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diff --git a/57313-8.txt b/57313-0.txt index e5f30af..8e0b72b 100644 --- a/57313-8.txt +++ b/57313-0.txt @@ -1,37 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Feeding of School Children, by M. E. -(Mildred Emily) Bulkley - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Feeding of School Children - - -Author: M. E. (Mildred Emily) Bulkley - - - -Release Date: June 12, 2018 [eBook #57313] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FEEDING OF SCHOOL CHILDREN*** - - -E-text prepared by MWS, David King, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57313 *** @@ -398,55 +365,55 @@ Boys ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. - 7 3 11·4 3 9·33 3 8·8 3 8 + 7 3 11·4 3 9·33 3 8·8 3 8 - 7-1/2 4 1·83 3 10·7 3 8·17 3 10 + 7-1/2 4 1·83 3 10·7 3 8·17 3 10 - 8 4 2·61 3 11·67 3 10 3 8·37 + 8 4 2·61 3 11·67 3 10 3 8·37 - 8-1/2 4 2·5 3 11·62 3 11·33 3 9·2 + 8-1/2 4 2·5 3 11·62 3 11·33 3 9·2 - 9 4 4·03 4 1·76 4 0·8 3 11 + 9 4 4·03 4 1·76 4 0·8 3 11 - 9-1/2 4 4·37 4 1·75 4 1·61 4 0 + 9-1/2 4 4·37 4 1·75 4 1·61 4 0 - 10 4 6·41 4 3·3 4 1·7 4 0·5 + 10 4 6·41 4 3·3 4 1·7 4 0·5 - 10-1/2 4 6·83 4 3·7 4 3·04 4 0·75 + 10-1/2 4 6·83 4 3·7 4 3·04 4 0·75 - 11 4 7·5 4 5·11 4 3·8 4 1·75 + 11 4 7·5 4 5·11 4 3·8 4 1·75 - 11-1/2 4 8·87 4 6·25 4 4·57 4 2·3 + 11-1/2 4 8·87 4 6·25 4 4·57 4 2·3 - 12 4 10 4 6·9 4 5·6 4 3·6 + 12 4 10 4 6·9 4 5·6 4 3·6 - 12-1/2 4 9·4 4 7·5 4 6·34 4 4·16 + 12-1/2 4 9·4 4 7·5 4 6·34 4 4·16 - 13 5 0·55 4 9·05 4 5·9 4 5·61 + 13 5 0·55 4 9·05 4 5·9 4 5·61 - 13-1/2 4 11·77 4 8·62 4 7·23 4 6·5 + 13-1/2 4 11·77 4 8·62 4 7·23 4 6·5 - 14 5 1·75 4 10·2 4 8·25 4 7·25 + 14 5 1·75 4 10·2 4 8·25 4 7·25 Girls Age Council A Council B Council C ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. - 7 3 10·75 3 8·25 3 9·12 - 7-1/2 3 10·13 3 9·77 3 8·75 - 8 3 11·5 3 10·73 3 8·87 - 8-1/2 4 0·25 3 10·57 3 9·5 - 9 4 2·62 4 0·25 3 11·16 - 9-1/2 4 2·25 4 1·2 4 0 - 10 4 3·25 4 1·76 4 0·17 - 10-1/2 4 2·75 4 3·35 4 0·3 - 11 4 5 4 4·12 4 1·06 - 11-1/2 4 4·75 4 4·25 4 2·7 - 12 4 7·25 4 5·7 4 4·16 - 12-1/2 4 9 4 6·14 4 5·16 - 13 4 8·3 4 7·3 4 7·5 - 13-1/2 4 10·75 4 8·87 4 7 - 14 5 0·5 4 5·7 4 8·5 + 7 3 10·75 3 8·25 3 9·12 + 7-1/2 3 10·13 3 9·77 3 8·75 + 8 3 11·5 3 10·73 3 8·87 + 8-1/2 4 0·25 3 10·57 3 9·5 + 9 4 2·62 4 0·25 3 11·16 + 9-1/2 4 2·25 4 1·2 4 0 + 10 4 3·25 4 1·76 4 0·17 + 10-1/2 4 2·75 4 3·35 4 0·3 + 11 4 5 4 4·12 4 1·06 + 11-1/2 4 4·75 4 4·25 4 2·7 + 12 4 7·25 4 5·7 4 4·16 + 12-1/2 4 9 4 6·14 4 5·16 + 13 4 8·3 4 7·3 4 7·5 + 13-1/2 4 10·75 4 8·87 4 7 + 14 5 0·5 4 5·7 4 8·5 Boys @@ -455,55 +422,55 @@ Boys st. lb. st. lb. st. lb. st. lb. - 7 3 7·3 3 2·1 3 1 3 1 + 7 3 7·3 3 2·1 3 1 3 1 - 7-1/2 4 0·7 3 6·77 3 0·11 3 4 + 7-1/2 4 0·7 3 6·77 3 0·11 3 4 - 4 0·7 3 4·44 3 3·64 3 1·87 + 4 0·7 3 4·44 3 3·64 3 1·87 - 8-1/2 3 10·5 3 5 3 5·2 3 3·3 + 8-1/2 3 10·5 3 5 3 5·2 3 3·3 - 4 3·5 3 11·33 3 8·85 3 6·38 + 4 3·5 3 11·33 3 8·85 3 6·38 - 9-1/2 4 5·4 3 9·35 3 11·16 3 9·5 + 9-1/2 4 5·4 3 9·35 3 11·16 3 9·5 - 4 10·03 3 13·1 3 11 -- + 4 10·03 3 13·1 3 11 -- - 10-1/2 4 12·76 4 0·43 4 0·6 3 12·37 + 10-1/2 4 12·76 4 0·43 4 0·6 3 12·37 - 11 5 0·27 4 5·45 4 3·05 3 13·5 + 11 5 0·27 4 5·45 4 3·05 3 13·5 - 11-1/2 5 4·75 4 6·8 4 4·79 4 2·3 + 11-1/2 5 4·75 4 6·8 4 4·79 4 2·3 - 12 5 7·05 4 10·6 4 7·92 4 6·05 + 12 5 7·05 4 10·6 4 7·92 4 6·05 - 12-1/2 5 4 4 13 4 11·5 4 7·73 + 12-1/2 5 4 4 13 4 11·5 4 7·73 - 13 6 4·25 5 3·42 4 12·75 4 13·33 + 13 6 4·25 5 3·42 4 12·75 4 13·33 - 13-1/2 6 1·72 5 4·26 4 12·5 5 0·63 + 13-1/2 6 1·72 5 4·26 4 12·5 5 0·63 - 14 6 10·5 5 5·82 5 5·87 5 1·14 + 14 6 10·5 5 5·82 5 5·87 5 1·14 Girls Age Council A Council B Council C st. lb. st. lb. st. lb. - 7 3 1 2 13·1 3 5 - 7-1/2 3 2·6 3 3 3 8 - 3 6·85 3 3·9 3 2·16 - 8-1/2 3 8 3 5·5 3 4·7 - 3 10 3 7·9 3 6·5 - 9-1/2 3 10·85 3 10·5 3 8·05 - 4 1·5 3 12·3 3 10·75 - 10-1/2 3 13·46 4 3·57 3 11·2 - 11 4 5·28 4 6·5 4 0·25 - 11-1/2 4 4·7 4 5·2 4 4·57 - 12 5 1·31 4 11·07 4 11·7 - 12-1/2 5 7·3 4 11·7 4 13·12 - 13 5 0·3 5 3·16 5 3·3 - 13-1/2 5 10·5 5 5·8 5 4 - 14 6 9·3 5 4·57 5 12 + 7 3 1 2 13·1 3 5 + 7-1/2 3 2·6 3 3 3 8 + 3 6·85 3 3·9 3 2·16 + 8-1/2 3 8 3 5·5 3 4·7 + 3 10 3 7·9 3 6·5 + 9-1/2 3 10·85 3 10·5 3 8·05 + 4 1·5 3 12·3 3 10·75 + 10-1/2 3 13·46 4 3·57 3 11·2 + 11 4 5·28 4 6·5 4 0·25 + 11-1/2 4 4·7 4 5·2 4 4·57 + 12 5 1·31 4 11·07 4 11·7 + 12-1/2 5 7·3 4 11·7 4 13·12 + 13 5 0·3 5 3·16 5 3·3 + 13-1/2 5 10·5 5 5·8 5 4 + 14 6 9·3 5 4·57 5 12 A is a school where the parents were comparatively well-to-do and the children mostly had comfortable homes. @@ -1140,7 +1107,7 @@ want, while in other places children are starving."[43] In most cases the provision was insufficient to feed all the indigent children every day, many getting a meal only once or twice a week.[44] Only a rough estimate of the number of necessitous children could be obtained, but it -was calculated that 43,888 or 12·8 per cent. of the children attending +was calculated that 43,888 or 12·8 per cent. of the children attending schools of the Board were habitually in want of food, and of these less than half were provided for.[45] The Committee recommended that a central organisation should be formed "to work with the existing @@ -1753,7 +1720,7 @@ Eichholz referred to Dr. Hall's experiment in feeding poor children at Leeds. "Taking sixty poor seven-year-old children, at the beginning of the period they totalled 455 lbs., below normal weight.... They gained in three months forty lbs. in addition to the normal increase in weight" -for that time, "and they looked less anæmic and more cheerful."[97] Too +for that time, "and they looked less anæmic and more cheerful."[97] Too much importance must not be attached to these figures since the data on which they are based are not sufficiently known to gauge their value, but that the improvement was very considerable cannot be doubted. @@ -1929,7 +1896,7 @@ in 22 out of the 55 large urban districts.[115] In addition to these there were numerous efforts of a spasmodic character, school meals being often started hastily during some special emergency. The Committee estimated that the total amount spent on the provision of meals in -England and Wales was approximately £33,568, of which £10,299 was spent +England and Wales was approximately £33,568, of which £10,299 was spent in London.[116] But these figures were "very far from representing the full amount of money spent out of charitable sources."[117] No account was taken of the innumerable philanthropic agencies existing all over @@ -2289,9 +2256,9 @@ Footnote 145: At Birmingham it was found that many parents "were earning over 30s. a week, and in one case the parent was in constant employment with an - average rate of £3 17s. 6d. a week." (35th Report of Local Government + average rate of £3 17s. 6d. a week." (35th Report of Local Government Board, 1905-6, p. 495.) At Bolton, some of the parents were receiving - from £2 to £3 a week. (_Ibid._, p. 506.) + from £2 to £3 a week. (_Ibid._, p. 506.) Footnote 146: @@ -2802,10 +2769,10 @@ Footnote 185: The steady decrease in the amount derived from voluntary contributions, and the increase in rates are shown by the following table :--[186] - Rates £ Voluntary Miscellaneous sources Total. - Contribution £ (contributions from + Rates £ Voluntary Miscellaneous sources Total. + Contribution £ (contributions from parents, Poor Law - Guardians, etc.) £ + Guardians, etc.) £ For the year 67,524 17,831 335 85,690 1908-9 @@ -2832,7 +2799,7 @@ Footnote 186: The discrepancy in the total for 1911-12 is due to the fact that the figures in the several columns are not given exactly, but to the - nearest £. + nearest £. The total number of children fed is given in the returns for 1911 as 124,685.[187] This, however, does not include a few counties and towns @@ -2876,8 +2843,8 @@ not subject to the Local Government Board audit. Footnote 190: - In 1908-9, by £1,645; in 1909-10, by £2,370; in 1910-11, by £1,163, - and in 1911-12, by £374. (Report on the Working of the Education + In 1908-9, by £1,645; in 1909-10, by £2,370; in 1910-11, by £1,163, + and in 1911-12, by £374. (Report on the Working of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act up to March 31, 1909, p. 26; Report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education for 1910, p. 304; ditto for 1911, p. 317.) @@ -2924,7 +2891,7 @@ elementary schools."[195] This wide definition enables the School Medical Officer to send to the Open Air Schools, which several Local Authorities have established, and at which one or more meals a day are provided, not only children suffering from definite diseases, but also -those who are underfed, anæmic and generally debilitated, to whom the +those who are underfed, anæmic and generally debilitated, to whom the fresh air, healthy life and regular, wholesome meals prove an inestimable boon. @@ -3975,7 +3942,7 @@ the home. specially set apart as a dining-room. The meal should be attended only by the children from that particular school and should be served under proper supervision. The tables should be nicely laid, regard being paid -to the æsthetic side of the meal, and table manners should be taught. +to the æsthetic side of the meal, and table manners should be taught. The children should themselves lay the tables and wait on one another. We have found these ideal arrangements in some of the Special Schools for Defective Children and in Open Air Schools,[253] but it is very rare @@ -4193,7 +4160,7 @@ advisability of providing their own kitchen. Footnote 263: - Some were sent to the depôts of the Food and Betterment Association. + Some were sent to the depôts of the Food and Betterment Association. Footnote 264: @@ -4262,7 +4229,7 @@ again we were told that at first the children would hardly touch the food, being accustomed to the home dietary of bread and tea and pickles; but by the patient endeavours of the teachers this difficulty was overcome and the children have learnt to appreciate nourishing food. The -importance of the æsthetic side of the meal is fully appreciated. Table +importance of the æsthetic side of the meal is fully appreciated. Table cloths are provided and often flowers. The meal, indeed, "from start to finish is educational."[270] @@ -4649,7 +4616,7 @@ the teachers sometimes make arrangements privately for the most necessitous children to be fed at shops. At Leeds it has become the custom for the Lord Mayor to provide out of his own purse meals during the Christmas holidays (the meals being discontinued during the other -holidays); the cost of this provision may amount to as much as £500. +holidays); the cost of this provision may amount to as much as £500. Footnote 291: @@ -4675,9 +4642,9 @@ understanding that he will use it for the provision of meals during the holidays. At West Ham, after the Local Government Board auditor had, in 1909, disallowed the charge for holiday feeding, the cost was for a year or two borne by voluntary funds.[295] It became, however, increasingly -difficult to raise the necessary subscriptions, and during 1911 £494 was +difficult to raise the necessary subscriptions, and during 1911 £494 was charged to the rates, the voluntary subscriptions only amounting to -£74.[296] During the following year recourse was again had to the rates. +£74.[296] During the following year recourse was again had to the rates. The Local Government Board Auditor surcharged the expenditure, but the Board, on appeal, remitted the surcharge, though confirming the Auditor's decision.[297] At Acton meals have been supplied regularly on @@ -4823,7 +4790,7 @@ in extracting payment from those parents who could afford to pay but neglected to do so. These expectations have not been fulfilled. In the year 1908-9 the sums received from the parents, either contributed voluntarily by them or recovered after prosecution or threat of -prosecution, amounted to only £295, or .44 per cent. of the total +prosecution, amounted to only £295, or .44 per cent. of the total receipts.[309] In 1911-12 the amount so received had increased but was still only 1 per cent.[310] @@ -4848,7 +4815,7 @@ Footnote 309: Footnote 310: - The amount was £1,570 out of a total of £157,127. (Report of the Chief + The amount was £1,570 out of a total of £157,127. (Report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education for 1911, p. 332.) The smallness of the sums voluntarily contributed by the parents is @@ -4915,7 +4882,7 @@ Footnote 315: Board of Education for 1911 (p. 325) are 182, but some of these were paid for by the Guardians. No record, we were told, is kept of the individual children who pay, but the amount received in 1912-13 from - parents who voluntarily paid the whole cost was £169 19s. 8d. Thus + parents who voluntarily paid the whole cost was £169 19s. 8d. Thus only some 16,320 meals were wholly paid for, out of a total of 782,979. (Bradford Education Committee, Return as to the Working of the Provision of Meals Act for the year ending March 31, 1913.) @@ -4962,13 +4929,13 @@ that the Local Authorities should require payment unless satisfied that the parents could not pay, and the cost might be recovered summarily as a civil debt. In practice this has been found very difficult to accomplish. It is impossible to tell from the returns how much of the -£1,570 received from parents in 1911-12 was contributed voluntarily, and +£1,570 received from parents in 1911-12 was contributed voluntarily, and how much recovered after compulsion, but the amount recovered must necessarily be very small.[320] Footnote 320: - The amount recovered _after prosecution_ in 1911-12 was £42 10s. 6d. + The amount recovered _after prosecution_ in 1911-12 was £42 10s. 6d. for the whole of England and Wales, London accounting for more than half this sum. (Report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education for 1911, pp. 325-7.) To this we must add the amount @@ -5164,7 +5131,7 @@ This plan has been for some years pursued at Bradford. At first there appear to have been complaints that the Guardians were reducing the relief granted, on account of the dinners supplied at school,[332] but the dinners are now given in addition to the ordinary relief.[333] In -1912-13, the Guardians paid £303 to the Education Authority on this +1912-13, the Guardians paid £303 to the Education Authority on this account.[334] Even so, there is some slight overlapping, since the Guardians only pay for dinners and in some cases the Canteen Committee are of opinion that a second meal is needed, and consequently breakfasts @@ -5344,7 +5311,7 @@ Footnote 345: where the parent was in receipt of outdoor relief, to increase the relief by 6d. on condition that this was paid to the Education Authority. (_Ibid._, p. 362.) The West Derby Guardians pay a lump sum - of £40 a year. + of £40 a year. Footnote 346: @@ -5574,7 +5541,7 @@ Footnote 362: Footnote 363: For instance, the cost of the food for the dinners for twelve weeks - amounted to £7 9s. 8d., and the children's payments to £7 9s. 5d. On + amounted to £7 9s. 8d., and the children's payments to £7 9s. 5d. On cold snowy mornings hot cocoa is provided before morning school for all the children. The cost of this is, we gather, borne entirely by the headmaster and his wife. @@ -6042,7 +6009,7 @@ to fail. In July of that year a conference of the Mayors of the London boroughs had declared that there was no reason to fear that voluntary contributions would be insufficient to defray the cost of food.[393] The appeal subsequently issued met, however, with a very meagre response, -only some £6,000 being subscribed.[394] By the end of the year it became +only some £6,000 being subscribed.[394] By the end of the year it became clear that recourse must be had to the rates, and application was accordingly made to the Board of Education. The new system was put in force early in 1909.[395] @@ -6105,14 +6072,14 @@ Footnote 398: _Ibid._ -In a small number of the cases, 3·9 per cent., the distress was found to +In a small number of the cases, 3·9 per cent., the distress was found to be due to illness or some other temporary misfortune; unemployment of -the wage-earner accounted for 5·7 per cent., and under-employment for 19 -per cent., of the cases; in 44·7 per cent. the cause of the distress was +the wage-earner accounted for 5·7 per cent., and under-employment for 19 +per cent., of the cases; in 44·7 per cent. the cause of the distress was attributed to the intemperance or wastefulness of the parents.[399] The necessity of providing school meals, at any rate as a temporary -expedient, was clearly proved. It was found that, though 21·12 per cent. -of the children were not necessitous, the remaining 78·88 per cent. were +expedient, was clearly proved. It was found that, though 21·12 per cent. +of the children were not necessitous, the remaining 78·88 per cent. were necessitous "in the sense of lacking sufficient food," and that they would require school meals "until effective Care Committees are able to check the diseases attendant on partial employment, bad housing and @@ -6231,9 +6198,9 @@ Footnote 408: The total expenditure on the provision of meals in London amounted, for -the year 1912-13, to £99,805. Of this by far the greater part, £98,111, +the year 1912-13, to £99,805. Of this by far the greater part, £98,111, was derived from the rates, voluntary contributions amounting to only -£3. Apart from these voluntary contributions collected by the Local +£3. Apart from these voluntary contributions collected by the Local Associations, however, a few schools "contract out" and supply the meals from their own private sources.[409] Moreover, large sums were collected by voluntary organisations for the provision of meals during the @@ -6267,7 +6234,7 @@ during the winter only, being continued during the Christmas holidays and, if necessary, during the Easter holidays, and on Saturdays also. The number of centres opened varies according to the state of the Association's finances and the need that exists. During the present -winter some half-dozen have been established, besides the central depôt +winter some half-dozen have been established, besides the central depôt in Whitechapel, about 900 children on an average being fed daily. Since the passing of the Provision of Meals Act the activities of the Association, as far as the children are concerned, have been confined @@ -6282,7 +6249,7 @@ the Poor or other persons interested, no enquiry being made by the Association itself in these cases. It is clear that there is much danger of overlapping--in fact it has been found that, in some cases, children have obtained a dinner at school first and have then gone on to the -depôt. In other cases it seems that the Association feeds some children +depôt. In other cases it seems that the Association feeds some children of a family, the Care Committee others. The total number of individual children fed during the year 1912-13 was @@ -6769,7 +6736,7 @@ Footnote 434: In 1912-13 the number of individual children who paid the full cost of the meals was 2,521, that is, only one-fortieth of the number of - "necessitous" children who were fed. The amount so received was £863. + "necessitous" children who were fed. The amount so received was £863. In the special schools for mentally defective children, where the provision of meals is carried on on the same lines as in the ordinary @@ -6786,11 +6753,11 @@ children receiving the dinner free or at a reduced price.[435] Footnote 435: - In 1911-12 the expenditure on food materials amounted to £4,273 2s. - 0d., and the payments for dinners to £4,206 15s. 9d. Out of a total of - 523,266 dinners supplied, only 33,043, or 6·3 per cent., were given + In 1911-12 the expenditure on food materials amounted to £4,273 2s. + 0d., and the payments for dinners to £4,206 15s. 9d. Out of a total of + 523,266 dinners supplied, only 33,043, or 6·3 per cent., were given free. The average cost of the dinner, for food materials only, was - 1·96d. (Report of Cripple Children's Dinners Committee for 1911-12, + 1·96d. (Report of Cripple Children's Dinners Committee for 1911-12, pp. 10, 11.) @@ -6825,7 +6792,7 @@ variety."[436] The Care Committee organisers, in their Report on the Home Circumstances of Necessitous Children in the same year, remark that, considering "the poor accommodation and the inferior quality of the meals often provided for the children," together with the fact that -the highest average number of meals per child was 4·4 per week, it could +the highest average number of meals per child was 4·4 per week, it could not be expected that there would be much noticeable improvement in the physical condition of the children."[437] @@ -7057,10 +7024,10 @@ We have already described the extent to which, in the provinces, the provision of meals by the Local Education Authority overlaps the granting of relief by the Poor Law Authorities. London is no exception to the general rule. In 1908 it was found that out of 1,218 families -investigated, 3·2 per cent. were at the time in receipt of out-relief, -while 13·54 per cent. had recently been receiving such relief.[447] In +investigated, 3·2 per cent. were at the time in receipt of out-relief, +while 13·54 per cent. had recently been receiving such relief.[447] In February, 1910, it was reported that, of the children who were being fed -all over London, 4·6 per cent. were from families to whom Poor Law +all over London, 4·6 per cent. were from families to whom Poor Law relief was being granted.[448] The confusion was the greater since the practice of the Guardians varied in each Union. "There is no uniformity of policy or action amongst the Boards," reports the Education Committee @@ -7430,11 +7397,11 @@ of school children and housing was adduced by Dr. Leslie Mackenzie and Captain Foster, as a result of an enquiry into the condition of 72,857 school children in Glasgow. "If we take all the children of ages from 5 to 18," they report, "we find that the average weight of the one-roomed -boy is 52·6 lbs.; of the two-roomed, 56·1 lbs.; of the three-roomed, -60·6 lbs.; of the four-roomed and over, 64·3 lbs. The respective heights -are 46·6 inches; 48·1 inches; 50·0 inches and 51·3 inches. For girls the -corresponding figures are:--Weights, 51·5 lbs.; 54·8 lbs.; 59·4 lbs.; -65·5 lbs. The heights are 46·3 inches; 47·8 inches; 49·6 inches; 57·6 +boy is 52·6 lbs.; of the two-roomed, 56·1 lbs.; of the three-roomed, +60·6 lbs.; of the four-roomed and over, 64·3 lbs. The respective heights +are 46·6 inches; 48·1 inches; 50·0 inches and 51·3 inches. For girls the +corresponding figures are:--Weights, 51·5 lbs.; 54·8 lbs.; 59·4 lbs.; +65·5 lbs. The heights are 46·3 inches; 47·8 inches; 49·6 inches; 57·6 inches."[462] Footnote 462: @@ -7450,20 +7417,20 @@ accordance with the number of rooms:--[463] Children Nutritional Examined. Defects. - Children from 2 and 3-roomed 255 17·2 + Children from 2 and 3-roomed 255 17·2 houses - 4-roomed houses 486 16·7 + 4-roomed houses 486 16·7 - 5-roomed houses 657 13·2 + 5-roomed houses 657 13·2 - 6-roomed houses 1,486 13·5 + 6-roomed houses 1,486 13·5 Number of Persons per Room. - Less than one 877 9·2 - One 576 15·4 - Between one and two 1,379 15·2 - Two and more 181 17·7 + Less than one 877 9·2 + One 576 15·4 + Between one and two 1,379 15·2 + Two and more 181 17·7 Footnote 463: @@ -7485,10 +7452,10 @@ cause.[466] Footnote 465: The School Medical Officer for Cumberland found that whilst, at the - age of 3 to 4, 28·4 per cent. of the boys and 38·7 per cent. of the + age of 3 to 4, 28·4 per cent. of the boys and 38·7 per cent. of the girls were classified as good, "the percentages diminish gradually - till at the age of 7 to 8 they are only 12·8 and 15·9, but from 20·4 - and 29·7 at the age of 12 to 13 they gradually rise to 36·0 and 34·6 + till at the age of 7 to 8 they are only 12·8 and 15·9, but from 20·4 + and 29·7 at the age of 12 to 13 they gradually rise to 36·0 and 34·6 at the age of 14 to 15. Probably in most cases the condition of the teeth is responsible for this falling off in condition. In the early years of life, before the teeth begin to go bad, the nutrition is @@ -7511,19 +7478,19 @@ estimate. Often, of course, two or more factors will be present, concurrently and interdependently. In an enquiry made in 1910 by Dr. Chate, into the condition of 570 children (307 boys and 263 girls) in a rural or semi-rural district of Middlesex who were suffering from -malnutrition, it was found that poverty was the principal cause in 29·5 -per cent. of the cases among the boys, and 26·1 per cent. among the +malnutrition, it was found that poverty was the principal cause in 29·5 +per cent. of the cases among the boys, and 26·1 per cent. among the girls. Adenoids, worms, rickets, carious teeth and oral sepsis accounted -for 32·7 per cent. among the boys, and 33·3 per cent. among the girls. -Improper diet was the main cause in 2·3 per cent. of the cases. In 69 +for 32·7 per cent. among the boys, and 33·3 per cent. among the girls. +Improper diet was the main cause in 2·3 per cent. of the cases. In 69 cases malnutrition was due to some disease such as tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, etc., while in 13 cases it was attributed to overcrowding, and in 10 cases to overwork with insufficient sleep.[467] In the following year a similar enquiry was made by Dr. Tate in a suburban residential area of the same county. Out of 167 cases, defective -nutrition was found to be due to poverty and neglect in 23·3 per cent.; -to rickets, adenoids, worms or digestive disorder in 28·5 per cent.; to -lung affection in 5·4 per cent.; in 7·2 per cent. malnutrition "appeared +nutrition was found to be due to poverty and neglect in 23·3 per cent.; +to rickets, adenoids, worms or digestive disorder in 28·5 per cent.; to +lung affection in 5·4 per cent.; in 7·2 per cent. malnutrition "appeared to be associated with some previous or present condition of ill-health, to account for which no organic mischief could be found at the time of inspection"; while in 33 instances no obvious cause could be @@ -7628,9 +7595,9 @@ recently made into the diet of the labouring classes in Glasgow. A careful study was made of the family diet of certain selected families during a week, or in some cases a fortnight, and the energy value of each diet expressed in terms of the requirements of a man per day, a -woman or a boy of 14 to 16 being reckoned as equivalent to ·8 of a man, -a girl of 14 to 16 as ·7, and children of 10 to 13, 6 to 9, 2 to 5, and -under 2 respectively as ·6, ·5, ·4, ·3. "If a family diet expressed in +woman or a boy of 14 to 16 being reckoned as equivalent to ·8 of a man, +a girl of 14 to 16 as ·7, and children of 10 to 13, 6 to 9, 2 to 5, and +under 2 respectively as ·6, ·5, ·4, ·3. "If a family diet expressed in this way gives a yield of energy of less than 3,500 calories per man per day, it is insufficient for active work, and if less than 3,000 calories, it is quite inadequate for the proper maintenance of growth @@ -7647,30 +7614,30 @@ groups [comprising 52 families], the results are as follows:-- Energy. Protein. - Group A. [Income regular, average 39s.] 3,184 113·8 + Group A. [Income regular, average 39s.] 3,184 113·8 (excluding LIX. abnormal) - Group B. [Income regular, lodgers kept, 3,316 111·7 + Group B. [Income regular, lodgers kept, 3,316 111·7 average 43s.] Group C. [Income regular, between 27s. & 3,467 118 31s.] - Group D. [ " " " 20s. & 3,456 117·7 + Group D. [ " " " 20s. & 3,456 117·7 25s.] - Group E. [ " " under 20s.] 2,690 97·8 + Group E. [ " " under 20s.] 2,690 97·8 Group F. [Income irregular, over 20s.] 2,994 108 - (excluding XLIV. abnormal) 2,784 101·4 + (excluding XLIV. abnormal) 2,784 101·4 - Group G. [Income irregular, under 20s.] 2,797 96·6 + Group G. [Income irregular, under 20s.] 2,797 96·6 - Group H. [ " " father 3,155 103·9 + Group H. [ " " father 3,155 103·9 drinks] - or, excluding XXVII. abnormal 2,921 95·6 + or, excluding XXVII. abnormal 2,921 95·6 "These figures show conclusively that, while the labouring classes with a regular income of over 20s. a week generally manage to secure a diet @@ -7698,7 +7665,7 @@ Footnote 478: less than 16 fall below the minimum. (_Ibid._, pp. 12-23.) Here, of course, again we have the question of wrong feeding. In many cases the income could have been laid out to better advantage. "Where one family - gets nearly their minimum adequate diet on an expenditure of 5·1 pence + gets nearly their minimum adequate diet on an expenditure of 5·1 pence per man per diem ... others on an expenditure of nearly 9d. fail to secure it." (_Ibid._, p. 29.) @@ -7724,21 +7691,21 @@ Footnote 480: between 13 and Average / Poor) Over 14) 14. - Over 25s. 99·6 50 / 46 / 4 5·5 3·4 2·1 + Over 25s. 99·6 50 / 46 / 4 5·5 3·4 2·1 - 20s. to 84·1 15 / 73 / 11 5·7 2·8 2·9 + 20s. to 84·1 15 / 73 / 11 5·7 2·8 2·9 25s. - 18s. to 77·0 / 56 / 44 6·3 3·8 2·5 + 18s. to 77·0 / 56 / 44 6·3 3·8 2·5 20s. - 16s. to 72·6 / 42·5 / 57·5 6·6 4·2 2·4 + 16s. to 72·6 / 42·5 / 57·5 6·6 4·2 2·4 18s. - 14s. to 74·3 / 22 / 78 7·6 2·9 4·7 + 14s. to 74·3 / 22 / 78 7·6 2·9 4·7 16s. - 12s. to 70·8 / 20 / 80 3·6 2·2 1·4 + 12s. to 70·8 / 20 / 80 3·6 2·2 1·4 14s. The wages are the total weekly income out of which everything has to be @@ -7758,7 +7725,7 @@ of education. In a growing child the demands of muscle and bone must be satisfied before those of nervous tissue, and consequently when there is deficiency, or what comes to the same thing, unsuitability of food or inability to assimilate it, the nervous system is the first to suffer, -the brain is starved and anæmic, and the extra strain involved in school +the brain is starved and anæmic, and the extra strain involved in school work can have only a harmful, and in some cases a disastrous result."[482] "There is probably no disease of children," says another School Medical Officer, "which needs combating more than bad @@ -7784,11 +7751,11 @@ figures quoted by Dr. Ralph Crowley at the Education Conference in 1907. He examined 1,840 children in elementary schools at Bradford, and classified them according to their nutrition and intelligence. -Of the children of exceptional intelligence, 62·7 per cent. were of good -nutrition, 35·6 per cent. were below normal, and 1·7 per cent. were of +Of the children of exceptional intelligence, 62·7 per cent. were of good +nutrition, 35·6 per cent. were below normal, and 1·7 per cent. were of poor or very poor nutrition. Of the children who were exceptionally -dull, only 24·9 per cent. were of good nutrition, 39·5 were below -normal, and no less than 35·6 poor or very poor.[484] +dull, only 24·9 per cent. were of good nutrition, 39·5 were below +normal, and no less than 35·6 poor or very poor.[484] Footnote 484: @@ -7799,9 +7766,9 @@ Footnote 484: In an enquiry made at Manchester by the School Medical Officer a few years ago, it was found on examining 146 poorly nourished and 163 -markedly badly nourished children, that 56·1 per cent. of the former -were below par in mental capacity, and 4·8 per cent. were classed as -bad; of the latter 63·2 per cent. were below normal, and 12·9 per cent. +markedly badly nourished children, that 56·1 per cent. of the former +were below par in mental capacity, and 4·8 per cent. were classed as +bad; of the latter 63·2 per cent. were below normal, and 12·9 per cent. bad. But the most remarkable results are recorded by Dr. Arkle, of Liverpool, @@ -7845,8 +7812,8 @@ Footnote 485: Somewhat similar results were observed by Dr. Badger, the School Medical Officer for Wolverhampton. In comparing 1,299 normal children of thirteen years of age with 100 mal-nourished children, he found that, -while of the normal scholars 16·6 per cent. were of good intelligence, -68 per cent. of average intelligence and 15·5 per cent. dull, among the +while of the normal scholars 16·6 per cent. were of good intelligence, +68 per cent. of average intelligence and 15·5 per cent. dull, among the mal-nourished children the percentages were respectively 16, 59 and 25.[486] This "record in respect of intelligence," points out Sir George Newman, "shows, what has been noted by other observers, that though the @@ -7933,26 +7900,26 @@ were receiving them. For the purpose of making comparative observations respects were as comparable as possible with those who were receiving the breakfasts and dinners. These "control children" were also weighed weekly. During the four weeks, March 12 to April 9, before the feeding -began, the forty children gained on an average ·17 kilos, and during the -week previous to feeding ·008 kilos. At the end of the first week of -feeding the average increase was found to be ·58 kilos (1 lb. 4 -oz.).[492] During the next week, there was a slight loss of ·001 kilos, -followed by a gain during the next two weeks of ·15 and ·13 kilos +began, the forty children gained on an average ·17 kilos, and during the +week previous to feeding ·008 kilos. At the end of the first week of +feeding the average increase was found to be ·58 kilos (1 lb. 4 +oz.).[492] During the next week, there was a slight loss of ·001 kilos, +followed by a gain during the next two weeks of ·15 and ·13 kilos respectively. During the ensuing eleven days, the Whitsuntide holiday, no meals were given. At the end of this period it was found that the "control children" who, during the three weeks preceding the holiday, -had lost ·003 kilos on the average, had during these eleven days gained -an average of ·23 kilos; in the case, however, of the children fed at +had lost ·003 kilos on the average, had during these eleven days gained +an average of ·23 kilos; in the case, however, of the children fed at school, not only had the lack of food neutralised the benefits of fresh -air and exercise, but they had actually lost an average of ·48 kilos, a +air and exercise, but they had actually lost an average of ·48 kilos, a loss which it took them nearly a fortnight to make up, after the meals had been started again. During the eleven days after the holiday the -"control children" only gained ·02 kilos. A group of "control children" -from another school similarly gained ·21 kilos during the holiday, and -only ·04 kilos during the subsequent fortnight. The same result was +"control children" only gained ·02 kilos. A group of "control children" +from another school similarly gained ·21 kilos during the holiday, and +only ·04 kilos during the subsequent fortnight. The same result was observed during the five weeks' summer holiday; the "control children" -gained on an average ·37 kilos (_i.e._, at the rate of ·074 kilos per -week), while the children fed at school lost ·46 kilos.[493] The +gained on an average ·37 kilos (_i.e._, at the rate of ·074 kilos per +week), while the children fed at school lost ·46 kilos.[493] The accompanying chart illustrates the rate of increase of the two groups of children. Apart from the increase in weight, the improvement in the general appearance and carriage of the children who received the meals @@ -7990,9 +7957,9 @@ supervision of the Medical Officer of Health. Forty-four children were given breakfast and dinner for fourteen weeks, and weighed weekly, together with forty children of the same social class who were not receiving meals. At the beginning of the experiment the average weight -of the fed children was 1·71 kilos less than that of the "controls"; in +of the fed children was 1·71 kilos less than that of the "controls"; in the second week their average gain was much greater, and by the end of -the fourteenth week the difference in weight was reduced to 1·02 kilos. +the fourteenth week the difference in weight was reduced to 1·02 kilos. During the Easter holidays of ten days in which no meals were given, the children who had previously been fed lost in weight while the "controls" gained.[495] @@ -8104,10 +8071,10 @@ other boys who were receiving cocoa breakfasts at school, and also with a group of boys who were being fed at home. The two groups of boys who were fed at school were drawn from equally poor districts, those who were fed at home being somewhat better off. It was found that the boys -who were receiving cocoa breakfasts only gained on an average ·0451 -kilos or 1·58 oz. per week; the boys who were being fed at home gained -·0594 kilos (2·09 oz.); while the boys who were receiving porridge -breakfasts gained as much as ·0942 kilos (3·317 oz.). As a result of +who were receiving cocoa breakfasts only gained on an average ·0451 +kilos or 1·58 oz. per week; the boys who were being fed at home gained +·0594 kilos (2·09 oz.); while the boys who were receiving porridge +breakfasts gained as much as ·0942 kilos (3·317 oz.). As a result of this proof of the superiority of porridge diet, porridge breakfasts were substituted for cocoa breakfasts in all the schools.[499] @@ -8316,8 +8283,8 @@ morning. The headmaster of a very poor school in Liverpool told us that some years ago, before the Education Committee had undertaken the provision of meals, the attendance was very bad. He raised a voluntary fund and provided breakfasts himself. As a result the attendance -improved to such an extent that the increased grant amounted to £74, -which more than covered the cost of the food (£63). +improved to such an extent that the increased grant amounted to £74, +which more than covered the cost of the food (£63). Footnote 512: @@ -8352,9 +8319,9 @@ Industrial Schools suffered much from sores and gatherings. On the diet being altered very considerably, these ailments entirely disappeared, and the children, we were told, are now in perfect health. At Leeds the School Medical Officer found that, while of 11,763 children from the -ordinary elementary schools, 5·6 per cent. were of sub-normal nutrition, +ordinary elementary schools, 5·6 per cent. were of sub-normal nutrition, the percentage in the same condition among the Day Industrial School -children (of whom 91 were examined) was only 1·1.[515] +children (of whom 91 were examined) was only 1·1.[515] Footnote 515: @@ -9318,7 +9285,7 @@ duties which are being placed upon them. A more serious objection lies in the expense. Taking the cost of a school dinner at 2-1/4d. per head,[542] the provision of one meal a day for five days a week during term time for all the six million school children in England, Wales and -Scotland would cost about £12,500,000. This is, of course, an outside +Scotland would cost about £12,500,000. This is, of course, an outside estimate, for it would probably be found that a considerable number of parents would prefer to have their children at home to dinner rather than send them to the school meal; and the provision might be confined @@ -9347,13 +9314,13 @@ Footnote 542: for administrative charges (the upkeep of the Cooking Depot, the rent of the dining-rooms, the wages of the staff, payment for supervision, the carriage of the food, sinking fund, etc.), amounted in 1912-13 to - 1·2d., and for food to 1·26d., making a total of 2·46d. About + 1·2d., and for food to 1·26d., making a total of 2·46d. About one-third of the meals supplied were breakfasts, which are usually rather cheaper than dinners, so that the cost per dinner would be slightly more. (Bradford Education Committee, Return as to the Working of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act for the year ending March 31, 1913). At Edinburgh, where a one-course dinner is given, the cost - is ·9d. for food and 1d. for administrative charges. (Report of the + is ·9d. for food and 1d. for administrative charges. (Report of the Edinburgh School Board for 1912-13, p. 35.) Footnote 543: @@ -9766,7 +9733,7 @@ Footnote 552: for Meals, (for necessitous Sec. 3(2) children) Sec. 6 - 1908-9 (Part of £ 67 £ 11 £ 78 + 1908-9 (Part of £ 67 £ 11 £ 78 year only.) 1909-10 290 921 1,211 @@ -10086,7 +10053,7 @@ the school, the plant being provided by voluntary contributions. A charge was made of a halfpenny per meal or 1d. per family, where there were more than two children. Practically all the children availed themselves of the provision. The effects were soon visible, not only in -improved attendance--the grant earned rose from £89 in 1878 to £99 in +improved attendance--the grant earned rose from £89 in 1878 to £99 in 1883--but in greater immunity from epidemics and illness than in neighbouring schools, and in the greater buoyancy of spirits of the children.[578] @@ -10138,7 +10105,7 @@ But even where it is the rule to find cocoa or soup supplied, it is inadequate for the wants of many of the children, who require a more substantial and nourishing midday meal. Moreover, the provision appears as a rule to be confined to the winter months, a limitation patently -absurd, since the _raison d'être_ of the meals is not so much the +absurd, since the _raison d'être_ of the meals is not so much the poverty of the parents, a condition which may fluctuate according to the seasons, but the fact that the distances are, in many cases, too great to allow the children time to return home at midday--which condition is, @@ -10193,7 +10160,7 @@ school being now compulsory, and it being therefore no longer so necessary to provide incentives to attendance, the _Caisses_, though they still continued to grant prizes, turned their attention more and more to the physical needs of the children, boots, clothing, food, -country holidays and, later, crèches, Savings Banks, skilled +country holidays and, later, crèches, Savings Banks, skilled apprenticeship and medical treatment. The _Caisse_ was a voluntary body, but was officially recognised by the municipality. The General Committee was composed of the Mayor, the members of the Municipal Council, and the @@ -10244,7 +10211,7 @@ too. Footnote 588: - "Organisation des Cantines Scolaires à Paris," a manifold manuscript + "Organisation des Cantines Scolaires à Paris," a manifold manuscript report issued by the Direction de l'Enseignement primaire, 3me bureau, 1912. @@ -10282,7 +10249,7 @@ this would have necessitated the appointment of a large and expensive staff, and it was felt desirable to leave the initiative and responsibility to voluntary workers.[591] Everywhere the meal is served on the school premises, a kitchen being established for each school or -group of schools. The meal is cooked by the _cantinières_, and is +group of schools. The meal is cooked by the _cantinières_, and is sometimes provided by them at a fixed price per head; more often the _Caisse_ prefers to purchase the materials itself, a more economical method, and one which ensures a better quality of food.[592] The dinner @@ -10296,7 +10263,7 @@ who are on the free list. The teachers do not assist in serving the food, as in England, but are always present to supervise the children, and, in some schools at any rate, they eat their dinner with them. At first the supervision was undertaken voluntarily, but since 1910 the -teachers have received an extra remuneration of 1·50 francs a day for +teachers have received an extra remuneration of 1·50 francs a day for this duty.[593] This sharing in a common meal by all classes alike, together with the presence of the teacher, has had a marked influence on the children's manners. Besides the mid-day meal, which is given by all @@ -10317,7 +10284,7 @@ in the summer. Footnote 591: - "Organisation des Cantines Scolaires à Paris," report by Direction de + "Organisation des Cantines Scolaires à Paris," report by Direction de l'Enseignement primaire, 3me bureau, 1912. Footnote 592: @@ -10330,15 +10297,15 @@ Footnote 593: Footnote 594: - "Caisse des écoles du 18e arrondissement," Exercice de l'année 1911, + "Caisse des écoles du 18e arrondissement," Exercice de l'année 1911, p. 34. Footnote 595: - Proposition tendant à l'ouverture d'un crédit de 10,000 francs en vue - de permettre à la Caisse des Ecoles du XVIIe arrondissement - d'organiser, à titre d'essai, une classe de garde prolongée jusqu'à - huit heures et une cantine du soir, déposée par M. Frédéric Brunet, + Proposition tendant à l'ouverture d'un crédit de 10,000 francs en vue + de permettre à la Caisse des Ecoles du XVIIe arrondissement + d'organiser, à titre d'essai, une classe de garde prolongée jusqu'à + huit heures et une cantine du soir, déposée par M. Frédéric Brunet, conseiller municipal, Septembre 19, 1912. The methods of enquiry vary in the different _arrondissements_. Usually @@ -10358,7 +10325,7 @@ while widows' children are invariably fed if application is made.[597] Footnote 596: - "Organisation des Cantines Scolaires à Paris," report issued by + "Organisation des Cantines Scolaires à Paris," report issued by Direction de l'Enseignement primaire, 3me bureau, 1912; "Necessitous Children in Paris and London," by George Rainey, in _School Hygiene_, November, 1912, Vol. III., p. 198. @@ -10404,7 +10371,7 @@ Footnote 599: in the _Morning Post_, March 19, 1909; "School Canteens in Paris," by Miss M. M. Boldero, in the _School Child_, July, 1910; _School Feeding, its History and Practice at Home and Abroad_, by Louise - Stevens Bryant, 1913, pp. 77-93; Conseil Municipal de Paris, Procès + Stevens Bryant, 1913, pp. 77-93; Conseil Municipal de Paris, Procès Verbal, June 25, 1909, December 31, 1909, March 23, 1910. @@ -10413,8 +10380,8 @@ Footnote 599: Paris was not the first municipality in France to interest itself in the provision of school meals. The pioneer town in this respect seems to -have been Angers, where as early as 1871 the Société de Fourneau des -Ecoles Laïques was founded with the support of the municipality, to +have been Angers, where as early as 1871 the Société de Fourneau des +Ecoles Laïques was founded with the support of the municipality, to provide hot dinners, either free or at a cost of 10 centimes, during the winter.[600] Towards the close of the nineteenth century many municipalities were providing meals, either directly or indirectly @@ -10424,7 +10391,7 @@ Footnote 600: _School Feeding_, by Louise S. Bryant, 1913, pp. 93-94. -Thus at Havre, in 1898, the municipality was making a grant of £500 to a +Thus at Havre, in 1898, the municipality was making a grant of £500 to a voluntary society; meals were provided for 10 centimes, or were given free in cases of poverty; about five-eighths of the children who attended paid for the meals.[601] @@ -10535,7 +10502,7 @@ nineteenth century, Committees of Assistance and Benevolent Funds were instituted to assist poor pupils in the elementary schools, chiefly in the matter of books and clothing, but in several communes of Lombardy and Romagna meals were also given. A small grant, which in 1897 was -raised to 120,000 francs (£4,800), was made by the Department of Public +raised to 120,000 francs (£4,800), was made by the Department of Public Instruction to the school authorities in the large cities, and especially Rome, who provided a mid-day meal for their children.[608] @@ -10560,7 +10527,7 @@ last decade of the nineteenth century. The municipal authority declined to undertake the work themselves, but advocated the formation of charitable committees to raise subscriptions for the purpose, offering to supplement these voluntary funds with a municipal subvention. This -grant amounted in 1897 to about £400.[610] It was soon found that this +grant amounted in 1897 to about £400.[610] It was soon found that this system did not work satisfactorily, and the municipality was obliged, though somewhat reluctantly, to assume the responsibility.[611] @@ -10592,7 +10559,7 @@ municipality providing the material which was worked into garments by the sewing classes. The teachers were to have the same food, though they were allowed a double quantity, and were to eat it with the children. For this extra duty of supervising both the meals and recreation they -only received an additional £2 a year. Since the moral rather than the +only received an additional £2 a year. Since the moral rather than the physical welfare of the child was the primary consideration, too little attention was paid to the actual food that was given. The parents, it was argued, could in the great majority of cases amply feed their @@ -10607,7 +10574,7 @@ who were suffering from lack of food. To provide a really adequate meal free for all would have been too expensive an undertaking. Accordingly, after some six years, the general free provision was abandoned. Instead, hot soup was provided, which was given free to the poorest children, any -others who wished being allowed to receive it on payment of 1·50 lire a +others who wished being allowed to receive it on payment of 1·50 lire a month.[613] Footnote 612: @@ -10619,7 +10586,7 @@ Footnote 612: Footnote 613: _School Feeding_, by Louise S. Bryant, 1913, p. 141; Il Patronato - Scolastico Umberto 1° in Vercelli e la sua Opera al 31 Dicembre, 1912, + Scolastico Umberto 1° in Vercelli e la sua Opera al 31 Dicembre, 1912, pp. 5, 6. The "School Restaurant" seems to have been established in Italy to a @@ -10712,9 +10679,9 @@ selected by the School Managers and the headmaster, and enquiry was made by Local Committees with the help of voluntary workers. The teachers supervised the meals.[621] In 1888-9, the Municipal Council made a grant to this society towards the provision of food;[622] by 1896 this -municipal subsidy amounted to 50,000 frs. (£2,000), while 52,500 frs. +municipal subsidy amounted to 50,000 frs. (£2,000), while 52,500 frs. were granted for the supply of clothing.[623] In 1906 the food subsidy -had risen to £3,350.[624] The provision made was, however, inadequate. +had risen to £3,350.[624] The provision made was, however, inadequate. Meals were only given during the winter, and were not obtained by all the children who needed them. It was felt that the city ought to assume direct control. In 1909 kitchens and dining-rooms were built in four new @@ -10752,15 +10719,15 @@ century voluntary organisations were to be found whose object was to provide food and clothing for poor school children. This provision was made to enable them to attend school instead of begging in the streets, since education was not compulsory.[626] In Brussels the chief society -was "Le Progrès" Club, which in 1888 commenced the provision of soup +was "Le Progrès" Club, which in 1888 commenced the provision of soup dinners in the schools. The Town Council assisted by providing tables and undertaking the carriage of the food to the different centres, and in 1891 by granting a subsidy of 5,000 frs. An application was very soon made for an increase of this subsidy, whereupon the municipality undertook a detailed enquiry into the whole question of the food, clothing, lodging, cleanliness and health of the children in the -communal schools. It was found as a result that 16·89 per cent. were -badly shod, 25·04 per cent. badly clothed, and 25·55 per cent. +communal schools. It was found as a result that 16·89 per cent. were +badly shod, 25·04 per cent. badly clothed, and 25·55 per cent. insufficiently fed.[627] The work of medical inspection and treatment was very early undertaken by the local authority. At the date of this report (1894), a doctor and dentist were attached to each school; @@ -10791,7 +10758,7 @@ Footnote 629: _Lancet_ Reports, 1907, pp. 14-15. -At Liège, as early as 1883, the municipality organised the provision of +At Liège, as early as 1883, the municipality organised the provision of soup for all children in the kindergartens who wished to receive it.[630] The dinner was only given on condition that the children were clean and tidy. Each child was expected to have clean linen twice a week @@ -10857,7 +10824,7 @@ Footnote 634: _School Feeding_, by Louise S. Bryant, 1913, p. 146. In Copenhagen the municipality from 1902 made a grant of 25,000 kr. -(about £1,400) to the "Society for Providing Meals to Free School +(about £1,400) to the "Society for Providing Meals to Free School Children," the voluntary contributions to which were rapidly diminishing. This society, though a voluntary organisation, was directly connected with the municipality, its Executive Board consisting of the @@ -10941,7 +10908,7 @@ Footnote 641: London School Board, Report on Underfed Children attending School, 1899, pp. 270-271. -At Jönköping the free distribution of meals dates from 1887. The funds, +At Jönköping the free distribution of meals dates from 1887. The funds, which were derived from voluntary contributions and proceeds of concerts, were administered by the Board School Inspector, and the distribution of the food was supervised by the School Board. The @@ -11508,7 +11475,7 @@ Footnote 651: Joint Committee on Underfed Children, 26, 131-4, 137 - Jönköping, 268 + Jönköping, 268 Jowett, Mr. F. W., 43, 46_n_ @@ -11542,7 +11509,7 @@ Footnote 651: Leith, 238 - Liège, 264-5 + Liège, 264-5 Liverpool, 13_n_, 52, 55_n_, 57, 58_n_, 65-6, 67, 69, 74, 90-1, 98_n_, 115-6, 118, 120, 121, 146, 171, 181-2, 195-6, 205 @@ -12082,365 +12049,4 @@ Tables have been reformatted to a manageable width where necessary. -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FEEDING OF SCHOOL CHILDREN*** - - -******* This file should be named 57313-8.txt or 57313-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/7/3/1/57313 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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(Mildred Emily) Bulkley</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: The Feeding of School Children</p> -<p>Author: M. E. 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