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diff --git a/57283-8.txt b/57283-0.txt index b43fd89..49e4bda 100644 --- a/57283-8.txt +++ b/57283-0.txt @@ -1,31 +1,7 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Century of the Child, by Ellen Karolina Sofia Key +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57283 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: The Century of the Child -Author: Ellen Karolina Sofia Key - -Release Date: June 6, 2018 [EBook #57283] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CENTURY OF THE CHILD *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) @@ -189,7 +165,7 @@ than in those things which are decisive for the formation of a new and higher race of mankind. It will take the thorough influence of the scientific view of humanity -to restore the full naïve conviction, belonging to the ancient world, +to restore the full naïve conviction, belonging to the ancient world, of the significance of the body. In the later period of antiquity, in Socrates and Plato, the soul began to look down upon the body. The Renaissance tried to reconcile the two but the effort was unfortunately @@ -599,7 +575,7 @@ anthropological motives. He finally lays down with perfect justice, that the material to be gathered from the works of Spencer, Galton, Lombroso, Ferri, Ribot, Latourneau, Havelock Ellis, J. B. Haycraft, Colajanni, Sergi, Ritchie, and others, must be systematically worked over. The -sociologist must be zoölogist, anthropologist, and psychologist before +sociologist must be zoölogist, anthropologist, and psychologist before his plans for civilising man, and for elevating the human race could be carried out. @@ -873,7 +849,7 @@ of fathers and mothers in order to create a better morality. Perhaps for this, new legislation is necessary for the present. Certainly antiquated legal conceptions should be done away with; they have done good duty as a past training for morality. Now they stand in the way of the higher -morality. The man or the woman who plays the rôle of seduction, spoiling +morality. The man or the woman who plays the rôle of seduction, spoiling the life of a young woman or a young man, or disturbing the peace of a happy marriage, this type of character, is being treated with ever-increasing contempt. The more one learns to distinguish the @@ -1171,7 +1147,7 @@ a completed marriage. A child should receive life only through this common impulse. Many children are born, as it is, in legalised prostitution, in legalised rape. Yet there is wanting in the consciences of many women and men, the slightest shadow of religious reverence, of -æsthetic feeling before the greatest mystery of existence. And yet we +æsthetic feeling before the greatest mystery of existence. And yet we continue in the name of morality to veil for youth the nakedness of nature and we neglect to inspire their feeling of devotion towards their own being as the shrine in which the mystery of life must some day be @@ -1233,7 +1209,7 @@ Michael Angelo. Man will then, with all the powers of his being, be able to love, when love, according to the happy expression of Thoreau, is not a glow, but a light. Then he will see for the first time, what wealth life can have through love, when love becomes a happiness worthy of man -because it becomes an æsthetic creation, a religious worship; when the +because it becomes an æsthetic creation, a religious worship; when the completed unity of those who love is expressed in a new being,--a being that will some day be really grateful for the life it has received. Where the amelioration of the human race is concerned, the @@ -1781,7 +1757,7 @@ education, as will give the mother back to her children and to her home. Everything that philanthropy now does to heal the injurious and disintegrating effects of the capitalistic industrial system is on the -whole wasted power. Children's crèches, kindergartens, providing meals +whole wasted power. Children's crèches, kindergartens, providing meals for children, hospitals, vacation homes, cannot with all their noble efforts replace a hundredth part of the life energy, taken directly or indirectly from the new generation by women working outside the home. @@ -1878,7 +1854,7 @@ Our century, which has opened up to women new fields of labour, has made life very hard for her by forcing her in the competitive struggle. As wives, as married or unmarried mothers, as divorced women, as widows, women often not only have the burden of their own support to bear, but -they have frequently the rôle of guardian of a family, working for an +they have frequently the rôle of guardian of a family, working for an invalid or intemperate husband; for children, or sisters, or aged parents. These women, whether they belong to those who labour with the brain or with the hand, are worn out, partly by earning their own @@ -1967,13 +1943,13 @@ on as it is going on now, and work directed towards external spheres with its satisfaction in the joy of creation, of ambition, of gain, of enjoyment, of independence, will be more and more the end towards which women will arrange their plan of life. For this end they will modify -their fundamental habits and remould their feelings. The naïve belief +their fundamental habits and remould their feelings. The naïve belief that every woman, who has the liberty to do so, is following her own nature, shows a complete ignorance of psychology and history. Some ideal considered worth striving for, the prevailing view of a period, will obtain supremacy over nature. This is shown best in the stunted feeling of motherhood peculiar to the eighteenth century, by the plain results -of mediæval asceticism. By a new ideal innumerable women are now driven +of mediæval asceticism. By a new ideal innumerable women are now driven from a life directed inwards to a life directed outwards. I am in favour of real freedom for woman; that is, I wish her to follow @@ -2043,7 +2019,7 @@ Until that time secular misdeeds, political injustice, economic struggles,--all these socially destructive abuses will go on from generation to generation. Mankind remains the same though its acts may take different shapes. Thinkers will always find new ideas, scholars new -methods and systems, artists new æsthetic creations, but on the whole +methods and systems, artists new æsthetic creations, but on the whole everything must remain the same. Only when woman heeds the message which life proclaims to her, that, through her, salvation must come--will the face of the earth be renewed. Oratorical talk of the high task of @@ -2189,7 +2165,7 @@ shall never believe that a characteristic of the soul can be destroyed. There are but two possibilities. Either it can be brought into subjection or it can be raised up to a higher plane. -Madame de Staël's words show much insight when she says that only the +Madame de Staël's words show much insight when she says that only the people who can play with children are able to educate them. For success in training children the first condition is to become as a child oneself, but this means no assumed childishness, no condescending @@ -2405,7 +2381,7 @@ others. The right balance must be kept between Spencer's definition of life as an adaptation to surrounding conditions, and Nietzsche's definition of it as the will to secure power. -In adaptation, imitation certainly plays a great rôle, but individual +In adaptation, imitation certainly plays a great rôle, but individual exercise of power is just as important. Through adaptation life attains a fixed form; through exercise of power, new factors. @@ -2623,7 +2599,7 @@ year. A child should not be ordered about, but should be just as courteously addressed as a grown person in order that he may learn courtesy. A child should never be pushed into notice, never compelled to endure caresses, never overwhelmed with kisses, which ordinarily torment -him and are often the cause of sexual hyperæsthesia. The child's +him and are often the cause of sexual hyperæsthesia. The child's demonstrations of affection should be reciprocated when they are sincere, but one's own demonstrations should be reserved for special occasions. This is one of the many excellent maxims of training that are @@ -3522,7 +3498,7 @@ separate with mutual repulsion. This is as true of highly cultivated fathers and mothers as of simple bourgeois or peasant parents. Perhaps, indeed, it may be truer of the -first class; the latter torment their children in a naïve way, while the +first class; the latter torment their children in a naïve way, while the former are infinitely wise and methodical in their stupidity. Rarely is a mother of the upper class one of those artists of home life who through the blitheness, the goodness, and joyousness of her character, @@ -3732,7 +3708,7 @@ instructive for a right conception of the psychology of the child. It is in this kind of psychological investigation that the greatest progress has been made in this century. In the great publication, -_Zeitschrift für psychologie_, etc., there began in 1894 a special +_Zeitschrift für psychologie_, etc., there began in 1894 a special department for the psychology of children and the psychology of education. In 1898, there were as many as one hundred and six essays devoted to this subject, and they are constantly increasing. @@ -3743,8 +3719,8 @@ others. In Germany this subject has its most important organ in the journal mentioned above. It numbers among its collaborators some of the most distinguished German physiologists and psychologists. As related to the same subject must be mentioned Wundt's _Philosophischen Studien_, -and partly the _Vierteljahrschrift für Wissenschaftlichie Philosophie_. -In France, there was founded in 1894, the _Année Psychologique_, edited +and partly the _Vierteljahrschrift für Wissenschaftlichie Philosophie_. +In France, there was founded in 1894, the _Année Psychologique_, edited by Binet and Beaunis, and also the _Bibliotheque de Pedagogie et de Psychologie_, edited by Binet. In England there are the journals, _Mind_ and _Brain_. @@ -4078,7 +4054,7 @@ After the school, there often comes a further period of study in which the only distinction in method is, that the mixture is administered by the ladleful. -When young people have escaped from this régime, their mental appetite +When young people have escaped from this régime, their mental appetite and mental digestion are so destroyed that they for ever lack capacity for taking real nourishment. Some, indeed, save themselves from all these unrealities by getting in contact with realities; they throw their @@ -4335,7 +4311,7 @@ as I have mentioned; there should be never more than one or at most two main subjects--history, geography, natural science--studied at once. Moreover no more than one language should be studied at the same time; practice in those already learnt is to be acquired by literary readings, -written résumés, and conversation. +written résumés, and conversation. Another kind of concentration is necessary. Not every subject should be split up into subdivisions but history should be made to include @@ -4393,7 +4369,7 @@ teacher himself. I think the teacher of history should not take up the prehistoric period, but should give the scholar some good popular work on it and let him go to a museum; he should then require a written essay, to be illustrated by the scholar with drawings of characteristic -types of archæological specimens. In the same way, he could give a +types of archæological specimens. In the same way, he could give a comparative view of the same period among other people. Then, if there were a scholar especially anxious to learn, he could put in his hands a work about the primitive condition of man. Every teacher, man or woman, @@ -4446,7 +4422,7 @@ to something else. They wish through the story to go through a real experience; at the same time they will say "No," if they are asked whether they would prefer to hear a real history to a story. This apparent contradiction can be explained in this way: the tale presents -reality, as reality is conceived of by the naïve fancy of early ages, +reality, as reality is conceived of by the naïve fancy of early ages, and is in just the form in which the imagination of the child can receive it. @@ -4498,7 +4474,7 @@ they have hardly a trace of feeling for the humour that rests on deep intellectual contrasts, least of all for humour of the ironical type. If a narrative out of their own world is really to make impression on them, it must be like a tale, full of life, with action and surprises, broad -and naïve in its style, without any noticeable aim. All the children's +and naïve in its style, without any noticeable aim. All the children's books which children through their life recollect and by which they are impressed, are those that at least in one way or another fulfil these conditions. The rest give other impressions, but even so they become no @@ -4516,7 +4492,7 @@ taste, least of all for essays. The introduction of a fox or a bear into the story or in a real adventure makes the story-teller the dearest friend of children. But the most lively and childish essay on the bear or the fox leaves them cold, unless it is made real by some personal -experience in the country or by a visit to a zoölogical garden. This +experience in the country or by a visit to a zoölogical garden. This truth is so recognised and proved from so many points of view, that I will simply say here that experience in story-telling gives additional evidence of it. Children show, in listening to stories, a finely @@ -4524,7 +4500,7 @@ developed sensitiveness to all attempts to descend to, or to adopt, the standpoint of the child, to everything that is artificial in the narrative. In intercourse with children, especially with those who represent progressive methods, can be seen how the reaction against the -old lesson and hidebound methods has produced an artificial naïveté, a +old lesson and hidebound methods has produced an artificial naïveté, a richness of illustrations, and a liveliness that children soon feel as something specially prepared for them, something not quite real. This way of partially giving to children their own imaginative power puts @@ -4563,7 +4539,7 @@ disturbing jumble; instead of objectivity, they get instructive children's stories; instead of poetry, edifying versification; instead of action, reflection; instead of much of one thing, a little of everything; instead of continuity of impressions, constant change; -instead of concrete impressions of life, essays; instead of naïve tales, +instead of concrete impressions of life, essays; instead of naïve tales, things written down to their level. I ask what is the result of this reading-book system on the development @@ -4683,7 +4659,7 @@ Undoubtedly a great influence has proceeded from that whole movement which has resulted, among other things, in the Pestalozzi-Froebel kindergartens, and in institutions modelled after them. Better teachers have been produced by it; but what I regard as a great misfortune, is -the increasing inclination to look upon the crèche, the kindergarten, +the increasing inclination to look upon the crèche, the kindergarten, and the school as the ideal scheme of education. Every discussion dealing with the possibilities of women working in public life exalts the advantage of freeing the mother from the care of children, @@ -4697,7 +4673,7 @@ educational institutions presided over by their parents; and also by the experience of the poor parents who are not able under these conditions to look after their own children. -The crèche and the kindergarten were and continue to be a blessing +The crèche and the kindergarten were and continue to be a blessing undoubtedly for those innumerable mothers who work outside of their homes and are badly prepared for their duties. Some type of kindergarten will perhaps be necessary under particular circumstances as a partial @@ -5367,7 +5343,7 @@ be able to read good things--these are the two great ends to which home and school education should direct their course. If the child has these capacities, he can learn almost everything else himself. I may remark in passing, that a sound development of the imagination has not only an -æsthetic but an ethical significance. It is really the foundation for +æsthetic but an ethical significance. It is really the foundation for active sympathy all round. Numerous cruelties are committed now by people who have not sufficient imagination to see how their acts affect others. @@ -5538,7 +5514,7 @@ into the uniformity of a common examination system. After the children all over the country have been educated to about fifteen years of age, in such real common schools, some working more with the brain, others with their hands, the application schools will -begin--schools for classical studies, for exact, for social or æsthetic +begin--schools for classical studies, for exact, for social or æsthetic sciences; for handicrafts and handwork; for different professions and state positions; schools with different principles and methods, schools which can produce manifold differing forms of training and @@ -6007,7 +5983,7 @@ have done it to me!" And a small boy said, "It is a very good thing for us that the Jews crucified Christ, so that nothing happened to us." These are both poles of an emotional and a practical way of looking at the Atonement. Within them all similar circumferences are drawn. To a -more comic and naïve sphere of ideas belongs the proposal of a small +more comic and naïve sphere of ideas belongs the proposal of a small girl to call the Virgin Mary God's wife. Also there is the story of a boy who spoke in school of Our Lord and the two other Lords, meaning the Trinity. @@ -6688,10 +6664,10 @@ young who are not making ideals out of their own souls will have no other time than this to find ideals. A generation of young men of this type laughed at Socrates. They would have nailed Jesus of Nazareth to the Cross, with a shrug of the shoulders; they would have become, -undoubtedly, in 1789, _emigrés_ with the Bourbons. +undoubtedly, in 1789, _emigrés_ with the Bourbons. When the youth of any period remains without ideals, we pass through a -_fin de siècle_ period no matter what the exact date may be. But when +_fin de siècle_ period no matter what the exact date may be. But when the young generation is inspired with the feeling of having great acts to do, a new century begins. It is always the fortunate right of young people to stimulate individualism before everything else. This is done @@ -6789,7 +6765,7 @@ gradgrindism in education, library science, science in general, and life in general. It is full of humor, rich in style, and eccentric in form and all suffused with the perfervid genius of a man who is not merely a thinker but a force. Every sentence is tinglingly alive, and as if -furnished with long antennæ of suggestiveness. I do not know who Mr. Lee +furnished with long antennæ of suggestiveness. I do not know who Mr. Lee is, but I know this--that if he goes on as he has been, we need no longer whine that we have no worthy successors to the old Brahminical writers of New England. @@ -6852,367 +6828,4 @@ New York--G. P. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Century of the Child - -Author: Ellen Karolina Sofia Key - -Release Date: June 6, 2018 [EBook #57283] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CENTURY OF THE CHILD *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57283 ***</div> <div class="center"><a name="cover.jpg" id="cover.jpg"></a><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" /></div> @@ -6856,382 +6820,7 @@ brother suffers; I will myself be this wounded brother."</p> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Century of the Child, by -Ellen Karolina Sofia Key - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CENTURY OF THE CHILD *** - -***** This file should be named 57283-h.htm or 57283-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/7/2/8/57283/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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