk; <span class="smcap">&mdash;&mdash; Root</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">&mdash;&mdash; Grey</span>,
Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">E. H. Brown</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Peter Winne</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. H. McLaughlin</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edwin Scudder</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. E. Force</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. J. Goss</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James S. Doggett</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. L. Berthoud</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. E. Parkman</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Columbus Nuckolls</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. T. Wells</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. V. Glendinen</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. M. Grimes</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles B. Patterson</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R. W. Davis<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a></td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ziba Surles</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. W. Webster</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles L. Hall</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>F. C. Morse</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Julius C. Hughes</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jacob E. Ehrhart</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Juan B. Lobato</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S. Valdez</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Juan Miguel Vijil</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Matt. Riddlebarger<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a></td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>M. Mills Craig</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. H. Young</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Seventh Session of the Legislative Assembly, convened at Golden, December
2nd, 1867; adjourned to Denver December 9th. Adjourned sine die January
10th, 1868.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">William W. Webster</span>, of Summit, President; <span class="smcap">Ed. C. Parmelee</span>,
Secretary; <span class="smcap">W. J. Kram</span>, Assistant-Secretary; <span class="smcap">E. R. Harris</span>,
Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">A. Hopkins</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">Ziba Surles</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James H. Pinkerton</td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amos Steck</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>Charles A. Cook</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>Hugh Butler</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>David D. Belden</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>J. Wellington Nesmith</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>E. Norris Stearns</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>William W. Webster</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>Julius C. Hughes</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>B. B. Field<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a></td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>Jesus Maria Velasquez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr><tr>
    <td>Francisco Sanchez</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">C. H. McLaughlin</span>, of Arapahoe, Speaker; <span class="smcap">C. J. McDivitt</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">M. L. Horr</span>, Assistant-Clerk; <span class="smcap">Joseph Sharratt</span>, Engrossing
Clerk; <span class="smcap">A. Cree</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">Charles F. Leimer</span>,
Assistant Enrolling Clerk; &mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Wells</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. Stratton</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. H. McLaughlin</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Baxter B. Stiles</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. E. Wurtzebach</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>G. W. Miller</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. L. Pearson</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>F. O. Sawin</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. Haswell</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. M. Richards</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S. F. Huddleston</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. R. Bissell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. M. Slaughter</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. C. McCoy</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. E. Wharton</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen Decatur</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. A. Pierce</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ansel Bates</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. J. McDougal</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Gilliland</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. Fowler</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Lawrence</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pablo Ortega</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Silverio Suaso</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas Suaso<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">66</a></td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas Macon</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. T. Stone</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Eighth Session of the Legislative Assembly convened at Denver, January 3d, and
adjourned February 11th, 1870.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George A. Hinsdale</span>, President; <span class="smcap">A. O, Patterson</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">George T. Clark</span>, Assistant Secretary; <span class="smcap">J. E. Cobb</span>, Engrossing
Clerk; <span class="smcap">Henry Bell</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">E. T. Stone</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesse M. Sherwood<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">67</a></td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amos Steck</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles A. Cook</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hugh Butler</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Silas B. Hahn<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">68</a></td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Wellington Nesmith</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. Norris Stearns</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William W. Webster</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Julius C. Hughes</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George A. Hinsdale</td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus Maria Velasquez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francisco Sanchez</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span></p>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George W. Miller</span>, Speaker; Wm. <span class="smcap">M. Slaughter</span>, Chief Clerk;
<span class="smcap">A. M. Barnard</span>, Assistant Clerk; <span class="smcap">Thomas A. McCrystal</span>,
Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">John D. McIntyre</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">W. W.
Remine</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Matthew S. Taylor</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Miller</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel H. Elbert</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. B. Bearce</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. C. Gird</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John H. Wells</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allison H. De France</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas J. Graham</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas J. Campbell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. E. Lyon</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. E. Lea</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John F. Topping</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John T. Lynch</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. B. Myers</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Mann</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. D. Bevan</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. M. Mullen</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. G. Randall</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. L. Vandiver</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. C. Hall</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Manuel Lucero</td>
    <td>Conejos, Costilla and Saguache</td>
    <td rowspan="3">Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Clement Trujillo</td>
    <td>Conejos, Costilla and Saguache</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William H. Meyer</td>
    <td>Conejos, Costilla and Saguache</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Filipe Baca</td>
    <td>Huerfano and Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Sheppard</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. B. Rice</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Ninth Session of the Legislative Assembly, convened at Denver January 1st, and
adjourned February 9th, 1872.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George M. Chilcott</span>, of Pueblo. President; <span class="smcap">Elward L. Salisbury</span>,
Secretary; <span class="smcap">Chase Withrow</span>, Assistant Secretary; <span class="smcap">E. H.
Starrette</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">S. N. Sanders</span>, Enrolling Clerk;
<span class="smcap">Robert N. Daniels</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph E. Bates</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francis Gallup</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William C. Stover</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allison H. De France</td>
    <td>Jefferson and Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nathaniel P. Hill</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin W. Wisebart</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward C. Parmelee</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Summit</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Madison W. Stewart</td>
    <td>Greenwood, Bent and Douglas</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George M. Chilcott</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Marshall Paul</td>
    <td>Park, Lake, Saguache and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus Maria Garcia</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Silverio Suaso</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Victor Garcia</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Alvin Marsh</span>, of Gilpin, Speaker; <span class="smcap">James G. Cooper</span>, Chief Clerk;
<span class="smcap">Joseph T. Boyd</span>, Assistant Clerk; <span class="smcap">Rollin Morrow</span>, Engrossing
Clerk; <span class="smcap">C. W. Baldwin</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">Uriah M. Curtis</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frederick Steinhauer</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Isaac H. Batchellor</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Clarence P. Elder</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John G. Lilley</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. W. Bacon</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. H. Eaton</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John D. Patrick</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James P. Maxwell</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles C. Welch</td>
    <td>Jefferson and Boulder</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alvin Marsh</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George E. Randolph</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John F. Topping</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. W. Webster</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Summit</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James F. Gardner</td>
    <td>Douglas</td>
    <td>Eighth</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas O. Boggs<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">69</a></td>
    <td>Bent and Greenwood</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. M. Givens</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. F. Crowell</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. D. Cooper</td>
    <td>Fremont, Lake, Park, and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John G. Randall</td>
    <td>Fremont, Lake, Park, and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Casimiro Barela</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lorenzo A. Abeyta<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">70</a></td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mariano Larragoite</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John A. Manzanares</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pedro Raphael Trujillo</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose A. Velasquez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Fifteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francisco Sanchez</td>
    <td>Conejos and Costilla</td>
    <td>Sixteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span></p>

<p class="copy">Tenth Session of the Legislative Assembly convened at Denver on the 5th day of
January, and adjourned February 13th, 1874.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Madison W. Stewart</span>, of Bent, President; <span class="smcap">Foster Nichols</span>,
Secretary; <span class="smcap">D. C. Lionberger</span>, Assistant-Secretary; <span class="smcap">George H.
F. Work</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">George R. Ward</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. P. H. Bromwell</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R. G. Buckingham</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas Sprague</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John B. Fitzpatrick</td>
    <td>Jefferson and Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hugh Butler</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. C. McCammon</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William M. Clark</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Summit</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Madison W. Stewart</td>
    <td>Greenwood, Bent, and Douglas</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George M. Chilcott</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jairus W. Hall</td>
    <td>Park, Lake, Saguache and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel L. Taylor</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Juan B. Jaquez</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lafayette Head</td>
    <td>Costilla and Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">David H. Nichols</span>, of Boulder, Speaker; <span class="smcap">Joseph T. Boyd</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">E. P. Drake</span>, Assistant-Clerk; <span class="smcap">J. A. Koontz</span>, Engrossing
Clerk; <span class="smcap">O. H. Henry</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frederick Steinhauer</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alfred Butters</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R. S. Little</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. H. K. Uhlhorn</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph C. Shattuck</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John McCutcheon</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Levi Harsh</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James P. Maxwell</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David H. Nichols</td>
    <td>Jefferson and Boulder</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry Paul</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bela S. Buell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William J. Buffington</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin F. Napheys</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Summit</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Perry</td>
    <td>Douglas</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Prowers</td>
    <td>Bent and Greenwood</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph C. Wilson</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Moore</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph Hutchinson</td>
    <td>Fremont, Park, Lake, and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Amsbary</td>
    <td>Fremont, Park, Lake, and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eleventh.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mariano Larragoite</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Casimiro Barela</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alexander H. Taylor</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. A. J. Valdez</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William H. Meyer</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Manuel S. Salazar</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Fifteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Juan Esquibel</td>
    <td>Costilla and Conejos</td>
    <td>Sixteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">Eleventh Session of the Legislative Assembly, convened at Denver on the 3d day of
January, and adjourned February 11th, 1876.</p>

<h4>COUNCIL.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Adair Wilson</span>, of Rio Grande, President; <span class="smcap">James T. Smith</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">Frank Fossett</span>, Assistant-Secretary; <span class="smcap">James D. Henry</span>,
Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">William Borchert</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">J. A.
J. Bigler</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bela M. Hughes</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Baxter B. Stiles</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. H. Eaton</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John C. Hummel</td>
    <td>Boulder and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Silas B. Hahn</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E. L. Salisbury</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert S. Morrison</td>
    <td>Clear Creek, Summit and Grand</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Andrew D. Wilson</td>
    <td>Douglas, Bent, and Elbert</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James Rice</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James Clelland</td>
    <td>Freemont, Park, Lake, and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>P. A. McBride</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Silverio Suaso</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Adair Wilson</td>
    <td>Costilla, Conejos, Rio Grande, Hinsdale, La Plata</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Alfred Butters</span>, of Arapahoe, Speaker; <span class="smcap">Joseph T. Boyd</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">C. L. Peyton</span>, Assistant-Clerk; <span class="smcap">James W. Galloway</span>,
Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">W. B. Dickinson</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">James
D. Wood</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alfred Butters</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edmund L. Smith</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward Pisko</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. B. Mills</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Norman H. Meldrum</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. C. McCowan<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">71</a></td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Second.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>M. N. Everett</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David C. Patterson</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George Rand</td>
    <td>Jefferson and Boulder</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John C. McShane</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frederick Kruse</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Larned</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John H. Yonley</td>
    <td>Clear Creek, Summit, and Grand</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. M. Nimerick</td>
    <td>Douglas and Elbert</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frank Bingham</td>
    <td>Bent</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Albinus Z. Sheldon</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. O. Rettberg</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James Y. Marshall</td>
    <td>Fremont, Park, Lake and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>I. N. Peyton</td>
    <td>Fremont, Park, Lake, and Saguache</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Donaciano Gurule</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nicanora D. Jarramilla</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mauricio Apadaca</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Herman Duhme Jr.</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francisco Sanchez</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. M. Trippe</td>
    <td>Conejos, Hinsdale, Rio Grande and La Plata</td>
    <td>Fifteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Reuben J. McNutt</td>
    <td>Conejos, Costilla, Hinsdale, Rio Grande and La Plata</td>
    <td>Sixteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p id="CONST_CONV_1865" class="copy">This Constitutional Convention assembled at Denver on the 8th of August, 1865,
and adjourned August 12th, having framed a Constitution which was submitted to
a vote of the people on the first Tuesday of September, 1865, and the same was
adopted by a majority of one hundred and fifty-five votes. The Convention was
composed of the following named gentlemen:</p>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">W. A. H. Loveland</span>, President; <span class="smcap">Webster D. Anthony</span>,
of Arapahoe, Secretary.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel E. Browne</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Q. Charles</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Bright Smith</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James M. Cavanaugh</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard Sopris</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph M. Brown</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George T. Clark</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John A. Koontz</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. H. Goodwin</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. C. Hunt</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles A. Cook</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>G. W. Miller</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David H. Nichols</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>P. M. Hinman</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. Pound</td>
    <td>Boul., Weld &amp; Larim’r</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Lumry</td>
    <td>Boul., W’d &amp; Larm’r</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. E. Sisty</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. T. Herrick</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert White</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles B. Patterson</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Locke</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. P. Wilson</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward S. Perrin</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. E. Darby</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. C. Waterman</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rodney French</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. J. Van Deren</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. F. Powell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>F. H. Judd</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Mather</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. F. Lake</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George E. Randolph</td>
    <td>Gilpin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William S. Rockwell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. J. Hollister</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William R. Gorsline</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Truman Whitcomb</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>G. B. Backus</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. C. Bergen</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. P. Boyd</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. H. DeMary</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>N. F. Cheeseman</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles Nachtrieb</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Harrison Anderson</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John McCannon</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas Keys</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. J. Curtice</td>
    <td>Park</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alexander Hatch</td>
    <td>Park</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alfred DuBois</td>
    <td>Park</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry Henson</td>
    <td>Park</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. D. Parmelee</td>
    <td>Park</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Lechner</td>
    <td>Park</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. B. Haskell</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John T. Lynch</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>G. W. Coffin</td>
    <td>Weld &amp; Larimer</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. E. Washburn</td>
    <td>Weld &amp; Larimer</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>F. Merrill</td>
    <td>1st Reg. Col. Cav.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. L. Pritchard</td>
    <td>2d Reg. Col. Cav.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>G. W. Hawkins</td>
    <td>1st Reg. Col. Cav.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. C. Hawley</td>
    <td>1st Reg. Col. Cav.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. F. Pine</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. G. Reid</td>
    <td />
  </tr></table>

<hr class="tb" />

<p id="LEG_ASSMBLY_1865" class="copy">This State Legislature convened at Golden, December 12th, 1865, adjourned to
Denver, December 16th, adjourned sine die, December 19, 1865.</p>

<h4>SENATE.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">George A. Hinsdale</span>, Lt. Governor, President; <span class="smcap">John Walker</span>,
Secretary; <span class="smcap">Edwin H. Brown</span>, Assistant Secretary; <span class="smcap">H. B.
Haskell</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Leander M. Black</td>
    <td>Boulder, Larimer and Weld</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles A. Cook</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>L. B. McLain</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Truman Whitcomb</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>L. L. Bedell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. G. Langford</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. A. H. Loveland</td>
    <td>Clear Creek and Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James Castello</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Adam B. Cooper</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. H. DeMary</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Henry</td>
    <td>Pueblo, El Paso, Huerfano  and Fremont</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jesus M. Velasquez</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. L. Gasper</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">D. P. Wilson</span>, of Fremont, Speaker; <span class="smcap">L. H. Shepherd</span>, Chief
Clerk; <span class="smcap">C. J. McDivitt</span>, Assistant Clerk; <span class="smcap">Charles Bartholomew</span>,
Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 30%" />
    <col style="width: 50%" />
    <col style="width: 20%" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>DISTRICT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Lumry</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>First.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert L. Hatten</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>G. H. Greenslit</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Garrison</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. G. Peabody</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Second.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Wright</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Third.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. C. Bergen<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">72</a></td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Fourth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David H. Nichols</td>
    <td>Boulder and Gilpin</td>
    <td>Fifth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Isaac Whicher</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jason E. Scobey</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen Goodall</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lyman W. Chase</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Sixth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles B. Patterson</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B. R. Colvin</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Seventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James A. Pierce</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Aaron Hopkins</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Eighth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Lechner</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles L. Hall</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Ninth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas Keys</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. C. Hughes</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Tenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pedro Arragon</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jose Gabriel Martine</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Eleventh.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pedro Lobato</td>
    <td>Costilla and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Matt. Riddlebarger</td>
    <td>Costilla and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Twelfth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. P. Wilson</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Thirteenth.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George A. Bute</td>
    <td>Pueblo and El Paso</td>
    <td>Fourteenth.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4 id="CONST_CONV_1875">CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.</h4>

<p class="copy">The Constitutional Convention assembled at Denver on the 20th day of December,
1875, and adjourned March 15th, 1876, having framed a constitution, which was
submitted to a vote of the people on the first day of July following, and the same
was adopted by a majority of 11,404 votes. The Convention was composed of the
following named gentlemen:</p>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Joseph C. Wilson</span>, of El Paso, President; <span class="smcap">W. W. Coulson</span>, Secretary;
<span class="smcap">Herbert Stanley</span> and <span class="smcap">H. A. Terpening</span>, Assistant Secretaries;
<span class="smcap">Fred J. Stanton</span>, Engrossing and Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">A.
H. Barker</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col4">
  <tr>
    <th>DIS.</th>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTY.</th>
    <th>POST OFFICE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1</td>
    <td>Sylvester J. Plumb</td>
    <td>Weld</td>
    <td>Erie.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1</td>
    <td>John S. Wheeler</td>
    <td>Weld</td>
    <td>Fort Lupton.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>2</td>
    <td>Abram K. Yount</td>
    <td>Weld and Larimer</td>
    <td>Fort Collins.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>3</td>
    <td>William C. Stover</td>
    <td>Larimer</td>
    <td>Fort Collins.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>4</td>
    <td>William E. Beck</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>4</td>
    <td>Byron L. Carr</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Longmont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>5</td>
    <td>Alvin Marsh</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Black Hawk.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>5</td>
    <td>Lewis C. Rockwell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Central.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>6</td>
    <td>William M. Clark</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Georgetown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>6</td>
    <td>William H. Cushman</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Georgetown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>7</td>
    <td>William W. Webster</td>
    <td>Clear Creek, Summit and Grand</td>
    <td>Montezuma.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>8</td>
    <td>George G. White</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Golden.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>8</td>
    <td>William Lee</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Ebenezer T. Wells</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Henry P. H. Bromwell</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Lewis C. Ellsworth</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Clarence P. Elder</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Frederick J. Ebert</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Daniel Hurd</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>10</td>
    <td>Philip P. Wilcox</td>
    <td>Arapahoe and Douglas</td>
    <td>Castle Rock.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>11</td>
    <td>J. W. Widderfield</td>
    <td>Bent</td>
    <td>West Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>12</td>
    <td>John S. Hough</td>
    <td>Bent and Elbert</td>
    <td>West Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>13</td>
    <td>Joseph C. Wilson</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Col. Springs.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>13</td>
    <td>Robert Douglas</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Colorado City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>14</td>
    <td>William H. James</td>
    <td>Park and Lake</td>
    <td>Oro City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>14</td>
    <td>George E. Pease</td>
    <td>Park and Lake</td>
    <td>Fairplay.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>15</td>
    <td>Willard B. Felton</td>
    <td>Saguache</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>16</td>
    <td>Adam D. Cooper</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Canon City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>17</td>
    <td>Henry C. Thatcher</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>17</td>
    <td>Wilbur F. Stone</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>18</td>
    <td>Jesus M. Garcia</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Trinidad.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>18</td>
    <td>Casimiro Barela</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Barela.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>18</td>
    <td>George Boyles</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Trinidad.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>19</td>
    <td>Agapito Vigil</td>
    <td>Las Animas and Huerfano</td>
    <td>Trinidad.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>20</td>
    <td>Robert A. Quillian</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Walsenburg.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>21</td>
    <td>William H. Meyer</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>San Luis.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>22</td>
    <td>Lafayette Head</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Conejos.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>23</td>
    <td>William R. Kennedy</td>
    <td>Rio Grande and Hinsdale</td>
    <td>Lake City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>24</td>
    <td>Henry R. Crosby</td>
    <td>La Plata</td>
    <td>Silverton.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p id="MEM_FRST_LEG" class="copy">The first session of the State Legislature convened at Denver Wednesday November
1st, 1876, and adjourned sine die March 20th, 1877.</p>

<h4>SENATE.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Lafayette Head</span>, Lt. Governor, President; <span class="smcap">George T. Clark</span>,
Secretary; <span class="smcap">L. F. Yates</span>, Enrolling Clerk; <span class="smcap">Herman F. Lauter</span>,
Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">E. C. Kavanaugh</span>, Door Keeper; <span class="smcap">Harris
Stratton</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col4">
  <tr>
    <th>DIS.</th>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTY.</th>
    <th>POST OFFICE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1</td>
    <td>Silas B. A. Haynes</td>
    <td>Weld</td>
    <td>Greeley.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>2</td>
    <td>Norman H. Meldrum</td>
    <td>Larimer</td>
    <td>La Porte.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>3</td>
    <td>James P. Maxwell</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>3</td>
    <td>Theodore O. Saunders</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Sunshine.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>4</td>
    <td>Lewis C. Rockwell</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Central City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>5</td>
    <td>William W. Webster</td>
    <td>Gilpin, Summit and Grand</td>
    <td>Montezuma.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>6</td>
    <td>Albert Johnson</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Georgetown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>6</td>
    <td>William A. Hamill</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Georgetown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>7</td>
    <td>Allison H. De France<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">73</a></td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Golden.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>8</td>
    <td>Joseph E. Bates</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span>-</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>8</td>
    <td>Lewis C. Ellsworth</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>8</td>
    <td>Alfred Butters</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>8</td>
    <td>Hiram P. Bennet</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9</td>
    <td>Eugene Gaussoin</td>
    <td>Elbert and Bent</td>
    <td>Higbee.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>10</td>
    <td>Edwin S. Randall</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Col. Springs.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>11</td>
    <td>James F. Gardner</td>
    <td>Douglas</td>
    <td>Frankstown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>12</td>
    <td>James Moynahan</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Alma.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>13</td>
    <td>Jason B. Hall</td>
    <td>Lake and Saguache</td>
    <td>Villa Grove.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>14</td>
    <td>James Clelland</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Canon City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>15</td>
    <td>John W. Hill</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>16</td>
    <td>William B. Hamilton</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>La Veta.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>17</td>
    <td>Casimiro Barela</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Barela.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>17</td>
    <td>Daniel L. Taylor</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Trinidad.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>18</td>
    <td>William H. Meyer</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>San Luis.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>19</td>
    <td>Juan F. Chacon</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Conejos.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>20</td>
    <td>Henry Henson</td>
    <td>Rio Grande, Hinsdale, La Plata, and San Juan</td>
    <td>Wagon Wheel</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Webster D. Anthony</span>, of Arapahoe, Speaker; <span class="smcap">Willard B. Felton</span>,
Chief Clerk; <span class="smcap">Milton R. Moore</span>, Assistant-Clerk; <span class="smcap">Charles
P. Nicholson</span>, Engrossing Clerk; <span class="smcap">Mary P. McCarty</span>, Enrolling
Clerk; <span class="smcap">James D. Wood</span>, Sergeant-at-Arms.</p>

<table class="col3">
  <tr>
    <th>NAME.</th>
    <th>COUNTIES.</th>
    <th>POST OFFICE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Webster D. Anthony</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George C. Griffin</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Island Station.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John C. Mayer</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John McBroom</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Littleton.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. C. Phelps</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. H. Pierce</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Adolph Schinner</td>
    <td>Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Denver.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert M. McMurray</td>
    <td>Bent</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Isaac Canfield</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Magnolia.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Daniel Ransom</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Longmont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Azor A. Smith</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Nederland.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George X. Young</td>
    <td>Boulder</td>
    <td>Erie.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Milton Alberts</td>
    <td>Costilla</td>
    <td>San Luis.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. Archuleta</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Conejos.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. Vijil</td>
    <td>Conejos</td>
    <td>Conejos.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>P. E. Morehouse</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Georgetown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George A. Patten</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Idaho.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Theodore F. Simmons</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Georgetown.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. Jeff. Watts</td>
    <td>Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Silver Plume.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George A. Lord</td>
    <td>Douglas</td>
    <td>Pine Grove.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. D. Wilson</td>
    <td>Elbert</td>
    <td>Godfrey Station.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. C. Helm</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Colorado Springs.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Kittredge</td>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>Florissant.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard Irwin</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Rosita.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles R. Seiber</td>
    <td>Fremont</td>
    <td>Colfax.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. Jacob Kruse</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Central City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry W. Lake</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Black Hawk.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Austin C. Marshman</td>
    <td>Gilpin</td>
    <td>Central City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John H. Stokes</td>
    <td>Grand</td>
    <td>Hot Sulphur Sp’gs.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T. C. Chaves</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Gardner.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. R. Esquibel</td>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Walsenburg.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William H. Green</td>
    <td>Hinsdale</td>
    <td>Lake City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Martin V. Luther</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Morrison.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George Rand</td>
    <td>Jefferson</td>
    <td>Golden.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>N. C. Alford</td>
    <td>Larimer</td>
    <td>Livermore.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. J. McDermith</td>
    <td>Lake</td>
    <td>Oro City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Urbano Chacon</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Trinidad.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mariano Larragoite</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Apishapa.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David F. Wilkins</td>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Trinidad.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Moss<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">74</a></td>
    <td>La Plata</td>
    <td>Parrott City.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ziba Surles</td>
    <td>Park</td>
    <td>Grant.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John N. Carlile</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Garrett Lankford</td>
    <td>Pueblo</td>
    <td>Booneville.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alva Adams</td>
    <td>Rio Grande</td>
    <td>Del Norte.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Isaac Gotthelf</td>
    <td>Saguache</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles H. McIntyre</td>
    <td>San Juan</td>
    <td>Animas Forks.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Wilson</td>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Breckinridge.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Abner Leonard</td>
    <td>Weld</td>
    <td>Evans.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David F. Rainey</td>
    <td>Weld</td>
    <td>Platteville.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4><span class="smcap">Length of Sessions and Number of Members&mdash;Territorial Organization.</span></h4>

<table id="LNGTHS_LEG_SESS">
  <colgroup>
    <col />
    <col />
    <col />
    <col style="text-align: center" />
    <col class="tdc" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>Year.</th>
    <th>Time of Meeting.</th>
    <th>Adjournment.</th>
    <th>Length of Session.</th>
    <th>No. Mems.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1861.</td>
    <td>September 9th</td>
    <td>November 7th</td>
    <td class="tdc">60 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">22</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1862.</td>
    <td>July 7th</td>
    <td>August 15th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1864.</td>
    <td>February 1st</td>
    <td>March 11th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1865.</td>
    <td>January 2d</td>
    <td>February 10th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1866.</td>
    <td>January 1st</td>
    <td>February 9th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1866.</td>
    <td>December 3d</td>
    <td>January 11th, 1867</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1867.</td>
    <td>December 2d</td>
    <td>January 10th, 1868</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1870.</td>
    <td>January 3d,</td>
    <td>February 11th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1872.</td>
    <td>January 1st</td>
    <td>February 9th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1874.</td>
    <td>January 5th</td>
    <td>February 13th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1876.</td>
    <td>January 3d</td>
    <td>February 11th</td>
    <td class="tdc">40 days</td>
    <td class="tdc">39</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>1865</td>
    <td>Aug.</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td>Aug. 12</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td>days</td>
    <td>62</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1875</td>
    <td>Dec.</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
    <td>Mar. 15, 1876</td>
    <td class="tdr">87</td>
    <td>days</td>
    <td>39</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>STATE ORGANIZATION.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>1865</td>
    <td>Dec. 12</td>
    <td>Dec. 19</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td>days</td>
    <td>39</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1876</td>
    <td>Nov. 1</td>
    <td>Mar. 20, 1877</td>
    <td class="tdr">140</td>
    <td>days</td>
    <td>75</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="TERRITORIAL_AND_STATE_OFFICERS">TERRITORIAL AND STATE OFFICERS.</h2>

<h3 id="TERRITORIAL_OFFICERS">TERRITORIAL OFFICERS OF COLORADO.</h3>

<table class="col2">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">GOVERNORS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Gilpin, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>July 8, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Evans, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>April 19, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alexander Cummings, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>Oct. 17, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. C. Hunt, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>May 27, 1867</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward M. McCook, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>June 15, 1869</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel H. Elbert, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>March 9, 1873</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward M. McCook, reappointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>August &mdash;, 1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John L. Routt, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>March 29, 1875</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">SECRETARIES.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lewis Ledyard Weld, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>July 8, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel H. Elbert, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>April 19, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frank Hall, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>May 2, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frank Hall, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>June 15, 1869</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frank Hall, reappointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>June 18, 1873</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Jenkins, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>February 12, 1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Taffe, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>August 16, 1875</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">TREASURERS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George T. Clark, appointed by Gov. Gilpin</td>
    <td>November 12, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alexander W. Atkins, appointed by Gov. Evans</td>
    <td>March 17, 1864</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. C. Hunt, appointed by Gov. Cummings</td>
    <td>January 25, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Wanless, appointed by Gov. Cummings</td>
    <td>September 5, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Columbus Nuckolls, appointed by Gov. Hunt</td>
    <td>December 16, 1867</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Columbus Nuckolls, reappointed by Gov. Hunt</td>
    <td>March 17, 1868</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George T. Clark, appointed by Gov. McCook</td>
    <td>February 14, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George T. Clark, reappointed by Gov. McCook</td>
    <td>February 17, 1872</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David H. Moffat, Jr., appointed by Gov. Elbert</td>
    <td>January 26, 1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frederick Z. Salomon, appointed by Gov. Routt</td>
    <td>February 11, 1876</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">AUDITORS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Milton M. Delano appointed by Gov. Gilpin</td>
    <td>Nov. 12, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard E. Whitsitt, appointed by Gov. Evans</td>
    <td>March 10, 1864</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard E. Whitsitt, appointed by Gov. Cummings</td>
    <td>January 26, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hiram J. Graham, appointed by Gov. Cummings</td>
    <td>December 13, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nathaniel F. Cheeseman, appointed by Gov. Hunt</td>
    <td>January 7, 1868</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James B. Thompson, appointed by Gov. McCook</td>
    <td>February 15, 1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James B. Thompson, reappointed by Gov. McCook</td>
    <td>February 14, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Levin C. Charles, appointed by Gov. Elbert</td>
    <td>January 26, 1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Levin C. Charles, appointed by Gov. Routt</td>
    <td>February 12, 1876</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William. J. Curtice, appointed by Gov. Gilpin</td>
    <td>Nov. 7, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. S. Walker, appointed by Gov. Evans</td>
    <td>Nov. 15, 1863<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alexander W. Atkins<a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a></td>
    <td>Feb. 10, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Wanless<a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a></td>
    <td>January, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Columbus Nuckolls<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a></td>
    <td>March, 1867</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wilbur C. Lothrop, appointed by Gov. McCook</td>
    <td>March, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wilbur C. Lothrop, reappointed by Gov. McCook</td>
    <td>March, 1872</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Horace M. Hale, appointed by Gov. Elbert</td>
    <td>July 24, 1873</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Horace M. Hale, reappointed by Gov. Elbert</td>
    <td>1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Horace M. Hale, appointed by Gov. Routt</td>
    <td>February 9, 1876</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th id="Delegates_to_Congress" colspan="2">DELEGATES TO CONGRESS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hiram P. Bennet, elected</td>
    <td>December 2, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hiram P. Bennet, re-elected</td>
    <td>October 7, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allen A. Bradford, elected</td>
    <td>July 11, 1864</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George M. Chilcott, elected</td>
    <td>November 14, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George M. Chilcott, re-elected</td>
    <td>August 7, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allen A. Bradford, re-elected</td>
    <td>September 8, 1868</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee, elected</td>
    <td>September 13, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee, re-elected</td>
    <td>September 10, 1872</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas M. Patterson, elected</td>
    <td>September 8, 1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT.&mdash;CHIEF JUSTICES.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin F. Hall, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>Mar. 25, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen S. Harding, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>July 10, 1863</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Moses Hallett, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>April 10, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Moses Hallett, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>April 30, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Moses Hallett, reappointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ASSOCIATE JUSTICES.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Chas. Lee Armour, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>Mar. 28, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S. Newton Pettis, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>July 9, 1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allen A. Bradford, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>June 6, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles F. Holly, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>June 10, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William H. Gale, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>June 10, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William R. Gorsline, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>June 18, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Christian S. Eyster, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>Aug. 11, 1866</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James B. Belford, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>June 17, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ebenezer T. Wells, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>Feb. 8, 1871</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James B. Belford, reappointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>1874</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Amherst W. Stone, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>Mar. 1, 1875</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Andrew W. Brazee, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>Feb. 24, 1875</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James E. Daliba, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>1861</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel E. Browne, appointed by Abraham Lincoln</td>
    <td>April 8, 1862</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. Chamberlain, appointed by A. Johnson</td>
    <td>Oct. &mdash;, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. C. Thatcher, appointed by Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>Jan. &mdash;, 1868</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lewis C. Rockwell, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>May &mdash;, 1869</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. C. Alleman, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>April &mdash;, 1873</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C. D. Bradley, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>June 20, 1875</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. H. Parker, appointed</td>
    <td>Dec. &mdash;, 1876</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W. S. Decker, appointed by U. S. Grant</td>
    <td>Jan. 12, 1877</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span></p>

<h3 id="STATE_OFFICERS">STATE OFFICERS.</h3>

<h4>EXECUTIVE.</h4>

<h5>ELECTED FOR TWO YEARS.</h5>

<p class="copy">Term expires January, 1879.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>John L. Routt, of Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Governor.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lafayette Head,<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> of Conejos</td>
    <td>Lieutenant-Governor.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William M. Clark, of Clear Creek</td>
    <td>Secretary.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David C. Crawford,<a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> of El Paso</td>
    <td>Auditor.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George C. Corning,<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> of Boulder</td>
    <td>Treasurer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Archibald J. Sampson, of Fremont</td>
    <td>Attorney General.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph C. Shattuck,<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> of Weld</td>
    <td>Supt. Public Instruction.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4 id="UNITED_STATES_SENATORS_AND_REPRESENTATIVE">UNITED STATES SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVE.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee, of Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Term expires March, 1879.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry M. Teller, of Gilpin</td>
    <td>Term expires March, 1883.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James B. Belford<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">79</a> (Rep.), of Gilpin</td>
    <td>Term expires March, 1879.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h3>JUDICIAL.</h3>

<h4 id="JUDGES_OF_SUPREME_COURT">JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT.</h4>

<h5>Elected for Nine Years, except as otherwise provided in Constitution, Art. vi. Sec. 8.</h5>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry C. Thatcher, Chief Justice</td>
    <td>Term expires Nov., 1879.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel H. Elbert, Associate Justice</td>
    <td>Term expires Nov., 1882.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ebenezer T. Wells, Associate Justice</td>
    <td>Term expires Nov., 1885.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>DISTRICT JUDGES.</h4>

<h5>ELECTED FOR SIX YEARS.</h5>

<p class="copy">Term expires Nov., 1882.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>William E. Beck, of Boulder</td>
    <td>First District.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Victor A. Elliott, of Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Second District.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Henry, of Pueblo</td>
    <td>Third District.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas M. Bowen, of Rio Grande</td>
    <td>Fourth District.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.</h4>

<h5>ELECTED FOR THREE YEARS.</h5>

<p class="copy">Term expires Nov., 1879.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward O. Wolcott, of Clear Creek</td>
    <td>First District.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David B. Graham, of Arapahoe</td>
    <td>Second District.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John M. Waldron, of Huerfano</td>
    <td>Third District.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Columbus W. Burris, of Rio Grande</td>
    <td>Fourth District.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p class="copy">[For Judicial Districts see Constitution, page 86, sec. 13.]</p>

<h4>REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.</h4>

<p class="copy"><span class="smcap">Levi W. Dolloff</span>, President; <span class="smcap">Junius Berkley</span>, Secretary.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Frederick J. Ebert, of Arapahoe, six years</td>
    <td>Term expires 1882.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wm. H. Van Gieson, of Rio Grande, two years</td>
    <td>Term expires 1878.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Levi W. Dolloff, of Boulder, four years</td>
    <td>Term expires 1880.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George Tritch, of Arapahoe, six years</td>
    <td>Term expires 1882.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Junius Berkley, of Boulder, two years</td>
    <td>Term expires 1878.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Crescensio Valdez, of Conejos, four years</td>
    <td>Term expires 1880.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>TRUSTEES OF SCHOOL OF MINES.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>John H. Yonley, of Summit.</td>
    <td>Adair Wilson of Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2" class="tdc">James T. Smith, of Jefferson.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4 id="PRESIDENTIAL_ELECTORS">PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Herman Beckurts, of Arapahoe.</td>
    <td>Otto Mears, of Saguache, Messenger.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2" class="tdc">Wm. L. Hadley, of Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>MANAGERS OF PENITENTIARY.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph T. Boyd, of Jefferson.<br />
        O. H. P. Baxter, of Pueblo.<br />
        B. H. Eaton, of Weld.<br />
        M. N. Megrue, Fremont, Warden.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>TRUSTEES OF DEAF MUTE INSTITUTE.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>R. G. Buckingham, of Arapahoe.<br />
J. S. Wolfe, of El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2" class="tdc">Matt. France, of El Paso.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">William Watrous</span>, President;</th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Harris Stratton</span>, Secretary.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William F. Watrous, of Larimer.</td>
    <td>B. S. LeGrange, of Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Bean, of Larimer.</td>
    <td>P. M. Hinman, of Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Harris Stratton, of Larimer.</td>
    <td>M. N. Everitt, of Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Armor, of Arapahoe.</td>
    <td>John J. Ryan, of Larimer.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span></p>

<h3>STATE OFFICERS OF COLORADO.</h3>

<h4 id="OFFICIAL_VOTE_FOR_STATE_OFFICERS">OFFICIAL VOTE FOR STATE OFFICERS.</h4>

<p class="copy">[<span class="smcap">First General Election, October 3, 1876</span>,.]</p>

<table id="state">
  <tr>
    <th rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">Counties.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Governor.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Lieut. Governor.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Secretary of State.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Auditor.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">John L. Routt.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Bela M. Hughes</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Lafayette Head.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Michael Beshoar.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Wm. M. Clark.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">James T. Smith.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">D. C. Crawford.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">J. F. Benedict.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Arapahoe</span></td>
    <td>2173</td>
    <td>1795</td>
    <td>2233</td>
    <td>1734</td>
    <td>2352</td>
    <td>1607</td>
    <td>2313</td>
    <td>1657</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Bent</span></td>
    <td>250</td>
    <td>439</td>
    <td>246</td>
    <td>442</td>
    <td>253</td>
    <td>434</td>
    <td>253</td>
    <td>434</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Boulder</span></td>
    <td>1539</td>
    <td>1096</td>
    <td>1485</td>
    <td>1034</td>
    <td>1572</td>
    <td>1076</td>
    <td>1572</td>
    <td>1076</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Costilla</span></td>
    <td>351</td>
    <td>173</td>
    <td>346</td>
    <td>174</td>
    <td>352</td>
    <td>169</td>
    <td>300</td>
    <td>171</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Conejos</span></td>
    <td>341</td>
    <td>218</td>
    <td>368</td>
    <td>191</td>
    <td>341</td>
    <td>221</td>
    <td>341</td>
    <td>221</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap nowrap">Clear Creek</span></td>
    <td>1072</td>
    <td>1031</td>
    <td>1093</td>
    <td>1011</td>
    <td>1148</td>
    <td>952</td>
    <td>1081</td>
    <td>1019</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Douglas</span></td>
    <td>282</td>
    <td>333</td>
    <td>294</td>
    <td>322</td>
    <td>293</td>
    <td>625</td>
    <td>297</td>
    <td>320</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Elbert</span></td>
    <td>84</td>
    <td>117</td>
    <td>85</td>
    <td>116</td>
    <td>83</td>
    <td>118</td>
    <td>84</td>
    <td>117</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">El Paso</span></td>
    <td>713</td>
    <td>397</td>
    <td>716</td>
    <td>399</td>
    <td>722</td>
    <td>386</td>
    <td>744</td>
    <td>370</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Fremont</span></td>
    <td>522</td>
    <td>531</td>
    <td>510</td>
    <td>535</td>
    <td>525</td>
    <td>532</td>
    <td>529</td>
    <td>527</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Gilpin</span></td>
    <td>1005</td>
    <td>763</td>
    <td>1011</td>
    <td>759</td>
    <td>1033</td>
    <td>730</td>
    <td>1013</td>
    <td>759</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Grand</span></td>
    <td>73</td>
    <td>147</td>
    <td>85</td>
    <td>135</td>
    <td>93</td>
    <td>127</td>
    <td>87</td>
    <td>132</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Huerfano</span></td>
    <td>410</td>
    <td>614</td>
    <td>385</td>
    <td>637</td>
    <td>413</td>
    <td>610</td>
    <td>416</td>
    <td>605</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Hinsdale</span></td>
    <td>420</td>
    <td>382</td>
    <td>409</td>
    <td>385</td>
    <td>423</td>
    <td>362</td>
    <td>410</td>
    <td>392</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Jefferson</span></td>
    <td>537</td>
    <td>596</td>
    <td>569</td>
    <td>574</td>
    <td>543</td>
    <td>596</td>
    <td>519</td>
    <td>603</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Larimer</span></td>
    <td>374</td>
    <td>300</td>
    <td>380</td>
    <td>293</td>
    <td>380</td>
    <td>293</td>
    <td>362</td>
    <td>310</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Lake</span></td>
    <td>229</td>
    <td>234</td>
    <td>218</td>
    <td>244</td>
    <td>218</td>
    <td>246</td>
    <td>218</td>
    <td>246</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Las Animas</span></td>
    <td>669</td>
    <td>1271</td>
    <td>651</td>
    <td>1282</td>
    <td>676</td>
    <td>1240</td>
    <td>680</td>
    <td>1257</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">La Plata</span></td>
    <td>50</td>
    <td>108</td>
    <td>55</td>
    <td>104</td>
    <td>54</td>
    <td>108</td>
    <td>54</td>
    <td>108</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Park</span></td>
    <td>465</td>
    <td>423</td>
    <td>467</td>
    <td>416</td>
    <td>463</td>
    <td>416</td>
    <td>468</td>
    <td>416</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Pueblo</span></td>
    <td>543</td>
    <td>739</td>
    <td>552</td>
    <td>714</td>
    <td>551</td>
    <td>717</td>
    <td>553</td>
    <td>729</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap nowrap">Rio Grande</span></td>
    <td>364</td>
    <td>362</td>
    <td>357</td>
    <td>359</td>
    <td>363</td>
    <td>362</td>
    <td>362</td>
    <td>363</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Saguache</span></td>
    <td>306</td>
    <td>189</td>
    <td>277</td>
    <td>194</td>
    <td>306</td>
    <td>186</td>
    <td>295</td>
    <td>194</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">San Juan</span></td>
    <td>393</td>
    <td>410</td>
    <td>397</td>
    <td>404</td>
    <td>403</td>
    <td>399</td>
    <td>393</td>
    <td>411</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Summit</span></td>
    <td>201</td>
    <td>185</td>
    <td>202</td>
    <td>186</td>
    <td>209</td>
    <td>181</td>
    <td>205</td>
    <td>182</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Weld</span></td>
    <td>788</td>
    <td>463</td>
    <td>800</td>
    <td>449</td>
    <td>803</td>
    <td>450</td>
    <td>568</td>
    <td>676</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap i2">Total</span></td>
    <td>14154</td>
    <td>13316</td>
    <td>14191</td>
    <td>13093</td>
    <td>14582</td>
    <td>12843</td>
    <td>14117</td>
    <td>13295</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">Counties.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">State Treasurer.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Attorney General.</span></th>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Sup. Public Instruct’n.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">Geo. C. Corning.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Thos. M. Field.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">A. J. Sampson.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">G. Q. Richmond.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">J. C. Shattuck.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">G. B. Grœsbeck.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Arapahoe</span></td>
    <td>2177</td>
    <td>1788</td>
    <td>2224</td>
    <td>1750</td>
    <td>2254</td>
    <td>1719</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Bent</span></td>
    <td>247</td>
    <td>442</td>
    <td>254</td>
    <td>432</td>
    <td>255</td>
    <td>434</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Boulder</span></td>
    <td>1565</td>
    <td>1042</td>
    <td>1483</td>
    <td>1036</td>
    <td>1511</td>
    <td>1133</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Costilla</span></td>
    <td>335</td>
    <td>185</td>
    <td>327</td>
    <td>194</td>
    <td>350</td>
    <td>65</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Conejos</span></td>
    <td>296</td>
    <td>267</td>
    <td>341</td>
    <td>221</td>
    <td>341</td>
    <td>219</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Clear Creek</span></td>
    <td>1097</td>
    <td>1011</td>
    <td>1093</td>
    <td>1016</td>
    <td>1089</td>
    <td>1017</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Douglas</span></td>
    <td>290</td>
    <td>327</td>
    <td>291</td>
    <td>326</td>
    <td>293</td>
    <td>329</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Elbert</span></td>
    <td>84</td>
    <td>117</td>
    <td>83</td>
    <td>118</td>
    <td>83</td>
    <td>118</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">El Paso</span></td>
    <td>694</td>
    <td>387</td>
    <td>707</td>
    <td>406</td>
    <td>721</td>
    <td>385</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Fremont</span></td>
    <td>517</td>
    <td>538</td>
    <td>519</td>
    <td>522</td>
    <td>523</td>
    <td>533</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Gilpin</span></td>
    <td>1005</td>
    <td>759</td>
    <td>1014</td>
    <td>757</td>
    <td>1007</td>
    <td>762</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Grand</span></td>
    <td>84</td>
    <td>131</td>
    <td>88</td>
    <td>132</td>
    <td>87</td>
    <td>105</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Huerfano</span></td>
    <td>371</td>
    <td>646</td>
    <td>407</td>
    <td>614</td>
    <td>413</td>
    <td>606</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Hinsdale</span></td>
    <td>403</td>
    <td>395</td>
    <td>416</td>
    <td>385</td>
    <td>408</td>
    <td>389</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Jefferson</span></td>
    <td>523</td>
    <td>578</td>
    <td>571</td>
    <td>572</td>
    <td>572</td>
    <td>572</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Larimer</span></td>
    <td>371</td>
    <td>300</td>
    <td>379</td>
    <td>294</td>
    <td>378</td>
    <td>262</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Lake</span></td>
    <td>218</td>
    <td>246</td>
    <td>214</td>
    <td>249</td>
    <td>218</td>
    <td>219</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Las Animas</span></td>
    <td>655</td>
    <td>1276</td>
    <td>673</td>
    <td>1265</td>
    <td>676</td>
    <td>1220</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">La Plata</span></td>
    <td>54</td>
    <td>107</td>
    <td>54</td>
    <td>108</td>
    <td>55</td>
    <td>97</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Park</span></td>
    <td>494</td>
    <td>390</td>
    <td>450</td>
    <td>417</td>
    <td>476</td>
    <td>407</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Pueblo</span></td>
    <td>540</td>
    <td>742</td>
    <td>520</td>
    <td>750</td>
    <td>550</td>
    <td>729</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Rio Grande</span></td>
    <td>356</td>
    <td>369</td>
    <td>352</td>
    <td>373</td>
    <td>362</td>
    <td>357</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Saguache</span></td>
    <td>295</td>
    <td>196</td>
    <td>297</td>
    <td>194</td>
    <td>297</td>
    <td>158</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">San Juan</span></td>
    <td>378</td>
    <td>423</td>
    <td>388</td>
    <td>415</td>
    <td>389</td>
    <td>&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Summit</span></td>
    <td>204</td>
    <td>182</td>
    <td>201</td>
    <td>183</td>
    <td>205</td>
    <td>182</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap">Weld</span></td>
    <td>785</td>
    <td>466</td>
    <td>802</td>
    <td>453</td>
    <td>791</td>
    <td>456</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><span class="smcap i2">Total</span></td>
    <td>14038</td>
    <td>13310</td>
    <td>14145</td>
    <td>13182</td>
    <td>14304</td>
    <td>12473</td>
  </tr></table>



<p>There were scattering votes as follows: 1 for Governor in Jefferson County; 11
for Secretary of State in Hinsdale County; 25 in El Paso and 1 in Jefferson for
Auditor; 35 in Jefferson and 2 in Summit for Treasurer; and 415 for Superintendent
of Public Instruction, with 93 scattering.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span></p>

<h3 id="CUSTOMS_PRECEDENTS_AND_FORMS"><span class="medium">MANUAL OF</span><br />
CUSTOMS, PRECEDENTS AND FORMS.</h3>

<h4>ORGANIZATION.</h4>

<p>The Legislature convenes at 12 o’clock <small>M.</small> on the first Wednesday
in January A. D. 1879, and at 12 o’clock <small>M.</small> on the first Wednesday
in January of each alternate year forever thereafter, and at other
times when convened by the Governor.</p>

<p>Custom, so prevalent and so ancient as to have the force of law,
has made it the duty of the clerk of the previous house to call to order,
and to conduct the proceedings generally, until a speaker is chosen,
but any member elect is competent to perform this duty.</p>

<p>In other States it is the custom for the Secretary of State to
furnish to the clerk a certified statement of the names of the members
elect, which is read. The members then advance to the clerk’s desk,
generally the delegation of each county by itself, and subscribe the
oath of office. But in this State the usual proceeding is to choose a
Speaker and a clerk <i>pro tem.</i>, and to appoint a committee who examine
credentials of members elect, and report to the House thus temporarily
organized.</p>

<p>The oath of office is then administered to the members elect. It
may be administered by the President of the Senate, the Governor,
Secretary of State, Attorney General, or any of the Judges of the
Supreme Court. It has been administered in this State usually by one
of the judges. [<i>Members coming in after the first day of the session
are sworn in by the Speaker.</i>] After all are sworn, the roll is called,
when, if a quorum is found present, the Speaker <i>pro tem.</i> declares the
House to be qualified and competent to proceed to business.</p>

<p>If the members present have determined their choice for officers,
the election proceeds forthwith; if not, an adjournment is had until
the next day.</p>

<p>It is determined by the House whether the election for Speaker,
Clerk, and Sergeant-at-arms and the subordinate officers shall be by
ballot, viva voce, or otherwise.</p>

<p>Candidates for Speaker are nominated and the vote taken.</p>

<p>The Speaker <i>pro tem.</i> announces the result, and names a committee
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span>
to conduct the Speaker elect to the chair. The other elections proceed
in the same manner, except that when the result is announced
by the Speaker, the officer elect advances to the Clerk’s desk and is
sworn in by the Speaker.</p>

<p>A committee is then appointed to wait on the Senate, and inform
them that the House is organized; or the Clerk is directed, by resolution,
to inform the Senate of the fact.</p>

<p>One of the first duties after organization is the adoption of rules
for the government of the House.</p>

<p>It is customary for the Speaker to appoint a committee of three to
meet with a committee of three from the Senate for the purpose of
forming joint rules for the government of both houses; and when completed,
the committees report to their respective houses.</p>

<p>By concurrent resolution both houses meet in joint convention to
canvass the vote for executive officers.</p>

<p>When it has been determined who are the executive officers, a
joint committee of both houses is then appointed to wait on the Governor
and inform him that both Houses of the General Assembly are
organized, and that the houses are in readiness to receive any communication
from him.</p>

<p>The Senate and House usually assemble in joint convention in the
chamber of the House upon some day and hour suggested by the Governor,
during the first week of the session to hear his message.</p>

<p>The message is usually read by the Executive, but may be read by
his private secretary, or by any one the Governor may appoint.</p>

<p>At the first opportunity after hearing the message read, the various
recommendations therein contained are referred, by resolution, to
appropriate standing committees, or select committees.</p>

<p>Standing committees are appointed by the Speaker at as early a day
in the session as is possible. Each committee usually consists of five
members, but the House determines the number which is sometimes
three, or nine, or eleven, or any other number.</p>

<h3>DRAWING OF SEATS.</h3>

<p>In other States the seats are drawn by lot. The method pursued
is as follows:</p>

<p>The members leave their seats, and take places in the open area
behind their seats. The clerk having placed in a box slips of paper
containing the names of the members respectively, a page or messenger
draws them therefrom. The clerk announces each name as it is
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span>
drawn, and the member named selects his seat, and occupies it until
the drawing is completed.</p>

<p>In this State it is not customary to draw seats by any method.
The seats are usually chosen with the view of grouping together those
who represent similar interests.</p>

<h3>COMPENSATION.</h3>

<p>Each member of the General Assembly, as a compensation for his
services shall receive four dollars for each day’s attendance, and fifteen
cents for every mile necessarily travelled in going to and returning from
the seat of government, and shall receive no other compensation, perquisite,
or allowance whatsoever. It is customary to pay the mileage
of members both ways, upon the certificate of the Speaker and clerk
as to the proper sum to which each member is entitled.</p>

<h3>PAY OF OFFICERS.</h3>

<p>The Speaker of the House shall be entitled to receive the same
compensation allowed to other members of the Legislature. The per
diem of officers of the Legislature shall be as follows: The chief
clerk, six dollars; the assistant clerk, five dollars; sergeant-at-arms,
assistant sergeant-at-arms, engrossing clerk, assistant engrossing clerk,
and enrolling clerk, each four dollars; messenger, door-keeper, janitor,
and interpreter, each three dollars; chaplain, two dollars; pages,
assistant door-keeper, and janitor, each one dollar and fifty cents.</p>

<h3>DUTIES OF OFFICERS.</h3>

<p><i>Speaker</i>&mdash;The duties of this officer are generally as follows:</p>

<p>To open the session, at the time to which the House stands
adjourned, by taking the chair and calling the members to order.</p>

<p>To announce the business before the House in the order in which
it is to be acted upon.</p>

<p>To receive and submit, in the proper manner, all motions and
propositions presented by the members.</p>

<p>To put to vote all questions which are regularly moved, or which
necessarily arise in the course of proceedings, and to announce the
result.</p>

<p>To restrain the members, when engaged in debate, within the
rules of order.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span></p>

<p>To enforce on all occasions the observance of order and decorum
among the members.</p>

<p>To inform the House, when necessary, or when referred to for
the purpose, on a point of order or practice.</p>

<p>To receive messages and other communications from other branches
of the government, and announce them to the House.</p>

<p>To authenticate by his signature, when necessary, all the acts,
orders and proceedings of the House.</p>

<p>To name the members&mdash;when directed to do so in a particular
case, or when it is a part of his general duty by the rules&mdash;who are to
serve on committees, and in general.</p>

<p>To represent and stand for the House, declaring its will, and in all
things obeying its commands. Every officer of the House is subordinate
to the Speaker, and in all that relates to the prompt and correct
discharge of official duty, is under his supervision.</p>

<p>The Speaker shall preserve order and decorum; may speak to
points of order in preference to others, rising from his seat for that
purpose; and he shall decide questions of order, subject to an appeal
to the House by any member, on which appeal no member shall speak
more than once, unless by leave of the House. On an appeal being
taken, the question shall be: “Shall the decision of the Chair stand as
the judgment of the House?”&mdash;&mdash;which question, and the action of
the House thereon, shall be entered on the journal.</p>

<p>The Speaker may call a member to the Chair, but such substitution
shall not extend beyond one day, except by leave of the House.</p>

<p>The Speaker shall vote on all questions taken by yeas and nays,
and on all elections or divisions called for by any member.</p>

<p>In the absence of the Speaker, the House shall elect a Speaker
<i>pro tempore</i>, whose office shall cease on the return of the Speaker.</p>

<p><i>Clerk</i>&mdash;He has the care and custody of all the papers and records,
and arranges in its proper order, from day to day, after its inception,
all the business of the House. He must, in order to have a proper
knowledge of the affairs of his department, apportion, systematize and
personally supervise the labor of all his subordinates, and, when not
called therefrom by more important duties, should officiate in person
at the reading desk. The duties of his subordinates are properly his
duties, as all are performed under his direction, and he is responsible
for any deficiencies. It is his duty to prepare and furnish to the
printer an accurate record of each day’s proceedings, and a copy of every
bill, report and other thing ordered to be printed, “on the same day
such orders are made;” to keep the pay accounts of members and
officers, and issue his certificate of per diem to them; to deliver the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span>
messages of the House to the Senate; to sign subpœnas; he can
permit no records nor papers belonging to the House to be taken
out of his custody, otherwise than in the regular course of business;
and shall report any missing papers to the notice of the Speaker.</p>

<p>He is by law responsible for the safe keeping of all bills and other
documents in possession of the House, and for the proper registry
of all proceedings; and is required at the close of the session, to deposit
all papers in his possession as clerk, properly classified and
labeled, with the Secretary of State.</p>

<h3>REGULATIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE CLERK.</h3>

<p><i>The Assistant Clerk</i>&mdash;It is his special duty: To keep a record of
each day’s proceedings; and if daily printed, to correct the proof of
the same while being printed.</p>

<p>To officiate at the reading desk when required by the clerk; and
in case of his absence, to perform his duties generally.</p>

<p>To label and file in their appropriate places all papers presented,
with proper dates and references.</p>

<p>To select each day all papers ordered to be printed, make a list
thereof in a book provided for that purpose, and send them to the
printer, taking his receipt therefor.</p>

<p>To keep a list of all absentees on leave, etc.</p>

<p><i>The Book Keeper</i>&mdash;It is his special duty: To keep the register of
bills, resolutions, memorials, etc., showing therein, and opposite to
each title, all action taken and proceedings had, with regard to such
papers.</p>

<p>To distribute to the proper committee, or officers, all bills, petitions
and other papers referred.</p>

<p>To make out all certificates of per diem and mileage, ready for
the signature of the Speaker and clerk.</p>

<p>To prepare the message to be delivered to the other House, and
when not otherwise occupied, to help the assistant clerk in the performance
of his duties.</p>

<p><i>The Engrossing Clerk</i>&mdash;It is his special duty: To engross all
bills ordered to a third reading which the rules require to be engrossed,
properly placing all amendments adopted prior to the order
for their engrossment.</p>

<p>By the direction of the clerk or assistant clerk, to perform any
necessary service appertaining to the duties of the other deputies.</p>

<p><i>The Enrolling Clerk</i>&mdash;It is his special duty: To make clear,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span>
legible copies of all bills which have been concurred in, without
erasures or interlineations.</p>

<h3>GENERAL REGULATIONS.</h3>

<p>Each deputy, when not occupied in the performance of his own
special duties, is to render such assistance to the clerk and to his associate
deputies as may be in his power, or as the pressure of duties in
a particular department may render necessary.</p>

<p>The deputies are expected to notify the clerk of any interference
by members or others with their duties, and of all improper approaches
or requests made to them by any person. They are not to exhibit to
any person any bill or other document in their possession without leave
of the clerk.</p>

<p>Perfect courtesy must at all times be maintained towards members,
reporters, associate deputies, and all who have business to transact
with the department; but interference with legislation cannot be
allowed under any circumstances.</p>

<p><i>To Members, Officers and Reporters</i>&mdash;It is especially requested
that no member, officer or reporter will interrupt the assistant clerk
while engaged in keeping the journal. “No journal, record, account
or paper,” of any kind may be taken from the desk, unless by express
permission of the clerk.</p>

<p><i>Sergeant-at-Arms</i>&mdash;This officer is the executive officer of the
House. He has charge of the chambers and appurtenant conveniences
of the House. He controls the police regulations, attends to the
warming of the chambers, serves the subpœnas and warrants of the
House, announces messages from the Governor and from the Senate,
provides rooms for committees, receives from the Secretary of State
all public documents ordered or coming in due course, and distributes
the same through the post-office, or otherwise, to members and officers
entitled thereto. He is to organize his department with such system
that each of his subordinates shall know his precise duties, and he is to
see that each performs his duty promptly, thoroughly and courteously.
He is required to keep the chamber open from 8 o’clock <small>A. M.</small> to 10
o’clock <small>P. M.</small></p>

<p>He should have the printed bills and other documents in his possession
so classified and arranged that he can at once answer any call
upon him for them.</p>

<p>His assistant assists him generally in the discharge of his duties,
and takes his place when he is absent.</p>

<p><i>The Door Keeper</i> attends to the principal door; opens and closes
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span>
it for the entry and exit of all persons; maintains order in the lobby
and vestibule; sees that visitors are seated, and that the regulations of
the House, in his department, are strictly enforced.</p>

<p><i>The Assistant Door Keepers</i>, each at their respective stations, are
to discharge the same duties as the principal door keeper. They must
be in attendance as well during the recess as the sessions of the House
to keep out intruders and maintain order.</p>

<p><i>The Firemen</i> attend to the warming and ventilation of the House
chamber, and under the direction of the sergeant-at-arms, make themselves
generally useful.</p>

<p>The door keepers and firemen are responsible to the sergeant-at-arms.</p>

<h3>DUTIES OF MESSENGERS.</h3>

<p>To be in attendance from 8 o’clock <small>A. M.</small> until 10 o’clock <small>P. M.</small>
every day (Sundays excepted), whether the House is in session or not.</p>

<p>To receive the journals and printed bills from the Sergeant-at-Arms,
and arrange them in order on the file of each member.</p>

<p>Not to leave the House chamber during the <i>morning hour</i>, or
absent themselves from the sessions of the House during an entire
day, except upon leave of the Speaker or the House.</p>

<p>During the morning hour to take the positions assigned to them
by the Clerk; and, standing up, so as to see and be seen, hold themselves
in readiness to bring all bills, resolutions, etc., from the several
members to the Clerk, when presented.</p>

<p>After the expiration of the morning hour, when not engaged in
filing bills, etc., for the members they have in charge, to answer
promptly any call, and render assistance to any member requiring it.</p>

<p>To refrain from throwing any paper balls, darts, or other missile;
to move lightly across the House chamber, and demean themselves
respectfully towards every member and officer of the House.</p>

<h3>STATIONERY.</h3>

<p>The Secretary of State furnishes to the Sergeant-at-Arms the
stationery required by the members, the clerk and other officers.</p>

<h3>NEWSPAPERS.</h3>

<p>In regard to the supply of newspapers there are no regulations.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span>
The House determines what papers, and how many, shall be furnished.</p>

<h3>PROCESS OF PASSING BILLS.</h3>

<p>Some diversity of practice exists herein, but the ordinary method
in the House is as follows:</p>

<p>A member having prepared a bill and endorsed the title thereof,
together with his name, upon the back of it, rises to his feet, at such
time as the introduction of bills is in order, and says:</p>

<p>“Mr. Speaker.”</p>

<p>If recognized, the Speaker responds:</p>

<p>“The gentleman from &mdash;&mdash;.”</p>

<p>The member announces:</p>

<p>“I ask leave to introduce a bill.”</p>

<p>The bill is then sent to the Clerk by a messenger. The Clerk
then reads the title of the bill, and places it on file for its first reading,
and when the order for the first reading of bills is reached, the
Clerk reads the first bill on file <i>at length</i>, when the Speaker announces:</p>

<p>“First reading of the bill.”</p>

<p>The second reading of bills must be on a day subsequent to their
first reading. When the Speaker calls for the second reading of bills,
the Clerk reads the first bill on file for second reading <i>at length</i>, when
the Speaker announces:</p>

<p>“Second reading of the bill.”</p>

<p>The bill is then usually referred to such standing committee, or
select committee, or to the general file for Committee of the Whole,
as the House may determine.</p>

<p>If the bill has been referred to a standing committee, or select
committee, it is in due course reported back to the House by the committee,
when it is placed in the general file.</p>

<p>Bills in the general file are usually considered in Committee of
the Whole in the exact order in which they are placed upon the file.
Proceedings in Committee of the Whole will be elsewhere considered.</p>

<p>After a Committee of the Whole has completed its action upon
any bill, and reported the same back to the House, and any recommendations
made by the committee passed upon, it is taken up in its
order, when the Speaker puts the following question:</p>

<p>“Shall this bill be engrossed, and read a third time?”</p>

<p>If decided affirmatively the bill is thereby referred to the engrossing
committee. Upon its return engrossed from the engrossing clerk,
the original and engrossed bills are placed in the hands of the <i>Committee
on Engrossed Bills</i>, who compare them and correct any errors
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span>
which they may find. When found correct, or made so, the committee
report them to the House as correctly engrossed, when the
original is filed by the Clerk, and the engrossed bill goes into the order
of “bills ready for a third reading.”</p>

<p>When, under the order of business, the bill is reached, the title
of the bill is read, and the bill itself is read <i>at length</i>, when the Speaker
says as follows:</p>

<p>“This bill having been read three several times, the question is:
Shall the bill pass?”</p>

<p>If the bill passes it is taken to the Senate, with a message announcing
its passage by the House, and asking the concurrence of the
Senate therein.</p>

<p>Going through with a similar process in the Senate, it is returned
with a message announcing their action upon it.</p>

<p>If the Senate concurs, the bill is sent to the Enrolling Clerk,
who makes a copy thereof, as is elsewhere described. When enrolled,
it goes to the <i>Committee on Enrolled Bills</i>, who compare it with the
engrossed bill. When found or made correct, they report the bill to
the House as correctly enrolled; the engrossed bill is filed by the
Clerk; the enrolled bill is then endorsed by the Clerk as having originated
in the House (for the information of the Governor, in case he
vetoes it). It is then referred to a joint committee of enrollment,
who present the same to the Speaker, who has the title of the bill read
in hearing of the House, and then signs it, after which the joint committee
present the bill to the President of the Senate, who has the title of
the bill read in hearing of the Senate, and then signs it. The committee
then proceed to the Governor and present the bill thus duly signed for
his approval, and report that fact to the House, and the hour when
it was deposited in the Governor’s hands. The Governor, if he
approves the bill, informs the House in which it originated of that
fact, and that he has deposited it with the Secretary of State.</p>

<p>This is the ordinary process of a bill through all its stages until
it becomes a law. A bill of great interest or importance, or one which
is warmly contested, may, by reason of majority and minority reports,
special orders, recommitment, amendments, substitutes, committees
of conference, and various other parliamentary appliances, pass through
a vast number of stages not before enumerated.</p>

<p>Senate bills coming into the House after passing the Senate, are
read twice by title and then read <i>at length</i>, and then referred to the
appropriate committee.</p>

<p>After consideration in Committee of the Whole, the recommendation
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span>
of the committee is acted upon in the House, the question
being, after recommendations are disposed of:</p>

<p>“Shall this bill be ordered to a third reading?”</p>

<p>If it is decided affirmatively, the bill passes into the order of
“bills on third reading;” and when reached in that order, the question
is:</p>

<p>“Shall this bill be concurred in?”</p>

<p>If concurred in, the bill is returned to the Senate, with the message
informing it of that fact.</p>

<h3>COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.</h3>

<p>The Committee of the Whole is an expedient to simplify the
business of legislative bodies. No record is made of its proceedings,
and it has no officers except of its own creation, for temporary purposes.
It is liable to instant dissolution in case of disorder, when
the Speaker takes the chair for a Call of the House, or an adjournment,
and in case of a message from the Senate or Governor, when
the Speaker takes the chair to receive it.</p>

<p>The House may resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole
upon some particular bill, resolution or subject, or it may go into
Committee of the Whole upon the general file of bills.</p>

<p>In the first case the motion is:</p>

<p>“That the House do now resolve itself into a Committee of the
Whole upon [bill No. &mdash;&mdash;, A, a bill &mdash;&mdash;], or [joint resolution No.
----, A, providing, etc.], or [upon all bills relating to &mdash;&mdash;], as the
case may be.”</p>

<p>In the second case it is:</p>

<p>“That the House do now resolve itself into a Committee of the
Whole upon the general file of bills.”</p>

<p>Bills, resolutions, and general matters which have been once considered
in committee of the whole, and in which progress has been
made, and leave granted for further consideration, have the preference.
The motion of the Committee of the Whole, for their further
consideration, must be made under the head of “bills in which the
committee of the whole have made progress and obtained leave to sit
again;” and in which case the member who presided when the same
matter was previously considered in committee of the whole, resumes
the chair.</p>

<p>The motion for the committee of the whole upon the general file,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span>
must be made under the order of “bills not yet considered in committee
of the whole.”</p>

<p>When the House resolves itself into committee of the whole, the
Speaker selects a chairman as follows:</p>

<p>“The gentleman from &mdash;&mdash;, Mr &mdash;&mdash;, will take the chair.”</p>

<p>The appointed chairman advances to the Speaker’s desk, and
having taken the chair, receives from the clerk the papers indicated
by the motion for the committee, when the chairman announces:</p>

<p>“Gentlemen,&mdash;The committee have under consideration bill
No. &mdash;&mdash;, entitled &mdash;&mdash;” (<i>reading the title from the back of the bill</i>).
<i>Or in case of consideration of the general file</i>: “The committee have
under consideration the general file of bills; the first in order is bill
No. &mdash;&mdash;, A, entitled &mdash;&mdash;. The first section is as follows.”</p>

<p>The chairman then reads the first section, and asks:</p>

<p>“Are there any amendments proposed to the first section?”</p>

<p>If none are offered, the chairman says:</p>

<p>“No amendments being offered to the first section, the second
section will be read.”</p>

<p>This process is continued through the whole bill, when at the
close of the reading the chairman says:</p>

<p>“The &mdash;&mdash;th section and the whole bill have now been read, and
are open to amendment.”</p>

<p>At this point, after the friends of the bill have perfected it, it is
customary for the opponents of the bill to open their attack. After
the discussion of the bill to such an extent as may be desired, if no
amendments are made, the final vote is generally upon a motion&mdash;</p>

<p>“That the bill be reported back to the House without amendment.”</p>

<p>If any other bills are before the committee, they are proceeded
with in the same manner. If it is desired to have further consideration
of any matter before the committee, or if the general file has
not been gone through with, the motion is:</p>

<p>“That the committee rise, report progress, and ask leave to sit
again.”</p>

<p>If the committee has completed its duties, the motion is:</p>

<p>“That the committee rise and report.”</p>

<p>Which being analagous to a motion to adjourn, is not debatable.
The chairman states the matter as follows:</p>

<p>“It is moved that the committee do now rise and report (<i>or otherwise,
as the case may be</i>).”</p>

<p>“Is the committee ready for the question?”</p>

<p>“Gentlemen,&mdash;Those who are of opinion that this committee do
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span>
now rise and report, say ‘Aye;’ those of a contrary opinion say
‘No.’”</p>

<p>In case of doubt a division must be had, as the ayes and noes
cannot be called in committee of the whole.</p>

<p>When the committee rises, the Speaker resumes his seat, and the
chairman, in his place on the floor, reports as follows:</p>

<p>“Mr. Speaker.”</p>

<p>The Speaker answers:</p>

<p>“Mr. Chairman.”</p>

<p>Who reports:</p>

<p>“The committee of the whole have had under consideration bill
No. &mdash;&mdash;, A, entitled &mdash;&mdash;, and have instructed me to report the same
to the House with amendment” (<i>or as the case may be</i>).</p>

<p>When the general file has been under consideration, the report is
as follows:</p>

<p>“The committee of the whole have had under consideration the
general file of bills, have gone through the same, and have directed
me to report to the House the bills contained therein, with sundry
amendments and recommendations as follows, to-wit:” [<i>Here follows
the titles of bills considered, with action taken upon them.</i>]</p>

<p>In case the file has been left unfinished, the report is:</p>

<p>“The committee of the whole have had under consideration the
general file of bills, and have made some progress therein. I am
directed to report back the following bills, with the amendments and
recommendations hereinafter specified, and ask leave for the committee
to sit again.” [<i>Here follows the report of amendments, etc., as above.</i>]</p>

<p>In the latter report the question is:</p>

<p>“Shall leave be granted?”</p>

<p>When, upon a count, it is ascertained that a quorum is not present,
the report is:</p>

<p>“The committee of the whole have had under consideration &mdash;&mdash;,
and, after some progress therein, find there is no quorum present;
that fact I herewith report to you.”</p>

<p>In case of confusion or disorder, the Speaker, of his own accord,
resumes the chair temporarily and without any formality, for the purpose
of suppressing it. When order is restored the chairman resumes
the chair, and the business proceeds.</p>

<p>Upon the coming in of a report, the recommendations are usually
at once acted on by the House.</p>

<p>When, in committee of the whole, any member desires to offer
an amendment, it must be reduced to writing and sent to the chairman,
who reads it, and asks:
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span></p>

<p>“Is the committee ready for the question upon the amendment?”</p>

<p>And if no further amendment or debate offer, he puts the question
in the usual manner.</p>

<p>After a section is once passed, with an unsuccessful effort to amend
it, no further amendments are in order. The strictness of this rule is,
however, not always adhered to; an amendment once made may, however,
be reconsidered. Such a motion is:</p>

<p>“That the amendment offered by the gentleman from &mdash;&mdash;, to the
----th section, be reconsidered.”</p>

<p>And is stated as follows:</p>

<p>“The gentleman from &mdash;&mdash; moves that the amendment of the
gentleman from &mdash;&mdash; to the &mdash;&mdash;th section be reconsidered.”</p>

<p>“Is the committee ready for the question?”</p>

<p>“Those who are of the opinion that said amendment be reconsidered
say ‘Aye;’ those of the contrary opinion say ‘No.’”</p>

<p>In case the amendment is reconsidered, the Speaker says:</p>

<p>“The motion is carried. The amendment is reconsidered. The
question now recurs upon the adoption of the amendment. Is the
committee ready for the question?” etc.</p>

<h3>FORMS.</h3>

<p>Of Titles:</p>

<p>No. &mdash;&mdash;, a bill to &mdash;&mdash;.</p>

<p><i>Amending Bill</i>:</p>

<p>A bill relating to &mdash;&mdash;, and amendatory of section &mdash;&mdash;, of chapter
----, of the &mdash;&mdash;.</p>

<p><i>Repealing Bill</i>:</p>

<p>A bill to repeal section &mdash;&mdash;, of chapter &mdash;&mdash;, of the &mdash;&mdash;, relating
to &mdash;&mdash; (filling the blanks with the proper section and chapter of
the revised statutes or general laws, designating the same, and also
the subject, object or purpose of the section of the chapter repealed;
and in the body of every bill, the full title of the act repealed shall be
recited at length).</p>

<p><i>Appropriation Bill</i>:</p>

<p>“To appropriate to &mdash;&mdash; the sum of &mdash;&mdash; dollars.”</p>

<p>Titles should be written inside the bill, and endorsed upon the
outside as follows:</p>

<p class="table" style="border: 1px solid gray; padding: 1em">
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell tdc">No. &mdash;&mdash;, A.</span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell tdc"><i>A Bill to change the name of</i></span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell tdc"><i>Andrew Jackson to James Madison.</i></span>
</span>
<span class="trow">
<span class="tcell author smcap">Mr. Gorden.</span>
</span>
</p>

<p>Resolutions should not be entitled, but should have the name of
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span>
the mover endorsed upon them. The same rule applies to amendments.</p>

<p>Resolutions are of no special form; the following may serve as
a general guide in such matters:</p>

<p>Res. No. &mdash;&mdash;, A.</p>

<p>“<i>Resolved</i>,&mdash;That three thousand copies of the Governor’s message
be furnished by the printer to the Sergeant-at-Arms, for the use
of the House.</p>

<p class="author">
“<span class="smcap">Mr. Tucker.</span>”</p>

<p>For reports the following form is used:</p>

<p>“The committee on &mdash;&mdash;, to which was referred bill No. &mdash;&mdash;,
A., a bill to &mdash;&mdash;, <i>respectfully report the same back to the House with
an amendment, and recommend its passage when amended</i>;” or,
“<i>and recommend that it do pass</i>;” or, “<i>and recommend that it be indefinitely
postponed</i>;” or, “<i>and recommend that it be referred to the delegation
from &mdash;&mdash;</i>;” or, “<i>to a select committee</i>.”</p>

<p>Or, if the committee report by bill:</p>

<p>“The committee on &mdash;&mdash;, to which was referred &mdash;&mdash;, respectfully
report “by bill No. &mdash;&mdash;, A., a bill to &mdash;&mdash;;</p>

<p>“And recommend its passage.”</p>

<p>An enacting clause must precede the body of the bill.</p>

<p>It must <i>invariably</i> be in the following form:</p>

<p><i>Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado:
Const., Art. 5, Sec. 18.</i></p>

<h3>INVESTIGATIONS.</h3>

<p>When an investigation is required into any matter, the person most
interested in having the inquiry made, should move the appointment of
a committee to take the subject in charge. This is done by resolution.
The resolution should be so drawn as to state the precise subject to be
investigated, and to give the committee all the power which the mover
may deem necessary to a thorough examination into the subject matter
to be laid before them; this should be done to prevent any misapprehension
as to the intention and extent of the inquiry to be made.
In case of the adoption of the resolution, the mover, together with
other members, will be appointed a committee. They have power to
send for persons and papers. The form of a subpœna is as follows:</p>

<p>“<span class="smcap">The State of Colorado</span>, }</p>

<p>“To &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;: You are hereby commanded, that, laying aside
all business and excuse, you personally appear and attend before
Messrs. &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, on the part of the Senate, and Messrs. &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;,
on the part of the House, a <i>joint</i> committee appointed under a resolution
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span>
of the Senate and House, to investigate at the room of said
committee &mdash;&mdash;, in the city of Denver, the capital of the State, on
the &mdash;&mdash; day of &mdash;&mdash;-, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and &mdash;&mdash;,
at the hour of &mdash;&mdash; in the &mdash;&mdash; noon, then and there, and from time
to time, as required by said committee, to testify and give evidence
upon the matters of inquiry before said committee.</p>

<p>“Hereof fail not, under penalty in such case made and provided.</p>

<p>“Given at the House chamber, in the city of Denver aforesaid,
this &mdash;&mdash; day of &mdash;&mdash;, A. D. 18&mdash;&mdash;.</p>

<p class="author">
“&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, <i>Speaker of the House</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>“Attest: &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, <i>Chief Clerk of the House</i>.”</p>

<p>In case of a refusal to appear, or a refusal to testify, the following
form of certificate has been used:</p>

<p>“To Hon. &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, <i>Speaker of the House</i>:</p>

<p>“I, &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, chairman of the <i>joint</i> committee appointed to investigate
----, do hereby certify that &mdash;&mdash; has been duly subpœnaed
to appear before said committee, as will fully appear by the writ served,
and affidavit of service accompanying the same, on file with the chief
clerk of the House.</p>

<p>“I further certify that said &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; has failed to appear before
said committee, according to the exigency or mandate of said writ or
subpœna.</p>

<p>“Dated Denver, &mdash;&mdash;, 18&mdash;&mdash;, at &mdash;&mdash; o’clock.</p>

<p class="author">
&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;.”<br />
</p>

<p>Upon which a warrant, in the following form, may be used:</p>

<p>“<i>The State of Colorado to the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House</i>:</p>

<p>“It appearing that a writ of subpœna, directed to &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;,
commanding him to personally appear and attend before Messrs. &mdash;&mdash;
----, on the part of the Senate, and Messrs. &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, on the part of
the House, a <i>joint</i> committee appointed under a resolution of the
Senate and House, to investigate &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, at the room of said committee,
in the city of Denver, the capital of the State, the &mdash;&mdash; day of
----, A. D. 18&mdash;&mdash;, at the hour of &mdash;&mdash; in the &mdash;&mdash; noon, then and
there, and from time to time, as required by said committee, to testify
and give evidence upon the matter of inquiry before said committee, has
been issued, and that the said writ of subpœna was duly and personally
served upon the said &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, on the day of &mdash;&mdash;, A. D. 18&mdash;&mdash;,
and returned; and it further appearing by the certificate of the chairman
of the said joint committee, that the said &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; has failed or
neglected to appear before the said committee in obedience to the
mandate of the said subpœna: <i>therefore</i>, you are hereby commanded,
the name of the State of Colorado, to take the body of him, the
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span>
said &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, and bring him before the House, so that he may testify
and give evidence before the said committee, and answer for his contempt
of the House in not obeying the mandate of said subpœna.
Hereof fail not.</p>

<p>“Given at the House chamber, in the city of Denver aforesaid,
this &mdash;&mdash; day of &mdash;&mdash;, A. D. 18&mdash;&mdash;.</p>

<p class="author">
“&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, <i>Speaker of the House</i>.</p>

<p>“&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, <i>Chief Clerk of House</i>.”</p>

<p>To which the return, in ordinary cases, would be:</p>

<p>“By virtue of the within process, I did, on the &mdash;&mdash; day of &mdash;&mdash;,
18&mdash;, arrest the body of &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, and took him before the committee
within named, and the said &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; having refused to answer interrogatories
propounded by said committee, I have him, by direction of
said committee, now before the House.</p>

<p class="i8">“House Chamber, &mdash;&mdash;, 18&mdash;.</p>

<p class="author">“&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, <i>Sergeant-at-Arms of the House</i>.”</p>

<p>A resolution, declaring the defaulter to be in contempt, is the
next proceeding.</p>

<p>The following is a form for such resolution:</p>

<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the neglect or failure of &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; to appear
before the joint investigating committee, composed of Messrs. &mdash;&mdash;
----, of the Senate, and Messrs. &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, of the House, in compliance
with the mandate of the writ of subpœna of this House, served
upon him on the &mdash;&mdash; instant, as fully appears by the said writ and
affidavit of the service thereof endorsed thereon, now on file with the
Chief Clerk of this House, be and the said neglect and failure is hereby
declared a contempt of this House.”</p>

<p>This is followed by an interrogatory, as follows:</p>

<p>“Int. 1.&mdash;Why did you not appear before the <i>joint</i> investigating
committee, as required by the mandate of the subpœna served upon
you the &mdash;&mdash; instant?”</p>

<p>To which the defaulter pleads before judgment is inflicted.</p>

<p>Another form is as follows:</p>

<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the refusal of &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; to answer the questions
put to him by a member of the <i>joint</i> investigating committee, on the
---- instant, and which questions were certified to the House by
---- &mdash;&mdash;, chairman of said committee; and are now in writing, on
file with the Chief Clerk of the House, be, and the same is hereby
declared a contempt of this House.”</p>

<p>Followed by the corresponding interrogatory:</p>

<p>“Why did you not answer the question put or propounded to you
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span>
on the &mdash;&mdash; instant, by a member of the <i>joint</i> investigating committee,
of which &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; is chairman?”</p>

<p>In case the answer is satisfactory, the offender is discharged; if
otherwise, he is punished by reprimand, fine or imprisonment, or both;
but such imprisonment cannot extend beyond the session of the Legislature.</p>

<p>The report of a Committee on Investigation should consist of
three parts:</p>

<p>1. The testimony taken.</p>

<p>2. A statement of the facts proven thereby, or conclusions derived
therefrom.</p>

<p>3. Resolutions, or a bill providing for the action which the committee
deem proper to be taken in the premises.</p>

<h3>QUORUMS.</h3>

<dl>
<dt>Whole number electable:</dt>

<dd>“Not less than 25 nor more than 49.”</dd>

<dt>To expel a member:</dt>

<dd>“Two-thirds.”</dd>

<dt>To do any business except to adjourn from day to day, and compel
the attendance of absent members:</dt>

<dd>“A majority.”</dd>

<dt>To cause the ayes and nays on any question to be entered upon
the journal:</dt>

<dd>“Two members.”</dd>

<dt>To pass any bill which imposes, continues or renews a tax, or
creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or renews any appropriation
of public trust, money or release, discharges or commutes a claim
or demand from the State:</dt>

<dd>“A majority of all.”</dd>

<dt>To adjourn from day to day:</dt>

<dd>“A smaller number than a majority.”</dd>

<dt>To agree to an amendment of the Constitution:</dt>

<dd>“A majority of all the members.”</dd>

<dt>To recommend a constitutional convention:</dt>

<dd>“Two-thirds of all.”</dd>

<dt>To contract a public debt:</dt>

<dd>“A majority of all members elect.”</dd>

<dt>To pass any resolution or motion:</dt>

<dd>“A majority of all present.”</dd>

<dt>To pass any bill:</dt>

<dd>“A majority of all the members elect.”
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span></dd>

<dt>To make a Call of the House:</dt>

<dd>“Two members.”</dd>

<dt>To order the previous question:</dt>

<dd>“A majority present.”</dd>

<dt>To suspend the rules:</dt>

<dd>“Two-thirds of the members present.”</dd>

<dt>To change the order of business:</dt>

<dd>“Two-thirds of the members present.”</dd>

<dt>To bring in a bill which has been rejected by the Senate:</dt>

<dd>“Two-thirds of the House.”</dd>

<dt>To agree to an amendment made by the Senate to a House bill
bill with an emergency clause:</dt>

<dd>“Two-thirds of all members elect.”
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span></dd></dl>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="RULES_AND_ORDERS_OF_SENATE">RULES AND ORDERS OF THE SENATE.</h2>

<p>1. The hours of meeting shall be 10 <small>A. M.</small> and 2 <small>P. M.</small>, unless otherwise
ordered.</p>

<p>2. The President having taken the chair, and a quorum being
present, the journal of the preceding day shall be read, to the end that
any mistake may be corrected, which shall be made in the entries. A
quorum shall consist of a majority of the members of the Senate.</p>

<p>3. No member shall speak to another, or otherwise interrupt the
business of the Senate, or read any newspaper, while the journal or
public papers are being read, or when any member is speaking in
debate. No smoking shall be allowed during the sitting of the
Senate.</p>

<p>4. Every member, previous to speaking, shall rise from his chair,
and respectfully address the President, and shall confine himself to the
question under debate, and avoid personality.</p>

<p>5. No member shall speak more than twice on any one debate on
the same day, without leave of the Senate.</p>

<p>6. When two members rise at the same time, the President shall
name the person to speak; but in all cases the member who shall first
rise and address the chair shall speak first.</p>

<p>7. When a member shall be called to order by the President or a
Senator, he shall sit down; and every question of order shall be
decided by the President, without debate, subject to an appeal to the
Senate; and the President may call for the sense of the Senate on any
question of order.</p>

<p>8. If the member be called to order by a Senator for words spoken,
the exceptional words shall immediately be taken down in writing by
the Secretary, that the President may be better enabled to judge of
the matter.</p>

<p>9. No member shall absent himself from the service of the Senate
without leave of the Senate, and in case a less number than a quorum
of the Senate shall convene, they, or a majority of them, may send
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span>
the Sergeant-at-Arms, or other suitable person or persons, for any or
all absent members, at the expense of such absent members respectively,
unless such excuse for non-attendance shall be made, as the
Senate, when a quorum is convened, shall judge sufficient.</p>

<p>10. No motion shall be debated until the same shall be seconded.</p>

<p>11. When a motion shall be made and seconded, it shall be reduced
to writing, if desired by the President or any member, delivered
at the table of the Secretary, and read before the same shall be
debated.</p>

<p>12. When a question is under debate no motion shall be received,
except as otherwise provided in these rules, but to adjourn, to lie on
the table, to postpone indefinitely, to postpone to a day certain, to
commit, or amend, which several motions shall have precedence in the
order they stand arranged. Any motion may be withdrawn by the
mover at any time before a discussion, amendment, or ordering of the
yeas and nays, except a motion to reconsider, which shall not be withdrawn
without leave of the Senate. A motion to adjourn shall always
be in order. That, and the motion to lay on the table, shall be decided
without debate.</p>

<p>13. The previous question shall be in this form: “Shall the main
question be now put?” It shall only be entertained when demanded
by a majority of the members present, and its effects shall be to put
an end to all debate, and bring the Senate to a direct vote upon
amendments reported by a committee, if any, upon pending amendments,
and then upon the main question. On a motion for the previous
question, and prior to the seconding of the same, a call of the
Senate shall be in order, but after a majority shall have seconded such
motion, no call shall be in order prior to a decision of the main question.</p>

<p>14. When the previous question is decided in the negative, it shall
leave the main question under debate for the residue of the sitting,
unless disposed of by taking the question, or in some other manner.</p>

<p>15. Any five members may make a call of the Senate and require
absent members to be sent for, but a call of the Senate cannot be
made after the voting has commenced, and the call of the Senate
being in order, and the absentees noted, the doors shall be closed and
no member permitted to leave the room until the report of the Sergeant-at-Arms
be received and acted upon, or further proceedings in
the call be suspended by a vote of two-thirds of the Senate.</p>

<p>16. The President shall rise to put a question, but may state it
sitting.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span></p>

<p>17. No motion or proposition on a subject different from that
under consideration shall be admitted under color of amendment.</p>

<p>18. If a question in debate contains several points, any member
may have the same divided, but on motion to strike out and insert, it
shall not be in order to move for a division of the question, but the
rejection of a motion to strike out and insert one proposition shall
not prevent a motion to strike out and insert a different proposition,
nor prevent a subsequent motion simply to strike out, nor shall the
rejection of a motion simply to strike out, prevent a subsequent motion
to strike out and insert.</p>

<p>19. All so called substitute motions and resolutions shall be considered
as amendments only, and shall be subject to the rules relating
thereto, except such matters as may be reported by committees.</p>

<p>20. In filling up blanks the largest sum and longest time shall be
first put.</p>

<p>21. When the reading of a paper is called for, and the same is
objected to by any member, it shall be determined by a vote of the
Senate, and without debate.</p>

<p>22. When the ayes and nays shall be called for by two of the
members present, each member called upon shall declare openly, and
without debate, his assent or dissent to the question, unless by special
reason he be excused by the Senate.</p>

<p>23. When the ayes and nays shall be taken on any question in
pursuance of the above rule, no member shall be permitted, under any
circumstances whatever, to vote after the decision is announced from
the chair.</p>

<p>24. On a motion made and seconded to shut the doors of the
Senate, on the discussion of any business which may in the opinion of
the Senate require secrecy, the presiding officer shall direct the lobby
to be cleared, and during the discussion of such motion the doors shall
remain shut.</p>

<p>25. No motion shall be deemed in order to admit any person or
persons whatsoever, other than a Senator, within the Senate chamber,
to present any petition, memorial or address.</p>

<p>26. When a question has been carried or negatived, it shall be in
order for any member of the majority to move for the reconsideration
thereof. But no motion for the reconsideration of any vote shall be
in order after a bill, resolution, message, report, amendment, or
motion, upon which the vote was taken, shall have gone out of the
possession of the Senate, announcing their decision; nor shall any
motion to reconsider be in order unless made on the same day on
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span>
which the vote was taken, or within the next two days of actual session
of the Senate thereafter.</p>

<p>27. The President of the Senate, or President <i>pro tempore</i>, shall
have the right to name a member to perform the duties of the Chair;
but such substitution shall be for that day only.</p>

<p>28. Every petition or memorial, or other paper, shall be referred,
of course, without putting a question for that purpose, unless the reference
be objected to at the time the same is presented; and before
any petition or other paper shall be received or read, a brief statement
of the contents of the same shall be verbally made by the introducer.</p>

<p>29. The following shall be the order of business for the day:</p>

<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="vertical-align: top" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">1.</td>
    <td>Calling the roll.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">2.</td>
    <td>Prayer by the Chaplain.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">3.</td>
    <td>Reading the journal.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">4.</td>
    <td>Petitions and memorials.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">5.</td>
    <td>Reports from standing committees.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">6.</td>
    <td>Reports of special or select committees.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">7.</td>
    <td>Resolutions.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">8.</td>
    <td>Amendments proposed by the House to Senate bills.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">9.</td>
    <td>Introduction of bills.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">10.</td>
    <td>Bills on first reading.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">11.</td>
    <td>Bills on second reading.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">12.</td>
    <td>Bills on third reading, and final passage.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">13.</td>
    <td>Special order of the day.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">14.</td>
    <td>Unfinished business.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p>30. All bills introduced in the Senate shall, after the second reading
be printed for the use of the members, but no other paper or document
shall be printed without special order.</p>

<p>31. Every bill shall receive three readings at length previous to its
being passed, and the President shall give notice at each, whether it
be the first, second or third, which readings shall be on three different
days. All resolutions to which the signature of the Governor may be
requisite, shall be treated, in all respects, in the introduction and form
of proceedings on them in the Senate, in a similar manner with bills,
and all other resolutions shall lie on the table one day before being
taken up for consideration, and also all reports of committees.</p>

<p>32. No bill shall be committed or amended until it shall have been
twice read, after which it shall be referred to a committee.</p>

<p>33. All bills after second reading shall be printed and considered
by the Senate in the committee of the whole before they shall be taken
up and proceeded on by the Senate, agreeably to the standing rules, unless
otherwise ordered. When the Senate shall consider a bill or resolution
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span>
as a committee of the whole, the President or President <i>pro tempore</i>
shall call a member to fill the chair during the time the Senate shall
remain in committee of the whole.</p>

<p>34. The final question, upon the second reading of every bill, resolution
or motion, originating in the Senate and requiring three readings
previous to being passed, shall be, “whether it shall be engrossed
and read a third time?” And no amendments shall be received for discussion
at a third reading, of any bill, resolution or motion, unless by
unanimous consent of the members present, but it shall at all times be
in order, upon the final passage of any bill, resolution or motion, to
move its commitment, and shall such commitment take place, and any
amendment be reported by the committee, said bill, resolution or motion,
shall again be read the second time and considered in committee
of the whole, and then the aforesaid question shall be again put.</p>

<p>35. The title of bills shall be inserted on the journals.</p>

<p>36. When motions are made for reference of the same subject to
a select committee and to a standing committee, the question on reference
to the standing committee shall first be put.</p>

<p>37. When motions are made for reference of the same subject to
a select committee and to a standing committee, the question on reference
to the standing committee shall first be put.</p>

<p>37. When nominations shall be made in writing by the Governor
to the Senate, a future day shall be assigned, unless the Senate otherwise
direct, for taking them into consideration.</p>

<p>38. All confidential communications made by the Governor shall
be kept secret. When acting on confidential or executive business, the
Senate room shall be closed to all persons except the Secretaries and
Sergeant-at-Arms. All information or remarks touching the character
or qualifications of any person nominated by the Governor to office,
shall be kept secret. The legislative proceedings, the executive proceedings,
and the confidential legislative proceedings of the Senate,
shall be kept in separate and distinct books.</p>

<p>39. The proceedings of the Senate, when not acting in committee
of the whole, shall be entered on the journal as concisely as possible,
care being taken to detail a true and accurate account of the proceedings
and every vote of the Senate shall be entered on the journal, and
a brief statement of the contents of each petition, memorial or paper
presented to the Senate, shall be inserted on the journal.</p>

<p>40. Messages shall be sent to the House by the Secretary or Assistant
Secretary; the Secretary having previously endorsed the final
determination of the Senate thereon.</p>

<p>41. The Sergeant-at-Arms shall not permit any person not a member
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span>
or officer of the Senate to pass inside the railing, in the rear of the
seats of the members, at any time during the session of the Senate,
except the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, the Governor
and other State officers, and duly accredited representatives of the
press, and the members of the Legislature of the State of Colorado,
and such other persons as may be invited by the members.</p>

<p>42. Messengers may be introduced in any stage of business, except
when a question is being put, whilst the ayes and nays are being called,
or while the ballots are being counted.</p>

<p>43. The rules of the Senate shall be observed in the committee of
the whole so far as they may be applicable, except that a member may
speak oftener than twice on the same subject, and the ayes and nays
shall not be taken nor the previous question enforced.</p>

<p>44. A motion that the committee rise shall always be in order, and
shall be decided without debate.</p>

<p>45. All committees shall be appointed by the presiding officer,
unless otherwise directed by the Senate.</p>

<p>46. Any official or member of the Senate convicted of disclosing
any matter directed by the Senate to be held in confidence, shall be
liable, if an officer, to dismissal from the service of the Senate, and
in case of a member, to suffer expulsion from the body.</p>

<p>47. The committee on engrossment shall examine all bills and
resolutions after they are engrossed and before action is taken thereon,
and report the same to the Senate when correctly engrossed.</p>

<p>48. The committee on enrollment shall examine all bills referred
to them, and report the same to the Senate correctly enrolled. Said
committee may report at any time.</p>

<p>49. There shall be a standing committee to consist of five members
(of which the President <i>pro tempore</i> shall be <i>ex-officio</i> a member),
on rules.</p>

<p>50. No rule of the Senate shall be altered, suspended or rescinded,
without the vote of two-thirds of the members elected.</p>

<p>51. The rules of parliamentary practice comprised in Cushing’s
Parliamentary Law Practice of Legislative Assemblies, shall govern
the Senate in all cases in which they are applicable, and in which they
are not inconsistent with the standing rules and orders of the Senate,
and the joint rules of the Senate and House of Representatives.</p>

<p>The following standing committees shall be elected by the
Senate:</p>

<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="vertical-align: top" />
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">1.</td>
    <td>Judiciary.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">2.</td>
    <td>Finance, Ways and Means.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">3.</td>
    <td>Mines and Mining.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">4.</td>
    <td>Education, School and University Lands.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">5.</td>
    <td>Incorporations and Railroads.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">6.</td>
    <td>Public Lands.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">7.</td>
    <td>Agriculture and Manufactures.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">8.</td>
    <td>Stock.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">9.</td>
    <td>Fees and Salaries.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">10.</td>
    <td>Irrigation.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">11.</td>
    <td>Immigration.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">12.</td>
    <td>Elections.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">13.</td>
    <td>State Institutions and Public Buildings.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">14.</td>
    <td>Counties and County Lines.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">15.</td>
    <td>Roads and Bridges.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">16.</td>
    <td>Military Affairs.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">17.</td>
    <td>Indian Affairs.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">18.</td>
    <td>Penitentiary.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">19.</td>
    <td>Federal Relations.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">20.</td>
    <td>Printing.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">21.</td>
    <td>Engrossment.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">22.</td>
    <td>Enrollment.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">23.</td>
    <td>Rules.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span></td>
  </tr></table>

<h3 id="RULES_AND_ORDERS_OF_THE_HOUSE">RULES AND ORDERS OF THE HOUSE.</h3>

<h4>MEETINGS, QUORUM, ETC.</h4>

<p>1. The hour for the daily meeting of the House shall be 10
o’clock in the morning, unless some other be designated by the House
at the time of its adjournment.</p>

<p>2. A majority of the House shall constitute a quorum, but a
smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance
of absent members, and may inflict such censure or pecuniary
penalty as they may deem just, on those who being called for that purpose
shall render no sufficient excuse for their absence.</p>

<p>3. No member shall be excused from attendance for more than one
day without the consent of two-thirds of all the members present.</p>

<p>4. Upon the appearance of a quorum, the journal of the preceding
day shall be read by the Clerk, and any mistake therein may be corrected
by the House.</p>

<h4>SPEAKER.</h4>

<p>5. The Speaker shall take the chair at the time to which the House
stands adjourned, and the House shall then be called to order, and the
roll of the members called.</p>

<p>6. The Speaker shall vote on all questions taken by yeas and nays,
and on all elections, or divisions called for by any member.</p>

<p>7. The Speaker shall preserve order and decorum; and shall decide
questions of order, subject to an appeal to the House.</p>

<p>8. The Speaker may leave the chair, and appoint a member to
preside, but not for a longer time than one day, except by leave of the
House.</p>

<p>9. The Speaker shall cause the Clerk to make a list of all bills,
resolutions, reports of committees, and other proceedings of the
House, which are committed to a committee of the whole House, and
which are not made the order of the day for any particular day, and to
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span>
number the same, which list shall be called, “The General Orders of
the Day;” and they shall be taken up in the order in which they are
numbered, unless otherwise ordered by a majority of the House; and
the Clerk shall also keep a book, showing the situation and progress of
all bills.</p>

<h4>ORDER OF THE DAY.</h4>

<p>10. On the meeting of the House the order of the day shall be as
follows:</p>

<table style="vertical-align: top">
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">1.</td>
    <td>Prayer by the Chaplain, if present.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">2.</td>
    <td>Call of the roll.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">3.</td>
    <td>Reading of the journal of the previous day.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">4.</td>
    <td>Presentation of petitions.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">5.</td>
    <td>Reports of standing committees.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">6.</td>
    <td>Reports of select committees.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">7.</td>
    <td>Message from the Governor.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">8.</td>
    <td>Amendments proposed by the Senate to bills from the House of Representatives.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">9.</td>
    <td>Motions, resolutions and notices.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">10.</td>
    <td>Introduction and first reading of bills.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">11.</td>
    <td>Second reading of bills and resolutions from the Senate.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">12.</td>
    <td>Second reading of House bills and resolutions.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">13.</td>
    <td>Consideration of bills reported upon by committees.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">14.</td>
    <td>Third reading of Senate bills and resolutions.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">15.</td>
    <td>Third reading of the House bills and resolutions.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">16.</td>
    <td>Unfinished business of the preceding day.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">17.</td>
    <td>Special orders of the day.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdr">18.</td>
    <td>General orders of the day.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p>Any other business not prohibited by the rules of the House.</p>

<h3>DECORUM AND ORDER OF DEBATE.</h3>

<p>11. Every member, previous to speaking, shall rise from his chair,
and respectfully address himself to the Speaker, and shall confine himself
to the question under debate, and avoid personality.</p>

<p>12. When two or more members address the Chair at the same
time, the Speaker shall recognize the one who first rose.</p>

<p>13. A member called to order shall immediately sit down, unless
permitted to explain, and the Chair shall decide the question of order,
without debate, subject to an appeal to the House.</p>

<p>14. When the Speaker is putting the question, no member shall
walk out of or across the House, nor when a member is speaking, shall
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span>
any person entertain any private discourse, or pass between him and
the Chair; and no smoking shall be allowed in the House.</p>

<p>15. No member shall speak more than twice, nor more than thirty
minutes at one time on the same question, without leave of the House,
nor more than once until every member who chooses to speak shall
have spoken, except chairmen of committees, upon matters reported
by them.</p>

<p>16. No motion shall be debated, or put, unless the same be
seconded; it shall be stated by the Speaker before the debate, and any
such motion shall be reduced to writing, if the Speaker or any member
desire it.</p>

<p>17. After a motion shall be stated by the Speaker, it shall be
deemed to be in possession of the House; all motions, resolutions, or
amendments, shall be entered on the journal, whether rejected or
adopted.</p>

<p>18. If the question in debate contain several points, any member
may have the same divided.</p>

<p>19. Every member who shall be present before the vote is declared
from the Chair, and no other, shall vote for or against the same, unless
the House shall excuse him; <i>provided</i>, that if any member have a personal
or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending,
he shall declare the fact to the House, and shall not vote thereon.</p>

<p>20. Any two members may make a call of the House, and require
absent members to be sent for, but a call of the House cannot be
made after the voting has commenced; and the call of the House being
ordered, and the absentees noted, the doors shall be closed, and no
member permitted to leave the room until the report of the sergeant-at-arms
be received and acted upon, or further proceedings in the call
be suspended by a vote of two-thirds of the House.</p>

<p>21. When a question is under debate, no motion shall be received
but to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, to postpone
indefinitely, to postpone to a certain day, to commit or to amend,
which several motions shall have precedence in the order in which they
stand arranged.</p>

<p>22. A motion to adjourn shall always be in order, except when a
member is addressing the Chair, or a vote is being taken; <i>provided</i>,
the motion being once moved and decided in the negative shall be considered
settled until some other motion or business shall come before
the House. The motion to adjourn and to lay on the table, shall be
decided without debate.</p>

<p>23. When the House adjourns the members shall keep their seats
until the Speaker announces the adjournment.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span></p>

<p>24. The orders for a particular day shall hold for every succeeding
day until disposed of.</p>

<p>25. All questions, whether in committee or in the House, shall be
put in the order they are moved, except in case of privileged questions;
and in filling up blanks the largest sum and the longest time shall be
first put.</p>

<p>26. The ayes and noes shall be ordered when demanded by any
member, and all votes taken by ayes and noes shall be entered on the
journal.</p>

<p>27. Petitions, memorials, and other papers addressed to the House
shall be presented by the Speaker or by a member in his place.</p>

<h3>BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS.</h3>

<p>28. Every bill shall be introduced by motion for leave or on a
report of a committee.</p>

<p>29. Every bill and resolution shall have prefixed thereto the name
of the person introducing it; and when ordered by a committee the
name of said committee shall be endorsed thereon.</p>

<p>30. Every bill shall be read at length, on three different days, in
the House; all substantial amendments made thereto shall be printed
for the use of the members, before the final vote is taken on the bill;
and no bill shall pass except by vote of a majority of all members
elected to the House, nor unless on its final passage the vote be taken
by ayes and nays, and the names of those voting be entered on the
journal.&mdash;<i>Const.</i></p>

<p>31. No bill shall be committed or amended unless it has been
read twice. No joint resolution shall be declared passed unless voted
for by a majority of all members elected to the House.</p>

<p>32. No bill shall be considered or become a law unless referred to
a committee, returned therefrom, and printed for the use of the members.&mdash;<i>Const.</i></p>

<p>33. No bill, except general appropriation bills, shall be passed
containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in
its title.&mdash;<i>Const.</i></p>

<p>34. All bills shall be printed immediately after the first reading
thereof, unless otherwise ordered by the House.</p>

<p>35. All bills after having been read a second time shall be placed
on the file for consideration of the committee of the whole, unless
specially ordered by the House.</p>

<p>36. The same bill shall not appropriate the public money or
property to more than one local or private purpose; and bills appropriating
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span>
moneys for the payment of officers of the Government shall
be confined to that purpose exclusively.</p>

<p>37. In all cases where a bill, order, resolution, or motion shall be
entered on the journal of the House, the name of the member moving
the same shall be entered on the journal.</p>

<p>38. A similar mode of proceeding shall be observed with bills
which have originated in the Senate, as with bills originating in the
House.</p>

<p>39. All memorials, and joint resolutions, upon their introduction
shall be read by title, and laid upon the table until printed, unless by
a suspension of this rule the House decide otherwise.</p>

<p>40. Every order or resolution to which the concurrence of the
Senate shall be necessary, unless otherwise ordered by a majority of
the House, shall be read to the House and laid upon the table on a
day preceding action thereon.</p>

<h3>COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.</h3>

<p>41. When the House has arrived at the general orders of the
day, it shall go into committee of the whole upon such orders, or a
particular order designated by a vote of the House; and no business
shall be in order until the whole are considered and passed, or the
committee rise; and unless a particular bill is ordered up, the committee
of the whole shall consider, act upon, or pass, the general orders
according to the order of their reference.</p>

<p>42. In forming a committee of the whole House the Speaker
shall appoint a chairman to preside.</p>

<p>43. Bills committed to a committee of the whole House shall be
read and considered by clauses, leaving the preamble to be last considered.
All amendments shall be entered on a separate piece of paper,
and so reported to the House by the chairman, standing in his place.</p>

<p>44. The rules of the House shall be observed in committee of
the whole House, as far as may be applicable, except that the ayes
and nays shall not be called, nor the previous question enforced.</p>

<p>45. A motion that the committee rise shall always be in order,
and shall always be decided without debate.</p>

<h3>RECONSIDERATION.</h3>

<p>46. No motion for reconsideration shall be in order, unless on
the same day or the day following that on which the decision proposed
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span>
to be considered took place, nor unless one of the majority shall move
such reconsideration. A motion for reconsideration being put and
lost (except in case of privileged motions), shall not be renewed on
the same day, nor shall any subject be a second time reconsidered on
the same day without unanimous consent.</p>

<p>47. When notice of the intention to move the reconsideration of
any bill or joint resolution shall be given by a member, the Clerk shall
retain the said bill or joint resolution, until after the time during
which the said motion can be made, unless the same shall have previously
been disposed of.</p>

<p>48. A member who votes on that side of a question which prevailed,
and which required two-thirds of the members present to carry
the affirmative, may be at liberty to move for a reconsideration, and
a motion for reconsideration shall be decided by a majority of votes.</p>

<h3>PREVIOUS QUESTION.</h3>

<p>49. The previous question shall be in this form: Shall the main
question be now put? It shall only be entertained when demanded
by a majority of the members present, and its effect shall be to put an
end to all debate, and bring the House to a direct vote upon amendments
reported by a committee, if any, upon pending amendments,
and then upon the main question. On a motion for the previous
question, and prior to the seconding of the same, a call of the House
shall be in order; but after a majority shall have seconded such
motion, no call shall be in order prior to a decision of the main question.</p>

<p>50. When the previous question is decided in the negative, it shall
leave the main question under debate.</p>

<p>51. All incidental questions of order arising after a motion is
made for the previous question, during the pending of such motion
or after the House shall have determined that the main question shall
be now put, shall be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without
debate.</p>

<h3>ADMISSIONS TO THE FLOOR.</h3>

<p>52. No person shall be admitted within the bar of the House but
the Executive, ex-Governors, members of the Senate, the heads of
Departments of the State Government, Judges of the Supreme Court,
ex-members of the Legislature, representatives of the press, ladies,
and such other persons as the House may from time to time direct,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span>
provided, however, that any member may invite a single visitor to a
seat on the floor of the House.</p>

<h3>COMMITTEES.</h3>

<p>53. The following standing committees, to consist of five members
each, shall be appointed at the commencement of the session,
unless otherwise ordered:</p>

<p class="table">
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">1. Finance, Ways and Means.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">2. Judiciary.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">3. Education.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">4. Mines and Mining.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">5. Agriculture.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">6. Irrigation.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">7. Stock.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">8. Elections and Apportionment.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">9. Manufactures.</span><br />
10. Immigration.<br />
11. Corporations.<br />
12. Public Lands.<br />
13. Fees and Salaries.<br />
14. State Institutions.<br />
15. Counties and County Lines.<br />
16. Indian Affairs.<br />
17. Military Affairs.<br />
18. Roads and Bridges.<br />
19. Public Buildings.<br />
20. Federal Relations.<br />
21. Claims.<br />
22. Printing.<br />
23. Appropriations and Expenditures.<br />
</p>

<p>And the following standing committees to consist of three members
each:</p>

<p class="table">
A Committee of Engrossment.<br />
A Committee of Enrollment.<br />
</p>

<p>54. The committee on engrossment shall examine all bills after
they are engrossed and before their third reading, and report the same
to the House as correctly engrossed. The committee on enrollment
shall examine all bills, and report them to the House as correctly
enrolled. Said committee may report at any time.</p>

<p>55. Select committees to whom reference shall be made shall in
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span>
all cases report a state of facts, and their opinion thereon to the
House.</p>

<h3>RULES.</h3>

<p>56. The rules of parliamentary practice embraced in Cushing’s
Manual shall govern the House in all cases to which they are applicable,
and in which they are not inconsistent with the standing rules
and orders of the House, and joint rules of the Senate and House of
Representatives.</p>

<p>57. No rule of the House shall be suspended, altered, or amended,
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members elected to the
House.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="JOINT_RULES_OF_THE_SENATE_AND_HOUSE">JOINT RULES OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE.</h2>

<p>1. When a message shall be sent from the Senate to the House
of Representatives, it shall be announced at the door of the House by
the Sergeant-at-Arms, and shall be respectfully communicated to the
Chair by the person by whom it was sent.</p>

<p>2. The same ceremony shall be observed when a message shall be
sent from the House of Representatives to the Senate.</p>

<p>3. Messages shall be transmitted from one House to the other
while both Houses are in session.</p>

<p>4. Neither House shall without the consent of the other adjourn
for more than three days; nor to any other place than that in which
the two Houses shall be sitting.</p>

<p>5. After a bill shall have passed both Houses, it shall be duly
enrolled by the Enrolling Clerk of the House of Representatives, or of
the Senate, as the bill may have originated in the one or the other
House, before it shall be presented to the Governor of the State for
his approval.</p>

<p>6. When the bills are enrolled they shall be examined by a joint
committee of two from the Senate and two from the House of Representatives,
appointed as a standing committee for that purpose, who
shall carefully compare the enrollment with the engrossed bills, as
passed in the two Houses, and correcting any error that may be discovered
in the enrolled bills, make their report forthwith to their
respective Houses.</p>

<p>7. After examination and report each bill shall be signed in their
respective Houses, first by the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
then by the President of the Senate.</p>

<h3>SENATE RULES.</h3>

<p>8. After a bill shall have been thus signed in each House, it shall
be presented by the said committee to the Governor for his approbation
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span>
(it being first endorsed on the back of the roll, certifying in which
House the same originated, which endorsement shall be signed by the
Chief Clerk of the House in which the same did originate), and shall
be entered on the journal of each House. The said committee shall
report the day of presentation to the Governor, which time shall be
carefully entered on the journal of each House.</p>

<p>9. No amendment to any bill by one House shall be concurred in
by the other, nor shall the report of any committee of conference be
accepted in either House, except by a vote of a majority of the members
elected thereto, taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those
voting be entered on the journal.</p>

<p>10. All orders, resolutions and votes, which are to be presented
to the Governor of the State for his approbation, shall also, in the
same manner be enrolled, examined and assigned, and shall be presented
in the same manner and by the same committee, as provided in
the case of bills.</p>

<p>11. Each House shall transmit to the other when requested, all
the papers on which any bill or resolution shall be founded.</p>

<p>12. The presiding officer of the Senate shall preside at all conventions
of the Houses.</p>

<p>13. Any three members may move a call of the convention.</p>

<p>14. When a bill or resolution shall have passed one House and
shall be rejected by the other, notice thereof shall immediately be
given to the House in which the same may have originated.</p>

<p>15. Bills appropriating moneys for the payment of officers of the
Government shall be confined to that purpose exclusively, and no law
shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its
title.</p>

<p>16. No joint rule of the Senate and House of Representatives
shall be suspended, altered or amended without the concurrence of
two-thirds of the members elected to each House.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="CHRONOLOGICAL_TABLE">CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE</h2>

<p class="caption">OF THE PRINCIPAL POLITICAL AND OTHER EVENTS IN AMERICAN<br />
HISTORY, FROM THE DISCOVERY IN 1492<br />
TO THE PRESENT TIME.</p>

<table id="chrono">
  <tr>
    <td>1492,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 3, Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1492,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 12, Columbus discovered Guanahani.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1492,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 7, Columbus discovered Cuba.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1492,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 6, Hayti, or Hispaniola discovered.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1493,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 16, Columbus returned to Spain.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1493,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 25, Columbus sails from Cadiz on his second voyage.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1493,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 8, Columbus lays the foundation of Isabella in Hispaniola,
the first European town in the New World.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1494,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 5, Jamaica discovered.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1496,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 10, Columbus sails again for Spain.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1497,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 24, North America discovered by the Cabots.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1498,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 30, Columbus sails from Spain on his third voyage.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1498,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 31, Trinidad discovered.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1498,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 1, South America discovered by Columbus.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1499,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 16, South America discovered by Americus Vespucius.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1500,</td>
    <td class="i0">Amazon river discovered by Pinzon.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1500,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 23, Brazil discovered by Cabval.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1502,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 11, Columbus sails on his last voyage.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1502,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 14, Bay of Honduras discovered by Columbus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1504,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 2, Columbus returns to Spain.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1506,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 20, Columbus dies in his 59th year.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1508,</td>
    <td class="i0">St. Lawrence river first navigated by Aubert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1512,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 2, Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1512,</td>
    <td class="i0">Baracoa, the first town in Cuba, built by Diego Velasquez.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1513,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 25, Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez De
Balboa.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1516,</td>
    <td class="i0">Rio de la Plata discovered by Juan Diaz de Solis.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1517,</td>
    <td class="i0">Patent granted by Charles V. for an annual import of 4,000
negro slaves to Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1517,</td>
    <td class="i0">Yucatan discovered by Francis Hernandez Cordova.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1519,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 13, Cortes lands at Tabasco, in Mexico.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1519,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 22, Cortes arrives at San Juan de Ulloa.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1519,</td>
    <td class="i0">Vera Cruz settled by Cortes.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1519,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 8, Cortes enters Mexico.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1520,</td>
    <td class="i0">Montezuma dies.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1520,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 7, Straits of Magellan discovered by Ferdinand
Magellan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1521,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 13, Mexico taken by Cortes.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1522,</td>
    <td class="i0">Bermudas discovered by Juan Bermudez.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1525,</td>
    <td class="i0">First invasion of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1528,</td>
    <td class="i0">Pizarro appointed governor of Peru.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1531,</td>
    <td class="i0">Second invasion of Peru by Pizarro.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1532,</td>
    <td class="i0">First colony founded in Peru by Pizarro.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1535,</td>
    <td class="i0">Chili invaded by Almagro.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1537,</td>
    <td class="i0">California discovered by Cortes.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1539,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 18, Ferdinand de Soto sails from Havana on an expedition
for the conquest of Florida.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1541,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 6, Orellana explores the Amazon, and arrives at the
ocean.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1545,</td>
    <td class="i0">Mines of Potosi, in South America, discovered.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1548,</td>
    <td class="i0">Platina discovered in the south of Mexico.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1563,</td>
    <td class="i0">Slaves first imported into the West Indies by the English.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1576,</td>
    <td class="i0">Elizabeth’s and Frobisher’s Straits discovered by Martin Frobisher.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1585,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 26, Virginia visited by Sir Walter Raleigh.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1586,</td>
    <td class="i0">Tobacco introduced into England by Mr. Lane.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1587,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 13, First Indian baptized in Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1602,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 15, Cape Cod named by Bartholomew Gosnold.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1602,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 21, Martha’s Vineyard discovered by Gosnold.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1607,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 13, Jamestown, Virginia, founded.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1608,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 3, Quebec founded.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1609,</td>
    <td class="i0">Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1611,</td>
    <td class="i0">Lake Champlain discovered by Champlain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1616,</td>
    <td class="i0">Baffin’s Bay discovered by Baffin.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1617,</td>
    <td class="i0">Pocahontas dies in England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1619,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 19, First General Assembly in Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1619,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 20, Long Island Sound first navigated by Dermer.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1620,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 5, Puritans sail from Southampton, England, for
America.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1620,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 10, Puritans anchored at Cape Cod.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1620,</td>
    <td class="i0">November, first white child born in New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1620,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 11, first landing at Plymouth.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1620,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 25, first house built at Plymouth.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1620,</td>
    <td class="i0">Slaves first introduced into Virginia by the Dutch.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1621,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 12, first marriage at Plymouth.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1630,</td>
    <td class="i0">Boston settled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1630,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 19, first general court of Massachusetts Colony holden
at Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1631,</td>
    <td class="i0">Delaware settled by the Swedes.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1632,</td>
    <td class="i0">First church built at Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1633,</td>
    <td class="i0">First house erected in Connecticut, at Windsor.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1634,</td>
    <td class="i0">Maryland settled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1634,</td>
    <td class="i0">Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1636,</td>
    <td class="i0">Hartford, Conn., settled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1636,</td>
    <td class="i0">Providence founded by Roger Williams.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1637,</td>
    <td class="i0">First synod convened at Newton (now Cambridge), Mass.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1638,</td>
    <td class="i0">New Haven founded.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1638,</td>
    <td class="i0">Harvard College founded.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1638,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 1, earthquake in New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1639,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 14, convention at Hartford, Conn., for forming a
Constitution.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1639,</td>
    <td class="i0">April, first general election at Hartford.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1639,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press established at Cambridge, Mass., by Stephen
Day.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1642,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 9, first commencement at Harvard College.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1643,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 19, union of the New England Colonies.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1646,</td>
    <td class="i0">First act passed by the general court of Mass. for the spread of
the Gospel among the Indians.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1647,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 19, first General Assembly of Rhode Island.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1648,</td>
    <td class="i0">First execution for witchcraft.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1648,</td>
    <td class="i0">New London settled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1650,</td>
    <td class="i0">Harvard College chartered.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1650,</td>
    <td class="i0">Constitution of Maryland settled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1651,</td>
    <td class="i0">Navigation Act passed by Great Britain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1652,</td>
    <td class="i0">First mint established in New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1654,</td>
    <td class="i0">Yale College first projected by Davenport.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1663,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 26, earthquake felt in New England, New Netherlands
and Canada.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1664,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 27, surrender of New Amsterdam to the English.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1665,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 12, New York City incorporated.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1672,</td>
    <td class="i0">First copyright granted by Mass.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1673,</td>
    <td class="i0">Mississippi river explored by Marquette and Joliet.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1675,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 24, commencement of King Philip’s war.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1676,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 12, death of King Philip.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1681,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1682,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 24, arrival of William Penn in America.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1682,</td>
    <td class="i0">Louisiana taken possession of by M. de la Sale.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1683,</td>
    <td class="i0">First Legislative Assembly in New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1683,</td>
    <td class="i0">Roger Williams dies, in his 84th year.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1686,</td>
    <td class="i0">First Episcopal Society formed in Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1687,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press established near Philadelphia by William
Bradford.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1688,</td>
    <td class="i0">New York and New Jersey united to New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1690,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 8, Schenectady burned by the French and Indians.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1690,</td>
    <td class="i0">First paper money issued by Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1692,</td>
    <td class="i0">William and Mary College, Virginia, chartered.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1693,</td>
    <td class="i0">Episcopal Church established at New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1693,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press established in New York by William
Bradford.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1695,</td>
    <td class="i0">Rice introduced into Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1698,</td>
    <td class="i0">First French Colony arrive at the mouth of the Mississippi.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1699,</td>
    <td class="i0">Captain Kidd, the pirate, apprehended at Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1700,</td>
    <td class="i0">Episcopal Church established in Pennsylvania.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1701,</td>
    <td class="i0">October, Yale College chartered and founded at Saybrook.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1702,</td>
    <td class="i0">Episcopal Church established in New Jersey and Rhode Island.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1703,</td>
    <td class="i0">Culture of silk introduced into Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1703,</td>
    <td class="i0">Duty of £4 laid on imported negroes, in Mass.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1704,</td>
    <td class="i0">Tonnage duty laid by Rhode Island on foreign vessels.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1704,</td>
    <td class="i0">Act “to prevent the growth of Popery,” passed by Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1704,</td>
    <td class="i0">First newspaper (Boston News Letter) published at Boston, by
Bartholomew Green.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1706,</td>
    <td class="i0">Bills of Credit issued by Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1709,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press in Connecticut, established at New London,
by Thomas Short.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1711,</td>
    <td class="i0">South Sea Company incorporated.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1712,</td>
    <td class="i0">Free Schools founded in Charleston, Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1714,</td>
    <td class="i0">First schooner built at Cape Ann.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1717,</td>
    <td class="i0">Yale College removed from Saybrook to New Haven.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1718,</td>
    <td class="i0">Import duties laid by Massachusetts on English manufactures
and English ships.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1719,</td>
    <td class="i0">First Presbyterian Church founded in New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1720,</td>
    <td class="i0">Tea first used in New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1721,</td>
    <td class="i0">Inoculation for small-pox introduced into New England.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1722,</td>
    <td class="i0">Paper money first issued in Pennsylvania.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1725,</td>
    <td class="i0">First newspaper in New York (the New York Gazette) published
by William Bradford.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1726,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing presses established in Virginia and Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1727,</td>
    <td class="i0">Earthquake in New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1730,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press and newspaper established at Charleston,
South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1732,</td>
    <td class="i0">Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland at 1<i>d.</i> per pound,
and corn at 20<i>d.</i> per bushel.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1732,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 22, George Washington born.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1732,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press and newspaper established at Newport,
Rhode Island.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1733,</td>
    <td class="i0">Georgia settled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1733,</td>
    <td class="i0">Freemasons’ Lodge first held in Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1727,</td>
    <td class="i0">Earthquake in New Jersey.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1738,</td>
    <td class="i0">College founded at Princeton, New Jersey.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1741,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 1, General Magazine and Historical Chronicle, first
published by Benjamin Franklin.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1742,</td>
    <td class="i0">Faneuil Hall erected at Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1750,</td>
    <td class="i0">First theatrical performance in Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1754,</td>
    <td class="i0">Columbia College founded in New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1755,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 9, defeat of General Braddock.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1755,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 8, battle of Lake George.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1755,</td>
    <td class="i0">Earthquake in North America.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1755,</td>
    <td class="i0">First newspaper (Connecticut Gazette), published at New Haven.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1756,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 17, war declared with France by Great Britain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1756,</td>
    <td class="i0">First printing press and newspaper established at Portsmouth,
New Hampshire, by Daniel Fowle.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1758,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 26, Louisburg taken by the English.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1758,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 27, Fort Frontenac taken by the English.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1758,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 25, Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh), taken by the
English.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1759,</td>
    <td class="i0">Ticonderoga taken by the English.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1759,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 18, Quebec taken by the English.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1761,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 12, earthquake in New England.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1763,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 10, treaty of peace, signed at Paris, between the English
and French.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1763,</td>
    <td class="i0">First newspaper published in Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1764,</td>
    <td class="i0">March, right to tax American colonies, voted by House of Commons.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1764,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 5, first act for levying revenue passed Parliament.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1764,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 21, Louisiana ordered to be given up to Spain.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1765,</td>
    <td class="i0">Stamp act passed by Parliament.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1765,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 22, stamp act receives a royal assent.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1765,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 29, Virginia resolutions against the right of taxation.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1765,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 6, general Congress proposed by Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1765,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 17, Congress of twenty-seven delegates convenes at New
York, and publishes a declaration of rights and resolutions
against the stamp act.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1766,</td>
    <td class="i0">February, Dr. Franklin examined before the House of Commons,
relative to the repeal of the stamp act.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1766,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 18, stamp act repealed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1767,</td>
    <td class="i0">Tax laid on paper, glass, painters’ colors, and teas.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1769,</td>
    <td class="i0">Dartmouth College incorporated; American Philosophical
Society instituted at Philadelphia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1770,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 5, Boston massacre.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1773,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 18, tea thrown overboard at Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1774,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 31, Boston port bill passed; September 4, first Continental
Congress at Philadelphia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1774,</td>
    <td class="i0">Dr. Franklin dismissed from the post office.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1775,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 19, battle of Lexington; May 10, Ticonderoga taken by
the Provincials.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1775,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 17, battle of Bunker Hill; July 2, General Washington
arrives at Cambridge.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1775,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 13, resolution of Congress to fit out a navy of thirteen
ships.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1775,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 31, assault on Quebec, and death of General Montgomery.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1776,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 17, Boston evacuated by the British; July 4, Declaration
of Independence.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1776,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 27, battle of Long Island; September 15, British take
possession of New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1776,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 28, battle of White Plains; November 16, capture of
Fort Washington; December 26, battle of Trenton.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1777,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 3, battle of Princeton; August 16, battle of Bennington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1777,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 11, battle of Brandywine; September 19, first battle
of Stillwater.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1777,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 27, British army enters Philadelphia; October 4,
battle of Germantown.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1777,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 7, second battle of Stillwater; October 17, surrender
of the British army under Burgoyne.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1777,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 15, articles of confederation adopted by Congress, and
finally ratified by the States; in March 1781, Maryland
being the last State to adopt them.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1778,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 6, Treaty of alliance with France, ratified by Louis
XVI.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1778,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 28, battle at Monmouth Court House; December 29,
Savannah taken by the British.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1779,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 3, battle of Briar Creek; May 14, Norfolk taken by the
British.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1779,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 20, battle of Stono Ferry.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1779,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 5-7, Fairfield and Norwalk, Conn., burned by the British.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1779.</td>
    <td class="i0">JJuly 16, storming and capture of Stony Point by the Americans,
under Wayne.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1779,</td>
    <td class="i0">July and August, Sullivan’s expedition against the Indians on
the Susquehanna.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1779,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 23, Paul Jones captures two British frigates.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 14, battle at Monck’s Corner, South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 6, battle on the Santee river.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 12, Surrender of Gen. Lincoln and American army at
Charleston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 12, French fleet and army arrive at Rhode Island.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 16, battle of Sanders Creek, near Camden.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 23, treason of Gen. Arnold, and arrest of Major
Andre.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 2, Major Andre executed; battle of Kings Mountain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 12, battle of Broad river; November 20, battle at
Blackstock.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1780,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 20, war between England and Holland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">Bank of North America established.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">January, expedition of the British, under Arnold, to Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 17, battle of the Cowpens; February, retreat of Gen.
Greene in North Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 15, battle of Guilford Court House; April 25, battle of
Hobkirk’s Hill, near Camden.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 14, American and French allied army, march from the
Hudson river, near New York, to Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 6, burning of New London, by Arnold.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 8, battle of Eutaw Springs, and close of the campaign
in South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1781,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 19, surrender of Lord Cornwallis and the British army.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1782,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 27, resolutions of the House of Commons in favor of
peace.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1782,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 20, resignation of Lord North, and accession of a Whig
cabinet in England.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1782,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 19, independence of the United States acknowledged by
Holland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1782,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 24, last battle of the Revolutionary war, near Savannah,
Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1782,</td>
    <td class="i0">August, death of Colonel John Laurens, of South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1782,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 13, preliminary articles of peace between the United
States and Great Britain, signed at Paris.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1783,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 20, preliminary treaties between France, Spain and
Great Britain, signed at Versailles.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1783,</td>
    <td class="i0">Independence of the United States acknowledged by Sweden
February 5; by Denmark, February 25; by Spain, March
24; and by Russia in July.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1783,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 11, peace proclaimed by Congress; April 19, announced
to the army by Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1783,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 3, definite treaty of peace signed at Paris.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1783,</td>
    <td class="i0">Proclamation for disbanding the army; November 2, Washington’s
farewell orders.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1783,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 25, New York evacuated by the British.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1784,</td>
    <td class="i0">First voyage from China to New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1785,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 9, and August 5, treaty with Prussia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1786,</td>
    <td class="i0">Shay’s insurrection in Massachusetts; September 20, insurrection
in New Hampshire.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1787,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 17, federal constitution agreed on by convention.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1788,</td>
    <td class="i0">Federal constitution adopted by eleven States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1789,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, George Washington elected President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1789,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 30, inauguration of George Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1790,</td>
    <td class="i0">District of Columbia ceded by Virginia and Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1790,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 29, constitution adopted by Rhode Island.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1791,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Vermont admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1791,</td>
    <td class="i0">Bank of the United States established.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1791,</td>
    <td class="i0">First folio Bible printed by Worcester of Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1792,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 1, Kentucky admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1793,</td>
    <td class="i0">Washington re-elected President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1793,</td>
    <td class="i0">Death of John Hancock.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1794,</td>
    <td class="i0">Insurrection in Pennsylvania.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1796,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 1, Tennessee admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1796,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 7, Washington’s last speech to Congress.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1797,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, John Adams inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1798,</td>
    <td class="i0">Washington re-appointed commander-in-chief.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1799,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 14, death of George Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1800,</td>
    <td class="i0">Seat of Government removed to Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1800,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 13, disbanding of the provisional army.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1801,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1802,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 20, Louisiana ceded to France by Spain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1803,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 19, Ohio admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1803,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 30, Louisiana purchased by the United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1803,</td>
    <td class="i0">August, Commodore Preble bombards Tripoli.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1805,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 3, treaty of peace with Tripoli.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1806,</td>
    <td class="i0">Expedition of Louis and Clark to the mouth of the Columbia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1807,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 22, attack on the frigate Chesapeake.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1807,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 2, interdict to armed British vessels.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1807,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 11, British orders in council.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1807,</td>
    <td class="i0">December, 17, Milan decree.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1807,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 22, embargo laid by the American government.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1808,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 1, slave trade abolished.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1808,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 17, Bayonne decree.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1809,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 1, embargo repealed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1809,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, James Madison inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1810,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 23, Rambouillet decree.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1811,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 16, engagement between the frigate President and Little
Belt.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1811,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 7, battle of Tippecanoe.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 3, embargo laid for ninety days.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 19, proclamation of war (war declared June 18).</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 23, British orders in council repealed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 15, surrender of Gen. Hull.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">Action between the frigates Constitution and Guerriere.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">November, defeat at Queenstown.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">Action between the Frolic and Wasp.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">Action between the United States and Macedonia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1812,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 8, Louisana admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1813,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 27, capture of York Upper Canada.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1813,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 27, battle of Fort George.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1813,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 1, Chesapeake captured by the Shannon.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1813,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 10, Perry’s victory on Lake Erie.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1813,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 5, battle of Thames.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1813,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 13, Buffalo burnt.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 28, action between the frigates Essex and Phœbe.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 5, battle of Chippawa.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 25, battle of Bridgewater.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">August, Washington City captured, and capitol burnt.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 9-11, Stonington bombarded.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 11, McDonough’s victory on Lake Champlain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 12, battle near Baltimore.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 24, treaty of Ghent signed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1814,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 25, battle of New Orleans.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1815,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 27, treaty of Ghent ratified by the President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1815,</td>
    <td class="i0">March, war declared with Algiers.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1817,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, James Monroe, inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1817,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 10, Mississippi admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1818,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 3, Illinois admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1819,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 14, Alabama admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1820,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 15, Maine admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1821,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 1, Jackson takes possession of Florida.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1821,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 10, Missouri admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1821,</td>
    <td class="i0">First settlement of Liberia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1824,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 13, convention with Great Britain for suppression of
the slave trade.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1824,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 5, convention with Russia, in relation to the Northwest
boundary.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1824,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 13, arrival of Gen. Lafayette.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1825,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, John Quincy Adams inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1825,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 7, departure of Gen. Lafayette.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1826,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 4, death of Presidents Adams and Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 20, resolutions passed by the Virginia House of Delegates,
denying the right of Congress to pass the tariff bill.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Andrew Jackson inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 2, hail fell in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to the depth of twelve
inches.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 17, death of John Jay, Bedford, New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 15, slavery abolished in Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 9, separation of Yucatan from Mexico, and union
with Republic of Central America.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1829,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 4, revolution commenced in Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1830,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 20, General Bolivar resigns his military and civil commissions.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1830,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 27, city of Guatemala nearly destroyed by earthquakes.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1830,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 4, Yucatan declares its independence.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1831,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 12, remarkable eclipse of the sun.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1831,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 4th, death of James Monroe.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1831,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 1, free trade convention at Philadelphia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1831,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 26, tariff convention at New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1832,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 6, attack on Qualla Battoo, in Sumatra, by United
States frigate Potomac.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1832,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 8, cholera breaks out at Quebec, in Canada; being its
first appearance in America.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1832,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 27, capture of Black Hawk.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1832,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 26, University of New York organized.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1832,</td>
    <td class="i0">November, union and State rights convention of South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1832,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 28, John C. Calhoun resigns the office of Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 2, new tariff bill signed by the President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Andrew Jackson inaugurated President for a second
term.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 11, State rights convention of South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 29, Santa Anna elected President of Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 16, Santa Anna inaugurated President of Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 1, public deposits removed from the bank of the United
States, by order of General Jackson.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1833,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 13, remarkable meteoric showers in the United
States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1834,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 28, vote of censure by the Senate against Gen. Jackson
for removing the deposits.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1835,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 18, French indemnity bill passes the Chamber of Deputies.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1835,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 16, great fire in New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1836,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 21, battle of San Jacinto, in Texas.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1836,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 14, Arkansas admitted in the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1836,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 15, burning of the general post office and patent office
at Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1837,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 26, Michigan admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1837,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Martin Van Buren, inaugurated President of the United
States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1840,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 19, Antarctic continent discovered by the United States
exploring expedition.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1840,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 30, sub-treasury bill becomes a law.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1841,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, William Henry Harrison inaugurated President of the
United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1841,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 4, death of President Harrison.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1841,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 9, sub-treasury bill repealed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1841,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 18, bankrupt act becomes a law.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1843,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 3, bankrupt act repealed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1843,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 17, Bunker Hill monument celebration.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1845,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 1, Texas annexed to the United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1845,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 3, Florida admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1845,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, James K. Polk, inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1845,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 18, death of Andrew Jackson.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1845,</td>
    <td class="i0">December, 24, Texas admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 8, battle of Palo Alto, on the Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 9, battle of Resaca de la Palma on the Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 13, proclamation of war existing with Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 18, United States Senate advise the President to confirm
the Oregon treaty with Great Britain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 28, new United States tariff bill passed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 3, President Polk vetoes the river and harbor bill.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 6, revolution in Mexico in favor of Santa Anna.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 8, President Polk vetoes the French spoliation bill.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 10, Congress adjourns.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 18, Brigadier General Kearney, of the United States
army, takes possession of Santa Fe.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 19, Commodore Stockton blockades the Mexican ports
on the Pacific.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 21, 22, 23, battles of Monterey, Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 26, California expedition with Col. Stevenson’s regiment
of 780 officers and men, sails from New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 25, Tabasco in Mexico, bombarded by Commodore
Perry.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 14, Commodore Conner takes Tampico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 6, General Kearney defeats the Mexicans at San
Pasqual.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 25, Colonel Doniphan defeats the Mexicans at Brazito,
near El Paso.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1846,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 28, Iowa admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 8, Mexican Congress resolves to raise fifteen millions of
dollars on the property of the clergy for the war with the
United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 8-9, battles of San Gabriel and Mesa, in California,
fought by General Kearney, who defeats the Mexicans.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 14, revolt of the Mexicans in New Mexico against the
United States authorities.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 24, battle of Canada, in New Mexico; Mexicans
defeated by the Americans under Colonel Price.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 22-23, battle of Buena Vista&mdash;Mexicans 21,000 in
number, under General Santa Anna, defeated by 4,500
Americans under General Taylor.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 28, battle of Sacramento&mdash;Colonel Doniphan, with
924 Americans defeats 4,000 Mexicans.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 1, General Kearney declares California a part of the
United States.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 20, city and castle of Vera Cruz taken by the army and
navy of the United States, under General Scott and Commodore
Perry.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 2, Alvarado taken by the Americans under Lieutenant
Hunter.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 18, battle of Cerro Gordo. Mexicans under Santa Anna
defeated by the Americans under General Scott.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 18, Tuspan in Mexico taken by Commodore Perry.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 1, Smithsonian Institution at Washington, corner-stone
laid.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 20, battle of Contreras and Churubusco, in Mexico.
Mexicans defeated by Americans under General Smith, part
of General Scott’s command.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 31, new constitution of Illinois adopted by State Convention.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 8, battle of Molina del Rey, near the city of Mexico.
The Americans under General Worth (part of Scott’s command)
defeated the Mexicans under General Santa Anna.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 12-14, battle of Chapultepec, near Mexico; the
Americans, under Generals Scott, Worth, Pillow and Quitman,
defeat the Mexicans under Santa Anna. General Scott
and American army enter the city of Mexico on the 14th.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 13 to October 12, siege of Puebla, held by the
Americans against the Mexicans. The latter repulsed by the
former under Colonel Childs.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 9, the city of Huamantla, in Mexico, taken by the
Americans under General Lane.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 20, part of Guayamas, in Mexico, bombarded and captured
by the Americans.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1847,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 31, the several Mexican states occupied by the
American army placed under military contributions.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 27, a national convention to nominate president and
vice-president called by the Whig members of Congress. At
an adjourned meeting it was resolved that the convention
meet at Independence Hall, Philadelphia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 18, by a general order, Major-General Scott turns
over the command of the U. S. army in Mexico to Major-General
Butler.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 22-26, the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore
nominate General Louis Cass, of Michigan, for President,
and General William O. Butler, of Kentucky, for Vice-President.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 25, Major-General Scott received by the municipal authorities
of the city of New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 29, Wisconsin admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 30, treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico,
which had been signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2,
1848, afterwards modified at Washington, and confirmed by
the Mexican Congress, ratified by the American commissioners,
Sevier and Clifford, and Mexican minister of foreign
relations, Don Luis de la Rosa. It was proclaimed in the
United States July 4, 1848.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 7, 8, the Whig National Convention meet at Philadelphia,
and on the second day, fourth ballot, nominate General
Zachary Taylor for President, and, on second ballot, Hon.
Millard Fillmore for Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 22, 23, Democratic Convention at Utica, New York,
nominate Martin Van Buren for President, and Henry Dodge
(who declined June 29) for Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 4, corner-stone of monument to General Washington, laid
at the city of Washington, oration by Hon. Robert C.
Winthrop, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 13, Oregon territorial bill, with prohibition of slavery,
passed by Congress.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 9, 10, Free Soil Convention at Buffalo nominate Martin
Van Buren, of New York, for President, and Charles Francis
Adams, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. Sixteen states
were represented by delegates.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 14, adjournment of the 30th Congress, first session.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 17, destructive fire at Albany, New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 9, destructive fire at Brooklyn, New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 7, presidential election.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 4, meeting of the 30th Congress, second session.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1848,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 6, Taylor and Fillmore elected President and Vice-President
by the electoral colleges.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 5, inauguration of Zachary Taylor as President, and of
Millard Fillmore as Vice-President, of the United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 15, the cholera breaks out in New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 17, great fire at St. Louis.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 11, General Taylor, president of the United States,
issues his proclamation against the armed expedition fitting
out for Cuba.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 21, citizens of Santa Fe county, New Mexico, meet to
organize a territorial government.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 31, convention of delegates, called by General Riley,
of the United States army, to frame a state constitution for
California, meet at Monterey.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 4, California convention organize.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 10, annexation to United States memorial, at Montreal,
Canada, signed by over 300 citizens of Canada.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 10, initial point of the boundary line between the
United States and Mexico settled, and a monument with
inscriptions erected Lat. 32 deg. 31 min. 59 sec. 58, and
Long. 119 deg. 35 min. 0 sec. 15, west from Greenwich.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 16, convention of delegates from fourteen states in
favor of a national railroad from the Mississippi to the
Pacific, meet at St. Louis, and issue an address. Senator
Douglas, of Illinois, presides.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 16, Mr. Chatfield takes possession of the island of
Tigre, in the state of Honduras, in the name of the British
Queen.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 1, the first territorial legislature of Minnesota closes
its sitting of sixty days.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 19, the survey of the boundary line between Pennsylvania,
Delaware and Maryland, comprising a greater part
of Mason and Dixon’s line, is completed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 2, first session of 31st Congress commences.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1849,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 21, House of Representatives organized by the selection
of Howell Cobb as speaker, on the sixty-third trial.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 9, the British government announce to Lord Elgin,
Governor General of Canada, their determination to maintain
the connection of Canada with Great Britain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 15, the Hungarian exiles call on President Taylor, and
the usual interchange of civilities takes place.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 19, the Spanish minister at Washington complains to
the Secretary of State of the Cuban juntos at New York,
New Orleans and Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 12, the original manuscript of Washington’s Farewell
Address is sold at auction, by the heirs of Mr. Claypole,
printer, and purchased by James Lenox, Esq., of New York,
for $2,300.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 22, President Taylor attends the laying of the corner-stone
of the Virginia monument to Washington, at Richmond.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 20, the people of Santa Fe county, New Mexico, hold a
convention and request the military governor of New Mexico,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span>
Col. John Monroe, to call upon the citizens to elect members
for a convention to form a State constitution.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 27, Collins line of steam packets goes into operation.
The steamer Atlantic sails from New York for Liverpool.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 7, a meeting of southern members of both Houses of Congress
is held at Washington, and reports an address to the
people of the Southern states.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 23, two vessels, the Advance and Rescue, fitted out by
Mr. Henry Grinnell, of New York, to search for Sir John
Franklin in the Arctic seas, sail from New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 3, a southern convention of delegates meet at Nashville,
Tennessee, to consult on the slavery question agitated in the
North and in Congress. They afterward issue an address,
and adjourn, after a short session.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 14, great fire at San Francisco, California, destroys three
hundred buildings.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 1, Governor Bell, of Texas, calls a special session of the
legislature on the boundary question, to meet on the 12th of
August.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 9, death of President Taylor; great fire in Philadelphia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 31, railroad convention at Portland, Maine, in favor of a
railroad to Halifax, through the British provinces.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 12, the legislature of Texas meet at Austin, and assume
hostile attitude on the boundary question; which, however,
is afterwards settled by the action of Congress.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 9, California admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 9, Texas boundary bill passed by Congress.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 9, New Mexico and Utah bills passed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 18, fugitive slave act passed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 20, act for the suppression of the slave trade in the
District of Columbia, passed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 30, thirty-first Congress adjourns after a session of
302 days.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 7, Indiana convention, for amending the State Constitution,
assembles at Indianapolis.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 14, Virginia convention, for amending the State Constitution,
assembles at Richmond.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 23, a woman’s rights convention is held at Rochester,
Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 26, great union meeting at Dayton, Ohio.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 30, great union meeting at Castle Garden, New
York.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 1, the mortal remains of the late President Taylor
deposited in the family cemetery near Louisville, Kentucky.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 4, Maryland convention, to amend the State Constitution,
meets at Annapolis.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 6, New Hampshire convention, to amend the State
Constitution, meets at Concord.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 11, Southern States Rights Convention meets at
Nashville, Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 31, great union meeting at Philadelphia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1850,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 16, great union meeting at Bath, Maine.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 25, President Fillmore issues his proclamation against
Cuban expeditions.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 3, great fire at San Francisco, California. Nearly two
thousand five hundred buildings destroyed, and several lives
lost.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 8, South Carolina Southern Rights Convention meets at
Charleston, and resolves for a dissolution of the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 22, another great fire at San Francisco, which lays a large
portion of the city in ashes.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1851.</td>
    <td class="i0">August 3, expedition against Cuba, under General Lopez, sails
from New Orleans.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 29, convention of delegates at Lewis county, Oregon,
memorialize Congress for a division of the territory into two
governments.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">September to, the steam-frigate Mississippi, by order of the
United States government, received Kossuth, ex-Governor of
Hungary, and suite on board, at the Dardanelles, from a
Turkish frigate.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 22, President Fillmore issues his proclamation against
a private military expedition against Mexico.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 10, the United States steamer Mississippi arrives in
New York with the exiled companions of Kossuth, forty-two
in number, Kossuth having remained to visit England on his
way to the United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 6, Kossuth, ex-Governor of Hungary, arrives in
New York from England, and is honored with a public reception.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 24, library of Congress, at Washington, destroyed
by fire.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1851,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 31, Kossuth formally received at Washington by
President Fillmore.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 5, Kossuth publicly received by Congress.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 24, first national agricultural convention, representing
twenty-two states, assembles at Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 5, Louisiana convention, for revising the State Constitution,
assembles at Baton Rouge.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 16, Kossuth leaves New York for Liverpool, on his return
to Europe.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 31, thirty-second Congress, first session, adjourns.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 1, Mr. Everett, secretary of state, declines, on the
part of the United States government, the tripartite convention
respecting Cuba, proposed by England and France.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1852,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 20, William R. King, on account of ill health,
resigns his office of president <i>pro tem.</i> of the Senate.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 9, votes for President and Vice-President opened and
counted in Congress. Pierce and King are declared duly
elected for four years from March 4.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 25, President Fillmore convened the Senate, by proclamation,
for twelve o’clock on the 4th of March, instead
of eleven o’clock, as by a former proclamation, the present
senate deeming that their term does not expire until noon of
that day.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, inauguration of Franklin Pierce as President of the
United States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 24, William R. King is sworn in as Vice-President at
Cumbre, near Matanzas, on the island of Cuba, Consul
Sharkey administering the oath.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 30, Delaware state convention adopt a new constitution
and adjourn after a session of fifty-five days. The constitution
was rejected by the people October 11, 1853.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 4, Massachusetts state convention, to revise the constitution,
meets at Boston. It adjourns August 1, having framed
a state constitution, which was rejected by the votes of the
people.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 6, a southern convention assembles at Memphis, Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 21, Martin Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, who had declared
his intentions to become a citizen of the United States, being
seized by the officers of an Austrian brig-of-war in the harbor
of Smyrna, in Turkey, is rescued by Captain Ingraham, of
the United States sloop-of-war St. Louis.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 8, the United States expedition to Japan, under Commodore
Perry, arrives at Japan. He lands on the 14th, and
delivers to the Japanese authorities a letter to the emperor
from the President of the United States, and a few days after
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span>
leaves the islands, intending to return to Japan the following
year.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 14, the Crystal Palace, or exhibition of the arts of all
nations, is opened at New York, in presence of the President
of the United States and other dignitaries, attended by
a large audience.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1853,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 29, Mr. Hulsemann, the Austrian minister at Washington,
addresses a note to the American government, complaining
of Captain Ingraham’s conduct in the affair of the release
of Koszta at Smyrna; to which the secretary of state, Mr.
Marcy, afterward replied in justification of Capt. Ingraham.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1854,</td>
    <td class="i0">Treaty with Japan.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1854,</td>
    <td class="i0">Kansas-Nebraska bill passed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1857,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, James Buchanan inaugurated President; John C.
Breckinridge inaugurated Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1858,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 11, Minnesota admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1859,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 14, Oregon admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1859,</td>
    <td class="i0">John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1860,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 20, Secession of South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1860,</td>
    <td class="i0">Population of the United States 31,443,322.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 9, Secession of Mississippi.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 10, Secession of Alabama and Florida.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 19, Secession of Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 26, Secession of Louisiana.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 29, Kansas admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 1, Secession of Texas.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 4, Southern Confederacy formed. Jefferson Davis
elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens Vice-President
of the Confederate States.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the United
States. Hannibal Hamlin inaugurated Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 12, Fort Sumter fired upon.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 13, Fort Sumter surrendered.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 18, Harper’s Ferry seized.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 21, Norfolk Navy Yard seized.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 25, Secession of Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 6, Secession of Arkansas.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 20, Secession of North Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 8, Secession of Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 5, battle near Carthage, Missouri.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 11, battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 14, battle at Carrick’s Ford, Virginia.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 20, Confederate Congress met at Richmond, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 21, battle of Bull Run, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 10, battle of Wilson’s Creek, Missouri.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 29, forts at Hatteras Inlet captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 20, Lexington, Missouri, captured by the Confederates.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 21, battle at Ball’s Bluff, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 7, battle of Belmont, Missouri.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 7, Port Royal, South Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1861,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 8, seizure of Mason and Slidell.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 6, capture of Fort Henry, Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 8, capture of Roanoke Island, North Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 16, capture of Fort Donelson.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 7-8, battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 8, the Merrimac sinks the Cumberland and Congress.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 9, the Merrimac checked by the Monitor.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 14, capture of New Berne, North Carolina.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 23, battle at Winchester, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 4, McClellan commenced his Peninsula campaign.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 7, battle of Shiloh.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 7, Island No. 10 captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 11, Fort Pulaski, Georgia, surrendered.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 25, New Orleans captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 25, Beaufort, South Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 28, Forts St. Philip and Jackson, Louisiana, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 4, capture of Yorktown, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 5, battle of Williamsburg, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 10, Norfolk, Virginia, captured by General Wool.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 30, Corinth, Mississippi, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 31, and June 1, battle of Fair Oaks.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 3, Lee assumed command of the Confederate army before
Richmond.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 6, surrender of Memphis, Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 25, Seven Days battles commenced.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 9, battle at Cedar Mountain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 30, second battle of Bull Run.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 5, Lee invaded Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 14, battle of South Mountain, Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 15, Stonewall Jackson captured Harper’s Ferry.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 17, battle of Antietam.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 17, battle of Munfordsville.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 19, battle of Iuka, Mississippi.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 4, battle at Corinth, Mississippi.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 13, battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 29, attack on Vicksburg, Mississippi.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1862,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 31, first battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 1, “Emancipation Proclamation.”</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 2, second battle of Murfreesboro.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 11, capture of Arkansas Post, Arkansas.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 7, naval attack on Fort Sumter.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 17 to May 1, Grierson’s raid in Mississippi.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 1, battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 2 and 3, battles at Chancellorsville, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">June, Lee’s second invasion of Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 20, West Virginia admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 1-2, battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 4, capture of Vicksburg.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 8, capture of Port Hudson, Louisiana.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 7, capture of Fort Wagner.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 10, Little Rock, Arkansas, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 19-20, battle of Chickamauga, Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 18, Knoxville, Tennessee, besieged.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 24, battle of Lookout Mountain.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 23-25, battle at Chattanooga.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 25, battle at Missionary Ridge.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1863,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 3, siege of Knoxville raised.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">March and April, Red river expedition.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 20, Plymouth, North Carolina, captured by the Confederates.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 5-7, battle of the Wilderness, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 7-12, battles near Spottsylvania Court House.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 15, battle of Resaca, Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 25-28, battles near Dallas, Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 3, battle at Cold Harbor.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 15-17, battle of Lost Mountain, Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 19, the Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 5, Early invaded Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 9, battle at Monocacy, Maryland.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 20-22-28, battles before Atlanta, Georgia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 5, battle in Mobile Bay.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 2, Atlanta, Georgia, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 19, battle at Winchester, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 19, battle of Cedar Creek.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 31, Nevada admitted into the Union.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 14, Sherman left Atlanta for Savannah.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 20, Milledgeville, Georgia, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 30, battle of Franklin, Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 13, Fort McAllister, Georgia, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 15-16, Hood defeated by Thomas at Nashville.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1864,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 21, Savannah, Georgia, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 15, Fort Fisher, North Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 17, Columbia, South Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 18, Charleston, South Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 22, Wilmington, North Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 25, attack on Fort Steadman, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 1, battle at Five Forks, Virginia.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 3, Petersburg and Richmond captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 9, Lee surrendered.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 13, Raleigh, North Carolina, captured.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 14, President Lincoln assassinated.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 15, Andrew Johnson (Vice-President), inaugurated President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 26, surrender of Johnston’s army.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 8, surrender of Taylor.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1865,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 26, Kirby Smith surrendered.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1866,</td>
    <td class="i0">Submarine telegraph laid.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1867,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 1, Nebraska admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1867,</td>
    <td class="i0">October, Russian America purchased.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1868,</td>
    <td class="i0">President Johnson impeached and acquitted.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1868,</td>
    <td class="i0">Treaty with China.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1869,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President; Schuyler
Colfax, inaugurated Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1869,</td>
    <td class="i0">Pacific railroad completed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1870,</td>
    <td class="i0">Population of the United States, 38,556,000.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1871,</td>
    <td class="i0">October 7-8-9, great fire in Chicago.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1872,</td>
    <td class="i0">Great fire in Boston.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1873,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Grant re-inaugurated President; Henry Wilson inaugurated
Vice-President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">January 1, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, dedicated.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">February 18, bill passed abolishing the death penalty in Maine.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 2, Secretary Belknap impeached.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 14, bill to reduce the President’s salary, passed by the
Senate.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">Mar. 22, the Republican State Convention assembled at Syracuse.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">Mar. 29, the Consular and Diplomatic appropriation bill passed
by the United States Senate.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span></td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 10, silver currency bill passed by the Senate.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 14, statue to President Lincoln in Washington unveiled.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">April 15, Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, arrives in New York.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 10, the International Centennial Exhibition opened aT
Philadelphia by President Grant.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">May 17, Gen. Terry’s expedition against Sitting Bull.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 4, arrival of the Jarrett and Palmer train in San Francisco
from New York, in eighty hours and twenty minutes.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 14, the Sixth National Republican Convention met at
Cincinnati.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 16, Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, nominated at Cincinnati
as candidate for President.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 22, battle at Rosebud Creek, between the Sioux and Gen.
Crook’s command.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 27, meeting of the Democratic National Convention in St.
Louis.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">June 29, Samuel J, Tilden nominated for President by the
Democrats at St. Louis.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 2, death of Gen. Custer with 300 of his command.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">July 4, Colorado admitted into the Union.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">August 1, Secretary of War Belknap acquitted by the court of
impeachment at Washington.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">September 24, Hallett’s Point Reef, at Hell Gate blown up by
Gen. Newton.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">November 10, the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia
closed.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1876,</td>
    <td class="i0">December 5, the Brooklyn Theater burned, nearly 300 people
perished in the flames.</td>
  </tr>

  <tr>
    <td>1877,</td>
    <td class="i0">March 4, Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President of the
United States; William A. Wheeler inaugurated Vice-President.</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span>
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span></p>

<h3 id="UNITED_STATES_GOVERNMENT">UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.</h3>

<h4>THE EXECUTIVE.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr small">SALARY.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, President</td>
    <td class="tdr">$50,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Wheeler, of New York, Vice-President</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>THE CABINET.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr small">SALARY.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William M. Evarts, of New York, Secretary of State</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Sherman, of Ohio, Secretary of Treasury</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George W. McCrary, of Iowa, Secretary of War</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard M. Thompson, of Indiana, Secretary of Navy</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Carl Schurz, of Missouri, Secretary of Interior</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles Devens, of Massachusetts, Attorney General</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D. M. Key, of Tennessee, Postmaster General</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>SUPREME COURT.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td />
    <td />
    <td class="tdr small">DIS.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Morrison R. Waite, of Ohio</td>
    <td>Chief Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nathan Clifford, of Maine</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ward Hunt, of New York</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Strong, of Pennsylvania</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph P. Bradley, of New Jersey</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Noah H. Swayne, of Ohio</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel F. Miller, of Iowa</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vacant</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen J. Field, of California</td>
    <td>Associate Justice</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
  </tr></table>

<h3 id="UNITED_STATES_ARMY_ORGANIZATION">UNITED STATES ARMY ORGANIZATION.</h3>

<h4>GENERAL OFFICERS.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>William T. Sherman</td>
    <td>General.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Philip H. Sheridan</td>
    <td>Lieut. General.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>MAJOR GENERALS.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Winfield S. Hancock,</td>
    <td>John M. Schofield,</td>
    <td>Irvin McDowell.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span></p>

<h4>BRIGADIER GENERALS.</h4>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>George Crook,</td>
    <td>Oliver O. Howard,</td>
    <td>E. O. C. Ord,</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Pope,</td>
    <td>Alfred H. Terry,</td>
    <td>Christopher C. Augur.</td>
  </tr></table>

<h4>ADJUTANT GENERAL.</h4>

<p class="caption">Edward D. Townsend, Brigadier General and Brevet Major General.</p>

<h4>QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.</h4>

<p class="caption">Montgomery C. Meigs, Brigadier General and Brevet Major General.</p>

<h4>COMMISSARY GENERAL OF SUBSISTENCE.</h4>

<p class="caption">Robert Macfeely, Brigadier General.</p>

<h4>JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.</h4>

<p class="caption">W. McKee Dunn, Brigadier General.</p>

<h4>SURGEON GENERAL.</h4>

<p class="caption">Joseph K. Barnes, Brigadier General and Brevet Major General.</p>

<h4>PAYMASTER GENERAL.</h4>

<p class="caption">Benjamin Alvord, Brigadier General and Brevet Major General.</p>

<h4>CHIEF ENGINEER.</h4>

<p class="caption">A. A. Humphreys, Brigadier General and Brevet Major General.</p>

<h4>CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.</h4>

<p class="caption">Stephen V. Benet, Brigadier General.</p>

<h4>CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.</h4>

<p class="caption">Albert J. Myer, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier General.</p>

<h3 id="FORTY_FOURTH_CONGRESS">FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS,</h3>

<p class="caption">As constituted Jan. 1, 1877.</p>

<p class="copy">[Republicans designated thus: r; Democrats thus: d; Independents thus: i.]</p>

<h4>SENATE.</h4>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Thomas W. Ferry</span>, of Michigan, President.</p>

<table class="col2">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ALABAMA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George Goldthwaite, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George E. Spencer, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ARKANSAS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Powell Clayton, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen W. Dorsey, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">CALIFORNIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Aaron A. Sargent, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Newton Booth, i</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">COLORADO.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry M. Teller, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">CONNECTICUT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William H. Barnum, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William W. Eaton, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">DELAWARE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eli Saulsbury, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas F. Bayard, d</td>
    <td>1881<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">FLORIDA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Simon B. Conover, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Jones, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">GEORGIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas M. Norwood, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John B. Gordon, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ILLINOIS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John A. Logan, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard J. Oglesby, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">INDIANA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Oliver P. Morton, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph E. McDonald, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">IOWA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George G. Wright, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William B. Allison, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">KANSAS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James M. Harvey, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John J. Ingalls, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">KENTUCKY.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Stevenson, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas C. McCreery, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">LOUISIANA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>J. Rodman West, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vacant</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MAINE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hannibal Hamlin, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James G. Blaine, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MARYLAND.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George R. Dennis, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Pinkney Whyte, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MASSACHUSETTS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George S. Boutwell, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry L. Dawes, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MICHIGAN.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas W. Ferry, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Isaac P. Christiancy, i</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MINNESOTA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Windom, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel J. R. McMillan, r. 1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MISSISSIPPI.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James L. Alcorn, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Branch K. Bruce, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MISSOURI.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Louis V. Bogy, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francis M. Cockrell, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEBRASKA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Phinneas W. Hitchcock, r  1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Algernon S. Paddock, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEVADA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John P. Jones, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Sharon, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEW HAMPSHIRE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Aaron H. Cragin, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bainbridge Wadleigh, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEW JERSEY.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frederick Frelinghuysen, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Theodore F. Randolph, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEW YORK.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Roscoe Conklin, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francis Kernan, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NORTH CAROLINA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mathew W. Ransom, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Augustus S. Merriman, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">OHIO.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Sherman, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allen G. Thurman, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">OREGON.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James K. Kelley, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John H. Mitchell, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Simon Cameron, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Wallace, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">RHODE ISLAND.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry B. Anthony, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ambrose E. Burnside, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas J. Robertson, r</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John J. Patterson, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">TENNESSEE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry Cooper, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David McKendree Key, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">TEXAS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Morgan C. Hamilton, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel B. Maxey, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">VERMONT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Justin S. Morrill, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George F. Edmunds, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">VIRGINIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert E. Withers, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Johnson, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">WEST VIRGINIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry G. Davis, d</td>
    <td>1877</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel Price, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">WISCONSIN.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Timothy O. Howe, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Angus Cameron, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span></p>

<h4>HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="table">
ALABAMA.<br />
<br />
1 Jere Haralson, r.<br />
2 Jere N. Williams, d.<br />
3 Taul Bradford, d.<br />
4 Charles Hays, r.<br />
5 John H. Caldwell, d.<br />
6 Goldsmith W. Hewitt, d.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At large&mdash;W. H. Forney, d.,</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burwell B. Lewis, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
ARKANSAS.<br />
<br />
1 Lucien C. Gause, d.<br />
2 William F. Slemmons, d.<br />
3 William W. Wilshire, d.<br />
4 Thomas M. Gunter, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
CALIFORNIA.<br />
<br />
1 William A. Piper, d.<br />
2 Horace F. Page, r.<br />
3 John K. Luttrell, d.<br />
4 Peter D. Wigginton, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
COLORADO.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James B. Belford, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
CONNECTICUT.<br />
<br />
1 George M. Landers, d.<br />
2 James Phelps, d.<br />
3 John T. Wait, r.<br />
4 Levi Warner, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
DELAWARE.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Williams, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
FLORIDA.<br />
<br />
1 William J. Purman, r.<br />
2 Jesse J. Finley, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
GEORGIA.<br />
<br />
1 Julien Hartridge, d.<br />
2 William E. Smith, d.<br />
3 Philip Cook, d.<br />
4 Henry R. Harris, d.<br />
5 Milton A. Candler, d.<br />
6 James H. Blount, d.<br />
7 William H. Felton, d.<br />
8 Alexander H. Stephens, d.<br />
9 Benjamin H. Hill, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
ILLINOIS.<br />
<br />
1 Bernard G. Caulfield, d.<br />
2 Carter H. Harrison, d.<br />
3 J. V. Le Moyne, d.<br />
4 Stephen A. Hurlbut, r.<br />
5 Horatio C. Burchard, r.<br />
6 Thomas J. Henderson, r.<br />
7 Alexander Campbell, i.<br />
8 Grenbury L. Fort, r.<br />
9 Richard H. Whiting, r.<br />
10 John C. Bagby, d.<br />
11 Scott Wike, d.<br />
12 William M. Springer, d.<br />
13 A. E. Stevenson, i.<br />
14 Joseph G. Cannon, r.<br />
15 John R. Eden, d.<br />
16 William A. J. Sparks, d.<br />
17 William R. Morrison, d.<br />
18 William Hartzell, d.<br />
19 William B. Anderson, i.<br />
<br />
<br />
INDIANA.<br />
<br />
1 Benoni S. Fuller, d.<br />
2 Andrew Humphreys, d.<br />
3 Nathan T. Carr, d.<br />
4 Jeptha D. New, d.<br />
5 William S. Holman, d.<br />
6 Milton S. Robinson, r.<br />
7 Franklin Landers, d.<br />
8 Morton C. Hunter, r.<br />
9 Thomas J. Cason, r.<br />
10 William S. Haymond, d.<br />
11 James L. Evans, r.<br />
12 Andrew H. Hamilton, d.<br />
13 John H. Baker, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
IOWA.<br />
<br />
1 George W. McCrary, r.<br />
2 John Q. Tufts, r.<br />
3 L. L. Ainsworth, d.<br />
4 Henry O. Pratt, r.<br />
5 James Wilson, r.<br />
6 Ezekiel S. Sampson, r.<br />
7 John A. Kasson, r.<br />
8 James W. McDill, r.<br />
9 Addison Oliver, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
KANSAS.<br />
<br />
1 William A. Phillips, r.<br />
2 John R. Goodin, d.<br />
3 William R. Brown, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
KENTUCKY.<br />
<br />
1 Andrew R. Boone, d.<br />
2 John Y. Brown, d.<br />
3 Charles H. Milliken, d.<br />
4 J. Proctor Knott, d.<br />
5 Henry Watterson, d.<br />
6 Thomas L. Jones, d.<br />
7 J. C. S. Blackburn, d.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span>
8 Milton J. Durham, d.<br />
9 John D. White, r.<br />
10 John B. Clarke, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
LOUISIANA.<br />
<br />
1 Randall L. Gibson, d.<br />
2 E. John Ellis, d.<br />
3 Chester B. Darrall, r.<br />
4 William M. Levy, d.<br />
5 William B. Spencer, d.<br />
6 Charles E. Nash, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MAINE.<br />
<br />
1 John H. Burleigh, r.<br />
2 William P. Frye, r.<br />
3 Edwin Flye, r.<br />
4 Harris M. Plaisted, r.<br />
5 Eugene Hale, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MARYLAND.<br />
<br />
1 Philip F. Thomas, d.<br />
2 Charles B. Roberts, d.<br />
3 William J. O’Brien, d.<br />
4 Thomas Swann, d.<br />
5 Eli J. Henkle, d.<br />
6 William Walsh, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
MASSACHUSETTS.<br />
<br />
1 William W. Crapo, r.<br />
2 Benjamin W. Harris, r.<br />
3 Henry L. Pierce, r.<br />
4 Josiah G. Abbott, d.<br />
5 Nathaniel P. Banks, i.<br />
6 Charles P. Thompson, d.<br />
7 John K. Tarbox, d.<br />
8 William W. Warren, d.<br />
9 George F. Hoar, r.<br />
10 Julius H. Seelye, i.<br />
11 Chester W. Chapin, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
MICHIGAN.<br />
<br />
1 Alpheus S. Williams, d.<br />
2 Henry Waldron, r.<br />
3 George Willard, r.<br />
4 Allen Potter, d.<br />
5 William B. Williams, r.<br />
6 George H. Durand, d.<br />
7 Omar D. Conger, r.<br />
8 Nathaniel B. Bradley, r.<br />
9 Jay A. Hubbell, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MINNESOTA.<br />
<br />
1 Mark H. Dunnell, r.<br />
2 Horace B. Strait, r.<br />
3 William S. King, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MISSISSIPPI.<br />
<br />
1 L. Q. C. Lamar, d.<br />
2 G. W. Wells, r.<br />
3 H. D. Money, d.<br />
4 O. R. Singleton, d.<br />
5 Charles E. Hooker, d.<br />
6 John R. Lynch, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MISSOURI.<br />
<br />
1 Edward C. Kehr, d.<br />
2 Erastus Wells, d.<br />
3 William H. Stone, d.<br />
4 Robert A. Hatcher, d.<br />
5 Richard P. Bland, d.<br />
6 Charles H. Morgan, d.<br />
7 John F. Phillips, d.<br />
8 Benjamin J. Franklin, d.<br />
9 David Rea.<br />
10 R. A. De Bolt, d.<br />
11  John B. Clark, jr., d.<br />
12 John M. Glover, d.<br />
13 Aylett H. Buckner, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
NEBRASKA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lorenzo Crounse, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
NEVADA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Woodburn, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
NEW HAMPSHIRE.<br />
<br />
1 Frank Jones, d.<br />
2 Samuel N. Bell, d.<br />
3 Henry W. Blair, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
NEW JERSEY.<br />
<br />
1 Clem H. Sinnickson, r.<br />
2 Samuel A. Dobbins, r.<br />
3 Miles Ross, d.<br />
4 Robert Hamilton, d.<br />
5 Augustus W. Cutler, d.<br />
6 Frederick H. Teese, d.<br />
7 A. A. Hardenbergh, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
NEW YORK.<br />
<br />
1 Henry B. Metcalf, d.<br />
2 John G. Schumaker, d.<br />
3 S. B. Chittenden, i.<br />
4 Arch. M. Bliss, d.<br />
5 Edwin R. Meade, d.<br />
6 Samuel S. Cox, d.<br />
7 David Dudley Field, d.<br />
8 Elijah Ward, d.<br />
9 Fernando Wood, d.<br />
10 Abram S. Hewitt, d.<br />
11 Benjamin A. Willis, d.<br />
12 N. Holmes Odell, d.<br />
13 J. O. Whitehouse, d.<br />
14 George M. Beebe, d.<br />
15 John H. Bagley, jr., d.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span><br />
16 Charles H. Adams, r.<br />
17 Martin I. Townsend, r.<br />
18 Andrew Williams, r.<br />
19 William A. Wheeler, r.<br />
20 H. A. Hathorn, r.<br />
21 Samuel F. Miller, r.<br />
22 George A. Bagley, r.<br />
23 Scott Lord, d.<br />
24 William H. Baker, r.<br />
25 E. W. Leavenworth, r.<br />
26 C. D. McDougall, r.<br />
27 Eldridge C. Lapham, r.<br />
28 Thomas C. Platt, r.<br />
29 Charles C. B. Walker, d.<br />
30 John M. Davy, r.<br />
31 George G. Hoskins, r.<br />
32 Lyman K. Bass, r.<br />
33 Nelson I. Norton, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
NORTH CAROLINA.<br />
<br />
1 Jesse J. Yeates, d.<br />
2 John A. Hyman, r.<br />
3 Alfred M. Waddell, d.<br />
4 Joseph J. Davis, d.<br />
5 Alfred M. Scales, d.<br />
6 Thomas S. Ashe, d.<br />
7 William M. Robbins, d.<br />
8 Robert B. Vance, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
OHIO.<br />
<br />
1 Milton Sayler, d.<br />
2 H. B. Banning, d.<br />
3 John S. Savage, d.<br />
4 John A. McMahon, d.<br />
5 Americus V. Rice, d.<br />
6 Frank H. Hurd, d.<br />
7 Laurence T. Neal, d.<br />
8 William Lawrence, r.<br />
9 Early F. Poppleton, d.<br />
10 Charles Foster, r.<br />
11 John L. Vance, d.<br />
12 Ansley T. Walling, d.<br />
13 Milton I. Southard, d.<br />
14 Jacob P. Cowen, d.<br />
15 N. H. Van Vorhes, r.<br />
16 Lorenzo Danford, r.<br />
17 L. D. Woodworth, r.<br />
18 James Monroe, r.<br />
19 James A. Garfield, r.<br />
20 Henry B. Payne, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
OREGON.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette Lane, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
PENNSYLVANIA.<br />
<br />
1 Chapman Freeman, r.<br />
2 Charles O’Neil, r.<br />
3 Samuel J. Randall, d.<br />
4 William D. Kelley, r.<br />
5 John Robbins, d.<br />
6 Wash Townsend, r.<br />
7 Allen Wood, jr., r.<br />
8 Heister Clymer, d.<br />
9 A. Herr Smith, r.<br />
10 William Mutchler, d.<br />
11 Frank D. Collins, d.<br />
12 William H. Stanton, d.<br />
13 James B. Reilly, d.<br />
14 John B. Packer, r.<br />
15 Joseph Powell, d.<br />
16 Sobieskie Ross, r.<br />
17 John Reilly, d.<br />
18 William S. Stenger, d.<br />
19 Levi Maish, d.<br />
20 Louis A. Mackey, d.<br />
21 Jacob Turney, d.<br />
22 James H. Hopkins, d.<br />
23 Alexander G. Cochrane, d.<br />
24 John W. Wallace, r.<br />
25 George A. Jenks, d.<br />
26 James Sheakley, d.<br />
27 Albert G. Egbert, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
RHODE ISLAND.<br />
<br />
1 Benjamin T. Eames, r.<br />
2 Latimer W. Ballou, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
SOUTH CAROLINA.<br />
<br />
1 Joseph Rainey, r.<br />
2 C. W. Butts, r.<br />
3 Solomon L. Hope, r.<br />
4 Alexander S. Wallace, r.<br />
5 Robert Smalls, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
TENNESSEE.<br />
<br />
1 William McFarland, d.<br />
2 J. M. Thornburgh, r.<br />
3 George G. Dibrell, d.<br />
4 H. T. Riddle, d.<br />
5 John M. Bright, d.<br />
6 John F. House, d.<br />
7 W. C. Whitthorne, d.<br />
8 John D. C. Atkin, d.<br />
9 W. P. Caldwell, d.<br />
10 H. Casey Young, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
TEXAS.<br />
<br />
1 John H. Reagan, d.<br />
2 David B. Culberson, d.<br />
3 J. W. Throckmorton, d.<br />
4 Roger Q. Mills, d.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span>
5 John Hancock, d.<br />
6 Gustave Schleicher, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
VERMONT.<br />
<br />
1 Charles H. Joyce, r.<br />
2 Dudley C. Denison, i.<br />
3 George W. Hendee, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
VIRGINIA.<br />
<br />
1 Beverly B. Douglas, d.<br />
2 John Goode, jr., d.<br />
3 Gilbert C. Walker, d.<br />
4 W. H. H. Stowell, r.<br />
5 George C. Cabell, d.<br />
6 John R. Tucker, d.<br />
7 John T. Harris, d.<br />
8 Eppa Hunton, d,<br />
9 William Terry, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
WEST VIRGINIA.<br />
<br />
1 Benjamin Wilson, d.<br />
2 Charles G. Faulkner, d.<br />
3 Frank Hereford, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
WISCONSIN.<br />
<br />
1 Charles G. Williams, r.<br />
2 Lucien B. Caswell, r.<br />
3 Henry S. Magoon, r.<br />
4 William P. Lynde, d.<br />
5 Samuel D. Burchard, d.<br />
6 Alanson M. Kimball, r.<br />
7 Jeremiah M. Rusk, r.<br />
8 George W. Cate, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
TERRITORIAL DELEGATES.<br />
<br />
<br />
ARIZONA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. S. Stevens, i.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
DAKOTA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. P. Kidder, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
IDAHO.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen S. Fenn, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
MONTANA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin Maginnis, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
NEW MEXICO.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. B. Elkins, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
UTAH.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Q. Cannon, i.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
WASHINGTON.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orange Jacobs, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
WYOMING.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William R. Steele, d.</span><br />
</p>

<h3 id="FORTY_FIFTH_CONGRESS">FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS,</h3>

<p class="caption">As constituted Feb. 1, 1877.</p>

<h4>SENATE.</h4>

<table class="col2">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ALABAMA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George E. Spencer, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John T. Morgan, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ARKANSAS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen W. Dorsey, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A. H. Garland, d.</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">CALIFORNIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Aaron A. Sargent, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Newton Booth, i</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">COLORADO.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jerome B. Chaffee, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry M. Teller, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">CONNECTICUT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James E. English, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William W. Eaton, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">DELAWARE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas F. Bayard, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Democrat</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">FLORIDA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Simon B. Conover, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Charles W. Jones, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">GEORGIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John B. Gordon, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Benjamin H. Hill, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">ILLINOIS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard J. Oglesby, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David Davis, i</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">INDIANA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Oliver P. Morton, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph E. McDonald, d</td>
    <td>1881<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">IOWA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William B. Allison, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel K. Kirkwood, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">KANSAS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John J. Ingalls, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Republican</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">KENTUCKY.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas C. McCreery, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James B. Beck, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">LOUISIANA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>&mdash;&mdash;</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MAINE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hannibal Hamlin, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James G. Blaine, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MARYLAND.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George R. Dennis, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William P. Whyte, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MASSACHUSETTS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry L. Davis, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George F. Hoar, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MICHIGAN.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Isaac P. Christiancy, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Thomas W. Ferry, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MINNESOTA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel J. R. McMillan, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Windom, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MISSISSIPPI.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Branch K. Bruce, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lucius Q. C. Lamar, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">MISSOURI.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Louis V. Bogy, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francis M. Cockrell, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEBRASKA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Algernon S. Paddock, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Saunders, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEVADA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John P. Jones, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William Sharon, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEW HAMPSHIRE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bainbridge Wadleigh, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward H. Rollins, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEW JERSEY.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Theodore F. Randolph, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John R. McPherson, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NEW YORK.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Roscoe Conklin, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Francis Kernan, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">NORTH CAROLINA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Augustus S. Merriman, d</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mathew W. Ransom, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">OHIO.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Sherman, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Allen G. Thurman, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">OREGON.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John H. Mitchell, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lafayette F. Grover, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Simon Cameron, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>William A. Wallace, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">RHODE ISLAND.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ambrose E. Burnside, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Henry B. Anthony, r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John J. Patterson, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David T. Corbin,<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">80</a> r</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">TENNESSEE.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>James E. Bailey, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Democrat</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">TEXAS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuel B. Maxey, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Richard Coke, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">VERMONT.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Justin S. Morrill, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>George F. Edmonds, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">VIRGINIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Robert E. Withers, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John W. Johnson, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">WEST VIRGINIA.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Frank Hereford, d</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H. G. Davis, d</td>
    <td>1883</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2">WISCONSIN.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Timothy O. Howe, r</td>
    <td>1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Angus Cameron, r</td>
    <td>1881</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span></p>

<h4>HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>

<p class="table">
ALABAMA.<br />
<br />
1 Jones T. Jones, d.<br />
2 Hilary A. Herbert, d.<br />
3 Jere N. Williams, d.<br />
4 Charles M. Shelly, d.<br />
5 Robert F. Ligon, d.<br />
6 G. W. Hewitt, d.<br />
7 W. H. Forney, d.<br />
8 William W. Garth, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
ARKANSAS.<br />
<br />
1 Lucien C. Gause, d.<br />
2 William F. Slemons, d.<br />
3 Henry B. Stuart, d.<br />
4 Thomas M. Gunther, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
CALIFORNIA.<br />
<br />
1 Horace Davis, r.<br />
2 Horace F. Page, r.<br />
3 John K. Luttrell, d.<br />
4 Peter D. Wigginton, d.<a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a><br />
<br />
<br />
COLORADO.<br />
<br />
1 James B. Belford, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
CONNECTICUT.<br />
<br />
1 George M. Landers, d.<br />
2 James Phelps, d.<br />
3 John T. Wait, r.<br />
4 Levi Warner, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
DELAWARE.<br />
<br />
1 James Williams, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
FLORIDA.<br />
<br />
1 William J. Purman, r.<a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a><br />
2 Horatio Bisbee, jr., r.<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a><br />
<br />
<br />
GEORGIA.<br />
<br />
1 Julien Hartridge, d.<br />
2 William E. Smith, d.<br />
3 Philip Cook, d.<br />
4 Henry R. Harris, d.<br />
5 Milton A. Chandler, d.<br />
6 James H. Blount, d.<br />
7 William H. Felton, d.<br />
8 Alexander H. Stephens, d.<br />
9 Benjamin H. Hill, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
ILLINOIS.<br />
<br />
1 William Aldrich, r.<br />
2 Carter H. Harrison, d.<br />
3 Lorenz Brentano, r.<br />
4 William Lathrop, r.<br />
5 Horatio C. Burchard, r.<br />
6 Thomas J. Henderson, r.<br />
7 Philip C. Hayes, r.<br />
8 Greenbury L. Fort, r.<br />
9 Thomas A. Boyd, r.<br />
10 John H. Hungate, d.<br />
11 Robert M. Knapp, d.<br />
12 William M. Springer, d.<br />
13 Thomas F. Tipton, r.<br />
14 Joseph G. Cannon, r.<br />
15 John R. Eden, d.<br />
16 F. M. Ashcraft, r.<br />
17 William R. Morrison, d.<br />
18 William Hartzell, d.<br />
19 R. W. Townshend, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
INDIANA.<br />
<br />
1 Benoni S. Fuller, d.<br />
2 James R. Cobb, d.<br />
3 George A. Bicknell, d.<br />
4 Leonidas Sexton, r.<br />
5 Thomas M. Browne, r.<br />
6 Milton S. Robinson, r.<br />
7 John Hanna, r.<br />
8 Morton C. Hunter, r.<br />
9 Michael D. White, r.<br />
10 William H. Calkins, r.<br />
11 James G. Evans, r.<br />
12 Andrew H. Hamilton, d.<br />
13 John H. Baker, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
IOWA.<br />
<br />
1 J. C. Stone, r.<br />
2 Hiram Price, r.<br />
3 Thomas W. Burdick, r.<br />
4 Nathan C. Deering, r.<br />
5 Rush Clark, r.<br />
6 Ezekiel S. Sampson, r.<br />
7 H. J. B. Cummings, r.<br />
8 William F. Sapp, r.<br />
9 Addison Oliver, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
KANSAS.<br />
<br />
1 William A. Phillips, r.<br />
2 Dudley Haskell, r.<br />
3 Thomas Ryan, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
KENTUCKY.<br />
<br />
1 Andrew R. Boone, d.<br />
2 James McKenzie, d.<br />
3 John W. Caldwell, d.<br />
4 J. Proctor Knott, d.<br />
5 Albert S. Willis, d.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span>
6 John G. Carlile, d.<br />
7 J. C. S. Blackburn, d<br />
8 Milton J. Durham, d.<br />
9 Thomas Turner, d.<br />
10 John B. Clarke, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
LOUISIANA.<br />
<br />
1 Randall L. Gibson, d.<br />
2 E. John Ellis, d.<br />
3 James H. Acklin, d.<a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a><br />
4 J. B. Elam, d.<a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a><br />
5 John E. Leonard, r.<br />
6 Edward W. Roberts, d.<a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a><br />
<br />
<br />
MAINE.<br />
<br />
1 Thomas B. Reed, r.<br />
2 William P. Frye, r.<br />
3 Stephen D. Lindsey, r.<br />
4 Llewellyn Powers, r.<br />
5 Eugene Hale, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MARYLAND.<br />
<br />
1 Daniel M. Henry, d.<br />
2 Charles B. Roberts, d.<br />
3 William Kimmel, d.<br />
4 Thomas Swann, d.<br />
5 Eli J. Henkle, d.<br />
6 William Walsh, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
MASSACHUSETTS.<br />
<br />
1 William W. Crapo, r.<br />
2 Benjamin W. Harris, r.<br />
3 Wallbridge A. Field, r.<br />
4 Leopold Morse, d.<br />
5 Nathaniel P. Banks, r.<br />
6 George B. Loring, r.<br />
7 Benjamin F. Butler, r.<br />
8 William Claflin, r.<br />
9 William W. Rice, r.<br />
10 Amasa Norcross, r.<br />
11 George D. Robinson, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MICHIGAN.<br />
<br />
1 Alpheus S. Williams, d.<br />
2 Edwin Willits, r.<br />
3 J. H. McGowan, r.<br />
4 Edwin W. Keighley, r.<br />
5 John W. Stone, r.<br />
6 Mark S. Brewer, r.<br />
7 Omar D. Conger, r.<br />
8 Charles C. Ellsworth, r.<br />
9 Jay A. Hubbell, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MINNESOTA.<br />
<br />
1 Mark H. Dunnell, r.<br />
2 Horace B. Strait, r.<br />
3 Jacob H. Stewart, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
MISSISSIPPI.<br />
<br />
1 H. L. Muldrow, d.<br />
2 Van H. Manning, d.<br />
3 H. D. Money, d.<br />
4 O. R. Singleton, d.<br />
5 Charles E. Hooker, d.<br />
6 James R. Chambers, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
MISSOURI.<br />
<br />
1 Anthony Ittner, r.<br />
2 Nathan Cole, r.<br />
3 Lyne S. Metcalfe, r.<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a><br />
4 Robert A. Hatcher, d.<br />
5 Richard P. Bland, d.<br />
6 Charles H. Morgan, d.<br />
7 Thomas T. Crittenden, d.<br />
8 Benjamin J. Franklin, d.<br />
9 David Rea, d.<br />
10 Henry Pollard, r.<br />
11 John B. Clark, jr., d.<br />
12 John M. Glover, d.<br />
13 Aylett H. Buckner, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
NEBRASKA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank Welch, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
NEVADA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Wren, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
NEW HAMPSHIRE.<br />
<br />
1 Frank Jones, d.<br />
2 James W. Briggs, r.<br />
3 Henry W. Blair, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
NEW JERSEY.<br />
<br />
1 Clem H. Sinnickson, r.<br />
2 J. Howard Pugh, r.<br />
3 Miles Ross, d.<br />
4 Alvah A. Clark, d.<br />
5 Augustus W. Cutler, d.<br />
6 Thomas B. Peddie, r.<br />
7 A. A. Hardenbergh, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
NEW YORK.<br />
<br />
1 James W. Covert, d.<br />
2 William D. Veeder, d.<br />
3 S. B. Chittenden, r.<br />
4 Arch M. Bliss, d.<br />
5 Nicholas Muller, d.<br />
6 Samuel S. Cox, d.<br />
7 Anthony Eickhoff, d.<br />
8 Anson G. McCook, r.<br />
9 Fernando Wood, d.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span>
10 Abram S. Hewitt, d.<br />
11 Benjamin A. Willis, d.<br />
12 Clarkson N. Potter, d.<br />
13 John H. Ketcham, r.<br />
14 George M. Beebe, d.<br />
15 Stephen L. Mayhan, d.<br />
16 Terrence J. Quinn, d.<br />
17 Martin I. Townsend, r.<br />
18 Andrew Williams, r.<br />
19 Amaziah B. James, r.<br />
20 John H. Starin, r.<br />
21 Solomon Bundy, r.<br />
22 George A. Bagley, r.<br />
23 William J. Bacon, r.<br />
24 William H. Baker, r.<br />
25 Frank Hiscock, r.<br />
26 John H. Camp, r.<br />
27 Eldrige C. Lapham, r.<br />
28 Jeremiah W. Dwight, r.<br />
29 John N. Hungerford, r.<br />
30 E. Kirke Hart, d.<br />
31 Charles B. Benedict, d.<br />
32 Daniel N. Lockwood, d.<br />
33 George W. Patterson, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
NORTH CAROLINA.<br />
<br />
1 Jesse J. Yeates, d.<br />
2 Curtis H. Brogden, r.<br />
3 Alfred M. Waddell, d.<br />
4 Joseph J. Davis, d.<br />
5 Alfred M. Scales, d.<br />
6 Walter L. Steele, d.<br />
7 William M. Robbins, d.<br />
8 Robert B. Vance, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
OHIO.<br />
<br />
1 Milton Sayler, d.<br />
2 H. B. Banning, d.<br />
3 Mills Gardner, r.<br />
4 John A. McMahon, d.<br />
5 Americus V. Rice, d.<br />
6 Jacob D. Cox, r.<br />
7 Henry L. Dickey, r.<br />
8 J. Warren Keifer, r.<br />
9 John S. Jones, r.<br />
10 Charles Foster, r.<br />
11 Henry S. Neal, r.<br />
12 Thomas Ewing, d.<br />
13 Milton I. Southard, d.<br />
14 E. B. Finley, d.<br />
15 N. H. Van Vorhes, r.<br />
16 Lorenzo Danford, r.<br />
17 William McKinley, r.<br />
18 James Monroe, r.<br />
19 James A. Garfield, r.<br />
20 Amos Townsend, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
OREGON.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Williams, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
PENNSYLVANIA.<br />
<br />
1 Chapman Freeman, r.<br />
2 Charles O’Neil, r.<br />
3 Samuel J. Randall, d.<br />
4 William D. Kelley, r.<br />
5 Alfred C. Harmer, r.<br />
6 William Ward, r.<br />
7 Isaac W. Evans, r.<br />
8 Hiester Clymer, d.<br />
9 A. Herr Smith, r.<br />
10 Samuel A. Bridges, d.<br />
11 Frank D. Collins, d.<br />
12 Hindrick B. Wright, d,<br />
13 James B. Reilly, d.<br />
14 John W. Killinger, r.<br />
15 Edward Overton, r.<br />
16 John I. Mitchell, r.<br />
17 Jacob H. Campbell, r.<br />
18 William S. Stenger, d.<br />
19 Levi Maish, d.<br />
20 Levi A. Mackey, d.<br />
21 Jacob Turney, d.<br />
22 Russell Everett, r.<br />
23 Thomas M. Boyne, d.<br />
24 W. S. Shallenherger, r.<br />
25 Henry White, r.<br />
26 John M. Thompson, r.<br />
27 Lewis F. Watson, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
RHODE ISLAND.<br />
<br />
1 Benjamin T. Eames, r.<br />
2 Latimer W. Ballou, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
SOUTH CAROLINA.<br />
<br />
1 Joseph Rainey, r.<br />
2 Richard H. Cain, r.<br />
3 D. Wyatt Aiken, d.<br />
4 John H. Evins, d.<br />
5 Robert Smalls, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
TENNESSEE.<br />
<br />
1 James H. Randolph, r.<br />
2 J. M. Thornburgh, r.<br />
3 George C. Dibrell, d.<br />
4 H. T. Riddle, d.<br />
5 John M. Bright, d.<br />
6 John F. House, d.<br />
7 W. C. Whitthorne, d.<br />
8 John D. C. Atkin, d.<br />
9 W. P. Caldwell, d.<br />
10 H. Casey Young, d.<br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span>
<br />
<br />
TEXAS.<br />
<br />
1 John H. Reagan, d.<br />
2 David B. Culbersen, d.<br />
3 J. W. Throckmorton, d.<br />
4 Roger Q. Mills, d.<br />
5 D. C. Giddings, d.<br />
6 Gustave Schleicher, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
VERMONT.<br />
<br />
1 Charles H. Joyce, r.<br />
2 Dudley C. Dennison, r.<br />
3 George W. Hindee, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
VIRGINIA.<br />
<br />
1 Beverly B. Douglas, d.<br />
2 John Goode, jr., d.<br />
3 Gilbert C. Walker, d.<br />
4 Joseph Jurgenson, r.<br />
5 George C. Cabell, d.<br />
6 John R. Tucker, d.<br />
7 John T. Harris, d.<br />
8 Eppa Hunton, d.<br />
9 A. L. Pridemore, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
WEST VIRGINIA.<br />
<br />
1 Benjamin Wilson, d.<br />
2 Benjamin F. Martin, d.<br />
3 John E. Kenna, d.<br />
<br />
<br />
WISCONSIN.<br />
<br />
1 Charles G. Williams, r.<br />
2 Lucien B. Caswell, r.<br />
3 George C. Hazelton, r.<br />
4 William P. Lynde, d.<br />
5 Edward S. Bragg, d.<br />
6 Gabriel C. Bouck, d.<br />
7 H. L. Humphrey, r.<br />
8 Thad C. Pound, r.<br />
<br />
<br />
TERRITORIAL DELEGATES.<br />
<br />
<br />
ARIZONA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. S. Stevens, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
DAKOTA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. P. Kidder, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
IDAHO.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen S. Fenn.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
MONTANA.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin Maginnis, d.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
NEW MEXICO.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trinidad Romero, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
UTAH.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Q. Cannon, i.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
WASHINGTON.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orange Jacobs, r.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
WYOMING.<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. W. Corlett, r.</span><br />
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span></p>

<h3 id="PRESIDENTS_AND_VICE_PRESIDENTS">PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE
UNITED STATES.</h3>

<table class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="6">PRESIDENTS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">Year of Qual.</span></th>
    <th rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">Name.</span></th>
    <th rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">Where From.</span></th>
    <th colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Term of Office.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th class="small">Y.</th>
    <th class="small">M.</th>
    <th class="small"> D.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1789</td>
    <td>George Washington</td>
    <td>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1797</td>
    <td>John Adams</td>
    <td>Massachusetts</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1801</td>
    <td>Thomas Jefferson</td>
    <td>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1809</td>
    <td>James Madison</td>
    <td>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1817</td>
    <td>James Monroe</td>
    <td>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1824</td>
    <td>John Quincy Adams</td>
    <td>Massachusetts</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1829</td>
    <td>Andrew Jackson</td>
    <td>Tennessee</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1837</td>
    <td>Martin Van Buren</td>
    <td>New York</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1841</td>
    <td>William Henry Harrison<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">83</a></td>
    <td>Ohio</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1841</td>
    <td>John Tyler</td>
    <td>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">11</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1845</td>
    <td>James Knox Polk</td>
    <td>Tennessee</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1849</td>
    <td>Zachary Taylor<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">84</a></td>
    <td>Louisiana</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1850</td>
    <td>Millard Fillmore</td>
    <td>New York</td>
    <td class="tdc">2</td>
    <td class="tdc">7</td>
    <td class="tdc">26</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1853</td>
    <td>Franklin Pierce</td>
    <td>New Hampshire</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1857</td>
    <td>James Buchanan</td>
    <td>Pennsylvania</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1861</td>
    <td>Abraham Lincoln<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">85</a></td>
    <td>Illinois</td>
    <td class="tdc">4</td>
    <td class="tdc">1</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1865</td>
    <td>Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>Tennessee</td>
    <td class="tdc">3</td>
    <td class="tdc">10</td>
    <td class="tdc">20</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1869</td>
    <td>Ulysses S. Grant</td>
    <td>Illinois</td>
    <td class="tdc">8</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1877</td>
    <td>Rutherford B. Hayes</td>
    <td>Ohio</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
    <td class="tdc">&mdash;</td>
  </tr></table>

<table id="VICE_PRESIDENTS" class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="3">VICE-PRESIDENTS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">Year of Qual.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Name.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Where From.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1789</td>
    <td>John Adams</td>
    <td>Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1797</td>
    <td>Thomas Jefferson</td>
    <td>Virginia.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1801</td>
    <td>Aaron Burr</td>
    <td>New York.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1804</td>
    <td>George Clinton</td>
    <td>New York.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1813</td>
    <td>Elbridge Gerry</td>
    <td>Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1817</td>
    <td>Daniel D. Tompkins</td>
    <td>New York.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1824</td>
    <td>John C. Calhoun</td>
    <td>South Carolina.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1833</td>
    <td>Martin Van Buren</td>
    <td>New York.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1837</td>
    <td>Richard M. Johnson</td>
    <td>Kentucky.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1841</td>
    <td>John Tyler</td>
    <td>Virginia.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1842</td>
    <td>Samuel L. Southard</td>
    <td>New Jersey.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1845</td>
    <td>George M. Dallas</td>
    <td>Pennsylvania.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1849</td>
    <td>Millard Fillmore</td>
    <td>New York.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1851</td>
    <td>William R. King</td>
    <td>Alabama.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1853</td>
    <td>David R. Atchison</td>
    <td>Missouri.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1855</td>
    <td>Jesse D. Bright</td>
    <td>Indiana.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1857</td>
    <td>John C. Breckinridge</td>
    <td>Kentucky.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1861</td>
    <td>Hannibal Hamlin</td>
    <td>Maine.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1865</td>
    <td>Andrew Johnson</td>
    <td>Tennessee.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1865</td>
    <td>Lafayette C. Foster</td>
    <td>Connecticut.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1869</td>
    <td>Schuyler Colfax</td>
    <td>Indiana.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1873</td>
    <td>Henry Wilson<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">86</a></td>
    <td>Massachusetts.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1875</td>
    <td>Thomas W. Ferry</td>
    <td>Michigan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tdc">1877</td>
    <td>William A. Wheeler</td>
    <td>New York.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span></p>

<h3 id="STATES_AND_TERRITORIES_OF_THE_UNION">THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNION.</h3>

<table id="states" class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Apportionment for Congressmen.</span></th>
    <th colspan="6">STATE GOVERNMENTS.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">States.</span> (38)</th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Area, Sq. Mls.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Tot’l Mem.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Capitals.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Governors.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Term Expires.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Sal.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Legislatures Meet.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">State Elections.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alabama</td>
    <td class="tdr">50,722</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td>Montgomery</td>
    <td>George S. Houston</td>
    <td>Nov., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">$3,000</td>
    <td>3 M. Nov.</td>
    <td>1 Monday Aug.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Arkansas</td>
    <td class="tdr">52,198</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td>Little Rock</td>
    <td>William R. Miller</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 T. a. 2 M. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Monday Sept.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>California</td>
    <td class="tdr">188,981</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td>Sacramento</td>
    <td>William Irwin</td>
    <td>Dec., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Dec.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Wed. Sept.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Colorado</td>
    <td class="tdr">105,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td>Denver</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>John L. Routt</td>
    <td>Jan., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td>1 Tuesday Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Connecticut</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,750</td>
    <td class="tdr">4</td>
    <td>Hartford</td>
    <td>Richard D. Hubbard</td>
    <td>Jan., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
    <td>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Delaware</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,120</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td>Dover</td>
    <td>John P. Cochran</td>
    <td>Jan., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Tu. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Florida</td>
    <td class="tdr">59,248</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td>Tallahassee</td>
    <td>George F. Drew</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 T. a. 1 M. Jan</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Georgia</td>
    <td class="tdr">58,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td>Atlanta</td>
    <td>Alfred H. Colquitt</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 W. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Wed. Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Illinois</td>
    <td class="tdr">55,410</td>
    <td class="tdr">19</td>
    <td>Springfield</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Shelby M Cullom</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Indiana</td>
    <td class="tdr">33,800</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
    <td>Indianapolis</td>
    <td>James D. Williams</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 Tuesday Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Iowa</td>
    <td class="tdr">55,045</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td>Des Moines</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Samuel J. Kirkwood</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 M. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 Tuesday Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kansas</td>
    <td class="tdr">88,318</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td>Topeka</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>George T. Anthony</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 Tu. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kentucky</td>
    <td class="tdr">37,680</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td>Frankfort</td>
    <td>James T. McCreary</td>
    <td>Sept., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Dec.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Monday Aug.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Louisiana</td>
    <td class="tdr">41,346</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td>New Orleans</td>
    <td>Francis T. Nicholls</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000</td>
    <td>1 M. Jan.</td>
    <td>1 Monday Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Maine</td>
    <td class="tdr">35,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td>Augusta</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Selden Connor</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
    <td>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td>2 Monday Sept.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Maryland</td>
    <td class="tdr">11,124</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td>Annapolis</td>
    <td>John Lee Carroll</td>
    <td>Jan., 1880</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Massachusetts</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,800</td>
    <td class="tdr">11</td>
    <td>Boston</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Alexander H. Rice</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Michigan</td>
    <td class="tdr">56,451</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td>Lansing</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Charles M. Crosswell</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 W. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Minnesota</td>
    <td class="tdr">83,531</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td>St. Paul</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>John S. Pillsbury</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
    <td>1 T. a. 1 M. Jan</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mississippi</td>
    <td class="tdr">47,156</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>John M. Stone</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Missouri</td>
    <td class="tdr">65,350</td>
    <td class="tdr">13</td>
    <td>Jefferson City</td>
    <td>John S. Phelps</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> Last M. Dec.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nebraska</td>
    <td class="tdr">75,995</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td>Lincoln</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Silas Garber</td>
    <td>Jan., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Th. a 1 M. Jan</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 Tuesday Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nevada</td>
    <td class="tdr">81,539</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td>Carson City</td>
    <td>L. R. Bradley</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Jan</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>New Hampshire</td>
    <td class="tdr">9,280</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td>Concord</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>B. F. Prescott</td>
    <td>June, 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. June</td>
    <td>2 Tuesday Mar.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span>-</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>New Jersey</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,320</td>
    <td class="tdr">7</td>
    <td>Trenton</td>
    <td>Joseph D. Bedle</td>
    <td>Jan., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000</td>
    <td>2 Tu. Jan</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>New York</td>
    <td class="tdr">47,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">33</td>
    <td>Albany</td>
    <td>Lucius Robinson</td>
    <td>Jan., 1880</td>
    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
    <td>1 Tu. Jan</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>North Carolina</td>
    <td class="tdr">50,704</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td>Raleigh</td>
    <td>Zebulon B. Vance</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>W a. 1 M. Jan</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ohio</td>
    <td class="tdr">39,964</td>
    <td class="tdr">20</td>
    <td>Columbus</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Thomas L. Young</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Jan.</td>
    <td>2 Tuesday Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Oregon</td>
    <td class="tdr">95,274</td>
    <td class="tdr">1</td>
    <td>Salem</td>
    <td>Lafayette F. Grover</td>
    <td>June, 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 M. Sept.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Monday June</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pennsylvania</td>
    <td class="tdr">46,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">27</td>
    <td>Harrisburg</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>John F. Hartranft</td>
    <td>Jan., 1879</td>
    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Tu. Jan.</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M .Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rhode Island</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,306</td>
    <td class="tdr">2</td>
    <td>Newp’t &amp; Pro.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>&mdash;&mdash; Van Zandt</td>
    <td>May, 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td>M. and Jan.</td>
    <td>1 Wed. April.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>South Carolina</td>
    <td class="tdr">34,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">5</td>
    <td>Columbia</td>
    <td>Wade Hampton</td>
    <td>Jan., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
    <td>4 M. Nov.</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Tennessee</td>
    <td class="tdr">45,600</td>
    <td class="tdr">10</td>
    <td>Nashville</td>
    <td>James D. Porter</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 M. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Texas</td>
    <td class="tdr">274,356</td>
    <td class="tdr">6</td>
    <td>Austin</td>
    <td>Richard Coke</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td> <a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 Tu. Jan.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>3 Tuesday Feb.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vermont</td>
    <td class="tdr">10,212</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td>Montpelier</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Horace Fairbanks</td>
    <td>Oct., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 W. Oct.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 Tuesday Sept.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdr">38,352</td>
    <td class="tdr">9</td>
    <td>Richmond</td>
    <td>James L. Kemper</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>1 W. Dec.</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>  T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>West Virginia</td>
    <td class="tdr">23,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">3</td>
    <td>Wheeling</td>
    <td>Henry M. Matthews</td>
    <td>Mar., 1881</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,700</td>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 W. Jan</td>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a>2 Tuesday Oct.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wisconsin</td>
    <td class="tdr">53,924</td>
    <td class="tdr">8</td>
    <td>Madison</td>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>Harrison Ludington</td>
    <td>Jan., 1878</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td>2 W. Jan</td>
    <td>T. a 1 M. Nov.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Total</td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">293</td>
    <td colspan="6"></td>
  </tr></table>

<table class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">Territ’s.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Capitals.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Governors.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alaska</td>
    <td>Sitka</td>
    <td>Not organized</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>vArizona</td>
    <td>Tucson</td>
    <td>C. E. G. French</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Dakota</td>
    <td>Yankton</td>
    <td>J. L. Pennington</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Idaho</td>
    <td>Boise City</td>
    <td>Mason Brayman</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Indian</td>
    <td>Tahlaquah</td>
    <td>Not organized</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Montana</td>
    <td>Helena</td>
    <td>Benj. F. Potts.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>N. Mexico</td>
    <td>Santa Fe</td>
    <td>Sam. B. Axtell</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Utah</td>
    <td>Salt L. Citytd</td>
    <td>Geo. W. Emery.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Washingt’n </td>
    <td>Olympia</td>
    <td>Elisha P. Ferry.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wyoming</td>
    <td>Cheyenne</td>
    <td>John M. Thayer.</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">310</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="FOREIGN_GOVERNMENTS">FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.</h2>

<table class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Country.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Capital.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Name of Ruler.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Title.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Populat’n.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Sq Mls.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Abyssinia</td>
    <td>Magdala</td>
    <td>Johannes I</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">40,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">175,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Afghanistan</td>
    <td>Candahar</td>
    <td>Shere Ali</td>
    <td>Shah</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">300,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Anam (Cochin-China)</td>
    <td>Ketcho</td>
    <td>Tu Duc</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">13,500,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">600,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Andorra</td>
    <td>Andorra</td>
    <td>A. Queradra</td>
    <td>1st Syndic</td>
    <td class="tdr">20,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">190</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Argentine Republic</td>
    <td>Buenos Ayres</td>
    <td>Senor Avellameda</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,877,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Austria</td>
    <td>Vienna</td>
    <td>Francis Joseph I</td>
    <td>Emperor</td>
    <td class="tdr">35,019,058</td>
    <td class="tdr">258,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Belgium</td>
    <td>Brussels</td>
    <td>Leopold II</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,253,821</td>
    <td class="tdr">12,500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Beloochistan</td>
    <td>Kelat</td>
    <td>Mir Nasa Khan</td>
    <td>Khan</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">160,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Brazil</td>
    <td>Rio de Janeiro</td>
    <td>Pedro II</td>
    <td>Emperor</td>
    <td class="tdr">10,300,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Bokhara</td>
    <td>Bokhara</td>
    <td>Mozaflar ed. di.</td>
    <td>Khan</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">235,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Bolivia</td>
    <td>La Paz</td>
    <td>Adolpho Ballivian</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,987,352</td>
    <td class="tdr">318,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Borneo</td>
    <td />
    <td>Abdul Mumem</td>
    <td>Sultan</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,750,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">300,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Burman Empire</td>
    <td>Monchoboo</td>
    <td>Mendoonmen</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">200,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Chili</td>
    <td>Santiago</td>
    <td>Errazuriz</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,074,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">144,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">China</td>
    <td>Pekin</td>
    <td>Tsaeteen</td>
    <td>Emperor</td>
    <td class="tdr">415,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,300,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Costa Rica</td>
    <td>San Jose</td>
    <td>J. M. Guardia</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">185,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">16,250</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Dahomey</td>
    <td>Dahomey</td>
    <td>Adahoonzon</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">300,000</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Denmark</td>
    <td>Copenhagen</td>
    <td>Christian IX</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,861,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">14,616</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Egypt</td>
    <td>Cairo</td>
    <td>Ismail Pasha</td>
    <td>Khedive</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,800,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">175,800</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Ecuador</td>
    <td>Quito</td>
    <td>Don Antonio Borrero</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,100,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">300,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Fiji Islands</td>
    <td>Ovalan</td>
    <td>Ceded to Great Britain</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">250,000</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">France</td>
    <td>Paris</td>
    <td>Marshal MacMahon</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">36,102,921</td>
    <td class="tdr">204,825</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">German Empire</td>
    <td rowspan="3">Berlin</td>
    <td rowspan="3">William</td>
    <td rowspan="3">Emperor</td>
    <td rowspan="3" class="tdr">30,000,000</td>
    <td rowspan="3" class="tdr">746,042</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Prussia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Saxony and States</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lubeck</td>
    <td rowspan="3">Free towns</td>
    <td rowspan="3" />
    <td rowspan="3" />
    <td rowspan="3" />
    <td class="tdr">52,158</td>
    <td class="tdr">5.21</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hamburg</td>
    <td class="tdr">122,565</td>
    <td class="tdr">4.76</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bremen</td>
    <td class="tdr">338,974</td>
    <td class="tdr">7.44</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bavaria</td>
    <td rowspan="5">S. Ger’y</td>
    <td>Munich</td>
    <td>Ludwig II</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,689,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">26,500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wurtemberg</td>
    <td>Stuttgart</td>
    <td>Charles I</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,785,982</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,600</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Baden</td>
    <td>Carlsruhe</td>
    <td>Frederic</td>
    <td>Grand Duke</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,435,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,712</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hesse-Darmstadt</td>
    <td>Darmstadt</td>
    <td>Louis III</td>
    <td>Grand Duke</td>
    <td class="tdr">852,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">13,964</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alsace-Lorraine</td>
    <td />
    <td />
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">1,549,459</td>
    <td class="tdr">25,706</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Great Britain</td>
    <td>London</td>
    <td>Victoria</td>
    <td>Queen</td>
    <td class="tdr">29,307,199</td>
    <td class="tdr">121,115</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Greece</td>
    <td>Athens</td>
    <td>George I</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,457,894</td>
    <td class="tdr">19,950</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Guatemala</td>
    <td>Guatemala</td>
    <td>Don I. Rufino Barrios</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,200,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">15,000
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">311</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Hayti</td>
    <td>Port au Prince</td>
    <td>Gen. B. Canal</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">960,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">11,718</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Honduras</td>
    <td>Comayague</td>
    <td>Gen. J. M. Medina</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">350,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">47,090</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Italy</td>
    <td>Rome</td>
    <td>Victor Emanuel II</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">26,796,149</td>
    <td class="tdr">98,154</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Japan</td>
    <td>Tokio</td>
    <td>Mutsuhito</td>
    <td>Emperor</td>
    <td class="tdr">33,110,825</td>
    <td class="tdr">266,500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Khokan</td>
    <td>Khokan</td>
    <td />
    <td>Khan</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000,000</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Liberia</td>
    <td>Monrovia</td>
    <td>Jas. S. Payne</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">625,000</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Madagascar</td>
    <td>Tananarivo</td>
    <td>Ramavolo II</td>
    <td>Queen</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">225,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Mexico</td>
    <td>Mexico</td>
    <td>Gen. Porfirio Diaz</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">9,173,052</td>
    <td class="tdr">846,615</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Montenegro</td>
    <td>Cetigne</td>
    <td>Nicholas I</td>
    <td>Hospodar</td>
    <td class="tdr">100,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">450,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Mosquito</td>
    <td>Blewfields</td>
    <td>Tamaso</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">34,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Morocco</td>
    <td>Fez</td>
    <td>Mulai Hassan</td>
    <td>Sultan</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">25,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Muscat</td>
    <td>Muscat</td>
    <td>Seyyed Toorkee bin Said</td>
    <td>Imaum</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,500,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">176,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Netherlands</td>
    <td>Amsterdam</td>
    <td>William III</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,652,072</td>
    <td class="tdr">12,685</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">New Granada</td>
    <td>Bogota</td>
    <td>Don Santiago Perez</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">333,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Nicaragua</td>
    <td>Managua</td>
    <td>Don Vicente Cuadra</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">235,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">57,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Norway</td>
    <td>Christiana</td>
    <td>Oscar II. of Sweden</td>
    <td />
    <td class="tdr">1,753,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">121,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Orange Free States</td>
    <td>Bloemfontein</td>
    <td>I. H. Brand</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">50,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">70,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Paraguay</td>
    <td>Asuncion</td>
    <td>John B. Gill</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,400,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">85,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Persia</td>
    <td>Teheren</td>
    <td>&mdash;&mdash; Nassir ed. Deen</td>
    <td>Shah</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">648,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Peru</td>
    <td>Lima</td>
    <td>Senor Manuel Prado</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,374,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">558,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Portugal</td>
    <td>Lisbon</td>
    <td>Luis I</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,435,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">34,491</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Roumania</td>
    <td>Bucharest</td>
    <td>Charles</td>
    <td>Hospodar</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,500,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">27,500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Russia</td>
    <td>St. Petersburg</td>
    <td>Alexander II</td>
    <td>Emperor</td>
    <td class="tdr">85,685,245</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,710,882</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Sarawak</td>
    <td>Kuching</td>
    <td>Charles Brooke Santiago</td>
    <td>Rajah</td>
    <td class="tdr">200,000</td>
    <td />
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Sandwich Islands</td>
    <td>Honolulu</td>
    <td>David Kalakaua</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">73,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">6,500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">San Salvador</td>
    <td>San Salvador</td>
    <td>Senor Andres Valle</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">600,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">7,500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Servia</td>
    <td>Belgrade</td>
    <td>Milan Obrenovitch</td>
    <td>Prince</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,338,505</td>
    <td class="tdr">12,600</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Siam</td>
    <td>Bang Kok</td>
    <td>Chan Fa Chule Long Korn</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,700,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">250,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Spain</td>
    <td>Madrid</td>
    <td>Don Alfonzo XII</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">16,641,984</td>
    <td class="tdr">193,508</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Switzerland</td>
    <td>Berne</td>
    <td>M. Scherer</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,269,147</td>
    <td class="tdr">15,991</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Sweden</td>
    <td>Stockholm</td>
    <td>Oscar II</td>
    <td>King</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,204,771</td>
    <td class="tdr">128,776</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">St. Domingo</td>
    <td>San Domingo</td>
    <td>Gen. Ig. Gonzalez</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">136,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">18,000,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Turkey</td>
    <td>Constantinople</td>
    <td>Abdul Hamid II</td>
    <td>Sultan</td>
    <td class="tdr">45,000,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,210,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Uruguay</td>
    <td>Montevideo</td>
    <td>Don Jose Ellauri</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">450,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">75,000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2">Venezuela</td>
    <td>Caracas</td>
    <td>A. Guzman Blanco</td>
    <td>President</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,600,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">426,000</td>
  </tr></table>
<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">312</span></p>

<h4 id="DIPLOMATIC_OFFICERS_OF_UNITED_STATES">DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS OF UNITED STATES.</h4>

<table class="bbox">
  <tr>
    <th class="smcap">Country.</th>
    <th class="smcap">Name.</th>
    <th class="smcap">Title.</th>
    <th class="smcap">Where Employed.</th>
    <th class="smcap">Salary.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Argentine Republic</td>
    <td>Thomas O. Osborne</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Buenos Ayres</td>
    <td class="tdr">$ 7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Austria</td>
    <td>Edward F. Blade</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Vienna</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Belgium</td>
    <td>Ayres P. Merrill</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Brussels</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Brazil</td>
    <td>James R. Partridge</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Rio Janeiro</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Chili</td>
    <td>Cornelius A. Logan</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Santiago</td>
    <td class="tdr">10 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">China</td>
    <td>George F. Seward</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Pekin</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">France</td>
    <td>Elihu B. Washburne</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Paris</td>
    <td class="tdr">17 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Great Britain</td>
    <td>Edwards Pierrepont</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>London</td>
    <td class="tdr">17 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Central American States</td>
    <td>George Williamson</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Guatamala</td>
    <td class="tdr">10 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Hawaiian Islands</td>
    <td>Henry A. Pierce</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Honolulu</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Hayti</td>
    <td>E. D. Basset</td>
    <td>Min. Res. and Con. Gen.</td>
    <td>Pt. an Prince</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Italy</td>
    <td>George P. Marsh</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Florence</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Japan</td>
    <td>John A. Bingham</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Yeddo</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Liberia</td>
    <td>James M. Turner</td>
    <td>Min. Res. and Con. Gen.</td>
    <td>Monrovia</td>
    <td class="tdr">4 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Mexico</td>
    <td>John W. Foster</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Mexico</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Netherlands</td>
    <td>James Birney</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>The Hague</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Peru</td>
    <td>Richard Gibbs</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Lima</td>
    <td class="tdr">10 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">German Empire</td>
    <td>J. C. Bancroft Davis</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Berlin</td>
    <td class="tdr">17 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Russia</td>
    <td>George H. Boker</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>St. Petersburg</td>
    <td class="tdr">17 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Spain</td>
    <td>Caleb Cushing</td>
    <td>Envoy Ex. and M. Plen.</td>
    <td>Madrid</td>
    <td class="tdr">12 000</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Sweden and Norway</td>
    <td>C. C. Andrews</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Stockholm</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Turkey</td>
    <td>Horace Maynard</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Constantinople</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="smcap">Venezuela</td>
    <td>Thomas Russell</td>
    <td>Minister Resident</td>
    <td>Caracas</td>
    <td class="tdr">7 500</td>
  </tr></table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">313</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="POST_OFFICES_IN_COLORADO">POST-OFFICES IN COLORADO.</h2>

<p class="copy">Corrected to June 1, 1877.</p>

<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Note</span>&mdash;Those printed in <small>SMALL CAPITALS</small> indicate County Seats.</p>

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>POST-OFFICE</th>
    <th>COUNTY.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Acequia</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alma</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Alpine</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Animas City</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Animas Forks</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Antelope Springs</td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Apishapa</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Arroya</td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Arvada</td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Badito</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bald Mountain</td>
    <td>Gilpin.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Barela</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Barnum</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bear Canyon</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Beaver Brook</td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bennet</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bent Canyon</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Beulah</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Big Sandy</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Big Thompson </td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bijou Basin</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bismark</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Black Hawk</td>
    <td>Gilpin.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Booneville</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Boulder</span></td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Box Elder</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Breckinridge</span></td>
    <td>Summit.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Brookvale</td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Buffalo</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Buffalo Springs</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Burrow’s Park</td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Butte Valley</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Byers</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Canon City</span></td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Capitol City</td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Caribou</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Carr</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Castle Rock</span></td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Central City</span></td>
    <td>Gilpin.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Centreville</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cherry Creek</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cheyenne Wells</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cleora</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Coal Creek</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cochetopa</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Colfax</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Colorado City</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Colorado Springs</span></td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Conejos</span></td>
    <td>Conejos.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Corona</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cotton Creek</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Creswell</td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Crisman</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cucharas</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Currant Creek</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Deer Trail</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Deer Valley</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Del Norte</span></td>
    <td>Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Denver</span></td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Divide</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Douglas</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Dudley</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eagle Rock</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Easton</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edgerton</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Elbert</td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Elmoro</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>El Paso</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Empire City</td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Erie</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">314</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Estes Park</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eureka</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Evans</span></td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Evergreen</td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Fairplay</span></td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Florence</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Florrissant</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Fort Collins</span></td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fort Garland</td>
    <td>Costilla.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fort Lupton</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fort Lyon</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fountain</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Franktown</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fraser</td>
    <td>Grand.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Galena</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Gardener</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Georgetown</span></td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Glen Grove</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Golden</span></td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Gomer’s Mills</td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Granada</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Granite</span></td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Grant</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Greeley</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Greenhorn</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Greenland</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Greenwood</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Gunnison</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hahn’s Peak</td>
    <td>Routt.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hall Valley</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hamilton</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hartsel</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hayden</td>
    <td>Grand.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Helena</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hermosa</td>
    <td>La Plata.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Higbee</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hillsborough</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hortense</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hot Springs</td>
    <td>Ouray.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Hot Sulphur Springs</span> Grand.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Howardsville</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Huerfano</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hughes</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hugo</td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hutchinson</td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Idaho Springs</td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Island Station</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jamestown</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jennison</td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Julesburg</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Juniata</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kester</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Kiowa</span></td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Kit Carson</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lajara</td>
    <td>Conejos.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>La Junta</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Lake City</span></td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>La Porte</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lark Spur</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Las Animas</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>La Veta</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Left Hand</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lincoln City</td>
    <td>Summit.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Linwood</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Little Thompson</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Littleton</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Livermore</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Longmont</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Los Pinos</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Magnolia</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mahonville</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Malta</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Manitou</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mill City</td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mineral Point</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Modoc</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Montezuma</td>
    <td>Summit.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Monument</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Morrison</td>
    <td>Jefferson.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Muddy Creek</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Namaqua</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nederland</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nepesta</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>New Liberty</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ni Wot</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Oro City</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Orodelfan</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Osage Avenue</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ouray</td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O. Z.</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Parrott</span></td>
    <td>La Plata.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pella</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Petersburg</td>
    <td>Arapahoe.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Piedra</td>
    <td>Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pine Grove</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Platte Valley</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Platteville</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pleasant Valley</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Poncho Springs</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Preston</td>
    <td>Summit.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Pueblo</span></td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pulaski</td>
    <td>Las Animas.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">315</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rito Alto</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>River Bend</td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Riverside</td>
    <td>Lake.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rock Cliff</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rock Ridge</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rock</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rocky Ford</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rollinsville</td>
    <td>Gilpin.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rosita</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Running Creek</td>
    <td>Elbert.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Russell</td>
    <td>Costilla.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Saguache</span></td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Saint Charles</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Saint Mary’s</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Saints John</td>
    <td>Summit.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Salina</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sangre de Christo</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>San Isabel</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>San Jose</td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>San Juan</td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">San Luis</span></td>
    <td>Costilla.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Santa Clara</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sarinda</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sedalia</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Silver Plume</td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Silverton</span></td>
    <td>San Juan.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>South Fork</td>
    <td>Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>South Park</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>South Platte</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>South Pueblo</td>
    <td>Pueblo.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>South Side</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Southwater</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Spanish Bar</td>
    <td>Clear Creek.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Spring Valley</td>
    <td>Douglas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sterling</td>
    <td>Weld.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sugar Loaf</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Summit</td>
    <td>Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Summit Park</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sunshine</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Table Rock</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Tellurium</td>
    <td>Hinsdale.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Texas Creek</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>The Meadows</td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Trinidad</span></td>
    <td>Las Animas.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ula</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Valmont</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Villa Grove</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Virginia Dale</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wagon Wheel Gap</td>
    <td>Rio Grande.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">Walsenburg</span></td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ward District</td>
    <td>Boulder.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wareville</td>
    <td>Ouray.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Warrantsville</td>
    <td>Huerfano.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wayside</td>
    <td>Costilla.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Webster</td>
    <td>Park.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Weissport</td>
    <td>El Paso.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i0"><span class="smcap">West Las Animas</span></td>
    <td>Bent.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Wheatland</td>
    <td>Larimer.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>White Earth</td>
    <td>Saguache.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>White River</td>
    <td>Summit.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Windsor</td>
    <td>Routt.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Yorkville</td>
    <td>Fremont.</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">316</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="COUNTIES_OF_COLORADO">COUNTIES OF COLORADO.</h2>



<table class="bbox">
  <caption id="Area_population_and_valuation">AREA, POPULATION AND VALUATION-1877.</caption>
  <tr>
    <th><span class="smcap">County.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Area,<br />Sq. Mls.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Population.</span></th>
    <th><span class="smcap">Valuation.</span></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Arapahoe</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">4,860</td>
    <td class="tdr">28,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">$11,471,506</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Bent</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">9,408</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,817,539</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Boulder</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">794</td>
    <td class="tdr">12,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,883,393</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Costilla</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,684</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">223,078</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Conejos</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">2,554</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">80,871</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Clear Creek</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">468</td>
    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,953,069</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a><span class="smcap">Custer</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">774</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Douglas</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">833</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,122,469</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">El Paso</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">2,667</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,750</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,879,265</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Elbert</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">6,270</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,684,502</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Fremont</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,800</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,250</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,564,657</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Gilpin</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">158</td>
    <td class="tdr">8,800</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,237,356</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Grand</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">4,278</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">73,731</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a><span class="smcap">Gunnison</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">11,066</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Huerfano</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,584</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">661,948</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Hinsdale</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,528</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">94,708</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Jefferson</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">792</td>
    <td class="tdr">5,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,920,443</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Lake</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,640</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,300</td>
    <td class="tdr">395,361</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Larimer</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">2,068</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">1,022,610</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Las Animas</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">7,481</td>
    <td class="tdr">10,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,133,969</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">La Plata</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">4,095</td>
    <td class="tdr">800</td>
    <td class="tdr">84,858</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Ouray</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">2,333</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Park</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,842</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">779,805</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Pueblo</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">2,384</td>
    <td class="tdr">6,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">3,850,466</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Rio Grande</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">657,912</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a><span class="smcap">Routt</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">7,266</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
    <td class="tdr">. . .</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Summit</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">8,289</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">181,776</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Saguache</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">3,640</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,500</td>
    <td class="tdr">710,348</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">San Juan</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">726</td>
    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">95,950</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i2"><span class="smcap">Weld</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">10,718</td>
    <td class="tdr">6,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">2,548,565</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="i4"><span class="smcap">Total</span></td>
    <td class="tdr">105,000</td>
    <td class="tdr">144,900</td>
    <td class="tdr">44,130,205</td>
  </tr></table>

<p>The above valuations are the county assessments as required by law, and do
not include mines which are not taxable for ten years.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">317</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="BIOGRAPHICAL_SKETCHES">BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES<br />
<span class="small">OF THE</span><br />
<span id="Congressional_Delegation" class="large">COLORADO CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION.</span><br />
<span class="large">STATE OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY</span></h2>

<h3>UNITED STATES SENATORS.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">Jerome B. Chaffee</span>, of Denver, Arapahoe county, was born in
Niagara county, New York, April 17, 1825; he received an academic
education; emigrated to the west when quite young and settled in
Michigan, and afterwards in St. Joseph, Mo., where he engaged in
banking; moved to Kansas in 1857, and located at Elmwood; came
to Colorado in 1860, and settled in Gilpin county, where he became
largely engaged in mining operations, and in 1861 began his public
career as representative from that county to the first Territorial Legislature.
In 1862 he was returned to the Legislature, and in 1864
again represented the county of Gilpin, and was chosen Speaker
of the House. In 1865 he became interested in the First National
Bank of Denver, of which he has since been the President.
In the fall of this year he was chosen United States Senator of the
proposed State of Colorado. September 13, 1870, he was elected
delegate to Congress, and was re-elected in 1872. During his terms
in Congress and long before, he labored incessantly to secure the admission
of Colorado into the Union, and though failing several times,
persisted in his efforts until the 38th State was created. In 1876, he
was chosen United States Senator to the 44th and 45th Congresses. His
term expires March, 1879.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Henry M. Teller</span>, of Central City, Gilpin county, was born in
Allegany county, New York, May 23, 1830. Attended school
at Rushford Academy, and pursued his studies for a considerable
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">318</span>
time at the Allegany University. While obtaining his education,
he taught school several terms, and for seven years taught
and attended school alternately. At the age of twenty five he began
the study of law under Judge M. Grover, of Angelica, New York, with
whom he remained three years; removed to Morrison, Whiteside
county, Illinois, in 1865, and began the practice of his profession,
forming a copartnership with H. A. Johnson, Esq.; has been a Republican
since 1856, and took an active part in the political campaign for
Lincoln in 1860; came to Colorado in 1861 and settled in Central City,
where he has since resided; his copartnership with Mr. Johnson, who
had preceded him in 1860, was here renewed, which has since been dissolved
by the return of Mr. Johnson to New York. In 1864 he entered
into co-partnership with his brother, the Hon. Willard Teller; was
chosen United States Senator by the General Assembly in December,
1876. His term expires March, 1883.</p>

<h3>REPRESENTATIVE.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">James B. Belford</span>, of Central City, Gilpin county, was born in
Lewistown, Penn., September 28, 1837; was educated at Dickinson
College; is by profession an attorney-at-law; was admitted to the
bar in 1858; practiced law in Moniteau county, Missouri, until December,
1860; removed to White county, Indiana, where he was elected
to the Legislature in 1866; came to Colorado in 1870, having been
appointed judge of the Supreme Court; was re-appointed in 1874,
and in 1876 was chosen Representative to the 44th and 45th Congresses.
His term expires March, 1879.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">319</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="THE_EXECUTIVE_OFFICERS">THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.</h2>

<p class="copy">TERMS EXPIRE JANUARY, 1879.</p>

<h3>GOVERNOR.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">John L. Routt</span>, of Denver, Arapahoe county, was born in Eddyville,
Kentucky, April 25, 1827. His family emigrated to Illinois in 1833,
and settled in Hancock county. At the age of thirteen, his mother
being a widow in destitute circumstances, he was apprenticed to a carpenter
and builder in Bloomington, where he resided until he came to
Colorado. He had received the rudiments of an English education,
but devoted the leisure hours of his apprenticeship to the improvement
of his mind. He was married at the age of 19 to Miss Hester A.
Woodson, who died in 1872. In 1860 he was elected sheriff of McLean
county, and resigned eighteen months afterwards to enter the
army. He enlisted in the 94th regiment Illinois volunteers, and soon
rose to the rank of Captain, and subsequently to that of Lieutenant-Colonel.
Upon his return home, at the close of the war, he was
elected Treasurer of McLean county, an office the annual collections of
which amounted to half a million dollars. After holding this position
for two terms, he was appointed United States Marshal for the Southern
district of Illinois, and in 1871 was appointed second Assistant
Postmaster General. In 1874 he was married to Miss Leila Pickrell,
of Decatur, Illinois. In February, 1875, he was appointed Governor
of the Territory of Colorado, and performed the responsible duties of
that position so acceptably that in 1876 he was elected the first
Governor of the new State, receiving 14,154 votes against 13,316 for
Bela M. Hughes, Democrat.</p>

<h3>LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">Lafayette Head</span> of Conejos, was born in Howard county, Missouri,
April 19, 1825; received a common school education; enlisted
in the second regiment Missouri volunteers, which distinguished itself
in the Mexican war, in several battles which were fought in 1846,
at La Canado, El Embuda, Taos and Santa Clara Springs. Upon
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">320</span>
the expiration of his military service he settled in New Mexico,
and in 1849 engaged in mercantile pursuits at Abiquiu. He was appointed
United States Marshal for the Northern District of New
Mexico, and held that position for nearly three years. In 1861 he was
elected sheriff of Rio Arriba county for the term of two years. In
1853 he was elected Representative from Rio Arriba county to the
Legislature, which convened at Santa Fe. In 1855 he was commissioned
Lieutenant in Col. St. Vrain’s regiment of volunteers, which
served for six months against the Ute and Apache Indians. In 1856
he was elected from Taos to the Legislature and was subsequently
chosen representative to fill the vacancy created in the Council by
Benito Valdez, and was re-elected in 1857, and was chosen President
of that body. In 1859 he was appointed special agent of the Ute and
Apache Indians, and held that office for nine years. In 1874 he was
elected from Conejos county to the Colorado Legislature as member
of the Council. In 1875 he was chosen a delegate to the Constitutional
Convention. In 1876, at the first State election, he was chosen
Lieutenant-Governor, receiving 14,191 votes against 13,093 for Michael
Beshoar, Democrat.</p>

<h3>SECRETARY OF STATE.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">William M. Clark</span>, of Georgetown, Clear Creek county, was
born in Highland, Chester county, Penn., May 1st, 1839. At an early
age, his mother dying, he was placed in the care of his grand parents,
to whom he owes his early training. Until his sixteenth year he attended
the public schools, and then spent one year at a select school, and
another year at the State Normal School at Millersville, Penn. He
afterwards taught school until the summer of 1861, when he enlisted as
a private in company “P,” twenty-eighth regiment afterwards company
“E,” one hundred and forty-seventh regiment (Pa.) volunteers.
He received several promotions, and was captain of his company when
mustered out of service in July, 1865. His company served in the army
of the Potomac, until after the battle of Gettysburg; with Hooker’s
corps, under Grant, in the west, until after the battle of Lookout
Mountain; with Sherman’s army in the campaign from Chattanooga to
Atlanta, and in its march to the sea; and in the campaign from Savannah
to Raleigh, which resulted in Johnston’s surrender after the fall
of Richmond. In the spring of 1866 he arrived in Clear Creek county,
Colorado, where he has since resided. He engaged in mining and soon
became a prominent citizen. In 1867 he was elected Superintendent
of Schools, and was afterwards elected to the same office for two different
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">321</span>
terms. In the same year he was appointed Clerk of the District
Court and Master in Chancery, and held these offices until 1874, when
he was chosen to represent the counties of Clear Creek and Summit in
the tenth session of the Territorial Legislature. Early in 1874, he was
appointed Brigadier General of Colorado militia, which position he
held until the last general election, having been re-appointed by Gov.
Routt in 1875; he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention
and held the important position of Chairman of the Committee
on Mines and Mining. At the Republican Convention in Pueblo,
General Clark was nominated by acclamation for the office of Secretary
of State, and the election returns evinced the wisdom of the Convention,
as he ran largely ahead of his ticket in almost every county
in the State, receiving 14,582 votes against 12,843 for James T. Smith,
Democrat.</p>

<h3>STATE TREASURER.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">George C. Corning</span>, of Boulder, Boulder county, was born in
Painesville, Ohio, on the second day of April, 1837; was educated at
Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio; is by occupation a banker; in 1868
organized the Bank of Topeka, at Topeka, Kansas, and for three
years was president of that institution; came to Colorado in 1870,
settled at Boulder and engaged in the banking business; in 1876 he
was elected State Treasurer, receiving 14,038 votes against 13,310 for
Thomas M. Field, Democrat.</p>

<h3>STATE AUDITOR.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">David C. Crawford</span>, of Colorado Springs, El Paso county, was
born in London, Canada West, September 5th, 1836. Shortly after
the family migrated to Kalamazoo county, Michigan. Until his
twelfth year he attended the public schools, and for two years after
the Academy at Kalamazoo. Here until 1856 he occupied the position
of clerk in a hardware store. He then moved to La Crosse,
Wisconsin, and engaged in the jewelry business under the firm name
of Stanley &amp; Crawford; came to Colorado in May, 1860, and engaged
in mining in Gilpin and Boulder counties, and in 1862 opened a general
merchandise store in Musquito, Park county, and there continued
his mining pursuits. In the summer of 1865, and the summer following,
he cultivated a farm in Jefferson county. In the fall of 1867 he
was elected Clerk and Recorder of Jefferson county, and was twice re-elected.
In the fall of 1870 he was married to Miss Amanda J. Thornton,
of Golden. Real estate and insurance claimed his attention until
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">322</span>
1875, when he became the proprietor of the Crawford House at Colorado
Springs. In October, 1876, he was elected State Auditor, receiving
14,117 votes against 13,295 for J. K. Benedict, Democrat.</p>

<h3>ATTORNEY-GENERAL.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">Archibald J. Sampson</span>, of Canon City, Fremont county, was
born near the town of Cadiz, Ohio, June 21, 1839. His early life was
devoted to farming, a pursuit which his parents, who were of Irish-Welch
descent, followed for a livelihood. He graduated at Mount
Union College in 1861, and at once entered as a volunteer in an Ohio
regiment to do battle for the preservation of the Union. He was soon
promoted to a captaincy, but in 1864, at Hatcher’s Run, Virginia, he
was disabled for life and discharged from the service. He returned to
Cadiz, and in 1864 was admitted to the bar, then entered the Cleveland
Law School, at which he graduated in 1865. In 1866 he migrated
to Missouri, and settled at Sedalia. On October 18th of this year,
he married the daughter of Judge Allen C. Turner, of Cadiz, his native
place. In 1872 he was unanimously nominated in Pettis county, Missouri,
for the Legislature, but declined, preferring to continue the
practice of his profession without interruption. He was attorney for the
State Board of Education for the Fifth Congressional District of Missouri;
in February, 1873, was nominated by the President and confirmed
by the Senate United States Consul to Palestine, but again
declined; was Presidential elector in Missouri in 1872; came to Colorado
in 1874, and settled in Canon City, where he continued the practice
of law until 1876, when he was elected Attorney-General, receiving
14,145 votes against 13,182 for G. Q. Richmond, Democrat.</p>

<h3>SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">Joseph C. Shattuck</span>, of Greeley, Weld county, was born at
Marlborough, Cheshire county, New Hampshire, February 28, 1835.
He attended Westminster Seminary, Vermont, and afterwards the
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., joining the class of ’61, but
left without completing the course; was married to Miss Hattie M.
Knight, of Marlborough, August 17, 1858; went to Missouri and engaged
in teaching; came to Colorado in 1870 with the Union Colony,
of which he afterwards became vice-president and general manager,
occupying that position from 1872 until November, 1876, when he
resigned to assume the duties of his present office. He was elected to
the Territorial Legislature of 1874, and in 1876 to the office of Superintendent
of Public Instruction, receiving 14,304 votes against 12,473
for G. B. Groesbeck, Democrat.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">323</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="COLORADO_LEGISLATURE">COLORADO LEGISLATURE.</h2>

<h3 id="Senators">SENATE.</h3>

<p><span class="smcap">Lafayette Head</span>, Lt. Governor, President; <span class="smcap">Geo. T. Clark</span>,
Secretary. The Senate consists of twenty-six members, who hold
their office for four years and receive a compensation of four dollars
for each day’s attendance.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">George T. Clark</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, Arapahoe county, was
born in Douglas, Worcester county, Mass., February 24, 1873; received
a common school education; moved to Wisconsin in 1849, and
to Colorado in the spring of 1860; was agent at Denver of the Western
Stage Company and Henckley &amp; Co.’s Express until 1861; was
connected with Clark, Gruber &amp; Co.’s Banking House and Mint, and
was appointed Treasurer of the Territory of Colorado by Governor
Gilpin; was also Treasurer of Arapahoe county and the city of Denver
in 1863, and became partner in the banking house of Clark &amp; Co.;
was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1864-5; was
elected Mayor of Denver in 1865, and with Hon. Jerome B. Chaffee,
organized the First National Bank of Denver, of which he was Cashier,
until October 1, 1866, when he took charge of the banking house of
George T. Clark &amp; Co., at Central and Georgetown. He was Assistant
Secretary of the Legislative Council of 1870, and was appointed Territorial
Treasurer by Gov. McCook, and re-appointed in 1872; was
delegate to every Republican Convention held in the Territory; was
Secretary of the State Republican Central Committee in the campaign
of 1876, and was chosen Secretary of the Senate November 1, 1876.</p>

<h4>First District consists of Weld county. Population, 6,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Silas B. A. Haynes</span>, (Rep.), of Greeley, was born in Livermore,
Androscoggin county, Maine, September 30, 1828; received his education
at the Monmouth Academy and at the Maine Wesleyan Seminary;
is by profession an attorney-at-law; migrated to Wisconsin
and settled at Green Bay, where he became associated in his profession
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">324</span>
with James Howe, Esq., afterwards Attorney-General of that
State. At the commencement of the war of the rebellion he entered
the army, receiving an appointment in the paymaster’s department
with the rank of Major, and was mustered out of service with the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He then made Milwaukee his home.
Two years afterwards he was appointed an officer of the United States
Senate, which position he held four years; came to Colorado in 1871
and located at Greeley; was Probate Judge of Weld county for three
years; was elected to the Senate, receiving 742 votes against 498
for David C. Wyatt, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Second District consists of Larimer county. Population, 3,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Norman H. Meldrum</span>, (Rep.), of Fort Collins, was born in Caledonia,
Livingston county, New York, October 11, 1841; he received
a common school education. In 1861 he enlisted as a private
in company B, 100th regiment, New York infantry; served under
General McClellan through the Chickahominy campaign, and participated
in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and the Seven Days’
Fight. He was subsequently commissioned second Lieutenant in the
21st regiment New York cavalry, and did service in the Shenandoah
Valley; was aide on the staff of General Hunter during his raid to
Lynchburg; shared in the valley campaigns under Sheridan, and was
present in eighteen general engagements. At the close of the war he
was ordered to Colorado, and was mustered out of service as Captain,
July 13, 1866; was City Treasurer of Cheyenne in 1867, and Assessor
of Larimer county for two years; was a member of the last Territorial
Legislature, and on October 3, 1876, was elected to the First State
Legislature, receiving 332 votes against 313 for William C. Stover,
Democrat.</p>

<h4>Third District consists of Boulder county, and has two Senators.
Population, 12,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">James P. Maxwell</span>, (Rep.), of Boulder, was born in Walworth
county, Wisconsin, June 20, 1839; was educated at the Lawrence
University, Wisconsin; is by occupation a civil engineer; came to Colorado
in June, 1860; represented the county of Boulder in the Legislature
of 1872, and again in 1874; was a member of the School Board
for two years, and was appointed Deputy United States Land Surveyor
in 1872, and still holds that position. In 1876 he was elected to the
Senate of the first State Legislature, receiving 1,484 votes, against
1,039 for J. C. Hummel, Democrat.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">325</span></p>

<p><span class="smcap">Theodore O. Saunders</span>, (Rep.), of Sunshine, was born in Augusta,
Kennebec county, Maine, August 5, 1810. Until his 22d year he attended
at intervals the public schools and then entered Waterville
College, Maine, but at the close of the second year, was obliged,
through ill health, to desist from his studies. He spent nearly twenty
years in Waterville, and was chosen Chairman of the Board of Select-men,
was Grand Treasurer and Grand Worthy Associate, and was
offered the Patriarchship in the Order of the Sons of Temperance.
During the war of the rebellion he enlisted as a private, but was
shortly afterwards promoted to Orderly Sergeant, and served for nearly
two years when he was discharged on account of sickness. He came
to Colorado in 1866, and settled in Douglas county, where he held the
office of Justice of the Peace for two years; was delegate to the Republican
Convention at Boulder in 1876, and was nominated by that
body as a candidate to represent the county of Boulder in the first
State Legislature. On October the 3d, 1876, he was elected to the
Senate, receiving 1,438 votes against 1,028 for A. D. Miles, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Fourth District, consists of Gilpin county. Population 9,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Lewis C. Rockwell</span>, (Rep.), of Central City, was born in Esperance,
Schoharie county, New York, in 1840; was educated at the
High School in Beloit, Wisconsin; came to Colorado in 1862; is by
profession an attorney-at-law; in 1869 he was appointed United
States District Attorney for Colorado, which position he held for four
years. In 1875 he represented the county of Gilpin in the Constitutional
Convention, and in 1870 he was again chosen from Gilpin
county to the Senate of the first State Legislature, receiving 1,011
votes against 757 for John C. McShane, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Fifth District, consists of the counties of Gilpin, Summit and
Grand. Population 11,800.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">William W. Webster</span>, (Rep.), of Montezuma, was born in
Wellington, Lorain county, Ohio, November 26, 1835; was educated
at the public schools of his native State; is by occupation a stock-raiser
and miner; came to Colorado in June, 1859; represented the
county of Summit in the Legislature of 1866; was elected to the
Council in 1868 of which he was the presiding officer. In 1870 he was
again elected to the Council, and in 1872 to the House of Representatives.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">326</span>
In 1875 he was chosen delegate to the Constitutional Convention,
and in October 1876, was elected to the Senate, and now occupies
the chair as president <i>pro tem.</i> of that body. He received 1,325
votes against 1,032 for David D. Belden, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Sixth District, consists of Clear Creek county, and has two
Senators. Population 10,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">William A. Hamill</span>, (Rep.), of Georgetown, was born in England
August 21, 1836; received a collegiate education partly in England
and partly in the United States; is by occupation a miner; during
the war was adjutant in the 156th regiment Pennsylvania volunteers;
came to Colorado in July, 1865. In 1876, at the first State
election, he was elected to the Senate, receiving 1,115 votes against
976 for Joseph Van De Voort, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Albert Johnson</span>, (Rep.), of Georgetown, was born in Berkshire
county, Mass., in 1837. He attended a public school in Pittsfield, and
completed his education at an academy in Stockbridge, Mass., having
devoted much attention to civil and mining engineering, the profession
he subsequently adopted. He removed from Pittsfield to the West in
1856, and settled in Evanston, near Chicago, and in 1857 located in
Wisconsin, where he explored and established a post route and military
road through the wilderness from Appleton to Lake Superior,
and was elected to the offices of county clerk and county surveyor, and
re-elected without an opposing vote. He married the youngest daughter
of the Hon. Joel S. Fisk, of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and removed
to Chicago, where he engaged in the insurance business. In 1866 he
came to Colorado and settled in Georgetown, where he has been occupied
as civil and mining engineer and deputy United States surveyor
of mineral lands. He was a member of seven and chairman of two
committees in the Senate, to which he was elected October, 1876, receiving
1,113 votes against 963 for Robert W. Steele, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Seventh District, consists of Jefferson county. Population 5,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Allison H. De France</span>, (Dem.), of Golden, was born in Mercer,
Mercer county, Pennsylvania, August 5, 1835. He was educated
at Alleghany College, Meadville, and at Westminster, New Wilmington,
Penn.; is by profession an attorney-at-law, and was admitted
to the bar in 1859; came to Colorado in June, 1861, and settled at
Golden in 1868, where he pursued the practice of law; represented
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">327</span>
the county of Jefferson in the Legislature of 1870; was a member of
the Council in 1872, and was county attorney for one year. In October,
1876, he was elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly,
receiving 565 votes against 559 for Joseph T. Boyd, Republican.</p>

<h4>Eighth District, consists of Arapahoe county and has four Senators.
Population 28,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Joseph E. Bates</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Ellington,
Chautauqua county, New York, May 3, 1838; received an ordinary
education; is a capitalist, and largely engaged in commercial pursuits;
came to Colorado in 1860, and located in Denver, where he became
alderman of the first ward, which position he held for four years;
represented Arapahoe county in the Legislature of 1872, and while
serving in this capacity was elected Mayor of Denver. He is President
of the St. Louis Land and Mining Company, also of the Boulder Valley
Coal Company, and of the Denver Brewing Company. In Oct.,
1876, he was elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly, receiving
2,278 votes against 1,644 for A. J. Williams, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Lewis C. Ellsworth</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Troy, N.
Y., June 30, 1832; was educated at Naperville, Ill.; removed to
Chicago in 1852 where he followed the banking business; is a capitalist;
came to Colorado in 1871, and located in Denver, where he engaged
in the construction of the Denver Street Railway, of which he is now
President. In 1875 he was elected delegate to the Constitutional Convention,
and in 1876 he represented the county of Arapahoe in the
Senate of the first General Assembly, receiving 2,345 votes against
1,615 for A. P. Hereford, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Butters</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Penobscot
county, Maine, May 27, 1836, and was educated in the common schools
of his State, and at the Bucksport Seminary. At the age of twenty
he became a teacher and was thus occupied in Kansas and Missouri
for about three years; removed to Colorado in 1866 and engaged in stock-raising,
and located in Denver in 1871. In 1874 he was elected to the
Legislature from Arapahoe county; in 1876 he again represented the
county of Arapahoe, and was chosen Speaker of the House. At the
close of this session the House of Representatives in testimony of
their high appreciation of his services as Speaker, presented him with
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">328</span>
a costly gold-headed cane and a silver tea set. In October, 1876, he
was elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly, receiving
2,308 votes against 1,692 for Charles F. Leimer, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Hiram P. Bennet</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Carthage,
Maine, September 2, 1826; received a common school education in
Ohio; is an attorney-at-law. In 1852 he was elected to a judgship in
western Iowa; moved to Nebraska Territory in 1854, and was elected
a member of the Territorial Council; in 1858 he was re-elected to the
Nebraska Legislature and made Speaker of the House; came to Colorado
in September, 1859, and in 1861 was chosen a delegate to the
Thirty-Seventh Congress; and in October, 1862, was re-elected to the
Thirty-Eighth Congress. In 1869 he was appointed Postmaster at
Denver, which position he held until 1874. In 1876 he was elected to
the Senate, receiving 2,251 votes against 1,622 for Alonzo Rice, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Ninth District, consists of the counties of Bent and Elbert. Population
5,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Eugene Gaussoin</span>, (Dem.), of Higbee, was born in Liege, Belgium,
July 5, 1812; received his education at the University of Liege,
Anthenaeum of Brussels and School of Mines; is a mining engineer;
was captain of artillery in Belgium; came to Colorado July, 1873.
In 1876 he was elected to the Senate, receiving 508 votes against 355
for G. M. Woodworth, Republican.</p>

<h4>Tenth District, consists of El Paso county. Population 5,750.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Edwin S. Randall</span>, (Rep.), of Colorado Springs, was born at
Mount Holly, Rutland county, Vermont, June 23, 1831; was educated
at the University of Salem, and at the Washington Academy,
Washington, New Hampshire; is a stock-raiser and the possessor of
11,000 acres of land; came to Colorado in the spring of 1859; was
probate judge of El Paso county for four years. In 1876 he was
elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly, receiving 709
votes against 395 for Rodney Quimby, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Eleventh District, consists of Douglas county. Population
3,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">James K. Gardner</span>, (Rep.), of Frankstown, was born in Attica,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">329</span>
New York, November 2, 1834; received a common school education;
came to Colorado in June, 1859; was in the 3d regiment, called to
serve one hundred days. In 1862 he was elected County Clerk of
Douglas county, retaining the office for three years, and appointed
postmaster at Frankstown, which position he still occupies. He was
Treasurer of Douglas county from 1865 to 1871, and represented the
counties of Arapahoe and Douglas in the Legislature of 1866, and
Douglas county in 1872. In October 1876 he was elected to the Senate
of the first General Assembly, receiving 294 votes against 282 for
James M. Nimerick, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Twelfth District consists of Park county. Population 4,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">James Moynahan</span>, (Rep.), of Alma, was born in Greenville,
Wayne county, Michigan; received a common school education and
a full course at Bryant and Stratton’s Commercial College; is by occupation
a miner. During the war he entered the army as private,
was promoted and mustered out of service as captain of the 27th
Michigan infantry. He came to Colorado in August, 1876; was Commissioner
of Park county for three years; was postmaster at Alma,
and in 1876 resigned to enter upon his duties as State Senator, receiving
437 votes against 427 for James Y. Marshall, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Thirteenth District consists of the counties of Lake and Saguache.
Population 4,800.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Jason B. Hall</span>, (Rep.), of Villa Grove, was born in Williston,
Chittenden county, Vermont; received a common school education;
is by occupation a stock-raiser; represented Lake county in the Territorial
Legislature of 1870, and in October, 1876, was elected to the
Senate of the first General Assembly, receiving 496 votes against 445
for Joseph Hutchinson, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Fourteenth District, consists of the county of Fremont. Population
5,250.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">James Clelland</span>, (Dem.), of Canon City, was born in Glasgow,
Scotland, September 20, 1823; received a common school education,
and is by occupation a merchant; came to Colorado in 1862; was a
member of the Council in 1876, representing the counties of Fremont,
Park, Lake and Saguache. In October, 1876 he was elected Senator
to the first State Legislature, receiving 548 votes against 502 for M.
N. Megrue, Republican.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">330</span></p>

<h4>Fifteenth District, consists of Pueblo county. Population, 6,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Isaac W. Hill</span>, (Dem.), of Pueblo, was born in Rock Springs,
Cecil county, Maryland, January 28, 1847; was educated at Westnottingham
Academy, Maryland. At the age of nineteen he removed
to the west, and engaged in the grain business at Litchfield, Illinois,
where he remained one year. He was next employed by a wholesale
grocery, and was connected with the branch house that followed the
Kansas Pacific Railway, then in course of construction. At Fort
Sheridan he formed a co-partnership with Thomas M. Field, and the
new firm moved with the road until it reached Kit Carson, where they
remained a short time. The firm then located at Colorado Springs,
and finally removed to Pueblo. In October, 1876, he was elected to
the State Senate, receiving 728 votes against 542 for James Rice,
Republican.</p>

<h4>Sixteenth District, consists of Huerfano county. Population
5,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">William B. Hamilton</span>, (Dem.), of La Veta, was born in Westport,
Jackson county, Mo., March 30, 1844; was educated at Westminster
College, Fulton, Missouri; is a stock-raiser and dealer; came
to Colorado, December, 1869; was postmaster at Spanish Peaks for
three years. In October, 1876, he was elected to the Senate of the
first General Assembly, receiving 548 votes against 447 for Fred. Walsen,
Republican.</p>

<h4>Seventeenth District consists of the county of Las Animas, and
has two Senators.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Daniel L. Taylor</span>, (Dem.), of Trinidad, was born in Cataraugus,
Cataraugus county, New York, April 5, 1838; received a common
school education, and is by occupation a stock-raiser; came to
Colorado May 20, 1859; was Justice of the Peace in Las Animas
county for six years, and Probate Judge for one term; in 1874 represented
Las Animas county in the Territorial Council, and in October,
1876, was elected to the Senate of the first State Legislature, receiving
969 votes against 695 for Antonio Gutieres, Republican.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Casimiro Barela</span>, (Dem.), of Barela, Colorado, was born in El
Embuda, Rio Arriba county, N. M., March 4, 1847, and was educated
at Mora, New Mexico, by the Rev. J. B. Salpointe; came to Colorado
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">331</span>
in 1867; is by occupation a merchant and stock-raiser. On his
birthday, March 4, 1867, he was married; in 1870 was elected Assessor
of Las Animas county; in 1872 and 1874 represented Las Animas
county in the Territorial Legislature; in the fall of 1874 was
elected Sheriff of Las Animas county; and in 1875 was chosen delegate
to the Constitutional Convention. In October, 1876, he was
elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly, receiving 1,186
votes against 577 for George R. Swallow, Republican.</p>

<h4>Eighteenth District, consists of Costilla county. Population 2,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">William H. Meyer</span>, (Rep.), of San Luis, was born in Hanover,
Germany, April 14, 1847; was educated at Osnabruck, Germany;
migrated to America when fifteen years old and made a short stay at
St. Louis; removed to New Mexico, and in July, 1866, came to Colorado
and settled in Costilla county, where he was married; is by occupation
a stock-raiser; was Clerk of the County and District Court
for eight years; represented the counties of Conejos, Costilla and
Saguache in the Territorial Legislature of 1870, and Conejos county
in 1874; was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1875; in
October, 1876, he was elected to the Senate of the first State Legislature,
receiving 349 votes against 97 for Augustine Lacome, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Nineteenth District, consists of Conejos county. Population
2,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Juan F. Chacon</span>, (Rep.), of Guadalupe, was born in New Mexico,
October, 1837; received a common school education; is by occupation
a stock-raiser and farmer; came to Colorado in October, 1855;
in October, 1876, was elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly,
receiving 321 votes against 225 for C. Valdez, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Twentieth District, consists of the counties of Rio Grande, Hinsdale,
San Juan and La Plata. Population 12,800.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Henry Henson</span>, (Rep.), of Wagon Wheel Gap, was born in
Wayne county, Kentucky, Nov. 12, 1824; received a common school
education; was Treasurer of Martin county, Indiana, for four years;
came to Colorado April 19, 1860; represented Park county in the
Territorial Legislature of 1864, and was also Justice of the Peace; in
October, 1876, he was elected to the Senate of the first General Assembly,
receiving 1,276 votes against 1,181 for John G. Taylor, Democrat.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">332</span></p>

<hr class="chap" />
<h2 id="HOUSE_OF_REPRESENTATIVES">HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.</h2>

<p>The House of Representatives consists of 49 members chosen
biennially by counties.</p>

<h4>Arapahoe county, has seven representatives. Population 28,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Webster D. Anthony</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Union
Springs, Cayuga county, New York, June 4, 1838; received a common
school education; is at present engaged in the vocation of furnishing
abstracts of titles to real estate; removed to the West in 1856,
and located in Henry county, Illinois, where he engaged in the grain
business; from thence to Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1858, where he was
occupied in the office of register of deeds; came to Colorado in 1860,
and was appointed private secretary to Lewis Ledyard Weld, Secretary
of the Territory; in 1862 was private secretary to Gov. Evans, and in
the same year was appointed clerk of the District Court, which office he
held until 1864, when he resigned; in 1865 was elected to the offices of
Treasurer of Arapahoe county and Collector of Taxes for Denver; in
1867 was elected County Clerk and Recorder, and was re-elected four
times, his last term expiring in 1875; was Grand Master of Colorado
A. F. &amp; A. M. for two terms, and is now Grand Commander of
Knights Templar of Colorado. In November, 1876, he was chosen
Speaker of the House of Representatives, to which he was elected in
October, receiving 2,339 votes against 1,642 for L. N. Greenleaf,
Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">George C. Griffin</span>, (Rep.), of Island Station, was born in East
Haddam, Middlesex county, Connecticut, October 21, 1835; received
a common school education; is by occupation a farmer and stock-raiser;
came to Colorado October 10, 1859; in October, 1876, was
elected to the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly,
receiving 2,292 votes against 1,635 for A. J. Bean, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">John C. Mayer</span>, (Rep.), of Denver; was born in Baden, Germany,
March 21, 1839; received a common school education; is a
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">333</span>
hardware merchant by occupation; served in the army during the rebellion,
and came to Colorado in 1866; in October, 1876, was elected to
the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly, receiving
2,280 votes against 1,627 for John Kerr, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">John McBroom</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Kentucky, July
26, 1822; was educated in the common schools of Montgomery
county, Indiana; is a farmer by occupation; in 1843 moved to Missouri,
and in 1846 to New Mexico, where he joined the United States
army, and in connection with the quartermaster’s department, took
part in the Mexican war; in 1855 he served in the Indian war in the
Southern part of Colorado, and in 1858 marched over the ground
where the city of Denver now stands with the troops sent to fight the
Mormons; was shortly after mustered out of service in which he had
remained for twelve years, and returned to New Mexico; came to Colorado
in 1858 and married in 1866; in October, 1876, was elected to
the House of Representatives, receiving 2,298 votes against 1,642 for
John G. Hoffer, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Alfred C. Phelps</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Woodville,
Mississippi, December 4, 1842, received his education at the public
schools and at the Illinois College; is an attorney-at-law, and was admitted
to the bar in Illinois in 1867; during the war entered the
military service in which he continued for three years; enlisted as a
private and was promoted to the rank of first Lieutenant; removed to
Colorado in May, 1872, located in Denver, where he engaged in the
practice of his profession; in 1876 he was elected to the House of
Representatives of the first State Legislature, receiving 2,304 votes
against 1,652 for B. P. Smith, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">W. H. Pierce</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Hudson, Summit
county, Ohio, January 18, 1838. He graduated in the class of 1858
at the Western Reserve College, of which his father was for twenty-five
years the presiding officer. He is by profession a civil engineer and surveyor,
but is now largely engaged in mercantile pursuits. He came to
Colorado August 31, 1861, and enlisted in the 2d regiment Colorado
cavalry, and was mustered out of service as first Lieutenant. In October,
1876, he was elected to the House of Representatives, receiving
2,351 votes against 1,623 for Samuel  E. Browne, Democrat.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">334</span></p>

<p><span class="smcap">Adolph Schinner</span>, (Rep.), of Denver, was born in Germany in
1831; received a common school education; is a stock raiser by occupation,
and a printer by trade; came to Colorado in April, 1860; was
Secretary of the School District for two years; in October, 1876, was
elected to the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly,
receiving 2,322 votes against 1,683 for Thomas S. Clayton,
Democrat.</p>

<h4>Bent county. Population 4,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Robert M. McMurray</span>, (Dem.), of Las Animas, was born in
Jersey Shore, Lycoming county, Penn., December 27, 1824; received
a common school education; is a merchant by occupation;
came to Colorado in June 1859; was Treasurer of Bent county for
two years, and filled other offices of less importance; in October,
1876, was elected to the House of Representatives of the first General
Assembly, receiving 424 votes against 252 for Frank Bingham, Republican.</p>

<h4>Boulder county has four members. Population 12,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Canfield</span>, (Rep.), of Erie, was born in Angelica, Allegany
county, New York October 11, 1839; received a common school education;
is proprietor and manager of the Rob Roy Coal Mine; in 1861
was interested in the oil business in Pennsylvania; came to Colorado
in 1871; was appointed Chairman of the Committee of Ways and
Means in the House of the first General Assembly, to which he was
elected in October, 1876, receiving 1,553 votes against 1,095 for James
Coin, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Ransom</span>, (Rep.), of Longmont, was born in Woodstock,
Windsor county, Vermont, October 17, 1813; received a common
school education; is a farmer by occupation; at the age of eighteen
engaged in mercantile business, and pursued that vocation to the close
of 1873; was married in 1835; in 1840 was Colonel of militia; in
1850 removed to Wisconsin, thence to Chicago, where he resided
nearly twenty years; and thence to Colorado in 1872; in October,
1876, was elected to the House of Representatives of the first General
Assembly, receiving 1,547 votes against 1,092 for Louis Herzinger,
Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Azor A. Smith</span>, (Rep.), of Nederland, was born in Gratiot, Licking
county, Ohio, August 25, 1829; was educated in Aurora, Illinois;
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">335</span>
graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in the year 1857;
came to Black Hawk, Colorado, in 1859; in 1861 was appointed assistant
Surgeon in the first Colorado infantry, and at the close of the
war was mustered out of service as Surgeon; located in Lynn county,
Kansas, and represented that county in the Legislature of 1867-8;
afterwards practiced Medicine in Kansas City, Mo., and in 1870 returned
to Colorado and engaged in mining in Gilpin and Boulder
counties; was appointed physician for the Nederland Mining Company;
was Assayer and then Superintendent of the Nederland Mill;
in 1874, was Republican candidate for the Legislature, but was defeated;
in October, 1876, was elected to the House of Representatives
of the first General Assembly, receiving 1,529 votes against 1,087
for James Stevens, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">George X. Young</span>, (Rep.), of Erie, was born in Cuyahoga county.
Ohio, September 21, 1832; received a common school education; is a
farmer and stock raiser; migrated to Kansas in 1853, and in 1854 and
1855 resisted the bold attempts to establish slavery in that Territory;
during the rebellion served as Lieutenant for two years; was afterwards
Deputy Assessor of Idaho Territory; came to Colorado in
1870, and in October, 1876, was elected to the House of Representatives
of the first General Assembly, receiving 1,550 votes against 1,073
for I. N. Field, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Conejos county. Population 2,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Agapito Vigil</span>, (Rep.), of Conejos, was born in Taos, Taos county,
New Mexico, September 18, 1833; received a common school education;
represented the county of Mora in the Legislature of New
Mexico, in 1859, and was Justice of the Peace in the same county;
removed to Colorado and settled in Las Animas county, of which he
was Assessor for two years; is by occupation a farmer and stock
raiser; was elected to the House of Representatives in October, 1876,
receiving 348 votes against 198 for Gerard Austin, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Costilla county. Population 2,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Meliton Alberts</span>, (Rep.), of San Luis, was born in Taos, Taos
county, New Mexico, January 11, 1848; received a common school
education; is a stock raiser by occupation; was Assessor of Costilla
county in 1871; in October, 1876, was elected to the House of Representatives
of the first General Assembly, receiving 336 votes against
103 for Felipe Chavez, Democrat.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">336</span></p>

<h4>Costilla and Conejos counties. Population 4,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">D. Archuleta</span>, (Rep.), of Conejos, was born in Taos, Taos
county, New Mexico, December 2, 1854; received a common school
education in the Spanish language; came to Colorado, then Kansas
Territory, in 1856; is a merchant by occupation; in October, 1876,
was elected to the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly,
of which he is the youngest member, receiving 402 votes
against 381 for P. R. Trujillo, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Clear Creek county, has four Representatives. Population
10,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">P. E. Morehouse</span>, (Rep.), of Georgetown, was born in Saratoga
county, New York, October 18, 1835; was educated at Oberlin
College, Ohio; is a teacher by profession, but now engaged in mining;
during the war served two years in the quartermaster’s department;
came to Colorado in July, 1874; was Superintendent of Schools for
Clear Creek county; in October 1876 was elected to the House of
Representatives of the first General Assembly, receiving 1,085 votes
against 1,020 for P. McCann, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">George A. Patten</span>, (Rep.), of Idaho Springs, was born in Surry,
Hancock county, Maine, April 26, 1835; received a common
school education; is by occupation a merchant; came to Colorado
May 8, 1860; has been postmaster at Idaho Springs for five years;
is now a member of the Town Board; in October, 1876, was elected
to the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly, receiving
1,092 votes against 970 for William Gibson, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Theodore F. Simmons</span>, (Rep.), of Georgetown, was born in
Harford, Cortland county, New York, January 24, 1847; was
educated at the High School, Beloit, Wisconsin; is by occupation a
merchant, came to Colorado in April 1866; was Alderman of the
city of Georgetown for four years; in October, 1876, was elected to
the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly, receiving
1,175 votes against 1,000 for W. W. Ware, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">T. Jeff. Watts</span>, (Rep.), of Silver Plume, was born in Newville,
Richland county, Ohio; received a common school education; is a
miner by occupation; enlisted during the war in the 5th Iowa infantry
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">337</span>
and took part in the siege of Vicksburg, and in the decisive battles of
Iuka, Champion Hills, Missionary Ridge, second battle of Corinth,
and many others of less importance; came to Colorado in 1869; in
October, 1876, was elected to the House of Representatives of the
first General Assembly, receiving 1,113 votes against 988 for John
Tomay, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Douglas County. Population 3,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">George A. Lord</span>, (Dem.), of Pine Grove, was born in Lebanon,
York county, Maine; received a common school education; is
by occupation a farmer and stock raiser; came to Colorado June 21,
1861; was for two years School Superintendent, and afterwards
Treasurer, of Douglas county; in October, 1876, was elected to the
House of Representatives of the First General Assembly, receiving
292 votes against 285 for M. A. Latimer, Republican.</p>

<h4>Elbert county. Population 1,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Andrew D. Wilson</span>, (Dem.), of Godfrey Station, was born in
Weston, Platte county, Missouri, July 2, 1844; received a common
school education; is a stock raiser by occupation; came to Colorado
May 22, 1860; represented the counties of Elbert, Bent and
Douglas in the last Territorial Legislature; in October, 1876, was
elected to the House of Representatives of the First General Assembly,
receiving 96 votes against 88 for A. L. Gleason, Republican.</p>

<h4>El Paso county has two representatives. Population 5,750.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Joseph C. Helm</span>, (Rep.), of Colorado Springs, was born in
Chicago, Cook county, Illinois, June 30, 1848; during the war he
served in the army corps investing Vicksburg and took part in the
campaigns of the Cumberland and Potomac, and was taken prisoner
and confined seventy-six days in Belle Isle. Upon his return home he
attended the State University of Iowa and graduated for the legal
profession. Before assuming the practice of law he spent three years
in the public schools of Arkansas, one year as principal of the Van
Buren School and two years as principal of the High School at
Little Rock. He came to Colorado November 25, 1874. In 1876 he
was elected to the House of Representatives of the first General
Assembly of the State of Colorado, receiving 712 votes against 403
for James Knox, Democrat.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">338</span></p>

<p><span class="smcap">Charles Woodman Kittredge</span>, (Rep.), of Florissant, was
born in Portland, Maine, January 16, 1826; received a common
school education; is by occupation a farmer and stock raiser; came
to Colorado in 1872; during the Rebellion he entered the army as
Captain of Company F, Seventh Iowa Infantry, and was afterwards
promoted to the rank of Colonel of the Thirty-Sixth Iowa Infantry,
and served with his command to the close of the war. He participated
in the battles of Belmont, Shiloh and many others, and
received his commission as Colonel for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the field. In October, 1876, he was elected to the House of
Representatives, receiving 701 votes against 400 for David McShane,
Democrat.</p>

<h4>Fremont county has two representatives. Population 5,250.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Richard Irwin</span>, (Dem.), of Rosita, was born in Montreal,
Canada, September 30, 1841; received a common school education
and attended the Commercial College at Montreal; came to Colorado
in August, 1860; is by occupation a prospector. He was elected to
the House of Representatives in October, 1876, receiving 520 votes
against 510 for Thomas Thornton, Republican.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Charles R. Sieber</span>, (Dem.), of Rosita, was born in Prussia
January 28, 1846; received a common school education; came to
Colorado in 1865, and is by occupation a farmer and stock raiser. In
October, 1876, he was elected to the House of Representatives of the
first General Assembly, receiving 548 votes against 472 for Lewis
Muhlebach, Republican.</p>

<h4>Gilpin county has three representatives. Population 8,800.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">H. Jacob Kruse</span>, (Rep.), of Central City, was born in Holstein,
Europe, November 18, 1837; received a common school
education; came to Colorado in July, 1860, and located in Central
City, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits; was a member of the
City Council and afterwards Mayor. In October, 1876, he was
elected to the House of Representatives of the first General Assembly,
receiving 1,112 votes against 747 for Frank Fossett, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Henry W. Lake</span>, (Rep.), of Black Hawk, was born in Tully,
Onondaga county, New York, September 5, 1832; was educated at
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">339</span>
the Homer Academy, New York, and afterwards taught school for
three years; removed to Nebraska and engaged in the real estate
business and was Clerk and Recorder of Nemaha county, in which he
resided; came to Colorado in the spring of 1860 and settled at Black
Hawk, of which city he was alderman for four years; is now largely
engaged in mining and milling operations. In October, 1876, he was
elected to the House of Representatives of the first State Legislature,
receiving 999 votes against 765 for J. V. Kimber, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Austin C. Marshman</span>, (Rep.), of Nevada, Colorado, was born in
Coshocton, Coshocton county, Ohio, February 3, 1847; received a
common school education. During the war he served in the Second
Ohio Artillery; came to Colorado in December, 1870; has been
Secretary of the School Board of Gilpin county for over three years;
is by occupation a merchant and miner; was elected to the House of
Representatives of the first General Assembly, receiving 1,021 votes
against 736 for Wm. H. Beverly, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Grand county. Population 1,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">John H. Stokes</span>, (Dem.), of Hot Sulphur Springs, was born in
Davidson county, Tennessee, August 10, 1848; received a common
school education; is a merchant and miner by occupation; came to
Colorado August 6, 1874; has been postmaster at Hot Sulphur
Springs, and held other offices in Grand county; in October, 1876,
was elected to the House of Representatives of the first General
Assembly, receiving 101 votes against 69 for John A. Himebaugh,
Republican.</p>

<h4>Hinsdale county. Population 4,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">William H. Green</span>, (Rep.), of Lake City, was born in Greenville,
Sussex county, New Jersey, November 23, 1828; received a
common school education; is a miner by occupation; came to
Colorado in 1858; during the war served four years in the Second
regiment Colorado cavalry; was Clerk and Recorder of Hinsdale
county for three years; in October, 1876, was elected to the House of
Representatives of the First General Assembly, receiving 411 votes
against 364 for H. M. Woods, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Huerfano county has two representatives. Population 5,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Joseph T. Chavez</span>, (Dem.), of Gardner, was born in Taos,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">340</span>
Taos county, New Mexico; received a common school education;
came to Colorado November, 1868; is a stock raiser by occupation;
was Assessor of Huerfano county for four years. In 1876 was
elected to the House of Representatives, receiving 576 votes against
385 for Juan B. Jaquez, Republican.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Jose R. Esquibel</span>, (Dem.), of Walsenburg, was born in
Embuda, Rio Arriba county, New Mexico, September 18, 1830;
received a common school education; came to Colorado in October,
1857; is by occupation a stock raiser. In 1876 he was elected to the
House of Representatives of the first State Legislature, receiving 606
votes against 369 for Thomas Sproull, Republican.</p>

<h4>Jefferson county has two Representatives. Population 5,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Martin V. Luther</span>, (Dem.), of Morrison, was born in Valparaiso,
Porter county, Indiana, January 10, 1837; graduated at the
University of Valparaiso, is by profession an attorney-at-law, but is
now engaged in farming and stock raising; was for two years school
teacher in Porter and Lake counties, Indiana; came to Colorado in
1861; was for eight years Justice of the Peace of Jefferson county.
In 1876 he was elected to the House of Representatives, receiving
568 votes against 551 for M. N. Everett, Republican.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">George Rand</span>, (Dem.), of Golden, was born in Kings county
Nova Scotia, June 26, 1837; received a common school education;
migrated to Wisconsin in 1850, where he engaged in farming and dealing
in lumber; came to Colorado March 7, 1865; is a stock raiser;
represented the counties of Jefferson and Boulder in the last Territorial
Legislature, and in October, 1876, was elected to the House of
Representatives, receiving 577 votes against 551 for Levi Harsh, Republican.</p>

<h4>Lake county. Population 2,300.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">William J. McDermith</span>, (Dem.), of Oro City, was born in
Fredericktown, Madison county, Missouri, December 8, 1835; received
a common school education; is by occupation a stock raiser and merchant;
came to Colorado in September, 1859; was elected to the House
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">341</span>
of Representatives in 1876, receiving 255 votes against 201 for Thomas
S. Wells, Republican.</p>

<h4>La Plata county. Population 800.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">John Moss</span>, (Dem.), of Parrott City, was elected in October,
1876, to the House of Representatives, receiving 110 votes against 46
for C. C. Gaines, Republican.</p>

<h4>Larimer county. Population 3,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel C. Alford</span>, (Rep.), of Livermore, was born in Hope,
Knox county, Maine, November 29, 1834; received a common school
education; came to Colorado in June, 1859, and is by occupation a
stock raiser. In October, 1876, he was elected to the House of Representatives,
receiving 373 votes against 286 for James Sullivan,
Democrat.</p>

<h4>Las Animas county has three Representatives. Population
10,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Urbano Chacon</span>, (Dem.), of Trinidad, was born in El Chanuzal,
Taos county, New Mexico, May 25, 1851; was educated at St. Michael’s
College, Santa Fe, New Mexico. At the age of fifteen he was
assistant postmaster at Santa Fe, and afterwards learned the printing
business in the office of the <span class="smcap">Santa Fe New Mexican</span>, and was subsequently
connected with the <span class="smcap">Santa Fe Post</span>; was interpreter and translator
for the agency of the Pueblo Indians; was teacher at Plaza Del
Alcalde, Rio Arriba county, and for the Indians of the Pueblo of
Tesuque. He was married November 28, 1871, at Santa Fe, to a
Mexican lady; came to Colorado October 4, 1873, and is now editor
and proprietor of the <span class="smcap">Colorado Pioneer</span> and the Spanish paper,
<span class="smcap">El Explorador</span>. In 1876 he was elected to the first State Legislature,
receiving 1,148 votes against 669 for L. M. Peterson, Republican.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Mariano Larragoite</span>, (Dem.), of Trinidad, was born in Santa
Fe, New Mexico, March 28, 1847; received a common school education.
At the age of nineteen he was elected to the Legislature in New
Mexico, and obliged to resign his seat on account of his youth; came
to Colorado in March, 1869; is an attorney-at-law and farmer; represented
the county of Las Animas in the Territorial Legislatures of
1872 and 1874, and in October, 1876, he was elected to the first State
Legislature, receiving 1,042 votes against 666 for J. A. Salazar, Republican.
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">342</span></p>

<p><span class="smcap">David F. Wilkins</span>, (Dem.), of Trinidad, was born in Zanesville,
Muskingum county, Ohio, November 12, 1837; was educated at the
Zanesville Academy; removed to New Mexico, where he resided
eighteen years; came to Colorado in 1857; was married to a Spanish
lady of New Mexico; is by profession a teacher of the Spanish
language, and reputed to be the ablest interpreter in the West; is also
a stock raiser and dealer; was elected to the House of Representatives
in 1876, receiving 1,147 votes against 738 for Eldridge B. Sopris, Republican.</p>

<h4>Park County. Population 4,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Ziba Surles</span>, (Rep.), of Grant, was born in Kingston, Luzerne
county, Pennsylvania, November 5, 1811; received a common school
education; removed to the West in 1833, and settled in Huron county,
Ohio, in 1834; migrated to California in 1862, thence to Oregon
and Idaho, and was in Montana at the time of its organization into a
Territory; came to Colorado November 7, 1864; is a miner by occupation;
was Assessor of Summit county in 1866 and 1867; represented
the county of Summit in the Territorial Legislature of 1866-7,
and was Sergeant-at-Arms of the Council in 1868; was Justice of the
Peace of Park county for five years. In 1876 he was elected to the
House of Representatives, receiving 460 votes against 404 for Capt.
W. B. White, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Pueblo county has two Representatives. Population 6,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">James M. Carlile</span>, (Dem.), of Pueblo, was born in Leesburgh,
Carroll county, Ohio; received a common school education; came to
Colorado in 1860; is a railroad contractor, also a stock raiser and
dealer. In October, 1876, he was elected to the House of Representatives
of the first General Assembly, receiving 759 votes against 496
for Charles Wildeboor, Republican.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Garrett Lankford</span>, (Dem.), of Boonville, was born in Marshall,
Saline county, Missouri, November 26, 1838; received a common
school education; is by occupation a stock raiser. During the war he
performed military service for four years in the Trans-Mississippi Department
under General Joe Shelby. In 1876 he was elected to the
first State Legislature, receiving 725 votes against 541 for W. K.
Carlile, Republican.</p>

<h4>Rio Grande county. Population 4,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Alva Adams</span>, (Dem.), of Del Norte, was born in Blue Mounds,
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">343</span>
Iowa county, Wisconsin, May 14, 1850; graduated at Albion Academy
in 1870 and came to Colorado in 1871; is a hardware merchant;
the standard bearer of the Democracy and the cerberus of the
treasury. In October, 1876, he was elected from a Republican
county to the House of Representatives of the first State Legislature,
receiving 383 votes against 331 for Michael Breen, Republican.</p>

<h4>Saguache county. Population 2,500.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Gotthelf</span>, (Rep.), of Saguache, was born in Huemme,
Germany, May 26, 1844; received a common school education; came
to Colorado in November, 1867, and has since that time been engaged
in mercantile pursuits and stock raising; is President of the Saguache
and San Juan toll road; was elected to the House of Representatives
of the first General Assembly in October, 1876, receiving 284
votes against 195 for John Lawrence, Democrat.</p>

<h4>San Juan county. Population 4,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Charles H. McIntyre</span>, (Rep.), of Animas Forks, was born in
Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, August 6, 1837; received a
common school education; removed to Minnesota where he resided
for ten years, thence to Dakota where he remained seven years.
While in Dakota he was elected to the Council of the Territorial
Legislature of 1867, was re-elected in 1869 and again elected in 1871;
came to Colorado in 1873; is largely engaged in mining and milling
operations; was elected to the House of Representatives of the first
State Legislature, in October, 1876, receiving 381 votes against 327
for A. W. Begole, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Summit County. Population 2,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">George W. Wilson</span>, (Rep.), of Breckinridge, was born in Rock
Island, Rock Island county, Illinois, December 4, 1845; received a
common school education; is a miner; came to Colorado in June,
1867. In 1876 he was elected to the House of Representatives of the
first General Assembly, receiving 212 votes against 160 for Charles A.
Finding, Democrat.</p>

<h4>Weld county has two Representatives. Population 6,000.</h4>

<p><span class="smcap">Abner Leonard</span>, (Rep.), of Evans, was born in Unity, Columbiana
county, Ohio, January 10, 1823. At the age of fourteen moved
<span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">344</span>
to Hancock county, Ohio, in which place he resided thirty-seven years
engaged in teaching, farming and dealing in live stock; came to Colorado
in 1874; is a capitalist; was elected to the House of Representatives
of the first State Legislature, in October 1876, receiving 728
votes against 507 for W. G. Winbourn, Democrat.</p>

<p><span class="smcap">David F. Rainey</span>, (Rep.), of Platteville, was born in Cedarville,
Green county, Ohio, December 24, 1832; received a common school
education; removed to California, where he engaged in mining and
dealing in lumber; came to Colorado in June, 1860; is by occupation
a stock raiser and farmer. In 1876 he was elected to the House of
Representatives of the first State Legislature, receiving 782 votes
against 451 for Alvard White, Democrat.</p>

<div class="footnotes">

<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a>
Order of the House of Commons, 1663, July 16.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a>
Elsynge, 217; 1 Hats., 21; Grey’s Deb., 133.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a>
Stra., 989.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a>
As per Constitution.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a>
As per act of April 14, 1792, one representative for 30,000, first census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a>
As per act of January 14, 1802, one representative for 33,000, second census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a>
As per act of December 21, 1811, one representative for 35,000, third census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a>
As per act of March 7, 1822, one representative for 40,000, fourth census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a>
As per act of May 22, 1832, one representative for 47,700, fifth census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a>
As per act of June 25, 1842, one representative for 70,680, sixth census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a>
As per act of May 23, 1850, one representative for 98,702, seventh census.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a>
By act of Congress of May 23, 1850, it was enacted that the number of Representatives
in Congress should be 233; that the representative population determined
by the census of that year and thereafter should be divided by said number 233; and
the quotient so found should be the ratio of representation for the several States.
The ratio thus ascertained under the census of 1860 was 126,823; and upon this basis
the 233 Representatives were apportioned among the several States, one Representative
for every district containing that number of persons; giving to each State at
least one Representative. Subsequently, by the act of March 4, 1862, the ratio was
changed, and the number of Representatives from and after March 3, 1863, was
increased from 233 to 241, by allowing one additional Representative to each of the
following States, viz: Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; and this number was increased by the admission
of Nevada and Nebraska with one Representative each, to 243.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a>
As per apportionment bill passed February 2, 1872, and supplemental apportionment
bill passed May 30, 1872.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a>
Previous to the 3d of March, 1820, Maine formed part of Massachusetts, and
was called the “District of Maine,” and its representatives are numbered with
those of Massachusetts. By compact between Maine and Massachusetts, Maine
became a separate and independent State, and by act of Congress of 3d March, 1820,
was admitted into the Union as such; the admission to take place on the fifteenth
of the same month. On the 7th of April, 1820, Maine was declared entitled to seven
representatives, to be taken from those of Massachusetts.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a>
Divided by action of State Legislature and Congress in 1861 and 1862, and
State of West Virginia created therefrom.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">16</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of June 1, 1796, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of April 30, 1802, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of April 8, 1812, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Dec. 11, 1816, with three representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Dec. 10, 1817, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Dec. 3, 1818, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Dec. 14, 1819, with three representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of March 2, 1821, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Jan. 26, 1837, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Jan. 15, 1836, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of March 8, 1845, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of March 3, 1845, with two representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Dec. 29, 1848, with two representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of May 29, 1848, with two representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Sept. 8, 1848, with two representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of May 11, 1858, with two representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Feb. 14, 1859, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of Jan. 29, 1861, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a>
Previous to December 31, 1862, West Virginia was a part of the State of
Virginia, which State was entitled to eleven Members of the House of Representatives.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of October 31, 1864, with one Representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of January, 1867, and proclamation of the
President, March 1, 1867, with one Representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a>
Admitted under act of Congress of March 3, 1875, and proclamation of the
President, July 4th, 1876, with one representative.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">38</a>
<span class="smcap">Rule 23.</span> The Vice-President or President of the Senate pro tempore, shall
have the right to name a member to perform the duties of the Chair; but such substitution
shall not extend beyond an amendment.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">39</a>
<span class="smcap">Rule 34.</span> The following Standing Committees, shall be appointed at the commencement
of each session, with leave to report by bill or otherwise.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Foreign Relations to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Finance to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Manufactures to consist of five members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Agriculture to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Military Affairs, and Militia, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Naval Affairs, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on the Judiciary, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Public Lands, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Private Land Claims, to consist of five members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Indian Affairs, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Pensions, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Revolutionary Claims, to consist of five members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Claims, to consist of five members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on the District of Columbia, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Patents and Patent Office, to consist of five members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, to consist of five members,
who shall have power also to act jointly with the same committee of the House of
Representatives.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Territories, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on the Pacific Railroad, to consist of nine members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Mines and Mining, to consist of seven members.
</p>
<p>
A Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate, to
consist of three members, to whom shall be referred all resolutions directing the
payment of money out of the contingent fund of the Senate, or creating a charge on
the same.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Engrossed Bills, to consist of three members, whose duty it
shall be to examine all bills, amendments, resolutions or motions, before they go out
of the possession of the Senate, and shall deliver the same to the Secretary of the
Senate, who shall enter upon the journal that the same have been correctly
engrossed.
</p>
<p>
A Committee on Enrolled Bills, to consist of three members.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">40</a>
The former practice of the Senate referred to in this paragraph has been
changed by the following Rule:
</p>
<p>
[<span class="smcap">Rule 29.</span> The final question upon the second reading of every bill, resolution,
constitutional amendment or motion, originating in the Senate, and requiring
three readings previous to being passed, shall be, “Whether it shall be engrossed
and read a third time?” and no amendment shall be received for discussion at the
third reading of any bill, resolution, amendment, or motion, unless by unanimous
consent of the members present; but it shall at all times be in order before the final
passage of any such bill, resolution, constitutional amendment, or motion, to move
its commitment; and should such commitment take place, and any amendment be
reported by the committee, the said bill, resolution, constitutional amendment, or
motion, shall be again read a second time, and considered as in Committee of the
Whole, and then the aforesaid question shall be again put.]</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">41</a>
This rule has been modified so as to specify the questions entitled to preference.
The rule is now as follows:
</p>
<p>
[When a question is under debate, no motion shall be received but to adjourn,
to lay on the table, to postpone indefinitely, to postpone to a day certain, to commit,
or to amend; which several motions shall have precedence in the order they stand
arranged, and the motion for adjournment shall always be in order, and be decided
without debate.]</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">42</a>
<span class="smcap">Rule 13.</span> In filling up blanks, the largest sum and longest time shall be first
put.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">43</a>
In the case of a division of the question, and a decision against striking out, I
advance doubtingly the opinion here expressed. I find no authority either way, and
I know it may be viewed under a different aspect. It may be thought that, having
decided separately not to strike out the passage, the same question for striking out
cannot be put over again, though with a view to a different insertion. Still I
think it more reasonable and convenient to consider the striking out and insertion as
forming one proposition; but should readily yield to any evidence that the contrary
is the practice in Parliament.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">44</a>
Noes. 9 Grey, 365.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">45</a>
The rule now fixes a limitation.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">46</a>
Seat unsuccessfully contested by C. P. Hall.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">47</a>
Seat unsuccessfully contested by N. J. Bond.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">48</a>
In place of Samuel M. Robbins resigned.
</p>
<p>
R. O. Bailey unsuccessfully contested
his seat.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">49</a>
Did not appear.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">50</a>
Did not appear.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">51</a>
Resigned.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">52</a>
Did not appear.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">53</a>
Did not appear.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">54</a>
Absent during session.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">55</a>
Absent during session.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">56</a>
Absent during session.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">57</a>
Did not take his seat.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">58</a>
Did not take his seat until 1st February.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">59</a>
In place of A. Mansur.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">60</a>
In place of Ira Austin.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">61</a>
Did not take his seat.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">62</a>
Did not take his seat.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">63</a>
Seat unsuccessfully contested by D. J. Ball.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">64</a>
Seat unsuccessfully contested by John B. Rice.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">65</a>
Seat successfully contested by George A. Hinsdale.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">66</a>
Seat unsuccessfully contested by Michael Beshoar.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">67</a>
Vice James H. Pinkerton, resigned.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">68</a>
Vice D. D. Belden, resigned.
</p>
<p>
Seat successfully contested by William M. Roworth.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">69</a>
Absent during session.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">70</a>
A. W. Archibald successfully contested his seat.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">71</a>
Absent during the whole session.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">72</a>
Seat contested by Simon Cort.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">73</a>
Seat unsuccessfully contested by Joseph T. Boyd.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">74</a>
Absent during session.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">75</a>
Ex officio as Territorial Treasurer.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">76</a>
Ex-officio President of the Senate.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">77</a>
Not eligible for re-election.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">78</a>
Ex-officio State Librarian.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">79</a>
Seat contested by Thomas M. Patterson to 45th Congress.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">80</a>
Seat contested by M. C. Butler (Democrat).</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">81</a>
In controversy.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">82</a>
In controversy.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">83</a>
Died in office April 4, 1841, when Vice President Tyler succeeded him.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">84</a>
Died in office July 9, 1850, when Vice-President Fillmore succeeded him.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">85</a>
Assassinated April 14, 1865, when Vice-President Johnson succeeded him.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">86</a>
Died in office November 22, 1875.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">87</a>
Republicans.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">88</a>
Biennially.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">89</a>
Organized from other counties by the General Assembly.</p></div></div>

<div class="transnote">
<h3>Transcriber’s Note:</h3>

<p>Page 152: “SECTION XI” changed to read “SECTION IX”, misnumbered.</p>

<p>Obvious printer errors corrected silently.</p>

<p>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.</p></div>








<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57783 ***</div>

</body>
</html>
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-03-26 05:58:14 +0000