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diff --git a/57291-8.txt b/57291-0.txt index e095150..b1b6299 100644 --- a/57291-8.txt +++ b/57291-0.txt @@ -1,31 +1,7 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Keys to Fungi on Dung, by Mike Richardson and Roy Watling +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57291 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: Keys to Fungi on Dung -Author: Mike Richardson - Roy Watling - -Release Date: June 9, 2018 [EBook #57291] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEYS TO FUNGI ON DUNG *** - - - - -Produced by Keith Edkins, Mary Glenn Krause, Eric Lehtonen -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net @@ -62,7 +38,7 @@ EDINBURGH EH3 5LR PO Box 30, Stourbridge West Midlands DY9 9PZ - © British Mycological Society 1997 + © British Mycological Society 1997 Printed in Scotland by BPC-AUP Aberdeen Ltd @@ -197,11 +173,11 @@ might be found, with notes on common species. The asexual spores are sporangiospores formed in sporangia; some sporangia produce a single spore within a closely fitting sporangium, and have in the past been erroneously described as conidia. A great range of sporangial structure occurs within -the orders concerned. The classical structure is the massive (up to 250µm +the orders concerned. The classical structure is the massive (up to 250µm diam.) multispored sporangium with an internal columella which remains after the spores have been dispersed (e.g. _Mucor_); those of _Mortierella_ are similar, but smaller and without a columella. Other sporangia are much -reduced and may be only 10-20µm diam., and contain only a small number of +reduced and may be only 10-20µm diam., and contain only a small number of spores (_Thamnidium_) or one spore (_Chaetocladium_); these small globose structures are termed sporangioles. Spores may also form in chains; the chains are in terminal groups and are formed by the differentiation of the @@ -261,7 +237,7 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Arx, J. A. von (1987). A re-evaluation of the Eurotiales. _Persoonia_ 13, 273-300. (Keys to families and genera). - Arx, J. A. von, Dreyfuss, M. & Müller, E. (1984). A re-evaluation of + Arx, J. A. von, Dreyfuss, M. & Müller, E. (1984). A re-evaluation of _Chaetomium_ and the Chaetomiaceae. _Persoonia_ 12, 169-179. (Key to species). @@ -269,15 +245,15 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Ascomycetes without Ascospore Ejaculation. _Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia_ 94, 1-104. - Arx, J. A. von, & Gams, W. (1967). Über _Pleurage verruculosa_ und die - zugehörige _Cladorrhinum_-Konidienform. _Nova Hedwigia_ 13, 198-208. + Arx, J. A. von, & Gams, W. (1967). Ãœber _Pleurage verruculosa_ und die + zugehörige _Cladorrhinum_-Konidienform. _Nova Hedwigia_ 13, 198-208. Arx, J. A. von, Guarro, J. & van der Aa, H. A. (1987). _Asordaria_, a new genus of the Sordariaceae, and a new species of _Melanocarpus_. _Persoonia_ 13, 263-272. Barrasa, J. M. & Checa, J. (1990). Dothideales del Parque Natural de - Monfragüe Cáceres. I. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 15, 91-102. + Monfragüe Cáceres. I. _BoletÃn Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 15, 91-102. Barrasa, J. M., Lundqvist, N. & Moreno, G. (1986). Notes on the genus _Sordaria_ in Spain. _Persoonia_ 13, 83-88. @@ -293,7 +269,7 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Booth, C. (1961). Studies of pyrenomycetes: VI. _Thielavia_ with notes on some allied genera. _Mycological Paper_ 83. - Breton, A. & Faurel, L. (1968). Etudes des affinités du genre + Breton, A. & Faurel, L. (1968). Etudes des affinités du genre _Mycorhynchus_ Sacc. et description de plusieurs especes nouvelles. _Revue de Mycologie_ 32, 229-258. @@ -321,8 +297,8 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Cailleux, R. (1971). Recherches sur la mycoflore coprophile centrafricaine. Les genres _Sordaria_, _Gelasinospora_, _Bombardia_ - (Biologie, Morphologie, Systématique). _Bulletin trimestriel de la - Société Mycologique de France_ 87, 461-626 + 27 plates. + (Biologie, Morphologie, Systématique). _Bulletin trimestriel de la + Société Mycologique de France_ 87, 461-626 + 27 plates. Cain, R. F. (1934). Studies of Coprophilous Sphaeriales in Ontario. _University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series_, No. 38. (Reprinted @@ -446,7 +422,7 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). and descriptions/illustrations of most). Lundqvist, N. (1967). On spore ornamentation in the Sordariaceae, - exemplified by the new cleistocarpous genus _Copromyces_. _Arkiv för + exemplified by the new cleistocarpous genus _Copromyces_. _Arkiv för Botanik,_ Series 2. 6(7), 327-337. Lundqvist, N. (1969). _Zygopleurage_ and _Zygospermella_ (Sordariaceae s. @@ -499,7 +475,7 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Moravec, J. (1993). A taxonomic revision of the genus _Cheilymenia_--5. The section _Cheilymenia_. _Czech Mycology_ 47, 7-37. - Moreau, C. (1953) Les Genres _Sordaria_ et _Pleurage_. _Encyclopédie + Moreau, C. (1953) Les Genres _Sordaria_ et _Pleurage_. _Encyclopédie mycologique_ 25, 1-330. (_Sordaria_ and _Pleurage_ (=_Podospora_/_Schizothecium_), and _Coniochaeta_, _Hypocopra_, _Sporormiella_, _Trichodelitschia_, and other pyrenomycetes for @@ -538,28 +514,28 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Seth, H. K. (1970). The genus _Lophotrichus_ Benjamin. _Nova Hedwigia_ 19, 591-599. - Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1987). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos - aislados en España. VI. Ascomycetes. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de + Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1987). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos + aislados en España. VI. Ascomycetes. _BoletÃn Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 12, 51-56. Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1988). Some coprophilous ascomycetes from Chile. _Transactions of the British Mycological Society_ 90, 601-605. - Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1989). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos - aislados en España. XI. Ascomycetes. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de + Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1989). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos + aislados en España. XI. Ascomycetes. _BoletÃn Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 14, 75-80. - Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1989). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos - aislados en España. XV. El género _Preussia_ (_Sporormiella_). _Boletín - Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 14, 81-94. + Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1989). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos + aislados en España. XV. El género _Preussia_ (_Sporormiella_). _BoletÃn + Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 14, 81-94. - Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1992). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos en - España. XVII. Ascomycotina. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 17, + Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1992). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos en + España. XVII. Ascomycotina. _BoletÃn Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 17, 19-37. - Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1992). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos - aislados en España. XVIII. Bibliographic catalogue of Ascomycotina. - _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 17, 39-55. + Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1992). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos + aislados en España. XVIII. Bibliographic catalogue of Ascomycotina. + _BoletÃn Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 17, 39-55. Valldosera, M., Guarro, J. & Figueras, M. J. (1991). Two interesting coprophilous fungi from Spain. _Mycological Research_ 95, 243-246. @@ -608,7 +584,7 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). Cramer, Lehre). Gams, W. & Moreau, R. (1959). Le genre _Mortierella_. _Annales - scientifiques de l'Université de Besançon_, Series 2 3, 95-105. + scientifiques de l'Université de Besançon_, Series 2 3, 95-105. Hesseltine, C. W. (1955). Genera of Mucorales with a note on their synonymy. _Mycologia_ 47, 344-363. (With good key; many other papers by @@ -619,7 +595,7 @@ and _The British Fungus Flora_ (Orton & Watling, 1979 and Watling, 1982). in relation to spore liberation. _Transactions of the British Mycological Society_ 46, 115-134. - Naumov, N. A. (1939). Clés des Mucorinées. _Encyclopédie mycologique_ 9, + Naumov, N. A. (1939). Clés des Mucorinées. _Encyclopédie mycologique_ 9, 1-137. Zycha, H., Siepmann, R. & Linneman, G. (1969). _Mucorales._ J. Cramer, @@ -710,30 +686,30 @@ Key 1. Ascomycota 6(5) Apothecia with obvious hairs. 7 - Apothecia without obvious hairs (microscopic hairs up to - 50µm long may be present). 14 + 50µm long may be present). 14 7(6) Hairs brown. Apothecia orange, red orange or yellow orange. (_Cheilymenia_, fig. 1) 8 - Hairs colourless. Apothecia colourless or pinkish. (_Lasiobolus_, fig. 3) 12 - 8(7) Apothecia with stellate hairs. Spores 14-20 × 8-11µm. + 8(7) Apothecia with stellate hairs. Spores 14-20 × 8-11µm. _Cheilymenia stercorea_ (figs 1, 2) - Apothecia without stellate hairs. 9 - 9(8) Spores 14.5-18 × 8-9.5µm. Asci 10-13µm diam. Apothecia + 9(8) Spores 14.5-18 × 8-9.5µm. Asci 10-13µm diam. Apothecia 2mm diam. or more. _Cheilymenia coprinaria_ - - Spores larger, 17 × 10µm or more. 10 + - Spores larger, 17 × 10µm or more. 10 10(9) Apothecia reddish orange, up to 1mm diam., marginal - hairs rooting, wall 2-4µm thick. Spores 21-26 × - 10-13.8µm. _Cheilymenia fimicola_ + hairs rooting, wall 2-4µm thick. Spores 21-26 × + 10-13.8µm. _Cheilymenia fimicola_ - Apothecia pale orange yellow, marginal hairs - superficial, wall up to 2µm thick. 11 + superficial, wall up to 2µm thick. 11 - 11(10) Asci up to 22µm diam. Spores 17-27 × 10-14.5µm. + 11(10) Asci up to 22µm diam. Spores 17-27 × 10-14.5µm. _Cheilymenia pulcherrima_ - - Asci wider, 25µm diam. or more. Spores 23-26.5 × 13-16.5µm. + - Asci wider, 25µm diam. or more. Spores 23-26.5 × 13-16.5µm. _Cheilymenia raripila_ [Illustration: FIG. 1. _Cheilymenia stercorea_, apothecium.] @@ -744,19 +720,19 @@ Key 1. Ascomycota [Illustration: FIG. 4. _Iodophanus carneus_, apothecium and spore.] - 12(7) Hairs 600µm or longer. Spores 19-23 × 7-10µm. + 12(7) Hairs 600µm or longer. Spores 19-23 × 7-10µm. _Lasiobolus macrotrichus_ - - Hairs shorter, up to 600µm. 13 + - Hairs shorter, up to 600µm. 13 - 13(12) Asci clavate, 20µm diam. or wider. Spores 19-22 × - 10.5-13.5µm. _Lasiobolus cuniculi_ - - Asci cylindrical, up to 20µm diam. Spores 18-22.5 × - 9.5-11.5µm. _Lasiobolus ciliatus_ (fig. 3) + 13(12) Asci clavate, 20µm diam. or wider. Spores 19-22 × + 10.5-13.5µm. _Lasiobolus cuniculi_ + - Asci cylindrical, up to 20µm diam. Spores 18-22.5 × + 9.5-11.5µm. _Lasiobolus ciliatus_ (fig. 3) 14(6) Asci blue in iodine solution. 15 - Asci not blue in iodine. 24 - 15(14) Spores large, 30-42 × 15-18µm, warted, ellipsoid with + 15(14) Spores large, 30-42 × 15-18µm, warted, ellipsoid with acute apices. _Thecotheus cinereus_ - Spores smaller, smooth or only finely ornamented 16 @@ -765,36 +741,36 @@ Key 1. Ascomycota hymenium when ripe. 17 17(16) Apothecia white to pink, up to 2mm diam. Spores finely - verruculose, 18-25 × 8-14µm. _Iodophanus carneus_ (fig. 4) + verruculose, 18-25 × 8-14µm. _Iodophanus carneus_ (fig. 4) - Apothecia pale, variously coloured when fresh, but drying darker. Spores smooth. (_Thecotheus_) 18 18(17) Spores apiculate at each end, smooth. 19 - - Spores not apiculate, 20-22 × 8-10µm. _Thecotheus agranulosus_ + - Spores not apiculate, 20-22 × 8-10µm. _Thecotheus agranulosus_ 19(18) Spores with a collar at the base of the apiculus. 20 - Spores without a collar at the base of the apiculus, - 16-21 × 8-12µm. _Thecotheus apiculatus_ + 16-21 × 8-12µm. _Thecotheus apiculatus_ - 20(19) Apothecia white. Spores 20-22 × 10-12µm, apiculus - 4-6µm diam. _Thecotheus perplexans_ - - Apothecia yellowish. Spores 12-15 × 7.5-9µm, apiculus - 2.5-3.5µm diam. _Thecotheus africanus_ + 20(19) Apothecia white. Spores 20-22 × 10-12µm, apiculus + 4-6µm diam. _Thecotheus perplexans_ + - Apothecia yellowish. Spores 12-15 × 7.5-9µm, apiculus + 2.5-3.5µm diam. _Thecotheus africanus_ 21(16) Spores smooth, without guttules. 22 - - Spores verruculose or spinulose, 15-18 × 8-9µm, with 1 + - Spores verruculose or spinulose, 15-18 × 8-9µm, with 1 guttule. Paraphyses with clavate apices, with brown contents. Apothecia asymmetrical, extended on one side. _Peziza pleurota_ - 22(21) Spores 19-24 × 10.5-14µm. Apothecia yellowish brown, + 22(21) Spores 19-24 × 10.5-14µm. Apothecia yellowish brown, up to 10cm diam. _Peziza vesiculosa_ - - Spores up to 10µm wide. 23 + - Spores up to 10µm wide. 23 23(22) Apothecia ca 1cm diam., umber with a paler margin. - Spores 15-22 × 9-10µm. _Peziza bovina_ + Spores 15-22 × 9-10µm. _Peziza bovina_ - Apothecia up to 2cm diam., pale brown. Spores 13-16 - × 7-9µm. _Peziza fimeti_ + × 7-9µm. _Peziza fimeti_ 24(14) Apothecia robust, up to 4mm diam., orange or with brownish or purple tints. 25 @@ -805,76 +781,76 @@ Key 1. Ascomycota - Apothecia discrete, brownish or purple. (_Fimaria_) 27 26(25) Apothecia crowded, 1-3mm diam., orange, with a granular - surface. Asci up to 190 × 15µm. Spores 15-18.5 × - 7-9.5µm. Paraphyses strongly clavate to apex up to 14µm + surface. Asci up to 190 × 15µm. Spores 15-18.5 × + 7-9.5µm. Paraphyses strongly clavate to apex up to 14µm diam, filled with orange granules. _Coprobia granulata_ - Apothecia discrete, 1-2mm diam., orange or red. Asci - 240 × 10-12µm. Spores 12-15 × 7-8µm. Paraphyses yellow, - only slightly swollen from 2µm to 3-4µm at apex. + 240 × 10-12µm. Spores 12-15 × 7-8µm. Paraphyses yellow, + only slightly swollen from 2µm to 3-4µm at apex. _Ascophanus bresadolae_ - 27(25) Spores 8-9.5 × 4-4.5µm. _Fimaria equina_ + 27(25) Spores 8-9.5 × 4-4.5µm. _Fimaria equina_ - Spores larger. 28 - 28(27) Spores 20-38 × 10-13µm. _Fimaria hepatica_ + 28(27) Spores 20-38 × 10-13µm. _Fimaria hepatica_ - Spores shorter. 29 - 29(28) Spores 10-13 × 7-9µm. _Fimaria porcina_ - - Spores 13-17 × 7-11µm. 30 + 29(28) Spores 10-13 × 7-9µm. _Fimaria porcina_ + - Spores 13-17 × 7-11µm. 30 30(29) Disc punctate with asci. Paraphysis tips swollen up to - 3-5µm. Spores 14.5-16 × 9.5-11µm. _Fimaria leporum_ + 3-5µm. Spores 14.5-16 × 9.5-11µm. _Fimaria leporum_ - Disc not punctate with asci. Paraphysis tips not or only slightly swollen. 31 - 31(30) Apothecia pale yellowish. Spores 13-15.5 × 7.5-8.5µm. + 31(30) Apothecia pale yellowish. Spores 13-15.5 × 7.5-8.5µm. _Fimaria theioleuca_ - - Apothecia chestnut/purplish brown. Spores 14-17 × - 7-8.5µm. _Fimaria cervaria_ + - Apothecia chestnut/purplish brown. Spores 14-17 × + 7-8.5µm. _Fimaria cervaria_ - 32(24) Spores less than 10µm long. 33 - - Spores mostly longer than 10µm. 36 + 32(24) Spores less than 10µm long. 33 + - Spores mostly longer than 10µm. 36 - 33(32) Paraphyses markedly capitate to 5-6µm, with yellowish + 33(32) Paraphyses markedly capitate to 5-6µm, with yellowish green contents. Apothecia dull at first, yellowish at - maturity. Spores 7-10 × 2-4.5µm. + maturity. Spores 7-10 × 2-4.5µm. _Thelebolus microsporus_ (fig. 5) - Paraphyses only slightly inflated above, without coloured contents. Apothecia whitish or grey. 34 - 34(33) Spores 5-7 × 3-4µm. Asci 38-42 × 6-7µm. Apothecia smoky + 34(33) Spores 5-7 × 3-4µm. Asci 38-42 × 6-7µm. Apothecia smoky grey, 0.3-0.4mm diam. _Ascophanus cinerellus_ - Spores larger. Apothecia pale, white or yellowish. 35 - 35(34) Apothecia up to 1.2mm diam. Asci short stalked, 40-55 × - 8-12µm. Spores 7.5-9 × 4.5-5.5µm. _Coprotus glaucellus_ - - Apothecia 0.2-0.5mm diam. Asci attenuate below, 65-85 × - 10-15µm. Spores 8-10 × 5-6.5µm. _Coprotus lacteus_ + 35(34) Apothecia up to 1.2mm diam. Asci short stalked, 40-55 × + 8-12µm. Spores 7.5-9 × 4.5-5.5µm. _Coprotus glaucellus_ + - Apothecia 0.2-0.5mm diam. Asci attenuate below, 65-85 × + 10-15µm. Spores 8-10 × 5-6.5µm. _Coprotus lacteus_ - 36(32) Apothecia chestnut brown up to 1mm diam. Asci 160 × - 13µm. Spores 13-16 x 8-11µm. Paraphyses forked, with + 36(32) Apothecia chestnut brown up to 1mm diam. Asci 160 × + 13µm. Spores 13-16 x 8-11µm. Paraphyses forked, with swollen tips. _Ascophanus misturae_ - - Apothecia lighter coloured. Asci less than 150µm long. 37 + - Apothecia lighter coloured. Asci less than 150µm long. 37 - 37(36) Spores 14-18 × 9-11µm. Apothecia pale yellow/orange, up - to 1.5mm diam. Asci cylindrical, 110-150 × 12-15µm. - Paraphyses yellowish, slightly inflated to 4-5µm at + 37(36) Spores 14-18 × 9-11µm. Apothecia pale yellow/orange, up + to 1.5mm diam. Asci cylindrical, 110-150 × 12-15µm. + Paraphyses yellowish, slightly inflated to 4-5µm at apices. _Coprotus ochraceus_ - - Spores less than 15µm long. Apothecia up to 0.6mm diam. - Asci less than 100µm long. 38 + - Spores less than 15µm long. Apothecia up to 0.6mm diam. + Asci less than 100µm long. 38 [Illustration: FIG. 5. _Thelebolus microsporus_, ascus and paraphysis.] [Illustration: FIG. 6. _Ascodesmis microscopica_, ascospores.] 38(37) Apothecia bright yellow. Asci cylindrical clavate, - attenuate below, 65-90 × 10-15µm. Spores 12-14 × - 6-8.5µm. Paraphyses branched, apices inflated to - 4-5µm, with yellow contents. _Coprotus aurorus_ + attenuate below, 65-90 × 10-15µm. Spores 12-14 × + 6-8.5µm. Paraphyses branched, apices inflated to + 4-5µm, with yellow contents. _Coprotus aurorus_ - Apothecia white/pale yellow, with darker margin. Asci - broadly clavate, stalked below 40-55 × 15-30µm. - Spores 9-15 × 6.5-9.5µm. Paraphyses inflated above to - 5-8µm, hyaline. _Coprotus granuliformis_ + broadly clavate, stalked below 40-55 × 15-30µm. + Spores 9-15 × 6.5-9.5µm. Paraphyses inflated above to + 5-8µm, hyaline. _Coprotus granuliformis_ 39(5) Spores spherical or broadly ellipsoid, brown, ornamented with warts, anastomosing ridges or a reticulum. Asci @@ -885,28 +861,28 @@ Key 1. Ascomycota finely verruculose, warted or cracked. Asci cylindrical. Excipulum present. 45 - 40(39) Spores 18-21.5 × 13.5-17.5µm. _Ascodesmis macrospora_ - - Spores up to 16µm. 41 + 40(39) Spores 18-21.5 × 13.5-17.5µm. _Ascodesmis macrospora_ + - Spores up to 16µm. 41 - 41(40) Spores ± spherical, L/B ratio mostly up to 1.2. 42 - - Spores ± broadly ellipsoidal, L/B ratio mostly 1.2 or more. 43 + 41(40) Spores ± spherical, L/B ratio mostly up to 1.2. 42 + - Spores ± broadly ellipsoidal, L/B ratio mostly 1.2 or more. 43 - 42(41) Spores ornamented with round warts, 8.5-11 × 8.3-10µm. + 42(41) Spores ornamented with round warts, 8.5-11 × 8.3-10µm. _Ascodesmis nana_ - - Spores ornamented with a network of ridges, 10.5-14 × - 9-12µm. _Ascodesmis sphaerospora_ + - Spores ornamented with a network of ridges, 10.5-14 × + 9-12µm. _Ascodesmis sphaerospora_ 43(41) Spores with a prominent reticulum of ridges (fig. 6), - 11-15.5 × 8-13.5µm. Apothecia 150-300µm diam. + 11-15.5 × 8-13.5µm. Apothecia 150-300µm diam. _Ascodesmis microscopica_ (fig. 6) - Spore ornament not a reticulum. 44 44(43) Spores with 1 simple or branched ridge and isolated or - occasionally connected warts, 11-14.5 × 7-11.5µm. - Apothecia up to 500µm diam. _Ascodesmis porcina_ + occasionally connected warts, 11-14.5 × 7-11.5µm. + Apothecia up to 500µm diam. _Ascodesmis porcina_ - Spores with isolated warts, some joined to form short ridges, but not a reticulum, often capitate, 9.5-12.5 - × 7.5-10µm. Apothecia 50-150µm diam. _Ascodesmis nigricans_ + × 7.5-10µm. Apothecia 50-150µm diam. _Ascodesmis nigricans_ 45(39) Spores separate in the ascus. (_Ascobolus_) 46 - Spores firmly joined together, both in the ascus and @@ -915,20 +891,20 @@ Key 1. Ascomycota 46(45) Spores spherical. 47 - Spores ellipsoid. 48 - 47(46) Spores 10.5-13.5µm, epispore with numerous but isolated + 47(46) Spores 10.5-13.5µm, epispore with numerous but isolated warts. _Ascobolus brassicae_ (figs 8, 9) - - Spores 11.5-13.5(15)µm, epispore with subparallel + - Spores 11.5-13.5(15)µm, epispore with subparallel occasionally anastomosing lines. _Ascobolus crosslandii_ - 48(46) Spores very large, mostly 50-70 × 25-35µm, almost oblong + 48(46) Spores very large, mostly 50-70 × 25-35µm, almost oblong with rounded ends, typically with few cracks in the epispore. _Ascobolus immersus_ (figs 7, 9) - Spores smaller, with epispore smooth, warted or with cracks. 49 49(48) Epispore strongly and irregularly wrinkled with a - vesiculose layer of pigment, 11.6-16 × 6.5-9.3µm. - Paraphyses capitate up to 18µm. Apothecia up to 0.6mm + vesiculose layer of pigment, 11.6-16 × 6.5-9.3µm. + Paraphyses capitate up to 18µm. Apothecia up to 0.6mm diam. _Ascobolus rhytidiosporus_ - Epispore not strongly wrinkled/vesiculose. 50 @@ -945,94 +921,94 @@ operculum.] [Illustration: FIG. 9. Ascospores of, clockwise from left, _A. immersus_, _A. stictoideus_, _A. albidus_, _A. brassicae_ and _A. crenulatus_.] - 51(50) Spores up to 25µm long. 52 - - Spores longer, 25µm or more. 54 + 51(50) Spores up to 25µm long. 52 + - Spores longer, 25µm or more. 54 52(51) Epispore smooth, finely granular or punctate. Gelatinous material unilateral, not surrounding spore. 53 - - Epispore warted, spores 18.5-21(22.5) × (9)10-11.5µm, + - Epispore warted, spores 18.5-21(22.5) × (9)10-11.5µm, surrounded by gelatinous sheath. _Ascobolus hawaiiensis_ - 53(52) Spores 18-24 × 10-13µm. Hymenial mucus greenish yellow. + 53(52) Spores 18-24 × 10-13µm. Hymenial mucus greenish yellow. Excipulum not brown. _Ascobolus mancus_ - - Spores 20-25 × 11-13µm. Hymenial mucus sulphur yellow. + - Spores 20-25 × 11-13µm. Hymenial mucus sulphur yellow. Excipulum with rich brown intercellular pigment. _Ascobolus boudieri_ 54(51) Epispore smooth or finely granular, spores 23-29(32) - × 12-17µm. _Ascobolus elegans_ + × 12-17µm. _Ascobolus elegans_ - Epispore warted. 55 55(54) Spores with a regular pattern of warts and intact - epispore, 26-32 × 15-17.5µm. + epispore, 26-32 × 15-17.5µm. _Ascobolus stictoideus_ (fig. 9) - Spores with irregular patches of thicker pigment, - especially at the poles, 28-35 × 16-18µm. + especially at the poles, 28-35 × 16-18µm. _Ascobolus degluptus_ - 56(50) Spores mostly 18 × 10µm or larger. 57 - - Spores mostly smaller than 20 × 10µm. 61 + 56(50) Spores mostly 18 × 10µm or larger. 57 + - Spores mostly smaller than 20 × 10µm. 61 57(56) Apothecia small, mostly up to 1mm diam., colourless. - Spores 20-35 × 11-14µm, epispore cracks distant, + Spores 20-35 × 11-14µm, epispore cracks distant, irregular, often anastomosing. _Ascobolus albidus_ (figs 7, 9) - Apothecia larger, usually 1mm diam. or more, disc yellowish, greenish, purplish or brownish. 58 58(57) Apothecia crowded, purplish or purplish brown with - intercellular pigment. Spores 18-28 × 10-12µm, with + intercellular pigment. Spores 18-28 × 10-12µm, with longitudinal anastomosing cracks. _Ascobolus roseopurpurascens_ - Apothecia yellowish or greenish. 59 - 59(58) Spores 17-22 × 9.5-12µm with a few widely spaced and + 59(58) Spores 17-22 × 9.5-12µm with a few widely spaced and irregularly oriented cracks. _Ascobolus michaudii_ - - Spores with closely spaced, ± longitudinal, cracks, with + - Spores with closely spaced, ± longitudinal, cracks, with varying degrees of anastomosis. 60 60(59) Apothecia furfuraceous, sessile. Ascus wall blue in - iodine. Spores 19-28 × 10-14µm. + iodine. Spores 19-28 × 10-14µm. _Ascobolus furfuraceus_ (fig. 7) - Apothecia smooth, substipitate. Ascus wall only faintly - blue in iodine. Spores 19-22 × 9.5-13µm. + blue in iodine. Spores 19-22 × 9.5-13µm. _Ascobolus perplexans_ 61(56) Apothecia large, stipitate, 5-10mm diam. Spores 16-19.5 - × 8.5-10µm, with subparallel, longitudinal, only rarely + × 8.5-10µm, with subparallel, longitudinal, only rarely anastomosing lines. _Ascobolus lignatilis_ - Apothecia up to 2mm diam. 62 62(61) Apothecia white. 63 - Apothecia yellow, green or brownish. 64 - 63(62) Spores 13-17 × 7.5-8.5µm, with a coarse reticulum of fine + 63(62) Spores 13-17 × 7.5-8.5µm, with a coarse reticulum of fine cracks when mature. Only recorded on grouse, capercaillie etc. (Tetraonidae) dung. _Ascobolus carletonii_ - - Spores 16-20 × 8-10µm, with a pattern of longitudinal + - Spores 16-20 × 8-10µm, with a pattern of longitudinal anastomosing cracks. Only recorded on deer dung. _Ascobolus sacchariferus_ - 64(62) Spores 14.5-16 × 8-9µm, epispore lines not densely + 64(62) Spores 14.5-16 × 8-9µm, epispore lines not densely crowded. _Ascobolus cervinus_ - Spores smaller, epispore with densely crowded, rarely anastomosing cracks. 65 65(64) Apothecia greenish yellow, furfuraceous, with crenulate - margin. Spores 9.5-15 × 6-8µm. + margin. Spores 9.5-15 × 6-8µm. _Ascobolus crenulatus_ (fig. 9) - Apothecia brownish yellow to brown, smooth, with - undifferentiated margin. Spores 12.5-14.5 × 7-8.5µm. + undifferentiated margin. Spores 12.5-14.5 × 7-8.5µm. _Ascobolus minutus_ - 66(45) Asci 4-spored. Spore clusters 42-58 × 14-20µm. Spores - 16.5-23 × 9.5-12µm, smooth to finely punctate, but with + 66(45) Asci 4-spored. Spore clusters 42-58 × 14-20µm. Spores + 16.5-23 × 9.5-12µm, smooth to finely punctate, but with a thick cap or girdle of reticulated or warted pigment. _Saccobolus quadrisporus_ - Asci 8-spored. 67 - 67(66) Spore clusters ± globular, 17-26(39) × 15-20µm. 68 + 67(66) Spore clusters ± globular, 17-26(39) × 15-20µm. 68 - Spore clusters elongated, 2-3 times as long as wide. 69 68(67) Spore clusters compact, subglobose, with only the @@ -1047,47 +1023,47 @@ _A. stictoideus_, _A. albidus_, _A. brassicae_ and _A. crenulatus_.] - Apothecia hyaline or violaceous (some mature darker). Spores in 2 rows of 3 and 1 row of 2 (fig. 10). 73 - 70(69) Spore clusters 40µm or longer. 71 - - Spore clusters up to 40µm long. 72 + 70(69) Spore clusters 40µm or longer. 71 + - Spore clusters up to 40µm long. 72 - 71(70) Spore clusters 50-71 × 16-25µm. Spores 22-29 × - 8.5-14.5µm, smooth or rarely finely punctate, with + 71(70) Spore clusters 50-71 × 16-25µm. Spores 22-29 × + 8.5-14.5µm, smooth or rarely finely punctate, with distant irregular cracks. _Saccobolus glaber_ (fig. 10) - - Spore clusters 43-51 × 14-17µm. Spores 16-22 × 7.5-9µm, + - Spore clusters 43-51 × 14-17µm. Spores 16-22 × 7.5-9µm, with fine isolated warts. _Saccobolus citrinus_ - 72(70) Spores 14-17.5(19.5) × 7.5-8.5(10)µm, easily separated + 72(70) Spores 14-17.5(19.5) × 7.5-8.5(10)µm, easily separated at maturity. Spore clusters becoming shorter and more - rounded with maturity. Apothecia up to 300µm diam., + rounded with maturity. Apothecia up to 300µm diam., inconspicuous due to their solitary nature and the predominantly brownish colour due to the mature spores. _Saccobolus truncatus_ (fig. 10) - - Spores 11.5-13.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. _Saccobolus minimus_ + - Spores 11.5-13.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. _Saccobolus minimus_ 73(69) Apothecia white, covered with tapering squamules - composed of septate hyphae. Spore clusters 38-43 × - 15-17µm. Spores 16-17.5 × 7-8.5µm, smooth or finely + composed of septate hyphae. Spore clusters 38-43 × + 15-17µm. Spores 16-17.5 × 7-8.5µm, smooth or finely punctate. _Saccobolus caesariatus_ - Apothecia not white, without tapering scales. 74 - 74(73) Spore clusters mostly over 40µm long. 75 - - Spore clusters mostly under 40µm long. 76 + 74(73) Spore clusters mostly over 40µm long. 75 + - Spore clusters mostly under 40µm long. 76 - 75(74) Spore clusters 38-62 × 14-19µm. Spores 13-21.5 × - 6.5-9.5µm, smooth, finely warted or with reticulate + 75(74) Spore clusters 38-62 × 14-19µm. Spores 13-21.5 × + 6.5-9.5µm, smooth, finely warted or with reticulate cracks. Apothecia 0.2-2mm diam. _Saccobolus versicolor_ (fig. 10) - - Spore clusters 42-60 × 18-24µm. Spores very coarsely - warted, 17.5-23 × 8.5-10µm (inc. warts). _Saccobolus beckii_ + - Spore clusters 42-60 × 18-24µm. Spores very coarsely + warted, 17.5-23 × 8.5-10µm (inc. warts). _Saccobolus beckii_ [Illustration: FIG. 10. Spore clusters of, from left, _Saccobolus versicolor_, _S. glaber_ and _S. truncatus_.] - 76(74) Spore clusters compact, 26-43 × 13-19µm. Spores 13.5-18 - × 7.5-9.5µm, epispore with fine or coarse warts. + 76(74) Spore clusters compact, 26-43 × 13-19µm. Spores 13.5-18 + × 7.5-9.5µm, epispore with fine or coarse warts. Apothecia 0.3-0.8mm diam. _Saccobolus obscurus_ - - Spore clusters elongated, 28-37 × 10-13µm. Spores - 10-14.5 × 5-7.5µm, epispore smooth or very finely + - Spore clusters elongated, 28-37 × 10-13µm. Spores + 10-14.5 × 5-7.5µm, epispore smooth or very finely granular. Apothecia 0.1-0.3mm diam. _Saccobolus depauperatus_ @@ -1099,94 +1075,94 @@ versicolor_, _S. glaber_ and _S. truncatus_.] subapical ring of thickening. Spores ellipsoid-fusiform. (_Ascozonus_, figs 14, 15) 90 - 78(77) Asci 16-spored. Spores ellipsoid, 11-16 × 7-10µm. + 78(77) Asci 16-spored. Spores ellipsoid, 11-16 × 7-10µm. _Coprotus sexdecemsporus_ - Asci more than 16-spored. 79 79(78) Asci 32-spored. 80 - Asci more than 32-spored. 84 - 80(79) Asci very large, nearly 0.5mm long, spores 30-35 × - 13-17µm (32-40 × 20-24µm in Kimbrough, 1969). Apothecia + 80(79) Asci very large, nearly 0.5mm long, spores 30-35 × + 13-17µm (32-40 × 20-24µm in Kimbrough, 1969). Apothecia pale coloured. _Thecotheus pelletieri_ - Asci and spores smaller. 81 - 81(80) Spores 10µm or longer. 83 - - Spores up to 10µm long. 82 + 81(80) Spores 10µm or longer. 83 + - Spores up to 10µm long. 82 82(81) Spores ellipsoid, with minute scattered warts visible - under oil-immersion, 7-9 × 4-4.5µm. Apothecia densely - crowded, 90-120µm diam., with 8-13 asci. Asci 32-55 - × 16-18µm with (24-)32 spores. Paraphyses 1.5-2µm, - clavate to 4-4.5µm. _Thelebolus caninus_ - - Spores subacute at apices, ca 6 × 4µm (described as + under oil-immersion, 7-9 × 4-4.5µm. Apothecia densely + crowded, 90-120µm diam., with 8-13 asci. Asci 32-55 + × 16-18µm with (24-)32 spores. Paraphyses 1.5-2µm, + clavate to 4-4.5µm. _Thelebolus caninus_ + - Spores subacute at apices, ca 6 × 4µm (described as 'minute'; this value is suggested by Boudier's comparison with _R. dubius_, for which measurements are given). Apothecia densely crowded, tawny yellowish-brown. _Ryparobius brunneus_ - 83(81) Spores 10-12.5 × 5-7.5µm. Asci clavate, 75-100 × - 20-30µm. Paraphyses enlarged to 6µm at apex. + 83(81) Spores 10-12.5 × 5-7.5µm. Asci clavate, 75-100 × + 20-30µm. Paraphyses enlarged to 6µm at apex. _Coprotus albidus_ - - Spores 13.5-17.5 × 7-8µm. Asci 10-15 per apothecium, - 120-175 × 50-75µm. Paraphyses filiform. + - Spores 13.5-17.5 × 7-8µm. Asci 10-15 per apothecium, + 120-175 × 50-75µm. Paraphyses filiform. _Coprotus rhyparobioides_ 84(79) Asci with up to 64 spores. 85 - Asci with many more than 64 spores--impractical to count. 86 85(84) Asci 64-spored, broad clavate with short stalk, 80-130 - × 30-60µm. Spores 8-12 × 4-7µm. _Coprotus niveus_ - - Asci broadly clavate with up to 64 spores, 60-100 × - 20-30µm. Spores 7-10 × 4.5-5.5µm. Apothecia superficial, + × 30-60µm. Spores 8-12 × 4-7µm. _Coprotus niveus_ + - Asci broadly clavate with up to 64 spores, 60-100 × + 20-30µm. Spores 7-10 × 4.5-5.5µm. Apothecia superficial, on the surface of the substrate, yellowish brown, gregarious, united into a crust. _Thelebolus crustaceus_ - 86(84) Apothecia superficial, 400-600µm diam., with prominent, - acuminate, superficial, 1-2-septate hairs, 80-190µm + 86(84) Apothecia superficial, 400-600µm diam., with prominent, + acuminate, superficial, 1-2-septate hairs, 80-190µm long, often roughened towards their apex, with one - 1000+-spored ascus, 110-240 × 15-27µm. Spores very - variable, 6.5-16 × 3.7-8.8µm (mostly 7.5-13 × 4.5-7µm). + 1000+-spored ascus, 110-240 × 15-27µm. Spores very + variable, 6.5-16 × 3.7-8.8µm (mostly 7.5-13 × 4.5-7µm). _Lasiobolus monascus_ - - Apothecia minute, rarely above 350µm diam., globose and + - Apothecia minute, rarely above 350µm diam., globose and immersed in substrate when young. Asci broad globose, with 100-200 spores. Usually only 1-3 asci in each apothecium, which dehisce by bursting at the apex. 87 (Other _Ryparobius_ spp. will key out here [e.g. _R. dubius_, _R. myriosporus_, _R. pachyascus_ and _R. polysporus_]. They all have scattered to gregarious, - immersed to semi-immersed apothecia 100-200µm diam., + immersed to semi-immersed apothecia 100-200µm diam., with relatively few asci, each with 100-250 ellipsoid - to subacuminate ca 5-7 × 3-4µm spores. There are + to subacuminate ca 5-7 × 3-4µm spores. There are insufficient modern observations to allow their identification and separation with confidence). - 87(86) Apothecia with a few, but obvious, setae. Spores 9 × 7µm + 87(86) Apothecia with a few, but obvious, setae. Spores 9 × 7µm or larger. 88 - - Apothecia without setae. Spores ellipsoid, 6-9 × 3.5-4µm. 89 + - Apothecia without setae. Spores ellipsoid, 6-9 × 3.5-4µm. 89 - 88(87) Spores ellipsoid, 9-11 × 7-9µm. Setae up to 600µm long. + 88(87) Spores ellipsoid, 9-11 × 7-9µm. Setae up to 600µm long. _Trichobolus zukalii_ - - Spores subglobose, 11-12 × 10-11µm. Setae up to 300µm long. + - Spores subglobose, 11-12 × 10-11µm. Setae up to 300µm long. _Trichobolus sphaerosporus_ (fig. 11) - 89(87) Apothecia and asci large, 170-250µm diam. + 89(87) Apothecia and asci large, 170-250µm diam. _Thelebolus stercoreus_ (fig. 12) - - Apothecia and asci small, rarely above 80-90µm diam. + - Apothecia and asci small, rarely above 80-90µm diam. _Thelebolus nanus_ (fig. 13) 90(77) Asci 16(-24)-spored. Spores not closely aggregated into - an imbricated mass, 13-14 × 6µm (8-9 × 4µm)[1]. + an imbricated mass, 13-14 × 6µm (8-9 × 4µm)[1]. Apothecial hairs rough, subulate. _Ascozonus parvisporus_ - Asci with 32 or more spores. 91 - 91(90) Asci 32-spored. Spores 16.5-18 × 4.5-5µm (11-12 × - 3-3.5µm)[1]. Apothecia with a single row of sharp, + 91(90) Asci 32-spored. Spores 16.5-18 × 4.5-5µm (11-12 × + 3-3.5µm)[1]. Apothecia with a single row of sharp, pointed, roughened hairs. _Ascozonus crouanii_ - Asci more than 32-spored. 92 - 92(91) Asci 48-spored. Spores spindle-shaped, 12-14.5 × 2.5-4µm. + 92(91) Asci 48-spored. Spores spindle-shaped, 12-14.5 × 2.5-4µm. _Ascozonus leveillei_ - Asci more than 48-spored. 93 @@ -1194,11 +1170,11 @@ versicolor_, _S. glaber_ and _S. truncatus_.] - Asci more than 64-spored. 95 94(93) Apothecia with a short base of globose cells, with - minutely roughened marginal hairs up to 30 × 8µm. Spores - elliptic-fusoid, 12-14 × 3-5µm. + minutely roughened marginal hairs up to 30 × 8µm. Spores + elliptic-fusoid, 12-14 × 3-5µm. _Ascozonus woolhopensis_ (figs 14, 15) - Apothecia sessile, with aseptate smooth hairs. Spores - 21 × 7.5µm (13-14 × 4.5-5µm)[1]. _Ascozonus cunicularis_ + 21 × 7.5µm (13-14 × 4.5-5µm)[1]. _Ascozonus cunicularis_ [Illustration: FIG. 11. _Trichobolus sphaerosporus_, apothecium.] @@ -1215,45 +1191,45 @@ dehiscence.] 95(93) Apothecia with a short base of globose cells, with short, irregular hairs. Asci 64-96-spored Spores - elliptic-fusoid, 14-14.5 × 5-5.5µm (10-15 × 3.5-4µm)[1]. + elliptic-fusoid, 14-14.5 × 5-5.5µm (10-15 × 3.5-4µm)[1]. _Ascozonus leveillanus_ - Apothecia sessile, dotted with hairs in connate groups - of 2-3. Asci with 128 or more spores. Spores 10 × 5µm - (7 × 3.5µm)[1]. _Ascozonus subhirtus_ + of 2-3. Asci with 128 or more spores. Spores 10 × 5µm + (7 × 3.5µm)[1]. _Ascozonus subhirtus_ 96(3) Apothecia stalked. 97 - Apothecia not stalked. 98 97(96) Apothecia up to 2mm diam., with a short cylindrical stalk, - light brown. Asci 150 × 10µm. Spores hyaline, with 2 oil - drops, occasionally 1-septate, 13-15 × 4.5µm. + light brown. Asci 150 × 10µm. Spores hyaline, with 2 oil + drops, occasionally 1-septate, 13-15 × 4.5µm. _Lanzia cuniculi_ - Apothecia up to 3mm diam., pale olivaceous to grey, with a long, slender, reddish-brown stalk arising from a - sclerotium in the dung. Asci 30-40 × 4-5µm. Spores - ellipsoid, grey-brown, 4-4.5 × 2µm. _Martininia panamaensis_ + sclerotium in the dung. Asci 30-40 × 4-5µm. Spores + ellipsoid, grey-brown, 4-4.5 × 2µm. _Martininia panamaensis_ - 98(96) Spores 7-11(14) × 1.75-2.75µm. ellipsoid, ellipsoid- + 98(96) Spores 7-11(14) × 1.75-2.75µm. ellipsoid, ellipsoid- fusiform or slightly clavate. Apothecia yellowish brown - when fresh, drying darker, up to 1mm diam. Asci 42-60 × - 7.5-9µm, pore weakly blue in iodine. _Pezizella albula_ + when fresh, drying darker, up to 1mm diam. Asci 42-60 × + 7.5-9µm, pore weakly blue in iodine. _Pezizella albula_ - Spores and asci smaller. 99 - 99(98) Spores linear, 3-5 × 1µm. Asci 30 × 5µm, cylindrical + 99(98) Spores linear, 3-5 × 1µm. Asci 30 × 5µm, cylindrical with a short stipe. Paraphyses not clavate but fused to form an epithecium. Apothecia pale pellucid, 0.5-1mm diam. _Orbilia leporina_ - Spores longer, subulate, curved. 100 - 100(99) Spores 7-8.5 × 1.2-1.8µm. Asci 36-40 × 3-5µm, gradually - tapering to a short base. Paraphyses enlarged to 3µm at + 100(99) Spores 7-8.5 × 1.2-1.8µm. Asci 36-40 × 3-5µm, gradually + tapering to a short base. Paraphyses enlarged to 3µm at apex, covered with brown granules. Apothecia light brown, 0.4-1.mm diam. _Orbilia fimicola_ - - Spores 8-10.55 × 0.9-1µm. Asci 30-45 × 3µm, + - Spores 8-10.55 × 0.9-1µm. Asci 30-45 × 3µm, cylindrical-clavate with narrow tapering base and - truncate apex. Paraphyses 2µm diam., the tips with a + truncate apex. Paraphyses 2µm diam., the tips with a crust-like secretion fusing together to form a shiny - epithecium. Apothecia white to yellowish, 180-700µm diam. + epithecium. Apothecia white to yellowish, 180-700µm diam. _Orbilia fimicoloides_ @@ -1303,24 +1279,24 @@ Key 2. Perithecial, pseudothecial, cleistothecial and gymnothecial fungi usually present. (_Sporormiella_) 11 8(7) Spores 16-20-celled. 9 - - Spores 29-32-celled, 130-160 × 4-6µm. _Sporormia mirabilis_ + - Spores 29-32-celled, 130-160 × 4-6µm. _Sporormia mirabilis_ - 9(8) Spores 16-celled, 85-116 × 5-6.5µm. _Sporormia fimicola_ + 9(8) Spores 16-celled, 85-116 × 5-6.5µm. _Sporormia fimicola_ - Spores smaller. 10 - 10(9) Spores 16-celled, 37-45 × 3µm. Asci 50-60 × 10-12µm. + 10(9) Spores 16-celled, 37-45 × 3µm. Asci 50-60 × 10-12µm. _Sporormia sp._ (fig. 17) [recorded as _S. fimetaria_ by Richardson (1972); see also Bell (1983) and Dissing (1992)] - - Spores 16-20-celled, 50-57 × 3.5-4.5µm. Asci 70-80 × - 12-16µm. _Sporormia fimetaria_ + - Spores 16-20-celled, 50-57 × 3.5-4.5µm. Asci 70-80 × + 12-16µm. _Sporormia fimetaria_ (These two taxa may represent the extremes of _S. fimetaria_). 11(7) Spores 4-celled. 12 - Spores more than 4-celled. 22 - 12(11) Spores more than 65-70µm long. 13 - - Spores less than 65-70µm long. 15 + 12(11) Spores more than 65-70µm long. 13 + - Spores less than 65-70µm long. 15 [Illustration: FIG. 16. _Chaetomium_ sp., perithecium and spore.] @@ -1337,32 +1313,32 @@ mature ascus with outer layer ruptured.] intermedia_ (with gelatinous sheath characteristic of the genus), _S. lageniformis_, _S. vexans_, _S. bipartis_ and _S. minima_.] - 13(12) Spores 65-95 × 15-18µm. _Sporormiella megalospora_ - - Spores longer than 90µm. 14 + 13(12) Spores 65-95 × 15-18µm. _Sporormiella megalospora_ + - Spores longer than 90µm. 14 - 14(13) Spores 90-118 × 15-20µm. Asci tapering gradually from + 14(13) Spores 90-118 × 15-20µm. Asci tapering gradually from the broadest part near the apex to a 'stipe'. _Sporormiella ovina_ (figs 18, 21) - - Spores 91-114 × (14)18-21µm. Asci cylindrical, abruptly + - Spores 91-114 × (14)18-21µm. Asci cylindrical, abruptly contracted below to a short 'stipe'. _Sporormiella borealis_ - 15(12) Spores mostly less than 35µm long. 16 - - Spores mostly between 35-60µm long. 19 + 15(12) Spores mostly less than 35µm long. 16 + - Spores mostly between 35-60µm long. 19 - 16(15) Spores less than 25µm long. 17 - - Spores 25-35(38)µm long. 18 + 16(15) Spores less than 25µm long. 17 + - Spores 25-35(38)µm long. 18 - 17(16) Spores (15)17-24(26) × 5-7µm, end cells broadly conical. - Ascospores uniseriate. Asci 120-135µm long. Pseudothecia - 250-300µm diam. _Sporormiella pulchella_ - - Spores 16-22 × 4.5-5.5µm, end cells subovate. Ascospores - biseriate. Asci 95-125µm long. Pseudothecia 300-350µm + 17(16) Spores (15)17-24(26) × 5-7µm, end cells broadly conical. + Ascospores uniseriate. Asci 120-135µm long. Pseudothecia + 250-300µm diam. _Sporormiella pulchella_ + - Spores 16-22 × 4.5-5.5µm, end cells subovate. Ascospores + biseriate. Asci 95-125µm long. Pseudothecia 300-350µm diam. _Sporormiella nigropurpurea_ - 18(16) Spores 30-38.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. Asci clavate, tapering + 18(16) Spores 30-38.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. Asci clavate, tapering gradually below to a 'stipe'. _Sporormiella leporina_ - - Spores 27-36(38) × 4-6(8)µm, tending to break in two at + - Spores 27-36(38) × 4-6(8)µm, tending to break in two at the middle septum. Asci cylindrical, abruptly contracted below. _Sporormiella minima_ (fig. 21) @@ -1371,43 +1347,43 @@ lageniformis_, _S. vexans_, _S. bipartis_ and _S. minima_.] - Spores with end cells tapered and slightly conical. Asci clavate, tapering gradually to a long stalk. 21 - 20(19) Spores 45-65 × 8-11.5µm. + 20(19) Spores 45-65 × 8-11.5µm. _Sporormiella intermedia_ (figs 19-21) - - Spores 38-46 × 6.5-8µm. _Sporormiella australis_ + - Spores 38-46 × 6.5-8µm. _Sporormiella australis_ - 21(19) Spores 45-60 × 11.5-14µm, germ slits parallel with + 21(19) Spores 45-60 × 11.5-14µm, germ slits parallel with long axis. _Sporormiella grandispora_ - - Spores 35-45(48) × 7-9(10)µm. + - Spores 35-45(48) × 7-9(10)µm. _Sporormiella lageniformis_ (fig. 21) - 22(11) Spores 5-celled, 70-80 × 17-19µm. _Sporormiella pentamera_ + 22(11) Spores 5-celled, 70-80 × 17-19µm. _Sporormiella pentamera_ - Spores more than 5-celled. 23 23(22) Spores 7- or 8-celled. 24 - - Spores 13-celled, 46-60 × 9-10µm. _Sporormiella antarctica_ + - Spores 13-celled, 46-60 × 9-10µm. _Sporormiella antarctica_ 24(23) Spores 7-celled. 25 - Spores 8-celled. 26 - 25(24) Spores 40-55 × 7-9µm, readily disarticulating, the end + 25(24) Spores 40-55 × 7-9µm, readily disarticulating, the end cells longer than wide, the rest shorter than wide. _Sporormiella vexans_ (fig. 21) - - Spores 70-80 × 16-18µm, end cells rounded. + - Spores 70-80 × 16-18µm, end cells rounded. _Sporormiella heptamera_ - 26(24) Spores mostly longer than 45µm. 27 - - Spores less than 50µm long, not disarticulating at the + 26(24) Spores mostly longer than 45µm. 27 + - Spores less than 50µm long, not disarticulating at the central septum. 28 - 27(26) Spores 45-60 × 5-7.5µm, disarticulating at the central + 27(26) Spores 45-60 × 5-7.5µm, disarticulating at the central septum, all cells the same width. _Sporormiella bipartis_ (fig. 21) - - Spores 50-59 × 10-12µm, not disarticulating, 3rd cell + - Spores 50-59 × 10-12µm, not disarticulating, 3rd cell down wider than the others. _Sporormiella corynespora_ - 28(26) Spores (33)37-40(49) × 7-9µm, cylindrical. Asci + 28(26) Spores (33)37-40(49) × 7-9µm, cylindrical. Asci abruptly contracted below. _Sporormiella pascua_ - - Spores 40-48 × 7-8µm, fusiform cylindrical. Asci gradually + - Spores 40-48 × 7-8µm, fusiform cylindrical. Asci gradually tapered below. _Sporormiella octomera_ 29(6) Spores obviously 2-celled at maturity. 30 @@ -1417,11 +1393,11 @@ lageniformis_, _S. vexans_, _S. bipartis_ and _S. minima_.] matures to become pigmented; the other remains hyaline, often collapses, and may be difficult to see). 47 - 30(29) Spores 23-28 × 13-17µm, upper cell dark, 15-19µm, with + 30(29) Spores 23-28 × 13-17µm, upper cell dark, 15-19µm, with close, blunt spines giving the impression of a pitted spore surface, with apical germ pore, the lower cell - hyaline, 6-8.5µm, smoky-brown. Asci unitunicate, - 4-spored. Perithecia 400µm diam. + hyaline, 6-8.5µm, smoky-brown. Asci unitunicate, + 4-spored. Perithecia 400µm diam. _Apiosordaria verruculosa_ (fig. 24) - Both cells of spore similar in shape, size and colour. 31 @@ -1430,9 +1406,9 @@ lageniformis_, _S. vexans_, _S. bipartis_ and _S. minima_.] - Asci bitunicate. Spores without gelatinous appendages, although a sheath may be present. 33 - 32(31) Spores 38-48 × 11-14µm, appendages longitudinally + 32(31) Spores 38-48 × 11-14µm, appendages longitudinally fibrillate. _Zygospermella striata_ - - Spores 46-68 × 11-17µm, appendages hollow, not + - Spores 46-68 × 11-17µm, appendages hollow, not fibrillate. _Zygospermella insignis_ (fig. 25) 33(31) Spores with each end truncated by a germ pore. @@ -1442,54 +1418,54 @@ lageniformis_, _S. vexans_, _S. bipartis_ and _S. minima_.] Pseudothecial neck smooth or hairy, but without setae. (_Delitschia_, fig. 26) 36 - 34(33) Spores 28-34 × 9-12µm. _Trichodelitschia aedelphica_ + 34(33) Spores 28-34 × 9-12µm. _Trichodelitschia aedelphica_ - Spores smaller. 35 - 35(34) Spores 20-27.5 × 8-11µm. + 35(34) Spores 20-27.5 × 8-11µm. _Trichodelitschia bisporula_ (figs 22, 23) - - Spores 18-21 × 6-7µm. _Trichodelitschia munkii_ + - Spores 18-21 × 6-7µm. _Trichodelitschia munkii_ - 36(33) Asci ca 256-spored. Spores 14-15 × 6-8µm. + 36(33) Asci ca 256-spored. Spores 14-15 × 6-8µm. _Delitschia myriaspora_ - Asci 8-spored. 37 - 37(36) Spores less than 20µm long. 38 - - Spores more than 20µm long. 41 + 37(36) Spores less than 20µm long. 38 + - Spores more than 20µm long. 41 - 38(37) Spores 8-11 × 3-5µm. _Delitschia perpusilla_ - - Spores 10-20µm long. 39 + 38(37) Spores 8-11 × 3-5µm. _Delitschia perpusilla_ + - Spores 10-20µm long. 39 - 39(38) Spores 10-14 × 5-6µm. _Delitschia marchalii_ + 39(38) Spores 10-14 × 5-6µm. _Delitschia marchalii_ - Spores longer. 40 - 40(39) Spores 14-18 × 6-10µm, uniseriate. Asci 70-90 × 7-16µm. + 40(39) Spores 14-18 × 6-10µm, uniseriate. Asci 70-90 × 7-16µm. _Delitschia niesslii_ - - Spores (16)18-20(22.5) × 6-7.5µm, biseriate. Asci - 80-145 × 20-25µm. _Delitschia consociata_ (fig. 26) + - Spores (16)18-20(22.5) × 6-7.5µm, biseriate. Asci + 80-145 × 20-25µm. _Delitschia consociata_ (fig. 26) - 41(37) Spores mostly wider than 20µm. 42 - - Spores mostly less than 20µm wide. 43 + 41(37) Spores mostly wider than 20µm. 42 + - Spores mostly less than 20µm wide. 43 - 42(41) Spores 50-64 × 19-23µm. _Delitschia furfuracea_ - - Spores 50-70 × 25-33µm. _Delitschia winteri_ (fig. 26) + 42(41) Spores 50-64 × 19-23µm. _Delitschia furfuracea_ + - Spores 50-70 × 25-33µm. _Delitschia winteri_ (fig. 26) - 43(41) Spores 20-25 × 4.5-6µm, the cells slightly tapered and + 43(41) Spores 20-25 × 4.5-6µm, the cells slightly tapered and almost completely separated. Pseudothecia hairless, - globose, ca 200µm diam. _Delitschia leptospora_ (fig. 26) + globose, ca 200µm diam. _Delitschia leptospora_ (fig. 26) - Spores longer and wider. 44 44(43) Spores transversely septate. 45 - Spores obliquely septate, deeply constricted at the - septum, 35-50 × 15-18µm. _Delitschia didyma_ + septum, 35-50 × 15-18µm. _Delitschia didyma_ - 45(44) Pseudothecia hairy. Spores 37-50 × 17-20µm, not deeply + 45(44) Pseudothecia hairy. Spores 37-50 × 17-20µm, not deeply constricted at the septum. _Delitschia chaetomioides_ - Pseudothecia smooth. 46 - 46(45) Spores biseriate, 45-55 × 13-16µm, one cell usually + 46(45) Spores biseriate, 45-55 × 13-16µm, one cell usually larger than the other, deeply constricted at the septum and readily separating. _Delitschia canina_ - - Spores uniseriate, 40-55 × 16-21µm, both cells equal. + - Spores uniseriate, 40-55 × 16-21µm, both cells equal. _Delitschia patagonica_ [Illustration: FIG. 22. _Trichodelitschia bisporula_, pseudothecium.] @@ -1516,83 +1492,83 @@ consociata_ and _D. leptospora_.] 48(47) Perithecia often hairy or tomentose when young. Immature spores long, wavy cylindrical, with a row of globules, and more likely to be seen than mature spores (fig. 29). - Secondary appendages thin, simple, up to 60 × 3µm. - Mature spores with a dark cell 14-25 × 7-13µm and - pedicel (primary appendage) 25-50 × 3-6µm. + Secondary appendages thin, simple, up to 60 × 3µm. + Mature spores with a dark cell 14-25 × 7-13µm and + pedicel (primary appendage) 25-50 × 3-6µm. (_Cercophora_) 49 - Perithecia often with scales or setae at the neck or tomentose. Caudae, simple or compound. Immature spores clavate or ellipsoid, not long, wavy cylindrical. Mature spores readily observed. 51 - 49(48) Immature spores 45-70 × 4-6µm. 50 - - Immature spores smaller, 38-52 × 3-3.5µm. Mature spores - with upper (dark) cell 14-18 × 7-9µm; hyaline pedicel - 27-36 × 3-3.5µm. _Cercophora silvatica_ + 49(48) Immature spores 45-70 × 4-6µm. 50 + - Immature spores smaller, 38-52 × 3-3.5µm. Mature spores + with upper (dark) cell 14-18 × 7-9µm; hyaline pedicel + 27-36 × 3-3.5µm. _Cercophora silvatica_ 50(49) Perithecia with white or grey tomentum. Young spores - 45-65 × 4.5-6µm. Mature spores with upper cell 17-25 × - 8.5-13µm and pedicel 30-50µm long. + 45-65 × 4.5-6µm. Mature spores with upper cell 17-25 × + 8.5-13µm and pedicel 30-50µm long. _Cercophora coprophila_ (fig. 29) - Perithecia with flexuose brown hairs and, at the neck, tufts of agglutinated, swollen, obtuse hairs. Young - spores 52-68 × 4-5µm. Mature spores with upper cell - 15-25 × 9-11µm and pedicel 35-45µm long. + spores 52-68 × 4-5µm. Mature spores with upper cell + 15-25 × 9-11µm and pedicel 35-45µm long. _Cercophora mirabilis_ 51(48) Primary appendage absent. (_Arnium_, fig. 28) 52 - Primary appendage present. 60 - 52(51) Asci (64-)128-spored. Spores 18-26 × (10)12-15µm. + 52(51) Asci (64-)128-spored. Spores 18-26 × (10)12-15µm. Perithecial neck sometimes with rigid, brown, septate - hairs up to 330µm. _Arnium leporinum_ + hairs up to 330µm. _Arnium leporinum_ - Asci 4- or 8-spored. 53 53(52) Asci 4-spored. 54 - Asci 8-spored. 55 54(53) Spores ellipsoid, sometimes inequilaterally flattened, - 44-54 × 22-30µm, with 1 apical germ pore, caudae not + 44-54 × 22-30µm, with 1 apical germ pore, caudae not swelling in water. Perithecium usually with lateral - tufts of agglutinated hairs up to 550µm long. + tufts of agglutinated hairs up to 550µm long. _Arnium arizonense_ - - Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with + - Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with germ pore at each end, caudae covering germ pores, 35-60 - × 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling to up to 130 × - 50µm, and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial - neck covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm. + × 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling to up to 130 × + 50µm, and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial + neck covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm. _Arnium hirtum_ 55(53) Perithecial neck distinctly setose with rigid hairs. 56 - Perithecial neck without setae. 57 - 56(55) Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with + 56(55) Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with germ pore at each end, caudae covering germ pores, 35-60 - × 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling up to 130 × 50µm, + × 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling up to 130 × 50µm, and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial neck - covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm. + covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm. _Arnium hirtum_ - - Spores slightly inequilateral, 35-43 × 17-23µm, caudae - 50-75 × 5-8µm, not covering germ pores. Perithecial - neck with brown hairs up to 250µm long. + - Spores slightly inequilateral, 35-43 × 17-23µm, caudae + 50-75 × 5-8µm, not covering germ pores. Perithecial + neck with brown hairs up to 250µm long. _Arnium cervinum_ 57(55) Perithecia covered with a dense tomentum of septate - flexuous hairs. Spores mostly longer than 45µm. Only + flexuous hairs. Spores mostly longer than 45µm. Only occasionally fimicolous. 58 - - Perithecia without a tomentum. Spores up to 45µm. 59 + - Perithecia without a tomentum. Spores up to 45µm. 59 - 58(57) Spores (40)45-54 × 25-35µm, uniseriate. Tomentum pale + 58(57) Spores (40)45-54 × 25-35µm, uniseriate. Tomentum pale or grayish. _Arnium olerum_ - - Spores 47-70 x 20-30µm, biseriate above. Tomentum + - Spores 47-70 x 20-30µm, biseriate above. Tomentum olivaceous brown. _Arnium tomentosum_ 59(57) Spores somewhat inequilateral, rounded below, pointed - above, 31-40 × 18-24µm, caudae 50-120 × 6-10µm, with 1 + above, 31-40 × 18-24µm, caudae 50-120 × 6-10µm, with 1 apical germ pore not covered by cauda. _Arnium caballinum_ - - Spores equilateral, 36-44 × 20-23µm, caudae 50-80 × - 6-8µm, covering germ pores. _Arnium mendax_ + - Spores equilateral, 36-44 × 20-23µm, caudae 50-80 × + 6-8µm, covering germ pores. _Arnium mendax_ 60(51) Perithecia with scales at the neck, composed of inflated and agglutinated cells (fig. 27, _S. conicum_). @@ -1604,49 +1580,49 @@ consociata_ and _D. leptospora_.] 61(60) Asci 4-spored. 62 - Asci 8-spored. 63 - 62(61) Spores 11-14.5 × 6.5-9µm. _Schizothecium nanum_ (fig. 28) - - Spores 19-24 × 12-14.5µm. _Schizothecium tetrasporum_ + 62(61) Spores 11-14.5 × 6.5-9µm. _Schizothecium nanum_ (fig. 28) + - Spores 19-24 × 12-14.5µm. _Schizothecium tetrasporum_ - 63(61) Spores more than 30µm long. 64 - - Spores less than 30µm long. 65 + 63(61) Spores more than 30µm long. 64 + - Spores less than 30µm long. 65 64(63) Perithecia crowned with a fascicle of long agglutinated - hairs at the neck, up to 335µm long. Spores 31-40 × - 15-25µm, biseriate. _Schizothecium aloides_ + hairs at the neck, up to 335µm long. Spores 31-40 × + 15-25µm, biseriate. _Schizothecium aloides_ - Perithecia with shorter, less remarkable tufts. Spores - 30-45 × 19-24µm, ± uniseriate. _Schizothecium glutinans_ + 30-45 × 19-24µm, ± uniseriate. _Schizothecium glutinans_ 65(63) Perithecial neck with rigid setae, as well as agglutinated hairs (which may be greatly reduced). - Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly - rounded apex. Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm. + Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly + rounded apex. Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm. _Schizothecium pilosum_ - Perithecial neck without rigid setae. Asci broadest in the middle. 66 - 66(65) Spores mostly over 23µm long. 67 - - Spores up to 23µm long. 69 + 66(65) Spores mostly over 23µm long. 67 + - Spores up to 23µm long. 69 - 67(66) Spores 22-25(27) × 11-13µm. Scales at neck distinct. + 67(66) Spores 22-25(27) × 11-13µm. Scales at neck distinct. _Schizothecium hispidulum_ - - Spores wider, 12-19µm 68 + - Spores wider, 12-19µm 68 68(67) Perithecia 0.5-1mm high, scales at neck usually well - developed. Spores (23)26-30 × 12-17µm. + developed. Spores (23)26-30 × 12-17µm. _Schizothecium conicum_ (fig. 27) - Perithecia 1-2mm diam., subpyriform, neck velvety with - indistinct scales. Spores 24-28 × 15-19µm. + indistinct scales. Spores 24-28 × 15-19µm. _Schizothecium squamulosum_ - 69(66) Spores 17-23 × 8.5-13.5µm, primary appendage slender - cylindrical, 6-8 × 2µm. Perithecia 0.25-0.7mm high, + 69(66) Spores 17-23 × 8.5-13.5µm, primary appendage slender + cylindrical, 6-8 × 2µm. Perithecia 0.25-0.7mm high, sometimes with poorly developed scales. _Schizothecium vesticola_ (fig. 28) - - Spores 11-14 × 6-8µm, primary appendage short, 2µm long, + - Spores 11-14 × 6-8µm, primary appendage short, 2µm long, almost triangular. Perithecia 0.3-0.45mm high, with short agglutinated hairs. _Schizothecium cervinum_ - 70(60) Asci 4-spored. Spores 35-40 × 18-19µm. _Podospora pauciseta_ + 70(60) Asci 4-spored. Spores 35-40 × 18-19µm. _Podospora pauciseta_ - Asci with more than 4 spores. 71 [Illustration: FIG. 27. Perithecia, from left, of _Podospora @@ -1659,27 +1635,27 @@ coprophila_, immature (l) and mature (r) ascospores.] 71(70) Asci 8-spored. 72 - Asci with more than 8 spores. 82 - 72(71) Spores more than 45µm long. 73 - - Spores less than 45µm long. 74 + 72(71) Spores more than 45µm long. 73 + - Spores less than 45µm long. 74 - 73(72) Spores 48-60 × 27-31µm, caudae apparently striate. + 73(72) Spores 48-60 × 27-31µm, caudae apparently striate. Perithecia superficial, covered with rigid, - nonagglutinated hairs up to 120µm. _Podospora fimiseda_ - - Spores 50-68 × 22-32µm, caudae apparently segmented, + nonagglutinated hairs up to 120µm. _Podospora fimiseda_ + - Spores 50-68 × 22-32µm, caudae apparently segmented, with an intestine-like appearance. Perithecia immersed to superficial, with a long neck, tomentose with long flexuous hairs when young, more or less glabrous when mature. _Podospora intestinacea_ 74(72) Perithecia superficial, ovoid to globose, covered with - short (up to 100µm), sparse, radiating, hyaline tipped, - hairs. Spores 24-31 × 11-15µm, with simple caudae. + short (up to 100µm), sparse, radiating, hyaline tipped, + hairs. Spores 24-31 × 11-15µm, with simple caudae. _Podospora appendiculata_ (figs 27, 28) - Perithecia with base immersed in substrate, pyriform, without such hairs. 75 - 75(74) Perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs, up to 20µm - long. Spores 32-42 × 17-22µm, with a long but withering + 75(74) Perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs, up to 20µm + long. Spores 32-42 × 17-22µm, with a long but withering primary appendage. Caudae in two rings, one inserted near the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore apex. The individual filaments may be free, but often @@ -1690,39 +1666,39 @@ coprophila_, immature (l) and mature (r) ascospores.] 76(75) Spores with 4 caudae at each end. 77 - Spores with a single cauda at each end. 78 - 77(76) Spores 40-45 × 22-25µm. _Podospora gwynne-vaughaniae_ - - Spores 29-40 × 16-25µm. _Podospora communis_ + 77(76) Spores 40-45 × 22-25µm. _Podospora gwynne-vaughaniae_ + - Spores 29-40 × 16-25µm. _Podospora communis_ - 78(76) Spores less than 30 × 15µm. 79 - - Spores larger than 30 × 15µm. 80 + 78(76) Spores less than 30 × 15µm. 79 + - Spores larger than 30 × 15µm. 80 - 79(78) Spores 21-28 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 12-14 × 4µm. + 79(78) Spores 21-28 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 12-14 × 4µm. Perithecia 0.3-0.5mm diam., neck setose with rigid - cylindrical hairs. Asci 200-250 × 22-26µm, broadest + cylindrical hairs. Asci 200-250 × 22-26µm, broadest in the middle. _Podospora ellisiana_ - - Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 4-8 × 3µm. + - Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 4-8 × 3µm. Perithecia 0.2-0.3mm diam., neck setose with rigid - hairs. Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly + hairs. Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly rounded apex. _Schizothecium pilosum_ - 80(78) Perithecia ca O.9-1.4mm high × 0.6-0.7(0.85)mm diam., - neck not hairy. Spores (29)36-45 × (17.5)22-27µm, + 80(78) Perithecia ca O.9-1.4mm high × 0.6-0.7(0.85)mm diam., + neck not hairy. Spores (29)36-45 × (17.5)22-27µm, caudae ephemeral and difficult to see, even in Indian ink. _Podospora pyriformis_ - Perithecial neck with tufts of rigid hairs. 81 - 81(80) Perithecia 0.38-0.53mm high × 0.21-0.38mm diam., - ± immersed, with hairs at the neck up to 335µm long, + 81(80) Perithecia 0.38-0.53mm high × 0.21-0.38mm diam., + ± immersed, with hairs at the neck up to 335µm long, grouped in rigid fascicles. Spores slightly flattened - on one side, 30-37 × 18-24µm, caudae invisible in water. + on one side, 30-37 × 18-24µm, caudae invisible in water. _Podospora excentrica_ (figs 27, 28) - - Perithecia ca 0.8-1.4mm high × 0.4-0.7mm diam., + - Perithecia ca 0.8-1.4mm high × 0.4-0.7mm diam., semi-immersed, hairy all over, flexuous below, rigid - and pointed at the neck up to 170µm. Spores 33-45 × - 22-27µm. _Podospora perplexens_ + and pointed at the neck up to 170µm. Spores 33-45 × + 22-27µm. _Podospora perplexens_ 82(71) Asci 16-32-spored. Perithecial neck with short tubercular - hairs. Spores 25-36 × 15-24µm. Caudae in two rings, one + hairs. Spores 25-36 × 15-24µm. Caudae in two rings, one inserted at the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore apex; individual filaments may be separate or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage @@ -1733,33 +1709,33 @@ coprophila_, immature (l) and mature (r) ascospores.] more than 64 spores. 84 - Perithecia without tufts of rigid hairs. Asci 64-spored. 87 - 84(83) Spores 14-17 × 9-11µm. Asci 256-spored. Perithecia ca - 500µm diam., immersed, except for the neck, which has - tapered tufts of hairs up to 300µm. _Podospora curvicolla_ + 84(83) Spores 14-17 × 9-11µm. Asci 256-spored. Perithecia ca + 500µm diam., immersed, except for the neck, which has + tapered tufts of hairs up to 300µm. _Podospora curvicolla_ - Spores larger. Perithecia semi-immersed. 85 - 85(84) Spores (18)20-26 × 12-16µm, caudae of 2-several filaments + 85(84) Spores (18)20-26 × 12-16µm, caudae of 2-several filaments covered with granules. Asci 512-spored. Perithecia up to - 1mm high × 0.95mm diam., neck with rigid but - non-agglutinated hairs up to 130µm long. + 1mm high × 0.95mm diam., neck with rigid but + non-agglutinated hairs up to 130µm long. _Podospora granulostriata_ - Caudae simple, without granular appearance. Asci - 128-spored. Perithecia not larger than 750µm high × - 500µm diam., with rigid, non-agglutinated hairs up - to 190µm long at neck. 86 + 128-spored. Perithecia not larger than 750µm high × + 500µm diam., with rigid, non-agglutinated hairs up + to 190µm long at neck. 86 - 86(85) Spores 17-19 × 10-12µm. _Podospora setosa_ - - Spores 19-24 × 11-16µm. _Podospora tarvisina_ + 86(85) Spores 17-19 × 10-12µm. _Podospora setosa_ + - Spores 19-24 × 11-16µm. _Podospora tarvisina_ (See discussion in Lundqvist (1972) on these last three names) - 87(83) Spores 24-34 × 14-19µm, caudae in two rings, one inserted + 87(83) Spores 24-34 × 14-19µm, caudae in two rings, one inserted at the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore apex; individual filaments may be separate or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage (cf. _P. decipiens_/_P. pleiospora_). Perithecia ca 0.6-1.1mm - high × 0.4-0.5mm diam., covered with flexuous hairs or + high × 0.4-0.5mm diam., covered with flexuous hairs or rarely smooth. _Podospora myriaspora_ - - Spores 15-20 × 10-15µm, caudae small, simple and + - Spores 15-20 × 10-15µm, caudae small, simple and evanescent. Perithecia 0.4-0.5mm high, covered with long flexuous hairs. _Podospora collapsa_ @@ -1775,55 +1751,55 @@ coprophila_, immature (l) and mature (r) ascospores.] _C. scatigena_ and _C. hansenii_. FIG. 31. Ascospores of _C. scatigena_ (l) and _C. ligniaria_ (r).] - 90(89) Spores 34-45 × 19-25µm, without caudae but surrounded - by a thin (ca 5µm) gelatinous sheath. Perithecia ca - 0.5-0.7mm diam., ± smooth. _Podospora globosa_ - - Spores 17-20 × 8-9.5µm, flattened on one side, convex - on the other. Perithecia 0.3-0.45µm diam., with distal + 90(89) Spores 34-45 × 19-25µm, without caudae but surrounded + by a thin (ca 5µm) gelatinous sheath. Perithecia ca + 0.5-0.7mm diam., ± smooth. _Podospora globosa_ + - Spores 17-20 × 8-9.5µm, flattened on one side, convex + on the other. Perithecia 0.3-0.45µm diam., with distal cells of agglutinated hairs fimbriate. _Podospora fimbriata_ - 91(89) Perithecia hairy. Spores 27-32 × 16-19µm, appendage - 15-18 × 2.5-3µm. _Anopodium ampullaceum_ + 91(89) Perithecia hairy. Spores 27-32 × 16-19µm, appendage + 15-18 × 2.5-3µm. _Anopodium ampullaceum_ - Perithecia glabrous. 92 - 92(91) Spores 28-32 × 16-21µm, appendage 12-15 × 3-3.8µm. + 92(91) Spores 28-32 × 16-21µm, appendage 12-15 × 3-3.8µm. _Anopodium epile_ - - Spores 30-37 × 16-20µm, appendage 24-27 × 5µm. + - Spores 30-37 × 16-20µm, appendage 24-27 × 5µm. _'Podospora' dagobertii_ (fig. 28) (The combination in _Anopodium_ has not been made; see Lundqvist, 1964, 1972) 93(88) Spores flattened, disc shaped, with a germ slit around - the edge. Perithecial neck with short (up to 120µm) + the edge. Perithecial neck with short (up to 120µm) setae. (_Coniochaeta_, figs 30, 31) 94 - Spores ellipsoid. Perithecial neck without setae or with - very prominent (up to 950µm) tufts of agglutinated hairs. 99 + very prominent (up to 950µm) tufts of agglutinated hairs. 99 94(93) Asci with numerous (64-128) spores. 95 - Asci 8-spored. 96 - 95(94) Spores 6-10 × 5-9 × 4-7µm. Perithecial setae up to 120µm + 95(94) Spores 6-10 × 5-9 × 4-7µm. Perithecial setae up to 120µm long. _Coniochaeta hansenii_ (fig. 30) - - Spores 13-16 × 9.5-13.5 × 5.5-8µm. Perithecial setae - up to 35µm long. _Coniochaeta_ sp. + - Spores 13-16 × 9.5-13.5 × 5.5-8µm. Perithecial setae + up to 35µm long. _Coniochaeta_ sp. - 96(94) Spores 7-9 × 6-8 × 5-6µm, slightly flattened. + 96(94) Spores 7-9 × 6-8 × 5-6µm, slightly flattened. _Coniochaeta leucoplaca_ - Spores larger. 97 97(96) Spores narrowly elliptical in face view (length more than - 2 × width), ca 13-18 × 6-9 × 4-6µm. + 2 × width), ca 13-18 × 6-9 × 4-6µm. _Coniochaeta saccardoi_ - Spores broadly elliptical to nearly circular in face - view (length less than 2 × width). 98 + view (length less than 2 × width). 98 - 98(97) Spores (9)10-16(20) × 7.5-10(15) × (4)5-8µm. Neck setae - 20-50µm long. _Coniochaeta ligniaria_ (figs 30, 31) - - Spores (16)17-23 × (10)13-19 × 7.5-10(15)µm. Neck setae - 40-80µm long. _Coniochaeta scatigena_ (figs 30, 31) + 98(97) Spores (9)10-16(20) × 7.5-10(15) × (4)5-8µm. Neck setae + 20-50µm long. _Coniochaeta ligniaria_ (figs 30, 31) + - Spores (16)17-23 × (10)13-19 × 7.5-10(15)µm. Neck setae + 40-80µm long. _Coniochaeta scatigena_ (figs 30, 31) 99(93) Perithecial neck with prominent agglutinated tufts of - rigid setae up to 950µm long. Spores 43-54 × 20-29µm, + rigid setae up to 950µm long. Spores 43-54 × 20-29µm, with apical germ pore. A gelatinous sheath which surrounds the whole spore swells in water, and appears fringed at the margin and radially striate. _Arnium macrothecium_ @@ -1844,60 +1820,60 @@ and _C. ligniaria_ (r).] with a small papilla at the basal end. Asci without complex apical plug. (_Sordaria_, fig. 33) 107 - 101(100) Spores mostly less than 25µm long. 102 - - Spores more than 25µm long. 104 + 101(100) Spores mostly less than 25µm long. 102 + - Spores more than 25µm long. 104 - 102(101) Spores 9-14 × 6-7µm. _Hypocopra parvula_ + 102(101) Spores 9-14 × 6-7µm. _Hypocopra parvula_ - Spores larger. 103 103(102) Stroma with a brown hyphal mat between perithecial necks. - Spores 19-27 × 10-14µm. _Hypocopra equorum_ (fig. 32) + Spores 19-27 × 10-14µm. _Hypocopra equorum_ (fig. 32) - Stroma with white hyphae between black perithecial - necks, becoming smooth. Spores 23-25 × 12-14µm. + necks, becoming smooth. Spores 23-25 × 12-14µm. _Hypocopra brefeldii_ - 104(101) Ascospores up to 15µm wide. 105 - - Ascospores 15µm or wider. 106 + 104(101) Ascospores up to 15µm wide. 105 + - Ascospores 15µm or wider. 106 - 105(104) Ascospores 25-31 × 10-15µm, distinctly flattened on one + 105(104) Ascospores 25-31 × 10-15µm, distinctly flattened on one side. Ascus plug blue in KI, but becoming reddish. _Hypocopra planispora_ - - Ascospores 26-32 × 13-14µm, ellipsoid and narrowed + - Ascospores 26-32 × 13-14µm, ellipsoid and narrowed towards their ends. _Hypocopra stephanophora_ - 106(104) Ascospores 27-43 × 16-20µm. _Hypocopra merdaria_ - - Ascospores 38-50 × 19-24µm. _Hypocopra stercoraria_ + 106(104) Ascospores 27-43 × 16-20µm. _Hypocopra merdaria_ + - Ascospores 38-50 × 19-24µm. _Hypocopra stercoraria_ - 107(100) Spores up to 10µm long. 108 - - Spores 10µm or longer. 109 + 107(100) Spores up to 10µm long. 108 + - Spores 10µm or longer. 109 - 108(107) Asci 8-spored. Spores 8 × 4µm. _Sordaria minima_ - - Asci ca 128-spored. Spores 5-8 × 4-5µm. + 108(107) Asci 8-spored. Spores 8 × 4µm. _Sordaria minima_ + - Asci ca 128-spored. Spores 5-8 × 4-5µm. _Sordaria polyspora_ 109(107) Spores relatively narrow, at least twice as long as wide, - 22-26 × 9-12µm. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. + 22-26 × 9-12µm. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. _Sordaria alcina_ - Spores relatively broad, less than twice as long as wide. 110 - 110(109) Spores mostly 25µm or longer. 111 - - Spores up to 25µm long. 112 + 110(109) Spores mostly 25µm or longer. 111 + - Spores up to 25µm long. 112 - 111(110) Spores (21)23-29(30) × 14.5-17(18)µm, with apiculate + 111(110) Spores (21)23-29(30) × 14.5-17(18)µm, with apiculate base. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. Asci 240-300 - × 20-24µm. _Sordaria superba_ - - Spores (26)28-35 × (17)18-22µm, with slightly apiculate - base. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. Asci 280-350 × - 30-35µm. _Sordaria macrospora_ + × 20-24µm. _Sordaria superba_ + - Spores (26)28-35 × (17)18-22µm, with slightly apiculate + base. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. Asci 280-350 × + 30-35µm. _Sordaria macrospora_ 112(110) Spores with gelatinous sheath absent or very thin, - 19.5-25 × 15.5-19µm. _Sordaria humana_ (fig. 33) - - Spores with gelatinous sheath, up to 15µm diam. 113 + 19.5-25 × 15.5-19µm. _Sordaria humana_ (fig. 33) + - Spores with gelatinous sheath, up to 15µm diam. 113 - 113(112) Spores obovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 18-23 × 12-15µm. + 113(112) Spores obovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 18-23 × 12-15µm. _Sordaria lappae_ - - Spores ellipsoid, 17-25 × 10-14µm. + - Spores ellipsoid, 17-25 × 10-14µm. _Sordaria fimicola_ (fig. 33) [Illustration: FIG. 32. _Hypocopra equorum_, perithecium with limited @@ -1905,125 +1881,125 @@ stroma, and detail of ascus tip with blue staining plug and spore. FIG. 33. Ascospores, from left, of _Sordaria fimicola_, _S. humana_ and _Sphaerodes fimicola_.] - 114(3) Spores 20-28 × 12-16µm, with subacute ends, each with a + 114(3) Spores 20-28 × 12-16µm, with subacute ends, each with a germ pore. _Gelasinospora adjuncta_ - Spores larger. 115 - 115(114) Asci 4-spored. Spores 24-29 × 15-18µm, with rounded ends + 115(114) Asci 4-spored. Spores 24-29 × 15-18µm, with rounded ends and one germ pore. _Gelasinospora tetrasperma_ - Asci 8-spored. Spores 26-3 _Gelasinospora cerealis_ 116(4) Perithecia orange to golden, often gregarious, almost - spherical, necks ca 50µm diam., 15µm high, setae at - ostiole hyaline, up to 35 × 3µm. Spores limoniform, - with a germ pore at each end, 15-25 × 9-16µm. + spherical, necks ca 50µm diam., 15µm high, setae at + ostiole hyaline, up to 35 × 3µm. Spores limoniform, + with a germ pore at each end, 15-25 × 9-16µm. _Sphaerodes fimicola_ (fig. 33) - Perithecia yellow or reddish brown (darker when filled - with mature spores), neck 50µm long, with setae at the - ostiole 40-70µm long. Spores dark brown to black, - limoniform, 20-34 × 11-17µm, with apical germ pore. + with mature spores), neck 50µm long, with setae at the + ostiole 40-70µm long. Spores dark brown to black, + limoniform, 20-34 × 11-17µm, with apical germ pore. _Melanospora brevirostris_ 117(2) Asci more than 8-spored. see Key 1 at 86 - Asci with 8 or fewer spores, or asci evanescent, not readily observed. 118 - 118(117) Perithecia orange/yellow, 500-1000µm diam. Spores long - (over 45µm) or 2-celled if shorter. 119 + 118(117) Perithecia orange/yellow, 500-1000µm diam. Spores long + (over 45µm) or 2-celled if shorter. 119 - Perithecia smaller, or black or with a neck. Spores - shorter (less than 20µm) or septate if longer. 120 + shorter (less than 20µm) or septate if longer. 120 - 119(118) Perithecia orange, 500-1000µm diam., in small groups on - a limited stroma. Spores thick walled, 48-60 × 22-26µm, + 119(118) Perithecia orange, 500-1000µm diam., in small groups on + a limited stroma. Spores thick walled, 48-60 × 22-26µm, with a gelatinous sheath. _Selinia pulchra_ - - Perithecia orange yellow, superficial, ca 500µm diam., + - Perithecia orange yellow, superficial, ca 500µm diam., with ostiole in a disc surrounded by silvery triangular - tufts of hyphae ca 100µm long. Spores ellipsoid, - 1-septate, 12-14 × 4-5µm. _Nectria suffulta_ + tufts of hyphae ca 100µm long. Spores ellipsoid, + 1-septate, 12-14 × 4-5µm. _Nectria suffulta_ 120(118) Perithecia reddish brown or pale, hyaline, with a distinct neck. 121 - Perithecia black. 131 - 121(120) Perithecia globose, up to 250µm diam., immersed, reddish + 121(120) Perithecia globose, up to 250µm diam., immersed, reddish brown, with a neck 1-3 mm long. Asci broad ellipsoid, - 5-8.5µm, rapidly breaking down and difficult to see. - Spores ellipsoid-allantoid. 5.5-7 × 1.5-2µm, collecting + 5-8.5µm, rapidly breaking down and difficult to see. + Spores ellipsoid-allantoid. 5.5-7 × 1.5-2µm, collecting in a pearly droplet at the fringed tip of the perithecial beak. _Viennotidia fimicola_ (fig. 34) - - Perithecia pyriform, very pale in colour, 60-200µm diam., - with a neck 60-700µm long. Asci rarely visible. Spores + - Perithecia pyriform, very pale in colour, 60-200µm diam., + with a neck 60-700µm long. Asci rarely visible. Spores pointed-fusiform, 1-3 septate, often with a sheath and clumped together in fascicles. (_Pyxidiophora_, fig. 36) 122 - 122(121) Neck 95-145µm long, brown, rugose, with cells arranged + 122(121) Neck 95-145µm long, brown, rugose, with cells arranged in 5-6 longitudinal rows visible in one view. Spores - 38-52µm long. _Pyxidiophora badiorostris_ + 38-52µm long. _Pyxidiophora badiorostris_ - Neck not brown or rugose, composed of hyaline, irregularly arranged cylindrical cells. 123 - 123(122) Spores less than 45µm long. 124 - - Spores more than 45µm long. 125 + 123(122) Spores less than 45µm long. 124 + - Spores more than 45µm long. 125 - 124(123) Spores 35-45µm long, with brown apical or subapical + 124(123) Spores 35-45µm long, with brown apical or subapical patches of pigment. _Pyxidiophora brunneocapitatus_ - - Spores 35-43µm long, without brown apical or subapical + - Spores 35-43µm long, without brown apical or subapical patches of pigment. _Pyxidiophora microsporus_ - 125(123) Spores mostly 45-60µm long. 126 - - Spores mostly longer than 60µm. 129 + 125(123) Spores mostly 45-60µm long. 126 + - Spores mostly longer than 60µm. 129 [Illustration: FIG. 34. _Viennotidia fimicola_, perithecium and spores. FIG. 35. _Phomatospora coprophila_, perithecium, and ascus with spores. FIG. 36. _Pyxidiophora petchii_, perithecium and spores.] - 126(125) Perithecia 70-100µm diam., neck 100-190µm long. Spores - (43)48-58(65)µm long. _Pyxidiophora grovei_ - - Perithecia usually less than 80µm diam. 127 + 126(125) Perithecia 70-100µm diam., neck 100-190µm long. Spores + (43)48-58(65)µm long. _Pyxidiophora grovei_ + - Perithecia usually less than 80µm diam. 127 - 127(126) Perithecial necks mostly less than 100µm long. Spores - (45)48-57(60)µm long. _Pyxidiophora arvernensis_ - - Perithecial necks up to 200µm long. 128 + 127(126) Perithecial necks mostly less than 100µm long. Spores + (45)48-57(60)µm long. _Pyxidiophora arvernensis_ + - Perithecial necks up to 200µm long. 128 - 128(127) Spores 45-53µm long. _Pyxidiophora petchii_ (fig. 36) - - Spores 53-65µm long. _Pyxidiophora schotterianus_ + 128(127) Spores 45-53µm long. _Pyxidiophora petchii_ (fig. 36) + - Spores 53-65µm long. _Pyxidiophora schotterianus_ - 129(125) Spores 60-70µm long. 130 - - Spores (75)80-90(100)µm. Perithecia 120-160µm diam., - neck 220-370µm long. _Pyxidiophora bainemensis_ + 129(125) Spores 60-70µm long. 130 + - Spores (75)80-90(100)µm. Perithecia 120-160µm diam., + neck 220-370µm long. _Pyxidiophora bainemensis_ - 130(129) Perithecial necks 300-700µm long. Spores 60-70µm. - Perithecia 100-120µm diam. _Pyxidiophora spinuliformis_ - - Perithecial necks 225-265µm long. Spores 65-70µm. - Perithecia 110-125µm diam. _Pyxidiophora marchalii_ + 130(129) Perithecial necks 300-700µm long. Spores 60-70µm. + Perithecia 100-120µm diam. _Pyxidiophora spinuliformis_ + - Perithecial necks 225-265µm long. Spores 65-70µm. + Perithecia 110-125µm diam. _Pyxidiophora marchalii_ - 131(120) Perithecia small, up to 400µm diam., with hairy necks. + 131(120) Perithecia small, up to 400µm diam., with hairy necks. Spores hyaline or pale, coppery-red en masse, extruded in tendrils. 132 - Perithecia larger, without hairy necks. If smaller than - 200µm, with spores smaller than 5 × 3µm. 134 + 200µm, with spores smaller than 5 × 3µm. 134 - 132(131) Spores reniform, with gelatinous sheath, 3.5 × 2-3µm, + 132(131) Spores reniform, with gelatinous sheath, 3.5 × 2-3µm, yellow, reddish brown _en masse_ in extruded tendrils. Asci spherical, evanescent. Perithecia black, spherical, - 200-400µm diam., with cylindrical neck up to 300µm long, + 200-400µm diam., with cylindrical neck up to 300µm long, with sparse pointed hairs. _Microascus longirostris_ - - Spores larger, not reniform. Perithecia up to 300µm diam. 133 - - 133(132) Perithecial necks long, up to 750µm, with terminal hairs - up to 1500µm, curved or circinate at tips. Spores - limoniform, 7-10.5 × 5.5-7µm. _Lophotrichus ampullus_ - - Perithecial necks short, ca 50µm, with long straight - tapering hairs. Spore shape limoniform/variable, 6-7.5 × - 5-5.5µm, with prominent germ pores. _Lophotrichus bartletti_ - - 134(131) Perithecia up to 150µm diam., immersed but for a conical - neck 50-75µm high. Asci 50 × 2-2.5µm. Spores minute, - cylindrical, 3.5-4.5 × 1.75-2.5µm. + - Spores larger, not reniform. Perithecia up to 300µm diam. 133 + + 133(132) Perithecial necks long, up to 750µm, with terminal hairs + up to 1500µm, curved or circinate at tips. Spores + limoniform, 7-10.5 × 5.5-7µm. _Lophotrichus ampullus_ + - Perithecial necks short, ca 50µm, with long straight + tapering hairs. Spore shape limoniform/variable, 6-7.5 × + 5-5.5µm, with prominent germ pores. _Lophotrichus bartletti_ + + 134(131) Perithecia up to 150µm diam., immersed but for a conical + neck 50-75µm high. Asci 50 × 2-2.5µm. Spores minute, + cylindrical, 3.5-4.5 × 1.75-2.5µm. _Phomatospora coprophila_ (fig. 35) - Perithecia more obvious, often hairy, or tomentose when - young. Immature spores up to 70µm long, wavy + young. Immature spores up to 70µm long, wavy cylindrical, with a row of globules inside and a short thin appendage at each end. (see _Cercophora_, 49) @@ -2038,13 +2014,13 @@ FIG. 36. _Pyxidiophora petchii_, perithecium and spores.] sheath. (_Podosordaria_) 137 - Perithecia not in a terminal head. 139 - 137(136) Stalk short, 3-5mm. Spores (12)14-19 × 6-9µm, slightly + 137(136) Stalk short, 3-5mm. Spores (12)14-19 × 6-9µm, slightly flattened on one side. _Podosordaria leporina_ - Stalk long, 1-6cm. Spores larger. 138 - 138(137) Spores 21-24 × 11-12µm. Stromatic stalk hairy. + 138(137) Spores 21-24 × 11-12µm. Stromatic stalk hairy. _Podosordaria tulasnei_ - - Spores 40-60 × 20-30µm. Stromatic stalk not hairy. + - Spores 40-60 × 20-30µm. Stromatic stalk not hairy. _Podosordaria pedunculata_ 139(136) Stroma externally black, rooted or partially immersed @@ -2053,10 +2029,10 @@ FIG. 36. _Pyxidiophora petchii_, perithecium and spores.] ostioles. (_Poronia_) 140 - Stroma not as above. 141 - 140(139) Spores 18-26 × 7-12µm, bean shaped, with gelatinous + 140(139) Spores 18-26 × 7-12µm, bean shaped, with gelatinous sheath. Stroma deeply rooted. Especially on horse dung. _Poronia punctata_ - - Spores (22)25-32(35) × (12)14-18µm, oblong ellipsoid to + - Spores (22)25-32(35) × (12)14-18µm, oblong ellipsoid to slightly fusiform. Stroma not deeply rooted. Especially on rabbit dung near the sea. _Poronia erici_ @@ -2067,14 +2043,14 @@ FIG. 36. _Pyxidiophora petchii_, perithecium and spores.] (_Wawelia_) 142 - Stroma clavate, black, partly immersed to superficial, usually aggregated in small groups, ca 1-1.5mm high - × 0.6-0.7mm diam., each containing a single perithecium. + × 0.6-0.7mm diam., each containing a single perithecium. Spores ellipsoid with germ pore and gelatinous sheath. (_Bombardioidea_) 146 142(141) Stroma spreading on substrate, black brown, firm but not brittle. Ascomata globose, 0.5-1mm, with white hyphae at neck. Spores broad limoniform, 15-19 - × 9-10µm. _Wawelia effusa_ + × 9-10µm. _Wawelia effusa_ - Perithecia globose to pyriform, black, brown or dark grey, produced laterally along the length of fine stromatal strand growing from the dung. 143 @@ -2082,34 +2058,34 @@ FIG. 36. _Pyxidiophora petchii_, perithecium and spores.] 143(142) Asci 4-spored. 144 - Asci 8-spored. 145 - 144(143) Spores 15-18 × 9-12µm. Perithecia up to 400µm diam., + 144(143) Spores 15-18 × 9-12µm. Perithecia up to 400µm diam., dark grey at maturity, single or clustered, the ostiole with a crown of silvery white hyphae. Stromata up to - 30 × 0.1-0.5mm. _Wawelia_ sp. - - Spores 6-8 × 4-6µm. Stromata conical, white, 5-12 - × 1-2mm. _Wawelia regia_ + 30 × 0.1-0.5mm. _Wawelia_ sp. + - Spores 6-8 × 4-6µm. Stromata conical, white, 5-12 + × 1-2mm. _Wawelia regia_ - 145(143) Perithecia hairy, globose, 350-500µm diam., stromatal + 145(143) Perithecia hairy, globose, 350-500µm diam., stromatal strands up to 25mm long. Spores ellipsoid, flattened - on one side, 9-12 × 6-8µm. _Wawelia octospora_ + on one side, 9-12 × 6-8µm. _Wawelia octospora_ - Perithecia villose with conidiophores, globose, - 230-420µm diam., produced laterally on stromatic - filaments 20-30 × 0.1-0.3mm. Filaments pink at first, + 230-420µm diam., produced laterally on stromatic + filaments 20-30 × 0.1-0.3mm. Filaments pink at first, with a white pointed tip, becoming brown, velvety with conidiophores. Spores ellipsoid to flattened on one - side, 7.5-9.5 × 3-4.5µm. _Wawelia_ sp. (fig. 37) + side, 7.5-9.5 × 3-4.5µm. _Wawelia_ sp. (fig. 37) [Illustration: FIG. 37. _Wawelia_ sp., stromatic filaments with perithecia growing from a rabbit pellet, ascospores, and conidiophore and conidia.] - 146(141) Asci 8-spored. Spores 20-31 × 9.5-15µm. + 146(141) Asci 8-spored. Spores 20-31 × 9.5-15µm. _Bombardioidea bombardioides_ - Asci 4-spored. 147 - 147(146) Spores 24-34 × 15-19(20)µm. Basal germ pore less + 147(146) Spores 24-34 × 15-19(20)µm. Basal germ pore less distinct than the apical one. _Bombardioidea serignanensis_ - - Spores 34-43 × 16-22µm. Distinct germ pore at each end + - Spores 34-43 × 16-22µm. Distinct germ pore at each end of spore. _Bombardioidea stercoris_ 148 Fruit bodies solitary or in small groups, each a @@ -2119,18 +2095,18 @@ growing from a rabbit pellet, ascospores, and conidiophore and conidia.] cast pellets and decaying animal material. 149 - Fruit bodies superficial, lacking a distinct stalk. 150 - 149(148) Spores 5-8 × 2-3µm. Head 1-2mm diam. + 149(148) Spores 5-8 × 2-3µm. Head 1-2mm diam. _Onygena corvina_ (fig. 38) - - Spores 7-9 × 4-6µm, 4-5µm. Head 2-4mm diam. + - Spores 7-9 × 4-6µm, 4-5µm. Head 2-4mm diam. _Onygena equina_ 150(148) Fruit bodies with an external wall of loosely - anastomosing and interwoven hyphae, and with ± + anastomosing and interwoven hyphae, and with ± specialised terminal cells (GYMNOTHECIA, fig. 39). 151 - Fruit bodies with a well defined parenchymatic wall (CLEISTOTHECIA, fig. 46). 161 - 151(150) Gymnothecia with simple thin-walled, ± uniform and + 151(150) Gymnothecia with simple thin-walled, ± uniform and poorly developed hyphae constituting the outer hyphal sheath. 152 - Gymnothecia with thick-walled hyphae modified at their @@ -2143,20 +2119,20 @@ ascospore.] 152(151) Gymnothecia red-orange to brick-red. Ascospores orange, subglobose to ellipsoid, with an equatorial furrow, - smooth, 4.5-5.5 × 3.5-4.5µm. _Arachniotus ruber_ (fig. 40) + smooth, 4.5-5.5 × 3.5-4.5µm. _Arachniotus ruber_ (fig. 40) - Gymnothecia white or yellow, never orange or brick-red. Ascospores without an equatorial furrow. 153 153(152) Gymnothecia white. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid, - smooth, 3-4 × 2-2.5µm. _Arachniotus candidus_ + smooth, 3-4 × 2-2.5µm. _Arachniotus candidus_ - Gymnothecia distinctly pigmented, yellow or brown. - Ascospores larger than 4µm. 154 + Ascospores larger than 4µm. 154 154(153) Gymnothecia yellow brown. Ascospores orange to brownish, slightly lenticular, smooth or slightly roughened, - 5-6.5 × 3.3-4.6µm. _Arachniotus confluens_ + 5-6.5 × 3.3-4.6µm. _Arachniotus confluens_ - Gymnothecia lemon yellow. Ascospores lemon yellow, - lenticular, smooth, 5-6 × 3-4.5µm. _Arachniotus citrinus_ + lenticular, smooth, 5-6 × 3-4.5µm. _Arachniotus citrinus_ [Illustration: FIG. 39. Habit sketch of a gymnothecium and ascus. FIGS 40-45. Spores and peridial hyphae. FIG. 40. _Arachniotus ruber._ FIG. 41. @@ -2165,7 +2141,7 @@ _Gymnoascus reesii._ FIG. 44. _Ctenomyces serratus._ FIG. 45. _Arthroderma curreyi._] 155(151) Gymnothecia possessing only thick pigmented hyphae. 156 - - Gymnothecia possessing ± thin, hyaline hyphae with only + - Gymnothecia possessing ± thin, hyaline hyphae with only a few, although often distinctive, appendages (i.e. comb-shaped end cells or dumb-bell shaped asperulate cells accompanying twisted and bent hyphae). 160 @@ -2173,7 +2149,7 @@ curreyi._] 156(155) Gymnothecia brown-black or dark greenish-grey, with external hyphae with spine-like branches and septate, hooked appendages. Ascospores orange brownish, ovate, - delicately striate, 4-5.2 × 2.4-3.3µm. + delicately striate, 4-5.2 × 2.4-3.3µm. _Myxotrichum chartarum_ (fig. 41) - Gymnothecia never black, and, if possessing thick-walled hyphae, then appendages never septate. Ascospores smooth, @@ -2184,41 +2160,41 @@ curreyi._] never verticillately branched. Ascospores smooth, or at most asperulate. 158 - Gymnothecia red-brown with appendages verticillately - branched. Ascospores 3-4.5 × 2-2.8µm, yellowish brown, + branched. Ascospores 3-4.5 × 2-2.8µm, yellowish brown, lenticular. _Actinodendron verticillatum_ 158(157) Gymnothecia rosy pink when young, becoming browner, with spines and curved, non-septate hairs. Ascospores hyaline, globose to subglobose, asperulate, - 3-5 × 2.5-4µm. _Gymnoascus californiensis_ (fig. 42) + 3-5 × 2.5-4µm. _Gymnoascus californiensis_ (fig. 42) - Gymnothecia yellow. Ascospores smooth. 159 159(158) Gymnothecia yellow to yellow-brown, without elongated appendages but with thick-walled branches, few of which are pointed. Ascospores globose-ellipsoid, - yellow to brownish, 3-4.5 × 3.5µm. + yellow to brownish, 3-4.5 × 3.5µm. _Gymnoascus reesii_ (fig. 43) - Gymnothecia golden yellow to reddish-brown, with acute-ended appendages. Ascospores lenticular, smooth, - hyaline, 2.5-3.5 × 2-2.5µm. _Pseudogymnoascus roseus_ + hyaline, 2.5-3.5 × 2-2.5µm. _Pseudogymnoascus roseus_ 160(155) Gymnothecia orange brown, with comb-like appendages. Ascospores slightly lenticular, pale orange, 3.3-3.6 - × 2-2.6µm. _Ctenomyces serratus_ (fig. 44) + × 2-2.6µm. _Ctenomyces serratus_ (fig. 44) - Gymnothecia whitish to pale ochraceous, particularly when dry, with few appendages but those present twisted and bent, and their branches constricted with regular or irregular dumb-bell shaped cells. Hyphal walls asperulate or with protuberances. Ascospores smooth, - lenticular, hyaline, 2.4-3.3 × 2µm. + lenticular, hyaline, 2.4-3.3 × 2µm. _Arthroderma curreyi_ (fig. 45) 161(150) Asci relatively large, 100-200-spored, 1-3/fruit body. - 'Cleistothecia' minute, <100 (rarely <250)µm diam., + 'Cleistothecia' minute, <100 (rarely <250)µm diam., immersed. see _Thelebolus_ etc. (Key 1, 86) - Asci with 8 or fewer spores. 162 - 162(161) Ascospores purple at maturity, large, 50-70 × 25-35µm, + 162(161) Ascospores purple at maturity, large, 50-70 × 25-35µm, epispore with a few longitudinal cracks. see _Ascobolus immersus_ (Key 1, 48) - Ascospores smaller, hyaline, yellow, olivaceous, brown @@ -2229,48 +2205,48 @@ curreyi._] 164(163) Ascospores 4-celled (cf. _Sporormiella_), with germ slits, readily fragmenting. Asci clavate, bitunicate. - Cleistothecia black, shiny, up to 500µm diam. 165 + Cleistothecia black, shiny, up to 500µm diam. 165 - Ascospores 1- or 2-celled. 166 - 165(164) Ascus stalk up to 20µm long. Ascospores 25-32 × 5µm. + 165(164) Ascus stalk up to 20µm long. Ascospores 25-32 × 5µm. _Preussia vulgaris_ - - Ascus stalk 30-60µm long. Ascospores 26-38 × 5-7µm. + - Ascus stalk 30-60µm long. Ascospores 26-38 × 5-7µm. _Preussia funiculata_ (fig. 47) 166(164) Ascospores 2-celled. 167 - Ascospores 1-celled. 170 167(166) Spores unequally 2-celled, one brown ellipsoid, with an - apical germ pore, 10-12 × 6.5-7.5µm, the other a basal - hyaline, cylindrical pedicel, 6-8 × 3µm. Cleistothecia - black, globose, up to 250µm diam., covered with + apical germ pore, 10-12 × 6.5-7.5µm, the other a basal + hyaline, cylindrical pedicel, 6-8 × 3µm. Cleistothecia + black, globose, up to 250µm diam., covered with flexuous brown hairs up to 1mm long. Asci evanescent. _Zopfiella erostrata_ - Spores equally 2-celled. 168 168(167) Spores not constricted at the septum, ellipsoid, - golden-brown, 25-30 × 10-15µm with 1-3 guttules in + golden-brown, 25-30 × 10-15µm with 1-3 guttules in each cell. Cleistothecia gregarious on a mycelial mat, - whitish to pale orange, up to 500µm diam. + whitish to pale orange, up to 500µm diam. _Heleococcum aurantiacum_ (fig. 48) - Spores hyaline, divided into two almost globose cells by the constricting septum. Ascomata superficial, globose, dark coloured. (_Mycoarachis_) 169 - 169(168) Asci 8-spored, 5.5-11µm diam. Spores 5-5.5 × 3-3.5µm. + 169(168) Asci 8-spored, 5.5-11µm diam. Spores 5-5.5 × 3-3.5µm. _Mycoarachis inversa_ - - Asci 4-spored, 6-6.5µm diam. Spores 4.5-5 × 2-2.5µm. + - Asci 4-spored, 6-6.5µm diam. Spores 4.5-5 × 2-2.5µm. _Mycoarachis tetraspora_ - 170(166) Asci broad-clavate, (1)-2-(3)-spored, 30-50 × 13-18µm. + 170(166) Asci broad-clavate, (1)-2-(3)-spored, 30-50 × 13-18µm. Spores brown-black with short ridges and warts, - subglobose, 12-15.5 × 11-12.5µm, with a single germ pore. + subglobose, 12-15.5 × 11-12.5µm, with a single germ pore. _Copromyces bisporus_ (fig. 49) - Asci 8-spored. 171 - 171(170) Spores globose, sooty brown, 3µm diam. Cleistothecia + 171(170) Spores globose, sooty brown, 3µm diam. Cleistothecia gregarious, with basal spirally coiled appendages, - black, 100-200µm diam., partially immersed in a white + black, 100-200µm diam., partially immersed in a white to red felty hyphal mat. _Pleuroascus nicholsonii_ - Spores larger, ellipsoid or limoniform. 172 @@ -2287,54 +2263,54 @@ _Aphanoascus stercoraria._ FIG. 54. _Pseudeurotium ovale._] - Spores darker, with 1 or more minute germ pores. Cleistothecia distinctly but not abundantly hairy. 173 - 173(172) Spores smoky brown, broadly ovoid, 9-14 × 6-9µm. - Cleistothecial hairs short, up to 30µm. + 173(172) Spores smoky brown, broadly ovoid, 9-14 × 6-9µm. + Cleistothecial hairs short, up to 30µm. _Thielavia wareingii_ - - Spores dark brown, flattened limoniform, 13-16 × 10-13 - × 8-9µm. Cleistothecial hairs of two types, some smooth, + - Spores dark brown, flattened limoniform, 13-16 × 10-13 + × 8-9µm. Cleistothecial hairs of two types, some smooth, dark brown, arising from the base up to 3mm long, - others greyish green, rough, up to ca 120µm. + others greyish green, rough, up to ca 120µm. _Thielavia fimeti_ 174(163) Cleistothecia produced within a common arachnoid mycelial mass. Spores smooth or minutely asperulate, - yellow to yellow-brown, broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 × 3-5µm. + yellow to yellow-brown, broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 × 3-5µm. _Aphanoascus fulvescens_ - Cleistothecia single or gregarious, but not on or in a mycelial mass. 175 - 175(174) Cleistothecia 170-750µm diam., covered with long + 175(174) Cleistothecia 170-750µm diam., covered with long (several mm when extended), thick-walled, aseptate, helical appendages. Asci clavate cylindrical, - evanescent, 35-62 × 12-21µm. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, - 12-17 × 9-12µm. _Lasiobolidium spirale_ + evanescent, 35-62 × 12-21µm. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, + 12-17 × 9-12µm. _Lasiobolidium spirale_ - Cleistothecia without coiled appendages. 176 176(175) Cleistothecia with hairs or appendages. 177 - Cleistothecia smooth. 178 - 177(176) Cleistothecia black, shining, 100-200µm diam., with dark + 177(176) Cleistothecia black, shining, 100-200µm diam., with dark brown-black thick-walled hairs with hooked tips. Asci - 8-15µm diam. Spores straw or copper coloured, ellipsoid, - 4-7 × 3.5-4.5µm with de Bary bubble and a germ pore at + 8-15µm diam. Spores straw or copper coloured, ellipsoid, + 4-7 × 3.5-4.5µm with de Bary bubble and a germ pore at each end. _Kernia nitida_ - Cleistothecia reddish brown, less than 1mm diam., with long simple appendages curled at the tips. Spores - hyaline, oblate, 3.55 × 2-3µm. + hyaline, oblate, 3.55 × 2-3µm. _Arachnomyces nitidus_ (fig. 50) - 178(176) Ascospores globose, larger than 9µm. 179 - - Ascospores ellipsoid, up to 9µm. Asci always subglobose. 180 + 178(176) Ascospores globose, larger than 9µm. 179 + - Ascospores ellipsoid, up to 9µm. Asci always subglobose. 180 - 179(178) Ascospores, smooth, 9-13µm. _Orbicula parietina_ (fig. 51) - - Ascospores ornamented, 13-24µm Asci subglobose. + 179(178) Ascospores, smooth, 9-13µm. _Orbicula parietina_ (fig. 51) + - Ascospores ornamented, 13-24µm Asci subglobose. Cleistothecia ochraceous, becoming yellowish brown or flushed cinnamon. _Roumegueriella rufula_ (fig. 52) 180(178) Ascospores hyaline, then faintly yellowish, minutely - spiny, 2.5-3 × 2-2.5µm. Cleistothecia pale, then + spiny, 2.5-3 × 2-2.5µm. Cleistothecia pale, then dark brown. _Aphanoascus stercoraria_ (fig. 53) - - Ascospores hyaline, then brown, smooth, 5.5-6 × 3.5-4µm. + - Ascospores hyaline, then brown, smooth, 5.5-6 × 3.5-4µm. Cleistothecia dark brown from the beginning. _Pseudeurotium ovale_ (fig. 54) @@ -2428,12 +2404,12 @@ basidium, lateral view and as often seen in sections.] - Stem with hairs and lageniform cystidia. [Illustration] 16 - 15(14) Spores 11-14 × 7-9µm. Taste and smell strong, of fresh + 15(14) Spores 11-14 × 7-9µm. Taste and smell strong, of fresh meal. _Conocybe farinacea_ - - Spores large, over 15 × up to 10µm. Taste and smell + - Spores large, over 15 × up to 10µm. Taste and smell none or slightly acidic. _Conocybe pubescens_ (_C. subpubescens_ might be found on straw/dung mixtures, and - differs in spores 11-13 × 6-8µm). + differs in spores 11-13 × 6-8µm). 16(14) Basidia 2-spored. _Conocybe rickenii_ - Basidia 4-spored. 17 @@ -2443,12 +2419,12 @@ basidium, lateral view and as often seen in sections.] _Conocybe lenticulospora_ 18(17) Cap grey, contrasting with yellowish cream gills and - pale stem. Spores 10.5-12.5 × 6-7µm. _Conocybe murinacea_ + pale stem. Spores 10.5-12.5 × 6-7µm. _Conocybe murinacea_ - Cap pinkish brown or tawny. 19 - 19(18) Spores 11-12 × 7.2-7.8µm. Cap sienna. On raw dung. + 19(18) Spores 11-12 × 7.2-7.8µm. Cap sienna. On raw dung. _Conocybe fimetaria_ - - Spores 10-12 × 6-7µm. Cap pinkish to cinnamon brown. + - Spores 10-12 × 6-7µm. Cap pinkish to cinnamon brown. On manured soil or sewage sludge. _Conocybe fuscomarginata_ (_Conocybe siennophylla_ might be found on straw/dung mixtures @@ -2480,46 +2456,46 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] 23(22) Cap minute, 1-5mm high before expanding, reddish orange at first, soon fading. Basidiospores almost globose to triangular in one view, elliptic in another, 7-10 - × 7-9 × 5.5-6.5µm. (2- and 4-spored forms have been + × 7-9 × 5.5-6.5µm. (2- and 4-spored forms have been found). _Coprinus miser_ - Cap larger, up to 15mm when expanded. Basidiospores - pip-shaped, 7.5-8.5 × 9.5-11 × 9.5-11.5µm. (4-spored). + pip-shaped, 7.5-8.5 × 9.5-11 × 9.5-11.5µm. (4-spored). _Coprinus nudiceps_ - 24(22) Spores hexagonal, 10-13 × 6.5-7.5µm. Cap purplish. + 24(22) Spores hexagonal, 10-13 × 6.5-7.5µm. Cap purplish. _Coprinus hexagonosporus_ - Spores ellipsoid. Cap brown or reddish, without purplish tints. 25 25(24) Basidia 4-spored. 26 - - Basidia 2-spored. Spores 11-13 × 5.5-7µm. Facial + - Basidia 2-spored. Spores 11-13 × 5.5-7µm. Facial cystidia absent. _Coprinus bisporus_ (_Coprinus sassii_, not yet recorded in British Isles, has - 2-spored basidia with very large ellipsoid spores up to 20µm + 2-spored basidia with very large ellipsoid spores up to 20µm long). 26(25) Cap with a mixture of hyaline and brown thick-walled - setules. Spores 9-10 × 5.5-6µm, with eccentric germ + setules. Spores 9-10 × 5.5-6µm, with eccentric germ pore. Facial cystidia absent. _Coprinus heterosetulosus_ - Cap with only one type of setule. Facial cystidia present or absent. 27 - 27(26) Facial cystidia present. Spores 7.9-13.3 × 4.4-6.4µm, + 27(26) Facial cystidia present. Spores 7.9-13.3 × 4.4-6.4µm, with apical germ pore. _Coprinus stellatus_ - Facial cystidia absent. Spores elongate and narrow, - rarely greater than 5µm wide, with apical germ pore. + rarely greater than 5µm wide, with apical germ pore. Fruit body usually quite small, up to 6mm before expanding. _Coprinus pellucidus_ (fig. 58) (Several species in the group, e.g. _C. congregatus_ and _C. ephemerus_ have been found on straw/dung mixtures). 28(21) Veil strongly adhering to cap. Spores elliptic ovate, - 15-20 × 8-12µm. Stem with distinct ring. Usually on + 15-20 × 8-12µm. Stem with distinct ring. Usually on buried dung. _Coprinus sterquilinus_ - Veil more floccose or powdery. Stem lacking ring or, if present (_C. ephemeroides_), fruit body small with - 5-angled spores less than 10µm long. 29 + 5-angled spores less than 10µm long. 29 29(28) Veil composed of filamentous units. 30 - Filamentous units, if present, masked by a preponderance @@ -2529,10 +2505,10 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] hyaline cells. 31 - Veil composed of rather narrow, slightly thickened hyphae. 32 - 31(30) Spores large, 11-14 × 6-7µm. Cap up to 1cm before + 31(30) Spores large, 11-14 × 6-7µm. Cap up to 1cm before expanding. Fruit body with or without a rooting base. _Coprinus radiatus_ - - Spores smaller, up to 9µm long. Cap up to 6mm before + - Spores smaller, up to 9µm long. Cap up to 6mm before expanding. Fruit body without a rooting base. _Coprinus pseudoradiatus_ (fig. 59) (_C. cinereus_ is found on straw/dung mixture and @@ -2543,22 +2519,22 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] and brown strongly coloured hyphae. 33 - Veil grey or whitish. 34 - 33(32) Veil of yellow hyphae. Spores 10.5-12.5 × 6-7.5µm. + 33(32) Veil of yellow hyphae. Spores 10.5-12.5 × 6-7.5µm. _Coprinus luteocephalus_ - - Veil with brown hyphae. Spores 7-9 × 3.5-5µm. + - Veil with brown hyphae. Spores 7-9 × 3.5-5µm. _Coprinus poliomallus_ - 34(32) Veil hyphae thin-walled. Spores 6.5-7.5 × 5µm, + 34(32) Veil hyphae thin-walled. Spores 6.5-7.5 × 5µm, 'shouldered' about the apiculus. _Coprinus filamentifer_ (fig. 61) - Veil hyphae thin- and thick-walled, often with clamps. - Spores elliptic-oblong, 9-10 × 5-6µm. + Spores elliptic-oblong, 9-10 × 5-6µm. _Coprinus vermiculifer_ (fig. 60) - (_Coprinus flocculosus_, with spores 11.5-16.5 × 6-9.5µm, can + (_Coprinus flocculosus_, with spores 11.5-16.5 × 6-9.5µm, can be found on straw/dung mixtures). 35(29) Stem with small, distinct ring. Spores subglobose to - lentiform and 5-angled, 6-9 × 6.5-8 × 5-6µm. + lentiform and 5-angled, 6-9 × 6.5-8 × 5-6µm. _Coprinus ephemeroides_ - Stem at most with fibrils, even then rarely forming a faint ring zone. 36 @@ -2566,13 +2542,13 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] 36(35) with setules in addition to veil. 37 - Cap without setules. 38 - 37(36) Cap cystidia tapered. Spores 11-14 × 5-6.5µm. + 37(36) Cap cystidia tapered. Spores 11-14 × 5-6.5µm. _Coprinus heptemerus_ - - Cap cystidia capitate. Spores 10-11 × 6-7µm. + - Cap cystidia capitate. Spores 10-11 × 6-7µm. _Coprinus curtus_ 38(36) Veil of inflated bladder-like cells attached to - filamentous units. Spores 7.5-8 × 4.5-5.5µm. + filamentous units. Spores 7.5-8 × 4.5-5.5µm. _Coprinus utrifer_ - Veil of globose and subglobose cells and filamentous units often encrusted or with minute projections found @@ -2586,41 +2562,41 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] 40(39) Basidia 2-spored. 41 - Basidia 4-spored. 42 - 41(40) Spores 14-17 × 8.5-10 × 12.5-14µm. _Coprinus pachyspermus_ - - Spores smaller, 9-11 × 6-6.5 × 8-9µm. _Coprinus cordisporus_ + 41(40) Spores 14-17 × 8.5-10 × 12.5-14µm. _Coprinus pachyspermus_ + - Spores smaller, 9-11 × 6-6.5 × 8-9µm. _Coprinus cordisporus_ (2-spored form) - 42(40) Spores less than 10µm long. _Coprinus cordisporus_ (fig. 63) + 42(40) Spores less than 10µm long. _Coprinus cordisporus_ (fig. 63) (_C. patouillardii_ is known on garden refuse, and an undescribed species with lemon-shaped spores has recently been found). - - Spores 10µm or more long. 43 + - Spores 10µm or more long. 43 43(42) Veil soon discolouring greyish, drab or buff, Spores - 11.5-14.5 × 6-8 × 7.5-9µm. _Coprinus cothurnatus_ + 11.5-14.5 × 6-8 × 7.5-9µm. _Coprinus cothurnatus_ - Veil remaining snowy white, only slowly discolouring greyish. 44 - 44(43) Fruit bodies several cm tall. Spores 15-19 × 8.5-11.5 × - 11-13µm. _Coprinus niveus_ - - Cap small, 5-6mm at first. Spores 14-16 x 8-9 × - 10-12.5µm. _Coprinus latisporus_ + 44(43) Fruit bodies several cm tall. Spores 15-19 × 8.5-11.5 × + 11-13µm. _Coprinus niveus_ + - Cap small, 5-6mm at first. Spores 14-16 x 8-9 × + 10-12.5µm. _Coprinus latisporus_ 45(39) Basidia 3-spored. 46 - Basidia 4-spored. 47 - 46(45) Spores narrow, 8.5-11 × 5-6.2µm. _Coprinus triplex_ - - Spores broad, 9-10 x 6-6.5 × 6-7µm, slightly flattened + 46(45) Spores narrow, 8.5-11 × 5-6.2µm. _Coprinus triplex_ + - Spores broad, 9-10 x 6-6.5 × 6-7µm, slightly flattened in face view. _Coprinus trisporus_ (These are possibly a single taxon). - 47(45) Spores 7-8 × 4-4.5µm, perispore not visible in water + 47(45) Spores 7-8 × 4-4.5µm, perispore not visible in water or alkali mounts. _Coprinus stercoreus_ (fig. 62) - - Spores 9µm or more long. 48 + - Spores 9µm or more long. 48 - 48(47) Spores 9-11 × 5.5-6µm. Perisporal sac none or + 48(47) Spores 9-11 × 5.5-6µm. Perisporal sac none or incomplete or indistinct. _Coprinus foetidellus_ - - Spores longer, 10.8-13.5 × 5.5-7µm, with distinct + - Spores longer, 10.8-13.5 × 5.5-7µm, with distinct perispore with dark lines and inclusions. Distinctive smell of gas. _Coprinus narcoticus_ (_C. sclerotiger_ is found on straw/dung mixtures, and the @@ -2670,21 +2646,21 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] (Red-capped _P. aurantia_ can be found on straw/mulch mixtures in gardens). - 57(56) Cap sticky, semi-globate ± expanding at maturity. On raw + 57(56) Cap sticky, semi-globate ± expanding at maturity. On raw dung. _Stropharia semiglobata_ - Cap plano-convex, often broad with a central umbo, margin flaring with age. On dungy mixtures in gardens. _Stropharia stercoraria_ - 58(56) Stipe bluing, with ring. Spores ellipsoid, 11-14 × - 6.5-7.5µm. Fruit body with mealy smell and taste. + 58(56) Stipe bluing, with ring. Spores ellipsoid, 11-14 × + 6.5-7.5µm. Fruit body with mealy smell and taste. _Psilocybe fimetaria_ - Stipe lacking distinct ring, or if with ring or ring zone 2-spored and/or stem not bluing. Fruit body without mealy smell and taste. 59 59(58) Stem always with distinct ring. Basidia 2-spored. - Spores 15-20µm long. _Psilocybe luteonitens_ + Spores 15-20µm long. _Psilocybe luteonitens_ - Stem with or without ring. Basidia 4-spored. If with ring, spores smaller. 60 @@ -2692,15 +2668,15 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] - Lacking velar remnants on stem, or only appendiculate teeth at cap margin. 62 - 61(60) Spores slightly angular/limoniform, 11-13(14) × 7-8µm. + 61(60) Spores slightly angular/limoniform, 11-13(14) × 7-8µm. Often on sewage sludge. _Psilocybe merdaria_ - - Spores 13-14 × 7.5-8.5µm. _Psilocybe moelleri_ + - Spores 13-14 × 7.5-8.5µm. _Psilocybe moelleri_ - 62(60) Spores 14-20 × 8-10µm. _Psilocybe subcoprophila_ + 62(60) Spores 14-20 × 8-10µm. _Psilocybe subcoprophila_ - Spores smaller. 63 - 63(62) Spores lentiform, angled, 6-8(8.5) × 4.5-5.5 × - 3.75-4.5µm. _Psilocybe bullacea_ + 63(62) Spores lentiform, angled, 6-8(8.5) × 4.5-5.5 × + 3.75-4.5µm. _Psilocybe bullacea_ (_P. crobula_, occasional on dung, differs in lacking purple colour in gills, and slightly smaller, ovoid, not angular, spores). @@ -2710,8 +2686,8 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] _Psilocybe merdicola_ - Spores lentiform, angular. 65 - 65(64) Spores 11-13(14) × 7-8(9)µm. see _Psilocybe merdaria_, 61 - - Spores 12-15 × 8-9.5µm _Psilocybe coprophila_ + 65(64) Spores 11-13(14) × 7-8(9)µm. see _Psilocybe merdaria_, 61 + - Spores 12-15 × 8-9.5µm _Psilocybe coprophila_ 66(49) Round cells on cap as a micaceous veil. (Re-examine gill face; if different sized basidia and facial @@ -2720,10 +2696,10 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] - Cap lacking veil, or if present then fibrillar. 67 67(66) White copious veil at margin or also covering cap - centre. Spores 10-12 × 5.5-6µm. _Psathyrella coprobia_ + centre. Spores 10-12 × 5.5-6µm. _Psathyrella coprobia_ - Lacking copious veil. 68 - 68(67) With red edge to gill. Spores 12-13 × 6-6.5µm, with + 68(67) With red edge to gill. Spores 12-13 × 6-6.5µm, with central germ pore. _Psathyrella stercoraria_ - Lacking red gill edge. Spores with eccentric germ pore. _Psathyrella coprophila_ @@ -2736,9 +2712,9 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] - Fruit bodies effuse, resupinate 70 70(69) Fruit-body cobweb-like and greyish white. Basal hyphae - 3-4.5µm wide. Spores sub-globose, 4.5µm diam. (Generally + 3-4.5µm wide. Spores sub-globose, 4.5µm diam. (Generally on old dung or straw/soil mixtures). _Athelia coprophila_ - (If with spiny spores 5-6µm diam., see the recently recorded + (If with spiny spores 5-6µm diam., see the recently recorded _Tomentellopsis echinospora_). - Fruit-body with pores, white or flushed slightly ochraceous, brownish or greyish. (On clods of soil in @@ -2756,12 +2732,12 @@ crystalline (r) ornamentation.] pellets). _Cyathus stercoreus_ (_Cyathus vernicosus_ often grows in plant pots on rich soil). - 73(71) Basidia with transverse septa. Spores 11 × 7µm. Fruit + 73(71) Basidia with transverse septa. Spores 11 × 7µm. Fruit body pinkish. _Platygloea fimicola_ (Not British; included for completeness. _Pilacrella solani_, with a glistening stipitate head, has been isolated from dungy soil). - - Basidia with longitudinal septa. Spores 14-18 × 9-10µm. + - Basidia with longitudinal septa. Spores 14-18 × 9-10µm. Fruit body cream-white or ivory. _Sebacina incrustans_ [Illustration: FIG. 65. Habit sketch of _Typhula_ sp. Note attachment to @@ -2787,8 +2763,8 @@ Key 4. Zygomycota Sporangia tough walled, black, projected some distance towards the light when mature, and sticking to whatever they hit. _Pilobolus_ (fig. 76) - e.g. spores pale yellow, 8-10 × 5-6µm - _P. crystallinus_ - spores orange, 12-20 × 6-10µm. - _P. kleinii_ + e.g. spores pale yellow, 8-10 × 5-6µm - _P. crystallinus_ + spores orange, 12-20 × 6-10µm. - _P. kleinii_ - Sporangiophores not stout; sporangia not violently discharged. 3 @@ -2797,8 +2773,8 @@ Key 4. Zygomycota attached to whatever they contact after the marked elongation of the white sporangiophores at maturity. _Pilaira_ (fig. 75) - e.g. spores yellowish, 8-10 × 6µm - _P. anomala_ - spores colourless, 11-13 × 6-8µm - _P. moreaui_ + e.g. spores yellowish, 8-10 × 6µm - _P. anomala_ + spores colourless, 11-13 × 6-8µm - _P. moreaui_ - Sporangial wall diffluent, spores readily removed in a droplet, or fragile and then spores easily dispersed by external violence. 4 @@ -2806,9 +2782,9 @@ Key 4. Zygomycota 4(3) Sporangiophores stiff and metallic in appearance, growing towards the light and often to great length (5-30cm). _Phycomyces_ - e.g. spores 10.5-30 × 6.5-17µm; columella pyriform; + e.g. spores 10.5-30 × 6.5-17µm; columella pyriform; sporangiophores up to 30cm - _P. nitens_ - spores 8-13 × 5-7.5µm; columella spherical or ovoid; + spores 8-13 × 5-7.5µm; columella spherical or ovoid; sporangiophores up to 30cm - _P. blakesleeanus_ - Sporangiophores white, not reaching extreme lengths. 5 @@ -2827,16 +2803,16 @@ Key 4. Zygomycota their length, but rarely beneath the groups of sporangiophores. _Absidia_ (fig. 71) e.g. sporangiophores grouped, rhizoids poorly - developed; spores 2.5-4.5µm diam. - _A. corymbifera_ + developed; spores 2.5-4.5µm diam. - _A. corymbifera_ sporangiophores grouped, rhizoids strongly developed; - spores 2.5-3.5µm diam. - _A. orchidis_ + spores 2.5-3.5µm diam. - _A. orchidis_ 8(7) Sporangiophores mostly unbranched. _Rhizopus_ (fig. 69) - e.g. spores irregularly angular-ovoid, 8-14 × 11µm + e.g. spores irregularly angular-ovoid, 8-14 × 11µm - _R. nigricans_ - Sporangiophores with a whorl of branches beneath the main sporangium, each with a small columellate - sporangium. Spores 6-8.5µm. _Actinomucor elegans_ + sporangium. Spores 6-8.5µm. _Actinomucor elegans_ [Illustration: FIG. 68. _Mucor_, habit and detail of sporangium before and after dehiscence. FIG. 69. _Rhizopus_, habit. FIG. 70. _Thamnidium @@ -2861,28 +2837,28 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] left after spore dispersal. Individual sporangiophores observable with unaided eye, up to 20mm long. _Mucor_ (fig. 68) - e.g. spores smooth, 7-8 × 2.5-4.5µm - _M. hiemalis_ - spores smooth, 6-12 x 3-6µm - _M. mucedo_ - spores asperulate, 5-8.µm diam. - _M. plumbeus_ + e.g. spores smooth, 7-8 × 2.5-4.5µm - _M. hiemalis_ + spores smooth, 6-12 x 3-6µm - _M. mucedo_ + spores asperulate, 5-8.µm diam. - _M. plumbeus_ (N.B. _Zygorhynchus_ would key out with _Mucor_. It is more often isolated from soil, and is distinguished from _Mucor_ by the presence of zygospores with unequal suspensors) - Sporangia white, without a columella, readily becoming a spore droplet. Sporangiophores delicate, often only - 200-400µm long. Fine, white, garlic-smelling mycelium + 200-400µm long. Fine, white, garlic-smelling mycelium often present. _Mortierella_ (fig. 72) - e.g. spores 16-27µm diam, few in each sporangium; - sporangiophores ca 150µm, with short lateral branches + e.g. spores 16-27µm diam, few in each sporangium; + sporangiophores ca 150µm, with short lateral branches at right angles - _M. reticulata_ - spores 6-10 x 4-6µm; sporangiophores 2-3mm high, + spores 6-10 x 4-6µm; sporangiophores 2-3mm high, with ascending branches - _M. bainieri_ - spores 4-10µm; sporangiophores richly branched - _M. candelabrum_ + spores 4-10µm; sporangiophores richly branched - _M. candelabrum_ 10(5) Sporangioles formed at the final tips of a densely dichotomous system of branchlets, originating some distance below a terminal sporangium (which may be - absent in young specimens). Sporangioles up to 25µm - diam., with up to 6 spores. Spores 8-12 × 6-8µm. + absent in young specimens). Sporangioles up to 25µm + diam., with up to 6 spores. Spores 8-12 × 6-8µm. _Thamnidium elegans_ (fig. 70) - Sporangioles either at the curved tips of slender branches, or clustered in groups about halfway along @@ -2890,10 +2866,10 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] below the sporangium; the branch tips of the latter give the fertile portion of the sporangiophore a bristly appearance. _Helicostylum_ (fig. 73) - e.g. spores 8-17 × 3-7µm; sporangioles on short + e.g. spores 8-17 × 3-7µm; sporangioles on short secondary or tertiary branches; fertile region bristly with sterile branches - _H. fresenii_ - spores 6-8 × 4µm; sporangioles reflexed, on slender + spores 6-8 × 4µm; sporangioles reflexed, on slender primary or secondary branches; fertile region without sterile branches - _H. pyriforme_ @@ -2903,16 +2879,16 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] 12(11) Sporangiophores regularly and repeatedly dichotomously branched. Chains of 2-10 spores produced in small groups, which may be wet or dry, on deciduous heads, - 4-15µm diam. Parasitic on other fungi, mostly other + 4-15µm diam. Parasitic on other fungi, mostly other Mucorales. _Piptocephalis_ (fig. 78) - e.g. spores 4-5 × 2-3µm, in pairs; heads dry - _P. lepidula_ - spores 5-6 × 2-2.5µm, in chains of 4-9; + e.g. spores 4-5 × 2-3µm, in pairs; heads dry - _P. lepidula_ + spores 5-6 × 2-2.5µm, in chains of 4-9; heads dry - _P. cylindrospora_ - spores 4-8 × 2-4µm, in chains of 3-5; heads dry; + spores 4-8 × 2-4µm, in chains of 3-5; heads dry; sporangiophore without rhizoids - _P. freseniana_ - spores 4-6 × 4-4.5µm, in chains of 3-6; heads wet; + spores 4-6 × 4-4.5µm, in chains of 3-6; heads wet; sporangiophore with rhizoids - _P. repens_ - spores 3-5 × 2-2.5µm, in chains of 3-5, heads wet; head + spores 3-5 × 2-2.5µm, in chains of 3-5, heads wet; head cell lyses, to leave only a fringe at the tip of the very fine sporangiophore - _P. fimbriata_ - Sporangiophores simple or irregularly branched. 13 @@ -2920,18 +2896,18 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] 13(12) A large conspicuous fungus, macroscopically Mucor-like, mycelium coarse. Sporangiophores with a distinct terminal swelling with crowded spore chains. Spores usually 5-10 - in a chain, globose to ovoid, 2-8 × 4-6µm. + in a chain, globose to ovoid, 2-8 × 4-6µm. _Syncephalastrum racemosum_ (fig. 81) - - Sporangiophores less conspicuous, 100-1000µm high, with + - Sporangiophores less conspicuous, 100-1000µm high, with a 'holdfast' at the base attaching the sporangiophore to the substrate. Mycelium very fine. Parasitic on other Mucorales. _Syncephalis_ (fig. 77) - e.g. sporangiophores 100-200µm high, with three + e.g. sporangiophores 100-200µm high, with three 'nodes' along their length; merosporangia often forked - at the basal cell; spores 8-10 × 6µm - _S. nodosa_ - sporangiophores up to 750µm high; merosporangia + at the basal cell; spores 8-10 × 6µm - _S. nodosa_ + sporangiophores up to 750µm high; merosporangia usually subdivided at their base into several branches, - each with 5-10 spores; spores 5-10 × 3-4µm - _S. depressa_ + each with 5-10 spores; spores 5-10 × 3-4µm - _S. depressa_ (N.B. _Oedocephalum_ spp. (fig. 79), the anamorphic states of many dung fungi (esp. Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae), _Rhopalomyces_ (fig. 80), and some _Aspergillus_ spp. are @@ -2947,9 +2923,9 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] (No parasitism has been demonstrated, but in culture grows much better in the presence of the white, garlic-smelling _Mortierella_ spp.). _Coemansia_ (fig. 82) - e.g. spores 6-11µm long; sporoclades spirally arranged + e.g. spores 6-11µm long; sporoclades spirally arranged around the axis - _C. erecta_ - spores 16-18µm long; sporoclades formed on one side of the + spores 16-18µm long; sporoclades formed on one side of the axis, causing it to curve to one side - _C. scorpoidea_ - Sporoclades produced in a terminal verticil. Sporangiophores shining white. @@ -2962,13 +2938,13 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] _Helicostylum_. Capable of parasitising, and growing much better in association with, other Mucorales. _Chaetocladium_ (fig. 74) - e.g. spores smooth, 4-6µm diam. - _C. brefeldii_ - spores echinulate, 6.5-9.5µm - _C. jonesii_ + e.g. spores smooth, 4-6µm diam. - _C. brefeldii_ + spores echinulate, 6.5-9.5µm - _C. jonesii_ - 'Spores' not produced in subterminal clusters, but terminally on lateral vesicles, or over the surface of swollen fertile regions of the sporangiophore. 17 - 17(16) Sporangiophores up to 250µm high. Lateral vesicles + 17(16) Sporangiophores up to 250µm high. Lateral vesicles numerous, each producing a single 'spore', which is projected when mature. Parasitic on tardigiades. _Ballocephala_ (fig. 86) @@ -2978,12 +2954,12 @@ tardigrade, sporangiophore and sporangia.] 18(17) Sporangiophores branched, with more or less globose terminal fertile regions. Spores dry and powdery, yellowish or pinkish in mass. _Cunninghamella_ (fig. 84) - e.g. spores smooth, ovoid, 18-22 × 10-14µm or - globose, 8-10µm diam. - _C. elegans_ - spores echinulate, ovoid, 8-12µm - _C. africana_ - - Sporangiophores unbranched, fertile portion 200-300 × - 15-20µm. Fertile region terminal only, cylindrical. - Spores smooth, greyish in mass, 2-4µm diam. + e.g. spores smooth, ovoid, 18-22 × 10-14µm or + globose, 8-10µm diam. - _C. elegans_ + spores echinulate, ovoid, 8-12µm - _C. africana_ + - Sporangiophores unbranched, fertile portion 200-300 × + 15-20µm. Fertile region terminal only, cylindrical. + Spores smooth, greyish in mass, 2-4µm diam. _Mycotypha microspora_ (fig. 85) (N.B. _Ostracoderma epigea_ (fig. 85), the anamorph of _Peziza astracoderma_, which occurs on paper and sometimes @@ -2998,7 +2974,7 @@ Notes [1] There are few reports of _Ascozonus_, apart from _A. woolhopensis_. Observed spore sizes of _A. woolhopensis_ suggest that measurement of Renny's (1874) illustrations of spores leads to values which are too - large (19-20 × 6-6.5µm). Those in parentheses are what they might be, + large (19-20 × 6-6.5µm). Those in parentheses are what they might be, based on the discrepancy between observed values for _A. woolhopensis_ and Renny's illustration. @@ -3011,366 +2987,4 @@ Notes End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Keys to Fungi on Dung, by Mike Richardson and Roy Watling -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEYS TO FUNGI ON DUNG *** - -***** This file should be named 57291-8.txt or 57291-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/7/2/9/57291/ - -Produced by Keith Edkins, Mary Glenn Krause, Eric Lehtonen -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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