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@@ -1,43 +1,7 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume
-52, 1841-1898, by Various
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57431 ***
 
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
 
-Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 52, 1841-1898
-       Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the
-       islands and their peoples, their history and records of
-       the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books
-       and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial
-       and religious conditions of those islands from their
-       earliest relations with European nations to the close of
-       the nineteenth century
 
-Author: Various
-
-Editor: Blair, Emma Helen
-        Robertson, James Alexander
-        Bourne, Edward Gaylord
-
-Release Date: March 2, 2019 [EBook #57431]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME 52 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
-made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
 
 
 
@@ -93,7 +57,7 @@ CONTENTS OF VOLUME LII
         Mexico, 1907                                                112
         Events in Filipinas, 1841-1872. [Summarized from
         Montero y Vidal's Historia de Filipinas.]                   208
-        Constitution of the Liga Filipina. José Rizal; Tondo,
+        Constitution of the Liga Filipina. José Rizal; Tondo,
         July 3, 1892                                                217
         The friar memorial of 1898. Manuel Gutierrez, O.S.A.,
         and others; Manila, April 21, 1898                          227
@@ -124,14 +88,14 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS
     drawn by Juan Antonio Cantova, S.J., in Archivo general
     de Indias, Sevilla                                               37
     Map of the Philippine and Mariana Islands; enlarged
-    photographic facsimile of map in Lettres édifiantes, xi
+    photographic facsimile of map in Lettres édifiantes, xi
     (Paris, M. DCC. XV), p. 74; from copy in Library of
     Harvard University                                              209
     Autograph signatures of Diego Luis San Vitores, S.J., and
     others; photographic facsimile from original MS. in Archivo
     general de Indias, Sevilla                                      337
     Map of portion of the Palaos Islands, discovered 1710 by
-    expedition under Francisco Padilla; drawn by José Somera,
+    expedition under Francisco Padilla; drawn by José Somera,
     chief pilot; photographic facsimile of original MS. map
     in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla                           347
     Chart of the port of Sisiran, in the province of Camarines;
@@ -152,7 +116,7 @@ PREFACE
 In this final documentary volume of our series we present matter which
 is planned to bring out the salient points of the highly important
 period from 1841 to 1898, a little more than the last half-century
-of the Spanish régime, together with such bibliographical aids as
+of the Spanish régime, together with such bibliographical aids as
 will enable students to find readily the best and most available
 sources for the history of that time. The first two documents (written
 respectively by a civil official and a military commander) furnish
@@ -167,7 +131,7 @@ and men therein; and with full and well-selected bibliographical
 references to the best works on the subject. It gives us pleasure
 to present here the hitherto unpublished constitution of the Liga
 Filipina, from Rizal's own MS. draft; and the friar memorial of 1898
-(a curiously mediæval document for the end of the nineteenth century),
+(a curiously mediæval document for the end of the nineteenth century),
 which heretofore had appeared only in a limited Spanish edition and
 a partial and unsatisfactory English translation. To these documents
 is added an appendix on agricultural conditions in Filipinas, giving a
@@ -185,7 +149,7 @@ most of the bibliographers. We know with certainty of four copies:
 two owned in the Philippines, one by the heirs of Clemente Zulueta,
 and the other by Epifanio de los Santos (our translation being made
 from a typewritten copy of the latter); one in the Peabody Institute,
-Baltimore, and one in the collection of the Compañía General de
+Baltimore, and one in the collection of the Compañía General de
 Tabacos de Filipinas, Barcelona. Its chief value and importance lie
 in its treatment of various vital questions that had already begun to
 present themselves to some minds more or less clearly--the relation of
@@ -197,7 +161,7 @@ appear childish and visionary, is in many other things clear-sighted,
 and shows deep and keen observation. The first two volumes of Mas's
 work (which have been cited so frequently in this series) were
 written in order to form a suitable background to the third volume,
-and thus lead to it naturally, by giving a résumé in succinct form
+and thus lead to it naturally, by giving a résumé in succinct form
 of the history, government, and social and economic conditions of
 the islands. Proceeding to his purpose, the author states that the
 intentions of Spain in regard to the colony may be one of three:
@@ -329,7 +293,7 @@ Matta's report of 1843 in regard to the moral condition of the
 Philippines, and the reforms necessary in administrational and economic
 matters for the conservation of the islands is of great practical
 value. The report was called forth by the sedition of Apolinario,
-the founder of the cofradia of San José, and the revolt in 1843 of a
+the founder of the cofradia of San José, and the revolt in 1843 of a
 portion of the troops. It sets forth the loss of prestige by both the
 government and the regular clergy (once the prime support of Spanish
 authority in the islands), and the confusion that is rife throughout
@@ -348,7 +312,7 @@ attracted. Agriculture is the main support of the islands, and must be
 developed by the whites, mestizos, and Chinese, who will support the
 government, and thus offset the immense numbers of the natives. The
 report calls for extensive military reforms and the establishment of
-a good police system. Tagálog academies are proposed, so that Spanish
+a good police system. Tagálog academies are proposed, so that Spanish
 officers may learn the native language. It is of great importance to
 conciliate both Peninsulars and Spaniards born in the Philippines,
 and to show partiality to neither, in order that prosperity may reign.
@@ -382,7 +346,7 @@ and under the second, the religious question, the friar estates,
 the Filipino clergy and their cause, the revolt of 1872, reform and
 demands for more "assimilation," the propagandists, Masonry, the Liga
 Filipina, etc., the Katipunan, the insurrection of 1896-97, the pact
-of Biak-na-bató and the question of independence. By its mass of
+of Biak-na-bató and the question of independence. By its mass of
 comment and titles, this section fully supplements the first part,
 and presents to the student a comprehensive survey of Philippine
 life and development, that will be found the most useful material
@@ -417,7 +381,7 @@ colonies), because of the appearance in Spanish waters of the American
 squadron, and the defeat of the Spanish fleet. It is fitting, however,
 to present this document in this series, as it is a complete statement
 of the friars' standpoint, and especially as the last document of
-the series, as it marks the passing of the old Spanish régime. The
+the series, as it marks the passing of the old Spanish régime. The
 beginning and ending alike express the loyalty of the orders to
 the Spanish government, and throughout the document is noted the
 expression of the patriotism of all the members of the orders as
@@ -484,7 +448,7 @@ described by Governor Basco and the German traveler Jagor respectively;
 the aims and achievements of the Economic Society of Manila; and
 references to the more important writings on agriculture in the
 islands. All show how backward were the conditions of that industry,
-even to the end of the Spanish régime, although various efforts
+even to the end of the Spanish régime, although various efforts
 were made by Spain to institute reforms and promote the cultivation
 of the soil; but most of these were too superficial and partial to
 be successful--indeed, they were continually hindered by the whole
@@ -506,7 +470,7 @@ personal knowledge enabled them to correct misstatements in works cited
 as authorities. The following persons may be mentioned as meriting
 special thanks for aid rendered to the Editors: Manuel de Yriarte,
 chief of Division of Archives, Manila; Epifanio de los Santos, Malolos,
-Bulacan, Luzón; T. H. Pardo de Tavera, of the Philippine Commission,
+Bulacan, Luzón; T. H. Pardo de Tavera, of the Philippine Commission,
 Manila; and Rev. Anthony Huonder, S.J., Luxembourg, Europe.
 
 
@@ -530,7 +494,7 @@ DOCUMENTS OF 1841-1898
     The Philippines, 1860-1898: some comment and bibliographical
     notes. James A. LeRoy; 1907.
     Events in Filipinas, 1841-1872. [Summarized from Montero y Vidal.]
-    Constitution of the Liga Filipina. José Rizal; July 3, 1892.
+    Constitution of the Liga Filipina. José Rizal; July 3, 1892.
     The friar memorial of 1898. Manuel Gutierrez, O.S.A., and others;
     April 21, 1898.
 
@@ -756,7 +720,7 @@ long rule of the Turks in Greece, in which, since the insurrection,
 not a single Mussulman has remained. It is clear, therefore, that
 this Spanish population, long established in the country, is the one
 that has most to lose. In case of an outbreak, the Europeans would
-return to España, where they would continue their professions and
+return to España, where they would continue their professions and
 would find their kin. The Filipino-Spaniards, however, would have
 to change utterly, for they would lose everything, and would have
 to seek another country. These are obvious and important truths, and
@@ -812,8 +776,8 @@ among economists. In Laguna and other provinces, there are most
 fertile fields, abandoned and at the disposal of the one who will
 take them; and in Bulacan and Tondo, whose soil is very inferior,
 all have owners and a value. In the environs of Malolos and Manila,
-land costs one thousand pesos fuertes per quiñon. One hundred years
-ago, this same quiñon could be bought for fifty."
+land costs one thousand pesos fuertes per quiñon. One hundred years
+ago, this same quiñon could be bought for fifty."
 
 [The difficulty in attracting the whites to an agricultural life lies
 in the labor question. Mas does not consider advisable the system of
@@ -838,7 +802,7 @@ as is done in the military service, such Spaniards then remaining
 subject until the termination of the contract. These persons, during
 said time, shall be exempt from service in the army, and exemption
 from polos and personal service may even be conceded to some (for
-instance, to one for each quiñon of land)."]
+instance, to one for each quiñon of land)."]
 
 2d. People of color must voluntarily respect and obey the whites. In
 order to attain this object, it is necessary to maintain the former
@@ -847,7 +811,7 @@ numerical majority a political force less than that which resides
 in the second, just as a pile of straw in the balance weighs less
 than a gold nugget. The farmer or the goatherd does not read social
 contracts, or know more than what takes place in his own village. This
-is not the class of people who have overthrown absolutism in España,
+is not the class of people who have overthrown absolutism in España,
 but that class who are educated in the colleges, and who know the
 price of guarantees, and fight for them. We must not depart from
 this point of view, if we are to discuss the matter sincerely. The
@@ -877,10 +841,10 @@ and cowardly fellow.
 It is necessary to provide that a Spanish cura be placed in
 each village, and it is preferable to leave a village without a
 minister rather than to place it in charge of a Filipino secular
-priest. Between Filipinas and España there is no other bond of union
+priest. Between Filipinas and España there is no other bond of union
 than the Christian religion. This bond is very powerful, and may
 induce the islanders to love and to defend the Spanish domination as
-a duty. In no place better than in España is it known of what the
+a duty. In no place better than in España is it known of what the
 religious influence on the masses is capable, even in violation of
 their most direct interests. To imagine that the natives will become
 fond of our government because they judge it good or the best possible,
@@ -985,7 +949,7 @@ great care is taken not to introduce insubordination and demoralization
 into an army, so also the government ought to watch over the conduct of
 the curas. Let them have all the influence possible over the village,
 but let them always be Spanish Europeans, and allow them to feel no
-other interest than España. This is the vital question. If the matter
+other interest than España. This is the vital question. If the matter
 be considered under this point of view, one cannot exaggerate the harm
 that a goodly portion of the friars are doing, and the moral force
 that our government is losing because of the manner in which they are
@@ -1060,7 +1024,7 @@ limit to everything, and that those friars who display an insolent
 spirit and are usurpers of command must restrain themselves within
 limits. But this evil is one of the least, if our chief and vital
 object be considered to be the conservation of the state. Is it or not
-a fact that, for España to maintain this colony under its dominion,
+a fact that, for España to maintain this colony under its dominion,
 it needs the influence of the religious over the inhabitants? If
 it is a fact, one must consider these persons as instruments; their
 influence must be positive; the alcaldes and other employes must be
@@ -1178,7 +1142,7 @@ and alms.
 Since it is very important that the religious, as guides of public
 opinion, have essentially Spanish hearts, it is absolutely necessary
 for all these men to be born, to have been educated and ordained in
-España. From this is deduced the need of protecting the colleges
+España. From this is deduced the need of protecting the colleges
 existing at present, and where friars are made who take a vow for
 Filipinas. [19]
 
@@ -1190,13 +1154,13 @@ the rights of Spaniards, but seem in several points to prefer them to
 the Spaniards, especially in the possession of lands. These benevolent
 regulations, often executed with exaggeration by the auditors of the
 Audiencia, the protector of the Indians, and the governors-general
-who come from España, overflowing with ideas of philanthropy and
+who come from España, overflowing with ideas of philanthropy and
 humanity, and without knowing the natives otherwise than by their
 humble hypocritical exterior with influential persons, have raised
 their pretensions to an alarming degree.
 
 [The natives have committed many acts of violence and contempt. A
-Recollect cura was beheaded in Talibong, Cebú; the provincial governor
+Recollect cura was beheaded in Talibong, Cebú; the provincial governor
 of Negros was assassinated in 1833, and another Spaniard severely
 wounded; the alcalde-mayor of Capis was attacked in 1836, but saved
 himself by his presence of mind; the house of the alcalde-mayor
@@ -1219,7 +1183,7 @@ threatened his life. In Manila, the natives are insolent. They do not
 yield the sidewalk to Spaniards; coachmen and porters do not rise in
 the presence of Spaniards; Filipino women do not yield to Spanish
 women either in the stores or the church. Since the new governor,
-Oraá, has ordered a verbal process against a commandant for punishing
+Oraá, has ordered a verbal process against a commandant for punishing
 a servant, they have become more insolent than ever. Other acts of
 insolence are noted. These things are not heard of by the governor, or
 they lay no stress upon them as they do not recognize their political
@@ -1271,7 +1235,7 @@ this luxury may be very few. [Mas condemns the custom of giving
 the title "Don" to gobernadorcillos and principales. Even almost
 naked Tinguianes and Igorots are found with that title--which is
 ridiculous. Let the Filipinos use their own native equivalents for
-"Don" and "Doña." Also the natives should not be allowed to present
+"Don" and "Doña." Also the natives should not be allowed to present
 petitions which are disrespectful because of their ignorance of the
 language, such as for instance calling the governor a robber.]
 
@@ -1415,7 +1379,7 @@ the rapid increase in the Filipino population, justify the admission
 into the islands of 15,000 or 20,000 more Chinese, on the basis
 that there are only 8,000 or 10,000 now in the islands. These can
 be scattered through the islands and would work only on the estates
-of Spaniards.] Twenty thousand Chinese could work 10,000 quiñons of
+of Spaniards.] Twenty thousand Chinese could work 10,000 quiñons of
 land, which planted with sugar cane would yield annually 2,000,000
 picos of sugar. This sugar sold at Manila at only 3 pesos fuertes
 [per quintal] would produce the sum of 6,000,000 pesos fuertes. [In
@@ -1444,7 +1408,7 @@ slaughter of the foreigners in 1819 during the cholera.]
 
 3rd. The administration requires a complete reform. The command of
 Filipinas has always been entrusted to a governor and captain-general,
-as if it were a province of España. To set some balance to his
+as if it were a province of España. To set some balance to his
 power, because of the distance from the throne, certain privileges
 and preeminences have been granted to other persons, especially to
 the Audiencia, even to the point of making of the latter a court of
@@ -1500,7 +1464,7 @@ and twenty-seven questions for resolution. And to these springs of
 torpor in the administration of the government, we must add that
 the captains-general scarcely decide any question whatever, without
 handing the matter for report to the assessor, fiscal, Audiencia, etc.,
-because of the distance and impossibility of consulting España, and
+because of the distance and impossibility of consulting España, and
 through their fear of compromising themselves, since on many occasions,
 measures have been obtained against them in Madrid, through agents and
 representatives or through complaints sent from the islands. The same
@@ -1692,7 +1656,7 @@ obey the one emanating from the president or senior regent first.]
 
 The members of the regency shall be jurisconsults, owners of estates,
 or military men, and the regularly-appointed president shall always be
-a grandee of España. It is highly important that, at that distance,
+a grandee of España. It is highly important that, at that distance,
 the first chief impose some personal respect, and that even his very
 lineage make him appear superior to all the others.
 
@@ -1768,7 +1732,7 @@ the islands, and breeds discontent.]
 
 [This plan does not involve any extra expense. The president shall
 have a yearly salary of 12,000 pesos, in addition to the palace of
-Manila and the house at Malacañang; the two regents shall each receive
+Manila and the house at Malacañang; the two regents shall each receive
 6,000 pesos and 1,000 pesos extra for a house; and the substitute
 4,000 pesos--a total of 30,000 pesos. [32] Posts of rank in Manila
 have lately been increased, and now there are a lieutenant-general,
@@ -1804,7 +1768,7 @@ to always have in that treasury a sufficient store of spare funds
 to at least cover the expenses of one year. [It will be impossible
 to realize loans in case of either internal or external war. The
 treasury has been continually exhausted for years, and has drawn on
-the obras pías. Notes have been drawn on the Manila treasury for over
+the obras pías. Notes have been drawn on the Manila treasury for over
 three million pesos, on which interest is being paid, and there is
 no hope of paying the principal.] Such a method of doing things, is,
 in my opinion, a political imprudence twice over--in the first place
@@ -1823,7 +1787,7 @@ it and prepare it for giving it liberty.
 In order to attain this end, it becomes natural, as is necessary,
 to adopt a system diametrically opposed to the first. The chief
 object must be that it does not cause the shedding of blood, that the
-relations of friendship and of trade with España are not interrupted,
+relations of friendship and of trade with España are not interrupted,
 that the European Spaniards living there do not lose their chattels
 or landed property, and, especially, that our race there, the
 Filipino-Spaniards, preserve their estates and their rights of
@@ -1938,7 +1902,7 @@ our claim for liberty for ourselves, and our wish at the same time
 to impose our law on remote peoples? Why do we deny to others the
 benefit which we desire for our fatherland? By these principles of
 universal morality and justice, and because I am persuaded that in the
-midst of the political circumstances in which España is at present,
+midst of the political circumstances in which España is at present,
 the condition of that colony will be neglected; that none of the
 measures which I propose for its conservation (this is my conviction)
 will be adopted; and that it will emancipate itself violently with the
@@ -1970,7 +1934,7 @@ MATTA'S REPORT, 1843
 Communication from the intendant of the army and treasury [Intendente
 de Ejercito y Hacienda] of the Filipinas Islands, Don Juan Manuel de
 la Matta, [35] to the governor and captain-general of said islands,
-Don Marcelino Oraá, in regard to the moral condition of the country
+Don Marcelino Oraá, in regard to the moral condition of the country
 after the insurrection of a portion of the troops of the third
 regiment of the line, which happened at daybreak of the twenty-first
 of last January; and declaration of the chief legislative reforms,
@@ -2079,7 +2043,7 @@ been hitherto the principal foundation of our domination."]
 [Although the provinces are not yet so greatly disaffected as is
 Manila], their moral condition is very different from that when they
 generally pronounced against the English in 1762 and gave the victory
-to Anda. Mejico belonged to España, and its treasury contributed
+to Anda. Mejico belonged to España, and its treasury contributed
 to the support of the islands, which had the exclusive benefit of a
 traffic which the public especially valued, and whose conservation
 was inseparable from union to the mother-country. North-American
@@ -2242,7 +2206,7 @@ government, who shall be responsible. A Colonial Council or Cabinet
 for consultation on affairs of general public interest should also be
 formed. This separation of duties into specific classes, the heads
 of each department to be subordinate to the governor, in accordance
-with law ii, título ii, book iii, will ensure the right use of the
+with law ii, título ii, book iii, will ensure the right use of the
 governing functions. To continue so many unconnected duties under
 the governor will only add to the confusion.]
 
@@ -2339,7 +2303,7 @@ wealth, in order to sustain the increase of necessary forces.]
 urgently demanded by the moral condition of the country are as
 follows:]
 
-1st. The reëstablishment of the well-organized military commission of
+1st. The reëstablishment of the well-organized military commission of
 police, vigilance, and public safety. [This would be able to check
 all sorts of disorder and conspiracy. Its members should be paid by
 the state, such pay to come from the licenses issued to travelers
@@ -2355,18 +2319,18 @@ from the municipal funds.]
 
 3rd. The constant maintenance of a guard of at least one thousand
 European troops. [These are necessary for the garrisoning of
-the fort at Santiago, the palace, the Parián gate, and the other
-necessary points. Matta's plan also calls for the reëstablishment
+the fort at Santiago, the palace, the Parián gate, and the other
+necessary points. Matta's plan also calls for the reëstablishment
 of the Spanish guard of halberdiers of one hundred men, to act as
 interior palace guard, and serve as a source of supply for sergeants
-for the native regiments. He recommends the establishment of Tagálog
+for the native regiments. He recommends the establishment of Tagálog
 academies in order that the Spanish officers and sergeants may learn
 the native language. [45] Certain privileges are proposed for the
 European soldiers, whereby their pay may be greater than that of
 the native soldiers, for their necessities are greater. The term
 of service in the Philippines ought to be eight years, as provided
 by royal order of July 26, 1836; but those who are fit ought to be
-allowed to reënlist and be transferred to the revenue guard [cuerpo
+allowed to reënlist and be transferred to the revenue guard [cuerpo
 del resguardo], in order to save cost on transportation. Matta is
 against having fewer Europeans in the service as has been urged by
 many persons of experience in the Philippines. The system outlined by
@@ -2462,7 +2426,7 @@ was done before the opening of the Suez Canal brought the Philippines
 into vital touch with Europe by means of steam navigation--American
 influence being then, in fact, already on the wane. One might more
 readily, from this point of view, assign importance as a date to 1856,
-when Iloilo (and soon after Sebú) was opened to foreign trade (hitherto
+when Iloilo (and soon after Sebú) was opened to foreign trade (hitherto
 confined to one port of entry, Manila) and foreigners were permitted
 to open business houses outside of Manila and to trade and traffic
 in the provinces; or, even, to 1859, when the first steam sugar-mill
@@ -2521,7 +2485,7 @@ Manila in 1852 afforded evidence much less, however, of the growth of
 Spanish commercial interests than of a desire to foster the growth of
 such interests by supplying credit facilities more nearly up to date
 than those hitherto available (at ruinous rates of interest) from the
-old "pious funds" [obras pías] of various sorts, especially since the
+old "pious funds" [obras pías] of various sorts, especially since the
 foreign trading houses were virtually performing the functions of
 banks in their ways of extending credit to agriculturists, or were
 being aided by private bankers associated with them. [50] The loss
@@ -2570,7 +2534,7 @@ remote Spanish outpost in the Orient was but one month distant from
 Barcelona for mail and passengers; soon after ocean cables to the
 ports of China (eventually extended to Manila) put the Philippines
 in daily touch, as it were, with important occurrences in Spain. The
-old régime of slumbering exclusion, already breaking down under the
+old régime of slumbering exclusion, already breaking down under the
 influence of trade, was ended.
 
 The influx of Spaniards from this time forward had in it, from
@@ -2625,7 +2589,7 @@ the very foundations of the structure upon which Spanish supremacy
 had been built in the islands. Hence it was that not infrequently
 a more far-seeing Liberal, after some years of experience in the
 islands, would come out as a defender of the Philippine friars and
-their views as to the political régime to be maintained there; he
+their views as to the political régime to be maintained there; he
 would perhaps explain it by saying that he was "a Liberal at home,
 but in the Philippines all ought to be Spaniards and only that."
 
@@ -2647,7 +2611,7 @@ were awakened by steamships, telegraph lines, newspapers, and books
 (even though under clerical and political censorship). Clear-sighted
 prophecy was that of Feodor Jagor, the German scientist who traveled
 through the Philippines just before 1860, and who, though he found
-much to praise in the old paternal régime, said:
+much to praise in the old paternal régime, said:
 
 "The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with the
 changed conditions of the present time. The colony can no longer be
@@ -2727,7 +2691,7 @@ to a native priesthood. Only since American occupation has the demand
 for a national clergy found full expression, but it had for a quarter
 of a century before that been an important phase of the sentiment of
 nationality, a sentiment that was growing steadily, though slowly and
-in the main secretly until 1896 in the Tagálog provinces and 1898 in
+in the main secretly until 1896 in the Tagálog provinces and 1898 in
 the archipelago at large.
 
 The reactionary party had partially regained the upper hand when
@@ -2739,7 +2703,7 @@ and continued for twenty-five years thereafter to point to it as their
 most useful "horrible example," as an evidence of what must follow
 the inauguration, even in the slightest degree, of a liberal policy
 in the government of the islands. Rightly or wrongly, the people of
-that and the succeeding generation in the Tagálog provinces, and to a
+that and the succeeding generation in the Tagálog provinces, and to a
 less degree in the others, were schooled in racial resentment through
 the belief that the native priests had been done to death, upon a
 pretext of manufactured evidence, by the malevolence of the friars. The
@@ -2828,7 +2792,7 @@ provinces eventually, under half-educated leaders of the small middle
 class, reached in a perverted form the masses themselves, especially in
 central Luzon, and found expression at last in violence and an outburst
 of race-hatred. The Katipunan was not Masonic, as the friars asserted,
-only copying some of the Masonic formulæ; but it was a natural and
+only copying some of the Masonic formulæ; but it was a natural and
 logical outgrowth of the smothering of what had been a legitimate
 movement for the expression of Filipino reform sentiment.
 
@@ -2852,7 +2816,7 @@ notes or recommendations of others have been followed.
 
 The first essential to a study of this period is a fair and
 comprehensive survey of Philippine conditions in the years just
-preceding--the "old régime," as we may call it, though it was then
+preceding--the "old régime," as we may call it, though it was then
 breaking down in certain particulars. One book alone will serve the
 student's purpose in this respect; and, whatever others are read,
 Jagor's [62] is indispensable. Next to him, and in addition to the
@@ -2862,9 +2826,9 @@ Orient, Sinibaldo de Mas, and the two-volume treatise of 1846 by the
 Frenchman, J. Mallat. In certain respects, the latter has closely
 followed Mas; but his is no mere translated plagiarism, like that
 of John Bowring (1859), who was only a temporary visitor entertained
-by Spanish officialdom in Manila. The work of Paul de la Gironière,
+by Spanish officialdom in Manila. The work of Paul de la Gironière,
 not his Twenty Years in the Philippines, but his more serious work
-of 1855 (Aventures d'un gentilhomme breton aux îles Philippines),
+of 1855 (Aventures d'un gentilhomme breton aux îles Philippines),
 merits attention as containing the observations of a cultivated
 foreigner who had the advantage of years of residence in Manila and
 a neighboring province.
@@ -2936,7 +2900,7 @@ it is the best Philippine historical work for reference purposes,
 it is, after all, hardly more than a chronology of important events
 and compilation of official orders and projects, touching the life
 of the people scarcely at all. The same author's work of 1886, El
-archipiélago filipino, merits attention also in this connection,
+archipiélago filipino, merits attention also in this connection,
 though primarily it sets forth facts geographical, statistical,
 etc. The works of Manuel Scheidnagel deserve also citation as those of
 a Spanish official of long and varied experience in the Philippines,
@@ -2946,12 +2910,12 @@ treat, light upon the conditions of country and people in general. [63]
 The foreigners who traveled in the Philippines during this period, and
 who have written thereon, were occupied in most cases with scientific
 pursuits, and have confined themselves mainly to these objects in
-what they have published. The Luçon et Palaouan (Paris, 1887) of
+what they have published. The Luçon et Palaouan (Paris, 1887) of
 Alfred Marche touches upon the customs and conditions of the people
 in its record of six years' scientific research for the government of
 France. Edmond Plauchut's contributions to the Revue des deux mondes
 for 1869 and 1877, in lighter vein and perhaps not always accurate,
-are, like Gironière's writings of earlier date, interesting as
+are, like Gironière's writings of earlier date, interesting as
 presenting the observations of a resident foreigner. Among the works in
 English, revised or written since 1898 to meet the demand in the United
 States for information about the Philippines, Dean C. Worcester's The
@@ -2995,8 +2959,8 @@ mention Retana's El periodismo filipino, which covers the subject
 down to 1894. La Revista de Filipinas, edited by J. F. del Pan,
 1875-77, deserves special mention among the many periodicals of short
 life. Among those of longer duration may be named El Diario de Manila,
-and also, for the closing years of Spanish rule, La Oceanía Española,
-La Voz Española and El Comercio. [65] One should also consult these
+and also, for the closing years of Spanish rule, La Oceanía Española,
+La Voz Española and El Comercio. [65] One should also consult these
 Spanish periodicals of Manila for the political history of these years,
 particularly of 1896-98. It must be remarked, however, that, just as
 these periodicals reflected mainly the life only of the capital, and
@@ -3013,7 +2977,7 @@ One will, therefore, look almost in vain in these periodicals prior
 to 1898 for expressions of the Filipino point of view, or, till the
 close of 1897, for any frank expression of liberal political views
 on the part of Spanish editors. The few Manila periodicals started
-by Filipinos before 1898, usually printed in Spanish and Tagálog, had
+by Filipinos before 1898, usually printed in Spanish and Tagálog, had
 but an ephemeral existence. [68] One must look for the expression of
 Filipino aims and ideas to the periodicals that have been published
 since 1898; indeed, even the Spanish press of Manila has treated
@@ -3029,8 +2993,8 @@ civil census of 1887, though published in very condensed form,
 merits attention. [70] Certain of the more notable statistical
 works of private individuals will require notice in connection with
 agriculture, industry, and commerce; here the student may be referred
-to the Bibliography under the names of Agustín de la Cavada, J. F. del
-Pan, and José Jimeno Agius. [71]
+to the Bibliography under the names of Agustín de la Cavada, J. F. del
+Pan, and José Jimeno Agius. [71]
 
 
 
@@ -3042,7 +3006,7 @@ point, the student is referred to the first part of that work, viz.,
 the List of the Library of Congress, under the headings Agriculture,
 Commerce, Finance, and Political and Social Economy; and to Pardo
 de Tavera's Biblioteca under the alphabetical lists of Aranceles,
-Balanzas, Boletín, Estatutos, Exposición, Guía, Instrucción, Memoria,
+Balanzas, Boletín, Estatutos, Exposición, Guía, Instrucción, Memoria,
 and Reglamentos. Some of the works therein cited are obviously
 indispensable, and occasional biographical and bibliographical notes
 are also afforded, especially by Pardo de Tavera under the names of
@@ -3058,20 +3022,20 @@ the study of this period, is again mentioned here as affording data
 on the tobacco monopoly (which lasted until 1884, before its affairs
 were wound up), the attitude of the Spaniards toward the entry of
 foreign traders, and the part these foreigners played in developing the
-culture of abaká and sugar. Cavada's Historia geográfica, geológica
-y estadística de Filipinas (Manila, 1876) has a good arsenal of data
+culture of abaká and sugar. Cavada's Historia geográfica, geológica
+y estadística de Filipinas (Manila, 1876) has a good arsenal of data
 drawn chiefly from the civil statistical inquiries of 1870, though,
 like almost all such works in Spanish, it is without a topical index
 and is put together in a disorderly manner most exasperating to the
 searcher for facts or figures on a specific point of inquiry. Of the
-works of José Jimeno y Agius, his Memoria sobre el desestanco del
-tabaco (Binondo, 1871) and Población y comercio de las islas Filipinas
+works of José Jimeno y Agius, his Memoria sobre el desestanco del
+tabaco (Binondo, 1871) and Población y comercio de las islas Filipinas
 (Madrid, 1884) should be especially mentioned. Gregorio Sancianco y
 Goson's El progreso de Filipinas (Madrid, 1881), especially valuable on
-administrative matters just prior to the revision of the fiscal régime
+administrative matters just prior to the revision of the fiscal régime
 in connection with the abolition of the government tobacco monopoly,
 has also many data on land, commerce, and industry. Scattered through
-the eight volumes of the fortnightly La Política de España en Filipinas
+the eight volumes of the fortnightly La Política de España en Filipinas
 (Madrid, 1891-98) are useful items on Philippine currency and exchange,
 trade, etc., with occasional studies of these questions and those of
 Chinese and European immigration, in most cases hasty, unreliable
@@ -3081,7 +3045,7 @@ been characterized; nevertheless, checked up with Sawyer's, it is of
 use in this connection. Of the consular and other official reports,
 those of the British Foreign Office [73] are the most valuable as a
 series, though the comprehensive reports of the French Consul, M. de
-Bérard, covering the years 1888-92, merit first place as individual
+Bérard, covering the years 1888-92, merit first place as individual
 treatises. [74]
 
 The testimony and memoranda presented before the American Peace
@@ -3093,7 +3057,7 @@ of the Philippines require any consideration in this connection. [75]
 The reports on civil affairs (1899-1901) of the United States military
 government in the Philippines and the reports of the Philippine
 Commission have much retrospective value in connection with the
-previous economic and fiscal régime, and merit a general perusal in
+previous economic and fiscal régime, and merit a general perusal in
 that light; some of their more especially pertinent revelations will
 be hereinafter cited. The Report on Certain Economic Questions in the
 English and Dutch Colonies in the Orient (Washington, 1902) by Jeremiah
@@ -3116,7 +3080,7 @@ and some private treatises on the Spanish land laws are cited by
 Pardo de Tavera; but these remained for the most part dead letters,
 and for all practical purposes a little compilation in English [77]
 by the present Philippine Forestry Bureau suffices. In a report on
-the establishment of land banks in the Philippines, José Cabezas de
+the establishment of land banks in the Philippines, José Cabezas de
 Herrera provided a historical review and abstract of landed property
 in those islands. [78] In connection with his arguments in behalf of
 a tax on landed property as just and as also necessary in order to
@@ -3141,7 +3105,7 @@ writers, who never stopped to ask themselves if their plans were
 practical. [80] Among the pamphlets on the Chinese in the Philippines
 cited by Pardo de Tavera, those of Del Pan and Jordana y Morera
 deserve attention. A good survey of the subject, though not accurate
-in its statistics, is G. García Ageo's Memorandum on the Chinese in
+in its statistics, is G. García Ageo's Memorandum on the Chinese in
 the Philippines in Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900, ii,
 pp. 432-445. [81]
 
@@ -3169,11 +3133,11 @@ were prepared from the best available Spanish trade statistics,
 reduced to terms of American gold currency at the average rate of
 exchange for each year, and, so far as the writer has checked these
 figures, they are the most reliable that are presented anywhere. [82]
-Among the very few Spanish writings, Azcárraga's Libertad de Comercio
-(Madrid, 1872) and Jimeno Agius's Población y comercio (1884) deserve
+Among the very few Spanish writings, Azcárraga's Libertad de Comercio
+(Madrid, 1872) and Jimeno Agius's Población y comercio (1884) deserve
 special mention, also once more the useful little book of Sancianco y
 Goson, for brief but useful data for 1868-80 in its appendices. [83]
-For 1891-98, La Política de España en Filipinas has some scattering
+For 1891-98, La Política de España en Filipinas has some scattering
 figures on trade and commerce, year by year, highly unsatisfactory for
 the most part. Besides the general references upon the Spanish customs
 tariffs, one will find in Senate Document no. 134, 57th Congress,
@@ -3188,7 +3152,7 @@ conditions prevailing during the last years of Spanish rule from
 memoranda and testimony in certain of these American reports than from
 any of the printed sources of date earlier than 1898. Nevertheless,
 the petition of the Manila Chamber of Commerce in 1895 reproduced in
-La Política de España en Filipinas, v, no. 105, brings out in part the
+La Política de España en Filipinas, v, no. 105, brings out in part the
 highly unsatisfactory conditions produced by the Spanish government's
 inaction and disregard of well-established economic principles. In
 ibid., vii, p. 217, is given the text of the decree of April 17, 1897,
@@ -3237,7 +3201,7 @@ first of Reform and finally of Revolution. We are concerned in
 the first instance, that is, with reforms and progress realized in
 consequence of measures "from above." It has already been said that
 very considerable progress had been made by the Spanish government
-from about 1860 onward, and was being made when the Tagálogs
+from about 1860 onward, and was being made when the Tagálogs
 appealed to arms in 1896. [87] It is also true that the stimulus
 to the Filipino reform propaganda came in considerable degree from
 the movements toward betterment of the government itself, and from
@@ -3263,8 +3227,8 @@ The administrative organism.--For present purposes, it almost suffices
 to refer simply to the List of the Library of Congress under the
 headings Finance, Law, Political and Social Economy, and to Pardo de
 Tavera's Biblioteca under the names of authors cited in the above List
-and the alphabetical headings Aranceles, Balanza, Boletín, Colección,
-Disposiciones, Exposición, Guía, Memoria, Proyectos (those of 1870 for
+and the alphabetical headings Aranceles, Balanza, Boletín, Colección,
+Disposiciones, Exposición, Guía, Memoria, Proyectos (those of 1870 for
 all sorts of reforms proposed after the Spanish Revolution of 1868),
 and Reglamentos. The bibliography of Colonization published by the
 Library of Congress, besides these special works on the Philippines,
@@ -3273,7 +3237,7 @@ general. [89] Of the compilations, annuals, etc., listed in these
 bibliographies, special attention may be directed to those cited
 under the names of Rodriguez San Pedro (to 1869) and Rodriguez Berriz
 (to 1888). The most complete reference work on Spanish legislation,
-executive regulations, etc., is the Colección legislativa de España,
+executive regulations, etc., is the Colección legislativa de España,
 and this work contains provisions enacted at Madrid with regard to
 the Philippines down to and including 1898. For the full official
 record, not only of enactments at Madrid, but of the forms under
@@ -3288,7 +3252,7 @@ it should be remarked that the governor-general had very wide, and
 in some respects not very exactly prescribed, powers, one of the most
 indefinite and sweeping of which was that requiring any general law or
 special provision of Madrid, before it actually acquired force in the
-Philippines, to be published with the governor-general's "cúmplase"
+Philippines, to be published with the governor-general's "cúmplase"
 ("let it go into effect"). This might be, and usually was, a mere
 formality; but it was capable of being used so as at least to postpone
 the execution of a legislative decree or ministerial order which was
@@ -3304,16 +3268,16 @@ dead letters in the Philippines. It is often important, therefore,
 to discover not only what was the law or regulation provided for the
 Philippines in Madrid, but how it was put into force in the islands,
 or if it actually took effect at all. For this purpose, the Official
-Guide of the Philippines (Guía de forasteros to 1865, Guía oficial
+Guide of the Philippines (Guía de forasteros to 1865, Guía oficial
 from 1879 to 1898) supplements in some respects the official gazette
 and the collection of Rodriguez Berriz. [90]
 
 Of surveys and summaries of Spanish administration in the Philippines
 listed in the Bibliography may be mentioned Cabezas de Herrera's
-Apuntes (1883) and Fabié's Ensayo histórico (Madrid, 1896), also
-José de la Rosa's La administración pública en Filipinas. [91] In the
+Apuntes (1883) and Fabié's Ensayo histórico (Madrid, 1896), also
+José de la Rosa's La administración pública en Filipinas. [91] In the
 compilation by Jesuit fathers published at Washington in 1900 under
-the title El archipiélago filipino, there is to be found in vol. i,
+the title El archipiélago filipino, there is to be found in vol. i,
 a survey of the governmental organization and the various activities
 of the government both under civil and ecclesiastical control. This
 is reproduced in English in vol. iv of Report of the Philippine
@@ -3328,7 +3292,7 @@ called the "Maura Law" after the Colonial Minister who promulgated
 it. [93] As put in force by Governor-General Blanco, however, it was
 somewhat altered and revised, and many of its more promising provisions
 for local autonomy had in most towns remained in reality dead letters
-up to the time when revolt broke out in the Tagálog provinces in
+up to the time when revolt broke out in the Tagálog provinces in
 1896; elections under the new law were suspended, and martial law
 established. For this law in its original text and as promulgated
 by Blanco, with regulations and model forms for the municipalities,
@@ -3342,7 +3306,7 @@ paper. To make it an effective machine, we must resort to personal
 testimony, occasional revelations thrown upon it by such of our
 writers as looked beyond mere routine, and perhaps most of all to the
 periodical literature of the times. [95] Few of the resident writers
-of the old régime thought it was quite patriotic, or would serve their
+of the old régime thought it was quite patriotic, or would serve their
 personal interests, to discuss matters as frankly, for example, as
 did Sancianco y Goson. [96] Testimony before the Schurman Commission
 (vol. ii of its report) in 1899 brings out, here and there, revelations
@@ -3419,7 +3383,7 @@ y Prieto [105] is also to be specially mentioned for the criminal
 law and procedure, 1880 to 1894, and also for an appendix containing
 circulars as to judicial fees of various sorts. For brief summaries in
 English of the old judicial organizations see Exhibit J of the Report
-of the Taft Philippine Commission, 1900, a résumé by Chief Justice
+of the Taft Philippine Commission, 1900, a résumé by Chief Justice
 Arellano, especially for a statement as to the conflict of laws and
 codes, old and new, and as to the relative degree of authority of
 these codes; and Census of the Philippine Islands (Washington, 1905),
@@ -3434,7 +3398,7 @@ here only to say that this is one of the lines along which, in recent
 years, Spanish administration was beginning to make progress. This
 was true, however, chiefly of forestry and mineralogy, and was due
 almost entirely to the Spanish officials Abella y Casariego, Centeno y
-García, and Sebastian Vidal y Soler, and to the stimulus of the work of
+García, and Sebastian Vidal y Soler, and to the stimulus of the work of
 foreign investigators, especially Germans. The work of the Jesuits in
 meteorology should also be specially mentioned. It will be noted that
 little headway was made in the matter most vital for the Philippines,
@@ -3465,7 +3429,7 @@ Moro Province since 1903 contain scattered data on Spanish relations
 with the Moros and also the hill tribes of Mindanao. Similarly, the
 reports and publications of the Philippine Ethnological Survey from
 1902 to date contain references to Spanish contact in recent years
-with the pagan peoples of Luzón, Mindoro, and Palawan. [112]
+with the pagan peoples of Luzón, Mindoro, and Palawan. [112]
 
 
 
@@ -3511,11 +3475,11 @@ The bitterness of tone, the intolerance and contempt of the Filipino,
 and the flaunting of "race superiority," which came to characterize
 the writings of the friars and their defenders in this period--and
 which played no small part in leading the Filipinos to the brink of
-separation--are shown to the full in the numbers of La Política de
-España en Filipinas, 1891-98. The purpose of this organ was to combat
-in Spain the program of those who would further liberalize the régime
+separation--are shown to the full in the numbers of La Política de
+España en Filipinas, 1891-98. The purpose of this organ was to combat
+in Spain the program of those who would further liberalize the régime
 of society and government in the Philippines. W. E. Retana, at first an
-associate editor with José Feced, was after 1895 its sole editor. Just
+associate editor with José Feced, was after 1895 its sole editor. Just
 what were the relations of the Madrid establishments of the Philippine
 religious orders with the business department of this periodical is not
 known; but it is admitted that "the friars helped by subscriptions"
@@ -3529,7 +3493,7 @@ period from 1863 on, may also be found quite typically set forth in
 a single volume of five hundred pages by a Philippine Augustinian,
 Padre Eladio Zamora (Las corporaciones religiosas en Filipinas,
 Valladolid, 1901). [114] Testimony given before Hon. William H. Taft
-in 1900 regarding the friars and their part in the old régime, by the
+in 1900 regarding the friars and their part in the old régime, by the
 Spanish archbishop and heads of the orders themselves as well as by
 Filipinos on the other side will be found in Senate Document no. 190,
 56th Congress, 2nd session.
@@ -3583,7 +3547,7 @@ its supplement El clero secular filipino, both published at Manila
 in 1900; while in connection with the visit of Delegate Chapelle, a
 campaign was being conducted for fuller recognition of the Filipino
 clergy by the Vatican. [117] Their claims are set forth in Memorial
-elevado á Sa Santidad El Papa León XIII por el Pueblo Filipino (Manila,
+elevado á Sa Santidad El Papa León XIII por el Pueblo Filipino (Manila,
 1900). [118] For the full exposition of the question, one must study
 it under the Filipino revolution against the United States and in
 the history of the Aglipay schism since 1903. [119]
@@ -3637,7 +3601,7 @@ upon expanding trade and commerce, were breathing in popular ideas
 of hostility to the friars in the more advanced rural districts, and
 were exchanging ideas, and imbibing in the exchange a new sentiment
 of nationality, when they met, in constantly increasing numbers,
-in the colleges and normal school at Manila, Tagálogs, Ilokanos,
+in the colleges and normal school at Manila, Tagálogs, Ilokanos,
 Bisayans and others of the hitherto separate communities. Regional
 feeling was still strong, but it was beginning to break down. [123]
 Those who went abroad for education soon began to propagate the idea,
@@ -3661,12 +3625,12 @@ we find the Filipinos formulating demands for the first time; and
 it is significant that they all centered about the friars. Under the
 liberal Governor-General Terrero, and with sympathetic Spaniards in
 the posts of secretary of the civil administration and civil governor
-of Manila, officers of some of the Tagálog towns ventured to display a
+of Manila, officers of some of the Tagálog towns ventured to display a
 sense of independence of the traditional friar-dictatorship in local
 affairs, even (in the case of Malolos and the Binondo district of
 Manila) to carry contests with the friars over the personal tax-lists
 before higher authority; the friars' tenants around Kalamba, where
-José Rizal's parents lived, challenged the administrator of that
+José Rizal's parents lived, challenged the administrator of that
 Dominican estate, and aired their protests publicly in 1887; [124]
 and in 1888 a public demonstration against the friars, and especially
 Archbishop Payo, took place in Manila, and a petition for the removal
@@ -3676,7 +3640,7 @@ regarding cemeteries and church funerals, contravening, on grounds
 of public health, long-standing practices of the friar-curates; and
 the friars, even the archbishop, had been almost openly intransigent
 about the matter, indicating the belief that they would soon upset
-this régime of affairs by the exercise of their power at Madrid. The
+this régime of affairs by the exercise of their power at Madrid. The
 demand on the part of some Spanish periodicals of Manila that the
 proposed government trade school should not be surrendered to the
 Augustinians was another indication of the current of the times. [125]
@@ -3684,7 +3648,7 @@ Augustinians was another indication of the current of the times. [125]
 In form at least, there was nothing in any of these demonstrations
 or representations which would not be perfectly legitimate under
 any free government. Yet, even before the expiration of Terrero's
-term, he was prevailed upon to send home Centeno y García, the civil
+term, he was prevailed upon to send home Centeno y García, the civil
 governor of Manila, and the processes of law had been set in action by
 judicial authority against some of the participants. And, even before
 the downfall of the Liberal ministry at Madrid, the mere display of
@@ -3703,7 +3667,7 @@ list a large number of names, both of members of the Filipino colonies
 abroad and of secret agitators and wealthy contributors at home. But
 the story must be developed from the various sources to be cited, and
 we are concerned here with those who figured most actively by their
-writings. Of these, Marcelo H. del Pilar and José Rizal were altogether
+writings. Of these, Marcelo H. del Pilar and José Rizal were altogether
 the most notable, their prominence indeed leading to the formation
 of factions about them and the display of those personal jealousies
 which wreck or threaten to wreck every Filipino movement. [128] It is
@@ -3712,14 +3676,14 @@ were, one may say, genuine "sons of the people" though associated with
 them were others who were sons of the half-caste aristocracy. It is
 significant also, that, though these two leaders Del Pilar and Rizal,
 came from Bulakan and Laguna provinces respectively, the heart of the
-more advanced communities of Tagálogs around Manila, yet the islands as
+more advanced communities of Tagálogs around Manila, yet the islands as
 a whole were beginning to be represented in the propaganda, notably by
 the Lunas, from Ilokos, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, a Bisayan. The latter
 started the first Filipino periodical of consequence, La Solidaridad,
 and published eighteen numbers of it at Barcelona up to October 31,
 1889, when Del Pilar took charge of it, transferred it to Madrid and
 edited it there as a fortnightly till 1895. It was face to face with
-La Política de España en Filipinas from 1891, and, as the latter
+La Política de España en Filipinas from 1891, and, as the latter
 is the chief source for the pro-friar and anti-liberal side of the
 controversy, so La Solidaridad, which circulated among the educated
 Filipinos in many parts of the archipelago despite the censorship,
@@ -3760,7 +3724,7 @@ by the failure to achieve greater immediate, practical results by
 relying upon the progress of Liberalism in Spain, after seven years
 of propaganda along these lines, was starting for Hongkong or Japan,
 to conduct there a really revolutionary campaign, when death overtook
-him shortly before the Tagálog revolt in 1896. He had, apparently,
+him shortly before the Tagálog revolt in 1896. He had, apparently,
 lost faith in the ideals of "assimilation," of Spanish-Filipino unity,
 which he had set forth in glowing phrases in 1888 and 1889. He had
 also, apparently, become convinced that the upper-class Filipinos,
@@ -3775,7 +3739,7 @@ Even in Noli me tangere, first published under his own eye at Berlin
 in 1887, when Rizal, at the age of twenty-six, was just fairly setting
 out in life, there are many evidences that the author, if he meant
 primarily to set before the world the backwardness of the existing
-social and political régime in the Philippines, its stifling of
+social and political régime in the Philippines, its stifling of
 thought, and its many tyrannies, had also in mind to set before his
 people, in some of his instantaneous photographs of Philippine life,
 their own defects. In El filibusterismo (Ghent, 1891), the more
@@ -3809,7 +3773,7 @@ some of Blumentritt's writings about Rizal and in his defense. [136]
 
 Masonry, Liga Filipina, etc.--In almost all the Spanish writings
 about the Philippine insurrection, especially those by friars, we find
-it ascribed primarily to "Franc-Masonería," the terrible bugaboo in
+it ascribed primarily to "Franc-Masonería," the terrible bugaboo in
 naming which the Spanish friar sums up in one word his notion of all
 that is pernicious in modern life since the French Revolution, and
 the chief cause of the loss by Spain of her American colonies. So,
@@ -3847,7 +3811,7 @@ August 2, 1888) and list all persons of whom "there may be indications
 enough to believe that they are affiliated," etc. (opening up thus
 a splendid opportunity for private denunciations). He is to use in
 this secret work only officials who are Peninsulars, never natives;
-so also he is to invite coöperation of "the parish-priests who belong
+so also he is to invite coöperation of "the parish-priests who belong
 to the religious orders." As to punishments, it is preferable to deport
 the "suspected," fixing their residence in the Moro country or Guam,
 rather than to exile them, as they would then join the colonies abroad
@@ -3863,7 +3827,7 @@ that the Liga Filipina was really separatist in character, and the
 prosecution deliberately based upon this charge the demand for Rizal's
 conviction in 1896. It remains unproved, and the statutes of the League
 as prepared by Rizal [140] entirely support his assertion that the
-design of the League was to foster coöperation among the Filipinos,
+design of the League was to foster coöperation among the Filipinos,
 to "raise the arts and sciences," and develop Filipino commercial and
 economic interests generally. The organization was a fraternal society,
 in effect, the aim being to bring Filipinos closer together in a
@@ -3887,10 +3851,10 @@ property) had become discouraged and faint-hearted. The deportation
 of Rizal had its effect in 1892, and the local government reforms of
 1893-94 were followed by a reactionary government in Spain which might
 nullify even such concessions, in the face of the constant demand for a
-check upon the half-liberal régime of Blanco. Some of the middle-class
+check upon the half-liberal régime of Blanco. Some of the middle-class
 leaders of Manila, who had been drawn into the Masonic movement, had
 decided that the time had come to organize the masses, at least in the
-Tagálog provinces. Andrés Bonifacio, an employe of a foreign business
+Tagálog provinces. Andrés Bonifacio, an employe of a foreign business
 house in Manila, was the leading spirit; gathering his ideas of modern
 reform from reading Spanish treatises on the French Revolution, he had
 imbibed also a notion that the methods of the mob in Paris were those
@@ -3904,7 +3868,7 @@ of resentment toward the wealthy, upper-class Filipinos, the landed
 proprietors in general, as well as toward the friar landlords and
 the whole fabric of government and society resting on them. Summing
 up all the evidence he has been able to obtain on the Katipunan, the
-writer agrees with Felipe G. Calderón, a Filipino, in his opinion
+writer agrees with Felipe G. Calderón, a Filipino, in his opinion
 [141] that its socialistic character negatives the assertion of
 the Spanish writers that the upper-class Filipinos were its real
 supporters and directors, working in the background; and that, while
@@ -3913,7 +3877,7 @@ of Spanish rule by Filipino rule, yet it was without any political
 program, properly speaking, and there was merely a crude idea in
 the minds of the masses that they were somehow going to shake off
 their masters, get rid of the whites, and divide up the big estates
-not only of the friars but of Filipino landholders as well. Calderón
+not only of the friars but of Filipino landholders as well. Calderón
 does not discuss the alleged plan of the Katipunan to assassinate the
 whites, especially the friars. It is certain that such bloodthirsty
 ideas were in the minds of some of the leaders; but the more direct
@@ -3925,7 +3889,7 @@ actual revelations as to the importance of the organization, character
 of its leaders, number of its followers, and extent of its operations,
 would have made the whole affair somewhat ridiculous, had it not been
 represented that behind this humble organization of perhaps forty
-thousand initiates in the Tagálog towns there was a great program for
+thousand initiates in the Tagálog towns there was a great program for
 setting up an independent government and that the upper-class Filipinos
 were simply using this organization as a stalking-horse. The truth
 appears to be that, while these over-important Katipunan leaders
@@ -3937,7 +3901,7 @@ was mostly talk even up to the time when an Augustinian curate in
 Manila made himself the hero of the rabid Spanish element in Manila by
 "exposing" an organization about which the governmental authorities
 had had partial information for some weeks, or even months. Bonifacio
-started this separate organization in 1894, but Calderón seems to be
+started this separate organization in 1894, but Calderón seems to be
 correct in saying that work in the towns outside of Manila was only
 begun in the spring of 1896. The humble followers were assured that
 the Japanese government would help them oust Spain, and that rifles
@@ -4029,7 +3993,7 @@ Evidence as to the "reign of terror" that was inaugurated in Manila may
 be drawn from the Spanish treatises to be cited, wherein the episode
 is recited with gusto. The Spanish press of Manila for 1896-98;
 also that of Spain, especially Philippine letters of 1896-98 in La
-Política de España en Filipinas, El Heraldo, El Imparcial and El
+Política de España en Filipinas, El Heraldo, El Imparcial and El
 Correo of Madrid, furnished the original source of information for
 these writers, and should be used to supplement this history of the
 insurrection. Transcriptions of testimony taken by the special court
@@ -4049,19 +4013,19 @@ on the state of Cavite during insurgent control of the province,
 the insurgent organization, etc. [152]
 
 The Spanish treatises and pamphlets on the insurrection are: [153]
-José M. del Castillo y Jimenez, El Katipunan, ó el Filibusterismo
+José M. del Castillo y Jimenez, El Katipunan, ó el Filibusterismo
 en Filipinas (Madrid, 1897). Partial accounts of events of 1896-97;
 already characterized as rabid and cheaply patriotic.
 
 Ricardo Monet y Carretero, Comandancia general de Panay y
-Negros. Alteraciones de órden público ... desde Octubre de 1896 á
+Negros. Alteraciones de órden público ... desde Octubre de 1896 á
 Marzo de 1897 (Iloilo, 1897). Mostly official proclamations, etc.,
 by the author as commander in the western district of Bisayas,
 regarding disturbances there and symptoms of a tendency to revolt.
 
-E. Reverter y Delmas.--Filipinos por España. Narración episódica de la
-rebelión en el archipiélago Filipino (Barcelona, 1897); 2 vols. The
-title of a later edition is La insurrección de Filipinas. Known to
+E. Reverter y Delmas.--Filipinos por España. Narración episódica de la
+rebelión en el archipiélago Filipino (Barcelona, 1897); 2 vols. The
+title of a later edition is La insurrección de Filipinas. Known to
 the writer only by title. [154]
 
 Enrique Abella y Casariego, Filipinas (Madrid, 1898). More temperate
@@ -4069,19 +4033,19 @@ than most other Spanish writings. Treats of the development of the
 insurrection, and of the course of events under Blanco, Polavieja,
 and Primo de Rivera.
 
-Federico de Monteverde y Sedano, Campaña de Filipinas, La división
+Federico de Monteverde y Sedano, Campaña de Filipinas, La división
 Lachambre. 1897 (Madrid, 1898.) Excellent account of the campaign
 of Polavieja by his aide; somewhat grandiloquent, considering the
 comparative insignificance of the military operations themselves.
 
 Les Philippines et l'insurrection de 1896-1897 (Paris, 1899); a
-thirty-nine-page reprint from Revue militaire de l'étranger.
+thirty-nine-page reprint from Revue militaire de l'étranger.
 
-L. Aycart--La campaña de Filipinas. Recuerdos é impresiones de
-un médico militar (Madrid, 1900). Contains some charts and some
+L. Aycart--La campaña de Filipinas. Recuerdos é impresiones de
+un médico militar (Madrid, 1900). Contains some charts and some
 interesting data on the military campaign as such.
 
-Manuel Sastrón--La insurrección en Filipinas y guerra hispano-americana
+Manuel Sastrón--La insurrección en Filipinas y guerra hispano-americana
 (Madrid, 1901). [155] Written by a Spanish official in Manila during
 this time, and composed of accounts and documents drawn mainly from
 the press of Manila. It is, however, the most useful arsenal of data.
@@ -4089,16 +4053,16 @@ the press of Manila. It is, however, the most useful arsenal of data.
 Major John S. Mallory--The Philippine Insurrection, 1896-1898
 (appendix viii to report of Major-General G. W. Davis, commanding
 the division of the Philippines, in Report of War Department, 1903,
-vol. 3, pp. 399-425). A non-critical compilation, mostly from Sastrón
+vol. 3, pp. 399-425). A non-critical compilation, mostly from Sastrón
 and Monteverde y Sedano. It is, however, by far the best review
 of the 1896-97 insurrection as such that is available in English,
 and is a fairly satisfactory account for one who cannot consult the
 Spanish sources. Far better than Foreman's account.
 
-M. Arroyo Vea-Murguía--Defensa del sitio de Naic (Filipinas). Antes
+M. Arroyo Vea-Murguía--Defensa del sitio de Naic (Filipinas). Antes
 y despues. (Madrid, 1904.) Of little value.
 
-The Pact of Biak-na-bató.--Purposely, the word "treaty," so often
+The Pact of Biak-na-bató.--Purposely, the word "treaty," so often
 applied to this transaction, is here avoided; for, apart from
 technical objections to a word that applies to agreements between
 sovereign powers, this was no treaty in any sense of the word. There
@@ -4152,11 +4116,11 @@ idea of at least some of the insurgent leaders that the money was
 to be divided between them is shown by a protest signed by eight
 of those who remained behind to secure the surrender of more arms
 than the paltry number of two hundred and twenty-five turned over at
-Biak-na-bató, appealing to Primo de Rivera for "their share." [162]
+Biak-na-bató, appealing to Primo de Rivera for "their share." [162]
 The latter says he turned over to these men and Paterno the 200,000
 pesos of the second payment (the actual disposition of which is
 unknown [163]); and that he turned over the remaining 200,000 pesos
-to Governor-General Augustín in April, 1898, when it was evident that
+to Governor-General Augustín in April, 1898, when it was evident that
 peace had not been assured, after all. As to the remaining 900,000
 pesos which Primo de Rivera had authority to pay, but which did not
 appear in the final contract, Primo de Rivera says (pp. 133, 134)
@@ -4170,7 +4134,7 @@ it is to be said that they had kept the money practically intact,
 for use in a possible future insurrection, until they spent some of
 it for arms after Commodore Dewey's victory in Manila Bay. [165]
 Nor are we able to say categorically that Aguinaldo and the other
-leaders in Biak-na-bató were not led to believe that specific reforms
+leaders in Biak-na-bató were not led to believe that specific reforms
 had been promised verbally by Primo de Rivera in the name of his
 government; Aguinaldo and Paterno could clear up that matter, but
 neither speaks. Just what informal discussion of this subject there
@@ -4180,7 +4144,7 @@ permitted Paterno to lay before the insurgents the fact that he was
 making recommendations on this line, and to hold out the expectation
 of results, once he was not confronted with armed rebellion. [166] He
 declares that a scheme of Philippine reform, covering also the friar
-question, had been drawn up and agreed upon, when Premier Cánovas
+question, had been drawn up and agreed upon, when Premier Cánovas
 was assassinated and the Conservatives soon after fell from power;
 but he does not tell us what were the reforms as to the friars. Primo
 de Rivera continued to give his ideas as to the need for reform in
@@ -4200,7 +4164,7 @@ apparent from the press of the time. [169] The Liberal press of Madrid
 and Barcelona was also actively agitating reform for the Philippines,
 and Spanish Liberals and Filipinos addressed petitions on the subject
 to the government at Madrid. [170] The general belief at Manila was
-also that some sort of promise of reforms had passed at Biak-na-bató,
+also that some sort of promise of reforms had passed at Biak-na-bató,
 even that it included the gradual withdrawal of the friars. [171] That
 the religious orders themselves knew that they were the storm-center
 is sufficiently shown by the Memorial of April 21, 1898, reproduced
@@ -4309,13 +4273,13 @@ developed ideas and aspirations quite beyond the early crude dreams
 of its leaders; they were really surprised at their own (temporary)
 success, and emboldened thereby. [175] Even after the loss of Cavite,
 when the revolutionists were hemmed in and hiding in the Bulakan
-Mountains, they put forward, in an "Assembly" at Biak-na-bató, a more
+Mountains, they put forward, in an "Assembly" at Biak-na-bató, a more
 comprehensive and ambitious political program (a Filipino Republic,
 in short) than had ever before been drawn up by Filipinos. [176]
 We know also that no small part was played by the "reign of terror"
 in turning even the moderate Filipinos against Spanish rule as an
 entirety. We should be far from the truth if we should say that
-this Tagálog rebellion, and the demonstrations of sympathy with
+this Tagálog rebellion, and the demonstrations of sympathy with
 it in other provinces, brought the Filipino people together in a
 unanimous sentiment for independence. That it did greatly stimulate
 this feeling is certain. He would be a bold man who would now assert
@@ -4337,7 +4301,7 @@ the whole country, above all of the most sober-thinking Filipinos.
 EVENTS IN FILIPINAS, 1841-1872
 
 
-This period, opening with the coming of Governor Marcelino de Oraá
+This period, opening with the coming of Governor Marcelino de Oraá
 Lecumberri, and closing during the governorship of Rafael de Izquierdo
 y Gutierrez, is one of the most important and critical in the history
 of the Philippines. It witnessed the insurrection of Tayabas (1841)
@@ -4346,7 +4310,7 @@ under the leadership of Apolinario de la Cruz (q.v., ante, pp. 92,
 Spaniards gained great advantage; approval for the Spanish-Filipino
 bank, August 1, 1851, with a capital stock of 400,000 pesos, and
 2,000 shares of 200 pesos each, of which 1,000 shares were to be
-acquired by the obras pías and 1,000 were open to the public (the
+acquired by the obras pías and 1,000 were open to the public (the
 bank beginning operation in 1852); the reinstatement of the Jesuits
 (October 19, 1852; although the first band did not arrive until the
 middle of 1859), whereby education was given a slightly freer movement;
@@ -4413,11 +4377,11 @@ the religious orders to alienate their property. A decree of June 20,
 1849 gave the Recollects charge of the island of Negros, and they did
 considerable work there and developed the island somewhat, although
 they but built on previous efforts, and did not accomplish as much
-as has been claimed. The reëstablished Society of Jesus was given
+as has been claimed. The reëstablished Society of Jesus was given
 control of the mission work of Mindanao in 1861. The suppression of
 the house of St. John of God in Manila and the establishment of the
 Sisters of Charity were asked from the pope in 1852, at the time
-of the reëstablishment of the Jesuits. The conciliar seminaries
+of the reëstablishment of the Jesuits. The conciliar seminaries
 were given into charge of the Fathers of St. Vincent de Paul on
 their establishment in the islands. The Franciscans were allowed
 to maintain a college in Spain for the training of missionaries for
@@ -4442,7 +4406,7 @@ smoking of opium by Chinese and natives. Discontent in the native
 body is seen in the revolts of native soldiers and police. It was
 forbidden to carry arms without a license. The lottery established
 in 1850 had a bad influence. The vaccination board established at
-Manila and the leper hospital established in 1850 at Cebú, were on
+Manila and the leper hospital established in 1850 at Cebú, were on
 the other hand good measures, but were not welcomed so heartily as the
 lottery. The surreptitious introduction and circulation of books and
 plays caused the government in 1854 to attempt to regulate the book
@@ -4766,7 +4730,7 @@ members are present and one of the authorities.
 safeguard of the Liga Filipina, and if for any cause or other the
 other Councils are dissolved or disappear, each Council, each Chief,
 each member, shall take upon himself the mission of reorganizing and
-reëstablishing them. [178]
+reëstablishing them. [178]
 
 
 
@@ -4788,7 +4752,7 @@ the first instant, to be transmitted officially to your Excellency,
 and which has been done by the said superior authority, as he has
 condescended to inform us, have the honor of presenting this exposition
 to his Majesty, King Don Alfonso XIII (whom may God preserve), and in
-his royal name, to her Majesty, the queen regent, Doña María Cristina,
+his royal name, to her Majesty, the queen regent, Doña María Cristina,
 to the president and members [vocales] of the Council of Ministers
 of the Crown [Ministros de la Corona], [180] and most especially to
 your Excellency, as minister of the colonies. We send it directly to
@@ -4806,14 +4770,14 @@ and to all the authorities of the fatherland, to whom we have always
 considered it an honor to keep ourselves subject and obedient, by
 the law of conscience, which is the strongest human bond, endeavoring
 continually and in all earthly things, from our respective sphere of
-action, to coöperate with every class of endeavor for the maintenance
+action, to coöperate with every class of endeavor for the maintenance
 of public order in Filipinas, for its legitimate and holy progress,
 for the development of its intellectual and even material interests;
 and, in a very special manner, for the propagation and conservation
 of the divine teachings of Catholicism, for the encouragement of
 good morals, and for the security of the moral prestige, the only
 force which has been until now the great bond of union between these
-beautiful lands and their dear mother the mother-country [metrópoli].
+beautiful lands and their dear mother the mother-country [metrópoli].
 
 Motive for this exposition. Truly, your Excellency, if extremely
 troublesome circumstances, by which Spanish authority in the
@@ -4831,7 +4795,7 @@ that we meddle with the temporal government of these islands.
 But now the hour is come, when, as loyal patriots and constant
 supporters of Spanish authority in Filipinas, we must break that
 silence, in order that one may never with reason repeat of us, either
-as religious or as subjects of España, that terrible accusation of the
+as religious or as subjects of España, that terrible accusation of the
 prophet, canes muti non valentes latrare. [181] The hour is come, also,
 when we must emerge in defense of our honor, atrociously blemished in
 many ways, of our prestige that has been trampled upon, of our holy
@@ -4953,7 +4917,7 @@ diatribes and reproaches would vanish at last as a summer cloud formed
 by the effluvia cast off from the forges of masonry and filibusterism.
 
 But instead of being dissipated the storm appears to be increasing
-daily. The treaty of Biac-na-bató [183] has again placed in the
+daily. The treaty of Biac-na-bató [183] has again placed in the
 mouth of many the crafty assertion, made now by the rebel leaders
 that the institutes of the regulars have been the only cause of the
 insurrection. The secret society [184] of the Katipunan, which is
@@ -4978,7 +4942,7 @@ impunity insult and mock us, as if in downright truth we were old
 and decayed entities whose decadence is the last symptom of death.
 
 Prius mori, quam foedari, [186] said the ancients; and the most
-loyal Maccabæans, "It is better to die in the battle than to
+loyal Maccabæans, "It is better to die in the battle than to
 see the extermination of our nation and of the sanctuary." [187]
 As long as the corporations exist, they will glory, as they ought,
 in repeating with St. Paul: "Quamdiu sum Apostolus, ministerium meum
@@ -5086,8 +5050,8 @@ defame the religious and to impute to them all sorts of crimes."
 That, your Excellency, is the watchword that has been given to
 all the filibusters, and to all who will procure the emancipation
 of the country in one way or another, for their separatist ends,
-and especially since the treaty of Biac-na-bató. "There is nothing
-against España, nothing against the king, nothing against the army,
+and especially since the treaty of Biac-na-bató. "There is nothing
+against España, nothing against the king, nothing against the army,
 nothing against the Spanish administration: say if you have seized
 arms that it has been exclusively because of the abuses of the clergy,
 that you were not attempting separation from the mother-country;
@@ -5102,15 +5066,15 @@ through coveting those liberties. The multitude of lay Spaniards of
 every class and profession sacrificed; the countless natives killed or
 harassed in innumerable ways, because of their unswerving loyalty to
 the fatherland; the cries of 'Death to the Castilas!' and 'Long live
-the Tagálogs!' the stamps of a Tagálog republic, a Filipino republic,
+the Tagálogs!' the stamps of a Tagálog republic, a Filipino republic,
 [193] an army of freedom; the speeches and circulars of the assembly
 or supreme council; the fiery Katipunan constitution written in
-characters of a mysterious key, and that written at Biac-na-bató;
+characters of a mysterious key, and that written at Biac-na-bató;
 and in their style, an infinite number of deeds and documents, many
 of them very recent, which even to satiety evidently demonstrate the
 anti-Spanish and separatist character of the insurrection: all that
 we shall now conceal by crying 'Down with the friars!' 'Long live
-democratic liberties!' 'Long live España!' and with those cries are
+democratic liberties!' 'Long live España!' and with those cries are
 we certain of being heard, and in that way shall we be able to more
 easily attain the final goal of our desires."
 
@@ -5136,7 +5100,7 @@ the success of the same.
 Their real purposes. Does not this show, your Excellency, that,
 in talking of the supposed or enormously exaggerated abuses of the
 clergy, they are not moved by love of justice and morality, and much
-less by love for España? What then, do they not recognize that for one
+less by love for España? What then, do they not recognize that for one
 religious who has committed abuses, it is to be surmised, from their
 employment, that there have been many more laymen in proportion (and
 let it be clear that we accuse no one, and least of all the worthy
@@ -5272,7 +5236,7 @@ solid education that they have received. It is known that very few
 of the great number of students that attend our lecture halls, and
 of the not few graduates that are scattered throughout the islands,
 have taken part in the rebellion; and that the vast majority of them
-have kept loyal to España, in fulfilment of the oath that they took
+have kept loyal to España, in fulfilment of the oath that they took
 on receiving the investiture of their professions. But what happens
 in the old world with the apprentices of free thought happens here:
 all those modestly call themselves intelligent who think that they
@@ -5388,7 +5352,7 @@ several years ago, every separatist idea, every rebel tendency in the
 country, which was enjoying the most enviable peace and felt respect to
 authority with the same unreflecting, although patent and holy, force,
 with which domestic authority in all parts is obeyed and respected,
-was exotic and an anachronism. Then was submission to España and
+was exotic and an anachronism. Then was submission to España and
 subordination to all authority an element truly social, rendered
 incarnate by the religious in the mass of the Filipino population,
 which neither dreamed, yea, your Excellency, neither dreamed of ideas
@@ -5399,7 +5363,7 @@ country. The public force of the cuadrilleros and of the guardia civil
 check and restrain thieves and tulisanes; [203] while every one thought
 that the wretched army then in the archipelago had no other object than
 to combat Mindanaos and Joloans, and to be ready for any conflict with
-the neighboring powers. España was able to be sure of its dominion
+the neighboring powers. España was able to be sure of its dominion
 here, and to live so carelessly, with respect to political movements
 as in the most retired village of the Peninsula. All authority was
 obeyed, was respected, by conscience, by education, by tradition,
@@ -5411,7 +5375,7 @@ to God, which, represented in the powers of the fatherland, all felt
 and practiced, not conceiving even the possibility of rebellions
 and insurrections. Thus had they been taught by the religious, who
 always unite the names of God and His Church with the names of their
-king and of España. Consequently, by bonds of conscience, did all the
+king and of España. Consequently, by bonds of conscience, did all the
 archipelago love and obey him, and no one thought then of political
 liberties, nor in lifting yokes that existed for no one.
 
@@ -5474,7 +5438,7 @@ synthetical cause that we have expressed.
 
 No one is unaware that the chief of all those partial phases and
 factors of the social disorganization of the archipelago has been
-masonry. The Asociación Hispano-Filipina of Madrid was masonic. Those
+masonry. The Asociación Hispano-Filipina of Madrid was masonic. Those
 who encouraged the Filipinos in their campaign against the clergy
 and against the peninsulars here resident, were masons in almost
 their totality. Those who authorized the installation of lodges in
@@ -5502,7 +5466,7 @@ father and shepherd of their souls and their friend and enthusiastic
 defender, but a vile exploiter, and that the peninsular here is no
 more than a trader constituted with greater or less authority and
 rank, that they should madly and illegally have imagined that they
-could easily separate from España and aspire to self-government?
+could easily separate from España and aspire to self-government?
 
 Gloomy situation of the archipelago and omens of its future. We
 shall not insist, your Excellency, on this order of consideration,
@@ -5530,16 +5494,16 @@ for if the Katipunan was six months ago relegated to the hills of
 Laguna and Bulacan among the rebel leaders who were fugitive there,
 or was dragging out a shameful existence in certain villages that were
 in communication with the insurgents, today the plague has spread. For
-the ones pardoned at Biac-na-bató, breaking the promise given to
+the ones pardoned at Biac-na-bató, breaking the promise given to
 the gallant and energetic marquis de Estella, [205] obedient to the
 watchword received, have spread through the central provinces; and by
 using threats and terrible punishments, which have no precedents in the
 pages of history, nor even of the novel, have succeeded in attracting
 to their ranks a great number of Indians, even in villages which gave
 eloquent proof of loyalty to the holy cause of the Spanish fatherland
-before the submission of Biac-na-bató. They have also succeeded in
-establishing themselves in Cápiz and in other points of the Visayas:
-and indeed the movement of Zambales, of Pangasinan, of Ilocos, of Cebú,
+before the submission of Biac-na-bató. They have also succeeded in
+establishing themselves in Cápiz and in other points of the Visayas:
+and indeed the movement of Zambales, of Pangasinan, of Ilocos, of Cebú,
 and of the Katipunans, are at present open in Manila.
 
 The thought of what may happen to this beautiful country at any
@@ -5548,12 +5512,12 @@ fanaticism may go, exploiting the suggestibility of this race and
 their weak brain by the deeds that they are heralding, brought to a
 head by them, in regard to the army, whose increase in the proportion
 that would be necessary to establish a complete military situation,
-they know to be impossible; by the published exemption from the cédula
+they know to be impossible; by the published exemption from the cédula
 [206] and other tributes; by the supposed immunity of amulets, called
 anting-anting; by the illusion that none but Indians will hold office,
 and that the alcaldes and generals will be from their ranks; by the
 remembrance that money and confidence were given to the rebels of
-Cavité, Bulacan, and other points; by the news that their partisans
+Cavité, Bulacan, and other points; by the news that their partisans
 were sending them from Madrid and Hong-kong; by the example of goodly
 numbers of peninsulars, who are not on their guard against showing
 their hostility to the religious, in order by that manner to procure
@@ -5657,7 +5621,7 @@ toto and in solido the mission of the religious corporations, so that
 they may be fruitful in the proportion that these inhabitants demand,
 who are still affectionate to the faith and to civilization, and so
 that the natives may be strengthened in the solid conviction that
-they are obliged to obey and respect España, their true fatherland in
+they are obliged to obey and respect España, their true fatherland in
 the social and civic order, by bonds of conscience and not by human
 considerations which are always unstable and shifting.
 
@@ -5709,7 +5673,7 @@ that may be occasioned by so far-reaching a measure.
 We have come to the islands to preach and to preserve the Christian
 faith, and to instruct these natives with the celestial food of the
 sacraments and the maxims of the gospel; to prove that the principal
-intent of España, on incorporating this territory with its crown,
+intent of España, on incorporating this territory with its crown,
 was to christianize and civilize the natives. We have not come to
 become alcaldes, governors, judges, military men, agriculturists,
 tradesmen, or merchants; although the concord and fast union that
@@ -5728,7 +5692,7 @@ less direct, between the public authorities and the mass of the
 Filipino population. It does not belong to us to demonstrate that,
 for well does the history of this archipelago show it, and it is
 being told in eloquent, although tragic voices by the present fact,
-with the deplorable consequences that España is feeling, and to which
+with the deplorable consequences that España is feeling, and to which
 it has been guided by a senseless and suicidal propaganda against
 the religious orders. What we have to say at present is, that if the
 civil authority be not most diligently attentive to the maintenance,
@@ -5742,7 +5706,7 @@ the peninsula and the archipelago; if it do not prosecute the secret
 societies with the firmness of a foreseeing government; if it do
 not cause us to be respected and held as our quality as priests and
 Spanish corporations demand, in public and in private, in all the
-spheres of the social order, in whatever concerns España and its
+spheres of the social order, in whatever concerns España and its
 agents, repelling every project that in one way or another attempts
 to remove our prestige and to lessen our reputation, hindering the
 fruit of our labors: there is no suitable and meritorious way--and we
@@ -5772,8 +5736,8 @@ true and the good, and to the original laws of the Church, freedom of
 worship, and the other fatal and false liberties that are the offspring
 of the thought, of the press, and of association, which certain men
 are trying to bring to this archipelago, and which conflict with the
-most rudimentary duties of the patronage that España exercises here,
-as is clearly set forth in various places in the Recopilación de
+most rudimentary duties of the patronage that España exercises here,
+as is clearly set forth in various places in the Recopilación de
 Indias. In like manner do we repel, inasmuch as it contradicts the
 rights of the Church, the pretended secularization of education, in
 accordance with what we are taught in propositions 45, 47, and 48,
@@ -5877,7 +5841,7 @@ manner, or, on the contrary, that the latter continue discharging
 their actual duties, without the least diminution of the jurisdiction
 of their respective regular prelates.
 
-España's obligation to send ministers of the Catholic religion to these
+España's obligation to send ministers of the Catholic religion to these
 islands and to solidly guaranty that religion. Such a thing will not
 happen finally, for the government of the country can never forget
 (regarding this point and the others with which the present exposition
@@ -5900,16 +5864,16 @@ natives may be converted and conserved in the knowledge of God our
 Lord, the honor and praise of his holy name, so that, we fulfilling
 this duty which so tightly binds us and which we so desire to satisfy,
 the members of the said Council may discharge their consciences,
-since we have discharged ours with them." (Law i, tít. i, book ii
-and law viii, tít. ii, book ii of Recopilación de Indias.)
+since we have discharged ours with them." (Law i, tít. i, book ii
+and law viii, tít. ii, book ii of Recopilación de Indias.)
 
 The Council of Ministers together with the ministry of the colonies
 [210] has been substituted for the Council of Indias, of whose devotion
 and zeal in fulfilling the fundamental duties of their trust, we
 cannot harbor the least doubt.
 
-Very expressive also to the question in hand is law lxv, tít. xiv,
-book i of the same Recopilación. "We order the viceroys, presidents,
+Very expressive also to the question in hand is law lxv, tít. xiv,
+book i of the same Recopilación. "We order the viceroys, presidents,
 auditors, governors, and other justices of the Indias, to give all
 the protection necessary for that service to the religious of the
 orders resident in those provinces and occupied in the conversion
@@ -5918,7 +5882,7 @@ God has been, and is, served, and the natives much benefited, and to
 honor them greatly, and encourage them to continue, and do the same,
 and more, if possible, as we expect from their persons and goodness."
 
-Words of the instructions to Legaspi; of the laws of Partìdas;
+Words of the instructions to Legaspi; of the laws of Partìdas;
 [211] of Felipe II. Thus was it commanded scores of times to the
 authorities of these islands, and in harmony with that legislation,
 in the instructions to the great Legaspi, it is expressly stated:
@@ -5937,11 +5901,11 @@ in whatever district, you shall take particular care to aid the said
 religious ... so that, having learned the language, they may labor
 to bring the natives to the knowledge of our holy Catholic faith,
 convert them to it, and reduce them to the obedience and friendship
-of his Majesty." (Colec. de Doc. Inéd. de Ultramar, ii, p. 188.) [212]
+of his Majesty." (Colec. de Doc. Inéd. de Ultramar, ii, p. 188.) [212]
 
 That is the genuinely Spanish spirit, the glory of the human race,
 and especially of Christianity, which caused our legislators to write
-in the Partidas (Partida i, tít. vi, law lxii, and tít. xi): "Laymen
+in the Partidas (Partida i, tít. vi, law lxii, and tít. xi): "Laymen
 must honor and regard the clergy greatly, each one according to his
 rank and his dignity: firstly, because they are mediators between God
 and them; secondly, because by honoring them, they honor Holy Church,
@@ -5958,7 +5922,7 @@ he answered those who proposed to him the abandonment of these islands,
 in consideration of the few resources that the public treasury derived
 from them: "For the conversion of only one soul of those there,
 I would give all the treasures of the Indias, and were they not
-sufficient I would give most willingly whatever España yields. Under
+sufficient I would give most willingly whatever España yields. Under
 no consideration shall I abandon or discontinue to send preachers and
 ministers to give the light of the holy gospel to all and whatever
 provinces may be discovered, however poor, rude, and barren they may
@@ -5974,7 +5938,7 @@ be most prosecuted in Filipinas, and against which the government
 should prove especially active, are offenses against religion and
 against ecclesiastical persons, as such offenses are those which
 wound the greatest social welfare, and are most directly opposed to
-the fundamental obligation that España contracted on incorporating
+the fundamental obligation that España contracted on incorporating
 these islands with its crown. Hence, masonry, an anti-Catholic and
 anti-national society, ought not to be permitted, but punished
 severely; every propaganda against the dogmas, precepts, and
@@ -6117,11 +6081,11 @@ guaranties that these inhabitants far from seeing, as unfortunately
 they have not a few times seen, that he is despised and humbled,
 be daily more fortified in the traditional idea that their cura or
 missionary is, at once the minister of God and the representative
-of España, a lofty idea that has redounded, and redounds, so greatly
+of España, a lofty idea that has redounded, and redounds, so greatly
 to the favor of the mother-country, and says so much in honor of all
 the Spanish entities.
 
-We came to the archipelago through our love to religion and España,
+We came to the archipelago through our love to religion and España,
 and have remained in it more than three centuries, ready to continue
 here so long as conscience does not dictate the contrary to us. Gross
 temporal considerations do not move us, nor sentiments of pride and
@@ -6138,7 +6102,7 @@ sufficiently near it, and has cost us many victims, snatching away our
 dearest brethren from us, some treacherously assassinated and others
 immolated by reckless mobs seduced by filibusters and masons. And
 although this sad sacrifice has seemingly not been bewailed and
-appreciated, as perhaps it ought to be by the loyal sons of España,
+appreciated, as perhaps it ought to be by the loyal sons of España,
 we trust that God, the compassionate and generous remunerator of every
 good deed, will in His infinite mercy, receive it as a propitiation
 for the evils of this unfortunate country, and will have rewarded
@@ -6213,7 +6177,7 @@ and which has already unfortunately occurred, without, perhaps, their
 having even the consolation that those sacrifices are appreciated.
 
 If we religious are to continue to be of use in the islands to religion
-and España, no one can have any doubt that it must be by thoroughly
+and España, no one can have any doubt that it must be by thoroughly
 guarantying our persons, our prestige, and our ministry, it must be by
 knowing that the fatherland appreciates and treats us as its sons, and
 that it must not abandon us as an object of derision to our enemies,
@@ -6225,13 +6189,13 @@ and perhaps, abandoned and despised by those who ought to protect
 and esteem us.
 
 That is the extremely gloomy and graceless situation in which the
-orders find themselves, especially since the beginning of the Tagárog
+orders find themselves, especially since the beginning of the Tagárog
 insurrection, and above all, since the extension of the Katipunan,
 a situation that threatens to become worse, if the government becomes
 the echo of the filibusters, of the masons, of the radical elements,
 which, it seems, have conspired together to give the finishing stroke
 to the great social-religious edifice, raised in these islands by
-Catholic España.
+Catholic España.
 
 By that no one should be surprised that we religious, placed in so
 imminent a peril, desirous of not offering abstracts to the policy of
@@ -6281,9 +6245,9 @@ Fray Gilberto Martin, commissary-provincial of the Franciscans.
 
 Fray Francisco Ayarra, provincial of the Recollects.
 
-Fray Cándido Garcia Valles, vice-provincial of the Dominicans.
+Fray Cándido Garcia Valles, vice-provincial of the Dominicans.
 
-Pio Pí, S.J., superior of the mission of the Society of Jesus.
+Pio Pí, S.J., superior of the mission of the Society of Jesus.
 
 Notice. Because of the impossibility, due to the length of this
 exposition, of drawing up the copies necessary for the archives of
@@ -6613,7 +6577,7 @@ it to the supreme government. The said reverend prelates shall also be
 notified that this supreme government expects--from their well-known
 zeal and love for their flocks, and because they have resigned all
 else for the greater service of God and of the king--that they will
-coöperate by their utterances and with their effective persuasions in
+coöperate by their utterances and with their effective persuasions in
 fulfilling by all means the desires and intentions of the governor,
 who considers himself under the strictest obligation to issue this
 ordinance, and to command that it be carried out until his Majesty
@@ -6676,13 +6640,13 @@ not, for various reasons. At present very few persons are familiar
 with the legislation regarding the unused crown land, which consists
 of numberless single decrees forming a casuistical, disconnected,
 complicated, and confused mass.... By a royal order of 1857, the first
-offer for untilled crown lands was fixed at fifty dollars a quiñon;
+offer for untilled crown lands was fixed at fifty dollars a quiñon;
 and the concession could not be secured without a previous public
 auction. From that time private persons held aloof from such demands;
 to the former evils are added the high price, and the danger of being
 outbidden in the auction, and thus of losing one's trouble and expense
 for the examination of the lands. In 1859 the decree was modified, and
-the former price of four reals a quiñon as first offer was established;
+the former price of four reals a quiñon as first offer was established;
 but this decree is not yet published.
 
 In order that capital may flow into agriculture--without which that
@@ -6703,8 +6667,8 @@ as even the abandonment of his rights. Unless the alcalde is active
 and shows good-will, the planters usually prefer not to press their
 claims; they endure the loss, and many are thus induced to abandon
 their enterprises. This cancer on agriculture will disappear as soon
-as every Indian possesses a certificate of citizenship [Bürgerbrief;
-Spanish, cédula de vecindad]. If one weathers the first year, storms,
+as every Indian possesses a certificate of citizenship [Bürgerbrief;
+Spanish, cédula de vecindad]. If one weathers the first year, storms,
 locusts, and business crises are to be expected later, all of which
 depress the price of his product. In such cases it is for the planter
 the greatest evil that no credit exists. There are no mortgages, at
@@ -6796,7 +6760,7 @@ should proceed, with all publicity, from the entire body of the
 notables, with the cooperation of the parish priest, and be recorded
 in a safely-kept book in every village, and should never contain
 a greater area than the applicant can till with his own carabaos
-[Büffeln]. If such grant of state land does not exceed a quinõn, it
+[Büffeln]. If such grant of state land does not exceed a quinõn, it
 should be issued, according to the aforesaid forms, by the alcalde
 [221] of the province; if of greater extent, in the capital of the
 colony; but all ought to be recorded in the land-register of the
@@ -6824,7 +6788,7 @@ agriculture in Filipinas.]
 
 Founded in the year 1781, in virtue of a royal order dated August
 27 in the preceding year (issued in consequence of advices from the
-excellent governor Don José Basco y Vargas), in 1787 it suspended
+excellent governor Don José Basco y Vargas), in 1787 it suspended
 its meetings on account of the gradual and progressive decline of the
 society. In 1819 it resumed its functions, but suffered a period of
 discouragement and paralysis as a result of the Asiatic cholera morbus,
@@ -6884,7 +6848,7 @@ to extend this knowledge through the country; on October 6, 1825,
 the first dyers from the society's school are examined and approved.
 
 1826. February--Orders are given to reprint a manual presented by
-Don José Montoya on the cultivation and preparation of indigo.
+Don José Montoya on the cultivation and preparation of indigo.
 
 1827. April 24--Printing of a memoir on the cultivation of
 coffee. October 30--The society votes the sum of eight hundred pesos
@@ -6894,7 +6858,7 @@ for aid of the hospital for the poor in this capital.
 the elements of drawing.
 
 1829. November 8--Machines for hulling rice are received, sent by
-the Economic Society of Cádiz. December 13--The society supports the
+the Economic Society of Cádiz. December 13--The society supports the
 government's project for establishing a bank in this capital.
 
 1830. March 21--Reorganization of the Mercantile Register. [225]
@@ -6903,7 +6867,7 @@ government's project for establishing a bank in this capital.
 cultivating the poppy and making opium in Filipinas.
 
 1836. June 30--Voluntary donation of five hundred pesos in behalf of
-the necessities of the State, on account of the war in España.
+the necessities of the State, on account of the war in España.
 
 1837. June 27--The society awards a prize of one thousand pesos to Don
 Pablo de Gironier [226] for what he had done in exhibiting a coffee
@@ -6925,7 +6889,7 @@ Blanco for the costs of printing and publishing the Flora filipina,
 which bears his name.
 
 1843. September 14--A prize is offered for the invention of a machine
-for combing abacá [fiber].
+for combing abacá [fiber].
 
 1844. March 14--A memoir by the society on the cultivation of sugar
 cane.
@@ -6933,7 +6897,7 @@ cane.
 1845. August 22--An informatory report on the increase of population
 and the necessity for protection to agriculture.
 
-1846. September 22--Prizes of one thousand and 500 pesos to Don Iñigo
+1846. September 22--Prizes of one thousand and 500 pesos to Don Iñigo
 Gonzales Araola for two plantations of coffee, in accordance with
 the conditions of the royal decree of April 6, 1838. The society
 resolves to send young men from Filipinas to study mechanics in
@@ -6971,8 +6935,8 @@ congratulates the government on the establishment of the ports of
 Iloilo, Sual, and Zamboanga.
 
 1853. April 12--Prize of two thousand pesos and honor of a medal
-awarded to Don Cándido Lopez Diaz for the invention of a machine
-for cleaning the abacá. November 15--The sum of one hundred pesos is
+awarded to Don Cándido Lopez Diaz for the invention of a machine
+for cleaning the abacá. November 15--The sum of one hundred pesos is
 voted to the subscription for the necessities of Galicia.
 
 1854. March 17--Contribution of five hundred pesos for aiding the
@@ -6999,7 +6963,7 @@ a company for [operating] steamboats. [229]
 
 1858. September 6--Scheme for rendering uniform the weights and
 measures of Filipinas. November 15--Consideration of two crops of
-rice in Filipinas, and report favorable thereto by Señor Govantes
+rice in Filipinas, and report favorable thereto by Señor Govantes
 (a member), who furnished information on the mode of improving and
 making dikes without any cost or difficulty.
 
@@ -7020,7 +6984,7 @@ in continuation, some data referring to the said acts, for the purpose
 of bringing together in this section of our work all the activities
 in which the said Economic Society has exerted an influence.
 
-1822. November 25--Woolen cloth [paño] woven, the first in Filipinas,
+1822. November 25--Woolen cloth [paño] woven, the first in Filipinas,
 by one of its members, Don Santiago Herreros.
 
 1823. July 18--First cards for wool made in Filipinas, by a member of
@@ -7037,7 +7001,7 @@ of the sugar cane of Filipinas is sent to Habana, and that of rice
 
 1824. September 2--The first permanent dyes for cotton and
 nipis. October 19--Wool, silk, and shellac [goma laca] are produced
-in Cebú.
+in Cebú.
 
 1825. April 2--First report of the society on the establishment of
 a paper-mill; the second report on the same subject was issued on
@@ -7059,15 +7023,15 @@ like the indigo.
 
 1834. February 24--Reports for the acclimation of tea in Filipinas; the
 first trial of this cultivation was undertaken on August 14, 1837, and
-five hundred plants ordered from Batavia. August 8--Abacá is exported
+five hundred plants ordered from Batavia. August 8--Abacá is exported
 for the first time. December 12--Information upon the existence of
-mineral coal in Cebú, Surigao Angat, and Monte de San Mateo.
+mineral coal in Cebú, Surigao Angat, and Monte de San Mateo.
 
 1835. March 14--Information collected regarding the silk industry
 in Caraga, various kinds of fiber for cordage (including one which
 appears suitable for replacing hemp), a bark suitable for dyeing black,
 and the discovery of a copper mine in Masbate. September 15--First
-sowing of abacá in Laguna; on March 19, 1837, the first specimens of
+sowing of abacá in Laguna; on March 19, 1837, the first specimens of
 the said product are presented.
 
 1836. April 23--Machines for hulling rice by steam power, and on a
@@ -7082,7 +7046,7 @@ known by the name of "[Sea] Island;" and request for seeds is sent
 to the United States.
 
 1843. March 14--Importation of a steam machine for extracting the
-fiber of [para acorchar] abacá.
+fiber of [para acorchar] abacá.
 
 1848. June 14--Inquiry into the existence in the country of the white
 poppy from which the opium is extracted. (On April 20, 1849, the
@@ -7091,11 +7055,11 @@ plant and the preparation of opium [232] in Filipinas.) December 22--A
 note regarding gutta percha and gamboge, by Don Jacobo Zobel, a member.
 
 1849. April 30--Acquisition and planting of eleven roots of the
-tallow-tree, [233] at the country-house of Malacañan.
+tallow-tree, [233] at the country-house of Malacañan.
 
 1850. November 4--Introduction of new apparatus and methods proposed
-by Señor Sagra for the manufacture of sugar. Report on the promotion
-of abacá culture.
+by Señor Sagra for the manufacture of sugar. Report on the promotion
+of abacá culture.
 
 1851. May 5--Memoir on clays in the environs of this capital,
 and their application in the art of pottery. Wild cha [i.e., tea]
@@ -7108,7 +7072,7 @@ which must be removed for its complete development.
 
 1855. January 9--Gutta-percha found in Romblon. [234] July 28--The
 society grants a gold medal to Don Juan B. Marcaido for his efforts
-and studies in the method of extracting the abacá fiber from all the
+and studies in the method of extracting the abacá fiber from all the
 species of bananas which grow in the country.
 
 1856. March 4--Communications referring to the method of securing the
@@ -7117,8 +7081,8 @@ species of bananas which grow in the country.
 1857. October 1--Presentation of specimens of soaps made in the
 country.
 
-1858. April 19--Knowledge of a gum called conchú found in
-Marianas. August 15--Information given by Señor Barbaza, a member,
+1858. April 19--Knowledge of a gum called conchú found in
+Marianas. August 15--Information given by Señor Barbaza, a member,
 relative to a hundred kinds of rice in Visayas.
 
 1859. May 10--Project regarding agriculture and commerce.
@@ -7146,7 +7110,7 @@ official notice of the prizes awarded to the Philippine exhibitors
 in the London exposition.
 
 1863. May 23--A specimen of spirits of turpentine is presented to the
-society, having a strength of 37° by Cartier's areometer, obtained
+society, having a strength of 37° by Cartier's areometer, obtained
 from the trees of the country; a prize is granted to the person who
 prepared it. October 27--The society subscribes five hundred pesos
 to relieve the necessities of the artisans and laborers who suffered
@@ -7168,7 +7132,7 @@ school of botany. [236]
 best exhibitors, in the fair at Batangas: for cows with their calves,
 for the two finest female carabaos [caraballas] with their calves; for
 the two finest mares with their colts; to the female weaver who shall
-present [specimens of] the best ordinary fabrics of cotton or abacá
+present [specimens of] the best ordinary fabrics of cotton or abacá
 for common use in the garments of the people; for the best fabrics of
 silk; for rewarding makers of hats or petacas; and for the horse-races.
 
@@ -7193,7 +7157,7 @@ knowledge of the farmers.
 1874. Project for an annual fair and exposition at Manila. A study
 of the mutual use of bills of exchange in Filipinas. Preparation of
 a memoir on the cultivation and manufacture of sugar; and others on
-the trade in coffee and cacao, and the abacá industry. Appointment
+the trade in coffee and cacao, and the abacá industry. Appointment
 of a commission for studying the project for establishment of an
 agricultural bank.
 
@@ -7210,7 +7174,7 @@ unnecessary our further use of them in this series. These references
 here follow: Comyn, Estado, pp. 6-21, and chart ii at end; Mas,
 Informe, ii, section on agriculture (47 pp.); Mallat, Les Philippines,
 ii, pp. 255-282; Buzeta and Bravo, Diccionario, i, pp. 169-206; Jagor,
-Reisen, in various places; Montero y Vidal, Archipiélago filipino,
+Reisen, in various places; Montero y Vidal, Archipiélago filipino,
 pp. 204-216; Worcester, Philippine Islands, pp. 503-510--and, for
 description of native methods, [237] his "Non-Christian Tribes of
 Northern Luzon," in Phil. Journal of Science, October, 1906; the
@@ -7223,8 +7187,8 @@ to land, and agricultural products, in "Remarks by an Englishman"
 and Bernaldez's "Memorial," in VOL. LI; the section on agriculture
 in LeRoy's contribution to the present volume; and titles of works on
 these subjects which are enumerated in Griffin's List of Books on the
-Philippines, Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca filipina, Vindel's Catálogo
-biblioteca filipina, and Retana's Aparato bibliográfico de Filipinas
+Philippines, Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca filipina, Vindel's Catálogo
+biblioteca filipina, and Retana's Aparato bibliográfico de Filipinas
 (Madrid, 1906).]
 
 
@@ -7262,18 +7226,18 @@ distance could be turned into difference of longitude if the length
 corresponding to a degree of longitude in that latitude were first
 determined. This method is used today in geodetic operations."
 
-P. 218, note 184: The India House of Trade (Casa de Contratación) was
+P. 218, note 184: The India House of Trade (Casa de Contratación) was
 created by a decree of Isabel of Castilla (January 14, 1503) as both a
 commercial board and a tribunal; and it partly replaced the admiralty
 court which had been established in Sevilla since the thirteenth
-century, the quarters of the latter (in the old Alcázar) being
+century, the quarters of the latter (in the old Alcázar) being
 assigned to the India House when the latter was first organized. The
 powers of the India House increased greatly in the course of time,
 and it was subordinate to no council save that of the Indias; in
 1583 a chamber of justice was added to it. This institution was, by a
-decree of 1717, removed in the following year to Cádiz. An interesting
-study on the India House is found in Los trabajos geográficos de
-la Casa de Contratación (Sevilla, 1900), by Manuel de la Puente y
+decree of 1717, removed in the following year to Cádiz. An interesting
+study on the India House is found in Los trabajos geográficos de
+la Casa de Contratación (Sevilla, 1900), by Manuel de la Puente y
 Olea. This work--prepared by careful examination of the documents in
 the archives--is devoted to the early voyages of discovery that were
 undertaken under the auspices of the India House and its navigators,
@@ -7317,7 +7281,7 @@ VOLUME II
 
 P. 73, end of paragraph: For detailed account of early expeditions
 previous to that of Legazpi, see the Historia general of Fray
-Rodrígo de Aganduru Moriz, published in Doc. ined. hist. de España,
+Rodrígo de Aganduru Moriz, published in Doc. ined. hist. de España,
 tom. lxxviii and lxxix (Madrid, 1882).
 
 P. 75: To list of translators add, "the ninth, by Francis W. Snow."
@@ -7335,14 +7299,14 @@ the literal translation of the Spanish pintado, and here refers to
 the custom of tattooing the body.
 
 P. 129, near end: The "lofty volcanoes" may have been Canlaon and
-Magasú, in Negros Oriental.
+Magasú, in Negros Oriental.
 
 P. 167, line 7 from end: For "novelty" read "innovations."
 
 P. 173, note 84: Evidently "Pito" was in the original "Pito," for
 "Polito;" the man being actually "[Hy] polito the drummer."
 
-P. 192, paragraph 4: "S. S." stands for "Señores," meaning the native
+P. 192, paragraph 4: "S. S." stands for "Señores," meaning the native
 grandees of those countries.
 
 P. 193, middle: For "cloths" read "canvas."
@@ -7386,7 +7350,7 @@ all persons from intercepting and opening letters and packets. Of
 the amount paid for this service the postmaster was allowed one tenth
 part." (Moses, Spanish Rule in America, pp. 64, 65.)
 
-P. 33, note 1: For "Spain" read "Nueva España."
+P. 33, note 1: For "Spain" read "Nueva España."
 
 P. 77, middle: Agias, probably meaning the clusters of fruit on the
 variety of pepper which is called aji (or agi) in America.
@@ -7425,8 +7389,8 @@ P. 205, line 9 from end: For "Pablo" read "Pedro." The same correction
 should be made on p. 247, line 13 from end.
 
 P. 284, line 9: For "up" read "above." Note 38: The chief early
-authority on the islands of Mindanao and Joló, with their people,
-is Combés's Hist. de Mindanao y Joló, which has been used frequently
+authority on the islands of Mindanao and Joló, with their people,
+is Combés's Hist. de Mindanao y Joló, which has been used frequently
 in this series. His descriptions of the latter are thus located in
 his book: the tribes, cols. 27-44; their boats and weapons, 70-76;
 their customs, 61-70; their character, laws, and government, 49-61;
@@ -7450,7 +7414,7 @@ P. 31, line 2 from end of text: For "and two priests" read "two of
 them priests." ("Theatins" is here used for "Jesuits," as explained
 in VOL. XIX, p. 64.)
 
-P. 39: Cf. the statistics of population, throughout Loarca's Relación,
+P. 39: Cf. the statistics of population, throughout Loarca's Relación,
 with those in "Account of Encomiendas," VOL. VIII, pp. 96-141; also
 in U. S. Census of Philippines, 1903, ii, pp. 123-209.
 
@@ -7503,7 +7467,7 @@ a source of income in some goats."
 P. 77, line 11: For "wheat and produce" read "grain and collect." Line
 4 from end: omit "larger."
 
-P. 79, line 8 from end: For "righting" read "cleaning;" adreçar in
+P. 79, line 8 from end: For "righting" read "cleaning;" adreçar in
 the text is evidently a phonetic rendering of aderezar.
 
 P. 83, line 4: For "monks" read "friars."
@@ -7526,7 +7490,7 @@ P. 187: The sentence after Loarca's signature should read, "He was one
 of the first who came to these islands, and is greatly interested in
 these matters; and therefore I consider this a reliable and accurate
 account"--apparently an indorsement of the "Relation," by Governor
-Peñalosa.
+Peñalosa.
 
 P. 189, last paragraph: For "Amanicaldo" read "Amanicalao;" for
 "Luanbacar," "Tuanbacar;" for "Capaymisilo," "Capa and Misilo."
@@ -7536,7 +7500,7 @@ P. 201, note: For "Sevillano" read "of Sevilla."
 P. 222, line 2: In regard to the cruelty displayed by the Spaniards
 to the Indians, see George E. Ellis's "Las Casas, and the relations
 of the Spaniards to the Indians," in Winsor's Narrative and Critical
-History of America, ii, pp. 299-348. Cf. Karl Häbler's remarks in
+History of America, ii, pp. 299-348. Cf. Karl Häbler's remarks in
 Helmolt's History of the World (N. Y., 1902), i, pp. 390-396.
 
 P. 239, lines 8 and 9: By a printer's mistake, a line of "dead" type
@@ -7558,7 +7522,7 @@ its jurisdiction, organization, resources, practice, punishments,
 spheres of action, etc.
 
 P. 263, lines 9, 10, 13: For "from" read "in regard to." Note 38:
-Concepción states (Hist. de Philipinas, ix, p. 204) that the public
+Concepción states (Hist. de Philipinas, ix, p. 204) that the public
 sentence of anathema against those who were contumacious to the edicts
 of the Inquisition, whether for heresies or sins--a sentence which that
 tribunal commanded to be read every three years--had been pronounced
@@ -7620,19 +7584,19 @@ P. 154, middle: For "river Madre" read "the waters of the river."
 P. 167, line 8 from end: Delete "[Siam]."
 
 P. 174, lines 7-9: The sentence between dashes is evidently an
-interpolation by the editor of Santa Inés's Cronica (to which this
+interpolation by the editor of Santa Inés's Cronica (to which this
 account by Plasencia is appended), and referring to the preliminary
 ten chapters of that work, which furnish a description of the islands
 and their people.
 
 P. 194, line 1: "In almost every large village [he is speaking of
-Samar and Leyte] there are one or more families of Asuáns, who are
+Samar and Leyte] there are one or more families of Asuáns, who are
 universally feared and avoided, and treated as outcasts, and who can
 marry only among their own number; they have the reputation of being
 cannibals. Are they perhaps descended from men-eaters? The belief
 is very general and deeply rooted. When questioned about this,
 old and intelligent Indians answered that certainly they did not
-believe that the Asuáns now ate human flesh, but their forefathers
+believe that the Asuáns now ate human flesh, but their forefathers
 had without doubt done this." "Cannibals, properly speaking, in the
 Philippines were not mentioned by the early writers. Pigafetta had
 heard that on a river at Cape Benuian (the northern point of Mindanao)
@@ -7648,8 +7612,8 @@ P. 207, note 32: After "king" add "or the fiscal."
 P. 222, note 34: At beginning of line 5 insert "Ceylon, erroneously
 applied by some early writers to."
 
-P. 224, line 13: More definitely located by the editor of Reseña
-biográfica (i, p. 114), who says, "It was in the place that is now
+P. 224, line 13: More definitely located by the editor of Reseña
+biográfica (i, p. 114), who says, "It was in the place that is now
 called Arroceros [i.e., "the rice-market"]. (Note.) It was a great
 quadrangle of porticos which enclosed a spacious lagoon; the latter
 communicated with the Pasig river, and thus facilitated the entrance
@@ -7664,7 +7628,7 @@ some have instruction and some are without it."
 
 VOLUME VIII
 
-P. 27, middle: The date of Dasmariñas's letter should be February 28.
+P. 27, middle: The date of Dasmariñas's letter should be February 28.
 
 P. 84, line 1: For "Cubao" read "Lubao."
 
@@ -7672,7 +7636,7 @@ P. 121, last line: For "Aguette" read "Aguetet."
 
 Pp. 127, 133: See VOL. XXII, pp. 77, 103, where Fernando de Silva
 asks that his wife's encomiendas may be confirmed to her; she was the
-daughter of Doña Lucía de Loarca, and must have been the granddaughter
+daughter of Doña Lucía de Loarca, and must have been the granddaughter
 of the conquistador Miguel de Loarca. Cf. VOL. xxiii, p. 80.
 
 P. 263, line 5 from end: This name should be Basil Hall Chamberlain.
@@ -7682,7 +7646,7 @@ P. 263, line 5 from end: This name should be Basil Hall Chamberlain.
 
 VOLUME IX
 
-P. 13, line 10 from end: For "he" read "Dasmariñas."
+P. 13, line 10 from end: For "he" read "Dasmariñas."
 
 P. 26, note 3: "Mengoya (or Nagoya), as mentioned in the text, was in
 Hizen province, Kyushu Island; the Nagoya in Owari was not in existence
@@ -7690,8 +7654,8 @@ in Hideyoshi's time." [Letter to the Editors from Prof. J. K. Goodrich,
 of Imperial College, Tokio.]
 
 P. 68, note 13: The following interesting account of the earlier
-imprints in Filipinas is cited (in Vindel's Catálogo, iii, no. 2631),
-from a book written by the Dominican Fray Alonso Fernández. Historia
+imprints in Filipinas is cited (in Vindel's Catálogo, iii, no. 2631),
+from a book written by the Dominican Fray Alonso Fernández. Historia
 de los insignes milagros que la Magestad divina ha obrado por el
 Rosario de la Virgen soberana, su Madre, desde el tiempo de Santo
 Domingo hasta 1612 (Madrid, 1613), fol. 216, 217:
@@ -7700,8 +7664,8 @@ Domingo hasta 1612 (Madrid, 1613), fol. 216, 217:
 year of 1612.
 
 "In the Tagal language of Filipinas: Fray Francisco de San Joseph of
-the convent of Madre de Dios at Alcalá, who is living in the province
-of Nuestra Señora del Rosario of Filipinas, has printed at Batán, in
+the convent of Madre de Dios at Alcalá, who is living in the province
+of Nuestra Señora del Rosario of Filipinas, has printed at Batán, in
 the Tagal language of Filipinas, a 'Book of our Lady of the Rosary;'
 also another book, in the same language, which treats of the holy
 sacraments of the Church; the natives of the islands have been greatly
@@ -7709,10 +7673,10 @@ benefited by these books.
 
 "In the Chinese language: Fray Domingo de Nieva, of the convent at
 Valladolid, who serves in the province of Filipinas, has printed at
-Batán, in the Chinese language and likewise in the characters used
+Batán, in the Chinese language and likewise in the characters used
 by that people, a 'Memorial of the Christian life.' Fray Tomas Mayor,
-of the convent at Játiva, who serves in the province of Nuestra Señora
-del Rosario of Filipinas and Japón, printed at Batán, in the country
+of the convent at Játiva, who serves in the province of Nuestra Señora
+del Rosario of Filipinas and Japón, printed at Batán, in the country
 of Filipinas, in the Chinese language and with Chinese characters,
 a 'Symbol of the Faith.'" ("None of the bibliographers of Philippine
 literature have mentioned this curious and interesting passage.")
@@ -7723,12 +7687,12 @@ xylographic, not typographic.
 
 P. 77, line 3: After "friend" add "and I have had an embassy from him."
 
-P. 153, line 1: In the Bibliográfia mexicana of García Icazbalceta
-the statement was made that Bishop Agurto "founded at Zebú a hospital
+P. 153, line 1: In the Bibliográfia mexicana of García Icazbalceta
+the statement was made that Bishop Agurto "founded at Zebú a hospital
 for sick persons of all nations and creeds, with such liberality
 that he gave up to it even his own bed, having been obliged to ask
 that another be lent to him at the hospital itself, on which he might
-sleep that night." (Vindel, Catálogo, no. 1462.)
+sleep that night." (Vindel, Catálogo, no. 1462.)
 
 P. 164, note 26: After "Sanscrit" add "Sri Ayuddhya." At end, add
 the following: "See plan of Juthia in Bellin's Atlas maritime, iii,
@@ -7745,14 +7709,14 @@ omit "[a frontal]."
 P. 299, line 5: For "Ryos, a colonel" read "Ryos Coronel." (A similar
 correction should be made on p. 313, line 5.) See sketch of Rios
 Coronel, and description of his Memorial, by Retana in Vindel's
-Catálogo biblioteca filipina, pp. 349-354; he went to Filipinas in
+Catálogo biblioteca filipina, pp. 349-354; he went to Filipinas in
 1588, returned to Spain in 1605, and afterwards was in the islands
 from 1611 to 1618.
 
 P. 305, last line of description of map: After "Indias" insert
 "(est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 18)." See description in Torres Lanzas's
-Relación de los mapas de Filipinas. Retana calls this the earliest
-map of Luzón.
+Relación de los mapas de Filipinas. Retana calls this the earliest
+map of Luzón.
 
 P. 327, section 1: The order of the two pressmarks here given should
 be reversed.
@@ -7767,7 +7731,7 @@ P. 47, last line: For "soldiers" read "Sangleys."
 P. 65, line 8: For "Lanao" read "Liguasan."
 
 P. 131, end: This document was probably written by Luis Perez
-Dasmariñas.
+Dasmariñas.
 
 P. 218, line 13: For "false musters" read "fictitious offices."
 
@@ -7780,7 +7744,7 @@ VOLUME XI
 
 P. 138: See Torrubia's account of the abandonment of La Caldera in
 1599, and of the unusually large expeditions immediately afterward
-by the Moros against Panay (Dissertación, pp. 10-17).
+by the Moros against Panay (Dissertación, pp. 10-17).
 
 P. 152, line 8: For "Domingo de Rramos" read "on Palm Sunday."
 
@@ -7836,7 +7800,7 @@ of this sort are in the possession of Edward E. Ayer, Chicago.
 
 P. 248, line 8 from end: For "third" read "second."
 
-P. 257, note, line 2 from end: For "Spain" read "Nueva España."
+P. 257, note, line 2 from end: For "Spain" read "Nueva España."
 
 
 
@@ -7848,7 +7812,7 @@ de Alcaraz."
 
 P. 143, middle: The ordinary naval ration furnished on the royal ships
 which plied between Manila and Acapulco was prescribed as follows in
-Arandía's Ordenanzas de Marina (Manila, 1757), p. 61: "On days when
+Arandía's Ordenanzas de Marina (Manila, 1757), p. 61: "On days when
 meat is eaten--Biscuit, 18 onzas; jerked beef, 6 onzas; fried pork,
 3 onzas; salt, 1/2 onza; vinegar, for ten persons, 1/4 onza; firewood,
 2 libras. On days when fish is prescribed--Biscuit, 18 onzas; pottage
@@ -7880,7 +7844,7 @@ VOLUME XVI
 
 P. 30, note 3: Mazamune sent one of his nobles as ambassador, Felipe
 Francisco Taxicura, in company with Sotelo; see relations printed at
-Sevilla (1614) and Roma (1615). (Vindel, Catálogo, iii, p. 205.)
+Sevilla (1614) and Roma (1615). (Vindel, Catálogo, iii, p. 205.)
 
 P. 112, note 129, middle: Worcester says ("Non-Christian Tribes
 of N. Luzon," in Phil. Journal of Science, October, 1906, p. 807):
@@ -7893,17 +7857,17 @@ cause them to become infected and to produce large scars."
 P. 160, note, line 7 from end: For "in regard to" read "by."
 
 P. 178, note 233: This explanation is erroneously applied by Stanley,
-as the piña is a Philippine fabric, and not Chinese. The reference
+as the piña is a Philippine fabric, and not Chinese. The reference
 in the text is to the cloth made from "China-grass" (Bohmeria nivea),
 on which see VOLS. XXII, p. 279, and XLIV, p. 267.
 
 P. 180, note 235: Jagor (Reisen, p. 315) thinks that the chiquey
-is the same as the lei-tschi or lechía (on which see VOL. XXXVIII,
+is the same as the lei-tschi or lechía (on which see VOL. XXXVIII,
 p. 21); the latter was called Euphoria by Blanco, but is now known
 as Nephelium litchi.
 
 P. 201: The name of the Ladrones Islands was in 1668 changed by the
-missionary San Vítores to Marianas, in honor of Mariana, queen of
+missionary San Vítores to Marianas, in honor of Mariana, queen of
 Felipe IV. The group contains 17 islands, which--excepting Guam,
 the largest--belong to Germany, or, as it is called, "the German
 New Guinea Protectorate," having been transferred to that power
@@ -7915,13 +7879,13 @@ preponderance of the Filipino type. In 1898 the population of the
 group, exclusive of Guam (which contained about 9,000 people), was
 1,938. Little was done for them by the Spaniards until 1668, when
 a Jesuit mission went to the Marianas under the direction of Diego
-Luis San Vítores. The attempts of the privileged class of natives
+Luis San Vítores. The attempts of the privileged class of natives
 to keep the new faith from the common people resulted in the loss of
 prestige by the former, conflict between the two classes, and martyrdom
-for some of the Jesuits--San Vítores meeting death thus on April 2,
+for some of the Jesuits--San Vítores meeting death thus on April 2,
 1672. Nevertheless the missions made progress, and a few years later
 the Jesuits counted eight churches, three colleges, and over 50,000
-converts (Crétineau-Joly, v, pp. 30-22). The military conquest of
+converts (Crétineau-Joly, v, pp. 30-22). The military conquest of
 the islands by Spain was accomplished during the years 1676-98; and
 they were occupied from that time by a governor and a small force
 of troops. In 1828 a new plan for the government of these islands
@@ -7937,18 +7901,18 @@ by the United States before the governor had even heard of the
 outbreak of hostilities. For information regarding these islands,
 their people, and history, consult Montero y Vidal's Historia de
 Filipinas--which contains (i, pp. 350-352) a list of authorities,
-both MS. and printed--and Archipiélago filipino, pp. 438-442; 2nd
+both MS. and printed--and Archipiélago filipino, pp. 438-442; 2nd
 bibliographies of the Philippines, especially those of Retana, Griffin,
 and Vindel, already cited, and Griffin's List of Books on Samoa and
 Guam (Washington, 1901). As for the missions there, see Francisco
-García's Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores (Madrid, 1683); Gobien's
+García's Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores (Madrid, 1683); Gobien's
 Histoire des Isles Marianes (Paris, 1700), largely a translation from
 the preceding; Murillo Velarde's Hist. de Philipinas, which contains
-several chapters on this subject; Concepción's Hist. de Philipinas,
-vols. vii, viii; and especially Stöcklein's Neue Welt-Bott (Augsburg,
+several chapters on this subject; Concepción's Hist. de Philipinas,
+vols. vii, viii; and especially Stöcklein's Neue Welt-Bott (Augsburg,
 Gratz, and Wien, 1728-58), vols. i, iv, and v, which contain matter
 on missions in Filipinas, Marianas, and Palaos, most of which is not
-to be found in Lettres édifiantes.
+to be found in Lettres édifiantes.
 
 
 
@@ -7975,7 +7939,7 @@ no. 14.
 P. 292, middle: The date of Salcedo's arrest should be October 9;
 see VOL. XXXVII, p. 24. Cf. Diaz's Conquistas, p. 673.
 
-P. 293, line 8 from end: After "Alcántara" insert "of military
+P. 293, line 8 from end: After "Alcántara" insert "of military
 affairs." Under sketch of Curuzealegui: for "twenty-fourth regidor"
 read "one of the twenty-four regidors."
 
@@ -7995,12 +7959,12 @@ loans were made therefrom; in 1633 the king borrowed over 500,000
 ducats, but would not return this money. Later, such property
 was forfeited, if unclaimed for two years. By decree of 1671, the
 treasurer was allowed one per cent for managing these funds. (Moses,
-"Casa de Contratación of Sevilla," in Report of American Historical
+"Casa de Contratación of Sevilla," in Report of American Historical
 Association, 1894, pp. 106, 107.)
 
 P. 186, line 7: This raid occurred in October, 1618; the Moros killed
-the commanders of the post, Arias Girón and Juan Pimentel. The shipyard
-was valued at more than a million pesos. (Torrubía, Dissertación,
+the commanders of the post, Arias Girón and Juan Pimentel. The shipyard
+was valued at more than a million pesos. (Torrubía, Dissertación,
 pp. 30, 31.)
 
 
@@ -8078,14 +8042,14 @@ VOLUME XXV
 
 P. 44, line 14: After "date" insert "of August 14."
 
-P. 74, note 11: Penas de Cámara may be rendered, in a general way,
-"fines of the exchequer;" but it should be remembered that cámara,
+P. 74, note 11: Penas de Cámara may be rendered, in a general way,
+"fines of the exchequer;" but it should be remembered that cámara,
 as used in this connection, means any royal tribunal, executive
 or judicial--whether the Council of the Indias (which was often
-referred to as el Consejo y Cámara de Indias), or the Audiencia
+referred to as el Consejo y Cámara de Indias), or the Audiencia
 or the council of a colony, or the tribunal of accounts of any
 establishment, or even the municipal council, or council under an
-alcalde or alcalde-mayor. Penas de cámara in the laws of the Indies
+alcalde or alcalde-mayor. Penas de cámara in the laws of the Indies
 had, I think, especial reference to the various penalties provided,
 especially against officials for any non-performance of duty, by the
 Council of the Indias; and there was a special board of accountants
@@ -8093,20 +8057,20 @@ for the fund of these fines, in connection with that Council.
 
 In regard to the phrase contador de resultas, I have obtained (through
 the kindness of Fenton R. McCreery, secretary of the American Embassy
-at Mexico City) some further information, furnished by Señor José
+at Mexico City) some further information, furnished by Señor José
 Algara, Under-secretary for Foreign Affairs of Mexico. He thinks
 that the above phrase is equivalent to glosador, [that is, to one
 who makes comments or explanations, or who "designates any amount in
 order to call attention to the examination or proof of the account
-to which the item belongs" (Domínguez)], or to segundo contador ["a
-second accountant"]. Señor Algara states that the references to the
+to which the item belongs" (Domínguez)], or to segundo contador ["a
+second accountant"]. Señor Algara states that the references to the
 accountants for the colonies in the laws of the Indias (book viii,
 titles i and ii) did not define the character and duties of the various
-officers, because that had already been done in the Nueva Recopilación
-(title ii, law v, no. 1). He also cites from Nicolás M. Serrano's
+officers, because that had already been done in the Nueva Recopilación
+(title ii, law v, no. 1). He also cites from Nicolás M. Serrano's
 Diccionario universal the following definition of contador de resultus:
 "Any one of those persons in the first grade of the chief accountancy
-[Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas], which corresponds to those officials
+[Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas], which corresponds to those officials
 employed in former times by the comptroller-in-chief [contador mayor]
 who were occupied in computing or transcribing the amounts in the
 account-books of the obligations which are incurred by those persons
@@ -8118,14 +8082,14 @@ P. 99, line 3 from end of text: For "thirty-five" read
 from end.
 
 P. 146, line 10 from end: "Agreement" is not a quite satisfactory
-rendering for the Spanish composición, which has a technical meaning
+rendering for the Spanish composición, which has a technical meaning
 in regard to the possession of lands; see note on this subject
 in VOL. LII pp. 296, 297. "Composition" will probably be the best
 rendering, provided that this technical meaning is understood in
 such use of the word. James A. LeRoy says of this, in a private
 letter: "'Arrangement' also conveys somewhat the same idea--that
 is, the rearrangement of their rights, or the reconciliation of
-rights prescribed in this decree. Composición de derechos means,
+rights prescribed in this decree. Composición de derechos means,
 quite closely rendered, 'reconciliation of rights,' according to
 my recollection of its use in certain contracts which I have seen
 here in Mexico. It gives the idea of arbitration, to some degree,
@@ -8167,7 +8131,7 @@ VOLUME XXVII
 P. 5, line 4: For "Cavite" read "Manila."
 
 P. 122, middle: The peso ensayado was, according to Lea (Hist. of
-Inquisition in Spain, i, p. 562), a colonial coin, worth 400 maravedís,
+Inquisition in Spain, i, p. 562), a colonial coin, worth 400 maravedís,
 equivalent to 11 3/4 reals, or a little more than a ducado.
 
 P. 146: "The fundamental idea of the commercial and industrial
@@ -8195,10 +8159,10 @@ the river.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
 VOLUME XXVIII
 
 P. 47, note 19: In line 5, for "southern" read "northwestern." The
-stronghold of the Moros, after Joló was destroyed, was at Maibun, a
-town on the southern shore. Combés describes the island in detail in
-his Hist. Mindanao y Joló, cols. 14-19. See also Escosura's Memoria
-sobre Filipinas y Joló, pp. 213-436.
+stronghold of the Moros, after Joló was destroyed, was at Maibun, a
+town on the southern shore. Combés describes the island in detail in
+his Hist. Mindanao y Joló, cols. 14-19. See also Escosura's Memoria
+sobre Filipinas y Joló, pp. 213-436.
 
 P. 55, note: Crawfurd is wrong as to the kris being a poniard
 or dagger; or, if so, it is certainly in the Philippines a short,
@@ -8227,7 +8191,7 @@ many favors that they have enjoyed from the king, etc.
 P. 210, last paragraph: See account of this affair in VOL. I, note 67.
 
 P. 211, paragraph 2: The laws of the Indias ordained--e.g., lib. vi,
-tít. i, ley xviii (1550); lib. i, tít. xiii, ley v (1634)--that there
+tít. i, ley xviii (1550); lib. i, tít. xiii, ley v (1634)--that there
 should be schools in which Spanish was to be taught, for the sake of
 having a suitable language in which to teach the Christian faith.
 
@@ -8249,14 +8213,14 @@ of three [lerna], this list being proposed to him by the notables
 [principales] at the annual election. It is altogether probable that
 the man chosen sometimes had to pay that official, and that Mas is
 here reporting this as another of the abuses which, under the early
-Spanish régime, the friars used to charge against the alcaldes-mayor,
+Spanish régime, the friars used to charge against the alcaldes-mayor,
 in that sense, being a 'robbery' of the natives."
 
 P. 266, line 2: For "271-275" read "271-273."
 
 P. 321, line 3: The statements of this writer would make it appear
 that the friars developed the resources of Negros; but that is not
-the fact. The old régime described by Mas and Jagor failed to develop
+the fact. The old régime described by Mas and Jagor failed to develop
 those resources; and the modern development of Negros (which dragged
 the friars reluctantly after it) was accomplished through foreign
 commerce and foreign traders, a part of the general development of
@@ -8292,13 +8256,13 @@ VOLUME XXX
 
 P. 54, note, lines 6-8 from end: It is only fair to the Duke de
 Almodovar to explain the reasons for his treatment of Raynal's
-work; they are thus given by José Arias y Miranda, in his Examen
-crítico-histórico del influjo que tuvo en el comercio, industria
-y población de España su dominación en América ("a work crowned
+work; they are thus given by José Arias y Miranda, in his Examen
+crítico-histórico del influjo que tuvo en el comercio, industria
+y población de España su dominación en América ("a work crowned
 by the Real Academia de la Historia, and published by that body,
 at Madrid, 1854"), an interesting and well-written study of that
 subject, with learned and valuable annotations and much reference to
-standard authorities: "In regard to the famous history of Abbé Raynal,
+standard authorities: "In regard to the famous history of Abbé Raynal,
 although it abounds in flights of imagination, in philosophical ideas,
 and in passionate and declamatory judgments, it has merited general
 acceptance on account of the information it contains and the notable
@@ -8317,16 +8281,16 @@ literature, since it is not a translation, it has never been reprinted
 since the first edition, copies of which are now becoming rare."
 
 P. 229, note, line 2 from end: The phrase "grant of feudal rights"
-is in Spanish la dominación á Caballería de Tierra. Much of the old
+is in Spanish la dominación á Caballería de Tierra. Much of the old
 feudalism still remained at that time, preeminently in connection
 with the military orders; there are many laws regarding these in the
 Autos acordados, and some of them extend well into the seventeenth
-century. Apparently Dasmariñas held the village of Binondo as a
+century. Apparently Dasmariñas held the village of Binondo as a
 sort of encomienda, [it was only the land which he purchased from
 Velada], and had also the feudal right to the service of the Chinese
 and mestizos (over whom he, a caballero, was lord), as retainers
 obliged to serve him on the land, but not on sea.--James A. LeRoy
-(in a private letter). Cf. note on caballería, VOL. XLVII, p. 199.
+(in a private letter). Cf. note on caballería, VOL. XLVII, p. 199.
 
 
 
@@ -8364,7 +8328,7 @@ P. 274, note, line 10 from end: For "fifty-five" read "sixty-five."
 
 VOLUME XXXVIII
 
-P. 79, note 41: Veitia Linage's Norte de contratación was Englished
+P. 79, note 41: Veitia Linage's Norte de contratación was Englished
 (but with numerous omissions and additions) by Captain John Stevens,
 as Spanish Rule of Trade to the West Indies (London, 1702). The
 navigation, trade, and products of Filipinas are treated in book ii,
@@ -8377,10 +8341,10 @@ Philippine geographical names ending in "n" is really a Spanish
 variation, in accordance with the rule for pronunciation of such
 names in Spanish. But when these names are (as is usually the case)
 of Filipino origin the rule is--depending, of course, on their roots
-and composition--that they are accented on the penult; e.g., Vígan,
-Narvácan, Ilígan, etc. Spanish usage has distorted the pronunciation
+and composition--that they are accented on the penult; e.g., Vígan,
+Narvácan, Ilígan, etc. Spanish usage has distorted the pronunciation
 in some cases, until the original accent has become Hispanicized,
-as Cagayán, Pangasinán, etc.; but as a general rule these words are
+as Cagayán, Pangasinán, etc.; but as a general rule these words are
 accented on the penult.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
 
 
@@ -8390,10 +8354,10 @@ VOLUME XXXIX
 
 P. 33, note 5: Cf. the account given by Forrest (Voyage,
 pp. 201-206) of the history of the rulers of Magindanao, and the
-curious genealogical chart of the sultans of Mindanao and Joló which
+curious genealogical chart of the sultans of Mindanao and Joló which
 follows; he obtained his information from Pakir Mawlana himself, who
 took it from the "original records" in his possession. The Curay of
-Concepción is called Kuddy by Forrest, who says that he was the son
+Concepción is called Kuddy by Forrest, who says that he was the son
 of Tidoly and grandson of Kudarat (Corralat).
 
 P. 97, line 4 of note: For "inhabited" read "uninhabited." (When
@@ -8416,30 +8380,30 @@ were greatly neglected by the Spaniards, even into the nineteenth
 century. Their attention was directed for a time to the Palaos by the
 event described in Clain's letter, and various attempts were made,
 but unsuccessfully, to establish Christian missions therein, two
-Jesuits, Duberon and José Cortil, being killed by natives in 1710,
+Jesuits, Duberon and José Cortil, being killed by natives in 1710,
 and another, Antonio Cantova, meeting the same fate in 1731. In the
 latter half of the last century, German interests gained ascendency
 in the islands, which led to their absorption by Germany. Jagor
 cites (Reisen, pp. 215, 216) several historical instances of Palaos
 islanders being carried by storms to the coasts of Filipinas; and
 adds, "Later, I had in Manila an opportunity to photograph a group of
-people from the Paláos and Caroline Islands, who a year previously had
+people from the Paláos and Caroline Islands, who a year previously had
 been cast by a storm on the coast of Samar." He also says (p. 203):
-"As Dr. Gräffe (who spent many years in the Micronesas) informs me,
-Paláos is an indefinite expression, like Kanaka and so many others,
+"As Dr. Gräffe (who spent many years in the Micronesas) informs me,
+Paláos is an indefinite expression, like Kanaka and so many others,
 and certainly does not designate the inhabitants of the Pelew group
 exclusively." Regarding these islands, see Montero y Vidal's Hist. de
-Filipinas, i, pp. 31, 402-409, 455-473. and his Archipiélago filipino,
+Filipinas, i, pp. 31, 402-409, 455-473. and his Archipiélago filipino,
 pp. 469-505; also Miguel's Estudio de las Islas Carolinas, and the
 various bibliographies of the Philippines, especially Griffin's List,
-and Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina. See Karl Semper's Die
+and Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina. See Karl Semper's Die
 Palau-Inseln im Stillen Ocean (Leipzig, 1873), which Pardo de Tavera
 praises (Biblioteca filipina, p. 402) as "the most important modern
 work on the Palaos Islands which I know." In the Ethnological Museum
 at Dresden is an important collection of material made by Semper.
 
 P. 313, line 9: Instead of Barcena, this name is written by Torrubia
-(Dissertación, p. 63) Barrena.
+(Dissertación, p. 63) Barrena.
 
 P. 316, note: Add "apparently a misprint for Cutay."
 
@@ -8549,9 +8513,9 @@ was 298,481 pesos (Philippine currency).
 P. 152, line 5: The envoy sent on this occasion, General Benito
 Carrasco Pan y Agua (who was chief notary of the cabildo of Manila),
 wrote a relation of his embassy and the voyage to Siam, which was
-published at Manila in 1719. (Vindel, Catálogo, iii, no. 2622.)
+published at Manila in 1719. (Vindel, Catálogo, iii, no. 2622.)
 
-P. 222, note: Patiño, who had been prominent in governmental affairs
+P. 222, note: Patiño, who had been prominent in governmental affairs
 for nearly twenty years, died in 1736; he was a statesman and
 financier, and advocated peace with all the other powers, especially
 England.
@@ -8560,7 +8524,7 @@ P. 255, lines 3-5 from end: Up to the beginning of the sixteenth
 century, Toledo was the chief city in Spain in manufacturing silk;
 it has been estimated that this industry gave employment there
 to at least 100,000 people. Gaspar Naranjo, "who traveled through
-España late in the seventeenth century, asserts that, according to
+España late in the seventeenth century, asserts that, according to
 his knowledge, in 1480 Toledo consumed 450,000 libras of silk, which
 could furnish the supply for 15,000 looms. Although this number was
 greatly lessened when the Escorial was completed, yet from the looms
@@ -8576,10 +8540,10 @@ the conquest it maintained 5,000 spinning-wheels, and the kingdom
 yielded a million libras of good silk; but just at this point began
 the exactions of the revenue officials, and likewise, in consequence,
 the decadence of this industry. It was declared subject to the payment
-of alçabala, which was a tax of fourteen per cent when once the tenth
-was applied as an ecclesiastical income; eight maravedís besides
+of alçabala, which was a tax of fourteen per cent when once the tenth
+was applied as an ecclesiastical income; eight maravedís besides
 were charged to it for the impost called tortil [i.e., spiral?],
-and nine maravedís more for a municipal tax. When with the increase
+and nine maravedís more for a municipal tax. When with the increase
 from successive impositions the management of this revenue became
 too complicated, all these duties were combined in one; and then it
 was seen that every libra of silk paid, as its share of the taxes,
@@ -8589,12 +8553,12 @@ that of Granada had decreased from a million to one-fourth of that
 amount, and not long afterward to 80,000, and even less. The silk
 industry, thus burdened, had to compete with that of Genoa, whence
 large shipments of silk goods were freely imported into Spanish
-ports, and sold at lower prices than the goods made in España; and
+ports, and sold at lower prices than the goods made in España; and
 a mortal blow was dealt to it when the exportation of Spanish silks
 was prohibited, and sumptuary laws reserved the use of silk fabrics
 to a few classes. It is astonishing that this industry has been able
 to survive up to the present epoch, although it is in a languishing
-condition." (Arias y Miranda, Examen crítico-histórico, pp. 154, 155.)
+condition." (Arias y Miranda, Examen crítico-histórico, pp. 154, 155.)
 
 P. 267, note 78, line 7 from end: For "p. 278" read "p. 279."
 
@@ -8622,7 +8586,7 @@ VOLUME XLVII
 
 P. 213, line 10: For "rice-mills" read "rice-market."
 
-P. 236, note, line 1: Somodevilla, Marqués de Ensenada, was minister
+P. 236, note, line 1: Somodevilla, Marqués de Ensenada, was minister
 under Felipe V and Fernando VI, and rendered great service to his
 country; he re-created the Spanish navy, and strengthened Spanish
 commerce. He favored the French, and tried to unite the Bourbon kings
@@ -8660,15 +8624,15 @@ from fire. (Viana, Respuestas, fol. 91.)
 P. 183, last two lines of text: This company of 1755 was formed
 "under the patronage of our Lady of the Rosary, and the protection
 of his Majesty;" see the title-page of its Ordenanzas, facsimile of
-which is given in Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 645.
+which is given in Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 645.
 
-P. 189, note 111: The reforms and regulations made by Arandía for the
+P. 189, note 111: The reforms and regulations made by Arandía for the
 Acapulco galleon may be found, in full detail, in his Ordenanzas de
 marina (Manila, 1757) with additions thereto, also printed in that
 year; these contain 164 and 57 pages respectively, and two large and
 handsomely engraved charts (by the Filipino engraver Laureano Atlas),
 showing the port of Sisiran in Camarines, and that of Cajayagan and
-Calomotan ("commonly called Pálapa") between the islands of Laguan
+Calomotan ("commonly called Pálapa") between the islands of Laguan
 and Batac.
 
 
@@ -8725,30 +8689,30 @@ desired material regarding this subject. "Regulation of December 18,
 1769, for the distribution of permits [boletas] and for the lading
 of the Acapulco galleon at Manila," in Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer
 library), v, pp. 403-519. Le Gentil, Voyage, ii, pp. 192-230. Royal
-decree for the establishment of the Compañia de Filipinas, March
+decree for the establishment of the Compañia de Filipinas, March
 10, 1785; also decree of July 12, 1803, making new regulations and
 conferring new privileges. Dissertation on the benefits arising from
-the aforesaid company, by Valentin de Foronda, in his Miscelánea
+the aforesaid company, by Valentin de Foronda, in his Miscelánea
 (Madrid, 1787). Malo de Luque [i.e., Duqae de Almodovar], Historia
-política de los establecimientos de las naciones europeos; tomo
+política de los establecimientos de las naciones europeos; tomo
 v (Madrid, 1790) is devoted to the Spanish settlements in Asia,
-the decree erecting the Compañia de Filipinas, and its operations
+the decree erecting the Compañia de Filipinas, and its operations
 during 1785-89. Remonstrance addressed by the Company (Madrid,
 1821) to the Spanish Cortes against its decree of October 19, 1820,
 abolishing the Company's privilege of the exclusive traffic with
 Asia conferred on it by the decree of 1803; this remonstrance is
 supported by the opinions of "celebrated jurisconsults of Spain,
-France, Holland, and England." Rafael Díaz Arenas, Memoria sobre el
-comercio y navegación de las Islas Filipinas (Cádiz, 1838). Andrés
-García Camba, Reglamento de la Junta de Comercio de Manila (Manila,
+France, Holland, and England." Rafael Díaz Arenas, Memoria sobre el
+comercio y navegación de las Islas Filipinas (Cádiz, 1838). Andrés
+García Camba, Reglamento de la Junta de Comercio de Manila (Manila,
 1838). Comyn, Estado, pp. 43-71. Mas, Informe, ii, fourth and fifth
 sections. Buzeta and Bravo, Diccionario, i, pp. 219-238. Mallat,
 Les Philippines, ii, pp. 290-356. Manuel Azcarraga y Palmero,
 Libertad de comercio en las Islas Filipinas (Madrid, 1871). Jagor,
 Reisen, pp. 312-316. Gregorio Sancianco y Goson, El progreso de
 Filipinas (Madrid, 1881), especially pp. 238-249. Montero y Vidal,
-Historia de Filipinas, ii and iii; also his Archipiélago filipino,
-pp. 220-259. Retana, articles in Política de España en Filipinas,
+Historia de Filipinas, ii and iii; also his Archipiélago filipino,
+pp. 220-259. Retana, articles in Política de España en Filipinas,
 1891, pp. 146-148, 233-234, 245-247; for 1892, pp. 27, 28; for 1893,
 pp. 8, 9, 77, 78. Code of Commerce in force in Cuba, Porto Rico,
 and Philippines (Washington, 1899). Census of Philippine Islands, iv,
@@ -8786,7 +8750,7 @@ it is cleverly written, and passes with some persons as a classic work
 on Filipinas.... His vanity led him to suppress his name...." Pardo de
 Tavera does not seem to know the third volume. Retana [who possessed a
 copy of the third volume (No. 2432 in his library, which was sold to
-the Compañía general de tabacos de Filipinas), says in Bibliografía
+the Compañía general de tabacos de Filipinas), says in Bibliografía
 filipina, p. 524]: "This third and secret part has never been
 described. The author published very few copies of it because of the
 gravity of its contents. Sinibaldo de Mas contrary to what those who
@@ -8837,13 +8801,13 @@ Philippines, or those who went to the Philippines in childhood.
 
 [5] The Consejo Supremo de Indias, which was established, according to
 the best authorities, in 1511 by the great Ferdinand, was perfected
-by Cárlos I, and was reformed by Felipe II. It was composed of a
+by Cárlos I, and was reformed by Felipe II. It was composed of a
 president, a number of togated ministers, and an indefinite number of
 counselors by brevet, and they all received the same consideration as
 did members of the Consejo de Castilla. This corporation, which had
 had so great influence in Spanish colonial matters, was suppressed
 by royal decree of May 24, 1834, and in its place was erected the
-Tribunal Supremo de España é Indias, which was renamed Consejo de
+Tribunal Supremo de España é Indias, which was renamed Consejo de
 Estado in 1856. See Dic. encic. Hisp.-Amer., v, p. 827.
 
 [6] The exact title of this work is as follows: Los diez y seis
@@ -8851,7 +8815,7 @@ meses de mando superior de Filipinas, por el mariscal de campo
 D. Andres G. Camba (Cadiz, 1839). Pardo de Tavera (Bibl. Filipina,
 p. 79) says of it: "This pamphlet is full of curious revelations and
 explanations relative to the command of this general, which was so
-filled with incidents." Retána (Bibliografía, p. 57) says that Camba
+filled with incidents." Retána (Bibliografía, p. 57) says that Camba
 was a democrat sui generis. The book is a long exposition of 101
 pages, to which are appended various documents (53 pages) on which
 the exposition is based. The copy of this pamphlet now in the Boston
@@ -8881,9 +8845,9 @@ system of forced cultures established by Spain in the Philippines
 in 1780. In addition to the above book, see the following for the
 history of Dutch colonization in Java: J. W. B. Money's Java, or how
 to govern a colony (London, 1861); P. J. Veth's Java (Haarlem, 1896-);
-Jules Leclercq's Un sejour dans l'île de Java (Paris, 1898); Wilhelm
-Krüger's Das Zuckerrohr und seine Kultur (Magdeburg und Wien, 1899);
-and Pierre Gonnaud's La Colonisation hollandaise à Java (Paris, 1905).
+Jules Leclercq's Un sejour dans l'île de Java (Paris, 1898); Wilhelm
+Krüger's Das Zuckerrohr und seine Kultur (Magdeburg und Wien, 1899);
+and Pierre Gonnaud's La Colonisation hollandaise à Java (Paris, 1905).
 
 [12] A note at this point by Mas mentions a recent pamphlet by a
 Cuban who advocates complete autonomy for the colonies, and freedom
@@ -8907,7 +8871,7 @@ of a revolution. Natives should be excluded from the priesthood.
 
 [14] The insurrection which occurred recently in Tayabas is a patent
 proof of these truths. The cura of the village where the confraternity
-of San José was established, advised the alcalde of the province
+of San José was established, advised the alcalde of the province
 in time of the suspicions with which it infused him. And since the
 alcalde-mayor refused to consider the matter, he wrote him: "You will
 be the first victim," as in truth he was. The cura of the next village
@@ -8935,11 +8899,11 @@ reference is evidently to sections 95-100 (q.v., VOL. XL, pp. 270-277).
 
 [16] Manuel Grijalbo (sic), O.S.A., went to the Philippines in 1810,
 and after acting as cura and holding the highest positions in the
-province, was appointed bishop of Nueva Cáceres, being consecrated
+province, was appointed bishop of Nueva Cáceres, being consecrated
 Jan. 28, 1849. He died at the episcopal palace, Nov. 13, 1861.
 
 Fausto Lopez, O.S.A., was born in 1811, took his vows at Valladolid in
-1828, and went to the Philippines in 1829. He was located in Cebú until
+1828, and went to the Philippines in 1829. He was located in Cebú until
 1837, when he became provincial secretary. Afterwards he held several
 offices and acted as cura until his death at Manila, April 17, 1866.
 
@@ -8948,7 +8912,7 @@ at Valladolid in 1827. He was in the Philippines from 1829 to 1834,
 returning in the latter year to Spain. The date of his death is
 unknown.
 
-See Pérez's Catálogo.
+See Pérez's Catálogo.
 
 [17] Manuel Maria Cambronero was a Spanish jurisconsult. He was born
 in Orihuela in 1765 and died in 1834. During the French invasion,
@@ -9008,13 +8972,13 @@ and proved an immediate benefit.
 
 [21] See VOL. LI, notes 6, 7, 14, 16, 31.
 
-[22] This was Admiral Cyrille-Pierre-Théodore Laplace, who was born at
+[22] This was Admiral Cyrille-Pierre-Théodore Laplace, who was born at
 sea Nov. 7, 1793, and died at Brest, Jan. 22, 1875. The book mentioned
 by Mas is the Voyage autour du monde par les mers de l'Inde et de la
 Chine (1833-39). The matte on the Philippines is contained in vol. i,
 pp. 353-470, 547-553, and is as follows: "Manille; description de
-Luçon; quelques details sur son gouvernement, ses habitants, leurs
-moeurs et leur industrie;" and notes. See La grande encyclopédie,
+Luçon; quelques details sur son gouvernement, ses habitants, leurs
+moeurs et leur industrie;" and notes. See La grande encyclopédie,
 xxi, p. 947; and the Philippine bibliography issued by the Library
 of Congress.
 
@@ -9027,7 +8991,7 @@ Ciriaco Gonzalez Carvajal, then auditor of the royal Audiencia and
 assessor-general of the government. See Montero y Vidal, Historia
 general, ii, pp. 311, 312.
 
-[24] The first edition of the Recopilación de leyes de Indias was
+[24] The first edition of the Recopilación de leyes de Indias was
 published at Madrid in 1681.
 
 [25] For the powers of the alcaldes-mayor, see VOL. XVII, pp. 323,
@@ -9043,7 +9007,7 @@ matter was already wellnigh or completely a dead letter.
 
 [27] On leaving his office Francisco Enriquez left two printed
 documents as follows: Oficio al Secretario de Estado dando cuenta de
-haber hecho entrega de la Intendencia á D. Luis Urrejola (Manila,
+haber hecho entrega de la Intendencia á D. Luis Urrejola (Manila,
 June 11, 1836; 2 leaves on rice paper); and Entrega que hace de
 sus funciones, en este dia, el Intendente general de Ejercito
 ... al Ecsmo. Sr. D. Luis Urrejola (Manila, July 11, 1836; in 16
@@ -9067,7 +9031,7 @@ natives alone were compelled to furnish provisions, etc., to the troops
 in their province at the schedule price, while the mestizos escaped;
 and for which reason many of the natives joined the mestizo ranks,
 saying that the state profited thereby because as mestizos they
-paid a double tribute. Governor Oraá, however, imposed a fine for
+paid a double tribute. Governor Oraá, however, imposed a fine for
 such denaturalization. As regards the petition against the mestizos,
 an expediente was formed, and in July, 1841, the natives were ordered
 to send a salaried agent to conduct a suit against the mestizos. But
@@ -9084,14 +9048,14 @@ ordered that the superintendency should be held by the intendant of the
 army and royal treasury, and accordingly Enriquez took such charge on
 September 9, 1630. See Montero y Vidal, Hist. gen., ii, pp. 457, 521.
 
-[31] See José Cabezas de Herrera's Apuntes históricos sobre la
-organización político-administrativa de Filipinas (Manila, 1883). This
+[31] See José Cabezas de Herrera's Apuntes históricos sobre la
+organización político-administrativa de Filipinas (Manila, 1883). This
 is an excellent treatise on the governmental administration of the
 Philippines.
 
 [32] See the budget of receipts and expenditures in the Philippines
 for the year, July, 1885-June, 1886, in Montero y Vidal's El
-archipiélago filipino, pp. 169-186. The expenditures involve:
+archipiélago filipino, pp. 169-186. The expenditures involve:
 general obligations, 1,523,335.07 pesos; state, 125,000 pesos;
 grace and justice, 1,085,769.62 pesos; war, 3,494,923.31 pesos;
 treasury, 1,356,031.30 pesos; navy, 2,423,518.91 pesos; government,
@@ -9099,14 +9063,14 @@ treasury, 1,356,031.30 pesos; navy, 2,423,518.91 pesos; government,
 11,624,908.51 pesos. The receipts were 11,528,178 pesos.
 
 [33] The administrative affairs of the colonies were placed in charge
-of the ministerio de la gobernación (ministry of the government) in
+of the ministerio de la gobernación (ministry of the government) in
 1832, and were added in 1836 to the ministerio de marina (ministry
-of the navy), which was after that called secretaría del despacho de
-marina, comercio y gobernación de ultramar (department of the navy,
+of the navy), which was after that called secretaría del despacho de
+marina, comercio y gobernación de ultramar (department of the navy,
 commerce, and colonial government). After various other changes, the
 ministerio de ultramar (ministry of the colonies) was established by
 royal decree, May 20, 1863. The duties of the ministry are outlined
-as follows: to modify the organization or administrational régime
+as follows: to modify the organization or administrational régime
 of the colonies; to fix or change the annual budget of receipts and
 expenditures; to dispose of the surplus products of the colonies; to
 adopt any rule relative to the establishment or suppression of imposts;
@@ -9125,8 +9089,8 @@ ministers. See Dic. encic. Hisp.-Amer., xiii, pp. 131, 132.
 [34] In 1803 a Spanish pamphlet was published at Philadelphia,
 advocating the opinion that Spain "ought to get rid of all her colonies
 in America and Asia, in order to promote agriculture and industries
-in the Peninsula;" it is attributed to the Marqués de Casa Irujo
-(Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 1797).
+in the Peninsula;" it is attributed to the Marqués de Casa Irujo
+(Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 1797).
 
 [35] Matta took possession of the above office on June 2, 1841; he
 had long been connected with the affairs of the colony. In 1837 he
@@ -9138,15 +9102,15 @@ Hist. de Filipinas, ii, p. 573.)
 after the customs and excise duties on the government monopolies of
 tobacco, wines, liquors, etc.
 
-[37] For accounts of the confraternity of San José, see Manuel
+[37] For accounts of the confraternity of San José, see Manuel
 Sancho's Relacion expresiva de los principales acontecimientos de la
-titulada Cofradía del señor San José (first published by W. E. Retana
-in La Política de España, no. 21, et seq.); Memoria histórica de la
-conducta militar y politica del Teniente General D. Marcelino Oraá
+titulada Cofradía del señor San José (first published by W. E. Retana
+in La Política de España, no. 21, et seq.); Memoria histórica de la
+conducta militar y politica del Teniente General D. Marcelino Oraá
 (Madrid, 1851), probably written by Pedro Chamorro; and Montero y
 Vidal, Hist. gen., iii, pp. 37-56. This confraternity was founded by
-Apolinario de la Cruz, a Tagálog, a native of Lucban in the province
-of Tayabas, who was a donné in the hospital of San Juan de Dios in
+Apolinario de la Cruz, a Tagálog, a native of Lucban in the province
+of Tayabas, who was a donné in the hospital of San Juan de Dios in
 Manila. The new confraternity soon had many adherents in the provinces
 of Tayabas, Laguna, and Batangas, and in the middle of 1840 began to
 hold meetings in Lucban, to which both sexes were admitted, and at
@@ -9177,18 +9141,18 @@ day with a force of over three hundred men. The natives, aided by a
 band of Negritos who had joined them, repulsed this force and killed
 Ortega, and then retired to Alitao to celebrate a novena. There
 they were attacked on the first of November by a force composed of
-troops sent by Oraá, and those of the province of Tayabas, and after
+troops sent by Oraá, and those of the province of Tayabas, and after
 a severe engagement the natives were defeated. Apolinario, who fled,
 was soon captured and shot on the fourth, others of the leaders being
 also arrested. Apolinario was but twenty-seven years old, and evidently
 worked on the superstitious nature of his countrymen, who believed that
 he was immune from danger and that the rebel forces would be aided by
 the direct intervention of heaven. His followers baptized him under
-the name of "The king of the Tagálogs." No one except pure-blooded
+the name of "The king of the Tagálogs." No one except pure-blooded
 natives were allowed to become members of the organization, from which
 circumstance the Spaniards have always professed to believe that the
 confraternity was political in nature and that religious motives were
-merely a blind. Some (as in Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina,
+merely a blind. Some (as in Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina,
 no. 1895) assert that the confraternity was a sort of Katipunan. It
 is quite probable, however, that its origin was entirely religious,
 but religion mingled with superstition and fanaticism. The fact that
@@ -9201,12 +9165,12 @@ and its attempted suppression was a mistake of the religious and
 civil authorities.
 
 [38] The defeat and slaughter of the members of the confraternity of
-San José angered the native soldiers from the Province of Tayabas,
+San José angered the native soldiers from the Province of Tayabas,
 who were quartered in Malate. Conspiring with some of the garrison
 of the fort of Santiago, also from the same province, they attacked
 and took that fort Jan. 20, 1843, under the leadership of two brothers
 (mestizos and officers of the regiment), after killing the officers on
-guard. The mutiny was quickly stilled by Oraá, and the commander of
+guard. The mutiny was quickly stilled by Oraá, and the commander of
 the insurgents, a sergeant, Samaniego, and some of the other leaders
 were shot on the twenty-second at the camp of Bagumbayang. The other
 native soldiers remained loyal and aided in quelling the mutiny. See
@@ -9234,12 +9198,12 @@ own aggrandizement.'"
 [41] Magistrates appointed to inquire into the circumstances of a
 violent death.
 
-[42] The college of San José sent out the following bishops: José
-Cabral, bishop-elect of Nueva Cáceres; Rodrigo de la Cueva Jiron,
+[42] The college of San José sent out the following bishops: José
+Cabral, bishop-elect of Nueva Cáceres; Rodrigo de la Cueva Jiron,
 bishop of Nueva Segovia; Francisco Pizarro de Orellana, bishop of
 Nueva Segovia; Jeronimo de Herrera, bishop of Nueva Segovia; Felipe
-de Molina y Figueroa, bishop of Nueva Cáceres; Domingo de Valencia,
-bishop of Nueva Cáceres; José de Andaya, bishop of Ovieda, Spain,
+de Molina y Figueroa, bishop of Nueva Cáceres; Domingo de Valencia,
+bishop of Nueva Cáceres; José de Andaya, bishop of Ovieda, Spain,
 bishop-elect of Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico, and archbishop of
 Mexico; and Ignacio de Salamanca, bishop of Cebu. The college also sent
 out one auditor, one royal treasurer, two alcaldes-mayor; 39 Jesuits
@@ -9248,9 +9212,9 @@ out one auditor, one royal treasurer, two alcaldes-mayor; 39 Jesuits
 given by Pablo Pastells in a letter in 1902, a translation of which
 is in the possession of Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A.
 
-[43] Vindel says (Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 756) that the
-school of agriculture in Manila was organized by Rafael García
-López. In regard to this school, which was founded in 1889, see
+[43] Vindel says (Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 756) that the
+school of agriculture in Manila was organized by Rafael García
+López. In regard to this school, which was founded in 1889, see
 VOL. XLV, pp. 314-318.
 
 [44] On May 4, 1869, a society was authorized for "the promotion of
@@ -9259,21 +9223,21 @@ was of short duration, as schools of this sort were soon afterward
 established by the government. (Vindel, ut supra, no. 1661; see also
 VOL. XLV of this series.)
 
-[45] Vindel mentions (Catálogo biblioteca filipina, p. 50)
+[45] Vindel mentions (Catálogo biblioteca filipina, p. 50)
 "arrangements regarding the Philippine Institute, and chairs of
-Tagálog, Bisayan, and practical land-surveying," in the Boletin
+Tagálog, Bisayan, and practical land-surveying," in the Boletin
 oficial del Ministerio de Ultramar, vol. i.
 
 [46] "There was still at Manila another caste of mestizos, originating
 from Japanese and the Indian women. These Japanese landed on the
-island of Luçon, about fourscore years ago, in a dismantled vessel,
+island of Luçon, about fourscore years ago, in a dismantled vessel,
 and destitute of everything; I saw them in 1767. They numbered,
 I believe, at most sixty or seventy persons, all Christians. But as
 the form of government doubtless did not please them, nor perhaps did
 the Inquisition, they had demanded to return [to their own country];
 and all, or nearly all, actually departed in that same year, 1767,
 and returned to Japan, where they have probably resumed the faith of
-their fathers." (Le Gentil, Voyage, ii, pp. 53, 54.) Concepción states
+their fathers." (Le Gentil, Voyage, ii, pp. 53, 54.) Concepción states
 (Hist. de Philipinas, vii, p. 6) that in 1658 a number of Christian
 Japanese were living in the barrio of San Anton, near Manila; some of
 them had come on a Japanese ship that was driven to Cavite by storms,
@@ -9284,10 +9248,10 @@ the Philippine Islands, appearing in the Boletin oficial del Ministerio
 de Ultramar (Madrid, 1875-83) may be found in Vindel, ut supra, pp. 49,
 50. Many other lists of interesting articles regarding the islands,
 found in periodical publications, are given therein, pp. 46-62;
-also in Beleña's Recopilacion (p. 67).
+also in Beleña's Recopilacion (p. 67).
 
 [48] Some credit should also be given to the Royal Philippine Company
-(Real Compañía de Filipinas), which, though unsuccessful financially,
+(Real Compañía de Filipinas), which, though unsuccessful financially,
 stimulated considerably the development of Philippine agriculture
 between 1790 and 1820, after which year it did little until its
 dissolution.
@@ -9295,12 +9259,12 @@ dissolution.
 [49] Comyn's Estado says that in 1810 the number of Spaniards,
 born in the Peninsula or elsewhere, and of Spanish mestizos, of
 both sexes and all ages, classes, and occupations, did not exceed
-3,500 to 4,000. Diaz Arenas (Memorías históricas y estadísticas
+3,500 to 4,000. Diaz Arenas (Memorías históricas y estadísticas
 de Filipinas; Manila, 1850) quotes official figures showing 293
 Spaniards settled in the provinces, outside of Manila and Tondo, in
 1848; and he records 7,544 as the number of Spanish mestizos in the
 islands, including Tondo, as Manila province was then called. Cavada
-(Historia geográfica, geológica y estadística de Filipinas; Manila,
+(Historia geográfica, geológica y estadística de Filipinas; Manila,
 1876), taking his figures apparently from the governmental statistics
 as to houses and their occupants for 1870, gives for that year 3,823
 Spaniards (all but 516 of them males) from the Peninsula, and 9,710
@@ -9311,16 +9275,16 @@ over 1,000 members of religious orders, an approximately equal
 number of soldiers, and the civil officials of Spanish blood (except
 a relatively small number born in the islands themselves, mostly
 in the minor categories of officials). J. F. del Pan (La poblacion
-de Filipinas; Manila, 1883), and F. Cañamaque (Las íslas Filipinas;
+de Filipinas; Manila, 1883), and F. Cañamaque (Las íslas Filipinas;
 Madrid, 1880) both report the parochial statistics of 1876 as showing
 the total of Spaniards, apart from members of the religious orders,
-the civil service, and the army and navy, to be 13,265; Cañamaque
+the civil service, and the army and navy, to be 13,265; Cañamaque
 speaks of this latter class as "Spaniards without official character
 (Peninsulars and Filipinos)," and Del Pan calls them "persons not
 subject to the capitation-tax on account of being of the Spanish
 race." At least some of the Spanish mestizos in the islands would
-appear to have been included in this total. A statistical résumé for
-1898 (La Política de España en Filipinas, 1898, pp. 87-92) gives the
+appear to have been included in this total. A statistical résumé for
+1898 (La Política de España en Filipinas, 1898, pp. 87-92) gives the
 number of Spaniards in the Philippines at the end of Spanish rule
 as 34,000 (of whom 5,800 are credited as officers and employees of
 governments, 3,800 as the normal number of Spaniards in army and navy,
@@ -9345,14 +9309,14 @@ revenue for them, since the houses are very dear--from two hundred to
 four hundred piasters (one thousand to two thousand livres). They are
 still dearer in the suburb of Santa Cruz, where they are worth at least
 five hundred piasters, for it is there that all the foreign merchants
-from India or China lodge. Manila is still peopled by the Tagálogs,
+from India or China lodge. Manila is still peopled by the Tagálogs,
 who are the natives at once of this city and of its bishopric; the
-Tagálogs serve the Spaniards as domestics, or live by some petty
+Tagálogs serve the Spaniards as domestics, or live by some petty
 trade or occupation." (Le Gentil, Voyage, ii, p. 104.)--Eds.
 
 [50] "The Spanish-Filipino Bank, the oldest bank in the islands, was
 founded (1852) by an order of the Spanish government uniting the obras
-pías funds of the four orders of friars in the Philippines." (Census
+pías funds of the four orders of friars in the Philippines." (Census
 of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 541).--Eds.
 
 [51] In the tariff revision of 1891, Spanish goods in Spanish ships
@@ -9401,7 +9365,7 @@ ocean are beginning to come into direct intercourse: Russia, which
 alone is greater than two divisions of the world together; China,
 which within her narrow bounds contains a third of the human race;
 America, with cultivable soil enough to support almost three times the
-entire population of the earth. Russia's future rôle in the Pacific
+entire population of the earth. Russia's future rôle in the Pacific
 Ocean at present baffles all calculations. The intercourse of the two
 other powers will probably have all the more important consequences
 when the adjustment between the immeasurable necessity for human
@@ -9467,19 +9431,19 @@ by J. A. LeRoy.) See VOL. XLVI, p. 95, note.--Eds.
 [57] This exchange of Mindanao missions by the Recollects for parishes
 in and around Manila and in Mindoro was closely connected with the
 pro-seculars' campaign made in Manila and Madrid at that time--Father
-Burgos of the Cathedral standing out preëminently on behalf of
+Burgos of the Cathedral standing out preëminently on behalf of
 his fellows the native priests, a direct step in the way toward
 his execution in connection with the Cavite mutiny of 1872. (James
 A. LeRoy, in a personal letter dated January 6, 1906.) See XXVIII,
 pp. 342, 343.--Eds.
 
 [58] See post, pp. 170, 171, note 119. With the three priests was also
-executed one Francisco Saldúa. Máximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraíso, and
+executed one Francisco Saldúa. Máximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraíso, and
 Crisanto de los Reyes were sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. Others
 were also condemned to death, some of whose sentences were commuted to
 life imprisonment. The following persons were deported to Marianas:
-Antonio María Regidor, 8 years; Máximo Paterno; Agustín Mendoza,
-parish priest of the district of Santa Cruz de Manila; Joaquín Pardo
+Antonio María Regidor, 8 years; Máximo Paterno; Agustín Mendoza,
+parish priest of the district of Santa Cruz de Manila; Joaquín Pardo
 de Tavera, a regidor of Manila and university professor, 6 years. Some
 of the latter and others lost their qualification as advocates of
 the Audiencia.--Eds.
@@ -9487,7 +9451,7 @@ the Audiencia.--Eds.
 [59] In a pamphlet by Manrique A. Lallave (Madrid, 1872), an
 ex-Dominican missionary from Filipinas, he declares that "the friars
 at that time possessed property to the value of eleven millions of
-pesos fuertes." (Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 1846.)--Eds.
+pesos fuertes." (Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 1846.)--Eds.
 
 [60] See post, p. 182.--Eds.
 
@@ -9507,7 +9471,7 @@ this brief sketch to append the bibliographical details, except when
 they may not be found in Bibliography of the Philippine Islands,
 under the names of the authors herein cited.
 
-[63] Particularly his Las colonias españolas de Asia. Islas Filipinas
+[63] Particularly his Las colonias españolas de Asia. Islas Filipinas
 (Madrid, 1880).
 
 [64] It is closely related also with the political questions of this
@@ -9517,9 +9481,9 @@ as such.
 [65] El Diario de Manila was established in 1848, a name which was
 changed to El Boletin oficial de Filipinas in 1852, and again to the
 former name in 1860; papers called El Comercio were founded in 1858
-(probably), and in 1869; La Oceanía Española, in 1877 (which succeeded
-El Porvenir Filipino); La Voz Española was founded in 1888 under the
-name of La Voz de España, the issue of March 5, 1892, marking the
+(probably), and in 1869; La Oceanía Española, in 1877 (which succeeded
+El Porvenir Filipino); La Voz Española was founded in 1888 under the
+name of La Voz de España, the issue of March 5, 1892, marking the
 change of name. See Retana's El periodismo.--Eds.
 
 [66] See also Griffin's List for a list of periodical articles
@@ -9538,8 +9502,8 @@ attention further on, when "Reform and Revolution" are discussed.
 vol. ii, pp. 17-22, are tables comparing Spanish estimates and
 censuses, with references to such.
 
-[70] Archipiélagos filipinos en la Oceanía, Censo de población
-veríficado el 31 de Diciembre de 1887 ... (Manila, 1889).
+[70] Archipiélagos filipinos en la Oceanía, Censo de población
+veríficado el 31 de Diciembre de 1887 ... (Manila, 1889).
 
 [71] For population alone, there may also be mentioned the table of
 various civil and ecclesiastical estimates, based mainly on the returns
@@ -9601,7 +9565,7 @@ pp. 223-237; rates of interest on real-estate loans, pp. 253-254;
 land measures in use, pp. 257-258.
 
 [80] The intemperate and fantastic writings of "Quioquiap" (Pablo
-Feced) in El Diario de Manila and La Política de España en Filipinas
+Feced) in El Diario de Manila and La Política de España en Filipinas
 are in point.
 
 [81] See also ibid., i, pp. 150-159.
@@ -9636,7 +9600,7 @@ Filipino laborer through a declining medium of exchange.
 [86] In Report of Philippine Commission, 1904, iii, pp. 487-503;
 and ibid., 1905, iv, pp. 71-87.
 
-[87] See M. Sastrón, La insurrección en Filipinas (Madrid, 1897 and
+[87] See M. Sastrón, La insurrección en Filipinas (Madrid, 1897 and
 1901), chap. i, for a summary of the reforms of the '80's and 1893.
 
 [88] It is thus that, from their point of view, the Philippine friars
@@ -9658,11 +9622,11 @@ rather cursorily and not always accurately, while, generally speaking,
 the Spanish colonies have had very inadequate consideration at the
 hands of English and American authors and editors. For the special
 subjects of military and naval organization, see Salinas y Angulo's
-Legislación militar (Manila, 1879), and Rodriguez Trujillo's Memoria
+Legislación militar (Manila, 1879), and Rodriguez Trujillo's Memoria
 sobre la Marina (Manila, 1887), both cited in the Bibliography.
 
-[91] Published in La España Oriental, Manila, 1893, and La Política
-de España en Filipinas, 1893-94. See Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca,
+[91] Published in La España Oriental, Manila, 1893, and La Política
+de España en Filipinas, 1893-94. See Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca,
 no. 1496; note also his no. 2702, under Tiscar.
 
 [92] It is to be emphasized, however, that this abstract shows only
@@ -9671,7 +9635,7 @@ at the beginning of 1898, its author not having traced the development
 of that organism even for a few years back nor learned that some of
 the provisions he outlined were not really in practice.
 
-[93] Grifol y Aliaga (vol. XLVI, p. 109, note 48) is very naïve,
+[93] Grifol y Aliaga (vol. XLVI, p. 109, note 48) is very naïve,
 seeking to waive away the effect of the Maura law's plain provisions
 in the same way as did some friar and other writers. In his decree
 providing regulations for carrying out the law, Blanco explained that
@@ -9692,14 +9656,14 @@ are this author's writings on an imaginary primitive religion and
 civilization of the Filipinos. Don Pedro has a lively imagination,
 too lively for politics and history, but capable of providing good
 entertainment when he exercises it as a dramatist. One finds him much
-more pleasing in this rôle than as a Filipino reform propagandist,
+more pleasing in this rôle than as a Filipino reform propagandist,
 though in the latter capacity he seems to have been taken very
 seriously by Doctor Schurman and Mr. Foreman, and by various Spanish
 officials before them, including, for a time, Governor-Generals Primo
-de Rivera and Augustín.
+de Rivera and Augustín.
 
 [95] Once more, the Manila press since 1898 merits attention here. The
-Filipino press has not been always fair in treating of the old régime,
+Filipino press has not been always fair in treating of the old régime,
 but both in the Filipino and the Spanish press of Manila since 1898
 some things have been brought to light which were either suppressed
 for private gossip or not frankly discussed at the time of their
@@ -9735,7 +9699,7 @@ up to 1881, Sancianco y Goson, pp. 36-37, 125-131.
 
 [99] Part of this money was spent in campaigns against the Moros,
 and perhaps for other purposes not covered by the budget of ordinary
-expenses. See La Política de España en Filipinas, v, no. 116,
+expenses. See La Política de España en Filipinas, v, no. 116,
 for an account of progress in this work up to 1895. The press of
 Manila has published during the past few years various articles on
 the funds collected by subscription in Spain and the Philippines
@@ -9745,10 +9709,10 @@ for a report on the subject by Attorney-General Araneta. It would
 there appear that nearly $450,000 were collected; by 1870, only some
 $30,000 had been distributed to the sufferers themselves; whether they
 received further shares at a later date does not appear, but $80,000
-were loaned from this fund to the obras pías in 1880, and about
+were loaned from this fund to the obras pías in 1880, and about
 $15,000 were used for cholera relief in 1888-89. Governor-General
 Ide instructed the attorney-general to demand the return of the
-$80,000 from the obras pías, and recommended that, when $50,000 of
+$80,000 from the obras pías, and recommended that, when $50,000 of
 this fund had been recovered, distribution of it among those who
 suffered losses in 1863 should begin--almost a half-century later,
 and under another government!
@@ -9766,18 +9730,18 @@ of 1894-95 for his exposition of the former Philippine government
 (Report of Philippine Commission, 1900, i, pp. 79-81), and this has
 been considerably quoted, with the assumption that it represented
 the full cost of government, in recent comparisons with the American
-régime. Sawyer (in an appendix) gives the budget of 1896-97, with just
+régime. Sawyer (in an appendix) gives the budget of 1896-97, with just
 a note showing that charges for collection and for local government
 made the actual collections for the poll-tax considerably larger than
 the insular budget showed. Foreman, in his 1899 and 1906 editions,
 only reproduces from his first edition a fragmentary statement of the
 1888 budget, without showing that this was only partial and without
 developing the later changes and increases in taxes. Retana, in the
-Estadismo, apéndice H, under Rentas é impuestos del Estado, gives the
+Estadismo, apéndice H, under Rentas é impuestos del Estado, gives the
 general totals of the budgets of 1890 and 1893-94 (likewise net totals
 for the central government alone). See Sancianco y Goson for proposed
 budget for 1881-82. The insular budget was published annually at Madrid
-under the title Presupuestos generales de gastos é ingresos de las
+under the title Presupuestos generales de gastos é ingresos de las
 islas Filipinas. The budget was made up at Madrid for each fiscal year,
 and put into effect by a royal decree (after its receipt in Manila,
 some few months after the beginning of the fiscal year which it was
@@ -9807,7 +9771,7 @@ data and references thereon, see contributions by the writer
 to the Political Science Quarterly, xxi, pp. 309-311, and xxii,
 pp. 124-125. Regarding ecclesiastical dues and exactions, the share
 of the ecclesiastical establishment in local revenues, etc., see,
-besides citations there given, M. H. del Pilar's La soberanía monacal
+besides citations there given, M. H. del Pilar's La soberanía monacal
 en Filipinas (Barcelona, 1888, and Manila, 1898).
 
 The above contributions cited by Mr. LeRoy are his criticism of
@@ -9822,7 +9786,7 @@ regarding this debt, see Senate Document no. 62, 55th Congress,
 memorandum); Senate Document no. 148, 56th Congress, 2nd session, for
 cablegrams between the President and the American peace commissioners
 from October 27, 1898, on, especially p. 44 (details of this loan);
-also Sastrón's La insurrección en Filipinas (Madrid, 1901), pp. 284,
+also Sastrón's La insurrección en Filipinas (Madrid, 1901), pp. 284,
 285.
 
 [104] Special attention may be directed to Clifford Stevens Walton's
@@ -9861,15 +9825,15 @@ of Philippine ethnology proper is still in its infancy.
 the division of the Philippines (Rept. War Dept., 1903, iii,
 pp. 379-398).
 
-[111] La Política de España en Filipinas reproduces Retana's eulogy
+[111] La Política de España en Filipinas reproduces Retana's eulogy
 of Weyler (Retana was made a deputy for Cuba in the Cortes during the
-Weyler régime in Cuba) and occasional articles on the Blanco campaign
+Weyler régime in Cuba) and occasional articles on the Blanco campaign
 in the Lake Lanao region, among which note (vi, p. 18) Blanco's letter
 of Oct. 19, 1895, describing the beginning of a railroad and other
 work around the lake. Ibid., vii, p. 170, has the protocol of April
 1, 1907, whereby Germany and Great Britain accept a modification of
 the Sulu archipelago protocol of 1885, permitting the prohibition by
-Spain of traffic with Joló in arms or alcoholic liquors. The projects
+Spain of traffic with Joló in arms or alcoholic liquors. The projects
 to colonize Mindanao put forward in connection with the Lanao campaign
 have been mentioned.
 
@@ -9896,7 +9860,7 @@ see also a letter by J. A. LeRoy in the Springfield Republican for
 July 7, 1906.
 
 In this connection see Retana's opening paragraphs in his Vida y
-escritos del Dr. José Rizal, in Nuestro Tiempo for 1904-06.--EDS.
+escritos del Dr. José Rizal, in Nuestro Tiempo for 1904-06.--EDS.
 
 [114] This work furnished almost the sole basis for the discussion
 of the work of the friars by Stephen Bonsal in the North American
@@ -9904,7 +9868,7 @@ Review of Oct., 1902; but Mr. Bonsal, whose article is thus entirely
 one-sided, did not state the source of his information. More than
 this, Mr. Bonsal has, in translating, made even stronger some of the
 extreme claims of Friar Zamora. The latter (pp. 483-498) cites praise
-for the friars from various governors-general: Gándara (1866), De
+for the friars from various governors-general: Gándara (1866), De
 la Torre (1871), Moriones (1877), Weyler (1891), and Primo de Rivera
 (1898). It is to be hoped he has not garbled them all as he did the
 statement of Primo de Rivera, omitting its most significant expressions
@@ -9947,11 +9911,11 @@ claims of the Filipinos on grounds of ecclesiastical rule and practice
 (the Council of Trent particularly), but it is to be feared that the
 author's judgment on matters of authority purely ecclesiastical is
 sometimes warped by political or personal feeling. The same author's
-Mi último grito de alarma (Bigan [Luzon], 1903) is an answer to
-Constitución apostólica Quae mare sinico (Manila, 1903), which is
+Mi último grito de alarma (Bigan [Luzon], 1903) is an answer to
+Constitución apostólica Quae mare sinico (Manila, 1903), which is
 a defense of the Pope's Philippine bull of 1903 by Presbyter Manuel
-E. Roxas, a Filipino priest. Father Pons also had a part in Impugnación
-de la censura impuesta ... al Presbítero Adriano García (Manila, 1900),
+E. Roxas, a Filipino priest. Father Pons also had a part in Impugnación
+de la censura impuesta ... al Presbítero Adriano García (Manila, 1900),
 a notable case which much aroused the Filipino clergy in Chapelle's
 time. Here and in Defensa del clero filipino are references to the
 torturing of native priests by the friars at Bigan in 1896, to make
@@ -9971,7 +9935,7 @@ who participated are more frank in future than in past statements).
 [120] See for citations and statements (in part conflicting), about
 the deportees of 1872, Montero y Vidal, Historia, iii, p. 591 and
 footnote; Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca, nos. 1462 and 1463; and
-notes by Felipe G. Calderón in supplements to El Renacimiento for
+notes by Felipe G. Calderón in supplements to El Renacimiento for
 Aug. 11 and 18, Sept. 1 and 18, 1906. Several Filipino priests were
 also deported with these civilians, who were, as has been noted in
 our introduction, for the most part of Spanish, not of Malay, blood,
@@ -10012,15 +9976,15 @@ the writer. Montero y Vidal, Historia, iii, chap. xxvii (also read
 the three preceding chapters), gives the version of one side, with
 principal citations. Cf. Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca under these
 names, and see his version in Census of the Philippine Islands,
-i, pp. 575-579. His Reseña histórica de Filipinas suffered some
+i, pp. 575-579. His Reseña histórica de Filipinas suffered some
 alterations as published in the Spanish edition of the Census, and
 was separately printed at Manila in 1906, drawing forth a series
 of articles in the Dominican periodical Libertas (by Friar Tamayo),
-which also appeared in pamphlet form (Sobre una "Reseña histórica de
+which also appeared in pamphlet form (Sobre una "Reseña histórica de
 Filipinas," Manila, 1906). As regards the 1872 affair, Friar Tamayo
 has drawn almost entirely from Montero y Vidal.
 
-[123] As, for example, when José Rizal, yet a mere youth, scandalized
+[123] As, for example, when José Rizal, yet a mere youth, scandalized
 the friar and "patriotic" Spaniards in Manila by presenting verses
 for a school celebration in Manila on "Mi patria" ("My fatherland").
 
@@ -10029,11 +9993,11 @@ and visited his home, but was persuaded by parents and friends to go
 abroad again. He is said to have edited various circulars which were
 sent from Hongkong and distributed in the Philippines.
 
-[125] Marcelo del Pilar's pamphlet La soberanía monacal en Filipinas
+[125] Marcelo del Pilar's pamphlet La soberanía monacal en Filipinas
 (Barcelona, 1888; reprinted at Manila, 1898) was written with especial
 reference to these incidents, documents regarding which are given as
 appendices. Retana analyzed the 1888 petition against the friars,
-and discussed its signers, in his pamphlet Avisos y profecías
+and discussed its signers, in his pamphlet Avisos y profecías
 (Madrid, 1892), pp. 286-308. See also Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca,
 nos. 1597-1599 and 2807, the latter being a separate print of
 the petition to the Queen, which appears in Del Pilar's pamphlet,
@@ -10041,7 +10005,7 @@ appendix ix. The reply of the petitioners to the accusation that they
 really covered separatist aims under their attacks on friar-rule is
 worth quoting:
 
-"The aspiration for separation is contrary, Señora, to the interests
+"The aspiration for separation is contrary, Señora, to the interests
 of the Filipinos. The topographical situation of the country, divided
 into numerous islands, and the diversity of its regional dialects
 demand the fortifying aid of a bond of union such as the ensign of
@@ -10059,7 +10023,7 @@ Philippines which were the forerunners of the "Maura law."
 
 [127] Friar Tamayo, in his reply to statements by Pardo de Tavera,
 points out that Weyler's action was in consequence of decrees of the
-courts (Sobre una "Reseña histórica de Filipinas," pp. 194-195). This
+courts (Sobre una "Reseña histórica de Filipinas," pp. 194-195). This
 Kalamba episode seems to have had a connection with the royal order of
 December 4, 1890 (under the new Conservative ministry) empowering the
 religious orders to dispose of their estates without intervention of
@@ -10074,24 +10038,24 @@ in the use of the funds raised by subscription in the Philippines,
 is alluded to in various of the writings to be cited further on.
 
 [129] Mariano Ponce (El Renacimiento, Manila, Dec. 29, 1906) tells of
-an earlier periodical of propaganda, España en Filipinas, started at
+an earlier periodical of propaganda, España en Filipinas, started at
 Barcelona in 1887, Lopez Jaena being one of its board of editors. In
 this connection may be mentioned Ang Kalayaan ("Liberty") organ of
-the Katipunan, which published one number (perhaps two) in Tagálog
+the Katipunan, which published one number (perhaps two) in Tagálog
 at the beginning of 1896, ostensibly in Yokohama, but really on a
 secret press at Manila. Data about it, and a translation of some
 of its contents into Spanish may be found in Retana's Archivo, iv,
-Documentos políticos de actualidad, no. 15. Of Gracíano Lopez Jaena
-may also be noted the pamphlet Discursos y artículos varios (Barcelona,
+Documentos políticos de actualidad, no. 15. Of Gracíano Lopez Jaena
+may also be noted the pamphlet Discursos y artículos varios (Barcelona,
 1891). He died in Spain in 1895.
 
 [130] Epifanio de los Santos (one of the propagandists, now an
 official under the Philippine government) is publishing a biography
 and bibliography of M. H. del Pilar, reproducing documents and letters
 in Plaridel (pseudonym of Del Pilar), a weekly started at Bulakan,
-Luzon, Jan. 1, 1907. Besides La Solidaridad and La soberanía monacal,
+Luzon, Jan. 1, 1907. Besides La Solidaridad and La soberanía monacal,
 the writings of Del Pilar most deserving mention are the pamphlets La
-frailocracía filipina (Barcelona, 1889), and Los frailes en Filipinas
+frailocracía filipina (Barcelona, 1889), and Los frailes en Filipinas
 (Barcelona, 1889), by "Padpiuh."
 
 [131] The two alleged translations published in the United States
@@ -10107,7 +10071,7 @@ may be found cited in Retana's recent work, mentioned below. The best
 to date, but no longer easily attainable, are editions of both novels
 printed at Manila in 1900 by Chofre & Cia.
 
-[133] There must also be seen the collections Documentos políticos de
+[133] There must also be seen the collections Documentos políticos de
 actualidad in Retana's Archivo, iii and iv, especially those in the
 latter volume connected with Rizal's trial and execution. Besides
 the documents there reproduced--the diary of Rizal as a student in
@@ -10120,7 +10084,7 @@ in connection with the anniversaries of Rizal's execution (December
 30). Among these may be named especially: La Independencia, Sept. 25,
 1898, and Jan. 2, 1899 (Rizal's letters to Blumentritt regarding his
 relations with Blanco and recall to Manila for trial; also quoted by
-Foreman); La Patria, Dec. 30, 1899; La Democracia, Homenaje á Rizal,
+Foreman); La Patria, Dec. 30, 1899; La Democracia, Homenaje á Rizal,
 separately printed at Manila, 1899, with seventeen Rizal articles,
 sixteen reproduced from La Solidaridad; La Democracia, Dec. 29,
 30 or 31, 1901-06, especially Dec. 29, 1905 (notes by Santos); El
@@ -10142,20 +10106,20 @@ primarily to correct many recent exaggerations in the literature
 about the Filipinos. The bitterness with which his work (and even
 Morga himself) was assailed revealed the political spirit of the times.
 
-[135] Filipinas dextro de cien años, in La Solidaridad, reprinted in
+[135] Filipinas dextro de cien años, in La Solidaridad, reprinted in
 Retana's Archivo, v.
 
 [136] Library of Congress List, pp. 99, 100; and Pardo de Tavera's
 Biblioteca, nos. 307, 308, 339 and 341 (also 1087).
 
 [137] As also their tendency to assume that every Spanish official
-who favored a more liberal political régime in the Philippines
-did so because he was a Mason. The books of Sastrón and Castillo y
+who favored a more liberal political régime in the Philippines
+did so because he was a Mason. The books of Sastrón and Castillo y
 Jimenez (especially pp. 372-376, 382), also the friar pamphlets of
-García-Barzanallana (Library of Congress List, p. 103) and Navarro
+García-Barzanallana (Library of Congress List, p. 103) and Navarro
 (Biblioteca, no. 1,811), are especially in point. See, for accounts
 from the same point of view, the report of the Spanish officer of
-the civil guard, Olegario Diaz, no. 77 of Documentos políticos in
+the civil guard, Olegario Diaz, no. 77 of Documentos políticos in
 the Archivo, iii, and other documents in that series in vols. iii,
 and iv. Masones y ultramontanes, by Juan Utor y Fernandez (Manila,
 1899), is a defense of Masonry by a Spaniard who founded lodges in the
@@ -10168,15 +10132,15 @@ on Masonry in the Philippines.
 [139] See Biblioteca, no. 2,665.
 
 [140] Cited in their original draft, somewhat skeletonized, in the
-notes furnished for Retana's Vida y escritos de José Rizal by E. de
+notes furnished for Retana's Vida y escritos de José Rizal by E. de
 los Santos, and by the latter also furnished in a manuscript copy to
 the writer (of which see the translation post, pp. 217-226).
 
 [141] Notes, etc., in El Renacimiento, Manila, Aug. 11 and 18,
 Sept. 1 and 18, Oct. 13, 1906.
 
-[142] This is especially true of the documents given by José M. del
-Castillo y Jimenez, El Katipunan ó el Filibusterismo en Filipinas
+[142] This is especially true of the documents given by José M. del
+Castillo y Jimenez, El Katipunan ó el Filibusterismo en Filipinas
 (Madrid, 1897), pp. 114-117, 118-123, whence they have been quoted
 by various other writers. It is to be noted, first, that the source
 of these documents has never been given; they are not among the
@@ -10194,12 +10158,12 @@ rifles of all sorts, shotguns, and revolvers.
 
 [144] This was allowed to appear even in the testimony as written
 down by the Spanish military court (Retana's Archivo, iii, Documentos
-políticos, nos. 35, 46, and 55).
+políticos, nos. 35, 46, and 55).
 
 [145] Besides Castillo y Jimenez, the Katipunan will be found discussed
 in nearly all the sources to be cited on the 1896-97 insurrection. Data
 on Bonifacio are scanty, but see El Renacimiento, April 23, 1903;
-ibid., for the notes of Calderón, above cited, and of Aug. 30, 1906,
+ibid., for the notes of Calderón, above cited, and of Aug. 30, 1906,
 for a letter by Pio Valenzuela; also comments by A. Mabini and notes
 by J. A. LeRoy in American Historical Review, xi, pp. 843-861. A
 pamphlet, The Katipunan (Manila, 1902), by Francis St. Clair (?),
@@ -10238,15 +10202,15 @@ by reading correspondence of Aguinaldo with the Jesuit superior,
 that the real cause of the trouble was the friars. As virtually
 emissary and appointee of the friars, the inference is, Polavieja
 concluded it would be impossible for him to settle the difficulties
-successfully. The letters of Aguinaldo to Pio Pí are most interesting,
-at least (See La Politica de España en Filipinas, vii, pp. 326-328).
+successfully. The letters of Aguinaldo to Pio Pí are most interesting,
+at least (See La Politica de España en Filipinas, vii, pp. 326-328).
 
-[148] Notably the "removal" of Andrés Bonifacio in 1897 (regarding
+[148] Notably the "removal" of Andrés Bonifacio in 1897 (regarding
 which the Bonifacio note above cites incomplete data), and the
-Biak-na-bató negotiation, treated below.
+Biak-na-bató negotiation, treated below.
 
 [149] Memoria que al Senado dirige el General Blanco acerca de los
-últimos sucesos ocurridos en la isla de Luzón (Madrid, 1897).
+últimos sucesos ocurridos en la isla de Luzón (Madrid, 1897).
 
 [150] Ibid., pp. 64-68, 163-169. The real Blanco expresses himself in
 these sentences: "For some people, proof of character and energy is
@@ -10266,7 +10230,7 @@ committed. See La Democracia, Manila, July 12, 1906, for an alleged
 confession by Friar Piernavieja (extorted from him, and dictated to him
 in bad Spanish); ibid., July 14, 1906, for data regarding the execution
 of him and two other friars in Cavite, in "reprisal" for the execution
-of Rizal. Isabelo de los Reyes's pamphlet La religión del Katipunan
+of Rizal. Isabelo de los Reyes's pamphlet La religión del Katipunan
 (Madrid, 1900), as also other writings in Filipinas ante Europa and
 El defensor de Filipinas, a periodical edited at Madrid, 1899-1901 by
 Reyes, may be mentioned here, as to Aguinaldo and the revolutionary
@@ -10276,42 +10240,42 @@ movement in general; statements therein are commonly unreliable.
 and Social Economy, and American Occupation, 1898-1903. Some may be
 found under the authors' names in Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca.
 
-[154] So also La soberanía nacional, by D. Paradada, a Jesuit
+[154] So also La soberanía nacional, by D. Paradada, a Jesuit
 (Barcelona, 1897), cited by Pardo de Tavera, as "stupid." In this
 connection may be cited the following titles of Spanish writings
 on the events following May, 1898, which contain some backward
 glances upon the earlier phases of the Filipino revolution, also
-some Spanish imprevision; Juan y José Toral.--El sitio de Manila
-(Manila, 1898). José Roca de Togores y Saravia (secretary of
+some Spanish imprevision; Juan y José Toral.--El sitio de Manila
+(Manila, 1898). José Roca de Togores y Saravia (secretary of
 Council of Administration of Philippines).--El bloqueo y sitio de
-Manila. V. M. Concas y Palau.--Causa instruida por la destrucción
+Manila. V. M. Concas y Palau.--Causa instruida por la destrucción
 de la escuadra de Filipinas y entrega del arsenal de Cavite. Notas
-taquigráficas (Madrid, 1899). Isern.--Del desastre nacional y sus
-causas (Madrid, 1899). Luis Morero Jerez.--Los prisioneros españoles en
+taquigráficas (Madrid, 1899). Isern.--Del desastre nacional y sus
+causas (Madrid, 1899). Luis Morero Jerez.--Los prisioneros españoles en
 poder de los tagalos (Manila, Dec., 1899). Carlos Ria-Baja (a prisoner
 of the Filipinos).--El desastre filipino (Barcelona, 1899). Antonio
 del Rio (a prisoner, Spanish governor of Laguna Province).--Sitio
-y rendición de Santa Cruz de la Laguna (Manila, 1899). El Capitan
-Verdades (Juan de Urquía).--Historia negra (Barcelona, 1899). Joaquín
-D. Duran (a friar prisoner).--Episodios de la revolución filipina
+y rendición de Santa Cruz de la Laguna (Manila, 1899). El Capitan
+Verdades (Juan de Urquía).--Historia negra (Barcelona, 1899). Joaquín
+D. Duran (a friar prisoner).--Episodios de la revolución filipina
 (Manila, 1900). Ulpiano Herrero y Sampedro (a prisoner).--Nuestra
-prisión en poder de los revolucionarios filipinos (Manila,
+prisión en poder de los revolucionarios filipinos (Manila,
 1900). Graciano Martinez (a friar prisoner).--Memoria del cautiverio
-(Manila, 1900). C. P. (Carlos Peñaranda).--Ante la opinión y ante
+(Manila, 1900). C. P. (Carlos Peñaranda).--Ante la opinión y ante
 la historia (Madrid, 1900); a defense of Admiral Montojo. Bernardino
 Nozaleda (Archbishop of Manila).--Defensa obligada contra acusaciones
 gratuitas (Madrid, 1904); especially for communications to Blanco,
 1895-96, in re Katipunan, etc.
 
-[155] First published under the title La insurrección en Filipinas
+[155] First published under the title La insurrección en Filipinas
 (Madrid, 1897), but the later volume, covering also the events of late
 1897 and 1898 and the war with the United States, is more complete.
 
-[156] Memoria dirigida al Senado por el Capitán General D. Fernando
-Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte acerca de sa gestión en Filipinas. Agosto
-de 1898 (Madrid, 1898). Pp. 121-158 cover the Biak-na-bató negotiation.
+[156] Memoria dirigida al Senado por el Capitán General D. Fernando
+Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte acerca de sa gestión en Filipinas. Agosto
+de 1898 (Madrid, 1898). Pp. 121-158 cover the Biak-na-bató negotiation.
 
-[157] E.g., In his Reseña verídica (only signed, not written by him),
+[157] E.g., In his Reseña verídica (only signed, not written by him),
 an English translation of which appears in Congressional Record,
 xxxv, appendix, pp. 440-445.
 
@@ -10319,7 +10283,7 @@ xxxv, appendix, pp. 440-445.
 translations with explanatory notes. See also Senate Document no. 208,
 56th Congress, 1st session, part 2, for the documents showing the
 discussion of the junta of Filipinos at Hongkong in February and May,
-1898, relative to the Biak-na-bató money payments and the obligations
+1898, relative to the Biak-na-bató money payments and the obligations
 thereby contracted toward the Spanish government. When the Philippine
 Insurgent Records now in manuscript in the War Department, edited by
 Captain J. R. M. Taylor, are published, all the captured documents
@@ -10329,7 +10293,7 @@ on this and later matters will be brought together.
 promised by Primo de Rivera, or even as being contained in an actual
 treaty. Such statements have usually been reproduced from Foreman or
 directly from insurgent proclamations. It is notable that in these
-(e.g., that of the La Junta Patriótica, Hongkong, April, 1898) it
+(e.g., that of the La Junta Patriótica, Hongkong, April, 1898) it
 is only declared that Primo de Rivera "promised" these reforms, and
 that he himself would remain in the Philippines during a three-year
 "armistice," as a guarantee that the reforms would be carried out.
@@ -10372,8 +10336,8 @@ bringing the Liberals again into power, with Moret, who had proposed
 secularization of education in 1870, as Colonial Minister, was another
 reason for expecting liberal measures in the Philippines as well as in
 Cuba. It was this new ministry which urged Primo de Rivera to conclude
-the Biak-na-bató negotiation speedily. One of the indications that
-the Biak-na-bató documents in the War Department, above cited, were
+the Biak-na-bató negotiation speedily. One of the indications that
+the Biak-na-bató documents in the War Department, above cited, were
 "doctored" in some particulars is the insertion in Paterno's letter
 to Aguinaldo of Aug. 9, 1897, of a reference to Moret being Minister;
 the change of cabinet in Madrid occurred two months later.
@@ -10388,19 +10352,19 @@ from a man appointed by a Conservative administration.
 tones by other writers.
 
 [169] See the pamphlets, reprinting articles from two of these
-periodicals: Juan Caro y Mora, La situación del país (Manila, 1897),
-series in La Oceanía Española; and El gran problema de las reformas en
-Filipinas planteado por El Español, periódico diario de Manila (Manila,
-1897). These articles appeared while the Biak-na-bató negotiation
+periodicals: Juan Caro y Mora, La situación del país (Manila, 1897),
+series in La Oceanía Española; and El gran problema de las reformas en
+Filipinas planteado por El Español, periódico diario de Manila (Manila,
+1897). These articles appeared while the Biak-na-bató negotiation
 was pending, and with full official sanction; but they touched the
 religious question only very cautiously, and mostly to defend the
 friars. The articles of Caro y Mora especially merit consideration in
 connection with the study of Spanish administration in its last stage.
 
 [170] See especially El Liberal, of Madrid. The writer has a copy
-of a broadside dated at Madrid Jan. 26, 1898, Exposición elevada á
-sa Majestad la Reina Regente sobre la insurrección en Filipinas,
-by Vital Fité, a Spanish journalist, once provincial governor in
+of a broadside dated at Madrid Jan. 26, 1898, Exposición elevada á
+sa Majestad la Reina Regente sobre la insurrección en Filipinas,
+by Vital Fité, a Spanish journalist, once provincial governor in
 the Philippines. It represents friar-rule as the chief grievance,
 but recites also abuses and defects of administration.
 
@@ -10414,7 +10378,7 @@ who advocates "reform" by means of "a step backward."
 
 [173] As, e.g., does Pellicena y Lopez, in Los frailes y los filipinos,
 to prove that separation was not the aim of the propagandists. The
-citation from Del Pilar's Soberanía monacal (paragraph v), is almost
+citation from Del Pilar's Soberanía monacal (paragraph v), is almost
 identical with the paragraph of the 1888 petition to the Queen,
 quoted already.
 
@@ -10444,7 +10408,7 @@ discussed in the correspondence with the Jesuit superior, as already
 mentioned, the reforms he thought the country asked, and expressly
 disclaimed for the revolutionists the aim for independence. So also
 his proclamations and interviews on leaving for Hongkong after the
-pact of Biak-na-bató (see La Política de España en Filipinas, viii,
+pact of Biak-na-bató (see La Política de España en Filipinas, viii,
 pp. 46, 47).
 
 However, in a letter to Fray Tomas Espejo (undated, but written
@@ -10452,14 +10416,14 @@ probably in January, 1898), Aguinaldo says: "A great work is this,
 which demands great sacrifices, followed by the shedding of quantities
 of blood. But what matters that, for it is very little compared to the
 sublime and holy end which we hold before ourselves in attempting to
-take arms against España. For this we have resolved to sacrifice our
+take arms against España. For this we have resolved to sacrifice our
 lives until we shall hear issue from the mouths of our compatriots,
-the blessed phrase 'All hail, Filipinas! forever separated from España
-and conquered through the heroism of their inhabitants.'" (La Política
-de España, viii, p. 44).--Eds.
+the blessed phrase 'All hail, Filipinas! forever separated from España
+and conquered through the heroism of their inhabitants.'" (La Política
+de España, viii, p. 44).--Eds.
 
-[176] See Sastrón's account of Biak-na-bató in chapters v and vi
-of his Insurrección en Filipinas for some fragments of documents on
+[176] See Sastrón's account of Biak-na-bató in chapters v and vi
+of his Insurrección en Filipinas for some fragments of documents on
 this subject.
 
 [177] A royal decree of Jan. 22, 1784, by Carlos III, declared the
@@ -10493,29 +10457,29 @@ granted permission to those Jesuits who desired to return to Spain,
 with the same pension which they had been receiving. After the war
 between Spain and France was ended, urgent requests were made to
 Fernando VII by various personages prominent in ecclesiastical,
-educational, and municipal affairs that he would reëstablish in
+educational, and municipal affairs that he would reëstablish in
 his dominions the Society of Jesus; and permission was given by a
 royal decree dated May 9, 1815, for the Jesuits to have houses in
 the towns and cities which had asked for them. A year later, after
 various preparations for this change had been made by the government,
-another decree extended the reëstablishment to all the towns where
+another decree extended the reëstablishment to all the towns where
 the Jesuits had formerly had their institutions. "In virtue of this,
-all the Spanish Jesuits who were residing in Italy returned to España,
+all the Spanish Jesuits who were residing in Italy returned to España,
 at the expense of the court. All these decisions were adopted in
-España in fulfilment of the bull of Pius VII dated Aug. 7, 1814,
-Solicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, by which the Jesuits were reëstablished
+España in fulfilment of the bull of Pius VII dated Aug. 7, 1814,
+Solicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, by which the Jesuits were reëstablished
 in all the Catholic countries--that of Clement XIV, which decreed
 the extinction of the order, being thereby annulled. [177A] Not five
-years had passed after the reëstablishment of the Society of Jesus in
-España when, the revolution of 1820 having been successful, the Cortes
+years had passed after the reëstablishment of the Society of Jesus in
+España when, the revolution of 1820 having been successful, the Cortes
 assembled; and the Spanish monarch, by decree of September 6 in that
 same year, again suppressed the [Jesuit] institute, together with the
 other monastic orders, allowing the Jesuits, however, liberty to
-reside in España. Fernando communicated to his Holiness the above
+reside in España. Fernando communicated to his Holiness the above
 decision, and Pius VII replied in a letter of September 15, expressing
 the displeasure with which he had received the tidings; but in 1823,
 the constitutional government having been destroyed, the regency
-issued a decree on June 11, reëstablishing the Society and the rest
+issued a decree on June 11, reëstablishing the Society and the rest
 of the regular orders in the same condition in which they were before
 March 7, 1820. Fernando VII died on Sept. 29, 1833, and the civil war
 began; and on July 17, 1834, occurred the lamentable massacre [177B]
@@ -10523,7 +10487,7 @@ of the Jesuits and other religious. By royal decree of July 4, 1835,
 the Society of Jesus was anew declared extinguished; and its property
 was ordered to be sold, in order to apply the product thereof to the
 extinction of the public debt. In spite of this decision, the Jesuits
-remained established in España; and it was necessary, in the last
+remained established in España; and it was necessary, in the last
 revolutionary period, to issue the decree of Oct. 12, 1868,
 suppressing the Society of Jesus in the Peninsula and the adjacent
 islands; and commanding that within the space of three days all their
@@ -10533,7 +10497,7 @@ decree of July 4, 1835. To these provisions were added this, that the
 individuals of the suppressed Society might not again reunite in a
 body or a community, nor wear the garb of the order, nor be in any way
 subordinate to the superiors of the order who existed either within or
-without España, those who were not ordained in sacris remaining subject
+without España, those who were not ordained in sacris remaining subject
 in all matters to the ordinary civil jurisdiction. But the realization
 of this measure was ephemeral; for when the constitution of June 5,
 1869, was published, the right of every person was declared--and
@@ -10543,7 +10507,7 @@ morals; and, by favor of this liberty, the individuals of the Society
 of Jesus considered themselves authorized to form an  association and
 found anew colleges and houses in the Spanish dominions."
 
-A brief of Pope Leo XIII, dated July 13, 1886, finally reëstablished
+A brief of Pope Leo XIII, dated July 13, 1886, finally reëstablished
 the Society of Jesus throughout the world, and abrogated that of
 Clement XIV which in 1773 suppressed the order. The pope took occasion
 to express this permission in the warmest and most forcible terms; and
@@ -10564,7 +10528,7 @@ murdered many of the inmates; and over a hundred friars were killed
 for the same reason.
 
 [178] This constitution was partly printed at London, at the London
-Printing Press, No. 25 Khulug St., in both Spanish and Tagálog. Those
+Printing Press, No. 25 Khulug St., in both Spanish and Tagálog. Those
 parts printed (the ends, duties of the members, and the general rules)
 contain some changes from Rizal's MS. Preceding the constitution
 proper is the membership pledge to the Liga. It is as follows:
@@ -10617,11 +10581,11 @@ la Rosa; arrested. Treasurer, Bonifacio Arevalo; arrested. Secretary,
 Deodato Arellano; first president of the national war Katipunan
 society; arrested. Members--Andres Bonifacio; supreme head of the
 Katipunan, who uttered the first warcry against tyranny, August 24,
-1896. Mamerto Natividad; seconded, in Nueva Écija, the movement of
+1896. Mamerto Natividad; seconded, in Nueva Écija, the movement of
 Andres Bonifacio, August 28, 1896; shot. Domingo Franco; supreme
 head of the Liga Filipina; shot. Moises Salvador; venerable master of
 the respected lodge, Balagtas; shot. Numeriano Adriano; first guard
-of the respected lodge, Balagtas; shot. José A. Dizon; venerable
+of the respected lodge, Balagtas; shot. José A. Dizon; venerable
 master of the respected lodge, Taliba; shot. Apolinario Mabini;
 legislator; arrested. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista; first patriot of
 '68; arrested. Timoteo Lanuza; initiator of the manifestation for
@@ -10685,7 +10649,7 @@ is probably true that it borrowed some few things from freemasonry in
 matters of form, but there the analogy seems to end. For the friar
 viewpoint of masonry in Spain and the Philippines, see Navarro's
 Algunos asuntos de actualidad (Madrid, 1897), pp. 221-277; and
-Pastells's La masonización de Filipinas. Sawyer's account (Inhabitants
+Pastells's La masonización de Filipinas. Sawyer's account (Inhabitants
 of the Philippines, pp. 79-81) is very inadequate.
 
 [186] i.e., "It is better to die than to federate."
@@ -10715,7 +10679,7 @@ previously been pointed out by Pius IX in consistorial allocutions,
 and encyclical and other apostolic letters. It is a protest against
 atheism, materialism, and other forms of infidelity. It condemns
 religious and civil liberty, separation of Church and State, and
-preëminence of the Church of Rome. See Philip Schaff's Creeds of
+preëminence of the Church of Rome. See Philip Schaff's Creeds of
 Christendom (New York, 1877), i, pp. 128-134 and ii, pp. 213-233
 (this last the Latin and English text of the Syllabus.)
 
@@ -10724,7 +10688,7 @@ version. Translated directly from the Spanish, this verse reads:
 "If you be reproached for the name of Christ, you will be blessed; for
 the honor, glory, and virtue of God, and His own spirit rest upon you."
 
-[192] Bartolomé de las Casas or Casaus, who was born in Sevilla in
+[192] Bartolomé de las Casas or Casaus, who was born in Sevilla in
 1474, and died in Madrid, in July, 1569, and because of his great
 exertions for the Indians called the "apostle of the Indies." Much
 has been written concerning this romantic and sincere character of
@@ -10736,7 +10700,7 @@ the years 1492-1520) was begun in 1527 and completed in 1559.
 [193] Aguinaldo states that after he had been driven to the mountains
 in May, 1897, he established a republic. See North Amer. Rev., August,
 1901, p. 212. See also the constitution of the so-called republic in
-Constitución política de la Republica Filipina promulgada el dia 22
+Constitución política de la Republica Filipina promulgada el dia 22
 de Enero de 1899 (1899).
 
 [194] See ante, p. 176.
@@ -10839,7 +10803,7 @@ civil power. (See Schaff's Creeds of Christendom, ii, pp. 226, 227.)
 [210] See VOL. LI, pp. 146, 147, note 103; and ante, pp. 83, 84,
 note 33.
 
-[211] The Código de las siete partidas, so called because divided
+[211] The Código de las siete partidas, so called because divided
 into seven parts, were compiled by Alfonso the Wise, the work of
 compilation beginning June 23, 1256, and being concluded probably in
 1265. See Dic. encic. Hisp.-Amer., xiv, pp. 982, 983.
@@ -10862,7 +10826,7 @@ sufficiently indicated.
 from one of the fifty copies) at the press of Viuda de M. Minuesa de
 los Rios, Madrid.
 
-[217] A Tagálog word, meaning "that which is in partnership."
+[217] A Tagálog word, meaning "that which is in partnership."
 
 [218] Pacto de retrovendendo: "A certain agreement accessory to the
 contract of purchase and sale, by which the buyer obliges himself
@@ -10873,7 +10837,7 @@ the agreement is drawn up." (Diccionario of the Academy, cited by
 Dominguez.) Cf. the political use of the same phrase in the treaty
 of Zaragoza (VOL. 1, p. 232).
 
-[219] The word "composition" (Spanish, composición) as here used has "a
+[219] The word "composition" (Spanish, composición) as here used has "a
 technical meaning as applied to lands, and may be defined as a method
 by which the State enabled an individual who held its lands without
 legal title thereto to convert his mere possession into a perfect
@@ -10917,7 +10881,7 @@ at Sampaloc, 1784.
 provinces were restricted to judicial functions, and in others they
 were replaced by civil governors.
 
-[222] Bernáldez, in his account (dated 1827) of "Reforms needed in
+[222] Bernáldez, in his account (dated 1827) of "Reforms needed in
 Filipinas" (already presented in our VOL. LI) says of this association
 (fol. 29): "Although in Manila there is an Economic Society organized
 to promote public prosperity by means of the industries of the country,
@@ -10925,7 +10889,7 @@ composed as it is of miscellaneous members, nominated without [their
 own] solicitation, and without inclination for that sort of occupation,
 there is little, if anything, to be expected from the activities of a
 body which has already gone to pieces once through its own inaction,
-and has been reëstablished only to comply with the sovereign's command,
+and has been reëstablished only to comply with the sovereign's command,
 and not by the activity or encouragement of the citizens of Filipinas
 themselves."
 
@@ -10943,7 +10907,7 @@ published the above work; and his death occurred in 1838.
 
 [225] See account of this periodical in VOL. LI, p. 48, note 16.
 
-[226] This was Paul de la Gironière, a French surgeon who went to
+[226] This was Paul de la Gironière, a French surgeon who went to
 Manila in 1820, and who escaped, almost by a miracle, from the massacre
 of foreigners by the natives in that year. He married a Spanish lady
 of Manila, the Marquesa de las Salinas, and spent twenty years in the
@@ -10951,11 +10915,11 @@ islands, where he founded a colony at Jala-Jala, and kept a large
 estate under cultivation, besides performing, at various times,
 official functions entrusted to him by the Manila government. He
 returned to France, where he died about 1865. He was author of a book,
-Aventures d'un gentilhomme breton aux îles Philippines (Paris, 1855),
+Aventures d'un gentilhomme breton aux îles Philippines (Paris, 1855),
 which had considerable vogue, and is regarded as an interesting
 and in many respects valuable description of the islands, their
 resources and people, and social conditions there. He also wrote
-Vingt années aux Philippines (Paris, 1853), of which an English
+Vingt années aux Philippines (Paris, 1853), of which an English
 abridgment was published in London soon afterward, called Twenty
 Years in the Philippines. (See Pardo de Tavera, Biblioteca filipina,
 pp. 185-186.) An English translation with the same title was published
@@ -10965,8 +10929,8 @@ at New York (1854), "revised and extended by the author."
 corrientes de Manila (1639-41); see VOL. LI, p. 71, note 31.
 
 [228] One of the largest and richest towns of the province of
-Bulacán; and both town and province are renowned for various native
-manufactures--hats, cigar-cases, piña fabrics, and petates (i.e.,
+Bulacán; and both town and province are renowned for various native
+manufactures--hats, cigar-cases, piña fabrics, and petates (i.e.,
 mats)--of fine quality, and often very costly. See Jagor's account
 (Reisen, p. 48) of the manufacture of these cigar-cases at Balivag;
 the fibers of which they are made are obtained from a certain
@@ -11006,7 +10970,7 @@ of individuals were allowed, contrary to the law and to the intentions
 of the government, to smoke opium in their own houses. The revenue
 from opium amounted in 1860 to 98,000 escudos; in the fiscal year of
 1865-66, to 140,000; and in 1866-67, to 207,000. Montero y Vidal cites
-in Archipiélago filipino (published in 1886), the tariff schedule of
+in Archipiélago filipino (published in 1886), the tariff schedule of
 1874, "The importation of opium is prohibited; and only that will be
 allowed which, in small quantities, is destined for the pharmacies,
 and all that which may be imported by the lessees of the right to sell
@@ -11030,11 +10994,11 @@ who died in 1743." (Official Handbook, p. 269.) This was one of the
 obras pias founded by a public-spirited citizen, Francisco Carriedo
 y Peredo; he was born in the town of Santander in 1690, and died at
 the age of 53, "having during his life conferred immense benefits on
-Filipinas." (Vindel, Catálogo, i, pp. 155, 156.)
+Filipinas." (Vindel, Catálogo, i, pp. 155, 156.)
 
 [236] The botanical garden of Manila was created by Governor Norzagaray
 (by decree of Sept. 13, 1858); and, as a result of this, a royal decree
-of May 29, 1861, founded there a school o£ botany and agriculture,
+of May 29, 1861, founded there a school o£ botany and agriculture,
 under the control of the governor of the islands and immediate
 supervision of the Economic Society. The locality called Campo de
 Arroceros ["the rice-dealers' field"] was set apart as a botanical
@@ -11055,7 +11019,7 @@ water must be carried across cliffs so hard and so broken that
 the Ifugaos cannot successfully work the stone with their simple
 tools, they construct and fasten in place great troughs made from
 the hollowed trunks of trees, and the same procedure is resorted
-to when cañons must be crossed, great ingenuity being displayed in
+to when cañons must be crossed, great ingenuity being displayed in
 building the necessary supporting trestle-work of timber. The nearly
 perpendicular walls of their rice paddies are usually built of stone,
 although near Quiangan, where the country is comparatively open and
@@ -11077,367 +11041,4 @@ terraced hills of Japan sink into insignificance."
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898,
 Volume 52, 1841-1898, by Various
 
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57431 ***
diff --git a/57431-h/57431-h.htm b/57431-h/57431-h.htm
index 13c3456..18582a5 100644
--- a/57431-h/57431-h.htm
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@@ -737,55 +737,7 @@ width:562px;
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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume
-52, 1841-1898, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
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-
-Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 52, 1841-1898
-       Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the
-              islands and their peoples, their history and records of
-              the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books
-              and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial
-              and religious conditions of those islands from their
-              earliest relations with European nations to the close of
-              the nineteenth century
-
-Author: Various
-
-Editor: Blair, Emma Helen
-        Robertson, James Alexander
-        Bourne, Edward Gaylord
-
-Release Date: March 2, 2019 [EBook #57431]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
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-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME 52 ***
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-Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
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-
-
-
-
-</pre>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57431 ***</div>
 
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-</pre>
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