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diff --git a/57260-8.txt b/57260-0.txt index 3a2f38d..3efc802 100644 --- a/57260-8.txt +++ b/57260-0.txt @@ -1,35 +1,8 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Fable of the Bees, by Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733) +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57260 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: The Fable of the Bees - Or, Private Vices Public Benefits - -Author: Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733) - -Release Date: June 4, 2018 [EBook #57260] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FABLE OF THE BEES *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - @@ -880,7 +853,7 @@ aimed at no less than the public welfare, and the conquest of their own passion. - Fortior est qui se quàm qui fortissima Vincit + Fortior est qui se quà m qui fortissima Vincit Moenia ---- ---- @@ -1089,7 +1062,7 @@ that particular, of his opinion: so that the most insatiable thirst after fame that ever heroe was inspired with, was never more than an ungovernable greediness to engross the esteem and admiration of others in future ages as well as his own; and (what mortification soever this -truth might be to the second thoughts of an Alexander or a Cæsar) the +truth might be to the second thoughts of an Alexander or a Cæsar) the great recompense in view, for which the most exalted minds have with so much alacrity sacrificed their quiet, health, sensual pleasures, and every inch of themselves, has never been any thing else but the @@ -1641,7 +1614,7 @@ so they can but conquer her modesty; seducers, therefore, do not make their attacks at noon-day, but cut their trenches at night. - Illa verecundis lux est præbenda puellis, + Illa verecundis lux est præbenda puellis, Qua timidus latebras sperat habere pudor. @@ -3803,7 +3776,7 @@ actions of the antagonists and greatest accusers of those votaries, we shall not find so much as the appearance of self-denial. The reverend divines of all sects, even of the most reformed churches in all countries, take care with the Cyclops Evangeliphorus first; -ut ventri bene sit, and afterwards, ne quid desit iis quæ sub ventre +ut ventri bene sit, and afterwards, ne quid desit iis quæ sub ventre sunt. To these they will desire you to add convenient houses, handsome furniture, good fires in winter, pleasant gardens in summer, neat clothes, and money enough to bring up their children; precedency in all @@ -4206,7 +4179,7 @@ a bit of stinking soap of a groat a pound. The arts of brewing, and making bread, have by slow degrees been brought to the perfection they now are in, but to have invented -them at once, and à priori, would have required more knowledge and +them at once, and à priori, would have required more knowledge and a deeper insight into the nature of fermentation, than the greatest philosopher has hitherto been endowed with; yet the fruits of both are now enjoyed by the meanest of our species, and a starving wretch @@ -4340,7 +4313,7 @@ doing of either he shall equally oblige me. A Roman merchant, in one of the Carthaginian wars, was cast away upon the coast of Afric: himself and his slave with great difficulty got safe ashore; but going in quest of relief, were met by a lion of a -mighty size. It happened to be one of the breed that ranged in Æsop's +mighty size. It happened to be one of the breed that ranged in Æsop's days, and one that could not only speak several languages, but seemed, moreover, very well acquainted with human affairs. The slave got upon a tree, but his master not thinking himself safe there, and having @@ -6678,7 +6651,7 @@ when he ruminated on the duration of his glory, and the perpetuity he would by this means procure to his name. Charitable opinions are often stupidly false; when men are dead and gone, we ought to judge of their actions, as we do of books, and neither wrong their understanding -nor our own. The British Æsculapius was undeniably a man of sense, +nor our own. The British Æsculapius was undeniably a man of sense, and if he had been influenced by charity, a public spirit, or the love of learning, and had aimed at the good of mankind in general, or that of his own profession in particular, and acted from any of @@ -8647,7 +8620,7 @@ to light in the last scene of his life, and by his suicide it plainly appeared that he was governed by a tyrannical power, superior to the love of his country, and that the implacable hatred and superlative envy he bore to the glory, the real greatness and personal merit -of Cæsar, had for a long time swayed all his actions under the most +of Cæsar, had for a long time swayed all his actions under the most noble pretences. Had not this violent motive over-ruled his consummate prudence, he might not only have saved himself, but likewise most of his friends that were ruined by the loss of him, and would in all @@ -8656,7 +8629,7 @@ in Rome. But he knew the boundless mind and unlimited generosity of the victor: it was his clemency he feared, and therefore chose death because it was less terrible to his pride, than the thoughts of giving his mortal foe so tempting an opportunity of showing the -magnanimity of his soul, as Cæsar would have found in forgiving such an +magnanimity of his soul, as Cæsar would have found in forgiving such an inveterate enemy as Cato, and offering him his friendship; and which, it is thought by the judicious, that penetrating as well as ambitious conqueror would not have slipped, if the other had dared to live. @@ -10405,7 +10378,7 @@ reasonable time and place my adversaries shall be pleased to appoint. Opinionum enim Commenta delet dies; - Naturæ judicia confirmat. + Naturæ judicia confirmat. Cicero de Nat. Deor. Lib. 2. @@ -11014,7 +10987,7 @@ small addition to it, and annexed (with a N. B. before it) to the following advertisement. - ARETÊ-LOGIA: + ARETÊ-LOGIA: Or an Inquiry into the Original of Moral Virtue, wherein the false notions of Machiavel, Hobbs, Spinosa, and Mr. Bayle, as they are @@ -11037,7 +11010,7 @@ as they had seen the addition that was made to it, the second time it was published; for supposing it to be intelligible, as it follows the advertisement, it cannot be pretended, that the repenting gentleman pronounced those very words. He must have named the book; and if he -had said, that his sorrow was occasioned by reading the ARETÊ-LOGIA, +had said, that his sorrow was occasioned by reading the ARETÊ-LOGIA, or the new book of the reverend Dr. Innes, how came such a remarkable part of his confession to be omitted in the first publication, where the well-dressed gentleman's words and actions seemed to be set down @@ -11062,7 +11035,7 @@ had given a handle to it, when one evening a friend of mine, who had borrowed Dr. Innes's book, which till then I had never seen, showed me in it the following lines. -But à propos Sir, if I rightly remember, the ingenuous Mr. Law, in +But à propos Sir, if I rightly remember, the ingenuous Mr. Law, in his Remarks upon your Fable of the Bees, puts you in mind of a promise you had made, by which you obliged yourself to burn that book at any time or place your adversary should appoint, if any thing should be @@ -11084,7 +11057,7 @@ at the same time by way of appendix; the doing of which will, in my opinion, complete the solemnity of the day. I am not your patient, but, your most humble servant. -Thus ends what, in the ARETÊ-LOGIA Doctor Innes is pleased to call +Thus ends what, in the ARETÊ-LOGIA Doctor Innes is pleased to call a Prefatory Introduction, in a Letter to the Author of the Fable of the Bees. It is signed A. I. and dated Tot-hill-fields, Westminster, Jan. 20. 1727-8. @@ -11306,7 +11279,7 @@ is to express the dignity of the subject, and, in compliment to his judges, never to forget the excellency of our species: All his art and good sense must be employed in raising that to the highest pitch; Great masters do not paint for the common people, but for persons -of refined understanding: What you complain o£ is the effect of the +of refined understanding: What you complain o£ is the effect of the good manners and complaisance of the painter. When he had drawn the Infant and the Madona, he thought the least glimpse of the ox and the ass would be sufficient to acquaint you with the history: They @@ -11918,7 +11891,7 @@ real knowledge, or the soundest understanding. In the sacred college, where every thing is auro venale, truth and justice bear the lowest price: Cardinal Palavicini, and other Jesuits, that have been the stanch advocates of the Papal authority, have owned with ostentation -the Politia religiosa della chiésa, and not hid from us the virtues +the Politia religiosa della chiésa, and not hid from us the virtues and accomplishments, that were only valuable among the Purpurati, in whose judgment over-reaching, at any rate, is the highest honour, and to be outwitted, though by the basest artifice, the greatest @@ -12765,7 +12738,7 @@ inoffensive, the most prudent, and best-bred man; that our fine gentleman differs in opinion before company, with another, who is his equal in birth and quality, but not so much master over his outward behaviour, and less guarded in his conduct; let this adversary, mal -á propos, grow warm, and seem to be wanting in the respect that is +á propos, grow warm, and seem to be wanting in the respect that is due to the other, and reflect on his honour in ambiguous terms. What is your client to do? @@ -13309,7 +13282,7 @@ Hor. Too well. Cleo. You may yoke a knight with a prebendary, and put them together into the same stall; but honour, and the Christian religion, make no -couple, nec in unâ sede morantur, any more than majesty and love. Look +couple, nec in unâ sede morantur, any more than majesty and love. Look back on your own conduct, and you shall find, that what you said of the hand of God was only a shift, an evasion you made to serve your then present purpose. On another occasion, you had said yesterday yourself, @@ -13375,7 +13348,7 @@ Cleo. Your acceptance of it I acknowledge as a great favour. Hor. I confess, that once I thought nobody could have persuaded me to read it; but you managed me very skilfully, and nothing could have convinced me so well as the instance of duelling: The argument, -à majori ad minus, struck me, without your mentioning it. A passion +à majori ad minus, struck me, without your mentioning it. A passion that can subdue the fear of death, may blind a man's understanding, and do almost every thing else. @@ -13494,9 +13467,9 @@ order to this, we will say, he takes a handle from the operation itself; he describes and treats it in the most inoffensive manner; then shows the narrow bounds of human knowledge, and the small assistance we can have, either from dissection or philosophy, or any part of -the mathematics, to trace and penetrate into the cause à priori, why +the mathematics, to trace and penetrate into the cause à priori, why this destroying of manhood should have that surprising effect upon the -voice; and afterwards demonstrates, how sure we are à posteriori, that +voice; and afterwards demonstrates, how sure we are à posteriori, that it has a considerable influence, not only on the pharinx, the glands and muscles of the throat, but likewise the windpipe, and the lungs themselves, and in short on the whole mass of blood, consequently all @@ -13511,7 +13484,7 @@ castration. For a blind to his main scope, and to amuse his readers, he might speak of this practice, as made use of for other purposes; that it had been inflicted as a solemn punishment for analogous crimes; that others had voluntarily submitted to it, to preserve health and -prolong life; whilst the Romans, by Cæsar's testimony, thought it +prolong life; whilst the Romans, by Cæsar's testimony, thought it more cruel than death, morte gravius. How it had been used sometimes by way of revenge; and then say something in pity of poor Abelard; at other times for precaution; and then relate the story of Combabus @@ -13682,7 +13655,7 @@ us, and which we have wished a thousand times in vain, that we could have conquered. The same motives may produce very different actions, as men differ in temper and circumstances. Persons of an easy fortune may appear virtuous, from the same turn of mind that would show their -frailty if they were poor. I£ we would know the world, we must look +frailty if they were poor. I£ we would know the world, we must look into it. You take no delight in the occurrences of low life; but if we always remain among persons of quality, and extend our inquiries no farther, the transactions there will not furnish us with a sufficient @@ -14690,7 +14663,7 @@ Hor. If, as you said, and which I now believe to be true, the people who first invented, and afterwards improved upon ships and sailing, never dreamed of those reasons of Monsieur Reneau, it is impossible that they should have acted from them, as motives that induced them -à priori, to put their inventions and improvements in practice, with +à priori, to put their inventions and improvements in practice, with knowledge and design, which, I suppose, is what you intended to prove. Cleo. It is; and I verily believe, not only that the raw beginners, @@ -14726,7 +14699,7 @@ of these arts, especially grain or scarlet-dying, there are processes really astonishing; and, by the mixture of various ingredients, by fire and fermentation, several operations are performed, which the most sagacious naturalist cannot account for by any system yet known; -a certain sign that they were not invented by reasoning à priori. When +a certain sign that they were not invented by reasoning à priori. When once the generality begin to conceal the high value they have for themselves, men must become more tolerable to one another. Now, new improvements must be made every day, until some of them grow impudent @@ -15305,8 +15278,8 @@ how really mysterious the works of nature are; I mean, how replete they are every where, with a power glaringly conspicuous, and yet incomprehensible beyond all human reach; in order to demonstrate, that more useful knowledge may be acquired from unwearied observation, -judicious experience, and arguing from facts à posteriori, than from -the haughty attempts of entering into first causes, and reasoning à +judicious experience, and arguing from facts à posteriori, than from +the haughty attempts of entering into first causes, and reasoning à priori. I do not believe there is a man in the world of that sagacity, if he was wholly unacquainted with the nature of a spring-watch, that he would ever find out by dint of penetration the cause of its motion, @@ -15341,7 +15314,7 @@ or at least something that is transacting in my head, and not in my leg nor my arm: what insight or real knowledge have we from anatomy concerning it? -Cleo. None at all à priori: the most consummate anatomist knows no +Cleo. None at all à priori: the most consummate anatomist knows no more of it than a butcher's apprentice. We may admire the curious duplicate of coats, and close embroidery of veins and arteries that environ the brain: but when dissecting it we have viewed the @@ -15576,7 +15549,7 @@ that is, he who of two propositions he is to examine seems not to care which is true; he that lays the whole stress of his mind on every part alike, and puts the same thing in all the views it can be seen in: he, I say, that employs himself most often in this exercise, is most -likely cæteris paribus to acquire what we call a sound judgment. The +likely cæteris paribus to acquire what we call a sound judgment. The workmanship in the make of women seems to be more elegant, and better finished: the features are more delicate, the voice is sweeter, the whole outside of them is more curiously wove, than they are in men; @@ -15617,7 +15590,7 @@ and action is inexplicable in all creatures I have hinted already: But its being incorporeal does not mend the matter, as to the difficulty of explaining or conceiving it. That there must be a mutual contact between this principle, whatever it is, and the body itself, is what we -are certain of à posteriori; and a reciprocal action upon each other, +are certain of à posteriori; and a reciprocal action upon each other, between an immaterial substance and matter, is as incomprehensible to human capacity, as that thought should be the result of matter and motion. @@ -15676,7 +15649,7 @@ most stubborn and an unconquerable passion, which, in its nature, seems to be destructive to sociableness and society, and never fails, in untaught men, to render them insufferable to one another. -Cleo. By the same method of reasoning from facts à posteriori, +Cleo. By the same method of reasoning from facts à posteriori, that has laid open to us the nature and usefulness of self-liking, all the rest of the passions may easily be accounted for, and become intelligible. It is evident, that the necessaries of life stand not @@ -15787,7 +15760,7 @@ philosopher's stone: Both have been sought after many different ways, by wise men as well as fools, though neither of them has been obtained hitherto: But in searching after either, diligent inquirers have often stumbled by chance on useful discoveries of things they did not -look for, and which human sagacity, labouring with design à priori, +look for, and which human sagacity, labouring with design à priori, never would have detected. Multitudes of our species may, in any habitable part of the globe, assist one another in a common defence, and be raised into a politic body, in which men shall live comfortably @@ -15886,10 +15859,10 @@ other animals, we have a prerogative above them in point of time; and man has a greater opportunity of advancing in wisdom, though not to be acquired but by his own experience, than a creature that lives but half his age, though it had the same capacity. A man of -threescore, cæteris paribus, knows better what is to be embraced or +threescore, cæteris paribus, knows better what is to be embraced or avoided in life, than a man of thirty. What Mitio, in excusing the follies of youth, said to his brother Demea, in the Adelphi, ad omnia -alia Ætate sapimus rectius, holds among savages, as well as among +alia Ætate sapimus rectius, holds among savages, as well as among philosophers. It is the concurrence of these, with other properties, that together compose the sociableness of man. @@ -15996,7 +15969,7 @@ cannot exist without the concurrence of human wisdom: all of them must have a dependance either on mutual compact, or the force of the strong exerting itself upon the patience of the weak. The difference between the works of art, and those of nature, is so immense, that it -is impossible not to know them asunder. Knowing, à priori, belongs to +is impossible not to know them asunder. Knowing, à priori, belongs to God only, and Divine Wisdom acts with an original certainty, of which, what we call demonstration, is but an imperfect borrowed copy. Amongst the works of nature, therefore, we see no trials nor essays; they are @@ -16004,7 +15977,7 @@ all complete, and such as she would have them, at the first production; and, where she has not been interrupted, highly finished, beyond the reach of our understanding, as well as senses. Wretched man, on the contrary is sure of nothing, his own existence not excepted, -but from reasoning, à posteriori. The consequence of this is, that +but from reasoning, à posteriori. The consequence of this is, that the works of art and human invention are all very lame and defective, and most of them pitifully mean at first: our knowledge is advanced by slow degrees, and some arts and sciences require the experience of @@ -16285,7 +16258,7 @@ was certainly a fine invention. Cleo. I do not care to drink any more. Hor. Just as you please; otherwise I was going to name a health, -which would not have come mal à propos. +which would not have come mal à propos. Cleo. Whose is that, pray? @@ -16569,7 +16542,7 @@ Cleo. From God, by miracle. Hor. Obscurum per obscurius. I do not understand miracles, that break in upon, and subvert the order of nature; and I have no notion of -things that come to pass, en dépit de bon sens, and are such; that +things that come to pass, en dépit de bon sens, and are such; that judging from sound reason and known experience, all wise men would think themselves mathematically sure that they could never happen. @@ -16857,7 +16830,7 @@ to act as they did! Alexander Severus, who succeeded Heliogabalus, was a great reformer of abuses, and thought to be as good a prince as his predecessor was a bad one: In his palace he had an oratory, a cabinet set aside for his private devotion, where he had the images -of Appollonius Tyanæus, Orpheus, Abraham, Jesus Christ, and such like +of Appollonius Tyanæus, Orpheus, Abraham, Jesus Christ, and such like gods, says his historian. What makes you smile? Hor. To think how industrious priests are in concealing a man's @@ -16981,7 +16954,7 @@ any other nation then was, had the most abject and abominable notions of the Deity, which it is possible to conceive; and no savages could have exceeded their ignorance and stupidity, as to the Supreme Being, the invisible cause that governs the world. He taught the Israelites -à priori; and their children, before they were nine or ten years old, +à priori; and their children, before they were nine or ten years old, knew what the greatest philosophers did not attain to, by the light of nature, till many ages after. @@ -17074,7 +17047,7 @@ Hor. Without doubt: For, if judgment and reason were given him, what could hinder him from making use of those faculties, as well as others do? -Cleo. You seem not to consider, that no man can reason but à +Cleo. You seem not to consider, that no man can reason but à posteriori, from something that he knows, or supposes to be true: What I said of the difference between right and wrong, I spoke of persons who remembered their education, and lived in society; or, @@ -18026,7 +17999,7 @@ helpless, men would have joined together by choice; and nothing could have hindered them from associating, whether their numbers had been great or small, and themselves either ignorant or knowing. -Cleo. O mentes hominum cæcas! O Pectora cæca! +Cleo. O mentes hominum cæcas! O Pectora cæca! Hor. You may exclaim as much as you please; I am persuaded that this would have united men in firmer bonds of friendship, than any common @@ -18272,7 +18245,7 @@ have showed that many things were made to serve a variety of different purposes; that in the scheme of this earth, many things must have been considered that man has nothing to do with; and that it is ridiculous to think that the universe was made for our sake. I have said likewise, -that as all our knowledge comes, à posteriori, it is imprudent to +that as all our knowledge comes, à posteriori, it is imprudent to reason otherwise than from facts. That there are wild beasts, and that there are savage men, is certain; and that where there are but few of the latter, the first must always be very troublesome, and often @@ -18751,7 +18724,7 @@ one way or other the object of their superstition. Hor.----Crocodilon adorat - Pars hæc: illa pavet saturam serpentibus Ibin. + Pars hæc: illa pavet saturam serpentibus Ibin. Effigias sacri nitet aurea Cercopitheci. @@ -18774,7 +18747,7 @@ in their own gardens. Porrum & cepe nefas violare, & frangere morsu: - O sanctas genteis, quibus hæc nascuntur in hortis + O sanctas genteis, quibus hæc nascuntur in hortis Numina!---- @@ -19621,7 +19594,7 @@ and can be drawn within our sphere, are an advantage to our persons, and we all desire they should be looked upon as our own. Hor. Ovid did not think so, when he said, Nam genus & proavos & -quæ non fecimus ipsi, vix ea nostra voco. +quæ non fecimus ipsi, vix ea nostra voco. Cleo. A pretty piece of modesty in a speech, where a man takes pains to prove that Jupiter was his great grandfather. What signifies a theory, @@ -20743,7 +20716,7 @@ Cleo. Indeed was he, and I am glad to hear you own it at last. Virtutem incolumem odimus, - Sublatum ex oculis quærimus invidi. + Sublatum ex oculis quærimus invidi. Hor. A propos. I wish you would bid them stop for two or three minutes: @@ -20766,14 +20739,14 @@ Cleo. Qui belli, aut paucis virtutibus astra petebant. Hor. Well. -Cleo. Finxerunt homines sæcula prisca Deos. +Cleo. Finxerunt homines sæcula prisca Deos. Hor. I have it. But tell me a whole distich at a time; the sense is clearer. Cleo. Quae martem sine patre tulit, sine matre Minervam, - Illustres mendax Græcia jactet avos. + Illustres mendax Græcia jactet avos. Hor. That is really a happy thought. Courage and conduct: just the @@ -21011,7 +20984,7 @@ same favours. Hor. Do you think it more probable, that men of parts and learning should be preferred, than others of less capacity? -Cleo. Cæteris paribus, I do. +Cleo. Cæteris paribus, I do. Hor. Then you must allow that there is virtue at least in those who have the disposal of places. @@ -21068,7 +21041,7 @@ of men is at no time more conspicuous, than when we would learn from them their sentiments, concerning the real worth of things. Virtue, is without doubt, the most valuable treasure which man can be possessed of; it has every body's good word; but where is the country in which -it is heartily embraced, præmia si tollas? Money, on the other hand, +it is heartily embraced, præmia si tollas? Money, on the other hand, is deservedly called the root of all evil: there has not been a moralist nor a satirist of note, that has not had a fling at it; yet what pains are taken, and what hazards are run to acquire it, @@ -21369,365 +21342,4 @@ esse natum, actum, et retentum? Cic. Orat. de Harush. Resp. 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