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diff --git a/571.txt b/571.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9c21f43..0000000 --- a/571.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89582 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The 1995 CIA World Factbook, by -United States Central Intelligence Agency - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The 1995 CIA World Factbook - -Author: United States Central Intelligence Agency - -Posting Date: August 3, 2008 [EBook #571] -Release Date: June 1996 - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE 1995 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK *** - - - - -Produced by Dr. Gregory B. Newby - - - - - - - - - -To search for information on a specific country from the list below, -search for @country: @Afganistan, for example. You can also search -directly for one of the categories of that country as follows: - -@Afganistan:Geography -@Afganistan:People -@Afganistan:Government -@Afganistan:Economy -@Afganistan:Transportation -@Afganistan:Communications -@Afganistan:Defense Forces - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS - -Publication Information -Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations - -Afghanistan -Albania -Algeria -American Samoa -Andorra -Angola -Anguilla -Antarctica -Antigua and Barbuda -Arctic Ocean -Argentina -Armenia -Aruba -Ashmore and Cartier Islands -Atlantic Ocean -Australia -Austria -Azerbaijan - -The Bahamas -Bahrain -Baker Island -Bangladesh -Barbados -Bassas da India -Belarus -Belgium -Belize -Benin -Bermuda -Bhutan -Bolivia -Bosnia and Herzegovina -Botswana -Bouvet Island -Brazil -British Indian OceanTerritory -British Virgin Islands -Brunei -Bulgaria -Burkina -Burma -Burundi - -Cambodia -Cameroon -Canada -Cape Verde -Cayman Islands -Central African Republic -Chad -Chile -China -Christmas Island -Clipperton Island -Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Colombia -Comoros -Congo -Cook Islands -Coral Sea Islands -Costa Rica -Cote d'Ivoire -Croatia -Cuba -Cyprus -Czech Republic - -Denmark -Djibouti -Dominica -Dominican Republic - -Ecuador -Egypt -El Salvador -Equatorial Guinea -Eritrea -Estonia -Ethiopia -Europa Island - -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Faroe Islands -Fiji -Finland -France -French Guiana -French Polynesia -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -Gabon -The Gambia -Gaza Strip -Georgia -Germany -Ghana -Gibraltar -Glorioso Islands -Greece -Greenland -Grenada -Guadeloupe -Guam -Guatemala -Guernsey -Guinea -Guinea-Bissau -Guyana - -Haiti -Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Holy See (Vatican City) -Honduras -Hong Kong -Howland Island -Hungary - -Iceland -India -Indian Ocean -Indonesia -Iran -Iraq -Ireland -Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) -Italy - -Jamaica -Jan Mayen -Japan -Jarvis Island -Jersey -Johnston Atoll -Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) -Juan de Nova Island - -Kazakhstan -Kenya -Kingman Reef -Kiribati -Korea, North -Korea, South -Kuwait -Kyrgyzstan - -Laos -Latvia -Lebanon -Lesotho -Liberia -Libya -Liechtenstein -Lithuania -Luxembourg - -Macau -Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of -Madagascar -Malawi -Malaysia -Maldives -Mali -Malta -Man, Isle of -Marshall Islands -Martinique -Mauritania -Mauritius -Mayotte -Mexico -Micronesia, Federated States of -Midway Islands -Moldova -Monaco -Mongolia -Montserrat -Morocco -Mozambique - -Namibia -Nauru -Navassa Island -Nepal -Netherlands -Netherlands Antilles -New Caledonia -New Zealand -Nicaragua -Niger -Nigeria -Niue -Norfolk Island -Northern Mariana Islands -Norway - -Oman - -Pacific Ocean -Pakistan -Palau -Palmyra Atoll -Panama -Papua New Guinea -Paracel Islands -Paraguay -Peru -Philippines -Pitcairn Islands -Poland -Portugal -Puerto Rico - -Qatar - -Reunion -Romania -Russia -Rwanda - -Saint Helena -Saint Kitts and Nevis -Saint Lucia -Saint Pierre and Miquelon -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -San Marino -Sao Tome and Principe -Saudi Arabia -Senegal -Serbia and Montenegro -Seychelles -Sierra Leone -Singapore -Slovakia -Slovenia -Solomon Islands -Somalia -South Africa -South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -Spain -Spratly Islands -Sri Lanka -Sudan -Suriname -Svalbard -Swaziland -Sweden -Switzerland -Syria - -Taiwan -Tajikistan -Tanzania -Thailand -Togo -Tokelau -Tonga -Trinidad and Tobago -Tromelin Island -Tunisia -Turkey -Turkmenistan -Turks and Caicos Islands -Tuvalu - -Uganda -Ukraine -United Arab Emirates -United Kingdom -United States -Uruguay -Uzbekistan - -Vanuatu -Venezuela -Vietnam -Virgin Islands - -Wake Island -Wallis and Futuna -West Bank -Western Sahara -Western Samoa -World - -Yemen - -Zaire -Zambia -Zimbabwe - -Appendices - -A. The United Nations System (a graphical file not available in the - Project Gutenberg edition) -B. Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups -C. International Organizations and Groups -D. Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements -E. Selected International Environmental Agreements -F. Weights and Measures -G. Estimates of Gross Domestic Product on an Exchange Rate Basis -H. Cross-Reference List of Geographic Items - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -Publication Information for The World Factbook 1995 - - The printed version of the Factbook is published annually in July by - the Central Intelligence Agency for the use of US Government - officials, and the style, format, coverage, and content are designed - to meet their specific requirements. Information was provided by the - American Geophysical Union, Bureau of the Census, Central Intelligence - Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Mapping Agency, Defense - Nuclear Agency, Department of State, Foreign Broadcast Information - Service, Maritime Administration, National Science Foundation (Polar - Information Program), Naval Maritime Intelligence Center, Office of - Territorial and International Affairs, US Board on Geographic Names, - US Coast Guard, and others. - - Comments and queries are welcome and may be addressed to: - - Central Intelligence Agency - Attn.: Office of Public and Agency Information - Washington, DC 20505 - Telephone: [1] (703) 351-2053 - - US Government officials should obtain copies of The World Factbook - directly from their own organization or through liaison channels from - the Central Intelligence Agency. This publication is also available in - microfiche, magnetic tape, or computer diskettes. - - This publication may be purchased by telephone (VISA or MasterCard) or - mail from: - - Superintendent of Documents - P.O. Box 371954 - Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 - Telephone: [1] (202) 512-1800 - - A subscription to this publication may be purchased from: - - Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project - Exchange and Gift Division - Library of Congress - Washington, DC 20540 - Telephone: [1] (202) 707-9527 - - - This publication may be purchased in printed form, photocopy, - microfiche, magnetic tape, or computer diskettes from: - - National Technical Information Service - 5285 Port Royal Road - Springfield, VA 22161 - Telephone: [1] (703) 487-4650 - - This publication may be purchased in photocopy or microform from: - - Photoduplication Service Library of Congress - Washington, DC 20540-5234 - Telephone: [1] (202) 707-5640 - - -________________________________________________________________________ - - NOTES, DEFINITIONS, AND ABBREVIATIONS - -There have been some significant changes in this edition. The Trust -Territory of the Pacific Islands became the independent nation of -Palau. The gross domestic product (GDP) of all countries is now -presented on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis rather than on the -old exchange rate basis. There is a new entry on Age structure and the -Airports entry now includes unpaved runways. The Communications -category has been restructured and now includes the entries of -Telephone system, Radio, and Television. The remainder of the entries -in the former Communications category-Railroads, Highways, Inland -waterways, Pipelines, Ports, Merchant marine, and Airports-can now be -found under a new category called Transportation. There is a new -appendix listing estimates of gross domestic product on an exchange -rate basis for all nations. A reference map of the Republic of South -Africa is included. The electronic files used to produce the Factbook -have been restructured into a database. As a result, the formats of -some entries in this edition have been changed. Additional changes -will occur in the 1996 Factbook. - -Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for abbreviations for international -organizations and groups and Appendix D for abbreviations for selected -international environmental agreements) -avdp. -- avoirdupois - c.i.f. -- cost, insurance, and freight - CY -- calendar year - DWT -- deadweight ton - est. -- estimate - Ex-Im -- Export-Import Bank of the United States - f.o.b. -- free on board - FRG -- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for - information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91 - FSU -- former Soviet Union - FY -- fiscal year - FYROM -- The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - GDP -- gross domestic product - GDR -- German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for - information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91 - GNP -- gross national product - GRT -- gross register ton - GWP -- gross world product - km -- kilometer - kW -- kilowatt - kWh -- kilowatt hour - m -- meter - NA -- not available - NEGL -- negligible - nm -- nautical mile - NZ -- New Zealand - ODA -- official development assistance - OOF -- other official flows - PDRY -- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or - South Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or - CY91 - sq km -- square kilometer - sq mi -- square mile - UAE -- United Arab Emirates - UK -- United Kingdom - US -- United States - USSR -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used - for information dated before 25 December 1991 - YAR -- Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used - for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 - -Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and -first-order administrative divisions are generally those approved by -the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been -reported but not yet acted on by BGN are noted. - -Airports: Only airports with usable runways are included in this -listing. For airports with more than one runway, only the longest -runway is included. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, -maintenance, or air traffic control. Paved runways have concrete or -asphalt surfaces; unpaved runways have grass, dirt, sand, or gravel -surfaces. - -Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by -international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate -of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or -coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). -Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents. Most entities -are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller -entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The -Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres). - -Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per -1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. Dates of -information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1995 is -used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are -estimates for 1 July 1995, with population growth rates estimated for -calendar year 1995. Major political events have been updated through -April 1995. - -Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per -l,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. - -Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code" that precisely -identifies every entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, -for example, is the digraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized -geopolitical data element promulgated in the Federal Information -Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 10-3 by the National Bureau of -Standards (now called National Institute of Standards and Technology) -at the US Department of Commerce and maintained by the Office of the -Geographer at the US Department of State. The digraph is used to -eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection, processing, -and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful for -interchanging data between databases. - -Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations -with 184 nations, including 178 of the 185 UN members (excluded UN -members are Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, former Yugoslavia, -and the US itself). In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with -6 nations that are not in the UN - Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, -Switzerland, Tonga, and Tuvalu. - -Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official -development assistance (ODA) and other official flows (OOF). ODA is -defined as financial assistance which is concessional in character, -has the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of -LDCs, and contains a grant element of at least 25%. OOF transactions -are also official government assistance, but with a main objective -other than development and with a grant element less than 25%. OOF -transactions include official export credits (such as Ex-Im Bank -credits), official equity and portfolio investment, and debt -reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional -terms. Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are -initialed by the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration -of intent. - -Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special -sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not -independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US -Government. "Nation" refers to a people politically organized into a -sovereign state with a definite territory. "Dependent area" refers to -a broad category of political entities that are associated in some way -with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually the short-form -names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are 266 -entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows: - -NATIONS -184 -- UN members (excluding the former Yugoslavia, which is still - counted by the UN) - 7 -- nations that are not members of the UN--Holy See, Kiribati, - Nauru, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu - -OTHER -1 -- Taiwan - -DEPENDENT AREAS -6 -- Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos - (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald - Islands, Norfolk Island - 2 -- Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland - 16 -- France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, - French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic - Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, - Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and - Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna - 2 -- Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles - 3 -- New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau - 3 -- Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard - 1 -- Portugal--Macau - 16 -- United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean - Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland - Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, - Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the - South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands - 14 -- United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland - Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway - Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, - Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island - -MISCELLANEOUS -6 -- Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West - Bank, Western Sahara - -OTHER ENTITIES -4 -- oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean - - 1 -- World - 266 -- total - -Exchange rate: -The official value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date or over -a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US -dollar and as determined by international market forces or official -fiat. - -GDP methodology: In the "Economy" section, GDP dollar estimates for -all countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) -calculations rather than from conversions at official currency -exchange rates. The PPP method normally involves the use of -international dollar price weights, which are applied to the -quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. In -addition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, -the statistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, -and allowing for the quality of goods and services. The division of a -GDP estimate in local currency by the corresponding PPP estimate in -dollars gives the PPP conversion rate. On average, one thousand -dollars will buy the same market basket of goods in the US as one -thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPP -conversion rate - will buy in the other country. Whereas PPP estimates -for OECD countries are quite reliable, PPP estimates for developing -countries are often rough approximations. Most of the GDP estimates -are based on extrapolation of numbers published by the UN -International Comparison Program and by Professors Robert Summers and -Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and their colleagues. -Currency exchange rates depend on a variety of international and -domestic financial forces that often have little relation to domestic -output. In developing countries with weak currencies the exchange rate -estimate of GDP in dollars is typically one-fourth to one-half the PPP -estimate. Furthermore, exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by -10% or more because of market forces or official fiat whereas real -output has remained unchanged. On 12 January 1994, for example, the 14 -countries of the African Financial Community (whose currencies are -tied to the French franc) devalued their currencies by 50%. This move, -of course, did not cut the real output of these countries by half. One -important caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a -percentage of GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially -from the proportion when GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, -for example, when an observer tries to estimate the dollar level of -Russian or Japanese military expenditures. Note: The numbers for GDP -and other economic data can not be chained together from successive -volumes of the Factbook because of changes in the US dollar measuring -rod, revisions of data by statistical agencies, use of new or -different sources of information, and changes in national statistical -methods and practices. - -Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all final goods and -services produced within a nation in a given year. - -Gross national product (GNP): The value of all final goods and -services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned -abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. - -Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and -services produced worldwide in a given year. - -Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, -resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the -balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be -positive or negative. - -Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, -stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. -These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by -doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical -channels. -Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides -hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana -(pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, -Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). -Coca (Erythroxylum coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the -stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, -which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, -and cocoa butter. -Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. -Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and -include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, -phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone -(Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, -Valmid). Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, -mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. Drug abuse -is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in -physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an -individual. Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, -self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, -microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine -variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), -phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, -psilocyn). -Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant -(Cannabis sativa). -Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. -Mandrax is the Southwest Asian slang term for methaqualone, a -pharmaceutical depressant. -Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis -sativa). -Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, in slang referred to as -Quaaludes in North America or Mandrax in Southwest Asia Narcotics are -drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium -derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include -opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), -codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), -and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), -and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine -or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), -and others (Darvon, Lomotil). -Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium -poppy. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural -and semisynthetic narcotics. Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid -derived from the mature dried opium poppy. -Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of catha edulis -that is chewed or drunk as tea. -Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a -pharmaceutical depressant. -Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and -activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines -(Desoxyn, Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate -(Ritalin), and others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). - -Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year -old in a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. - -International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of -situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to -unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding -disputes over international boundaries and maritime boundaries has -been reviewed by the Department of State. References to other -situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such -as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. -However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance -or recognition by the US Government. - -Irrigated land: The figure refers to the land area that is -artificially supplied with water. - -Land use: The land surface is categorized as arable land - land -cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, -maize, rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not -replanted after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and -pastures - land permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest -and woodland - under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any -land type not specifically mentioned above (urban areas, roads, -desert). - -Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who -represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but is not -involved with the day- to-day activities of the government. The head -of government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day -activities of the government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of -state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. In the US, -the President is both the chief of state and the head of government. - -Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a -group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age -remains constant in the future. - -Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of -literacy. Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most -common definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. -Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the -ability to read and write is beyond the scope of this publication. - -Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some -national claims from being extended the full distance. - -Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All -commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which -excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc. Also, a -grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register. -Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, -possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships -owned in the parent country; also referred to as an offshore register, -the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive -register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local -variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation -rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive -register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent -country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned -abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience -register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. -Flag of convenience register - A national register offering -registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major -flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to their registers by virtue -of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal -manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having -relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in the flag -state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a -given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority -of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an -open register. -Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds -legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or -abroad. Flag state maritime legislation determines how a ship is -manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the -register. -Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a -national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national -flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of -maritime rules from those on the main national register. These -differences usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by -foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state -(when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International -Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most -notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental -in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and -in attracting foreign owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags. -Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of -freight; commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately -restricted to commercial vessels only. -Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed -with the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of -such individual ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides -it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the country -in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the nationality of -the ship's ultimate owner. - -Money figures: All money figures are expressed in contemporaneous US -dollars unless otherwise indicated. - -National product: The total output of goods and services in a country -in a given year. See GDP methodology, Gross domestic product (GDP), -and Gross national product (GNP). - -Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering -and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on -midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is -referred to as net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an -excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (-9.26 -migrants/1,000 population). - -Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based -on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration -systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on -assumptions about future trends. Starting with the 1993 Factbook, -demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have taken -into account the effects of the growing incidence of AIDS infections; -in 1993 these countries were Burkina, Burundi, Central African -Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, -Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Thailand, Brazil, and Haiti. - -Telephone numbers: All telephone numbers presented in the Factbook -consist of the country code in brackets, the city or area code (where -required) in parentheses, and the local number. The one component that -is not presented is the international access code which varies from -country to country. For example, an international direct dial phone -call placed from the United States to Madrid, Spain, would be as -follows: - - 011 [34] (1) 577-xxxx where - 011 is the international access code for station-to-station calls - (01 is for calls other than station-to-station calls), - [34] is the country code for Spain, - (1) is the city code for Madrid, - 577 is the local exchange, - and xxxx is the local telephone number. - -An international direct dial phone call placed from another country to -the United States would be as follows: - -international access code + [1] (202) 939-xxxx where - [1] is the country code for the United States, - (202) is the area code for Washington, DC, - 939 is the local exchange, - and xxxx is the local telephone number. - -Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be -born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing -years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each -age. Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless -indicated as fiscal year (FY). FY93/94 refers to the fiscal year that -began in calendar year 1993 and ended in calendar year 1994 as defined -in the Fiscal Year entry of the Economy section for each nation. -FY90-94 refers to the four fiscal years that began in calendar year -1990 and ended in calendar year 1994. - -Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from -material in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence -Community estimates. The Handbook of International Economic -Statistics, published annually in September by the Central -Intelligence Agency, contains detailed economic information for the -Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) -countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent republics of the -former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and selected other -countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World Factbook is -available. - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -AFGHANISTAN - -@Afghanistan:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, north of Pakistan - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 647,500 sq km - land area: 647,500 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,529 km, China 76 km, Iran 936 km, - Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, - Uzbekistan 137 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water - rights; Iran supports clientsin country, private Pakistani and Saudi - sources also are active; power struggles among various groups for - control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging warlords, - traditional tribal disputes continue; support to Islamic fighters in - Tajikistan's civil war; border dispute with Pakistan (Durand Line); - support to Islamic militants worldwide by some factions - - Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers - - Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest - - Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, - barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and - semiprecious stones - - Land use: - arable land: 12% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 39% - - Irrigated land: 26,600 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of - the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building - materials); desertification - natural hazards: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; - flooding - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not - ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the - Sea, Marine Life Conservation - Note: landlocked - -@Afghanistan:People - - Population: 21,251,821 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 42% (female 4,342,218; male 4,507,141) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 5,406,675; male 6,443,734) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 256,443; male 295,610) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 14.47% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 42.69 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.53 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 120.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 152.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 45.37 years - male: 45.98 years - female: 44.72 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.21 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Afghan(s) - adjective: Afghan - - Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, - minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1% - - Languages: Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages - (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi - and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 29% - male: 44% - female: 14% - - Labor force: 4.98 million - by occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, - construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7% (1980 est.) - -@Afghanistan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Islamic State of Afghanistan - conventional short form: Afghanistan - local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan - local short form: Afghanestan - former: Republic of Afghanistan - - Digraph: AF - - Type: transitional government - - Capital: Kabul - - Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); - Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, - Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, - Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, - Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol - - Note: there may be two new provinces of Nurestan (Nuristan) and Khowst - - Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK) - - National holiday: Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance - Day for Martyrs and Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 August - - Constitution: none - - Legal system: a new legal system has not been adopted but the - transitional government has declared it will follow Islamic law - (Shari'a) - - Suffrage: undetermined; previously males 15-50 years of age, universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Burhanuddin RABBANI (Interim President July- - December 1992; President since 2 January 1993); Vice President - Mohammad NABI MOHAMMADI (since NA); election last held 31 December - 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Burhanuddin RABBANI was elected - to a two-year term by a national shura, later amended by multi-party - agreement to 18 months; note - in June 1994 failure to agree on a - transfer mechanism resulted in RABBANI's extending the term to - 28 December 1994; following the expiration of the term and while - negotiations on the formation of a new government go on, RABBANI - continues in office head of government: Prime Minister of the Council - of Ministers Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since 10 April 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Note: term of present government expired 28 December 1994; factional - fighting since 1 January 1994 has kept government officers from - actually occupying ministries and discharging government - responsibilities; the government's authority to remove cabinet - members, including the Prime Minister, following the expiration of - their term is questionable - - Legislative branch: a unicameral parliament consisting of 205 members - was chosen by the shura in January 1993; non-functioning as of June - 1993 - - Judicial branch: an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has - been appointed, but a new court system has not yet been organized - - Political parties and leaders: current political organizations include - Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin RABBANI, Ahmad Shah - MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR - faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party), Yunis KHALIS faction; - Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the - Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; - Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad - Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan - National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; - Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; - Hizbi Wahdat-Khalili faction (Islamic Unity Party), Abdul Karim - KHALILI; Hizbi Wahdat-Akbari faction (Islamic Unity Party), Mohammad - Akbar AKBARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif - MOHSENI; Jumbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Abdul - Rashid DOSTAM; Taliban (Religious Students Movement), Mohammad OMAR - - Note: the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded - - Other political or pressure groups: the former resistance commanders - are the major power brokers in the countryside and their shuras - (councils) are now administering most cities outside Kabul; tribal - elders and religious students are trying to wrest control from them; - ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders; religious students (talib) - - Member of: AsDB, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, - UN, NCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM - chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-3770, 3771 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-3516 - consulate(s) general: New York - consulate(s): Washington, DC - - US diplomatic representation: - none; embassy was closed in January 1989 - - Flag: NA; note - the flag has changed at least twice since 1992 - -@Afghanistan:Economy - - Overview: Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly - dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep - and goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to - political and military upheavals during more than 15 years of war, - including the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended - 15 February 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population - fled the country, with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million - refugees and Iran about 3 million. About 1.4 million Afghan refugees - remain in Pakistan and about 2 million in Iran. Another 1 million - probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. - Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is - lower than 13 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and - the disruption of trade and transport. - -National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 56.7% (1991) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1991 - est.) - - Exports: $188.2 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides - and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems - partners: FSU countries, Pakistan, Iran, Germany, India, UK, Belgium, - Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia - - Imports: $616.4 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: food and petroleum products; most consumer goods - partners: FSU countries, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Singapore, India, - South Korea, Germany - - External debt: $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (FY90/91 est.); accounts for - about 25% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 480,000 kW - production: 550 million kWh - consumption per capita: 39 kWh (1993) - - Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, - shoes, fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, - coal, copper - - Agriculture: largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; - cash products - wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton - - Illicit drugs: an illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis for - the international drug trade; world's second-largest opium producer - after Burma (950 metric tons in 1994) and a major source of hashish - - Economic aid: - recipient: $450 million US assistance provided 1985-1993; the UN - provides assistance in the form of food aid, immunization, land mine - removal, and a wide range of aid to refugees and displaced persons - - Currency: 1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls - - Exchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 1,900 (January 1994), 1,019 - (March 1993), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90), 220 (1988-89); note - these - rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official - exchange rates - - Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March - -@Afghanistan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 24.6 km - broad gauge: 9.6 km 1.524-m gauge from Gushgy (Turkmenistan) to - Towraghondi; 15 km 1,524-m gauge from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad - transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya - - Highways: - total: 21,000 km - paved: 2,800 km - unpaved: gravel 1,650 km; earth 16,550 km (1984) - - Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, - which handles vessels up to about 500 metric tons - - Pipelines: petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan - to Shindand; natural gas 180 km - - Ports: Keleft, Kheyrabad, Shir Khan - - Airports: - total: 48 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 15 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - -@Afghanistan:Communications - - Telephone system: 31,200 telephones; limited telephone, telegraph, and - radiobroadcast services; 1 public telephone in Kabul - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: one link between western Afghanistan and Iran (via - satellite) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 0, shortwave 2 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: several television stations run by factions and - local councils which provide intermittent service - televisions: NA - -@Afghanistan:Defense Forces - - Branches: the military still does not exist on a national scale; some - elements of the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National - Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and - tribal militias still exist but are factionalized among the various - mujahedin and former regime leaders - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,646,789; males fit for - military service 3,011,777; males reach military age (22) annually - 200,264 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $450 million, 15% of - GDP (1990 est.); the new government has not yet adopted a defense - budget - - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ALBANIA - -@Albania:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian - Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 28,750 sq km - land area: 27,400 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 720 km, Greece 282 km, The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km (114 km - with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) - - Coastline: 362 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: the Albanian Government supports protection of - the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders; Albanian - majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic; Albanians - in Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public - sector jobs and representation in government; Albania is involved in a - bilaterlal dispute with Greece over border demarcation, the treatment - of Albania's ethnic Greek minority, and migrant Albanian workers in - Greece - - Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry - summers; interior is cooler and wetter - - Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, - timber, nickel - - Land use: - arable land: 21% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: 38% - other: 22% - - Irrigated land: 4,230 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from - industrial and domestic effluents - natural hazards: destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along - southwestern coast - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change - - Note: strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea - to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea) - -@Albania:People - - Population: 3,413,904 (July 1995 est.) - note: IMF, working with Albanian government figures, estimates the - population at 3,120,000 in 1993 and that the population has fallen - since 1990 - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 520,186; male 563,953) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 1,026,321; male 1,104,371) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 112,252; male 86,821) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.16% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 21.7 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.22 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -4.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 28.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.81 years - male: 70.83 years - female: 77.02 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.71 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Albanian(s) - adjective: Albanian - - Ethnic divisions: Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, - Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.) - - Religions: Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% - note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious - observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing - private religious practice - - Languages: Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek - - Literacy: age 9 and over can read and write (1955) - total population: 72% - male: 80% - female: 63% - - Labor force: 1.5 million (1987) - by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) - -@Albania:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Albania - conventional short form: Albania - local long form: Republika e Shqiperise - local short form: Shqiperia - former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania - - Digraph: AL - - Type: emerging democracy - - Capital: Tirane - - Administrative divisions: 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); - Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, - Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, - Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, - Vlore - - Independence: 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1912) - - Constitution: an interim basic law was approved by the People's - Assembly on 29 April 1991; a draft constitution was rejected by - popular referendum in the fall of 1994 and a new draft is pending - - Legal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April - 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers - Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since 10 April 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor): elections last held 22 March - 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, - other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP 1, UHP 2 - note: 6 members of the Democratic Party defected making the present - seating in the Assembly DP 86, ASP 38, SDP 7, DAP 6, RP 1, UHP 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: there are at least 28 political - parties; most prominent are the Albanian Socialist Party (ASP; - formerly the Albania Workers Party), Fatos NANO, first secretary; - Democratic Party (DP); Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; - Omonia (Greek minority party), Sotir QIRJAZATI, first secretary; - Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; Democratic Alliance - Party (DAP), Neritan CEKA, chairman; Unity for Human Rights Party - (UHP), Vasil MELO, chairman; Ecology Party (EP), Namik HOTI, chairman - - Member of: BSEC, CCC, CE (guest), EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Lublin Hasan DILJA - chancery: Suite 1010, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942, 8187 - FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE - embassy: Rruga E. Elbansanit 103, Tirane - mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624 - telephone: [355] (42) 328-75, 335-20 - FAX: [355] (42) 322-22 - - Flag: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center - -@Albania:Economy - - Overview: An extremely poor country by European standards, Albania is - making the difficult transition to a more open-market economy. The - economy rebounded in 1993-94 after a severe depression accompanying - the collapse of the previous centrally planned system in 1990 and - 1991. Stabilization policies - including a strict monetary policy, - public sector layoffs, and reduced social services - have improved the - government's fiscal situation and reduced inflation. The recovery was - spurred by the remittances of some 20% of the population which works - abroad, mostly in Greece and Italy. These remittances supplement GDP - and help offset the large foreign trade deficit. Foreign assistance - and humanitarian aid also supported the recovery. Most agricultural - land was privatized in 1992, substantially improving peasant incomes. - Albania's limited industrial sector, now less than one-sixth of GDP, - continued to decline in 1994. A sharp fall in chromium prices reduced - hard currency receipts from the mining sector. Large segments of the - population, especially those living in urban areas, continue to depend - on humanitarian aid to meet basic food requirements. Unemployment - remains a severe problem accounting for approximately one-fifth of the - work force. Growth is expected to continue in 1995, but could falter - if Albania becomes involved in the conflict in the former Yugoslavia, - workers' remittances from Greece are reduced, or foreign assistance - declines. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 11% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,110 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 18% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.1 billion - expenditures: $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $70 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $112 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude - oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco - partners: Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany, - Greece, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary - - Imports: $621 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: machinery, consumer goods, grains - partners: Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany, - Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece - - External debt: $920 million (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -10% (1993 est.); accounts for 16% - of GDP (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 770,000 kW - production: 4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,200 kWh (1994) - - Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, - cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower - - Agriculture: accounts for 55% of GDP; arable land per capita among - lowest in Europe; 80% of arable land now in private hands; 60% of the - work force engaged in farming; produces wide range of temperate-zone - crops and livestock - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin - transiting the Balkan route and cocaine from South America destined - for Western Europe; limited opium production - - Economic aid: - recipient: $303 million (1993) - - Currency: 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars - - Exchange rates: leke (L) per US$1 - 100 (January 1995), 99 (January - 1994), 97 (January 1993), 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Albania:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 543 km line connecting Podgorica (Serbia and Montenegro) and - Shkoder completed August 1986 - standard gauge: 509 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 34 km 0.950-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 18,450 km - paved: 17,450 km - unpaved: earth 1,000 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake - Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1990) - - Pipelines: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 - km (1991) - - Ports: Durres, Sarande, Shergjin, Vlore - - Merchant marine: - total: 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887 - DWT - - Airports: - total: 11 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Albania:Communications - - Telephone system: about 55,000 telephones; about 15 telephones/1,000 - persons - local: primitive; about 11,000 telephones in Tirane, the capital city - intercity: obsolete wire system; no longer provides a telephone for - every village; in 1992, following the fall of the communist - government, peasants cut the wire to about 1,000 villages and used it - to build fences - international: inadequate; carried through the Tirane exchange and - transmitted through Italy on 240 microwave radio relay circuits and - through Greece on 150 microwave radio relay circuits - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: 515,000 (1987 est.) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9 - televisions: 255,000 (1987 est.) - -@Albania:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry - Troops, Border Guards - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 919,085; males fit for military - service 755,574; males reach military age (19) annually 33,323 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: 330 million leke, NA% of GNP (1993); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ALGERIA - -@Algeria:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between - Morocco and Tunisia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 2,381,740 sq km - land area: 2,381,740 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 6,343 km, Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, - Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, - Western Sahara 42 km - - Coastline: 998 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Libya claims part of southeastern Algeria; - land boundary dispute with Tunisia settled in 1993 - - Climate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers - along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; - sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer - - Terrain: mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, - discontinuous coastal plain - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, - uranium, lead, zinc - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 13% - forest and woodland: 2% - other: 82% - - Irrigated land: 3,360 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming - practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining - wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of - rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming - polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; - inadequate supplies of potable water - natural hazards: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; - mudslides - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) - -@Algeria:People - - Population: 28,539,321 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 41% (female 5,678,879; male 5,885,246) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 7,887,885; male 8,033,508) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 557,636; male 496,167) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.25% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 29.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 50.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.01 years - male: 66.94 years - female: 69.13 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Algerian(s) - adjective: Algerian - - Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% - - Religions: Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% - - Languages: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 57% - male: 70% - female: 46% - - Labor force: 6.2 million (1992 est.) - by occupation: government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and - public works 16.2%, industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, - transportation and communication 5.2% (1989) - -@Algeria:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria - conventional short form: Algeria - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash - Shabiyah - local short form: Al Jaza'ir - - Digraph: AG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Algiers - - Administrative divisions: 48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); - Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, - Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, - Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, - Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, - M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, - Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, - Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen - - Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) - - Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 - November 1988 and 23 February 1989 - - Legal system: socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial - review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed - of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Lamine ZEROUAL (since 31 January 1994); next - election to be held by the end of 1995 - head of government: Prime Minister Mokdad SIFI (since 11 April 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral; note - suspended since 1992 - National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani): elections - first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the - military after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992, - effectively suspending the Assembly); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the - 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (provincial - and municipal) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; - results - FIS 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters - participating - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Islamic Salvation Front (FIS, outlawed - April 1992), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader HACHANI (all - under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany); National - Liberation Front (FLN), Abdelhamid MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist - Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait AHMED, Secretary General - note: the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 - and, as of 31 December 1990, over 50 legal parties existed - - Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, - G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, - OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Osmane BENCHERIF - chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald E. NEUMANN - embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers - mailing address: B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers - telephone: [213] (2) 69-11-86, 69-18-54, 69-38-75 - FAX: [213] (2) 69-39-79 - consulate(s): none (Oran closed June 1993) - - Flag: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a - red five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and - color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) - -@Algeria:Economy - - Overview: The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, - accounting for roughly 57% of government revenues, 25% of GDP, and - almost all export earnings; Algeria has the fifth largest reserves of - natural gas in the world and ranks fourteenth for oil. Algiers' - efforts to reform one of the most centrally planned economies in the - Arab world began after the 1986 collapse of world oil prices plunged - the country into a severe recession. In 1989, the government launched - a comprehensive, IMF-supported program to achieve macroeconomic - stabilization and to introduce market mechanisms into the economy. - Despite substantial progress toward macroeconomic adjustment, in 1992 - the reform drive stalled as Algiers became embroiled in political - turmoil. In September 1993, a new government was formed, and one - priority was the resumption and acceleration of the structural - adjustment process. Buffeted by the slump in world oil prices and - burdened with a heavy foreign debt, Algiers concluded a one-year - standby arrangement with the IMF in April 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $97.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,480 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 30% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $14.3 billion - expenditures: $17.9 billion (1995 est.) - - Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: petroleum and natural gas 97% - partners: Italy 21%, France 16%, US 14%, Germany 13%, Spain 9% - - Imports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer - goods 11.8% (1990) - partners: France 29%, Italy 14%, Spain 9%, US 9%, Germany 7% - - External debt: $26 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 35% of GDP - (including hydrocarbons) - - Electricity: - capacity: 5,370,000 kW - production: 18.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 587 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, - electrical, petrochemical, food processing - - Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP (1993) and employs 22% of labor - force; products- wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, - sheep, cattle; net importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugar - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 billion; net official - disbursements (1985-89), $375 million - - Currency: 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 42.710 (January 1995), - 35.059 (1994), 23.345 (1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Algeria:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,733 km - standard gauge: 3,576 km 1.435-m gauge (299 km electrified; 215 km - double track) - narrow gauge: 1,157 km 1.055-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 95,576 km - paved: concrete, bituminous 57,346 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 38,230 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas - 2,948 km - - Ports: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Beni Saf, Dellys, Djendjene, - Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda, Tenes - - Merchant marine: - total: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT - - ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 27, chemical tanker 7, liquefied gas - tanker 9, oil tanker 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 12, short-sea passenger - 5, specialized tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 139 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 20 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 24 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 41 - -@Algeria:Communications - - Telephone system: 822,000 telephones; excellent domestic and - international service in the north, sparse in the south - local: NA - intercity: 12 domestic satellite links; 20 additional satellite links - are planned - international: 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy, - France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and - Tunisia; 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 - Intersputnik, 1 ARABSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 5.2 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: 1.6 million - -@Algeria:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air - Defense, National Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,124,894; males fit for - military service 4,373,272; males reach military age (19) annually - 313,707 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, 2.7% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -AMERICAN SAMOA - - (territory of the US) - -@American Samoa:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about - one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 199 sq km - land area: 199 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 116 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual - rainfall averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry - season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal - plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island) - - Natural resources: pumice, pumicite - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 75% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; in many areas - of the island water supplies come from roof catchments - natural hazards: typhoons common from December to March - international agreements: NA - - Note: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the - South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected - by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the - South Pacific Ocean - -@American Samoa:People - - Population: 57,366 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 3.82% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 36.21 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 18.78 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.91 years - male: 71.03 years - female: 74.85 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.3 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: American Samoan(s) - adjective: American Samoan - - Ethnic divisions: Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, - other 5% - - Religions: Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, - Protestant denominations and other 30% - - Languages: Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian - languages), English; most people are bilingual - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 97% - male: 98% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 14,400 (1990) - by occupation: government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990) - -@American Samoa:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of American Samoa - conventional short form: American Samoa - - Abbreviation: AS - - Digraph: AQ - - Type: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered - by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and - International Affairs - - Capital: Pago Pago - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US) - - Independence: none (territory of the US) - - National holiday: Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900) - - Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January - 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - head of government: Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993); - Lieutenant Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1993); election - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - A. P. LUTALI (Democrat) 53%, Peter Tali COLEMAN (Republican) 36% - - Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) - House of Representatives: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to - be held NA November 1994); results - representatives popularly elected - from 17 house districts; seats - (21 total, 20 elected, and 1 - nonvoting delegate from Swains Island) - Senate: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA - November 1996); results - senators elected by village chiefs from 12 - senate districts; seats - (18 total) number of seats by party NA - US House of Representatives: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next - to be held NA November 1994); results - Eni R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA - reelected as delegate - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: NA - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US) - - Flag: blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly - side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald - eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan - symbols of authority, a staff and a war club - -@American Samoa:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which - American Samoa conducts 80%-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and - tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with - canned tuna the primary export. The tuna canneries and the government - are by far the two largest employers. Other economic activities - include a slowly developing tourist industry. Transfers from the US - Government add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $128 million (1991 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $2,600 (1991) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1990) - - Unemployment rate: 12% (1991) - - Budget: - revenues: $97 million (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and - $54,000,000 in grant revenue); - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90/91) - - Exports: $306 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: canned tuna 93% - partners: US 99.6% - - Imports: $360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products - 7%, machinery and parts 6% - partners: US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 30,000 kW - production: 90 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,505 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing - vessels), meat canning, handicrafts - - Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, - copra, pineapples, papayas, dairy farming - - Economic aid: - recipient: $21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 in - construction funds for capital improvement projects from the US - Department of Interior (1991) - - Currency: 1 United States dollar = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@American Samoa:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 350 km - paved: 150 km - unpaved: 200 km - - Ports: Aanu'u (new construction), Auasi, Faleosao, Ofu, Pago Pago, - Ta'u - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - note: small airstrips on Fituita and Ofu - -@American Samoa:Communications - - Telephone system: 8,399 telephones; good telex, telegraph, and - facsimile services - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) and 1 COMSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@American Samoa:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ANDORRA - -@Andorra:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 450 sq km - land area: 450 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers - - Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys - - Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 56% - forest and woodland: 22% - other: 20% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows - contributes to soil erosion - natural hazards: snowslides, avalanches - international agreements: NA - - Note: landlocked - -@Andorra:People - - Population: 65,780 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 5,503; male 5,985) - 15-64 years: 70% (female 21,873; male 24,334) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 4,020; male 4,065) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.72% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.92 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 21.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.52 years - male: 75.65 years - female: 81.66 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.72 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Andorran(s) - adjective: Andorran - - Ethnic divisions: Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% - - Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant) - - Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castilian - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - -@Andorra:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Principality of Andorra - conventional short form: Andorra - local long form: Principat d'Andorra - local short form: Andorra - - Digraph: AN - - Type: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its - heads of state a co-principality; the two princes are the president of - France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally - by officials called veguers - - Capital: Andorra la Vella - - Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Les Escaldes, - Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria - - Independence: 1278 - - National holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September - - Constitution: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in - 1991; adopted 14 March 1993 - - Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial - review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chiefs of state: French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May - 1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (since - NA); note - COURTOIS is to become French ambassador to Libreville and - his replacement has not been announced; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince - Mgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer - Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata (since NA); two permanent delegates - (French Prefect Pierre STEINMETZ for the department of - Pyrenees-Orientales, since NA, and Spanish Vicar General Nemesi - MARQUES Oste for the Seo de Urgel diocese, since NA) - head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE (since 21 - December 1994) elected by Parliament, following resignation of Oscar - RIBAS Reig - cabinet: Executive Council; designated by the executive council - president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - General Council of the Valleys: (Consell General de las Valls); - elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); yielded no - clear winner; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 - total) number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for - civil cases, the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel - (Spain) for civil cases, Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) - for criminal cases - - Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Group (AND), Oscar - RIBAS Reig and Jordi FARRAS; Liberal Union (UL), Francesc CERQUEDA; - New Democracy (ND), Jaume BARTOMEU; Andorran National Coalition (CNA), - Antoni CERQUEDA; National Democratic Initiative (IDN), Vincenc MATEU; - Liberal Union (UL), Marc FORNE - note: there are two other small parties - - Member of: ECE, IFRCS (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, UN, UNESCO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Andorra has no mission in the US - - US diplomatic representation: Andorra is included within the Barcelona - (Spain) Consular District, and the US Consul General visits Andorra - periodically - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red - with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat - of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and - Romania that do not have a national coat of arms in the center - -@Andorra:Economy - - Overview: Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's economy, accounts for - roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 13 million tourists visit annually, - attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter - resorts. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also - contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is - limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be - imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. - Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. - Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union; it is unclear what effect - the European Single Market will have on the advantages Andorra obtains - from its duty-free status. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $760 million (1992 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $14,000 (1992 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 0% - - Budget: - revenues: $138 million - expenditures: $177 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993) - - Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: electricity, tobacco products, furniture - partners: France, Spain - - Imports: $NA - commodities: consumer goods, food - partners: France, Spain - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 35,000 kW - production: 140 million kWh - consumption per capita: 2,570 kWh (1992) - - Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, - banking - - Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, - barley, oats, and some vegetables - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes; 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 - centimos; the French and Spanish currencies are used - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), - 5,5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 132.61 (January 1995), - 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Andorra:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 96 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: none - - Airports: none - -@Andorra:Communications - - Telephone system: 17,700 telephones; digital microwave network - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: landline circuits to France and Spain - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Andorra:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ANGOLA - -@Angola:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between - Namibia and Zaire - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1,246,700 sq km - land area: 1,246,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire - 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km - - Coastline: 1,600 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 20 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, - dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) - - Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau - - Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, - feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 23% - forest and woodland: 43% - other: 32% - - Irrigated land: NA km2 - - Environment: - current issues: population pressures contributing to overuse of - pastures and subsequent soil erosion; desertification; deforestation - of tropical rain forest attributable to the international demand for - tropical timber and domestic use as a fuel; deforestation contributing - to loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution - and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water - - natural hazards: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on - the plateau - international agreements: party to - Law of the Sea; signed, but not - ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification - - Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire - -@Angola:People - - Population: 10,069,501 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 2,208,307; male 2,274,533) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 2,641,259; male 2,685,543) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 136,573; male 123,286) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.68% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 45.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.1 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 142.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 46.28 years - male: 44.18 years - female: 48.49 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.42 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Angolan(s) - adjective: Angolan - - Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico - (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% - (est.) - - Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 42% - male: 56% - female: 28% - - Labor force: 2.783 million economically active - by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) - -@Angola:Government - - Note: Civil war has been the norm since independence from Portugal on - 11 November 1975; a cease-fire lasted from 31 May 1991 until October - 1992 when the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of - Angola (UNITA) refused to accept its defeat in internationally - monitored elections and fighting resumed throughout much of the - countryside. The two sides signed another peace accord on 20 November - 1994; the cease-fire is generally holding but most provisions of the - accord remain to be implemented. - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Angola - conventional short form: Angola - local long form: Republica de Angola - local short form: Angola - former: People's Republic of Angola - - Digraph: AO - - Type: transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a - strong presidential system - - Capital: Luanda - - Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza - Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda - Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire - - Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975) - - Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August - 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992 - - Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; - recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use - of free markets - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September - 1979) - head of government: Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 - December 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional): first nationwide, multiparty - elections were held 29-30 September 1992 with disputed results - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao) - - Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the Liberation of - Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and - has been in power since 1975; National Union for the Total - Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, is a legal party - despite its history of armed resistance to the government; five minor - parties have small numbers of seats in the National Assembly - - Other political or pressure groups: Cabindan State Liberation Front - (FLEC), N'ZITA Tiago, leader of largest faction (FLEC-FAC) - note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed - struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, - GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, SADC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Goncalves Martins PATRICIO - embassy: 1819 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, Suite 400 - telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156 - FAX: [1] (202) 785-1258 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Edmund T. DE JARNETTE - embassy: 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne, Miramar, Luanda - mailing address: C.P. 6484, Luanda; American Embassy, Luanda, - Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch) - telephone: [244] (2) 345-481, 346-418 - FAX: [244] (2) 347-884 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a - centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a - cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) - -@Angola:Economy - - Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for - 80%-90% of the population but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil - production is vital to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. - Despite the signing of a peace accord in November 1994 between the - Angola government and the UNITA insurgents, sporadic fighting - continues and many farmers remain reluctant to return to their fields. - As a result, much of the country's food requirements must still be - imported. Angola has rich natural resources - notably gold, diamonds, - and arable land, in addition to large oil deposits - but will need to - observe the cease-fire, implement the peace agreement, and reform - government policies if it is to achieve its potential. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -1% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $620 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% average per month (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15% with considerable underemployment (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $928 million - expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, - sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton - partners: US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil - - Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), - food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines, - substantial military deliveries - partners: Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain - - External debt: $11.7 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, - including petroleum output - - Electricity: - capacity: 620,000 kW - production: 1.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 189 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum; mining - diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, - feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; fish processing; food - processing; brewing; tobacco; sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal - products - - Agriculture: cash crops - bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, - cotton, cane, manioc, tobacco; food crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, - plantains; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry - 2% of total agricultural output - - Illicit drugs: increasingly used as a transshipment point for cocaine - destined for Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.105 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 - billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), $750 million - - Currency: 1 new kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei - - Exchange rates: new kwanza (NKz) per US$1 - 900,000 (official rate 25 - April 1995), 1,900,000 (black market rate 6 April 1995), 600,000 - (official rate 10 January 1995), 90,000 (official rate 1 June 1994), - 180,000 (black market rate 1 June 1994); 7,000 (official rate 16 - December 1993), 50,000 (black market rate 16 December 1993); 3,884 - (July 1993); 550 (April 1992); 90 (November 1991); 60 (October 1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Angola:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,189 km; note - limited trackage in use because of landmines - still in place from the civil war; majority of the Benguela Railroad - also closed because of civil war - narrow gauge: 2,879 km 1.067-m gauge; 310 km 0.600-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 73,828 km - paved: bituminous-surface 8,577 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, improved earth 29,350 km; unimproved - earth 35,901 km - - Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 179 km - - Ports: Ambriz, Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Malogo, Namibe, Porto Amboim, - Soyo - - Merchant marine: - total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 63,776 GRT/99,863 DWT - ships by type: cargo 11, oil tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 289 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - with paved runways under 914 m: 93 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 33 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 126 - -@Angola:Communications - - Telephone system: 40,300 telephones; 4.1 telephones/1,000 persons; - high frequency radio used extensively for military links; telephone - service limited mostly to government and business use - local: NA - intercity: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and - troposcatter routes - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 13, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 6 - televisions: NA - -@Angola:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Police - Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,315,717; males fit for - military service 1,166,082; males reach military age (18) annually - 100,273 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 31% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ANGUILLA - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Anguilla:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, east of Puerto Rico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 91 sq km - land area: 91 sq km - comparative area: about half the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 61 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds - - Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone - - Natural resources: negligible; salt, fish, lobster - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some - commercial salt ponds) - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet - increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system - natural hazards: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July - to October) - international agreements: NA - -@Anguilla:People - - Population: 7,099 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 1,129; male 1,115) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 2,101; male 2,126) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 362; male 266) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.66% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.09 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.03 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -9.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.1 years - male: 71.32 years - female: 76.91 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.05 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Anguillan(s) - adjective: Anguillan - - Ethnic divisions: black African - - Religions: Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, - Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12% - - Languages: English (official) - - Literacy: age 12 and over can read and write (1984) - total population: 95% - male: 95% - female: 95% - - Labor force: 4,400 (1992) - by occupation: commerce 36%, services 29%, construction 18%, - transportation and utilities 10%, manufacturing 3%, - agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining 4% - -@Anguilla:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Anguilla - - Digraph: AV - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: The Valley - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 May - - Constitution: Anguilla Constitutional Orders 1 April 1982; amended - 1990 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor Alan W. SHAVE (since 14 August 1992) - head of government: Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 March 1994) - - cabinet: Executive Council; appointed by the governor from the elected - members of the House of Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Assembly: elections last held 16 March 1994 (next to be held - March 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, - 7 elected) ANA 2, AUP 2, ADP 2, independent 1 - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: Anguilla National Alliance (ANA); - Anguilla United Party (AUP), Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party - (ADP), Victor BANKS - - Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and - light blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular - design centered in the white band; a new flag may have been in use - since 30 May 1990 - -@Anguilla:Economy - - Overview: Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends - heavily on lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances - from emigrants. In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom - in tourism and construction. Development plans center around the - improvement of the infrastructure, particularly transport and tourist - facilities, and also light industry. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $49 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 7.5% (1992) - - National product per capita: $7,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 7% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $13.8 million - expenditures: $15.2 million, including capital expenditures of $2.4 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $556,000 (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: lobster and salt - partners: NA - - Imports: $33.5 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: NA - partners: NA - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,000 kW - production: 6 million kWh - consumption per capita: 862 kWh (1992) - - Industries: tourism, boat building, salt - - Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, - cattle, poultry, fishing (including lobster) - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $38 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: NA - -@Anguilla:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 105 km (1992 est.) - paved: 65 km - unpaved: gravel and earth 40 km - - Ports: Blowing Point, Road Bay - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - -@Anguilla:Communications - - Telephone system: 890 telephones; modern internal telephone system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: radio relay microwave link to island of Saint Martin - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Anguilla:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ANTARCTICA - -@Antarctica:Geography - - Location: continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle - - Map references: Antarctic Region - - Area: - total area: 14 million sq km (est.) - land area: 14 million sq km (est.) - comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US - note: second-smallest continent (after Australia) - - Land boundaries: none, but see entry on International disputes - - Coastline: 17,968 km - - Maritime claims: none, but see entry on International Disputes - - International disputes: Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic - Treaty Summary below); sections (some overlapping) claimed by - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross - Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; the US and most other - nations do not recognize the territorial claims of other nations and - have made no claims themselves (the US reserves the right to do so); - no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west - and 150 degrees west - - Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and - distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West - Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has - the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along - the coast and average slightly below freezing - - Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, - with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain - ranges up to 4,897 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts - of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, - and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves - along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute - 11% of the area of the continent - - Natural resources: none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, - copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and - hydrocarbons have been found in small, uncommercial quantities - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, - which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, - had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975 - when measurements were first taken - natural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from - the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the - plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along - the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West - Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak - international agreements: NA - - Note: the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent; during - summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than - is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly - uninhabitable - -@Antarctica:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonally - staffed research stations - Summer (January) population: over 4,115 total; Argentina 207, - Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China NA, Ecuador NA, - Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, Italy 210, - Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, Norway 23, Peru 39, - Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, Uruguay NA, - US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989-90) - Winter (July) population: over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia - 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace - 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa - 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR 313 (1989-90) - Year-round stations: 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, - Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, - South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, - former USSR 6 (1990-91) - Summer only stations: over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile - 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South - Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5 - (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the former USSR has placed the - status and future of its Antarctic facilities in doubt; stations may - be subject to closings at any time because of ongoing economic - difficulties - -@Antarctica:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Antarctica - - Digraph: AY - - Type: - Antarctic Treaty Summary: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December - 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal - framework for the management of Antarctica. Administration is carried - out through consultative member meetings - the 18th Antarctic Treaty - Consultative Meeting was in Japan in April 1993. Currently, there are - 42 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 16 acceding. - Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim - portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and - 19 nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made - no claims have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize - the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an - acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while - no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. - Claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New - Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - - Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), - Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), - Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain - (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. Acceding - (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - - Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba - (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), - Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea - (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), and - Ukraine (1992). - Article 1: area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military - activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military - personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any - other peaceful purpose - Article 2: freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall - continue - Article 3: free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation - with the UN and other international agencies - Article 4: does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial - claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in - force - Article 5: prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive - wastes - Article 6: includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of - 60 degrees 00 minutes south - Article 7: treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial - observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, - and equipment; advance notice of all activities and of the - introduction of military personnel must be given - Article 8: allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by - their own states - Article 9: frequent consultative meetings take place among member - nations - Article 10: treaty states will discourage activities by any country in - Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty - Article 11: disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned - or, ultimately, by the ICJ - Articles 12, 13, 14: deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending - the treaty among involved nations - Other agreements: more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty - consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed - Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); - Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention - on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a - mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently - rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the - Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this agreement - provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five - specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental - impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also - prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except - scientific research; 14 parties have ratified Protocol as of April - 1995 - - Legal system: US law, including certain criminal offenses by or - against US nationals, such as murder, may apply to areas not under - jurisdiction of other countries. Some US laws directly apply to - Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. - section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the - following activities, unless authorized by regulation of statute: The - taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous - plants and animals; entry into specially protected or scientific - areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation - into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of the - Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines - and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, - Transportation, and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. - Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires - expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the - Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 5801, Department of State, - Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as - required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information contact Permit - Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, - Arlington, Virginia 22230 (703-306-1031). - -@Antarctica:Economy - - Overview: No economic activity at present except for fishing off the - coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad. - -@Antarctica:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage - - Airports: 42 landing facilities at different locations operated by 15 - national governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility - operated by commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; - helicopter pads at 36 of these locations; runways at 14 locations are - gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or compacted snow surface suitable for - wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved runways; 15 locations have - snow-surface skiways limited to use by ski-equipped planes - 11 - runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 5 runways/skiways less than 1,000 m, - 8 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 5 of unspecified or - variable length; airports generally subject to severe restrictions and - limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; - airports do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the - respective governmental or non-governmental operating organization - required for landing - -@Antarctica:Communications - - Telephone system: - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Antarctica:Defense Forces - - Note: the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military - nature, such as the establishment of military bases and - fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing - of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or - equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA - -@Antigua And Barbuda:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 440 sq km - land area: 440 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - note: includes Redonda - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 153 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher - volcanic areas - - Natural resources: negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism - - Land use: - arable land: 18% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 16% - other: 59% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: water management - a major concern because of limited - natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the clearing of - trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly - - natural hazards: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); - periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine - Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Whaling - -@Antigua And Barbuda:People - - Population: 65,176 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 25% (female 8,062; male 8,390) - 15-64 years: 69% (female 22,342; male 22,334) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 2,231; male 1,817) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.68% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 17.08 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.35 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 17.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.4 years - male: 71.32 years - female: 75.57 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.68 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) - adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan - - Ethnic divisions: black African, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian - - Religions: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman - Catholic - - Languages: English (official), local dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of - schooling (1960) - total population: 89% - male: 90% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 30,000 - by occupation: commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% - (1983) - -@Antigua And Barbuda:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Antigua and Barbuda - - Digraph: AC - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Saint John's - - Administrative divisions: 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, - Redonda*, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint - Peter, Saint Philip - - Independence: 1 November 1981 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 November (1981) - - Constitution: 1 November 1981 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE (since NA 1993) - head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8 March - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the governor general on - the advice of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: 17 member body appointed by the governor general - House of Representatives: elections last held 8 March 1994 (next to be - held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 - total) ALP 11, UPP 5, independent 1 - - Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Lester - Bryant BIRD; United Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER - - Other political or pressure groups: United Progressive Party (UPP), - headed by Baldwin SPENCER, a coalition of three opposition political - parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP); the Antigua - Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM); and the Progressive Labor - Movement (PLM); Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed by - William ROBINSON - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM - (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS - chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 - telephone: [1] (202) 362-5211, 5166, 5122 - FAX: [1] (202) 362-5225 - consulate(s) general: Miami - - US diplomatic representation: the post was closed 30 June 1994; the US - Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda - - Flag: red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of - the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), - light blue, and white with a yellow rising sun in the black band - -@Antigua And Barbuda:Economy - - Overview: The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the - most important determinant of economic performance. In 1993, tourism - made a direct contribution to GDP of about 17%, and also spurred - growth in other sectors such as construction and transport. While only - accounting for roughly 5% of GDP in 1993, agricultural production - increased by 4%. Tourist arrivals remained strong in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $400 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.4% (1993) - - National product per capita: $6,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 6% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $105 million - expenditures: $161 million, including capital expenditures of $56 - million (1992) - - Exports: $54.7 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live - animals 4%, machinery and transport equipment 17% - partners: OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, - US 0.3% - - Imports: $260.9 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, - manufactures, chemicals, oil - partners: US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50% - - External debt: $250 million (1990 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -4.9% (1993 est.); accounts for - 6.5% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 52,100 kW - production: 95 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,242 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, - alcohol, household appliances) - - Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, - fruits, vegetables, and livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, - cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: a long-time but relatively minor transshipment point - for narcotics bound for the US and Europe and recent transshipment - point for heroin from Europe to the US; more significant as a drug - money laundering center - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments (1985-88), $10 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Antigua And Barbuda:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 77 km - narrow gauge: 64 km 0.760-m gauge; 13 km 0.610-m gauge (used almost - exclusively for handling sugar cane) - - Highways: - total: 240 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Saint John's - - Merchant marine: - total: 304 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,188,113 GRT/1,651,190 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 7, cargo 216, chemical tanker 8, container 48, - liquefied gas tanker 3, oil tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 10, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 11 - note: a flag of convenience registry - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - -@Antigua And Barbuda:Communications - - Telephone system: 6,700 telephones; good automatic telephone system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth station; tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Guadeloupe - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 2, shortwave 2 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Antigua And Barbuda:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and - Barbuda Police Force (includes the Coast Guard) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of - GDP (FY90/91) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ARCTIC OCEAN - -@Arctic Ocean:Geography - - Location: body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle - - Map references: Arctic Region - - Area: - total area: 14.056 million sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; - smallest of the world's four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic - Ocean, and Indian Ocean) - note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, - East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, - Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies - - Coastline: 45,389 km - - International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states); - Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway - and Russia - - Climate: polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively - narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous - darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers - characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak - cyclones with rain or snow - - Terrain: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack - that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges - may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort - Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian - Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); - the ice pack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more - than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling - land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest - percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin - interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen - Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the - Fram Basin - - Natural resources: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, - polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals - and whales) - - Environment: - current issues: endangered marine species include walruses and whales; - fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions - or damage - natural hazards: ice islands occasionally break away from northern - Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland - and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually - icelocked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing - from October to May - international agreements: NA - - Note: major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to - the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between - North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of - eastern and western Russia, floating research stations operated by the - US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 - centimeters over the frozen ocean and lasts about 10 months - -@Arctic Ocean:Government - - Digraph: XQ - -@Arctic Ocean:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural - resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. - -@Arctic Ocean:Transportation - - Ports: Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) - - Note: sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the - Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are - important seasonal waterways - -@Arctic Ocean:Communications - - Telephone system: - international: no submarine cables - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ARGENTINA - -@Argentina:Geography - - Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, - between Chile and Uruguay - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 2,766,890 sq km - land area: 2,736,690 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US - - Land boundaries: total 9,665 km, Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, - Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km - - Coastline: 4,989 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of the boundary with Uruguay is - in dispute; short section of the boundary with Chile is indefinite; - claims British-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims - British-administered South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; - territorial claim in Antarctica - - Climate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in - southwest - - Terrain: rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling - plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border - - Natural resources: fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, - copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium - - Land use: - arable land: 9% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 52% - forest and woodland: 22% - other: 13% - - Irrigated land: 17,600 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: erosion results from inadequate flood controls and - improper land use practices; irrigated soil degradation; - desertification; air pollution in Buenos Aires and other major cites; - water pollution in urban areas; rivers becoming polluted due to - increased pesticide and fertilizer use - natural hazards: Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to - earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the - Pampas and northeast; heavy flooding - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine - Life Conservation - - Note: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); - strategic location relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and - South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake - Passage) - -@Argentina:People - - Population: 34,292,742 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 28% (female 4,706,793; male 4,903,589) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 10,680,074; male 10,689,728) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 1,922,552; male 1,390,006) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.11% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 19.51 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.62 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.51 years - male: 68.22 years - female: 74.97 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.65 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Argentine(s) - adjective: Argentine - - Ethnic divisions: white 85%, mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups - 15% - - Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), - Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 6% - - Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 95% - male: 96% - female: 95% - - Labor force: 10.9 million - by occupation: agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) - -@Argentina:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Argentine Republic - conventional short form: Argentina - local long form: Republica Argentina - local short form: Argentina - - Digraph: AR - - Type: republic - - Capital: Buenos Aires - - Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia), and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Buenos Aires; - Catamarca; Chaco; Chubut; Cordoba; Corrientes; Distrito Federal*; - Entre Rios; Formosa; Jujuy; La Pampa; La Rioja; Mendoza; Misiones; - Neuquen; Rio Negro; Salta; San Juan; San Luis; Santa Cruz; Santa Fe; - Santiago del Estero; Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico - Sur; Tucuman - note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica or - Argentina's claims to the Falkland Islands - - Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) - - Constitution: 1 May 1853; revised August 1994 - - Legal system: mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Carlos Saul MENEM - (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position vacant); election last - held 14 May 1995 (next to be held NA May 1999); results - Carlos Saul - MENEM was reelected - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) - Senate: elections last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late - 1991 set the stage for indirect elections by provincial senators for - one-third of 48 seats in the national senate in May 1992; seats (48 - total) - PJ 29, UCR 11, others 7, vacant 1 - Chamber of Deputies: elections last held 3 October 1993 ( next to be - held October 1995); elections are held every two years and half of the - total membership is elected each time for four year terms; seats - - (257 total) PJ 122, UCR 83, MODIN 7, UCD 5, other 40 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: Justicialist Party (PJ), Carlos Saul - MENEM, Peronist umbrella political organization; Radical Civic Union - (UCR),Raul ALFONSIN, moderately left-of-center party; Union of the - Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative party; Dignity and - Independence Political Party (MODIN), Aldo RICO, right-wing party; - Grand Front (Frente Grande), Carlos ALVAREZ, center-left coalition; - several provincial parties - - Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated labor movement; - General Confederation of Labor (CGT; Peronist-leaning umbrella labor - organization); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' - association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); - business organizations; students; the Roman Catholic Church; the Armed - Forces - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, CCC, ECLAC, - FAO, G- 6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MERCOSUR, MINURSO, - MTCR, NSG (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMOZ, - UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Raul Enrique GRANILLO OCAMPO - chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-6400 through 6403 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, - New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador James R. CHEEK - embassy: 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires - mailing address: Unit 4334; APO AA 34034 - telephone: [54] (1) 777-4533, 4534 - FAX: [54] (1) 777-0197 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and - light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a - human face known as the Sun of May - -@Argentina:Economy - - Overview: Argentina, rich in natural resources, benefits also from a - highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, - and a diversified industrial base. Nevertheless, following decades of - mismanagement and statist policies, the economy in the late 1980s was - plagued with huge external debts and recurring bouts of - hyperinflation. Elected in 1989, in the depths of recession, President - MENEM has implemented a comprehensive economic restructuring program - that shows signs of putting Argentina on a path of stable, sustainable - growth. Argentina's currency has traded at par with the US dollar - since April 1991, and inflation has fallen to its lowest level in 20 - years. Argentines have responded to the relative price stability by - repatriating flight capital and investing in domestic industry. The - economy registered an impressive 6% advance in 1994, fueled largely by - inflows of foreign capital and strong domestic consumption spending. - The government's major short term objective is encouraging exports, - e.g., by reducing domestic costs of production. At the start of 1995, - the government had to deal with the spillover from international - financial movements associated with the devaluation of the Mexican - peso. In addition, unemployment had become a serious issue for the - government. Despite average annual 7% growth in 1991-94, unemployment - surprisingly has doubled - due mostly to layoffs in government bureaus - and in privatized industrial firms and utilities and, to a lesser - degree, to illegal immigration. Much remains to be done in the 1990s - in dismantling the old statist barriers to growth, extending the - recent economic gains, and bringing down the rate of unemployment. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $270.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $7,990 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 12% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $48.46 billion - expenditures: $46.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.5 - billion (1994 est.) - - Exports: $15.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, manufactures - partners: US 12%, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Netherlands - - Imports: $21.4 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and - lubricants, agricultural products - partners: US 22%, Brazil, Germany, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands - - External debt: $73 billion (April 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 12.5% accounts for 31% of GDP (1994 - est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 17,330,000 kW - production: 54.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,610 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, - textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel - - Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP (including fishing); produces - abundant food for both domestic consumption and exports; among world's - top five exporters of grain and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, - sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets - - Illicit drugs: increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine - headed for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $4.4 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million - - Currency: 1 nuevo peso argentino = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: pesos per US$1 - 0.99870 (December 1994), 0.99901 - (1994), 0.99895 (1993), 0.99064 (1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Argentina:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 34,572 km - broad gauge: NA km 1.676-m gauge - standard gauge: NA km 1.435-m - narrow gauge: 400 km 0.750-m gauge; NA km 1.000-m gauge (209 km - electrified) - - Highways: - total: 208,350 km - paved: 57,000 km - unpaved: gravel 39,500 km; improved/unimproved earth 111,850 km - - Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural - gas 9,918 km - - Ports: Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia, Concepcion del - Uruguay, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, - Santa Fe, Ushuaia - - Merchant marine: - total: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 434,525 GRT/667,501 DWT - ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, container 4, oil - tanker 8, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 1,602 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 25 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 55 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 48 - with paved runways under 914 m: 703 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 70 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 693 - -@Argentina:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,650,000 telephones; 12,000 public telephones; 78 - telephones/1,000 persons; extensive modern system but many families do - not have telephones; microwave widely used; however, during - rainstorms, the telephone system frequently grounds out, even in - Buenos Aires - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and domestic satellite network with - 40 earth stations - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 171, FM 0, shortwave 13 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 231 - televisions: NA - -@Argentina:Defense Forces - - Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine - Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast - Guard only), National Aeronautical Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 8,573,780; males fit for - military service 6,954,584; males reach military age (20) annually - 301,166 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ARMENIA - -@Armenia:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States - - Area: - total area: 29,800 sq km - land area: 28,400 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 1,254 km, Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan - (south) 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: supports ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh - in their separatist conflict against the Azerbaijani government; - traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided - - Climate: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters - - Terrain: high Armenian Plateau with mountains; little forest land; - fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley - - Natural resources: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, - alumina - - Land use: - arable land: 17% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 60% - - Irrigated land: 3,050 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; - energy blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to - deforestation as citizens scavenge for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan - (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich, a result of its - use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies - natural hazards: occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification - - Note: landlocked - -@Armenia:People - - Population: 3,557,284 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 31% (female 542,664; male 570,998) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 1,103,171; male 1,076,226) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 154,784; male 109,441) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.94% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.79 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.66 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.36 years - male: 68.94 years - female: 75.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.06 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Armenian(s) - adjective: Armenian - - Ethnic divisions: Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly - Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) - note: as of the end of 1994, most Azeris had emigrated from Armenia - - Religions: Armenian Orthodox 94% - - Languages: Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 1.578 million - by occupation: industry and construction 34%, agriculture and forestry - 31%, other 35% (1992) - -@Armenia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Armenia - conventional short form: Armenia - local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun - local short form: Hayastan - former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic - - Digraph: AM - - Type: republic - - Capital: Yerevan - - Administrative divisions: 37 regions (shrjanner, singular - shrjan) - and 23 cities* (kaghakner, singular - kaghak); Abovyan*, Akhuryani - Shrjan, Alaverdi*, Amasiayi Shrjan, Anii Shrjan, Aparani Shrjan, - Aragatsi Shrjan, Ararat*, Ararati Shrjan, Armaviri Shrjan, Artashat*, - Artashati Shrjan, Art'ik*, Art'iki Shrjan, Ashots'k'i Shrjan, - Ashtarak*, Ashtaraki Shrjan, Baghramyani Shrjan, Ch'arents'avan*, - Dilijan*, Ejmiatsin*, Ejmiatsni Shrjan, Goris*, Gorisi Shrjan, - Gugark'i Shrjan, Gyumri*, Hoktemberyan*, Hrazdan*, Hrazdani Shrjan, - Ijevan*, Ijevani Shrjan, Jermuk*, Kamo*, Kamoyi Shrjan, Kapan*, Kapani - Shrjan, Kotayk'i Shrjan, Krasnoselski Shrjan, Martunu Shrjan, Masisi - Shrjan, Meghru Shrjan, Metsamor*, Nairii Shrjan, Noyemberyani Shrjan, - Sevan*, Sevani Shrjan, Sisiani Shrjan, Spitak*, Spitaki Shrjan, - Step'anavan*, Step'anavani Shrjan, T'alini Shrjan, Tashiri Shrjan, - Taushi Shrjan, T'umanyani Shrjan, Vanadzor*, Vardenisi Shrjan, Vayk'i - Shrjan, Yeghegnadzori Shrjan, Yerevan* - - Independence: 28 May 1918 (First Armenian Republic); 23 September 1991 - (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Referendum Day, 21 September - - Constitution: adopted NA April 1978; referendum on new constitution to - be held 5 July 1995 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since October - 1991) election last held 16 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); - results - Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists - about 7%; note - Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN was elected Chairman of - the Armenian Supreme Soviet 4 August 1990 before becoming president - head of government: Prime Minister Hrant BAGRATYAN (since 16 February - 1993); First Deputy Prime Minister Vigen CHITECHYAN (since 16 February - 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme Soviet: elections last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held 5 - July 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (260 total) - non-aligned 136, ANM 52, DPA 17, Democratic Liberal Party 17, ARF 12, - NDU 9, Christian Democratic Party 1, Constitutional Rights Union 1, - ONS 1, Republican Party 1, Nagorno-Karabakh representatives 13 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Armenian National Movement (ANM), - Ter-Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National Democratic Union (NDU), David - VARTANYAN, chairman; Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF, - Dashnaktsutyun); note - banned until reorganized; Democratic Party of - Armenia (DPA; Communist Party), Aram SARKISYAN, chairman; Christian - Democratic Party, Azat ARSHAKYAN, chairman; Greens Party, Hakob - SANASARIAN, chairman; Democratic Liberal Party, Rouben MIRZAKHANYAN, - chairman; Republican Party, Ashot NAVARSARDYAN, chairman; Union for - Self-Determination (ONS), Paruir AIRIKYAN, chairman - - Member of: BSEC, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, NACC, NAM - (observer), OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ruben SHUGARIAN - chancery: Suite 210, 1660 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 628-5766 - FAX: [1] (202) 628-5769 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Harry J. GILMORE - embassy: 18 Gen Bagramian, Yerevan - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (8852) 151-144, 524-661 - FAX: [7] (8852) 151-138 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and gold - -@Armenia:Economy - - Overview: Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had - developed a more modern industrial sector, supplying machine building - equipment, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics - in exchange for raw materials and energy resources. Armenia is a large - food importer and its mineral deposits (gold, bauxite) are small. The - economic decline in recent years (1991-94) has been particularly - severe due to the ongoing conflict over the ethnic Armenian-dominated - region of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan and Turkey have - blockaded pipeline and railroad traffic to Armenia for its support of - the Karabakh Armenians. This has left Armenia with chronic energy - shortages because of a lack of capacity and frequent disruptions of - natural gas deliveries through unstable Georgia, as well as - difficulties in obtaining other types of fuel. In addition, bread is - strictly rationed and there are shortages of other goods. In 1994, the - economy seemed to bottom out. The government has managed to increase - its financial and budgetary discipline, bringing inflation down from - around 40% per month in first half 1994 to single digits in second - half 1994 and the first quarter of 1995. A full economic recovery - cannot be expected until the conflict is settled and the blockade - lifted. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $8.1 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,290 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month average (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 6.5% of officially registered unemployed but large - numbers of underemployed (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $43 million to countries outside the FSU (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: gold and jewelry, aluminum, transport equipment, - electrical equipment - partners: Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Georgia - - Imports: $120 million from countries outside the FSU (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: grain, other foods, fuel, other energy - partners: Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Georgia, US, EU - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1994 est.); accounts for 41% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,620,000 kW - production: 5.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,620 kWh (1994) - - Industries: traditionally diverse, including (as a percent of output - of former USSR) metalcutting machine tools (5.5%), forging-pressing - machines (1.9%), electric motors (9%), tires (1.5%), knitted wear - (4.4%), hosiery (3.0%), shoes (2.2%), silk fabric (0.8%), washing - machines (2.0%), chemicals, trucks, watches, instruments, and - microelectronics (1990); currently, much of industry is shut down - - Agriculture: only 17% of land area is arable; employs 31% of labor - force as residents increasingly turn to subsistence agriculture; - fruits (especially grapes) and vegetable farming, minor livestock - sector; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other - liqueurs - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis mostly for domestic - consumption; used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to - Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: considerable humanitarian aid, mostly food and energy - products, from US and EU; Russia granted 60 billion rubles in - technical credits in late 1994 and approved a 110 billion ruble credit - almost half of which was to go toward the restart of the Metsamor - nuclear power plant - - Currency: 1 dram = 100 luma (introduced new currency in November 1993) - - Exchange rates: dram per US$1 - 406 (end December 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Armenia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 840 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 840 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 11,300 km - paved: 10,500 km - unpaved: earth 800 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: NA km - - Pipelines: natural gas 900 km (1991) - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 11 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Armenia:Communications - - Telephone system: about 650,000 telephones; 177 telephones/1,000 - persons; progress on installation of fiber optic cable and - construction of facilities for mobile cellular phone service remains - in the negotiation phase for joint venture agreement - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international connections to other former republics of - the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other countries by - satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow international - gateway switch; 1 INTELSAT satellite link - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA; note - 100% of population receives Armenian - and Russian TV programs - televisions: NA - -@Armenia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Security - Forces (internal and border troops) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 877,414; males fit for military - service 699,167; males reach military age (18) annually 28,634 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: 250 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ARUBA - - (part of the Dutch realm) - -@Aruba:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 193 sq km - land area: 193 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 68.5 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: flat with a few hills; scant vegetation - - Natural resources: negligible; white sandy beaches - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt - international agreements: NA - -@Aruba:People - - Population: 65,974 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 7,377; male 7,726) - 15-64 years: 69% (female 24,269; male 21,141) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 3,223; male 2,238) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.65% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.6 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.17 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.56 years - male: 72.89 years - female: 80.42 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Aruban(s) - adjective: Aruban - - Ethnic divisions: mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, - Confucian, Jewish - - Languages: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, - English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: most employment is in the tourist industry (1995) - -@Aruba:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Aruba - - Digraph: AA - - Type: part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs - obtained in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles - - Capital: Oranjestad - - Administrative divisions: none (self-governing part of the - Netherlands) - - Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm; in 1990, Aruba requested - and received from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to - automatically give independence to the island in 1996) - - National holiday: Flag Day, 18 March - - Constitution: 1 January 1986 - - Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English - common law influence - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April - 1980), represented by Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January - 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29 July - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed with the advice and approval - of the legislature - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislature (Staten): elections last held 29 July 1994 (next to be - held by NA July 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (21 total) AVP 10, MEP 9, OLA 2 - - Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Justice - - Political parties and leaders: Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson - ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), Jan (Henny) H. EMAN; National - Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New Patriotic Party - (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny NISBET; - Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 - (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OLA), - Glenbert CROES - note: governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN - - Member of: ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, - WTO (associate) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing part of the - Netherlands) - - US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing part of the - Netherlands) - - Flag: blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower - portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper - hoist-side corner - -@Aruba:Economy - - Overview: Tourism is the mainstay of the Aruban economy, although - offshore banking and oil refining and storage are also important. The - rapid growth of the tourism sector over the last decade has resulted - in a substantial expansion of other activities. Construction has - boomed, with hotel capacity five times the 1985 level. Additionally, - the reopening of the country's oil refinery in 1993, a major source of - employment and foreign exchange earnings, has further spurred growth. - Aruba's small labor force and less than 1% unemployment rate have led - to a large number of unfilled job vacancies despite sharp rises in - wage rates in recent years. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.1 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $17,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 0.6% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $145 million - expenditures: $185 million, including capital expenditures of $42 - million (1988) - - Exports: $1.3 billion (including oil re-exports) (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: mostly refined petroleum products - partners: US 64%, EC - - Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: food, consumer goods, manufactures, petroleum products, - crude oil for refining and re-export - partners: US 8%, EC - - External debt: $81 million (1987) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 90,000 kW - production: 330 million kWh - consumption per capita: 4,761 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining - - Agriculture: poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural - activity to the cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing - - Illicit drugs: drug money laundering center and transit point for - narcotics bound for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1980-89), $220 million - - Currency: 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate - since 1986) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Aruba:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Barcadera, Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - note: government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts - transatlantic flights - -@Aruba:Communications - - Telephone system: 72,168 telephones; 1,100 telephones/1,000 persons; - more than adequate - local: NA - intercity: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links - international: 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Aruba:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ASHMORE AND CARTIER ISLANDS - - (territory of Australia) - -@Ashmore And Cartier Islands:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of - Australia - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 5 sq km - land area: 5 sq km - comparative area: about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and - Cartier Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 74.1 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 12 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: low with sand and coral - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (all grass and sand) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: surrounded by shoals and reefs which can pose - maritime hazards - international agreements: NA - - Note: Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983 - -@Ashmore And Cartier Islands:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are only seasonal - caretakers - -@Ashmore And Cartier Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands - conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands - - Digraph: AT - - Type: territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry - for the Environment, Sport, and Territories - - Capital: none; administered from Canberra, Australia - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia) - - Independence: none (territory of Australia) - - Legal system: relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia) - -@Ashmore And Cartier Islands:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Ashmore And Cartier Islands:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Ashmore And Cartier Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by - the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ATLANTIC OCEAN - -@Atlantic Ocean:Geography - - Location: body of water between Africa, Antarctica, and the Western - Hemisphere - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 82.217 million sq km - comparative area: slightly less than nine times the size of the US; - second-largest of the world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, - but larger than Indian Ocean or Arctic Ocean) - note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, - Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, - North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary - water bodies - - Coastline: 111,866 km - - International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states) - - Climate: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of - Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; - hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from - August to November - - Terrain: surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark - Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre - (broad, circular system of currents) in the northern Atlantic, - counterclockwise warm water gyre in the southern Atlantic; the ocean - floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south - centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; maximum depth is 8,605 - meters in the Puerto Rico Trench - - Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and - whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic - nodules, precious stones - - Environment: - current issues: endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, - sea lions, turtles, and whales; driftnet fishing is exacerbating - declining fish stocks and contributing to international disputes; - municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and - eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, - Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and - municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean - Sea - natural hazards: icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and - the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been - spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; icebergs from - Antarctica occur in the extreme southern Atlantic Ocean; ships subject - to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to - May and extreme southern Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog - can be a maritime hazard from May to September - international agreements: NA - - Note: major choke points include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, - access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the - Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound - (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the Atlantic - Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean - -@Atlantic Ocean:Government - - Digraph: ZH - -@Atlantic Ocean:Economy - - Overview: The Atlantic Ocean provides some of the world's most heavily - trafficked sea routes, between and within the Eastern and Western - Hemispheres. Other economic activity includes the exploitation of - natural resources, e.g., fishing, the dredging of aragonite sands (The - Bahamas), and production of crude oil and natural gas (Caribbean Sea, - Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea). - -@Atlantic Ocean:Transportation - - Ports: Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), - Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), - Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk - (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary - Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), - Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples - (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo - (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam - (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Stockholm (Sweden) - - Note: Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways - -@Atlantic Ocean:Communications - - Telephone system: - international: numerous submarine cables with most between continental - Europe and the UK, North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; - numerous direct links across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network - -________________________________________________________________________ - -AUSTRALIA - -@Australia:Geography - - Location: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South - Pacific Ocean - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 7,686,850 sq km - land area: 7,617,930 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than the US - note: includes Macquarie Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 25,760 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian - Antarctic Territory) - - Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; - tropical in north - - Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast - - Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, - uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, - natural gas, petroleum - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 58% - forest and woodland: 14% - other: 22% - - Irrigated land: 18,800 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, - urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to - the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for - agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique - animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast - coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased - shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh - water resources - natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine - Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification - - Note: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population - concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; regular, - tropical, invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs along - the west coast in the summer - -@Australia:People - - Population: 18,322,231 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 1,929,366; male 2,032,238) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 6,017,362; male 6,181,887) - 65 years and over: 11% (female 1,227,004; male 934,374) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.31% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.13 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.37 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 6.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.78 years - male: 74.67 years - female: 81.04 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Australian(s) - adjective: Australian - - Ethnic divisions: Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, aboriginal and other 1% - - Religions: Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3% - - Languages: English, native languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 100% - male: 100% - female: 100% - - Labor force: 8.63 million (September 1991) - by occupation: finance and services 33.8%, public and community - services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and - industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% (1987) - -@Australia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia - conventional short form: Australia - - Digraph: AS - - Type: federal parliamentary state - - Capital: Canberra - - Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian - Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, - South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia - - Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos - (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald - Islands, Norfolk Island - - Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) - - National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January (1788) - - Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 - - Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General William George HAYDEN (since 16 - February 1989) - head of government: Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 - December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991) - cabinet: Cabinet; prime minister selects his cabinet from members of - the House and Senate - - Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament - Senate: elections last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA - 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) - Liberal-National 36, Labor 30, Australian Democrats 7, Greens 2, - independents 1 - House of Representatives: elections last held 13 March 1993 (next to - be held by NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (147 total) Labor 80, Liberal-National 65, independent 2 - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: - government: Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING - opposition: Liberal Party, John HOWARD; National Party, Timothy - FISCHER; Australian Democratic Party, Cheryl KERNOT; Green Party, - leader NA - - Other political or pressure groups: Australian Democratic Labor Party - (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear - Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter group) - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, - BIS, C, CCC, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G- 8, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), - NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Donald Eric RUSSELL - chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000 - FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New - York, Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Edward J. PERKINS - embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital - Territory 2600 - mailing address: APO AP 96549 - telephone: [61] (6) 270-5000 - FAX: [61] (6) 270-5970 - consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney - consulate(s): Brisbane - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the - remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation - in white with one small five-pointed star and four, larger, - seven-pointed stars - -@Australia:Economy - - Overview: Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, - with a per capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West - European countries. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major - exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. - Primary products account for more than 60% of the value of total - exports, so that, as in 1983-84, a downturn in world commodity prices - can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for - increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in - international markets continues to be severe. Australia has suffered - from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD - countries in the early 1990s. In 1992-93 the economy recovered slowly - from the prolonged recession of 1990-91, a major restraining factor - being weak world demand for Australia's exports. Growth picked up so - strongly in 1994 that the government felt the need for fiscal and - monetary tightening by yearend. Australia's GDP grew 6.4% in 1994, - largely due to increases in industrial output and business investment. - A severe drought in 1994 is expected to reduce the value of - Australia's net farm production by $825 million in the twelve months - through June 1995, but rising world commodity prices are likely to - boost rural exports by 7.7% to $14.5 billion in 1995/96, according to - government statistics. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $374.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6.4% (1994) - - National product per capita: $20,720 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 8.9% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $83.8 billion - expenditures: $92.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY93/94) - - Exports: $50.4 billion (1994) - commodities: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and - transport equipment - partners: Japan 25%, US 11%, South Korea 6%, NZ 5.7%, UK, Taiwan, - Singapore, Hong Kong (1992) - - Imports: $51.1 billion (1994) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, computers and office - machines, crude oil and petroleum products - partners: US 23%, Japan 18%, UK 6%, Germany 5.7%, NZ 4% (1992) - - External debt: $147.2 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (FY93/94); accounts for 32% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 34,540,000 kW - production: 155 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 8,021 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food - processing, chemicals, steel - - Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP and over 30% of export revenues; - world's largest exporter of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, - and among top wheat exporters; major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, - fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, poultry - - Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit - opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of - opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion - - Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January - 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Australia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 40,478 km (1,130 km electrified; 183 km dual gauge) - broad gauge: 7,970 km 1.600-m gauge - standard gauge: 16,201 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 16,307 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 837,872 km - paved: 243,750 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 228,396 km; - unimproved earth 365,726 km - - Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas - 5,600 km - - Ports: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, - Geelong, Hobart (Tasmania), Launceton (Tasmania), Mackay, Melbourne, - Sydney, Townsville - - Merchant marine: - total: 81 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,620,536 GRT/3,801,970 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 30, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk - 2, container 7, liquefied gas tanker 6, oil tanker 18, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 480 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 128 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 125 - with paved runways under 914 m: 31 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 23 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 149 - -@Australia:Communications - - Telephone system: 8,700,000 telephones; good international and - domestic service - local: NA - intercity: domestic satellite service - international: submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and - Indonesia; 10 INTELSAT (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 258, FM 67, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 134 - televisions: NA - -@Australia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air - Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,934,175; males fit for - military service 4,274,900; males reach military age (17) annually - 131,852 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, 2.2% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -AUSTRIA - -@Austria:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, north of Italy - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 83,850 sq km - land area: 82,730 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine - - Land boundaries: total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 - km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, - Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland 164 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent - rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional - showers - - Terrain: in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the - eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping - - Natural resources: iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, - lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower - - Land use: - arable land: 17% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 24% - forest and woodland: 39% - other: 19% - - Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: some forest degradation caused by air and soil - pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural - chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired - power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting - Austria between northern and southern Europe - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Air Pollution-Sulpher 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the - Sea, Whaling - - Note: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central - Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major - river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands - because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere - -@Austria:People - - Population: 7,986,664 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 17% (female 681,087; male 711,127) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 2,672,554; male 2,677,100) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 791,762; male 453,034) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.35% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.21 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.27 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.9 years - male: 73.7 years - female: 80.27 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.48 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Austrian(s) - adjective: Austrian - - Ethnic divisions: German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other - 0.1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9% - - Languages: German - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1974 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 3.47 million (1989) - by occupation: services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture - and forestry 8.1% - note: an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European - countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 5% of - labor force (1988) - -@Austria:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Austria - conventional short form: Austria - local long form: Republik Oesterreich - local short form: Oesterreich - - Digraph: AU - - Type: federal republic - - Capital: Vienna - - Administrative divisions: 9 states (bundeslaender, singular - - bundesland); Burgenland, Kaernten, Niederoesterreich, Oberoesterreich, - Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, Wien - - Independence: 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) - - National holiday: National Day, 26 October (1955) - - Constitution: 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945) - - Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review - of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative - and civil/penal supreme courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; compulsory for presidential - elections - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992); election - last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of second ballot - - Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% - head of government: Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); - Vice Chancellor Erhard BUSEK (since 2 July 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; chosen by the president on the advice - of the chancellor - - Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) - Federal Council (Bundesrat): consists of 63 members representing each - of the provinces on the basis of population, but with each province - having at least 3 representatives - National Council (Nationalrat): elections last held 9 October 1994 - (next to be held October 1998); results - SPOE 34.9%, OEVP 27.7%, FPOE - 22.5%, Greens 7.3%, LF 6.0% other 1.6%; seats - (183 total) SPOE 65, - OEVP 52, FPOE 42, Greens 13, LF 11 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for - civil and criminal cases, Administrative Court - (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, Constitutional Court - (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases - - Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party of Austria - (SPOE), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; Austrian People's Party (OEVP), - Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Movement (F) (was the Freedom Party of - Austria, FPOE), Joerg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPOE), Walter - SILBERMAYER, chairman; The Greens, Madeleine PETROVIC; Liberal Forum - (LF), Heide SCHMIDT - - Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and - Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three - composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party (OEVP) representing - business, labor, and farmers; OEVP-oriented League of Austrian - Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay - organization, Catholic Action - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, - CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM - (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, PCA, UN, - UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, - UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Helmut TUERK - chancery: 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035 - telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700 - FAX: [1] (202) 895-6750 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Swanee G. HUNT - chancery: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, Vienna - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [43] (1) 313-39 - FAX: [43] (1) 310-0682 - consulate(s) general: none (Salzburg closed September 1993) - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red - -@Austria:Economy - - Overview: Austria boasts a prosperous and stable market economy with a - sizable but falling proportion of nationalized industry and with - extensive welfare benefits. Thanks to its raw material endowment, a - technically skilled labor force, and strong links to German industrial - firms, Austria occupies specialized niches in European industry and - services (tourism, banking) and produces almost enough food to feed - itself with only 8% of the labor force in agriculture. After 11 - consecutive years of growth, the Austrian economy experienced a mild - recession in 1993, but growth resumed in 1994. Unemployment is 4.3% - and will likely stay at that level as companies adjust to the - competition of EU membership beginning 1 January 1995. To prepare for - EU membership, Austria's government has taken measures to open the - economy by introducing a major tax reform, privatizing state-owned - firms, and liberalizing cross-border capital movements. Problems for - the 1990s include an aging population, the high level of industrial - subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budgetary - capabilities - the deficit climbed to over 4% of GDP in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $139.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $17,500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 4.3% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $52.2 billion - expenditures: $60.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $44.1 billion (1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, - textiles, paper products, chemicals - partners: EC 63.5% (Germany 38.9%), EFTA 9.0%, Eastern Europe/FSU - 12.3%, Japan 1.5%, US 3.4% (1993) - - Imports: $53.8 billion (1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, - chemicals, textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals - partners: EC 66.8% (Germany 41.3%), EFTA 6.7%, Eastern Europe/FSU - 7.5%, Japan 4.4%, US 4.4% (1993) - - External debt: $21.5 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2.5% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 17,230,000 kW - production: 50.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,824 kWh (1993) - - Industries: foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, - electrical, paper and pulp, tourism, mining, motor vehicles - - Agriculture: accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal - crops and animals - grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, - cattle, pigs, poultry; 80%-90% self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin - transiting the Balkan route and Eastern Europe - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion - - Currency: 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 groschen - - Exchange rates: Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 10.774 (January - 1995), 11.422 (1994), 11.632 (1993), 10.989 (1992), 11.676 (1991), - 11.370 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Austria:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 5,624 km - standard gauge: 5,269 km 1.435-m gauge (3,162 km electrified) - narrow gauge: 355 km 1.000-m and 0.760-m gauge (84 km electrified) - (1994) - - Highways: - total: 110,000 km - paved: 35,000 km (including 1,554 km of autobahn) - unpaved: mostly gravel and earth 75,000 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 446 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 554 km; petroleum products 171 km; natural gas - 2,611 km - - Ports: Linz, Vienna - - Merchant marine: - total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 152,885 GRT/235,719 DWT - ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 25, oil tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 55 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 41 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Austria:Communications - - Telephone system: 4,014,000 telephones; highly developed and efficient - - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), and - EUTELSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 21 (repeaters 545), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 47 (repeaters 870) - televisions: NA - -@Austria:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (includes Flying Division) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,026,567; males fit for - military service 1,695,879; males reach military age (19) annually - 46,821 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - about $1.8 billion, - 0.9% of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -AZERBAIJAN - - Note--Azerbaijan continues to be plagued by an unresolved - seven-year-old conflict with Armenian separatists over its - Nagorno-Karabakh region. The Karabakh Armenians have declared - independence and seized almost 20% of the country's territory, - creating almost 1 million Azeri displaced persons in the process. Both - sides have generally observed a Russian-mediated cease-fire in place - since May 1994, and support the OSCE-mediated peace process, now - entering its fourth year. Nevertheless, Baku and Xankandi - (Stepanakert) remain far apart on most substantive issues from the - placement and composition of a peacekeeping force to the enclave's - ultimate political status, and prospects for a negotiated settlement - remain dim. - -@Azerbaijan:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran - and Russia - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States - - Area: - total area: 86,600 sq km - land area: 86,100 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maine - note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the - Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by - Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991 - - Land boundaries: total 2,013 km, Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia - (southwest) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran - (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - note: Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: violent and longstanding dispute with ethnic - Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh over its status; Caspian Sea boundaries - are not yet determined - - Climate: dry, semiarid steppe - - Terrain: large, flat Kur-Araz Lowland (much of it below sea level) - with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag (Karabakh) Upland - in west; Baku lies on Abseron (Apsheron) Peninsula that juts into - Caspian Sea - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous - metals, alumina - - Land use: - arable land: 18% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 25% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 53% - - Irrigated land: 14,010 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: local scientists consider the Abseron (Apsheron) - Peninsula (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the - ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, - water, and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of DDT - as a pesticide and also from toxic defoliants used in the production - of cotton - natural hazards: droughts; some lowland areas threatened by rising - levels of the Caspian Sea - international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change - - Note: landlocked - -@Azerbaijan:People - - Population: 7,789,886 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 33% (female 1,241,952; male 1,315,313) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 2,437,810; male 2,307,496) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 303,926; male 183,389) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.32% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 33.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.09 years - male: 67.4 years - female: 74.97 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.64 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Azerbaijani(s) - adjective: Azerbaijani - - Ethnic divisions: Azeri 90%, Dagestani Peoples 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, - Armenian 2.3%, other 2% (1995 est.) - note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh - region - - Religions: Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox - 2.3%, other 1.8% (1995 est.) - note: religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan; actual - practicing adherents are much lower - - Languages: Azeri 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 97% - male: 99% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 2.789 million - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction - 26%, other 42% (1990) - -@Azerbaijan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Azerbaijani Republic - conventional short form: Azerbaijan - local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi - local short form: none - former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: AJ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Baku (Baki) - - Administrative divisions: 59 rayons (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 - cities* (saharlar; sahar - singular), 1 autonomous republic** (muxtar - respublika); Abscron Rayonu, Agcabadi Rayonu, Agdam Rayonu, Agdas - Rayonu, Agstafa Rayonu, Agsu Rayonu, AliBayramli Sahari*, Astara - Rayonu, Baki Sahari*, Balakan Rayonu, Barda Rayonu, Beylaqan Rayonu, - Bilasuvar Rayonu, Cabrayil Rayonu, Calilabad Rayonu, Daskasan Rayonu, - Davaci Rayonu, Fuzuli Rayonu, Gadabay Rayonu, Ganca Sahari*, Goranboy - Rayonu, Goycay Rayonu, Haciqabul Rayonu, Imisli Rayonu, Ismayilli - Rayonu, Kalbacar Rayonu, Kurdamir Rayonu, Lacin Rayonu, Lankaran - Rayonu, Lankaran Sahari*, Lerik Rayonu, Masalli Rayonu, Mingacevir - Sahari*, Naftalan Sahari*, Naxcivan Muxtar Respublikasi**, Neftcala - Rayonu, Oguz Rayonu, Qabala Rayonu, Qax Rayonu, Qazax Rayonu, Qobustan - Rayonu, Quba Rayonu, Qubadli Rayonu, Qusar Rayonu, Saatli Rayonu, - Sabirabad Rayonu, Saki Rayonu, Saki Sahari*, Salyan Rayonu, Samaxi - Rayonu, Samkir Rayonu, Samux Rayonu, Siyazan Rayonu, Sumqayit Sahari*, - Susa Rayonu, Susa Sahari*, Tartar Rayonu, Tovuz Rayonu, Ucar Rayonu, - Xacmaz Rayonu, Xankandi Sahari*, Xanlar Rayonu, Xizi Rayonu, Xocali - Rayonu, Xocavand Rayonu, Yardimb Rayonu, Yevlax Rayonu, Yevlax - Sahari*, Zangilan Rayonu, Zaqatala Rayonu, Zardab Rayonu - - Independence: 30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 28 May - - Constitution: adopted NA April 1978; writing a new constitution - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Heydar ALIYEV (since 18 June 1993); election - last held 3 October 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Heydar ALIYEV - won 97% of vote - head of government: Acting Prime Minister Fuad QULIYEV (since 9 - October 1994); First Deputy Prime Ministers Abbas ABBASOV, Samed - SADYKOV, Vahid AKHMEDOV (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and - confirmed by the Mejlis - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Milli Mejlis): elections last held 30 September and - 14 October 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next expected to be held - September 1995 for the National Assembly); seats for Supreme Soviet - - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of opposition - parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - on 19 May 1992 the Supreme - Soviet was prorogued in favor of a Popular Front-dominated National - Council; seats - (50 total) Popular Front 25, opposition elements 25 - note: since June 1993 ALIYEV has rotated in several supporters to - replace Popular Front adherents - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Azerbaijan Popular Front (APF), Ebulfez - ELCIBEY, chairman; Musavat Party, Isa GAMBAR, chairman; National - Independence Party, Etibar MAMEDOV, chairman; Social Democratic Party - (SDP), Araz ALIZADE, chairman; Communist Party, Ramiz AKHMEDOV, - chairman; People's Freedom Party, Yunus OGUZ, chairman; Independent - Social Democratic Party, Arif YUNUSOV and Leila YUNOSOVA, cochairmen; - New Azerbaijan Party, Heydar ALIYEV, chairman; Boz Gurd Party, - Iskander HAMIDOV, chairman; Azerbaijan Democratic Independence Party, - Qabil HUSEYNLI, chairman; Islamic Party of Azerbaijan, Ali Akram, - chairman; Ana Veten Party, Fazail AGAMALIYEV; Azerbaijan Democratic - Party, Sardar Jalaloglu MAMEDOV; Azerbaijan Democratic Party of - Proprietors (DPOP), Makhmud MAMEDOV; Azerbaijan Patriotic Solidarity - Party, Sabir RUSTAMHANLI; Azerbaijan Republic Reform Party, Fuad - ASADOV; Communist Party of Azerbaijan (unregistered), Sayad SAYADOV; - Equality of the Peoples Party, Faukhraddin AYDAYEV; Independent - Azerbaijan Party, Nizami SULEYMANOV; Labor Party of Azerbaijan, - Sabutai HAJIYEV; Liberal-Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, Lyudmila - NIKOLAYEVNA; National Enlightenment Party, Hajy Osman EFENDIYEV; - National Liberation Party, Panak SHAKHSEVEV; Peasant Party, Firuz - MUSTAFAYEV; Radical Party of Azerbaijan, Malik SHARIFOV; United - Azerbaijan Party, Kerrar ABILOV; Vetan Adzhagy Party, Zakir TAGIYEV - - Other political or pressure groups: self-proclaimed Armenian - Nagorno-Karabakh Republic; Talysh independence movement - - Member of: BSEC, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, - IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, PFP, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Hafiz Mir Jalal PASHAYEV - chancery: (temporary) Suite 700, 927 15th Street NW, Washington, DC - 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 842-0001 - FAX: [1] (202) 842-0004 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Richard D. KAUZLARICH - embassy: Azadliq Prospect 83, Baku - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [9] (9412) 96-00-19, 98-03-37 - FAX: [9] (9412) 98-37-55 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a - crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band - -@Azerbaijan:Economy - - Overview: Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either - Armenia or Georgia, the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the - Central Asian states in its majority nominally Muslim population, high - structural unemployment, and low standard of living. The economy's - most prominent products are oil, cotton, and gas. Production from the - Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline for several years, but - the November 1994 ratification of the $7.5 billion oil deal with a - consortium of Western companies should generate the funds needed to - spur future industrial development. Azerbaijan accounted for 1.5% to - 2% of the capital stock and output of the former Soviet Union. - Azerbaijan shares all the formidable problems of the ex-Soviet - republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, - but its considerable energy resources brighten its long-term - prospects. Baku has only recently begun making progress on economic - reform, and old economic ties and structures have yet to be replaced. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $13.8 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -22% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,790 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 28% monthly average (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 0.9% includes officially registered unemployed; - also large numbers of other unemployed and underemployed workers - (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $167.5 million - expenditures: $234.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $366 million to non-FSU countries (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, - cotton (1991) - partners: mostly CIS and European countries - - Imports: $296 million from non-FSU countries (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, - textiles (1991) - partners: European countries - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate -25% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,900,000 kW - production: 17.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,270 kWh (1994) - - Industries: petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield - equipment; steel, iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; - textiles - - Agriculture: cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, - tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: wheat from Turkey - - Currency: 1 manat = 100 gopik - - Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - 4500 (April 1995), 4168 (end of - December 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Azerbaijan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,090 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 2,090 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 36,700 km - paved or graveled: 31,800 km - unpaved: earth 4,900 km (1990) - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas - 1,240 km - - Ports: Baku (Baki) - - Airports: - total: 69 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 33 - -@Azerbaijan:Communications - - Telephone system: 710,000 telephones; 90 telephones/1,000 persons - (1991); 202,000 persons waiting for telephone installations (January - 1991); domestic telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate - local: a joint venture to establish a cellular telephone system - (Bakcel) in the Baku area is supposed to become operational in 1994 - intercity: NA - international: connections to other former USSR republics by cable and - microwave and to other countries via the Moscow international gateway - switch; INTELSAT link installed in late 1992 in Baku with Turkish - financial assistance with access to 200 countries through Turkey; - since August 1993 an earth station near Baku has provided direct - communications with New York through Russia's Stationar-11 satellite - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA; domestic and Russian TV programs are received - locally and Turkish and Iranian TV is received from an INTELSAT - satellite through a receive-only earth station - televisions: NA - -@Azerbaijan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Maritime Border Guard, National - Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,927,955; males fit for - military service 1,553,736; males reach military age (18) annually - 68,407 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 70.5 billion rubles, 10% of GDP (1993 budget - allocation); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars - using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -THE BAHAMAS - -@The Bahamas:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, - southeast of Florida - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 13,940 sq km - land area: 10,070 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 3,542 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream - - Terrain: long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills - - Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 32% - other: 67% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: coral reef decay - natural hazards: hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause - extensive flood and wind damage - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution - - Note: strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island - chain - -@The Bahamas:People - - Population: 256,616 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 28% (female 35,924; male 36,504) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 87,868; male 82,780) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 8,247; male 5,293) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.09% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 19.23 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.79 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.12 years - male: 67.37 years - female: 76.97 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.01 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bahamian(s) - adjective: Bahamian - - Ethnic divisions: black 85%, white 15% - - Religions: Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist - 6%, Church of God 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other - 2% - - Languages: English, Creole (among Haitian immigrants) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write but definition of - literary not available (1963 est.) - total population: 90% - male: 90% - female: 89% - - Labor force: 136,900 (1993) - by occupation: government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business - services 10%, agriculture 5% (1989) - -@The Bahamas:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Commonwealth of The Bahamas - conventional short form: The Bahamas - - Digraph: BF - - Type: commonwealth - - Capital: Nassau - - Administrative divisions: 21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, - Bimini, Cat Island, Exuma, Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, - Green Turtle Cay, Harbour Island, High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long - Island, Marsh Harbour, Mayaguana, New Providence, Nicholls Town and - Berry Islands, Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy Point, San Salvador - and Rum Cay - - Independence: 10 July 1973 (from UK) - - National holiday: National Day, 10 July (1973) - - Constitution: 10 July 1973 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January - 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Hubert A. INGRAHAM (since 19 August - 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor on the prime minister's - recommendation - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: a 16-member body appointed by the governor general - House of Assembly: elections last held 19 August 1992 (next to be held - by August 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 - total) FNM 32, PLP 17 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir - Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander - INGRAHAM; - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Timothy Baswell DONALDSON - chancery: 2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 319-2660 - FAX: [1] (202) 319-2668 - consulate(s) general: Miami and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sidney WILLIAMS - embassy: Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau - mailing address: P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau - telephone: [1] (809) 322-1181, 328-2206 - FAX: [1] (809) 328-7838 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and - aquamarine with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side - -@The Bahamas:Economy - - Overview: The Bahamas is a stable, developing nation whose economy is - based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone - provides about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about - 50,000 people or 40% of the local work force. The economy has - slackened in recent years, as the annual increase in the number of - tourists slowed. Nonetheless, per capita GDP is one of the highest in - the region. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $15,900 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 13.1% (1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $696 million - expenditures: $756 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY94/95) - - Exports: $257 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish, refined petroleum - products - partners: US 51%, UK 7%, Norway 7%, France 6%, Italy 5% - - Imports: $1.15 billion (f.o.b,,1993 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, crude oil, vehicles, - electronics - partners: US 55%, Japan 17%, Nigeria 12%, Denmark 7%, Norway 6% - - External debt: $455 million (December 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 424,000 kW - production: 929 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,200 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, - salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel - pipe - - Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale - producers; principal products - citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; - large net importer of food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for - US and Europe; also a money-laundering center - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $345 million - - Currency: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@The Bahamas:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,400 km - paved: 1,350 km - unpaved: gravel 1,050 km - - Ports: Freeport, Matthew Town, Nassau - - Merchant marine: - total: 936 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,815,474 - GRT/35,253,416 DWT - ships by type: bulk 162, cargo 181, chemical tanker 39, combination - bulk 9, combination ore/oil 19, container 52, liquefied gas tanker 20, - oil tanker 182, passenger 55, refrigerated cargo 146, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 43, short-sea passenger 16, vehicle carrier 12 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 46 countries among - which are UK 158 ships, Norway 125, Greece 100, US 94, Denmark 80, - Netherlands 53, France 36, Finland 35, Japan 35, Sweden 25 - - Airports: - total: 60 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11 - with paved runways under 914 m: 22 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - -@The Bahamas:Communications - - Telephone system: 99,000 telephones; totally automatic system; highly - developed - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to - Florida; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@The Bahamas:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal - Bahamas Police Force - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $65 million, 2.7% of - GDP (1990) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BAHRAIN - -@Bahrain:Geography - - Location: Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi - Arabia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 620 sq km - land area: 620 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 161 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar - Islands; maritime boundary with Qatar - - Climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers - - Terrain: mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central - escarpment - - Natural resources: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 90% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: desertification resulting from the degradation of - limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal - degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) - resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil - refineries, and distribution stations; no natural fresh water - resources so that groundwater and sea water are the only sources for - all water needs - natural hazards: periodic droughts; dust storms - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, - Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity - - Note: close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic - location in Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's - petroleum must transit to reach open ocean - -@Bahrain:People - - Population: 575,925 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 31% (female 87,398; male 89,976) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 152,363; male 231,586) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 7,051; male 7,551) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.12 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 3.31 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 4.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.94 years - male: 71.46 years - female: 76.49 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.12 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bahraini(s) - adjective: Bahraini - - Ethnic divisions: Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, - other 6% - - Religions: Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30% - - Languages: Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 84% - male: 89% - female: 77% - - Labor force: 140,000 - by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, - government 3% (1982) - note: 42% of labor force is Bahraini - -@Bahrain:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: State of Bahrain - conventional short form: Bahrain - local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn - local short form: Al Bahrayn - - Digraph: BA - - Type: traditional monarchy - - Capital: Manama - - Administrative divisions: 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); - Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, - Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa'wa al Mintaqah al - Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Mintaqat Juzur - Hawar, Sitrah - - Independence: 15 August 1971 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 16 December (1961) - - Constitution: 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973 - - Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Amir ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November - 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (son of the - Amir, born 28 January 1950) - head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa - (since 19 January 1970) - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 - August 1975 and legislative powers were assumed by the Cabinet; - appointed Advisory Council established 16 December 1992 - - Judicial branch: High Civil Appeals Court - - Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited; several - small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are - active - - Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IBRD, - ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad ABD AL-GHAFFAR al-Abdallah - chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 342-0741, 342-0742 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador David M. RANSOM - embassy: Building No. 979, Road 3119 (next to Ahli Sports Club), Zinj - District, Manama - mailing address: FPO AE 09834-5100; P.O. Box 26431, Manama - (International Mail) - telephone: [973] 273300; afterhours [973] 275-126 - FAX: [973] 272594 - - Flag: red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist - side - -@Bahrain:Economy - - Overview: Tiny in area, Bahrain is well-to-do in economic resources - and per capita income. Petroleum production and processing account for - about 80% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of - GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of - oil since 1985, for example, during and following the Gulf crisis of - 1990-91. With its highly developed communication and transport - facilities Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with - business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consists of petroleum - products made from imported crude. Prospects for 1995 are good, with - private enterprise the main driving force, e.g., in banking and - construction. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the - depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major - long-term economic problems. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $12,100 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.2 billion (1989) - expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992) - - Exports: $3.69 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7% - partners: Japan 11%, UAE 5%, South Korea 4%, India 4%, Saudi Arabia 3% - (1992) - - Imports: $3.83 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% - partners: Saudi Arabia 47%, UK 7%, Japan 7%, US 6%, Germany 5% (1992) - - External debt: $2.6 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 13% (1992); accounts for 38% of - GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,050,000 kW - production: 3.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,453 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, - offshore banking, ship repairing - - Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not - self-sufficient in food production; heavily subsidized sector produces - fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion - - Currency: 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils - - Exchange rates: Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Bahrain:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,670 km - paved: 2,010 km - unpaved: 660 km (1991 est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 - km - - Ports: Manama, Mina' Salman, Sitrah - - Merchant marine: - total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 79,949 GRT/120,900 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 4, chemical tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 4 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - -@Bahrain:Communications - - Telephone system: 98,000 telephones; 170 telephones/1,000 persons; - modern system; good domestic services; excellent international - connections - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 - ARABSAT earth station; tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE; microwave - radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi - Arabia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: 60 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: 21 million - -@Bahrain:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Coast Guard, Police - Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 210,725; males fit for military - service 117,414; males reach military age (15) annually 4,346 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $247 million, 5.5% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BAKER ISLAND - - (territory of the US) - -@Baker Island:Geography - - Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of - the way from Hawaii to Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 1.4 sq km - land area: 1.4 sq km - comparative area: about 2.3 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 4.8 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun - - Terrain: low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow - fringing reef - - Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until 1891) - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no natural fresh water resources - natural hazards: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can - be a maritime hazard - international agreements: NA - - Note: treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of - grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; primarily a nesting, - roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine - wildlife - -@Baker Island:People - - Population: uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 - after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by - US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public - entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to - scientists and educators; a cemetery and cemetery ruins are located - near the middle of the west coast - -@Baker Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Baker Island - - Digraph: FQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and - Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the - National Wildlife Refuge system - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - -@Baker Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Baker Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one boat landing - area along the middle of the west coast - - Airports: 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m - - Note: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - -@Baker Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the - US Coast Guard - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BANGLADESH - -@Bangladesh:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma - and India - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 144,000 sq km - land area: 133,910 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Wisconsin - - Land boundaries: total 4,246 km, Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km - - Coastline: 580 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 18 nm - continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: a portion of the boundary with India is in - dispute; water-sharing problems with upstream riparian India over the - Ganges - - Climate: tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid - summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October) - - Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast - - Natural resources: natural gas, arable land, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 67% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 16% - other: 11% - - Irrigated land: 27,380 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: many people are landless and forced to live on and - cultivate flood-prone land; limited access to potable water; - water-borne diseases prevalent; water pollution especially of fishing - areas results from the use of commercial pesticides; intermittent - water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and - central parts of the country; soil degradation; deforestation; severe - overpopulation - natural hazards: droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely - flooded during the summer monsoon season - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea - -@Bangladesh:People - - Population: 128,094,948 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 25,195,262; male 26,352,299) - 15-64 years: 57% (female 34,862,105; male 37,867,705) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 1,761,336; male 2,056,241) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.32% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 34.62 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.43 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 104.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 55.46 years - male: 55.69 years - female: 55.22 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.39 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bangladeshi(s) - adjective: Bangladesh - - Ethnic divisions: Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, tribals less than 1 - million - - Religions: Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, other - - Languages: Bangla (official), English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 35% - male: 47% - female: 22% - - Labor force: 50.1 million - by occupation: agriculture 65%, services 21%, industry and mining 14% - (1989) - note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) - -@Bangladesh:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh - conventional short form: Bangladesh - former: East Pakistan - - Digraph: BG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Dhaka - - Administrative divisions: 4 divisions; Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, - Rajshahi - - Independence: 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March (1971) - - Constitution: 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended - following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended - many times - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991); - election last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October - 1996); results - Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary - vote - head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAur RAHMAN (since 20 - March 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad): elections last held 27 February - 1991 (next to be held by February 1996); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats reserved for - women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, BCP 5, National Awami Party - (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, JSD 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami Oikya - Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), - Khaleda ZIAur RAHMAN; Awami League (AL), Sheikh Hasina WAJED; Jatiyo - Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (in jail); Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), - Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK; - National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; Jatiyo - Samajtantik Dal (JSD), Serajul ALAM KHAN; Ganotantri Party, leader NA; - Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National Democratic Party (NDP), leader - NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic League, Khondakar - MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United - People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed - - Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, - UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, - UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Humayun KABIR - chancery: 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 342-8372 through 8376 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador David N. MERRILL - embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka - mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212 - telephone: [880] (2) 884700 through 884722 - FAX: [880] (2) 883-744 - - Flag: green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of - center; green is the traditional color of Islam - -@Bangladesh:Economy - - Overview: Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to - improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains one of - the world's poorest, most densely populated, and least developed - nations. Its economy is overwhelmingly agricultural, with the - cultivation of rice the single most important activity in the economy. - Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, the - inefficiency of state-owned enterprises, a rapidly growing labor force - that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy - resources (natural gas), and inadequate power supplies. Excellent rice - crops and expansion of the export garment industry led to real growth - of 4% in 1992 and again in 1993. Policy measures intended to reduce - government regulation of private industry, to curb population growth, - and to expand employment opportunities have had only partial success - given the serious nature of Bangladesh's basic problems. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $130.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,040 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $2.8 billion - expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 - billion (FY92/93) - - Exports: $2.38 billion (1993) - commodities: garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp - partners: US 33%, Western Europe 39% (Germany 8.4%, Italy 6%) (FY91/92 - est.) - - Imports: $3.99 billion (1993) - commodities: capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles - partners: Hong Kong 7.5%, Singapore 7.4%, China 7.4%, Japan 7.1% - (FY91/92 est.) - - External debt: $13.5 billion (June 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6.9% (FY92/93 est.); accounts for - 9.4% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,740,000 kW - production: 9.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 70 kWh (1993) - - Industries: jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, - steel, fertilizer - - Agriculture: accounts for 33% of GDP, 65% of employment, and one-fifth - of exports; world's largest exporter of jute; commercial products - - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, milk, poultry; - shortages include wheat, vegetable oils, cotton - - Illicit drugs: transit country for illegal drugs produced in - neighboring countries - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 - million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 billion - - Currency: 1 taka (Tk) = 100 poiska - - Exchange rates: taka (Tk) per US$1 - 40.250 (January 1995), 40.212 - (1994), 39.567 (1993), 38.951 (1992), 36.596 (1991), 34.569 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Bangladesh:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,892 km - broad gauge: 978 km 1.676-m gauge - narrow gauge: 1,914 km 1.000-m gauge (1992) - - Highways: - total: 7,240 km - paved: 3,840 km - unpaved: 3,400 km (1985) - - Inland waterways: 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes - 2,575-3,058 km main cargo routes) - - Pipelines: natural gas 1,220 km - - Ports: Barisal, Chandpur, Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Dacca, Khulna, - Mongla (includes Chalna), Narayanganj - - Merchant marine: - total: 38 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 293,304 GRT/428,013 DWT - ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 31, oil tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 3 - - Airports: - total: 16 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 7 - -@Bangladesh:Communications - - Telephone system: 241,250 telephones; 1 telephone/522 persons; poor - domestic telephone service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth stations; adequate - international radio communications and landline service - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 11 - televisions: NA - -@Bangladesh:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force - paramilitary forces: Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed - Police Reserve, Village Defense Parties, National Cadet Corps - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 33,039,035; males fit for - military service 19,607,817 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $448 million, 1.7% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BARBADOS - -@Barbados:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 430 sq km - land area: 430 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 97 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to October) - - Terrain: relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region - - Natural resources: petroleum, fishing, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 77% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 9% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 14% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by - ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens - contamination of aquifers - natural hazards: hurricanes (especially June to October); periodic - landslides - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity - - Note: easternmost Caribbean island - -@Barbados:People - - Population: 256,395 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 30,175; male 31,507) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 86,103; male 82,727) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 15,849; male 10,034) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.24% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.45 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.27 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -4.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.16 years - male: 71.47 years - female: 77.06 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.78 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Barbadian(s) - adjective: Barbadian - - Ethnic divisions: African 80%, European 4%, other 16% - - Religions: Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, - other 12%), Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980) - - Languages: English - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 124,800 (1992) - by occupation: services and government 41%, commerce 15%, - manufacturing and construction 18%, transportation, storage, - communications, and financial institutions 8%, agriculture 6%, - utilities 2% (1992 est.) - -@Barbados:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Barbados - - Digraph: BB - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Bridgetown - - Administrative divisions: 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, - Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint - Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas - note: the new city of Bridgetown may be given parish status - - Independence: 30 November 1966 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 30 November (1966) - - Constitution: 30 November 1966 - - Legal system: English common law; no judicial review of legislative - acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) - head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6 - September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Billie MILLER (since 6 - September 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: consists of a 21-member body appointed by the governor general - - House of Assembly: election last held 6 September 1994 (next to be - held by January 1999); results - percentage vote by party NA; seats - - (28 total) DLP 8, BLP 19, NDP 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Judicature - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor Party (DLP),David - THOMPSON; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), Owen ARTHUR; National Democratic - Party (NDP), Richard HAYNES - - Other political or pressure groups: Barbados Workers Union, Leroy - TROTMAN; People's Progressive Movement, Eric SEALY; Workers' Party of - Barbados, Dr. George BELLE; Clement Payne Labor Union, David - COMMISSIONG - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Courtney BLACKMAN - chancery: 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-9218, 9219 - FAX: [1] (202) 332-7467 - consulate(s) general: Miami and New York - consulate(s): Los Angeles - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jeanette W. HYDE - embassy: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, - Bridgetown - mailing address: P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown; FPO AA 34055 - telephone: [1] (809) 436-4950 - FAX: [1] (809) 429-5246 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and - blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the - trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the - colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident) - -@Barbados:Economy - - Overview: A per capita income of $9,200 gives Barbados one of the - highest standards of living of all the small island states of the - eastern Caribbean. Historically, the economy was based on the - cultivation of sugarcane and related activities. In recent years, - however, the economy has diversified into manufacturing and tourism. A - moderate recovery that began in late 1993 after 3 years of contraction - is mainly due to increased tourism and expansion in the construction - sector. Economic prospects for 1995 depend mostly on continued growth - in the industrialized countries, especially in Europe, which would - spur further expansion in tourism. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $9,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 20.5% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $509 million - expenditures: $636 million, including capital expenditures of $86 - million (FY94/95 est.) - - Exports: $161 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages, - chemicals, electrical components, clothing - partners: US 13%, UK 10%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Windward Islands 8% - - Imports: $703 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction - materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components - partners: US 36%, UK 11%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Japan 3% - - External debt: $652 million (1991 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2% (FY93/94 est.); accounts for - about 10% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 152,100 kW - production: 510 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,841 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly - for export - - Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; - other crops - vegetables, cotton; not self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: one of many Caribbean transshipment points for - narcotics bound for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $171 million - - Currency: 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed - rate) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Barbados:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,570 km - paved: 1,475 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 95 km - - Ports: Bridgetown - - Merchant marine: - total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,563 GRT/103,632 DWT - ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 6, oil tanker 2 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - -@Barbados:Communications - - Telephone system: 89,000 telephones - local: island wide automatic telephone system; - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station; tropospheric - scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 (1 pay) - televisions: NA - -@Barbados:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Barbados Defense Force (includes the Ground Forces and - Coast Guard), Royal Barbados Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 71,153; males fit for military - service 49,488 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BASSAS DA INDIA - - (possession of France) - -@Bassas Da India:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, islands in the southern Mozambique Channel, - about one-half of the way from Madagascar to Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 0.2 km2 - land area: 0.2 km2 - comparative area: NA - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 35.2 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Madagascar - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: a volcanic rock 2.4 meters high - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (all rock) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: maritime hazard since it is usually under water - during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones - - international agreements: NA - -@Bassas Da India:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Bassas Da India:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Bassas da India - - Digraph: BS - - Type: French possession administered by a Commissioner of the - Republic, resident in Reunion - - Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion - - Independence: none (possession of France) - -@Bassas Da India:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Bassas Da India:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Bassas Da India:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BELARUS - -@Belarus:Geography - - Location: Eastern Europe, east of Poland - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States - - Area: - total area: 207,600 sq km - land area: 207,600 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Kansas - - Land boundaries: total 3,098 km, Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, - Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between - continental and maritime - - Terrain: generally flat and contains much marshland - - Natural resources: forest land, peat deposits, small quantities of oil - and natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 29% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 55% - - Irrigated land: 1,490 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of - the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor - accident at Chornobyl' - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Biodiversity, - Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone - Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Law of - the Sea - - Note: landlocked - -@Belarus:People - - Population: 10,437,418 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 1,126,062; male 1,166,439) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 3,494,891; male 3,293,196) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 913,508; male 443,322) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.3% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.98 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.23 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.03 years - male: 66.36 years - female: 75.93 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.87 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Belarusian(s) - adjective: Belarusian - - Ethnic divisions: Byelorussian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Polish 4.1%, - Ukrainian 2.9%, other 1.9% - - Religions: Eastern Orthodox, other - - Languages: Byelorussian, Russian, other - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 97% - male: 99% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 4.887 million - by occupation: industry and construction 40%, agriculture and forestry - 21%, other 39% (1992) - -@Belarus:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Belarus - conventional short form: Belarus - local long form: Respublika Byelarus' - local short form: none - former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: BO - - Type: republic - - Capital: Minsk - - Administrative divisions: 6 voblastsi (singular - voblasts') and one - municipality* (harady, singular - horad); Brestskaya (Brest), - Homyel'skaya (Homyel'), Horad Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya (Hrodna), - Mahilyowskaya (Mahilyow), Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya (Vitsyebsk) - note: the administrative centers of the voblastsi are included in - parentheses - - Independence: 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 July (1990) - - Constitution: adopted 15 March 1994; replaces constitution of April - 1978 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994); - election held June 24 and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 80%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 14% - head of government: Prime Minister Mikhail CHIGIR (since July 1994); - Deputy Prime Ministers Vladimir GARKUN, Viktor GONCHAR, Sergey LING, - Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH, Valeriy KOKAREV (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - note: first presidential elections took place in June-July 1994 - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme Soviet: elections last held 4 April 1990 (next to be held 14 - May 1995); results - Communists 87%; seats - (360 total) number of - seats by party NA; note - 50 seats are for public bodies; the - Communist Party obtained an overwhelming majority - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), Zenon - POZNYAK, chairman; Party of Popular Accord, Gennadiy KARPENKO; Union - of Belarusian Entreprenuers, V. N. KARYAGIN; Belarusian Party of - Communists, Vasiliy NOVIKOV, Viktor CHIKIN, chairmen; Belarus Peasant - Party, Yevgeniy LUGIN, chairman; Belarusian Socialist Party, - Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV, chairman; Belarusian Social Democrat Party - (SDBP), Oleg TRUSOV, Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairmen; Agrarian Party - of Belarus, Aleksandr DUBKO; United Democratic Party of Belarus - (UDPB), Aleksandr DOBROVOLSKIY, chairman; Independent Trade Unions, - Sergey ANTONCHIK, chairman - - Member of: CCC, CE (guest), CEI (associate members), CIS, EBRD, ECE, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory - user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NACC, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey Nikolayevich MARTYNOV - chancery: 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 986-1604 - FAX: [1] (202) 986-1805 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth Spencer YALOWITZ - embassy: Starovilenskaya #46, Minsk - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (0172) 34-65-37 - - Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and white - -@Belarus:Economy - - Overview: Belarus ranks among the most developed of the former Soviet - states, with a relatively modern - by Soviet standards - and diverse - machine building sector and a robust agriculture sector. It also - serves as a transport link for Russian oil exports to the Baltic - states and Eastern and Western Europe. The breakup of the Soviet Union - and its command economy has resulted in a sharp economic contraction - as traditional trade ties have collapsed. The Belarusian government - has lagged behind the governments of most other former Soviet states - in economic reform, with privatization almost nonexistent. The system - of state orders and distribution persists. In mid-1994, the Belarusian - government embarked on an austerity program with IMF support to slash - state credits and consumer subsidies in order to bring down the budget - deficit and reduce inflation. However, despite its promising start, - the regime's drive to reinvigorate the economy has fallen short, and - the IMF has criticized its failure to implement the reforms that the - Fund had negotiated. As a result, the IMF has suspended talks on - introducing a stand-by arrangement. Economic relations with Russia, - which will have an important bearing on the future course of the - economy, will be strengthened if Minsk adopts the necessary - legislation to implement a customs union agreed to in January 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $53.4 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -20% (1994) - - National product per capita: $5,130 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 29% per month (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 1.4% officially registered unemployed (December - 1993); large numbers of underemployed workers - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $968 million to outside of the FSU countries (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria - - Imports: $534 million from outside the FSU countries (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: fuel, natural gas, industrial raw materials, textiles, - sugar - partners: Russia, Ukraine, Poland - - External debt: $1.5 billion (July 1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -19% (1994); accounts for about 40% - of GDP (1992) - - Electricity: - capacity: 7,010,000 kW - production: 31.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,010 kWh (1994) - - Industries: employ about 40% of labor force and produced a wide - variety of products including (in percent share of total output of - former Soviet Union): tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools - (11%); off-highway dump trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity - (100%); wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); - eight-wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 - metric tons for use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for - animal husbandry and livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); - television sets (11%); chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen - fabric (11%); wool fabric (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other - consumer goods - - Agriculture: accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total - agricultural output of former Soviet Union; employs 21% of the labor - force; in 1988 produced the following (in percent of total Soviet - production): grain (3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat - (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour, potatoes - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis; mostly - for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to - Western Europe - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: Belarusian rubel (BR) - - Exchange rates: Belarusian rubels per US$1 - 10,600 (end December - 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Belarus:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 5,570 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 5,570 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 98,200 km - paved: 66,100 km - unpaved: earth 32,100 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: NA km - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas - 1,980 km (1992) - - Ports: Mazyr - - Merchant marine: - note: claims 5% of former Soviet fleet - - Airports: - total: 118 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 18 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 11 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 62 - -@Belarus:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,849,000 telephones (December 1991); 18 - telephones/100 persons; telephone service inadequate for the purposes - of either business or the population; about 70% of the telephones are - in homes; over 750,000 applications from households for telephones - remain unsatisfied (1992); new investment centers on international - connections and business needs; the new BelCel NMT 450 cellular system - (a joint venture) is now operating in Minsk - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international traffic is carried by the Moscow - international gateway switch and also by 2 satellite earth stations - near Minsk - INTELSAT (through Canada) and EUTELSAT (through the UK) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave 0 - radios: 3.14 million (5,615,000 with multiple speaker systems for - program diffusion) - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: 3.538 million - -@Belarus:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Republic Security Forces - (internal and border troops) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,550,500; males fit for - military service 1,999,138; males reach military age (18) annually - 71,808 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); - note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the - current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BELGIUM - -@Belgium:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and - the Netherlands - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 30,510 sq km - land area: 30,230 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 1,385 km, France 620 km, Germany 167 km, - Luxembourg 148 km, Netherlands 450 km - - Coastline: 64 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: median line with neighbors - exclusive fishing zone: median line with neighbors (extends about 68 - km from coast) - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy - - Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, - rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast - - Natural resources: coal, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 24% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 21% - other: 34% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: Meuse River, a major source of drinking water, - polluted from steel production wastes; other rivers polluted by animal - wastes and fertilizers; industrial air pollution contributes to acid - rain in neighboring countries - natural hazards: flooding is a threat in areas of reclaimed coastal - land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine - Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals - within 1,000 km of Brussels which is the seat of the EU - -@Belgium:People - - Population: 10,081,880 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 875,079; male 919,939) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 3,303,219; male 3,363,250) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 969,966; male 650,427) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.17% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.22 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.21 years - male: 73.94 years - female: 80.67 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.62 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Belgian(s) - adjective: Belgian - - Ethnic divisions: Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25% - - Languages: Dutch 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% - divided along ethnic lines - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 4.126 million - by occupation: services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, - agriculture 2.3% (1988) - -@Belgium:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium - conventional short form: Belgium - local long form: Royaume de Belgique - local short form: Belgique - - Digraph: BE - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Brussels - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (French: provinces, singular - - province; Flemish: provincien, singular - provincie); Antwerpen, - Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, - West-Vlaanderen - - Independence: 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands) - - National holiday: National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to - the throne in 1831) - - Constitution: 7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament - approved a constitutional package creating a federal state - - Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional - theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993) - head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March - 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; the king appoints the ministers who are approved by - the legislature - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: (Flemish - Senaat, French - Senat); elections last held 24 - November 1991 (next to be held by the end of 1995); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (184 total; of which 106 are directly - elected; in the 1995 elections, seats will decrease to 71) CVP 20, SP - 14, VLD 13, VU 5, AGALEV 5, VB 5, ROSSEN 1, PS 18, PRL 9, PSC 9, ECOLO - 6, FDF 1 - Chamber of Deputies: (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, - French - Chambre des Representants); elections last held 24 November - 1991 (next to be held by 21 May 1995); results - CVP 16.7%, PS 13.6%, - SP 12.0%, VLD 11.9%, PRL 8.2%, PSC 7.8%, VB 6.6%, VU 5.9%, ECOLO 5.1%, - AGALEV 4.9%, FDF 2.6%, ROSSEM 3.2%, FN 1.5%; seats - (212 total; in - 1995 elections, seats will decrease to 150) CVP 39, PS 35, SP 28, VLD - 26, PRL 20, PSC 18, VB 12, VU 10, ECOLO 10, AGALEV 7, FDF 3, ROSSEM 3, - FN 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, - French - Cour de Cassation) - - Political parties and leaders: Flemish Christian Democrats (CVP - - Christian People's Party), Johan van HECKE, president; Francophone - Christian Democrats (PSC - Social Christian Party), Gerard DEPREZ, - president; Flemish Socialist Party (SP), Louis TOBBACK, president; - Francophone Socialist Party (PS), Philippe BUSQUIN, president; Flemish - Liberal Democrats (VLD), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president; Francophone - Liberal Reform Party (PRL), Jean GOL, president; Francophone - Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; Volksunie (VU), - Bert ANCIAUX, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel DILLEN, chairman; - ROSSEM, Jean Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National Front (FN), Daniel FERET, - president; AGALEV (Flemish Greens), no president; ECOLO (Francophone - Ecologists), no president; other minor parties - - Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade - Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; numerous other associations - representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the - legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the - cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such - as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear Weapons and Pax - Christi - - Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, - BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G- 9, G-10, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Andre ADAM (appointed 3 October 1994) - chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900 - FAX: [1] (202) 333-3079 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alan J. BLINKEN - embassy: 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels - mailing address: APO AE 09724; PSC 82, Box 002, Brussels - telephone: [32] (2) 513 38 30 - FAX: [32] (2) 511 27 25 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and - red; the design was based on the flag of France - -@Belgium:Economy - - Overview: This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its - central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and - diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated - mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north, although the - government is encouraging reinvestment in the southern region of - Walloon. With few natural resources Belgium must import substantial - quantities of raw materials and export a large volume of manufactures, - making its economy unusually dependent on the state of world markets. - Three-fourths of its trade is with other EU countries. The economy - grew at a strong 4% pace during the period 1988-90, slowed to 1% in - 1991-92, dropped by 1.5% in 1993, and recovered with 2.3% growth in - 1994. Belgium's public debt has risen to 140% of GDP, and the - government is trying to control its expenditures to bring the figure - more into line with other industrialized countries. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $181.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $18,040 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 14.1% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $97.8 billion - expenditures: $109.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1989) - - Exports: $117 billion (f.o.b., 1992) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union - - commodities: iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, - diamonds, petroleum products - partners: EC 75.5%, US 3.7%, former Communist countries 1.4% (1991) - - Imports: $120 billion (c.i.f., 1992) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union - - commodities: fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: EC 73%, US 4.8%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, - former Communist countries 1.8% (1991) - - External debt: $31.3 billion (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -0.1% (1993 est.); accounts for 25% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 14,040,000 kW - production: 66 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,334 kWh (1993) - - Industries: engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, - processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, - glass, petroleum, coal - - Agriculture: accounts for 2.0% of GDP; emphasis on livestock - production - beef, veal, pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, - fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; net importer of farm - products - - Illicit drugs: source of precursor chemicals for South American - cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine entering the - European market - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion - - Currency: 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 31.549 (January 1995), - 33.456 (1994), 34.597 (1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Belgium:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,410 km (2,362 km electrified; 2,563 km double track) - standard gauge: 3,410 km 1.435-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 137,912 km - paved: 129,639 km (including 1,667 km of limited access divided - highway) - unpaved: 8,273 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) - - Pipelines: crude oil 161 km; petroleum products 1,167 km; natural gas - 3,300 km - - Ports: Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Hasselt, Liege, Mons, Namur, Oostende, - Zeebrugge - - Merchant marine: - total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,055 GRT/56,842 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 9, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 2, - oil tanker 5 - - Airports: - total: 43 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 22 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Belgium:Communications - - Telephone system: 4,720,000 telephones; highly developed, - technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and - international telephone and telegraph facilities - local: NA - intercity: extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay - network; nationwide mobile phone system - international: 5 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - stations and 1 EUTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 39, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 32 - televisions: NA - -@Belgium:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,559,077; males fit for - military service 2,126,875; males reach military age (19) annually - 61,488 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.9 billion, 1.8% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BELIZE - -@Belize:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between - Guatemala and Mexico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 22,960 sq km - land area: 22,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Massachusetts - - Land boundaries: total 516 km, Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km - - Coastline: 386 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south; note - from - the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's territorial - sea is 3 miles; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the - purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for the - negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with - Guatemala - - International disputes: border with Guatemala in dispute; talks to - resolve the dispute are stalled - - Climate: tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February) - - Terrain: flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south - - Natural resources: arable land potential, timber, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 2% - forest and woodland: 44% - other: 52% - - Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial - effluents, agricultural runoff - natural hazards: frequent, devastating hurricanes (September to - December) and coastal flooding (especially in south) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping - - Note: national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan - because of hurricanes; only country in Central America without a - coastline on the North Pacific Ocean - -@Belize:People - - Population: 214,061 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 45,812; male 47,618) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 55,630; male 57,230) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 3,970; male 3,801) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.42% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 33.71 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.86 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 34.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.32 years - male: 66.37 years - female: 70.36 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.25 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Belizean(s) - adjective: Belizean - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo 44%, Creole 30%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 7%, - other 8% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist - 6%, Mennonite 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's - Witnesses 1%, other 2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980) - - Languages: English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib) - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 91% - male: 91% - female: 91% - - Labor force: 51,500 - by occupation: agriculture 30%, services 16%, government 15.4%, - commerce 11.2%, manufacturing 10.3% - note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel - (1985) - -@Belize:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Belize - former: British Honduras - - Digraph: BH - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Belmopan - - Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange - Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo - - Independence: 21 September 1981 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 21 September (1981) - - Constitution: 21 September 1981 - - Legal system: English law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG (since 17 November - 1993) - head of government: Prime Minister Manuel ESQUIVEL (since July 1993); - Deputy Prime Minister Dean BARROW (since NA 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice from the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly - Senate: consists of an 8-member appointed body; 5 members are - appointed on the advice of the prime minister, 2 on the advice of the - leader of the opposition, and 1 after consultation with the Belize - Advisory Council (this council serves as an independent body to advise - the governor-general with respect to difficult decisions such as - granting pardons, commutations, stays of execution, the removal of - justices of appeal who appear to be incompetent, etc.) - National Assembly: elections last held 30 June 1993 (next to be held - June 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) - PUP 13 UDP 15 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP), George - PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; United Democratic Party (UDP), - Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; National Alliance for - Belizean Rights, Philip GOLDSON - - Other political or pressure groups: Society for the Promotion of - Education and Research (SPEAR), Assad SHOMAN; United Workers Front, - leader NA - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LAES, NAM, - OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dean R. LINDO - chancery: 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-9636 - FAX: [1] (202) 332-6888 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles - consulate(s): New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador George Charles BRUNO - embassy: Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City - mailing address: P. O. Box 286, Belize City; APO: Unit 7401, APO AA - 34025 - telephone: [501] (2) 77161 through 77163 - FAX: [501] (2) 30802 - - Flag: blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom - edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the - coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a - mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in - the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland - -@Belize:Economy - - Overview: The small, essentially private enterprise economy is based - primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and merchandising, with - tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. Agriculture - accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export earnings, - while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard currency - earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in - efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural - diversification program. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $575 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,750 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.5% (1991) - - Unemployment rate: 10% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $126.8 million - expenditures: $123.1 million, including capital expenditures of $44.8 - million (FY90/91 est.) - - Exports: $115 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: sugar, citrus fruits, bananas, clothing, fish products, - molasses, wood - partners: US 51%, UK, other EC (1992) - - Imports: $281 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, food, - manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals - partners: US 57%, UK 8%, other EC 7%, Mexico (1992) - - External debt: $158 million (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.7% (1990); accounts for 12% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 34,532 kW - production: 110 million kWh - consumption per capita: 490 kWh (1993) - - Industries: garment production, food processing, tourism, construction - - Agriculture: commercial crops: bananas, coca, citrus fruits, fish, - cultured shrimp, lumber - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine; an illicit producer of - cannabis for the international drug trade; minor money-laundering - center - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $215 million - - Currency: 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Belize:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,710 km - paved: 500 km - unpaved: gravel 1,600 km; improved earth 300 km; unimproved earth 310 - km - - Inland waterways: 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; - seasonally navigable - - Ports: Belize City, Big Creek, Corozol, Punta Gorda - - Merchant marine: - total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 170,002 GRT/270,893 DWT - ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 25, container 4, oil tanker 2, - refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, vehicle carrier 1 - - Airports: - total: 46 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 35 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - -@Belize:Communications - - Telephone system: 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on - microwave radio relay - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Belize:Defense Forces - - Branches: Belize Defense Force (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and - Volunteer Guard), Belize National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 50,499; males fit for military - service 30,040; males reach military age (18) annually 2,285 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $11 million, 2.2% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BENIN - -@Benin:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Nigeria and Togo - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 112,620 sq km - land area: 110,620 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania - - Land boundaries: total 1,989 km, Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria - 773 km, Togo 644 km - - Coastline: 121 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north - - Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains - - Natural resources: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, - timber - - Land use: - arable land: 12% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 35% - other: 45% - - Irrigated land: 60 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: recent droughts have severely affected marginal - agriculture in north; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching - threatens wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification - natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in - winter - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, - Law of the Sea - - Note: no natural harbors - -@Benin:People - - Population: 5,522,677 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 1,324,553; male 1,333,673) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 1,431,630; male 1,299,180) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 74,119; male 59,522) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.33% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 47.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 13.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 107.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 52.24 years - male: 50.34 years - female: 54.2 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.72 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Beninese (singular and plural) - adjective: Beninese - - Ethnic divisions: African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being - Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500 - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15% - - Languages: French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars - in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 23% - male: 32% - female: 16% - - Labor force: 1.9 million (1987) - by occupation: agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public - services 38%, industry less than 2% - -@Benin:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Benin - conventional short form: Benin - local long form: Republique du Benin - local short form: Benin - former: Dahomey - - Digraph: BN - - Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped - Marxism-Leninism December 1989; democratic reforms adopted February - 1990; transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991 - - Capital: Porto-Novo - - Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, - Mono, Oueme, Zou - - Independence: 1 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: National Day, 1 August (1990) - - Constitution: 2 December 1990 - - Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Nicephore SOGLO - (since 4 April 1991); election last held 10 and 24 March 1991 (next - election 1996); results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu KEREKOU 32% - cabinet: Executive Council; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 28 March - 1995; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (83 total) - Renaissance Party and allies 20, PRD 19, FARD-ALAFIA 10, PSD 7, NCC 3, - RDL-VIVOTEN 3, Communist Party 2, Alliance Chameleon 1, RDP 1, ADP 1, - other 16 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: as of August 1994, 72 political parties - were officially recognized; the following are among the most - important: Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress - (UDFP), Timothee ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress - (MDPS), Jean-Roger AHOYO; Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), - Marcellin DEGBE; Alliance of the National Party for Democracy and - Development (PNDD) and the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal - Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the - National Union for Solidarity and Progress (UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Our - Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National Rally for Democracy - (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement for Democracy - and Development (MNDD), leader NA; Movement for Solidarity, Union, and - Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; Union for Democracy and National - Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and - National Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal - Democrats for National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance - for Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Bloc for Social Democracy - (BSD), Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), - Akindes ADEKPEDJOU, and the Democratic Union for Social Renewal - (UDRS), Bio Gado Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and - Progress (UNDP), Robert TAGNON; Party for Progress and Democracy, - Thiophile NATA; FARD-ALAFIA, Mathieu KEREKOU; The Renaissance Party, - Nicephore SOGLO; The Patriotic Union for the Republic (UPR), - Jean-Marie ZAHOUN; Union for the Conservation of Democracy, Bernard - HOUEGNON - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, - GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Lucien Edgar TONOUKOUIN - chancery: 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 232-6656, 6657, 6658 - FAX: [1] (202) 265-1996 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ruth A. DAVIS - embassy: Rue Caporal Bernard Anani, Cotonou - mailing address: B. P. 2012, Cotonou - telephone: [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92 - FAX: [229] 41-15-22 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a - vertical green band on the hoist side - -@Benin:Economy - - Overview: The economy of Benin remains underdeveloped and dependent on - subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade. Growth - in real output has averaged a sound 4% in 1991-94 but this rate barely - exceeds the rapid population growth of 3.3%. Inflation jumped to 35% - in 1994 (compared to 3% in 1993) following the 50% currency - devaluation in January. Commercial and transport activities, which - make up almost 36% of GDP, are extremely vulnerable to developments in - Nigeria as evidenced by decreased reexport trade in 1994 due to a - severe contraction in Nigerian demand. The industrial sector accounts - for less than 10% of GDP and mainly produces foods, beverages, cement, - and textiles. Support by the Paris Club and official bilateral - creditors has eased the external debt situation in recent years. The - government, still burdened with money-losing state enterprises and a - bloated civil service, is gradually implementing a World Bank - supported structural adjustment program. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,260 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $272 million (1993 est.) - expenditures: $375 million, including capital expenditures of $84 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $332 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa - partners: FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4% - - Imports: $571 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, - intermediate goods, capital goods, light consumer goods - partners: France 20%, Thailand 8%, Netherlands 7%, US 5% - - External debt: $1 billion (December 1990 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -0.7% (1988); accounts for 10% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 30,000 kW - production: 10 million kWh - consumption per capita: 25 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, - food, petroleum - - Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GDP; small farms produce 90% of - agricultural output; production is dominated by food crops - corn, - sorghum, cassava, yams, beans, rice; cash crops include cotton, palm - oil, peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up with - consumption - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics associated with - Nigerian trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for - Western Europe and the US - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $101 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 - per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Benin:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 578 km (single track) - narrow gauge: 578 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 8,435 km - paved: 1,038 km - unpaved: crushed stone 2,600 km; improved earth 1,530 km; unimproved - earth 3,267 km - - Inland waterways: navigable along small sections, important only - locally - - Ports: Cotonou, Porto-Novo - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 7 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Benin:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; fair system of open wire and - microwave radio relay - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and open wire - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station, submarine - cable - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Benin:Defense Forces - - Branches: Armed Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), National - Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,165,463; females age 15-49 - 1,249,234; males fit for military service 596,956; females fit for - military service 631,780; males reach military age (18) annually - 60,282 (1995 est.); females reach military age (18) annually 58,770 - (1995 est.) - note: both sexes are liable for miltary service - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $33 million, 3.2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BERMUDA - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Bermuda:Geography - - Location: North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, - east of North Carolina (US) - - Map references: North America - - Area: - total area: 50 sq km - land area: 50 sq km - comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 103 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in - winter - - Terrain: low hills separated by fertile depressions - - Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: 80% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: hurricanes (June to November) - international agreements: NA - - Note: consists of about 360 small coral islands with ample rainfall, - but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some reclaimed land leased by US - Government - -@Bermuda:People - - Population: 61,629 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 0.76% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.07 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.03 years - male: 73.36 years - female: 76.97 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bermudian(s) - adjective: Bermudian - - Ethnic divisions: black 61%, white and other 39% - - Religions: Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist - Episcopal (Zion) 10%, Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other - 28% - - Languages: English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: 98% - male: 98% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 32,000 - by occupation: clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional - and technical 13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, - agriculture and fishing 2% (1984) - -@Bermuda:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Bermuda - - Digraph: BD - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Hamilton - - Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; - Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint - Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Bermuda Day, 24 May - - Constitution: 8 June 1968 - - Legal system: English law - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor Lord David WADDINGTON (since 25 August 1992) - head of government: Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January - 1982); Deputy Premier J. Irving PEARMAN (since 5 October 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: consists of an 11-member body appointed by the governor - House of Assembly: elections last held 5 October 1993 (next to be held - by NA October 1998); results - percent of vote by party UBP 50%, PLP - 46%, independents 4%; seats - (40 total) UBP 22, PLP 18 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. - SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick WADE; National Liberal - Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL - - Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), - Ottiwell SIMMONS - - Member of: CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Robert A. FARMER - consulate(s) general: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton - - mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE - 09727-1002 - telephone: [1] (809) 295-1342 - FAX: [1] (809) 295-1592 - - Flag: red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and - the Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion - holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture - off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag - -@Bermuda:Economy - - Overview: Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the - world, having successfully exploited its location by providing luxury - tourist facilities and financial services. The tourist industry - attracts more than 90% of its business from North America. The - industrial sector is small, and agriculture is severely limited by a - lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are imported. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1994) - - National product per capita: $28,000 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 6% (1991) - - Budget: - revenues: $327.5 million - expenditures: $308.9 million, including capital expenditures of $35.4 - million (FY90/91 est.) - - Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: semitropical produce, light manufactures, re-exports of - pharmaceuticals - partners: US 62.4%, UK 20% - - Imports: $519 million (f.o.b.,1993) - commodities: fuel, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: US 38%, UK 5%, Canada 5% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 140,000 kW - production: 504 million kWh - consumption per capita: 7,745 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, - pharmaceuticals, ship repairing - - Agriculture: accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must - be imported; produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, - dairy products - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $277 million - - Currency: 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Bermuda:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 210 km - paved: 210 km - note: in addition, there are 400 km of paved and unpaved roads that - are privately owned - - Ports: Hamilton, Saint George - - Merchant marine: - total: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,144,245 GRT/5,152,030 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 14, cargo 4, container 7, liquefied gas tanker 15, - oil tanker 16, refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 5, - short-sea passenger 1, vehicle carrier 1 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 12 countries among - which are UK 6 ships, Canada 4, US 4, Sweden 3, Hong Kong 2, Mexico 2, - Norway 2, Australia 1, Germany 1, NZ 1 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - -@Bermuda:Communications - - Telephone system: 52,670 telephones; modern, fully automatic telephone - system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 3 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Bermuda:Defense Forces - - Branches: Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve - Constabulary - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BHUTAN - -@Bhutan:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, between China and India - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 47,000 sq km - land area: 47,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Indiana - - Land boundaries: total 1,075 km, China 470 km, India 605 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot - summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in - Himalayas - - Terrain: mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna - - Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 70% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: 340 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion; limited access to potable water - natural hazards: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas are the - source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder - Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season - international agreements: party to - Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not - ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls - several key Himalayan mountain passes - -@Bhutan:People - - Population: 1,780,638 (July 1995 est.) - note: other estimates range as low as 600,000 - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 342,276; male 368,916) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 486,258; male 513,560) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 34,215; male 35,413) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.34% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 39.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 118.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 51.03 years - male: 51.56 years - female: 50.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.39 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural) - adjective: Bhutanese - - Ethnic divisions: Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or - migrant tribes 15% - - Religions: Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced - Hinduism 25% - - Languages: Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects; - Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% - note: massive lack of skilled labor - -@Bhutan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan - conventional short form: Bhutan - - Digraph: BT - - Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India - - Capital: Thimphu - - Administrative divisions: 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and - plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, - Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, - Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang - - Independence: 8 August 1949 (from India) - - National holiday: National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen Wangchuck - became first hereditary king) - - Constitution: no written constitution or bill of rights - - Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: each family has one vote in village-level elections - - Executive branch: - Chief of State and Head of Government: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK - (since 24 July 1972) - Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde): nominated by the king - cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog); appointed by the - king - - Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu); no - national elections - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: no legal parties - - Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant - community; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant - antigovernment campaign - - Member of: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, - INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, - WIPO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Bhutan has no embassy in the US, but - does have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by Ugyen TSERING, - located at 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017, - telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; note - the Bhutanese mission to the UN - has consular jurisdiction in the US - consulate(s) general: New York - honorary consulate(s): San Francisco; Washington, DC - - US diplomatic representation: no formal diplomatic relations, although - informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in - New Delhi (India) - - Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper - triangle is orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the - dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the - hoist side - -@Bhutan:Economy - - Overview: The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on - agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of - the population and account for about half of GDP. Agriculture consists - largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains - dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other - infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned - with India's through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial - sector is small and technologically backward, with most production of - the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road - construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower - potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources; however, - the government limits the number of tourists to 4,000 per year to - minimize foreign influence. Much of the impetus for growth has come - from large public-sector companies. Nevertheless, in recent years, - Bhutan has shifted toward decentralized development planning and - greater private initiative. The government privatized several large - public-sector firms, is revamping its trade regime and liberalizing - administerial procedures over industrial licensing. The government's - industrial contribution to GDP decreased from 13% in 1988 to about 11% - in 1993. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $700 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (October 1994) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $52 million - expenditures: $150 million, including capital expenditures of $95 - million (FY93/94 est.) - note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's - budget expenditures - - Exports: $66.8 million (f.o.b., FY93/94) - commodities: cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, - electricity (to India), precious stones, spices - partners: India 87%, Bangladesh - - Imports: $97.6 million (c.i.f., FY93/94 est.) - commodities: fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, - vehicles, fabrics, rice - partners: India 79%, Japan, UK, Germany, US - - External debt: $141 million (October 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.); accounts for 18% - of GDP; primarily cottage industry and home based handicrafts - - Electricity: - capacity: 360,000 kW - production: 1.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 143 kWh (1993) - note: Bhutan exports electricity to India - - Industries: cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic - beverages, calcium carbide - - Agriculture: rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, - foodgrains, eggs - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 - million - - Currency: 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is - also legal tender - - Exchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 31.374 (January 1995), 31.374 - (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 (1990); - note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Bhutan:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,165 km - paved: NA - unpaved: gravel 1,703 km - undifferentiated: 462 km - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Bhutan:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; domestic telephone service is very - poor with very few telephones in use - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international telephone and telegraph service is by - land line through India; an earth station was planned (1990) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1990) - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 (1990) - televisions: NA - -@Bhutan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia, Royal Bhutan - Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 434,586; males fit for military - service 232,121; males reach military age (18) annually 17,365 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BOLIVIA - -@Bolivia:Geography - - Location: Central South America, southwest of Brazil - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 1,098,580 sq km - land area: 1,084,390 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana - - Land boundaries: total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, - Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South - Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; - dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights - - Climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid - - Terrain: rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), - hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin - - Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, - antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 25% - forest and woodland: 52% - other: 20% - - Irrigated land: 1,650 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the - international demand for tropical timber are contributing to - deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation - methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss - of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for - drinking and irrigation - natural hazards: cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to - efficient fuel combustion, as well as to physical activity by those - unaccustomed to it from birth; flooding in the northeast (March to - April) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine - Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection - - Note: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest - navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru - -@Bolivia:People - - Population: 7,896,254 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 39% (female 1,542,931; male 1,565,624) - 15-64 years: 57% (female 2,276,308; male 2,188,100) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 174,419; male 148,872) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.25% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 31.61 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.12 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 70.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 63.85 years - male: 61.39 years - female: 66.43 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.1 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bolivian(s) - adjective: Bolivian - - Ethnic divisions: Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed European and - Indian ancestry) 25%-30%, European 5%-15% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) - - Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) - total population: 80% - male: 88% - female: 72% - - Labor force: 3.54 million - by occupation: agriculture NA, services and utilities 20%, - manufacturing, mining and construction 7% (1993) - -@Bolivia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia - conventional short form: Bolivia - local long form: Republica de Bolivia - local short form: Bolivia - - Digraph: BL - - Type: republic - - Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of - judiciary) - - Administrative divisions: 9 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, - Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija - - Independence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August (1825) - - Constitution: 2 February 1967 - - Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 - years of age, universal and compulsory (single) - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE - LOZADA Bustamente (since 6 August 1993); Vice President Victor Hugo - CARDENAS Conde (since 6 August 1993); election last held 6 June 1993 - (next to be held May 1997); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (MNR) - 34%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN/MIR alliance) 20%, Carlos PALENQUE Aviles - (CONDEPA) 14%, Max FERNANDEZ Rojas (UCS) 13%, Antonio ARANIBAR Quiroga - (MBL) 5%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; - Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA won a congressional runoff election on 4 - August 1993 after forming a coalition with Max FERNANDEZ and Antonio - ARANIBAR; FERNANDEZ left the coalition in 1994 - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from panel proposed by - the Senate - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) - Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 6 June - 1993 (next to be held May 1997); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (130 total) MNR 52, UCS 20, ADN 17, MIR 17, CONDEPA 13, - MBL 7, ARBOL 1, ASD 1, EJE 1, PCD 1 - Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 6 June - 1993 (next to be held May 1997); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (27 total) MNR 17, ADN 4, MIR 4, CONDEPA 1, UCS 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: - Left parties: Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; April 9 - Revolutionary Vanguard (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE; Alternative of - Democratic Socialism (ASD), Jerjes JUSTIANO; Revolutionary Front of - the Left (FRI), Oscar ZAMORA; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB); - Socialist Unzaguista Movement (MAS); Socialist Party One (PS-1); - Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) - Center-Left parties: Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gonzalo - SANCHEZ DE LOZADA; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ - Zamora, Oscar EID; Christian Democrat (PCD), Jorge AGREDA - Center-Right party: Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), Jorge - LANDIVAR, Hugo BANZER - populist parties: Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max FERNANDEZ Rojas; - Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles; - Popular Patriotic Movement (MPP), Julio MANTILLA; Unity and Progress - Movement (MUP), Ivo KULJIS - Evangelical: Bolivian Renovating Alliance (ARBOL), Hugo VILLEGAS - indigenous: Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement (MRTK-L), - Victor Hugo CARDENAS Conde; Patriotic Axis of Convergence (EJE-P), - Ramiro BARRANCHEA; National Katarista Movement (MKN), Fernando UNTOJA - - Member of: AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Andres PETRICEVIC Raznatovic - chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410 through 4412 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712 - consulate(s) general: Miami, New York, and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Curt Warren KAMMAN - embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz - mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032 - telephone: [591] (2) 430251 - FAX: [591] (2) 4339000 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green - with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag - of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the - yellow band - -@Bolivia:Economy - - Overview: With its long history of semifeudal social controls, - dependence on volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of - hyperinflation, Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least - developed Latin American countries. However, Bolivia has experienced - generally improving economic conditions since the PAZ Estenssoro - administration (1985-89) introduced market-oriented policies which - reduced inflation from 11,700% in 1985 to about 20% in 1988. PAZ - Estenssoro was followed as President by Jaime PAZ Zamora (1989-93) who - continued the free-market policies of his predecessor, despite - opposition from his own party and from Bolivia's once powerful labor - movement. By maintaining fiscal discipline, PAZ Zamora helped reduce - inflation to 9.3% in 1993, while GDP grew by an annual average of - 3.25% during his tenure. Inaugurated in August 1993, President SANCHEZ - DE LOZADA has vowed to advance the market-oriented economic reforms he - helped launch as PAZ Estenssoro's planning minister. His successes so - far have included an inflation rate that continues to decrease - the - 1994 rate of 8.5% was the lowest in ten years - the signing of a free - trade agreement with Mexico, and progress on his unique privatization - plan. The main privatization bill was passed by the Bolivian - legislature in late March 1994. Related laws - one that establishes - SIRESE, the regulatory agency that will oversee the privatizations, - and another that outlines the rules for privatization in the - electricity sector - were approved later in the year. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $18.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,370 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 6.2% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $3.75 billion - expenditures: $3.75 billion, including capital expenditures of $556.2 - million (1995 est.) - - Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: metals 39%, natural gas 9%, soybeans 11%, jewelry 11%, - wood 8% - partners: US 26%, Argentina 15% (1993 est.) - - Imports: $1.21 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: capital goods 48%, chemicals 11%, petroleum 5%, food 5% - (1993 est.) - partners: US 24%, Argentina 13%, Brazil 11%, Japan 11% (1993 est.) - - External debt: $4.2 billion (January 1995) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 756,200 kW - production: 2.116 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 367 kWh (1994) - - Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, - handicrafts, clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% - of its revenues - - Agriculture: accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and - fisheries); principal commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, - sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) - with an estimated 48,100 hectares under cultivation in 1994; voluntary - and forced eradication programs unable to prevent production from - rising to 89,800 metric tons in 1994 from 84,400 tons in 1993; - government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate - coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil - to the US and other international drug markets; alternative crop - program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2.025 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million - - Currency: 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 4.72 (January 1995), 4.6205 - (1994), 4.2651 (1993), 3.9005 (1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Bolivia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,684 km (single track) - narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 32 km 0.760-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 42,815 km - paved: 1,865 km - unpaved: gravel 12,000 km; improved/unimproved earth 28,950 km - - Inland waterways: 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas - 1,495 km - - Ports: none; however, Bolivia has free port privileges in the maritime - ports of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,214 GRT/6,390 DWT - - Airports: - total: 1,382 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1,016 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 77 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 275 - -@Bolivia:Communications - - Telephone system: about 150,000 telephones; about 2.0 telephones/100 - persons; new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most - telephones in La Paz and other cities; microwave radio relay system - being expanded; improved international services - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay system - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 129, FM 0, shortwave 68 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 43 - televisions: NA - -@Bolivia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, - includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police - Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,885,485; males fit for - military service 1,226,218; males reach military age (19) annually - 81,065 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $134 million; 1.9% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA - - Note--Bosnia and Herzegovina is set to enter its third year of - interethnic civil strife which began in the spring of 1992 after the - Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on - independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic - along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to 'greater Serbia'. In - March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced the number of warring - factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington, DC, - creating the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A group of rebel - Muslims, however, continues to battle government forces in the - northwest enclave of Bihac. A Contact Group of countries, the US, UK, - France, Germany, and Russia, continues to seek a resolution between - the Federation and the Bosnian Serbs. In July of 1994 the Contact - Group presented a plan to the warring parties that roughly equally - divides the country between the two, while maintaining Bosnia in its - current internationally recognized borders. The Federation agreed to - the plan almost immediately, while the Bosnian Serbs rejected it. - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 51,233 sq km - land area: 51,233 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee - - Land boundaries: total 1,459 km, Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro - 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro) - - Coastline: 20 km - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: as of January 1995, Bosnian Government and - Bosnian Serb leaders remain far apart on territorial and - constitutional solutions for Bosnia; the two sides did, however, sign - a four-month cessation of hostilities agreement effective January 1; - the Bosnian Serbs continue to reject the Contact Group Plan submitted - by the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Russia, and - accepted by the Bosnian Government, which stands firm in its desire to - regain lost territory and preserve Bosnia as a multiethnic state - within its current borders; Bosnian Serb forces control approximately - 70% of Bosnian territory - - Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have - short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters - along coast - - Terrain: mountains and valleys - - Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood - products, copper, chromium, lead, zinc - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 25% - forest and woodland: 36% - other: 17% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for - disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties, water - shortages, and destruction of infrastructure because of civil strife - natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Law of the Sea, - Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone - Layer Protection - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:People - - Population: 3,201,823 (July 1995 est.) - note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable - error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic - cleansing - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 337,787; male 370,966) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 1,082,357; male 1,085,610) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 190,992; male 134,111) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.65% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.29 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.51 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.47 years - male: 72.75 years - female: 78.37 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) - adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian - - Ethnic divisions: Muslim 38%, Serb 40%, Croat 22% (est.) - - Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, - other 10% - - Languages: Serbo-Croatian 99% - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 1,026,254 - by occupation: NA% - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:Government - - Note: The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The - Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed by the Muslims and Croats - in March 1994, remains in the implementation stages. - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina - conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina - local long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina - local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina - - Digraph: BK - - Type: emerging democracy - - Capital: Sarajevo - - Administrative divisions: 109 districts (opstinas, singular - opstina) - Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, - Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, - Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, - Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, - Derventa, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde, - Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak, Jablanica, - Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, - Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, - Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic-Grad, - Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, - Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, - Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, - Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, - Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, - Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, - Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vares, Velika - Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez, Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, - Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice - note: currently under negotiation with the assistance of international - mediators - - Independence: NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia) - - National holiday: NA - - Constitution: promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended - 1989, 1990, and 1991; the Assembly planned to draft a new constitution - in 1991, before conditions deteriorated; constitution of Federation of - Bosnia and Herzegovina (including Muslim and Croatian controlled parts - of Republic) ratified April 1994 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990), - other members of the collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA - November 1990), Nijaz DURAKOVIC (since NA October 1993), Stjepan - KLJUJIC (since NA October 1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA October 1993), - Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA June 1992), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since - NA December 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Haris SILAJDZIC (since NA October - 1993) - cabinet: executive body of ministers; members of, and responsible to, - the National Assembly - note: the president of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is - Kresimir ZUBAK (since 31 May 1994); Vice President Ejup GANIC (since - 31 May 1994) - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly - Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina): elections last held - November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of - Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 - Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo): elections last held - November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of - Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, LBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1 - note: legislative elections for Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - are slated for late 1994 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alija - IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ - BiH), Dario KORDIC; Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina - (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Liberal Bosnian Organization - (LBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists - (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader - NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of - Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. - Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen - PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: CE (guest), CEI, ECE, FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), - OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ - chancery: Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 833-3612, 3613, 3615 - FAX: [1] (202) 833-2061 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Victor JACKOVICH - embassy: address NA - mailing address: American Embassy Bosnia, c/o AmEmbassy Vienna - Boltzmangasse 16, A-1091, Vienna, Austria; APO: (Bosnia) Vienna, - Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-9900 - telephone: [43] (1) 313-39 - FAX: [43] (1) 310-0682 - - Flag: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman - crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner - to the lower fly side - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:Economy - - Overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav - federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, - farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally - has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly - overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central - planning and management. TITO had pushed the development of military - industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large - share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of February 1995, Bosnia and - Herzegovina was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic - warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and - inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No economic - statistics for 1992-94 are available, although output clearly has - fallen substantially below the levels of earlier years and almost - certainly is well below $1,000 per head. The country receives - substantial amounts of humanitarian aid from the international - community. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $NA - commodities: NA - partners: NA - - Imports: $NA - commodities: NA - partners: NA - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; production is sharply down - because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-94) - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,800,000 kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993) - - Industries: steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, - manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, - tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's - armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), - oil refining (1991) - - Agriculture: accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces - less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support - orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters - and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural - output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and - not very productive (1991) - - Illicit drugs: NA - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, - presumably to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian - dinars used in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting - local currencies in areas held by Bosnian government - - Exchange rates: NA - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km) - standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 21,168 km - paved: 11,436 km - unpaved: gravel 8,146 km; earth 1,586 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: NA km - - Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - - pipelines now disrupted - - Ports: Bosanski Brod - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 27 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 11 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:Communications - - Telephone system: 727,000 telephones; telephone and telegraph network - is in need of modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below - average when compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics - - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: no earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: 840,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 6 - televisions: 1,012,094 - -@Bosnia And Herzegovina:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 815,055; males fit for military - service 657,454; males reach military age (19) annually 38,201 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BOTSWANA - -@Botswana:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, north of South Africa - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 600,370 sq km - land area: 585,370 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 - km, Zimbabwe 813 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: short section of boundary with Namibia is - indefinite; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in - disagreement; dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) - Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in mid-February - 1995 and the parties agreed to refer the matter to the International - Court of Justice - - Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers - - Terrain: predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari - Desert in southwest - - Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, - coal, iron ore, silver - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 75% - forest and woodland: 2% - other: 21% - - Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: overgrazing, primarily as a result of the expansion of - the cattle population; desertification; limited natural fresh water - resources - natural hazards: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from - the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure - visibility - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity - - Note: landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the - country - -@Botswana:People - - Population: 1,392,414 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 300,598; male 303,333) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 398,347; male 344,838) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 25,773; male 19,525) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.36% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 31.01 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.41 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 63.56 years - male: 60.54 years - female: 66.67 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.86 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) - adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) - - Ethnic divisions: Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, - white 1% - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% - - Languages: English (official), Setswana - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 23% - male: 32% - female: 16% - - Labor force: 428,000 (1992) - by occupation: 220,000 formal sector employees, most others are - engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1992 est.); - 14,300 are employed in various mines in South Africa (March 1992) - -@Botswana:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Botswana - conventional short form: Botswana - former: Bechuanaland - - Digraph: BC - - Type: parliamentary republic - - Capital: Gaborone - - Administrative divisions: 10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, - Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, - Southern; in addition, there are 4 town councils - Francistown, - Gaborone, Lobatse, Selebi-Phikwe - - Independence: 30 September 1966 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 30 September (1966) - - Constitution: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 - - Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; - judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Sir Ketumile MASIRE - (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March - 1992); election last held 15 October 1994 (next to be held October - 1999); results - President Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the - National Assembly - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - House of Chiefs: is a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of - chiefs of the 8 principal tribes, 4 elected subchiefs, and 3 members - selected by the other 12 - National Assembly: elections last held 15 October 1994 (next to be - held October 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 - total of which 40 are elected and 4 are appointed) BDP 27, BNF 13 - - Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir - Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Botswana - People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party - (BIP), Motsamai MPHO - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory - user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE - chancery: Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990, 4991 - FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Howard F. JETER - embassy: address NA, Gaborone - mailing address: P. O. Box 90, Gaborone - telephone: [267] 353982 - FAX: [267] 356947 - - Flag: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the - center - -@Botswana:Economy - - Overview: The economy has historically been based on cattle raising - and crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% - of the population but supplies only about 50% of food needs and - accounts for only 5% of GDP. Subsistence farming and cattle raising - predominate. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of the - 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on - the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 - to 39% in 1994. No other sector has experienced such growth, - especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and - poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Hampered - by a still sluggish diamond market in 1994, GDP grew by only 1%. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,130 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 25% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.7 billion - expenditures: $1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652 - million (FY93/94) - - Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b. 1994) - commodities: diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 6%, meat 5% - partners: Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) - - Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, - petroleum products - partners: Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US - - External debt: $344 million (December 1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.6% (FY92/93); accounts for about - 43% of GDP, including mining - - Electricity: - capacity: 220,000 kW - production: 900 million kWh - consumption per capita: 694 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, - potash; livestock processing - - Agriculture: sorghum, maize, millet, pulses, groundnuts, beans, - cowpeas, sunflower seeds; livestock - - Economic aid: - recipient: US aid (1992), $13 million; Norway (1992), $16 million; - Sweden (1992), $15.5 million; Germany (1992), $3.6 million; EC/Lome-IV - (1992), $3 million-$6 million in grants; $28.7 million in long-term - projects (1992) - - Currency: 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe - - Exchange rates: pula (P) per US$1 - 1.7086 (January 1995), 2.6976 - (November 1994), 2.4190 (1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Botswana:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 888 km - narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (1992) - - Highways: - total: 11,514 km - paved: 1,600 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel 1,700 km; improved earth 5,177 km; - unimproved earth 3,037 km - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 100 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 23 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 62 - -@Botswana:Communications - - Telephone system: 26,000 telephones; sparse system; telephone density - - 18.67 telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: small system of open wire lines, microwave radio relay - links, and a few radio communication stations - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 13, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Botswana:Defense Forces - - Branches: Botswana Defense Force (includes Army and Air Wing), - Botswana National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 306,878; males fit for military - service 161,376; males reach military age (18) annually 15,403 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $198 million, 5.2% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BOUVET ISLAND - - (territory of Norway) - -@Bouvet Island:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the South Atlantic Ocean, - south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) - - Map references: Antarctic Region - - Area: - total area: 58 sq km - land area: 58 sq km - comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 29.6 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 4 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: antarctic - - Terrain: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly - inaccessible - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (all ice) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: covered by glacial ice - -@Bouvet Island:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Bouvet Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Bouvet Island - - Digraph: BV - - Type: territory of Norway - - Capital: none; administered from Oslo, Norway - - Independence: none (territory of Norway) - -@Bouvet Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Bouvet Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Bouvet Island:Communications - - Telephone system: *** No data for this item *** - - Note: automatic meteorological station - -@Bouvet Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BRAZIL - -@Brazil:Geography - - Location: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 8,511,965 sq km - land area: 8,456,510 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than the US - note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, - Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao - Paulo - - Land boundaries: total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 - km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay - 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela - 2,200 km - - Coastline: 7,491 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of the boundary with Paraguay, - just west of Salto das Sete Quedas (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, - is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in - dispute - Arroio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio - Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio - Quarai and the Uruguay River - - Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south - - Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, - mountains, and narrow coastal belt - - Natural resources: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, - phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 19% - forest and woodland: 67% - other: 6% - - Irrigated land: 27,000 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and - endangers the existence of a multitude of plant and animal species - indigenous to the area; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao - Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water - pollution caused by improper mining activities - natural hazards: recurring droughts in northeast; floods and - occasional frost in south - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, - Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Desertification - - Note: largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with - every South American country except Chile and Ecuador - -@Brazil:People - - Population: 160,737,489 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 31% (female 24,641,868; male 25,515,775) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 51,966,272; male 51,254,165) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 4,393,530; male 2,965,879) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.22% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 21.16 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.98 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 57.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 61.82 years - male: 56.57 years - female: 67.32 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.39 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Brazilian(s) - adjective: Brazilian - - Ethnic divisions: Caucasion (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, - Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed Caucasion and African 38%, African 6%, - other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 70% - - Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 80% - male: 80% - female: 80% - - Labor force: 57 million (1989 est.) - by occupation: services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% - -@Brazil:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil - conventional short form: Brazil - local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil - local short form: Brasil - - Digraph: BR - - Type: federal republic - - Capital: Brasilia - - Administrative divisions: 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 - federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, - Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato - Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, - Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do - Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins - - Independence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822) - - Constitution: 5 October 1988 - - Legal system: based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; - compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Fernando Henrique - CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995) election last held 3 October 1994; next - to be held October 1998); results - Fernando Henrique CARDOSO 53%, - Luis Inacio LULA da Silva 26%, Eneas CARNEIRO 7%, Orestes QUERCIA 4%, - Leonel BRIZOLA 3%, Espiridiao AMIN 3%; note - second free, direct - presidential election since 1960 - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) - Federal Senate (Senado Federal): election last held 3 October 1994 for - two-thirds of Senate (next to be held October 1996 for one-third of - the Senate); results - PMBD 28%, PFL 22%, PSDB 12%, PPR 7%, PDT 7%, PT - 6%, PTB 6%, other 12% - Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados): election last held 3 - October 1994 (next to be held October 1998); results - PMDB 21%, PFL - 18%, PDT 7%, PSDB 12%, PPR 10%, PTB 6%, PT 10%, other 16% - - Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribunal - - Political parties and leaders: National Reconstruction Party (PRN), - Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party - (PMDB), Luiz HENRIQUE da Silveira, president; Liberal Front Party - (PFL), Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president; Workers' Party (PT), Rui Goethe da - Costa FALCAO, president; Brazilian Workers' Party (PTB), Jose Eduardo - ANDRADE VIEIRA, president; Democratic Workers' Party (PDT), Anthony - GAROTINHO, president; Progressive Renewal Party (PPR), Espiridiao - AMIN, president; Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Artur DA - TAVOLA, president; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, - president; Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary - general; Liberal Party (PL), Alvero VALLE, president - - Other political or pressure groups: left wing of the Catholic Church - and labor unions allied to leftist Workers' Party are critical of - government's social and economic policies - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, - G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, - ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Paulo Tarso FLECHA de LIMA - chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 745-2700 - FAX: [1] (202) 745-2827 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - San Juan (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco - consulate(s): Houston - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Melvyn LEVITSKY - embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal - mailing address: Unit 3500; APO AA 34030 - telephone: [55] (61) 321-7272 - FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136 - consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo - consulate(s): Porto Alegre, Recife - - Flag: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue - celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state - and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night - sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto - ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) - -@Brazil:Economy - - Overview: The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing - sectors, entered the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway - inflation, an unserviceable foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack - of policy direction. In addition, the economy remained highly - regulated, inward-looking, and protected by substantial trade and - investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and mining - facilities is divided among private interests - including several - multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings - are private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. - Conflicts between large landholders and landless peasants have - produced intermittent violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed - office in March 1990, launched an ambitious reform program that sought - to modernize and reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, - deregulating the economy, and opening it to increased foreign - competition. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed the presidency following - President COLLOR's resignation in December 1992, was out of step with - COLLOR's reform agenda; initiatives to redress fiscal problems, - privatize state enterprises, and liberalize trade and investment - policies lost momentum. Galloping inflation - by June 1994 the monthly - rate had risen to nearly 50% - had undermined economic stability. In - response, the then finance minister, Fernando Henrique CARDOSO, - launched the third phase of his stabilization plan, known as Plano - Real, that called for a new currency, the real, which was introduced - on 1 July 1994. Inflation subsequently dropped to under 3% per month - through the end of 1994. The newly elected President CARDOSO has - called for the implementation of sweeping market-oriented reform, - including public sector and fiscal reform, privatization, - deregulation, and elimination of barriers to increased foreign - investment. Brazil's natural resources remain a major, long-term - economic strength. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $886.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,580 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,094% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $113 billion - expenditures: $109 billion, including capital expenditures of $23 - billion (1992) - - Exports: $43.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, - motor vehicle parts - partners: EC 27.6%, Latin America 21.8%, US 17.4%, Japan 6.3% (1993) - - Imports: $33.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, - coal - partners: US 23.3%, EC 22.5%, Middle East 13.0%, Latin America 11.8%, - Japan 6.5% (1993) - - External debt: $134 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 9.5% (1993); accounts for 39% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 55,130,000 kW - production: 241.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,589 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, mining (iron - ore, tin), steel making, machine building - including aircraft, motor - vehicles, motor vehicle parts and assemblies, and other machinery and - equipment - - Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and - exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and second-largest - exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, - beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for - domestic consumption; government has a small-scale eradication program - to control cannabis and coca cultivation; important transshipment - country for Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and - Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; - former Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion - - Currency: 1 real (R$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: R$ per US$1 - 0.85 (January 1995); CR$ per US$1 - - 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993), 4.513 (1992), 0.407 (1991), - 0.068 (1990) - note: on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real (CR$), equal to 1,000 - cruzeiros, was introduced; another new currency, the real, was - introduced on 1 July 1994, equal to 2,750 cruzeiro reals - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Brazil:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 30,612 km (1992) - broad gauge: 5,369 km 1.600-m gauge (1,108 km electrified) - standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge - narrow gauge: 24,739 km 1.000-m gauge (112 km electrified); 13 km - 0.760-m gauge - dual gauge: 310 km 1.600-m/1.000-m gauge (78 km electrified) - - Highways: - total: 1,670,148 km - paved: 161,503 km - unpaved: gravel/earth 1,508,645 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural - gas 1,095 km - - Ports: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto - Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos, Vitoria - - Merchant marine: - total: 215 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,128,654 GRT/8,664,776 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 52, cargo 34, chemical tanker 13, combination - ore/oil 12, container 12, liquefied gas tanker 11, oil tanker 64, - passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11 - - Airports: - total: 3,467 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 126 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 286 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1,652 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 76 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1,303 - -@Brazil:Communications - - Telephone system: 9.86 million telephones; telephone density - - 61/1,000 persons; good working system - local: NA - intercity: extensive microwave radio relay systems and 64 domestic - satellite earth stations - international: 3 coaxial submarine cables; 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1,223, FM 0, shortwave 151 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 112 (Brazil has the world's fourth largest - television broadcasting system) - televisions: NA - -@Brazil:Defense Forces - - Branches: Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes Marines), Brazilian - Air Force, Federal Police (paramilitary) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 44,301,765; males fit for - military service 29,815,576; males reach military age (18) annually - 1,703,438 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, 0.9% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, archipelago in the Indian Ocean, about - one-half the way from Africa to Indonesia - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 60 sq km - land area: 60 sq km - comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC - note: includes the island of Diego Garcia - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 698 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by - Mauritius - - Climate: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds - - Terrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) - - Natural resources: coconuts, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and - southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian - Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants - note: there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known - as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US - military facilities - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: British Indian Ocean Territory - conventional short form: none - - Abbreviation: BIOT - - Digraph: IO - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: none - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Commissioner Mr. D. R. MACLENNAN); Administrator - Mr. David Smith; note - both reside in the UK - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and six blue wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow - crown centered on the outer half of the flag - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:Economy - - Overview: All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island - of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. - Construction projects and various services needed to support the - military installations are done by military and contract employees - from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no - industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. - - Electricity: provided by the US military - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego - Garcia - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Diego Garcia - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; minimal facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@British Indian Ocean Territory:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@British Virgin Islands:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic - Ocean, east of Puerto Rico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 150 sq km - land area: 150 sq km - comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC - note: includes the island of Anegada - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 80 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds - - Terrain: coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 7% - meadows and pastures: 33% - forest and woodland: 7% - other: 33% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources (except for a - few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the island's - water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchment) - natural hazards: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October) - international agreements: NA - - Note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico - -@British Virgin Islands:People - - Population: 13,027 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.27% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 20.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.07 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 19.33 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.73 years - male: 70.88 years - female: 74.7 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.27 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: British Virgin Islander(s) - adjective: British Virgin Islander - - Ethnic divisions: black 90%, white, Asian - - Religions: Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God - 7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, - other 2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) - - Languages: English (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: 98% - male: 98% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 4,911 (1980) - by occupation: NA - -@British Virgin Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: British Virgin Islands - - Abbreviation: BVI - - Digraph: VI - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Road Town - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Territory Day, 1 July - - Constitution: 1 June 1977 - - Legal system: English law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor Peter Alfred PENFOLD (since 14 October 1991) - head of government: Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA - September 1986) - cabinet: Executive Council; appointed by the governor - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council: election last held 20 February 1995 (next to be - held on NA February 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (13 total) VIP 6, CCM 2, UP 2, independents 3 - note: legislature was expanded to 13 seats as of election on 20 - February 1995 - - Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; - Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity STOUTT; Concerned Citizens - Movement (CCM), E. Walwyln BREWLEY - - Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL - (subbureau), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the - flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a - vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word - VIGILATE (Be Watchful) - -@British Virgin Islands:Economy - - Overview: The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean - area, is highly dependent on the tourist industry, which generates - about 21% of the national income. In 1985 the government offered - offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the - islands, and, in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 - million in 1987. The economy slowed in 1991 because of the poor - performances of the tourist sector and tight commercial bank credit. - Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The - islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food - requirements. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $133 million (1991) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1991) - - National product per capita: $10,600 (1991) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1990 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $51 million - expenditures: $88 million, including capital expenditures of $38 - million (1991) - - Exports: $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals - partners: Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US - - Imports: $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US - - External debt: $4.5 million (1985) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1985) - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,500 kW - production: 50 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,148 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete - block, offshore financial center - - Agriculture: livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@British Virgin Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 106 km (1983) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Road Town - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@British Virgin Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone - service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: submarine cable communication links to Bermuda - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@British Virgin Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BRUNEI - -@Brunei:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and - Malaysia - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 5,770 sq km - land area: 5,270 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware - - Land boundaries: total 381 km, Malysia 381 km - - Coastline: 161 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient - that divides the country; all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by - China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and - the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone - that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly claimed the island - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy - - Terrain: flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland - in west - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 79% - other: 18% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are very - rare - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian - and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost - an enclave of Malaysia - -@Brunei:People - - Population: 292,266 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 34% (female 48,458; male 50,624) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 85,581; male 95,955) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 5,172; male 6,476) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.63% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.83 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.07 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 5.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.24 years - male: 69.65 years - female: 72.91 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.41 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bruneian(s) - adjective: Bruneian - - Ethnic divisions: Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% - - Religions: Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, - indigenous beliefs and other 15% (1981) - - Languages: Malay (official), English, Chinese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 88% - male: 92% - female: 82% - - Labor force: 119,000 (1993 est.); note - includes members of the Army - by occupation: government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, - services, and construction 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing - 3.8% (1986) - note: 33% of labor force is foreign (1988) - -@Brunei:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam - conventional short form: Brunei - - Digraph: BX - - Type: constitutional sultanate - - Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan - - Administrative divisions: 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong - - Independence: 1 January 1984 (from UK) - - National holiday: National Day 23 February (1984) - - Constitution: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a - State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 - January 1984) - - Legal system: based on Islamic law - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister His - Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin - Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) - cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers; composed chiefly of members of - the royal family - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri): elections last held in - March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by - decree of the sultan; an elected legislative Council is being - considered as part of constitution reform, but elections are unlikely - for several years - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Brunei United National Party - (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei National Solidarity - Party (the first legal political party and now banned), leader NA; - Brunei Peoples Party (banned), leader NA - - Member of: APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IDB, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Haji JAYA bin Abdul Latif - chancery: Watergate, Suite 300, 3rd floor, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: [1] (202) 342-0159 - FAX: [1] (202) 342-0158 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Theresa A. TULL - embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri - Begawan - mailing address: American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440 - telephone: [673] (2) 229670 - FAX: [673] (2) 225293 - - Flag: yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double - width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national - emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a - swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned - crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands - -@Brunei:Economy - - Overview: The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic - entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and - village tradition. It is almost totally supported by exports of crude - oil and natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector - accounting for more than 40% of GDP. Per capita GDP is among the - highest in the Third World, and substantial income from overseas - investment supplements domestic production. The government provides - for all medical services and subsidizes food and housing. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.43 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -4% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $16,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 5% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.5 billion - expenditures: $1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $255 - million (1990 est.) - - Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products - partners: Japan 52%, South Korea 10%, UK 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 6% - (1991) - - Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, - food, chemicals - partners: Singapore 34%, UK 23%, US 10%, Japan 8%, Malaysia 7%, - Switzerland 4% (1991) - - External debt: $0 - - Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 41.6% of - GDP (1990), includes mining, quarrying, and manufacturing - - Electricity: - capacity: 380,000 kW - production: 1.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,971 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, - construction - - Agriculture: imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and - livestock include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $153 million - - Currency: 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.4524 (January - 1995), 1.5274 (1994), 1.6158 (1993), 1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), - 1.8125 (1990); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore - dollar - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Brunei:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 13 km private line - narrow gauge: 13 km 0.610-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 1,090 km - paved: bituminous 370 km (with another 52 km under construction) - unpaved: gravel or earth 720 km - - Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 - meters - - Pipelines: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas - 920 km - - Ports: Bandar Seri Begawar, Kuala Belait, Muara, Seria, Tutong - - Merchant marine: - total: 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 - GRT/340,635 DWT - - Airports: - total: 5 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Brunei:Communications - - Telephone system: 33,000 telephones (1987); service throughout country - is adequate for present needs; international service good to adjacent - Malaysia - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: INTELSAT (NA Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: 74,000 (1987) - note: radiobroadcast coverage good - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Brunei:Defense Forces - - Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 81,560; males fit for military - service 47,403; males reach military age (18) annually 2,835 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $312 million, 6.2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BULGARIA - -@Bulgaria:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between - Romania and Turkey - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 110,910 sq km - land area: 110,550 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee - - Land boundaries: total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro - 318 km (all with Serbia), Turkey 240 km - - Coastline: 354 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers - - Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast - - Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable - land - - Land use: - arable land: 34% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 35% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers - polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; - forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil - contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and - industrial wastes - natural hazards: earthquakes, landslides - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic - Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate - Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land - routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia - -@Bulgaria:People - - Population: 8,775,198 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 800,413; male 841,697) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 2,927,880; male 2,910,133) - 65 years and over: 15% (female 735,706; male 559,369) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: -0.25% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.75 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.31 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 11.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.68 years - male: 70.43 years - female: 77.1 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.71 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Bulgarian(s) - adjective: Bulgarian - - Ethnic divisions: Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian - 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, other 0.6% - - Religions: Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman - Catholic 0.5%, Uniate Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, - and other 0.5% - - Languages: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic - breakdown - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) - total population: 98% - male: 99% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 4.3 million - by occupation: industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) - -@Bulgaria:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria - conventional short form: Bulgaria - - Digraph: BU - - Type: emerging democracy - - Capital: Sofia - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); - Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, Lovech, Montana, Plovdiv, Ruse, Sofiya, - Varna - - Independence: 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) - - National holiday: Independence Day 3 March (1878) - - Constitution: adopted 12 July 1991 - - Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; - has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); - Vice President (vacant); election last held January 1992; results - - Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote - head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime - Minister) Zhan VIDENOV (since 25 January 1995); Deputy Prime Ministers - Doncho KONAKCHIEV, Kiril TSOCHEV, Rumen GECHEV, Svetoslav SHIVAROV - (since 25 January 1995) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie): last held 18 December 1994 (next - to be held NA 1997); results - BSP 43.5%, UDF 24.2%, PU 6.5%, MRF - 5.4%, BBB 4.7%; seats - (240 total) BSP 125, UDF 69, PU 18, MRF 15, - BBB 13 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), Zhan - VIDENOV, chairman; Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Ivan KOSTOV an - alliance of pro-Democratic parties; People's Union (PU), Stefan SAVOV; - Movement for Rights and Freedoms (mainly ethnic Turkish party) (MRF), - Ahmed DOGAN; Bulgarian Business Bloc (BBB), George GANCHEV - - Other political or pressure groups: Democratic Alliance for the - Republic (DAR); New Union for Democracy (NUD); Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa - Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; Bulgarian Communist Party - (BCP); Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); - Bulgarian Agrarian National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian - Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; - Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Union of Macedonian - Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest - groups with various agendas - - Member of: ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI (associate members), EBRD, - ECE, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Snezhana Damianova BOTUSHAROVA - chancery: 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 387-7969 - FAX: [1] (202) 234-7973 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William D. MONTGOMERY - embassy: 1 Saborna Street, Sofia - mailing address: Unit 1335, Sofia; APO AE 09213-1335 - telephone: [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05 - FAX: [359] (2) 80-19-77 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the - national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has - been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat - ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the - dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation - from Nazi control) - -@Bulgaria:Economy - - Overview: The Bulgarian economy continued its painful adjustment in - 1994 from the misdirected development undertaken during four decades - of Communist rule. Many aspects of a market economy have been put in - place and have begun to function, but much of the economy, especially - the industrial sector, has yet to re-establish market links lost with - the collapse of the other centrally planned Soviet Bloc economies. The - prices of many imported industrial inputs, especially energy products, - have risen markedly, and falling real wages have not sufficed to - restore competitiveness. The government plans more extensive - privatization in 1995 to improve the management of enterprises and to - encourage foreign investment. Bulgaria resumed payments on its $10 - billion in commercial debt in 1993 following the negotiation of a 50% - write-off. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $33.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,830 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 122% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $14 billion - expenditures: $17.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $610 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; - manufactured consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and - metals 10.5%; other 12.7% (1991) - partners: former CEMA countries 57.7% (FSU 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, - Czechoslovakia 0.9%); developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece - 2.2%); less developed countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991) - - Imports: $4.3 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and - equipment 15.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural - products 15.2%; other 5.9% - partners: former CEMA countries 51.0% (FSU 43.2%, Poland 3.7%); - developed countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed - countries 16.2% (Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%) - - External debt: $12 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1994); accounts for about 37% - of GDP (1990) - - Electricity: - capacity: 11,500,000 kW - production: 35.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,827 kWh (1993) - - Industries: machine building and metal working, food processing, - chemicals, textiles, building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals - - Agriculture: climate and soil conditions support livestock raising and - the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, and - tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; - world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food producer - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin and - South American cocaine transiting the Balkan route; limited producer - of precursor chemicals - - Economic aid: - recipient: $700 million in balance of payments support (1994) - - Currency: 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki - - Exchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1 - 67.04 (January 1995), 32.00 - (January 1994), 24.56 (January 1993), 17.18 (January 1992), 16.13 - (March 1991), 0.7446 (November 1990); note - floating exchange rate - since February 1991 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Bulgaria:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,294 km - standard gauge: 4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,650 km electrified; 917 - double track) - other: 245 km NA-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 36,932 km - paved: 33,904 km (including 276 km expressways) - unpaved: earth 3,028 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 470 km (1987) - - Pipelines: crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas - 1,400 km (1992) - - Ports: Burgas, Lom, Nesebur, Ruse, Varna, Vidin - - Merchant marine: - total: 109 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,191,231 GRT/1,762,461 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 47, cargo 29, chemical carrier 4, container 2, oil - tanker 15, passenger-cargo 2, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 6, short-sea passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 1 - note: Bulgaria owns 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,960 DWT - operating under Liberian registry - - Airports: - total: 355 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 17 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 - with paved runways under 914 m: 88 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 226 - -@Bulgaria:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,600,000 telephones; 29 telephones/100 persons - (1992); extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable - and microwave radio relay; direct dialing to 36 countries; telephone - service is available in most villages; almost two-thirds of the lines - are residential; 67% of Sofia households have phones (November 1988) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 earth station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT link used - through a Greek earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 15, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 29 (Russian repeater in Sofia 1) - televisions: 2.1 million (May 1990) - -@Bulgaria:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Troops, - Internal Troops - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,171,414; males fit for - military service 1,810,989; males reach military age (19) annually - 69,200 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 13 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1994 est.); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BURKINA - -@Burkina:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, north of Ghana - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 274,200 sq km - land area: 273,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Colorado - - Land boundaries: total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote - d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: following mutual acceptance of an - International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling in December 1986 on their - international boundary dispute, Burkina and Mali are proceeding with - boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger - - Climate: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers - - Terrain: mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west - and southeast - - Natural resources: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of - gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, - silver - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 37% - forest and woodland: 26% - other: 27% - - Irrigated land: 160 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: recent droughts and desertification severely affecting - agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; - overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation - natural hazards: recurring droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, - Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea, - Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: landlocked - -@Burkina:People - - Population: 10,422,828 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 2,488,662; male 2,517,245) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 2,707,601; male 2,378,957) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 184,578; male 145,785) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.79% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 48.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.22 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 116.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 46.6 years - male: 45.71 years - female: 47.51 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.88 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural) - adjective: Burkinabe - - Ethnic divisions: Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, - Bobo, Mande, Fulani - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly Roman - Catholic) 10% - - Languages: French (official), tribal languages belonging to Sudanic - family, spoken by 90% of the population - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 18% - male: 28% - female: 9% - - Labor force: NA (most adults are employed in subsistance agriculture) - by occupation: agriculture 80%, industry 15%, commerce, services, and - government 5% - note: 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring - countries for seasonal employment (1984) - -@Burkina:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Burkina Faso - conventional short form: Burkina - former: Upper Volta - - Digraph: UV - - Type: parliamentary - - Capital: Ouagadougou - - Administrative divisions: 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, - Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, - Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, - Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Seno, - Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo - - Independence: 5 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983) - - Constitution: 2 June 1991 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October - 1987); election last held December 1991 - head of government: Prime Minister Roch KABORE (since March 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Assembly of People's Deputies: elections last held 24 May 1992 (next - to be held 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (107 - total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD 12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7 - note: the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, - which has not been formally constituted - - Judicial branch: Appeals Court - - Political parties and leaders: Organization for People's Democracy - - Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling party, Simon COMPAORE, Secretary - General; National Convention of Progressive Patriots-Social Democratic - Party (CNPP-PSD), Moussa BOLY; African Democratic Rally (RDA), Gerard - Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for Democracy and Federation (ADF), Amadou - Michel NANA - - Other political or pressure groups: committees for the defense of the - revolution; watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in - both organizations and communities - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, - G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Gaetan R. OUEDRAOGO - chancery: 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-5577, 6895 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Donald J. McCONNELL - embassy: Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou - mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou - telephone: [226] 306723 through 306725 - FAX: [226] 312368 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow - five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors - of Ethiopia - -@Burkina:Economy - - Overview: One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a - high population density and a high population growth rate, few natural - resources, and a fragile soil. Economic development is hindered by a - poor communications network within a landlocked country. Agriculture - provides about 40% of GDP and is mainly of a subsistence nature. - Industry, dominated by unprofitable government-controlled - corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP. Following the 50% - currency devaluation in January 1994, the government updated its - development program in conjunction with international agencies. Even - with the best of plans, however, the government faces formidable - problems on all sides. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.5 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.4% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $660 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.6% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $483 million - expenditures: $548 million, including capital expenditures of $189 - million (1992) - - Exports: $273 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: cotton, gold, animal products - partners: EC 42%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, Taiwan 15% (1992) - - Imports: $636 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: machinery, food products, petroleum - partners: EC 49%, Africa 24%, Japan 6% (1992) - - External debt: $865 million (December 1991 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6.7% (1992); accounts for about 15% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 60,000 kW - production: 190 million kWh - consumption per capita: 17 kWh (1993) - - Industries: cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, - cigarettes, textiles, gold mining and extraction - - Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea - nuts, sesame, cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; - livestock; not self-sufficient in food grains - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 529.43 (January 1995), - 555.20 (1995), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 - (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 - per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Burkina:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 620 km (520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km - Ouagadougou to Kaya; single track) - narrow gauge: 620 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 16,500 km - paved: 1,300 km - unpaved: improved earth 7,400 km; unimproved earth 7,800 km (1985) - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 48 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 26 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 16 - -@Burkina:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; all services only fair - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communication - stations - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Burkina:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, - People's Militia - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,081,999; males fit for - military service 1,065,605 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $104 million, 6.4% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BURMA - -@Burma:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of - Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 678,500 sq km - land area: 657,740 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, - India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km - - Coastline: 1,930 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers - (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, - mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, - December to April) - - Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands - - Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, - tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural - gas - - Land use: - arable land: 15% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 49% - other: 34% - - Irrigated land: 10,180 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and - water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease - - natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and - landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic - droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical - Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes - -@Burma:People - - Population: 45,103,809 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 7,963,544; male 8,285,459) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 13,478,211; male 13,404,987) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 1,080,922; male 890,686) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.84% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 28.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.63 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 61.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 60.47 years - male: 58.38 years - female: 62.69 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.58 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Burmese (singular and plural) - adjective: Burmese - - Ethnic divisions: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese - 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5% - - Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), - Muslim 4%, animist beliefs 1%, other 2% - - Languages: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 81% - male: 89% - female: 72% - - Labor force: 16.007 million (1992) - by occupation: agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, - government 6.3%, other 4.1% (FY88/89 est.) - -@Burma:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Union of Burma - conventional short form: Burma - local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US - Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) - local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw - former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma - - Digraph: BM - - Type: military regime - - Capital: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon) - - Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 - states (pyine-mya, singular - pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*, Bago*, - Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*, Mon State, - Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon* - - Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948) - - Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); - National Convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new - constitution; chapter headings and three of 15 sections have been - approved - - Legal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Chairman of the State Law and - Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992) - State Law and Order Restoration Council: military junta which assumed - power 18 September 1988 - - Legislative branch: - People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw): election last held 27 May 1990, - but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats - (485 total) - NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79; was dissolved after the - coup of 18 September 1988 - - Judicial branch: limited; remnants of the British-era legal system in - place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary - is not independent of the executive - - Political parties and leaders: Union Solidarity and Development - Association (USDA), THAN AUNG, Secretary; National Unity Party (NUP; - proregime), THA KYAW; National League for Democracy (NLD), U AUNG - SHWE; and eight other minor legal parties - - Other political or pressure groups: National Coalition Government of - the Union of Burma (NCGUB), headed by the elected prime minister SEIN - WIN (consists of individuals legitimately elected to Parliament but - not recognized by the military regime; the group fled to a border area - and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel - government; Kachin Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army - (UWSA); Karen National Union (KNU); several Shan factions, including - the Mong Tai Army (MTA); All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF) - - Member of: AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory - user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, - WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador U THAUNG - chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-9044, 9045 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marilyn A. MEYERS - embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521) - mailing address: American Embassy, Box B, APO AP 96546 - telephone: [95] (1) 82055, 82182 (operator assistance required) - FAX: [95] (1) 80409 - - Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner - bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel - containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 - administrative divisions - -@Burma:Economy - - Overview: Burma has a mixed economy with about 75% private activity, - mainly in agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with about - 25% state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and - foreign trade. Government policy in the last six years, 1989-94, has - aimed at revitalizing the economy after four decades of tight central - planning. Thus, private activity has markedly increased; foreign - investment has been encouraged, so far with moderate success; and - efforts continue to increase the efficiency of state enterprises. - Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated - because of the volume of black market trade. A major ongoing problem - is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Although - Burma remains a poor Asian country, its rich resources furnish the - potential for substantial long-term increases in income, exports, and - living standards. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $41.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6.4% (1994) - - National product per capita: $930 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 38% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $4.4 billion - expenditures: $6.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $674 million (FY93/94 est.) - commodities: pulses and beans, teak, rice, hardwood - partners: Singapore, China, Thailand, India, Hong Kong - - Imports: $1.2 billion (FY93/94 est.) - commodities: machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products - partners: Japan, China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia - - External debt: $5.4 billion (FY93/94 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (FY92/93 est.); accounts for - 10% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,100,000 kW - production: 2.6 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 55 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and - wood products; petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, - iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer - - Agriculture: accounts for 65% of GDP and 65% of employment (including - fishing, animal husbandry, and forestry); self-sufficient in food; - principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; - world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and timber account for - 55% of export revenues - - Illicit drugs: world's largest illicit producer of opium (2,030 metric - tons in 1994 - dropped 21% due to regional drought in 1994) and minor - producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; opium - production continues to be almost double since the collapse of - Rangoon's antinarcotic programs; growing role in amphetamine - production for regional consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million - - Currency: 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas - - Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1 - 5.8640 (January 1995), 5.9749 - (1994), 6.1570 (1993), 6.1045 (1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990); - unofficial - 120 - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Burma:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,991 km (3,878 km common carrier lines, 113 km industrial - lines) - standard gauge: 3,878 km 1.435-m gauge - other: 113 km NA-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 27,000 km - paved: bituminous 3,200 km - unpaved: gravel, improved earth 17,700 km; unimproved earth 6,100 km - - Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial - vessels - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km - - Ports: Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein, Myitkyina, Rangoon, - Sittwe, Tavoy - - Merchant marine: - total: 49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 638,297 GRT/884,492 DWT - ships by type: bulk 19, cargo 15, chemical tanker 1, container 2, oil - tanker 3, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo 4, vehicle carrier 2 - - Airports: - total: 80 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11 - with paved runways under 914 m: 33 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 - -@Burma:Communications - - Telephone system: 53,000 telephones (1986); meets minimum requirements - for local and intercity service for business and government; - international service is good - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1985) - radios: NA - note: radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 (1985) - televisions: NA - -@Burma:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 11,553,094; females age 15-49 - 11,463,189; males fit for military service 6,180,091; females fit for - military service 6,116,421; males reach military age (18) annually - 457,445 (1995 est.); females reach military age (18) annually 441,628 - (1995 est.) - note: both sexes liable for military service - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -BURUNDI - -@Burundi:Geography - - Location: Central Africa, east of Zaire - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 27,830 sq km - land area: 25,650 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire - 233 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands; dry season from - June to September - - Terrain: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some - plains - - Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, - copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium - - Land use: - arable land: 43% - permanent crops: 8% - meadows and pastures: 35% - forest and woodland: 2% - other: 12% - - Irrigated land: 720 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the - expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little - forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for - fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations - natural hazards: flooding, landslides - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species; signed, but - not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of - the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed - -@Burundi:People - - Population: 6,262,429 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 1,489,721; male 1,494,730) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 1,606,307; male 1,498,021) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 105,446; male 68,204) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.18% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.35 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 21.51 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: in a number of waves since April 1994, hundreds of thousands of - refugees have fled the civil strife between the Hutu and Tutsi - factions in Burundi and crossed into Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zaire; the - refugee flows are continuing in 1995 as the ethnic violence has - persisted - - Infant mortality rate: 111.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 39.86 years - male: 37.84 years - female: 41.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.63 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Burundian(s) - adjective: Burundi - - Ethnic divisions: - Africans: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% - non-Africans: Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000 - - Religions: Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), - indigenous beliefs 32%, Muslim 1% - - Languages: Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake - Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 50% - male: 61% - female: 40% - - Labor force: 1.9 million (1983 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and - commerce 1.5%, services 1.5% - -@Burundi:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Burundi - conventional short form: Burundi - local long form: Republika y'u Burundi - local short form: Burundi - - Digraph: BY - - Type: republic - - Capital: Bujumbura - - Administrative divisions: 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, - Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, - Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi - - Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian - administration) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962) - - Constitution: 13 March 1992; provides for establishment of a plural - political system - - Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary - law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: universal adult at age NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Sylvestre NTIBANTUNGANYA (since September - 1994) - note: President Melchior NDADAYE, Burundi's first democratically - elected president, died in the military coup of 21 October 1993 and - was succeeded on 5 February 1994 by President Cyprien NTARYAMIRA, who - was killed in a mysterious airplane explosion on 6 April 1994 - head of government: Prime Minister Antoine NDUWAYO (since February - 1995); selected by President NTIBANTUNGANYA following the resignation - of Anatole KANYENKIKO on 15 February 1995 - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 29 June - 1993 (next to be held NA); results - FRODEBU 71%, UPRONA 21.4%; seats - - (81 total) FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16; other parties won too small shares - of the vote to win seats in the assembly - note: The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for - constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 - February 1991 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Unity for National Progress (UPRONA); - Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU); Organization of the People of - Burundi (RBP); Socialist Party of Burundi (PSB); People's - Reconciliation Party (PRP); opposition parties, legalized in March - 1992, include Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation (ABASA); - Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development (RADDES); and - Party for National Redress (PARENA) - - Other political or pressure groups: NA; - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, - IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OAU, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: post vacant since recall of Ambassador Jacques - BACAMURWANKO in November 1994 - chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Robert C. KRUEGER - embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura - mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura - telephone: [257] (2) 23454 - FAX: [257] (2) 22926 - - Flag: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and - bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk - superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars - outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two - stars below) - -@Burundi:Economy - - Overview: A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of - economic development, Burundi since October 1993 has suffered from - massive ethnic-based violence that has displaced an estimated million - people, disrupted production, and set back needed reform programs. - Burundi is predominately agricultural with roughly 90% of the - population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Its economic health - depends on the coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange - earnings. The ability to pay for imports therefore continues to rest - largely on the vagaries of the climate and the international coffee - market. As part of its economic reform agenda, launched in February - 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi is trying to diversify - its agricultural exports, attract foreign investment in industry, and - modernize government budgetary practices. Although the government - remains committed to reforms, it fears new austerity measures would - add to ethnic tensions. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -13.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $600 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $318 million - expenditures: $326 million, including capital expenditures of $150 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $68 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: coffee 81%, tea, cotton, hides, and skins - partners: EC 57%, US 19%, Asia 1% - - Imports: $203 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, - consumer goods - partners: EC 45%, Asia 29%, US 2% - - External debt: $1.05 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 11% (1991 est.); accounts for about - 15% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 55,000 kW - production: 100 million kWh - consumption per capita: 20 kWh (1993) - - Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; - assembly of imported components; public works construction; food - processing - - Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cotton, - tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; - livestock - meat, milk, hides and skins - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million - - Currency: 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 248.51 (December - 1994), 252.66 (1994), 242.78 (1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51 (1991), - 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Burundi:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 5,900 km - paved: 640 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 2,260 km; improved, unimproved earth - 3,000 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika - - Ports: Bujumbura - - Airports: - total: 4 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Burundi:Communications - - Telephone system: 8,000 telephones; primative system; telephone - density - 1.3 telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and - low-capacity microwave radio relay links - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Burundi:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary - Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,350,042; males fit for - military service 705,864; males reach military age (16) annually - 73,308 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $25 million, 2.6% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CAMBODIA - -@Cambodia:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between - Thailand and Vietnam - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 181,040 sq km - land area: 176,520 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Oklahoma - - Land boundaries: total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam - 1,228 km - - Coastline: 443 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: offshore islands and sections of the boundary - with Vietnam are in dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not - defined; parts of border with Thailand in dispute; maritime boundary - with Thailand not clearly defined - - Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season - (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north - - Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, - phosphates, hydropower potential - - Land use: - arable land: 16% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 76% - other: 4% - - Irrigated land: 920 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: logging activities throughout the country and strip - mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand - are resulting in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in - particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural - fisheries); deforestation; soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of - the population does not have access to potable water - natural hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; - occasional droughts - international agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation, Ship - Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Endangered - Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping - - Note: a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and - Tonle Sap - -@Cambodia:People - - Population: 10,561,373 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 2,367,414; male 2,438,104) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 2,932,788; male 2,494,203) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 185,337; male 143,527) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.83% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 16.16 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 109.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 49.46 years - male: 48 years - female: 51 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Cambodian(s) - adjective: Cambodian - - Ethnic divisions: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% - - Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5% - - Languages: Khmer (official), French - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 35% - male: 48% - female: 22% - - Labor force: 2.5 million to 3 million - by occupation: agriculture 80% (1988 est.) - -@Cambodia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia - conventional short form: Cambodia - local long form: Reacheanachak Kampuchea - local short form: Kampuchea - - Digraph: CB - - Type: multiparty liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy - established in September 1993 - - Capital: Phnom Penh - - Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (khet, singular and plural); - Banteay Meanchey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong - Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, - Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, - Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Sihanoukville, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, - Takev - note: Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey may have been divided into two provinces - named Siemreab and Otdar Meanchey - - Independence: 9 November 1949 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 9 November 1949 - - Constitution: promulgated September 1993 - - Legal system: currently being defined - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993) - head of government: power shared between First Prime Minister Prince - Norodom RANARIDDH and Second Prime Minister HUN SEN - cabinet: Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral; a 120-member constituent assembly - based on proportional representation within each province was - established following the UN-supervised election in May 1993; the - constituent assembly was transformed into a legislature in September - 1993 after delegates promulgated the constitution - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court provided for by the constitution has - not yet been established and the future judicial system is yet to be - defined by law - - Political parties and leaders: National United Front for an - Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC), - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian - People's Party (CPP), CHEA SIM; Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party, SON - SANN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge), KHIEU - SAMPHAN; Molinaka, PROM NEAKAREACH - - Member of: ACCT, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, - IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), - INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Ambassador SISOWATH SIRIRATH - represents Cambodia at the United Nations - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Charles H. TWINING - embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh - mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546 - telephone: [855] (23) 26436, 26438 - FAX: [855] (23) 26437 - - Flag: horizontal band of red separates two equal horizontal bands of - blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat in the - center - -@Cambodia:Economy - - Overview: The Cambodian economy - virtually destroyed by decades of - war - is slowly recovering. Government leaders are moving toward - restoring fiscal and monetary discipline and have established good - working relations with international financial institutions. Growth, - starting from a low base, has been strong in 1991-94. Despite such - positive developments, the reconstruction effort faces many tough - challenges because of the persistence of internal political divisions - and the related lack of confidence of foreign investors. Rural - Cambodia, where 90% of about 9.5 million Khmer live, remains mired in - poverty. The almost total lack of basic infrastructure in the - countryside will hinder development and will contribute to a growing - imbalance in growth between urban and rural areas over the near term. - Moreover, the government's lack of experience in administering - economic and technical assistance programs and rampant corruption - among officials will slow the growth of critical public sector - investment. Inflation for 1994 as a whole was less than a quarter of - the 1992 rate and was declining during the year. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $630 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 26%-30% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $190 million - expenditures: $365 million, including capital expenditures of $120 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $283.6 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: timber, rubber, soybeans, sesame - partners: Singapore, Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia - - Imports: $479.3 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: cigarettes, construction materials, petroleum products, - machinery - partners: Singapore, Vietnam, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia - - External debt: $383 million to OECD members (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 7.9% (1993 est.); accounts for 8% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 40,000 kW - production: 160 million kWh - consumption per capita: 14 kWh (1993) - - Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, - cement, gem mining - - Agriculture: mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; - main crops - rice, rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, - vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour - - Illicit drugs: increasingly used as a transshipment country for heroin - produced in the Golden Triangle; growing money-laundering center; - high-level narcotics-related corruption in government; possible - small-scale heroin production; large producer of cannibis - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; - Western (non-US countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist - countries (1970-89), $1.8 billion; donor countries and multilateral - institutions pledged $880 million in assistance in 1992; IMF pledged - $120 million in aid for 1995-98 - - Currency: 1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen - - Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,470 (December 1993), 2,800 - (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990), 159.00 (1988), - 100.00 (1987) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Cambodia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 655 km - narrow gauge: 655 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 34,100 km (some roads in serious disrepair) - paved: bituminous 3,000 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth 3,100 km; unimproved - earth 28,000 km - - Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 - meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters - - Ports: Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom - Penh - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 22 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - -@Cambodia:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; service barely adequate for - government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international service limited to Vietnam and other - adjacent countries - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Cambodia:Defense Forces - - Branches: - Khmer Royal Armed Forces (KRAF): created in 1993 by the merger of the - Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two non-Communist resistance - armies; note - the KRAF is also known as the Royal Cambodian Armed - Forces (RCAF) - Resistance forces: National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,255,050; males fit for - military service 1,256,632; males reach military age (18) annually - 70,707 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $85 million, 1.4% of - GDP (1995 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CAMEROON - -@Cameroon:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 475,440 sq km - land area: 469,440 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than California - - Land boundaries: total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad - 1,094 km, Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, - Nigeria 1,690 km - - Coastline: 402 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 50 nm - - International disputes: demarcation of international boundaries in - Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, is - completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and - Nigeria; dispute with Nigeria over land and maritime boundaries in the - vicinity of the Bakasi Peninsula has been referred to the - International Court of Justice - - Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid - and hot in north - - Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau - in center, mountains in west, plains in north - - Natural resources: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower - potential - - Land use: - arable land: 13% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 54% - other: 13% - - Irrigated land: 280 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation; - overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing - natural hazards: recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous - gases - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical - Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Nuclear Test - Ban, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa - -@Cameroon:People - - Population: 13.521 million (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 2,978,216; male 3,001,487) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 3,562,247; male 3,523,100) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 248,314; male 207,636) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.92% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 40.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.19 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 75.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 57.48 years - male: 55.41 years - female: 59.6 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Cameroonian(s) - adjective: Cameroonian - - Ethnic divisions: Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, - Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, - other African 13%, non-African less than 1% - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16% - - Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official), - French (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987) - total population: 55% - male: 66% - female: 45% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other - services 14.2% (1983) - -@Cameroon:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon - conventional short form: Cameroon - former: French Cameroon - - Digraph: CM - - Type: unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition - parties legalized 1990) - - Capital: Yaounde - - Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, - Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest - - Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French - administration) - - National holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972) - - Constitution: 20 May 1972 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law - influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982); election - last held 11 October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected - with about 40% of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF - candidate John FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba - MAIGARI got 19% of the vote - head of government: Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April - 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 1 March - 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997); results - (180 seats) CPDM 88, - UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Cameroon People's Democratic Movement - (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is government-controlled and was - formerly the only party, but opposition parties were legalized in 1990 - - major opposition parties: National Union for Democracy and Progress - (UNDP); Social Democratic Front (SDF); Cameroonian Democratic Union - (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC); Movement for the - Defense of the Republic (MDR) - - Other political or pressure groups: Alliance for Change (FAC), - Cameroon Anglophone Movement (CAM) - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, - OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jerome MENDOUGA - chancery: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-8790 through 8794 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Harriet W. ISOM - embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde - mailing address: B. P. 817, Yaounde - telephone: [237] 23-40-14 - FAX: [237] 23-07-53 - consulate(s): none (Douala closed September 1993) - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and - yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses - the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -@Cameroon:Economy - - Overview: Because of its offshore oil resources and favorable - agricultural conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-endowed, most - diversified primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, - it faces many of the serious problems facing other underdeveloped - countries, such as political instability, a top-heavy civil service, - and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise. The - development of the oil sector led rapid economic growth between 1970 - and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986, precipitated by steep - declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, cocoa, and petroleum. - Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and inefficiencies in - fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-93, with support from the IMF - and World Bank, the government began to introduce reforms designed to - spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, and - recapitalize the nation's banks. Political instability, following - suspect elections in 1992, brought IMF/WB structural adjustment to a - halt. Although the 50% devaluation of the currency in January 1994 - improved the potential for export growth, mismanagement remains and is - the main barrier to economic improvement. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $15.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -2.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.8% (FY91/92) - - Unemployment rate: 25% (1990 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.6 billion - expenditures: $2.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $226 - million (FY92/93 est.) - - Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, - coffee, cotton - partners: EC (particularly France) about 40%, African countries, US - - Imports: $1.96 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, - transport equipment - partners: EC about 60% (France 38%, Germany 9%), African countries, - Japan, US 5% - - External debt: $6 billion (1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate -2.1% (FY90/91); accounts for about - 20% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 630,000 kW - production: 2.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 196 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum production and refining, food processing, light - consumer goods, textiles, lumber - - Agriculture: the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment - for the majority of the population, contributing about 25% to GDP and - providing a high degree of self-sufficiency in staple foods; - commercial and food crops include coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, - rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, root starches - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-90), $4.75 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $125 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Cameroon:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,111 km - narrow gauge: 1,111 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 65,000 km - paved: 2,682 km - unpaved: gravel, improved earth 32,318 km; unimproved earth 30,000 km - - Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance - - Ports: Bonaberi, Douala, Garoua, Kribi, Tiko - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 - DWT - - Airports: - total: 60 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 20 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - -@Cameroon:Communications - - Telephone system: 26,000 telephones; telephone density - 2 - telephones/1,000 persons; available only to business and government - local: NA - intercity: cable, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter - international: 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 11, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Cameroon:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Air Force, National - Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,038,007; males fit for - military service 1,532,303; males reach military age (18) annually - 147,293 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $102 million, NA% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CANADA - -@Canada:Geography - - Location: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean - and North Pacific Ocean, north of the conterminous US - - Map references: North America - - Area: - total area: 9,976,140 sq km - land area: 9,220,970 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than US - - Land boundaries: total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with - Alaska) - - Coastline: 243,791 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint - Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute between - Canada and France - - Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in - north - - Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in - southeast - - Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, - potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 5% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 35% - other: 57% - - Irrigated land: 8,400 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain severely - affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning - utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest - productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, - industrial, mining, and forestry activities - natural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle - to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a - result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and - American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic - location between Russia and US via north polar route; nearly 90% of - the population is concentrated in the region near the US/Canada border - -@Canada:People - - Population: 28,434,545 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 21% (female 2,874,705; male 3,016,050) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 9,529,272; male 9,531,107) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 2,022,324; male 1,461,087) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.09% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.74 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.43 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 4.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.29 years - male: 74.93 years - female: 81.81 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Canadian(s) - adjective: Canadian - - Ethnic divisions: British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other - European 20%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other - 28% - - Languages: English (official), French (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) - total population: 97% - - Labor force: 13.38 million - by occupation: services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, - construction 3%, other 4% (1988) - -@Canada:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Canada - - Digraph: CA - - Type: confederation with parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Ottawa - - Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, - British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest - Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, - Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory* - - Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK) - - National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867) - - Constitution: amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to - Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs - - Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where - civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Romeo LeBLANC (since 8 February 1995) - head of government: Prime Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November - 1993) was elected on 25 October 1993, replacing Kim CAMBELL; Deputy - Prime Minister Sheila COPPS - cabinet: Federal Ministry; chosen by the prime minister from members - of his own party sitting in Parliament - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) - Senate (Senat): consisting of a body whose members are appointed to - serve until 75 years of age by the governor general and selected on - the advice of the prime minister; its normal limit 104 senators - House of Commons (Chambre des Communes): elections last held 25 - October 1993 (next to be held by NA October 1998); results - percent - of votes by party NA; seats - (295 total) Liberal Party 178, Bloc - Quebecois 54, Reform Party 52, New Democratic Party 8, Progressive - Conservative Party 2, independents 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, Jean CHRETIEN; Bloc - Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD; Reform Party, Preston MANNING; New - Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Progressive Conservative Party, - Jean CHAREST - - Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, - BIS, C, CCC, CDB (non-regional), EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating - state), FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM - (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, - UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNOMOZ, - UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond A.J. CHRETIEN - chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 - telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740 - FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, - Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and Seattle - consulate(s): Cincinnati, Cleveland, Miami, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, - Princeton, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, and San Juan (Puerto - Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador James Johnston BLANCHARD - embassy: 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa - mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430 - telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335, 4470 - FAX: [1] (613) 238-5720 - consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and - Vancouver - - Flag: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, - square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band - -@Canada:Economy - - Overview: As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today - closely resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented - economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the - impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors - has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one - primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada registered one of - the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, averaging - about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and - modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects, - although the country still faces high unemployment and a growing debt. - Moreover, the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and - French-speaking areas has observers discussing a possible split in the - confederation; foreign investors have become edgy. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $639.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1994) - - National product per capita: $22,760 (1994) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.2% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 9.6% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $85 billion (Federal) - expenditures: $115.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $164.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, - natural gas, aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications - equipment - partners: US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China - - Imports: $151.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable - consumer goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and - parts - partners: US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea - - External debt: $243 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.8% (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 108,090,000 kW - production: 511 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 16,133 kWh (1993) - - Industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood - and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish - products, petroleum and natural gas - - Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major - producers and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US - agricultural imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land - area; commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric - tons, of which 75% is exported - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug - market; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large - quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a - transit point for heroin and cocaine entering the US market - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion - - Currency: 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.4129 (January - 1995), 1.3656 (1994), 1.2901 (1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), - 1.1668 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Canada:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 78,148 km; note - there are two major transcontinental freight - railway systems: Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian - Pacific Railway; passenger service provided by VIA (government - operated) - standard gauge: 78,148 km 1.435-m gauge (185 km electrified) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 849,404 km - paved: 253,692 km (15,983 km of expressways) - unpaved: gravel 595,712 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway - - Pipelines: crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km - - Ports: Becancour, Churchill, Halifax, Montreal, New Westminister, - Prince Rupert, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's - (Newfoundland), Seven Islands, Sydney, Three Rivers, Toronto, - Vancouver, Windsor - - Merchant marine: - total: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 617,010 GRT/878,819 DWT - ships by type: bulk 17, cargo 10, chemical tanker 5, oil tanker 23, - passenger 1, passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 7, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 2 - note: does not include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes - - Airports: - total: 1,386 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 17 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 147 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 234 - with paved runways under 914 m: 550 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 69 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 353 - -@Canada:Communications - - Telephone system: 18,000,000 telephones; excellent service provided by - modern media - local: NA - intercity: about 300 earth stations for domestic satellite - communications - international: 5 coaxial submarine cables; 5 INTELSAT earth stations - (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 900, FM 29, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 53 (repeaters 1,400) - televisions: NA - -@Canada:Defense Forces - - Branches: Canadian Armed Forces (includes Land Forces Command or LC, - Maritime Command or MC, Air Command or AC, Communications Command or - CC, Training Command or TC), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,570,877; males fit for - military service 6,522,092; males reach military age (17) annually - 151,590 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $9.0 billion, 1.6% of - GDP (FY95/96) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CAPE VERDE - -@Cape Verde:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, group of Islands in the North Atlantic - Ocean, west of Senegal - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 4,030 sq km - land area: 4,030 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 965 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic - - Terrain: steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic - - Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, - fish - - Land use: - arable land: 9% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 85% - - Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: overgrazing of livestock and improper land use such as - the cultivation of crops on steep slopes has led to soil erosion; - demand for wood used as fuel has resulted in deforestation; - desertification; environmental damage has threatened several - indigenous species of birds and reptiles; overfishing - natural hazards: prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure - visibility; volcanically and seismically active - international agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Law - of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification - - Note: strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major - north-south sea routes; important communications station; important - sea and air refueling site - -@Cape Verde:People - - Population: 435,983 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 50% (female 106,539; male 110,301) - 15-64 years: 47% (female 114,931; male 88,029) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 9,781; male 6,402) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.98% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 45.32 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 55.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 63.01 years - male: 61.1 years - female: 65.01 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.23 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Cape Verdean(s) - adjective: Cape Verdean - - Ethnic divisions: Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs - - Languages: Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African - words - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 63% - male: 75% - female: 53% - - Labor force: 102,000 (1985 est.) - by occupation: agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, - industry 14% (1981) - -@Cape Verde:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Cape Verde - conventional short form: Cape Verde - local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde - local short form: Cabo Verde - - Digraph: CV - - Type: republic - - Capital: Praia - - Administrative divisions: 14 districts (concelhos, singular - - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, - Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, Sao Nicolau, Sao - Vicente, Tarrafal - - Independence: 5 July 1975 (from Portugal) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1975) - - Constitution: new constitution came into force 25 September 1992 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Antonio MASCARENHAS Monteiro (since 22 March - 1991; election last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February - 1996); results - Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (independent) received - 72.6% of vote - head of government: Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho - VEIGA (since 13 January 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by prime minister from - members of the Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular): elections - last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - - the 1991 multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party - rule - - Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de - Justia) - - Political parties and leaders: Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime - Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and chairman; African Party for - Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, - chairman - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN (Cape Verde assumed a nonpermanent - seat on the Security Council on 1 January 1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jose Eduardo BARBOSA - (since 12 February 1994) - chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 965-6820 - FAX: [1] (202) 965-1207 - consulate(s) general: Boston - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph M. SEGARS - embassy: Rua Abilio Macedo 81, Praia - mailing address: C. P. 201, Praia - telephone: [238] 61 56 16 - FAX: [238] 61 13 55 - - Flag: three horozontal bands of light blue (top, double width), white - (with a horozontal red stripe in the middle third), and light blue; a - circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is centered on the hoist end of - the red stripe and extends into the upper and lower blue bands - -@Cape Verde:Economy - - Overview: Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural - resource base, serious water shortages exacerbated by cycles of - long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service - oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for - 60% of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural - areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 20%; the fishing sector - accounts for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing - potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. Cape Verde - annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by remittances from - emigrants and foreign aid, which form important supplements to GDP. - Economic reforms, launched by the new democratic government in 1991, - are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign - investment to diversify the economy. Prospects for 1995 depend heavily - on the maintenance of aid flows, remittances, and the momentum of the - government's development program. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $410 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1992 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: 26% (1990 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $174 million - expenditures: $235 million, including capital expenditures of $165 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $4.4 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: fish, bananas, hides and skins - partners: Netherlands, Portugal, Angola - - Imports: $173 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, - transport equipment - partners: Portugal, Netherlands, Germany, Spain - - External debt: $156 million (1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1990 est.); accounts for 8% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 15,000 kW - production: 40 million kWh - consumption per capita: 73 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fish processing, salt mining, garment industry, ship - repair, construction materials, food and beverage production - - Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely - subsistence farming; bananas are the only export crop; other crops - - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, coffee; growth potential of agricultural - sector limited by poor soils and scanty rainfall; annual food imports - required; fish catch provides for both domestic consumption and small - exports - - Illicit drugs: increasingly used as a transshipment point for illicit - drugs moving from Latin America and Africa destined for Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-90), $586 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $36 million - - Currency: 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 85.537 (1st - Quarter 1994), 80.427 (1993), 68.018 (1992), 71.408 (1991), 70.031 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Cape Verde:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,100 km (1992) - paved: 680 km - unpaved: 420 km - - Ports: Mindelo, Praia, Tarrafal - - Merchant marine: - total: 7 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,609 GRT/19,052 DWT cargo 6, - chemical tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 6 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - -@Cape Verde:Communications - - Telephone system: over 1,700 telephones; telephine density - about 4 - telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: interisland microwave radio relay system, high frequency - radio links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau - international: 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Cape Verde:Defense Forces - - Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP; includes Army and - Navy), Security Service - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 80,867; males fit for military - service 47,225 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.4 million, NA% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CAYMAN ISLANDS - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Cayman Islands:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island group in Caribbean Sea, nearly one-half of - the way from Cuba to Honduras - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 260 sq km - land area: 260 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 160 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and - cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) - - Terrain: low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs - - Natural resources: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 8% - forest and woodland: 23% - other: 69% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no natural fresh water resources, drinking water - supplies must be met by rainwater catchment - natural hazards: hurricanes (July to November) - international agreements: NA - - Note: important location between Cuba and Central America - -@Cayman Islands:People - - Population: 33,192 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 4.3% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.79 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.1 years - male: 75.37 years - female: 78.81 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.43 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Caymanian(s) - adjective: Caymanian - - Ethnic divisions: mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of - various ethnic groups 20% - - Religions: United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, - Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations - - Languages: English - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 98% - male: 98% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 8,061 - by occupation: service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction - 12.5%, finance and investment 6.7%, directors and business managers - 5.9% (1979) - -@Cayman Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Cayman Islands - - Digraph: CJ - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: George Town - - Administrative divisions: 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South - Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West End, Western - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Constitution Day (first Monday in July) - - Constitution: 1959, revised 1972 and 1992 - - Legal system: British common law and local statutes - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Governor and President of the Executive Council - Michael GORE (since 15 September 1992) - cabinet: Executive Council; 3 members are appointed by the governor, 4 - members elected by the Legislative Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly: election last held November 1992 (next to be - held November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (15 total, 12 elected) - - Judicial branch: Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: no formal political parties - - Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer - half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle - above a shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a - scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE - SEAS - -@Cayman Islands:Economy - - Overview: The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% - of foreign currency earnings) and offshore financial services, with - the tourist industry aimed at the luxury market and catering mainly to - visitors from North America. About 90% of the islands' food and - consumer goods must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy one of the - highest outputs per capita and one of the highest standards of living - in the world. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $700 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.4% (1991) - - National product per capita: $23,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 7% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $141.5 million - expenditures: $160.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1991) - - Exports: $10 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: turtle products, manufactured consumer goods - partners: mostly US - - Imports: $312 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods - partners: US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan - - External debt: $15 million (1986) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 80,000 kW - production: 230 million kWh - consumption per capita: 6,899 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, - building materials, furniture making - - Agriculture: minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle - farming - - Illicit drugs: a major money-laundering center for illicit drug - profits; transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $35 million - - Currency: 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 0.83 (18 November - 1993), 0.85 (22 November 1993) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Cayman Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 160 km (main roads) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Cayman Brac, George Town - - Merchant marine: - total: 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 321,434 GRT/583,348 DWT - ships by type: bulk 7, cargo 6, chemical tanker 2, container 1, oil - tanker 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7 - note: a flag of convenience registry; UK owns 6 ships, India 5, Norway - 3, US 3, Greece 1, Sweden 1, UAE 1 - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Cayman Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 35,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 submarine coaxial cable; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Cayman Islands:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF) - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC - -@Central African Republic:Geography - - Location: Central Africa, north of Zaire - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 622,980 sq km - land area: 622,980 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo - 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km, Zaire 1,577 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers - - Terrain: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in - northeast and southwest - - Natural resources: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 64% - other: 28% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: tap water is not potable; poaching has diminished - reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification - natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern - areas; floods are common - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa - -@Central African Republic:People - - Population: 3,209,759 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 690,290; male 694,153) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 886,421; male 825,268) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 64,846; male 48,781) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.1% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 41.84 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 20.89 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 135.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 42.15 years - male: 40.68 years - female: 43.67 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.37 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Central African(s) - adjective: Central African - - Ethnic divisions: Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum - 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans 6,500 (including 3,600 French) - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, - Muslim 15%, other 11% - note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian - majority - - Languages: French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national - language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 38% - male: 52% - female: 25% - - Labor force: 775,413 (1986 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, - government 3% - note: about 64,000 salaried workers (1985) - -@Central African Republic:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Central African Republic - conventional short form: none - local long form: Republique Centrafricaine - local short form: none - former: Central African Empire - - Abbreviation: CAR - - Digraph: CT - - Type: republic; - - Capital: Bangui - - Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures economiques, - singular - prefecture economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, - Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, Haute-Sangha, - Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, - Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga - - Independence: 13 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the - republic) - - Constitution: 21 November 1986 - - Legal system: based on French law - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ange PATASSE (since 22 October 1993); - election last held 19 September 1993 (next scheduled for 1998); - PATASSE received 52.45% of the votes and Abel GOUMBA received 45.62% - head of government: Prime Minister (vacant) (Dr. Jean-Luc MANDABA - resigned on 11 April 1995) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 19 - September 1993; results - percentage vote by party NA; seats - (85 - total) MLPC 33, RDC 14, PLD 7, ADP 6, PSD 3, others 22 - note: the National Assembly is advised by the Economic and Regional - Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit together they - are called the Congress (Congres) - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Liberation of the - Central African People (MLPC), the party of the new president, Ange - Felix PATASSE; Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD), David - DACKO; Marginal Movement for Democracy, Renaissance and Evolution - (MDREC), Joseph BENDOUNGA; Central African Democratic Assembly (RDC), - Andre KOLINGBA; Patriotic Front for Progress (FFP), Abel GOUMBA; Civic - Forum (FC), Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, - GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Henri KOBA (appointed 19 September 1994) - chancery: 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-7800, 7801 - FAX: [1] (202) 332-9893 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN III - embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Bangui - mailing address: B. P. 924, Bangui - telephone: [236] 61 02 00, 61 25 78, 61 02 10 - FAX: [236] 61 44 94 - - Flag: four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and - yellow with a vertical red band in center; there is a yellow - five-pointed star on the hoist side of the blue band - -@Central African Republic:Economy - - Overview: Subsistence agriculture, together with forestry, remains the - backbone of the CAR economy, with more than 70% of the population - living in outlying areas. The agricultural sector generates about half - of GDP. Timber has accounted for about 26% of export earnings and the - diamond industry for 54%. Important constraints to economic - development include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor - transportation system, a largely unskilled work force, and a legacy of - misdirected macroeconomic policies. A major plus is the large forest - reserves, which the government is moving to protect from - overexploitation. The 50% devaluation of the currencies of 14 - Francophone African nations on 12 January 1994 had mixed effects on - CAR's economy. While diamond, timber, coffee, and cotton exports - increased - leading GDP to increase by 5.5% - inflation rose to 40%, - fueled by the rising prices of imports on which the economy depends. - CAR's poor resource base and primitive infrastructure will keep it - dependent on multilateral donors and France for the foreseeable - future. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $700 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 30% (1988 est.) in Bangui - - Budget: - revenues: $175 million - expenditures: $312 million, including capital expenditures of $122 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $123.5 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco - partners: France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US - - Imports: $165.1 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical - equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, - industrial products - partners: France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria - - External debt: $859 million (1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 40,000 kW - production: 100 million kWh - consumption per capita: 29 kWh (1993) - - Industries: diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, - assembly of bicycles and motorcycles - - Agriculture: self-sufficient in food production except for grain; - commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - - manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-90), $1.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $38 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Central African Republic:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 22,000 km - paved: bituminous 458 km - unpaved: improved earth 10,542 km; unimproved earth 11,000 km - - Inland waterways: 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of - shallow-draft dugouts; Oubangui is the most important river - - Ports: Bangui, Nola - - Airports: - total: 61 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 19 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 29 - -@Central African Republic:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; system is only fair - local: NA - intercity: network consists principally of micowave radio relay and - low capacity, low powered radio communication - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Central African Republic:Defense Forces - - Branches: Central African Army (includes Republican Guard), Air Force, - National Gendarmerie, Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 718,487; males fit for military - service 375,950 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $30 million, 2.3% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CHAD - -@Chad:Geography - - Location: Central Africa, south of Libya - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1.284 million sq km - land area: 1,259,200 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of - California - - Land boundaries: total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African - Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, - Sudan 1,360 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled - in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and - Libya belongs to Chad; Libya has withdrawn some of its forces in - response to the ICJ ruling, but still maintains an airfield in the - disputed area; demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, - the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is - completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and - Nigeria - - Climate: tropical in south, desert in north - - Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in - northwest, lowlands in south - - Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), - uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad) - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 36% - forest and woodland: 11% - other: 51% - - Irrigated land: 100 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste - disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; - desertification - natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; - periodic droughts; locust plagues - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, - Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping - - Note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the - Sahel - -@Chad:People - - Population: 5,586,505 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 1,198,619; male 1,267,470) - 15-64 years: 54% (female 1,563,678; male 1,456,481) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 71,971; male 28,286) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.18% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 42.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 20.26 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 129.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 41.19 years - male: 40.04 years - female: 42.38 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.33 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Chadian(s) - adjective: Chadian - - Ethnic divisions: - north and center: Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, - Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) - south: non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, - Massa) nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are French - - Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs, animism 25% - - Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), - Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects are - spoken - - Literacy: age 15 and over has the ability to read and write in French - and Arabic (1990 est.) - total population: 30% - male: 42% - female: 18% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, - herding, and fishing) - -@Chad:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Chad - conventional short form: Chad - local long form: Republique du Tchad - local short form: Tchad - - Digraph: CD - - Type: republic - - Capital: N'Djamena - - Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, - Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, - Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile - - Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day 11 August (1960) - - Constitution: 22 December 1989 (suspended 3 December 1990); - Provisional National Charter 1 March 1991 is in effect (note - the - constitutional commission, which was drafting a new constitution to - submit to transitional parliament for ratification in April 1994, - failed to do so but expects to submit a new draft to the parliament - before the end of April 1995) - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary - law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: universal at age NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY, since 4 December 1990 - (after seizing power on 3 December 1990 - transitional government's - mandate expires April 1996) - head of government: Prime Minister Djimasta KOIBLA (since 9 April - 1995) - cabinet: Council of State; appointed by the president on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Consultative Council (Conceil National Consultatif): - elections, formerly scheduled for April 1995, were postponed by mutual - agreement of the parties concerned until some time prior to April - 1996; elections last held 8 July 1990; the National Consultative - Council was disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional - Council of the Republic having 30 members appointed by President DEBY - on 8 March 1991; this, in turn, was replaced by a 57-member Higher - Transitional Council (Conseil Superieur de Transition) elected by a - specially convened Sovereign National Conference on 6 April 1993 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), - former dissident group, Idriss DEBY, chairman - note: President DEBY, who promised political pluralism, a new - constitution, and free elections by April 1994, subsequently twice - postponed these initiatives, first until April 1995 and again until - sometime before April 1996; there are numerous dissident groups and at - least 45 opposition political parties - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mahamat Saleh AHMAT - chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009 - FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Laurence E. POPE II - embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena - mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena - telephone: [235] (51) 62 18, (51) 40 09, (51) 47 59 - FAX: [235] (51) 33 72 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and - red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of - Andorra, which has a national coat of arms featuring a quartered - shield centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of - France - -@Chad:Economy - - Overview: Climate, geographic remoteness, poor resource endowment, and - lack of infrastructure make Chad one of the most underdeveloped - countries in the world. Its economy is hobbled by political turmoil, - conflict with Libya, drought, and food shortages. Consequently the - economy has shown little progress in recent years in overcoming a - severe setback brought on by civil war in the late 1980s. More than - 80% of the work force is involved in subsistence farming and fishing. - Cotton is the major cash crop, accounting for at least half of - exports. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, especially food - credits, given chronic shortages in several regions. Of all the - Francophone countries in Africa, Chad has benefited the least from the - 50% devaluation of their currencies on 12 January 1994. Despite an - increase in external financial aid and favorable price increases for - cotton - the primary source of foreign exchange - the corrupt and - enfeebled government bureaucracy continues to dampen economic - enterprise by neglecting payments to domestic suppliers and public - sector salaries. Oil production in the Lake Chad area remains a - distant prospect and the subsistence-driven economy probably will - continue to limp along in the near term. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.8 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $530 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): -4.1% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $120 million - expenditures: $363 million, including capital expenditures of $104 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $190 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish - partners: France, Nigeria, Cameroon - - Imports: $261 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial - goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes - military equipment - partners: US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon - - External debt: $492 million (December 1990 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2.7% (1992 est.); accounts for - nearly 15% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 40,000 kW - production: 80 million kWh - consumption per capita: 13 kWh (1993) - - Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron - (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes - - Agriculture: accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence - farming; cotton most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, - millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, - goats, camels; self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfall - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $80 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 - per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Chad:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 31,322 km - paved: bituminous 263 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 7,069 km; earth 23,990 km - - Inland waterways: 2,000 km navigable - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 66 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 23 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 17 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - -@Chad:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; primitive system - local: NA - intercity: fair system of radio communication stations for intercity - links - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA; note - limited TV service; many facilties are - inoperative - televisions: NA - -@Chad:Defense Forces - - Branches: Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and - Gendarmerie), Republican Guard, Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,307,210; males fit for - military service 679,640; males reach military age (20) annually - 54,945 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $74 million, 11.1% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CHILE - -@Chile:Geography - - Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean - and South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 756,950 sq km - land area: 748,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana - note: includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez - - Land boundaries: total 6,171 km, Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, - Peru 160 km - - Coastline: 6,435 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of the southern boundary with - Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to - the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in - 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial - claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps - Argentine and British claims - - Climate: temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south - - Terrain: low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes - in east - - Natural resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious - metals, molybdenum - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 16% - forest and woodland: 21% - other: 56% - - Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; - water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation contributing to loss of - biodiversity; soil erosion; desertification - natural hazards: severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; - signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and - Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); - Atacama Desert one of world's driest regions - -@Chile:People - - Population: 14,161,216 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 29% (female 2,014,877; male 2,099,450) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 4,574,947; male 4,529,251) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 549,385; male 393,306) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.49% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 20.29 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.42 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 14.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.88 years - male: 71.89 years - female: 78.01 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.49 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Chilean(s) - adjective: Chilean - - Ethnic divisions: European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other - 2% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish - - Languages: Spanish - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) - total population: 94% - male: 95% - female: 94% - - Labor force: 4.728 million - by occupation: services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and - commerce 33.8%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, - construction 6.4% (1990) - -@Chile:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Chile - conventional short form: Chile - local long form: Republica de Chile - local short form: Chile - - Digraph: CI - - Type: republic - - Capital: Santiago - - Administrative divisions: 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); - Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, - Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los - Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region - Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso - note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica - - Independence: 18 September 1810 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September (1810) - - Constitution: 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 - July 1989 - - Legal system: based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and - subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial - review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Eduardo FREI - Ruiz-Tagle (since 11 March 1994) election last held 11 December 1993 - (next to be held December 1999); results - Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle - (PDC) 58%, Arturo ALESSANDRI 24.4%, other 17.6% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) - Senate (Senado): election last held 11 December 1993 (next to be held - December 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 - total, 38 elected) Concertation of Parties for Democracy 21 (PDC 13, - PS 4, PPD 3, PR 1), Union for the Progress of Chile 15 (RN 11, UDI 3, - UCC 1), right-wing independents 10 - Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): election last held 11 - December 1993 (next to be held December 1997); results - Concertation - of Parties for Democracy 53.95% (PDC 27.16%, PS 12.01%, PPD 11.82%, PR - 2.96%,); Union for the Progress of Chile 30.57% (RN 15.25%, UDI - 12.13%, UCC 3.19%); seats - (120 total) Concertation of Parties for - Democracy 70 (PDC 37, PPD 15, PR 2, PS 15, left-wing independent 1), - Union for the Progress of Chile 47 (RN 30, UDI 15, UCC 2), right-wing - independents 3 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: Concertation of Parties for Democracy - consists mainly of three parties: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), - Alejandro FOXLEY; Socialist Party (PS), Camilo ESCALONA; Party for - Democracy (PPD), Jorge SCHAULSOHN; Radical Party (PR); Union for the - Progress of Chile consists mainly of three parties: National Renewal - (RN), Andres ALLAMAND; Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Jovino - NOVOA; Center Center Union (UCC), Francisco Javier ERRAZURIZ - - Other political or pressure groups: revitalized university student - federations at all major universities; labor - United Labor Central - (CUT) includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor - confederations; Roman Catholic Church - - Member of: APEC, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, - OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Gabriel GUERRA-MONDRAGON - chancery: 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 785-1746 - FAX: [1] (202) 887-5579 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Gabriel GUERRA-MONDRAGON - embassy: Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, Santiago - mailing address: Unit 4127, Santiago; APO AA 34033 - telephone: [56] (2) 232-2600 - FAX: [56] (2) 330-3710 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a - blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of - the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the - center; design was based on the US flag - -@Chile:Economy - - Overview: Chile has a prosperous, essentially free market economy, - with the degree of government intervention varying according to the - philosophy of the different regimes. Under the center-left government - of President AYLWIN, which took power in March 1990, spending on - social welfare rose steadily. At the same time business investment, - exports, and consumer spending also grew substantially. The new - president, FREI, who took office in March 1994, has emphasized social - spending even more. Growth in 1991-94 has averaged 6.5% annually, with - an estimated one million Chileans having moved out of poverty in the - last four years. Copper remains vital to the health of the economy; - Chile is the world's largest producer and exporter of copper. Success - in meeting the government's goal of sustained annual growth of 5% - depends on world copper prices, the level of confidence of foreign - investors and creditors, and the government's own ability to maintain - a conservative fiscal stance. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $97.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $7,010 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.7% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 6% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $10.9 billion - expenditures: $10.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.2 - billion (1993) - - Exports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: copper 41%, other metals and minerals 8.7%, wood products - 7.1%, fish and fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1991) - partners: EC 29%, Japan 17%, US 16%, Argentina 5%, Brazil 5% (1992) - - Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials - 15.4%, petroleum 10%, foodstuffs 5.7% - partners: EC 24%, US 21%, Brazil 10%, Japan 10% (1992) - - External debt: $20 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.3% (1993 est.); accounts for 34% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,810,000 kW - production: 22 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,499 kWh (1993) - - Industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron - and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, - textiles - - Agriculture: accounts for about 7% of GDP (including fishing and - forestry); major exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major - crops - wheat, corn, grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous - fruit; livestock products - beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in - most foods; 1991 fish catch of 6.6 million metric tons; net - agricultural importer - - Illicit drugs: a minor transshipment country for cocaine destined for - the US and Europe; booming economy has made it more attractive to - traffickers seeking to launder drug profits - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.6 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million - - Currency: 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 408 (January 1995), - 420.08 (1994), 404.35 (1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Chile:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 7,766 km - broad gauge: 3,974 km 1.676-m gauge (1,865 km electrified) - standard gauge: 150 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 3,642 km 1.000-m gauge (80 km electrified) - - Highways: - total: 79,599 km - paved: 10,984 km - unpaved: gravel or earth 68,615 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 725 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas - 320 km - - Ports: Antofagasta, Arica, Chanarol, Coquimbo, Iquique, Puerto Montt, - Punta Arenas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Talcahuano, Valparaiso - - Merchant marine: - total: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 510,006 GRT/879,891 DWT - ships by type: bulk 13, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, combination - ore/oil 2, liquefied gas tanker 3, oil tanker 3, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 3, vehicle carrier 2 - - Airports: - total: 390 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 - with paved runways under 914 m: 252 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 13 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 76 - -@Chile:Communications - - Telephone system: 768,000 telephones; modern telephone system based on - extensive microwave radio relay facilities - local: NA - intercity: extensive microwave radio relay links and 3 domestic - satellite stations - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 159, FM 0, shortwave 11 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 131 - televisions: NA - -@Chile:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army of the Nation, National Navy (includes Naval Air, Coast - Guard, and Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile - (National Police), Investigations Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,758,770; males fit for - military service 2,796,740; males reach military age (19) annually - 121,831 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of - GDP (1991 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CHINA - - (also see separate Taiwan entry) - -@China:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, - Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 9,596,960 sq km - land area: 9,326,410 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than the US - - Land boundaries: total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, - Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, - North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, - Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) - 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 - km - - Coastline: 14,500 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow - Sea - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: boundary with India in dispute; disputed - sections of the boundary with Russia remain to be settled; boundary - with Tajikistan in dispute; a short section of the boundary with North - Korea is indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly - Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly - Brunei; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; - Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; - claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu - Tai), as does Taiwan - - Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north - - Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, - deltas, and hills in east - - Natural resources: coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, - antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, - zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest) - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 31% - forest and woodland: 14% - other: 45% - - Irrigated land: 478,220 sq km (1991 - Chinese data) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from the overwhelming use of high-sulfur - coal as a fuel, produces acid rain which is damaging forests; water - shortages experienced throughout the country, particularly in urban - areas; future growth in water usage threatens to outpace supplies; - water pollution from industrial effluents; much of the population does - not have access to potable water; less than 10% of sewage receives - treatment; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural - land since 1957 to soil erosion and economic development; - desertification; trade in endangered species - natural hazards: frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern - and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) - -@China:People - - Population: 1,203,097,268 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 26% (female 151,266,866; male 167,234,782) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 391,917,572; male 419,103,994) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 39,591,692; male 33,982,362) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.04% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 17.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.08 years - male: 67.09 years - female: 69.18 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.84 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Chinese (singular and plural) - adjective: Chinese - - Ethnic divisions: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, - Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1% - - Religions: Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1% - (est.) - note: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic - - Languages: Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the - Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), - Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority - languages (see Ethnic divisions entry) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 78% - male: 87% - female: 68% - - Labor force: 583.6 million (1991) - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce - 25%, construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 - est.) - -@China:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: People's Republic of China - conventional short form: China - local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo - local short form: Zhong Guo - - Abbreviation: PRC - - Digraph: CH - - Type: Communist state - - Capital: Beijing - - Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 - autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 - municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Fujian, - Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, - Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, - Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, - Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang - note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province - - Independence: 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 - BC; Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February - 1912; People's Republic established 1 October 1949) - - National holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949) - - Constitution: most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 - - Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely - criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; - new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are - being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial - law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice - President RONG Yiren (since 27 March 1993); election last held 27 - March 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was nominally - elected by the Eighth National People's Congress - head of government: Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November - 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 - April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice - Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993); Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 - March 1993); Vice Premier WU Bangguo (since 17 March 1995); Vice - Premier JIANG Chunyun (since 17 March 1995) - cabinet: State Council; appointed by the National People's Congress - (NPC) - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National People's Congress: (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) elections - last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is - the only party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) - (elected at county or xian level) - - Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court - - Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG - Zemin, general secretary of the Central Committee (since 24 June - 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by CCP - - Other political or pressure groups: such meaningful opposition as - exists consists of loose coalitions, usually within the party and - government organization, that vary by issue - - Member of: AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (observer), PCA, UN, UN Security - Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, - UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador LI Daoyu - chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 328-2500 through 2502 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San - Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY - embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing - mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing; FPO AP 96521-0002 - telephone: [86] (1) 5323831 - FAX: [86] (1) 5323178 - consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang - - Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller - yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the - middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner - -@China:Economy - - Overview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been - trying to move the economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally - planned economy to a more productive and flexible economy with market - elements, but still within the framework of monolithic Communist - control. To this end the authorities switched to a system of household - responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, - increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in - industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in - services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased - foreign trade and investment. The result has been a strong surge in - production, particularly in agriculture in the early 1980s. Industry - also has posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong - Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern - production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and - export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On - the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid - system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, - corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up - inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening - central controls at intervals. In 1992-94 annual growth of GDP - accelerated, particularly in the coastal areas - to more than 10% - annually according to official claims. In late 1993 China's leadership - approved additional long-term reforms aimed at giving more play to - market-oriented institutions and at strengthening the center's control - over the financial system. In 1994 strong growth continued in the - widening market-oriented areas of the economy. At the same time, the - government struggled to (a) collect revenues due from provinces, - businesses, and individuals; (b) keep inflation within bounds; (c) - reduce extortion and other economic crimes; and (d) keep afloat the - large state-owned enterprises, most of which had not participated in - the vigorous expansion of the economy. From 60 to 100 million surplus - rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many - barely subsisting through part-time low-pay jobs. Popular resistance, - changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have - weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the - nation's long-term economic viability. One of the most dangerous - long-term threats to continued rapid economic growth is the - deterioration in the environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, - and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.9788 trillion - (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992 by - use of official Chinese growth statistics for 1993-94; because of the - difficulties with official statistics in this time of rapid change, - the result may overstate China's GDP by as much as 25%) - - National product real growth rate: 11.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25.5% (December 1994 over December - 1993) - - Unemployment rate: 2.7% in urban areas (1994); substantial - underemployment - - Budget: deficit $13.7 billion (1994) - - Exports: $121 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: textiles, garments, footwear, toys, machinery and - equipment, weapon systems - partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1993) - - Imports: $115.7 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: rolled steel, motor vehicles, textile machinery, oil - products, aircraft - partners: Japan, Taiwan, US, Hong Kong, Germany, South Korea (1993) - - External debt: $100 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 17.5% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 162,000,000 kW - production: 746 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 593 kWh (1993) - - Industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, - textiles and apparel, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, - consumer durables, food processing, autos, consumer electronics, - telecommunications - - Agriculture: accounts for almost 30% of GDP; among the world's largest - producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, - and pork; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; - produces variety of livestock products; basically self-sufficient in - food; fish catch of 13.35 million metric tons (including fresh water - and pond raised) (1991) - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium; bulk of production is in - Yunnan Province (which produced 25 metric tons in 1994); transshipment - point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle - - Economic aid: - donor: to less developed countries (1970-89) $7 billion - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-87), $13.5 billion - - Currency: 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao - - Exchange rates: yuan (Y) per US$1 - 8.4413 (January 1995), 8.6187 - (1994), 5.7620 (1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990) - note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the - midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's - prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@China:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 65,780 km - standard gauge: 55,180 km 1.435-m gauge (7,174 km electrified; more - than 11,000 km double track) - narrow gauge: 600 km 1.000-m gauge; 10,000 km 0.762-m to 1.067-m gauge - dedicated industrial lines - - Highways: - total: 1.029 million km - paved: 170,000 km - unpaved: gravel/improved earth 648,000 km; unimproved earth 211,000 km - (1990) - - Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 9,700 km; petroleum products 1,100 km; natural - gas 6,200 km (1990) - - Ports: Aihui, Changsha, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Harbin, - Huangpu, Nanning, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou, - Tanggu, Xiamen, Xingang, Zhanjiang - - Merchant marine: - total: 1,628 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,013,532 - GRT/24,027,766 DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 3, bulk 298, cargo 849, chemical tanker - 14, combination bulk 10, container 98, liquefied gas tanker 4, - multifunction large load carrier 1, oil tanker 212, passenger 24, - passenger-cargo 25, refrigerated cargo 21, roll-on/roll-off cargo 24, - short-sea passenger 44, vehicle carrier 1 - note: China beneficially owns an additional 250 ships (1,000 GRT or - over) totaling approximately 8,831,462 DWT that operate under - Panamanian, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot, Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines, Bahamian, and Singaporean registry - - Airports: - total: 204 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 17 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 69 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 89 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - with paved runways under 914 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 3 - -@China:Communications - - Telephone system: 20,000,000 telephones (summer 1994); domestic and - international services are increasingly available for private use; - unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, - industrial centers, and most townships; expanding phone lines, - interprovincial fiber optic links, satellite communications, - cellullar/mobile communications, etc. - local: NA - intercity: fiber optic trunk lines, 55 earth stations for domestic - satellites - international: 5 INTELSAT earth stations (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian - Ocean) and 1 INMARSAT earth station; several international fiber optic - links to Japan and Hong Kong - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 274, FM NA, shortwave 0 - radios: 215 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 202 (repeaters 2,050) - televisions: 75 million - -@China:Defense Forces - - Branches: People's Liberation Army (PLA), which includes the Ground - Forces, Navy (includes Marines and Naval Aviation), Air Force, Second - Artillery Corps (the strategic missile force), People's Armed Police - (internal security troops, nominally subordinate to Ministry of Public - Security, but included by the Chinese as part of the "armed forces" - and considered to be an adjunct to the PLA in war time) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 351,330,411; males fit for - military service 194,286,619; males reach military age (18) annually - 9,841,658 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: defense budget - 63.09 billion yuan, NA% of GDP - (1995 est.); note - conversion of the defense budget into US dollars - using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CHRISTMAS ISLAND - - (territory of Australia) - -@Christmas Island:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of - Indonesia - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 135 sq km - land area: 135 sq km - comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 138.9 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 12 nm - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds - - Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau - - Natural resources: phosphate - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: almost completely surrounded by a reef which can be a - maritime hazard - international agreements: NA - - Note: located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean - -@Christmas Island:People - - Population: 889 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: -9% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA - - Death rate: NA - - Net migration rate: NA - - Infant mortality rate: NA - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: NA - male: NA - female: NA - - Total fertility rate: NA - - Nationality: - noun: Christmas Islander(s) - adjective: Christmas Island - - Ethnic divisions: Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no - indigenous population - - Religions: Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman - Catholic 8.2%, Church of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting - Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none - 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981) - - Languages: English - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining - Company of Christmas Island, Ltd. - -@Christmas Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of Christmas Island - conventional short form: Christmas Island - - Digraph: KT - - Type: territory of Australia - - Capital: The Settlement - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia) - - Independence: none (territory of Australia) - - National holiday: NA - - Constitution: Christmas Island Act of 1958 - - Legal system: under the authority of the governor general of Australia - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Administrator M. J. GRIMES (since NA) - cabinet: Advisory Council - - Legislative branch: none - - Judicial branch: none - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia) - - Flag: the flag of Australia is used - -@Christmas Island:Economy - - Overview: Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic - activity, but in December 1987 the Australian Government closed the - mine as no longer economically viable. Plans have been under way to - reopen the mine and also to build a casino and hotel to develop - tourism. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $NA - commodities: phosphate - partners: Australia, NZ - - Imports: $NA - commodities: consumer goods - partners: principally Australia - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 11,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 17,800 kWh (1990) - - Industries: phosphate extraction (near depletion) - - Agriculture: NA - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January - 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704, (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2836 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Christmas Island:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA km - paved: NA km - unpaved: NA km - - Ports: Flying Fish Cove - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Christmas Island:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Christmas Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CLIPPERTON ISLAND - - (possession of France) - -@Clipperton Island:Geography - - Location: Middle America, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, southwest - of Mexico - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 7 sq km - land area: 7 sq km - comparative area: about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 11.1 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Mexico - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: coral atoll - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (all coral) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: reef about 8 km in circumference - -@Clipperton Island:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Clipperton Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Clipperton Island - local long form: none - local short form: Ile Clipperton - former: sometimes called Ile de la Passion - - Digraph: IP - - Type: French possession administered by France from French Polynesia - by High Commissioner of the Republic - - Capital: none; administered by France from French Polynesia - - Independence: none (possession of France) - -@Clipperton Island:Economy - - Overview: The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. - -@Clipperton Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Clipperton Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS - - (territory of Australia) - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, - south of Indonesia, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri - Lanka - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 14 sq km - land area: 14 sq km - comparative area: about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 2.6 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade wind for about nine - months of the year; moderate rain fall - - Terrain: flat, low-lying coral atolls - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: there are no natural fresh water resources on the - island, groundwater does accumulate in natural underground reservoirs - natural hazards: cyclones may occur in the early months of the year - international agreements: NA - - Note: two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other - vegetation - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:People - - Population: 604 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 0.98% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population - - Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population - - Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: NA years - male: NA years - female: NA years - - Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman - - Nationality: - noun: Cocos Islander(s) - adjective: Cocos Islander - - Ethnic divisions: - West Island: Europeans - Home Island: Cocos Malays - - Religions: Sunni Muslims - - Languages: English - - Labor force: NA - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands - conventional short form: Cocos (Keeling) Islands - - Digraph: CK - - Type: territory of Australia - - Capital: West Island - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia) - - Independence: none (territory of Australia) - - National holiday: NA - - Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 - - Legal system: based upon the laws of Australia and local laws - - Suffrage: NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA) - cabinet: Islands Council; Chairman of the Islands Council Haji WAHIN - bin Bynie (since NA) - - Legislative branch: unicameral Islands Council - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: NA - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia) - - Flag: the flag of Australia is used - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:Economy - - Overview: Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash - crop. Copra and fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small - local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but - additional food and most other necessities must be imported from - Australia. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $NA - commodities: copra - partners: Australia - - Imports: $NA - commodities: foodstuffs - partners: Australia - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,000 kW - production: 2 million kWh - consumption per capita: 2,980 kWh (1990) - - Industries: copra products - - Agriculture: gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January - 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2836 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA km - paved: NA km - unpaved: NA km - - Ports: none; lagoon anchorage only - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile - communications via satellite with Australia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 250 (1985) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Cocos (keeling) Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -COLOMBIA - -@Colombia:Geography - - Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between - Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between - Ecuador and Panama - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 1,138,910 sq km - land area: 1,038,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana - note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and - Serranilla Bank - - Land boundaries: total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, - Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900 km, Venezuela 2,050 km - - Coastline: 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 - km) - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in - the Gulf of Venezuela; territorial dispute with Nicaragua over - Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank - - Climate: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands - - Terrain: flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes - Mountains, eastern lowland plains - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, - gold, copper, emeralds - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 29% - forest and woodland: 49% - other: 16% - - Irrigated land: 5,150 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; - air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions - natural hazards: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional - earthquakes; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone - Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not - ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change, - Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping - - Note: only South American country with coastlines on both North - Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea - -@Colombia:People - - Population: 36,200,251 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 5,784,010; male 5,925,600) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 11,642,870; male 11,245,235) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 888,358; male 714,178) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.7% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 21.89 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.48 years - male: 69.68 years - female: 75.38 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Colombian(s) - adjective: Colombian - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed - black-Indian 3%, Indian 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95% - - Languages: Spanish - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: 88% - male: 88% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 12 million (1990) - by occupation: services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) - -@Colombia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Colombia - conventional short form: Colombia - local long form: Republica de Colombia - local short form: Colombia - - Digraph: CO - - Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure - - Capital: Bogota - - Administrative divisions: 32 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, - Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, - Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, - Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte - de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia, - Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada - - Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 20 July (1810) - - Constitution: 5 July 1991 - - Legal system: based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after - US procedures was enacted in 1992-93; judicial review of executive and - legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Ernesto SAMPER Pizano - (since 7 August 1994); election last held 29 May 1994 (next to be held - May 1998) and resulted in no candidate receiving more than 50% of the - total vote; a run-off election to select a president from the two - leading candidates was held on 19 June 1994; results - Ernesto SAMPER - Pizano (Liberal Party) 50.4%, Andres PASTRANA Arango (Conservative - Party) 48.6%, blank votes 1%; Humberto de la CALLE was elected vice - president in a new proceedure that replaces the traditional - designation of vice presidents by newly elected presidents. - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) - Senate (Senado): elections last held 13 March 1994 (next to be held NA - March 1998); preliminary results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (102 total) Liberal Party 59, conservatives (includes PC, MSN, and - NDF) 31, other 12 - House of Representatives (Camara de Representantes): elections last - held 13 March 1994 (next to be held NA March 1998); preliminary - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal - Party 89, conservatives (includes PC, MSN, and NDF) 53, AD/M-19 2, - other 17 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), - Constitutional Court, Council of State - - Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PL), Juan Guillermo - ANGEL; Conservative Party (PC), Fabio VALENCIA Cossio; National - Salvation Movement (MSN), Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; New Democratic Force - (NDF), Andres PASTRANA Arango; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is a - coalition of small leftist parties and dissident liberals and - conservatives; Patriotic Union (UP) is a legal political party formed - by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Colombian - Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO - - Other political or pressure groups: three insurgent groups are active - in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), Manuel - MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation Army (ELN), Manuel - PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized People's Liberation - Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLO; Francisco CARABALLO was captured by - the government in June 1994 - - Member of: AG, CCC, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, - NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos LLERAS de la Fuente - chancery: 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 387-8338 - FAX: [1] (202) 232-8643 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, - New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and - Washington, DC - consulate(s): Atlanta and Tampa - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Myles R. R. FRECHETTE - embassy: Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota - mailing address: Apartado Aereo 3831, Bogota; APO AA 34038 - telephone: [57] (1) 320-1300 - FAX: [57] (1) 288-5687 - consulate(s): Barranquilla - - Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and - red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the - Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center - -@Colombia:Economy - - Overview: Colombia's economy has grown steadily since 1991, when the - government implemented sweeping economic reform measures. President - SAMPER, who took office in August 1994, has pledged to maintain those - reforms while expanding government assistance for poor Colombians, who - continue to make up about 40% of the population. In an effort to bring - down inflation, SAMPER has arranged a "social pact" with business and - labor to curtail price hikes and trim inflation to 18%. The rapid - development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries, along - with copious inflows of capital and strengthening of prices for - coffee, have helped keep growth at 5%-6%. Development of the massive - Cusiana oilfield provides the means to sustain this level over the - next several years. Exporters say, however, that their sales have been - hampered by the appreciation of the Colombian peso, and farmers have - sought government help in adjusting to greater foreign competition. - Moreover, increased foreign investment and even greater domestic - growth have been hindered by an inadequate energy and transportation - infrastructure and by violence stemming from drug trafficking and - persistent rural insurgency. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $172.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.7% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,850 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22.6% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 7.9% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $16 billion (1995 est.) - expenditures: $21 billion (1995 est.) - - Exports: $8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers - partners: US 39%, EC 25.7%, Japan 2.9%, Venezuela 8.5% (1992) - - Imports: $10.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer - goods, chemicals, paper products - partners: US 36%, EC 18%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 6.5%, Japan 8.7% (1992) - - External debt: $12.6 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1994 est.); accounts for about - 20% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,220,000 kW - production: 33 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 890 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, - beverages, chemicals, metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, - emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, salt - - Agriculture: growth rate 3.8% (1994 est.); accounts for about 15% of - GDP; crops make up two-thirds and livestock one-third of agricultural - output; climate and soils permit a wide variety of crops, such as - coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseeds, - vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming more - important - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of coca, opium poppies, and cannabis; - about 45,000 hectares of coca under cultivation; the world's largest - processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the - US and other international drug markets; active eradication program - against narcotics crop - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million - - Currency: 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 846.67 (January - 1995), 844.84 (1994), 863.06 (1993), 759.28 (1992), 633.05 (1991), - 502.26 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Colombia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,386 km - standard gauge: 150 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 3,236 km 0.914-m gauge (2,611 km in use) - - Highways: - total: 107,377 km (1991) - paved: 12,778 km - unpaved: gravel/earth 94,599 km - - Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats - - Pipelines: crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural - gas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 km - - Ports: Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Leticia, Puerto Bolivar, - San Andres, Santa Marta, Tumaco, Turbo - - Merchant marine: - total: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 104,577 GRT/142,617 DWT - ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 9, container 4, oil tanker 3 - - Airports: - total: 1,307 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 31 - with paved runways under 914 m: 734 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 80 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 419 - -@Colombia:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,890,000 telephones; modern system in many respects - - local: NA - intercity: nationwide microwave radio relay system; 11 domestic earth - stations - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 413, FM 0, shortwave 28 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 33 - televisions: NA - -@Colombia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, includes - Marines and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), - National Police (Policia Nacional) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 9,851,980; males fit for - military service 6,640,348; males reach military age (18) annually - 349,599 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion (1992 - est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -COMOROS - -@Comoros:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, group of islands in the Mozambique Channel, - about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern - Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 2,170 sq km - land area: 2,170 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 340 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims French-administered Mayotte - - Climate: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) - - Terrain: volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low - hills - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 35% - permanent crops: 8% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 16% - other: 34% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: soil degradation and erosion results from crop - cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation - natural hazards: cyclones and tsunamis possible during rainy season - (December to April); Mount Kartala on Grand Comore is an active - volcano - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer - Protection; signed, but not ratified - Desertification - - Note: important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel - -@Comoros:People - - Population: 549,338 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 131,334; male 132,327) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 137,083; male 133,629) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 7,860; male 7,105) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.56% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 46.22 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 77.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 58.27 years - male: 56.04 years - female: 60.57 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.73 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Comoran(s) - adjective: Comoran - - Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14% - - Languages: Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of - Swahili and Arabic) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 48% - male: 56% - female: 40% - - Labor force: 140,000 (1982) - by occupation: agriculture 80%, government 3% - -@Comoros:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros - conventional short form: Comoros - local long form: Republique Federale Islamique des Comores - local short form: Comores - - Digraph: CN - - Type: independent republic - - Capital: Moroni - - Administrative divisions: three islands; Grand Comore (Njazidja), - Anjouan (Nzwani), and Moheli (Mwali) - note: there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, - Moroni, and Mutsamudu - - Independence: 6 July 1975 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1975) - - Constitution: 7 June 1992 - - Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); - election last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - - Said Mohamed DJOHAR (UDZIMA) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45% - - head of government: Prime Minister Halifa HOUMADI (since 13 October - 1994); note - HOUMADI is the fifteenth prime minister appointed by - President DJOHAR in the last three years - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale): elections last held 12-20 - December 1993 (next to be held by NA January 1998); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) Ruling Coalition: RDR 15, UNDC - 5, MWANGAZA 2; Opposition: UDZIMA 8, other smaller parties 10; 2 seats - remained unfilled - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: over 20 political parties are currently - active, the most important of which are; Comoran Union for Progress - (UDZIMA), Omar TAMOU; Islands' Fraternity and Unity Party (CHUMA), - Said Ali KEMAL; Comoran Party for Democracy and Progress (PCDP), Ali - MROUDJAE; Realizing Freedom's Capability (UWEZO), Mouazair ABDALLAH; - Democratic Front of the Comoros (FDR), Moustapha CHELKH; Dialogue - Proposition Action (DPA/MWANGAZA), Said MCHAWGAMA; Rally for Change - and Democracy (RACHADE), Hassan HACHIM; Union for Democracy and - Decentralization (UNDC), Mohamed Taki Halidi IBRAHAM; Rally for - Democracy and Renewal (RDR); Comoran Popular Front (FPC), Mohamed - HASSANALI, Mohamed El Arif OUKACHA, Abdou MOUSTAKIM (Secretary - General) - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AL, CCC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Ahamadu DJIMBANAO (ambassador to - the US and Canada) - chancery: (temporary) care of the Permanent Mission of the Federal and - Islamic Republic of the Comoros to the United Nations, 336 East 45th - Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017 - telephone: [1] (212) 972-8010 - FAX: [1] (212) 983-4712 - - US diplomatic representation: none; ambassador to Port Louis, - Mauritius, is accredited to Comoros - - Flag: green with a white crescent in the center of the field, its - points facing upward; there are four white five-pointed stars placed - in a line between the points of the crescent; the crescent, stars, and - color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four stars represent - the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, - and Mayotte (a territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by - Comoros); the design, the most recent of several, is described in the - constitution approved by referendum on 7 June 1992 - -@Comoros:Economy - - Overview: One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of - several islands that have poor transportation links, a young and - rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low - educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence - level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence - on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including - fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the leading sector of the economy. - It contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and - provides most of the exports. The country is not self-sufficient in - food production; rice, the main staple, accounts for 90% of imports. - The government is struggling to upgrade education and technical - training, to privatize commercial and industrial enterprises, to - improve health services, to diversify exports, and to reduce the high - population growth rate. Continued foreign support is essential if the - goal of 4% annual GDP growth is to be reached in the late 1990s. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $370 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $700 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15.8% (1989) - - Budget: - revenues: $83 million - expenditures: $92 million, including capital expenditures of $32 - million (1992) - - Exports: $13.7 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra - partners: US 44%, France 40%, Germany 6%, Africa 5% (1992) - - Imports: $40.9 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: rice and other foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement, - consumer goods - partners: France 34%, South Africa 14%, Kenya 8%, Japan 4% (1992) - - External debt: $160 million (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -6.5% (1989 est.); accounts for 6% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 16,000 kW - production: 17 million kWh - consumption per capita: 27 kWh (1993) - - Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, - construction materials, soft drinks - - Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in - subsistence agriculture and fishing; plantations produce cash crops - for export - vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, copra; principal food - crops - coconuts, bananas, cassava; world's leading producer of - essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and second-largest producer of - vanilla; large net food importer - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $18 million - - Currency: 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 297.07 (January 1995), - 416.40 (1994), 254.57 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 - (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the Comoran franc was devalued to 75 - per French franc from 50 per French franc at which it had been fixed - since 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Comoros:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 750 km - paved: bituminous 210 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel 540 km - - Ports: Fomboni, Moroni, Mutsamudo - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Comoros:Communications - - Telephone system: over 1,800 telephones; sparse system of radio relay - and high-frequency radio communication stations for interisland and - external communications to Madagascar and Reunion - local: NA - intercity: high frequency radio and microwave radio relay - international: high frequency radio - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Comoros:Defense Forces - - Branches: Comoran Security Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 117,349; males fit for military - service 70,178 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CONGO - -@Congo:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between - Angola and Gabon - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 342,000 sq km - land area: 341,500 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana - - Land boundaries: total 5,504 km, Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, - Central African Republic 467 km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km - - Coastline: 169 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: long segment of boundary with Zaire along the - Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has - been made) - - Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to - October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly - enervating climate astride the Equator - - Terrain: coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern - basin - - Natural resources: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, - copper, phosphates, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 29% - forest and woodland: 62% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution - from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; - deforestation - natural hazards: seasonal flooding - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Ozone Layer - Protection, Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, - Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe Noire, - or along the railroad between them - -@Congo:People - - Population: 2,504,996 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 543,324; male 548,840) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 682,927; male 645,045) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 49,879; male 34,981) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.32% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 39.86 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 16.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 109.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 47.09 years - male: 45.23 years - female: 49 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.23 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Congolese (singular and plural) - adjective: Congolese or Congo - - Ethnic divisions: - south: Kongo 48% - north: Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12% - center: Teke 17%, Europeans 8,500 (mostly French) - - Religions: Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% - - Languages: French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo - are the most widely used) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1984) - total population: 60% - male: 71% - female: 49% - - Labor force: 79,100 wage earners - by occupation: agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25% - -@Congo:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of the Congo - conventional short form: Congo - local long form: Republique Populaire du Congo - local short form: Congo - former: Congo/Brazzaville - - Digraph: CF - - Type: republic - - Capital: Brazzaville - - Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 - commune*; Bouenza, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, - Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha - - Independence: 15 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960) - - Constitution: new constitution approved by referendum March 1992 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992); - election last held August 1992 (next to be held August 1997); results - - President Pascal LISSOUBA won with 61% of the vote - head of government: Prime Minister Jacques Joachim YHOMBI-OPANGO - (since 23 June 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; named by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): election last held 3 October - 1993; results - percentage vote by party NA; seats - (125 total) UPADS - 64, URD/PCT 58, others 3 - Senate: election last held 26 July 1992 (next to be held July 1998); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) UPADS 23, - MCDDI 14, RDD 8, RDPS 5, PCT 2, others 8 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Congolese Labor Party (PCT), Denis - SASSOU-NGUESSO, president; Pan-African Union for Social Development - (UPADS), Pascal LISSOUBA, leader; Association for Democracy and - Development (RDD), Joachim Yhombi OPANGO, president; Congolese - Movement for Democracy and Integral Development (MCDDI), Bernard - KOLELAS, leader; Association for Democracy and Social Progress (RDPS), - Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president; Union of Democratic Forces - (UFD), David Charles GANAO, leader; Union for Development and Social - Progress (UDPS), Jean-Michael BOKAMBA-YANGOUMA, leader - note: Congo has many political parties of which these are among the - most important - - Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth - (UJSC); Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC); Revolutionary Union of - Congolese Women (URFC); General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students - (UGEEC) - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, - GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM II, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Pierre Damien BOUSSOUKOU-BOUMBA - chancery: 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: [1] (202) 726-0825 - FAX: [1] (202) 726-1860 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William C. RAMSEY - embassy: Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville - mailing address: B. P. 1015, Brazzaville - telephone: [242] 83 20 70 - FAX: [242] 83 63 38 - - Flag: red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow - band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle - is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -@Congo:Economy - - Overview: Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and - handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on oil, support - services, and a government characterized by budget problems and - overstaffing. A reform program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, - ran into difficulties in 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a - democratic political regime and a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has - supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing about - two-thirds of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s - rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to finance large-scale - development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, one of the - highest rates in Africa. Subsequently, growth has slowed to an average - of roughly 1.5% annually, only two-thirds of the population growth - rate. Political turmoil and misguided government investment have - derailed economic reform programs sponsored by the IMF and World Bank. - Even with these difficulties Congo enjoys one of the highest incomes - per capita in sub-Saharan Africa - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.7 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -2.1% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,820 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.2% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $765 million - expenditures: $952 million, including capital expenditures of $65 - million (1990) - - Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: crude oil 83%, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa, coffee, - diamonds - partners: US, Italy, France, Spain, other EC countries - - Imports: $472 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: intermediate manufactures, capital equipment, - construction materials, foodstuffs - partners: France, US, Italy, Japan, other EC countries - - External debt: $4 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8% (1993 est.); accounts for 35% of - GDP; includes petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 120,000 kW - production: 400 million kWh - consumption per capita: 201 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, cement, lumbering, brewing, sugar milling, palm - oil, soap, cigarette - - Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); - cassava accounts for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, - peanuts, vegetables; cash crops include coffee and cocoa; forest - products important export earner; imports over 90% of food needs - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $63 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-90), $2.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $338 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1994), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Congo:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 797 km (includes 285 km that are privately owned) - narrow gauge: 797 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 11,960 km - paved: 560 km - unpaved: gravel or crushed stone 850 km; improved earth 5,350 km; - unimproved earth 5,200 km - - Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 - km of commercially navigable water transport; the rest are used for - local traffic only - - Pipelines: crude oil 25 km - - Ports: Brazzaville, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo, Pointe-Noire - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 41 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 11 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 18 - -@Congo:Communications - - Telephone system: 18,100 telephones; 7 telephones/1,000 persons; - services adequate for government use; key centers are Brazzaville, - Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo - local: NA - intercity: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and - coaxial cable - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 - televisions: NA - -@Congo:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 568,663; males fit for military - service 289,335; males reach military age (20) annually 24,749 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 3.8% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -COOK ISLANDS - - (free association with New Zealand) - -@Cook Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about - one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 240 sq km - land area: 240 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 120 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds - - Terrain: low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 22% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 74% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons (November to March) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change; - signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - -@Cook Islands:People - - Population: 19,343 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.13% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 23.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.14 years - male: 69.2 years - female: 73.1 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.27 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Cook Islander(s) - adjective: Cook Islander - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and - European 7.7%, Polynesian and other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9% - - Religions: Christian (majority of populace members of Cook Islands - Christian Church) - - Languages: English (official), Maori - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 5,810 - by occupation: agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry - 15%, other 4% (1981) - -@Cook Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Cook Islands - - Digraph: CW - - Type: self-governing parliamentary government in free association with - New Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; - New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in - consultation with the Cook Islands - - Capital: Avarua - - Administrative divisions: none - - Independence: none (became self-governing in free association with New - Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full - independence by unilateral action) - - National holiday: Constitution Day, 4 August - - Constitution: 4 August 1965 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: universal adult at age NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); - Representative of the Queen Apenera SHORT (since NA); Representative - of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK (since NA) - head of government: Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February - 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Inatio AKARURU (since 1 February 1989) - cabinet: Cabinet; collectively responsible to the Parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held 24 March 1994 (next to be held NA); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) Cook Islands - Party 20, Democratic Party 3, Alliance Party 2 - note: the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but - has no legislative powers - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; - Democratic Party, Sir Thomas DAVIS; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena - JONASSEN; Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA; Alliance - Party, Norman GEORGE - - Member of: AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), IOC, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing in free - association with New Zealand) - - US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing in free association - with New Zealand) - - Flag: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every - island) centered in the outer half of the flag - -@Cook Islands:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export - earners are fruit, copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are - limited to a fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. - Economic development is hindered by the isolation of the islands from - foreign markets and a lack of natural resources and good - transportation links. A large trade deficit is annually made up for by - remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid, largely from New - Zealand. Current economic development plans call for exploiting the - tourism potential and expanding the fishing industry. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $57 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $3,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.2% (1990) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $38 million - expenditures: $34.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $3.4 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing - partners: NZ 80%, Japan - - Imports: $50 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber - partners: NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US - - External debt: $124 million (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 5% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 14,000 kW - production: 21 million kWh - consumption per capita: 741 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fruit processing, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, export crops - copra, citrus - fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; subsistence crops - yams, taro - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $128 million; in 1994, Cook Islands received - $4.3 million in budget support and $2.7 million in project aid from - New Zealand, the country's largest source of aid - - Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5601 (January - 1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Cook Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 187 km - paved: 35 km - unpaved: gravel 35 km; improved earth 84 km; unimproved earth 33 km - (1980) - - Ports: Avarua, Avatiu - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT - - Airports: - total: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Cook Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,052 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: 11,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: 17,000 (1989) - -@Cook Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CORAL SEA ISLANDS - - (territory of Australia) - -@Coral Sea Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, islands in the Coral Sea, northeast of Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: less than 3 sq km - land area: less than 3 sq km - comparative area: NA - note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea - area of about 1 million sq km, with Willis Islets the most important - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 3,095 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no permanent fresh water resources - natural hazards: occasional, tropical cyclones - international agreements: NA - - Note: important nesting area for birds and turtles - -@Coral Sea Islands:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 - meteorologists - -@Coral Sea Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Coral Sea Islands Territory - conventional short form: Coral Sea Islands - - Digraph: CR - - Type: territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for - Environment, Sport, and Territories - - Capital: none; administered from Canberra, Australia - - Independence: none (territory of Australia) - - Flag: the flag of Australia is used - -@Coral Sea Islands:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Coral Sea Islands:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Coral Sea Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by - the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities - of visitors - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -COSTA RICA - -@Costa Rica:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the - North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 51,100 sq km - land area: 50,660 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia - note: includes Isla del Coco - - Land boundaries: total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km - - Coastline: 1,290 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May - to November) - - Terrain: coastal plains separated by rugged mountains - - Natural resources: hydropower potential - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 7% - meadows and pastures: 45% - forest and woodland: 34% - other: 8% - - Irrigated land: 1,180 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation, largely a result of the clearing of - land for cattle ranching; soil erosion - natural hazards: occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic - coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active - volcanoes - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification, Marine Life Conservation - -@Costa Rica:People - - Population: 3,419,114 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 585,976; male 617,456) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 1,013,491; male 1,036,195) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 88,050; male 77,946) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.24% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.88 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 3.47 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 10.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.11 years - male: 76.21 years - female: 80.1 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.01 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Costa Rican(s) - adjective: Costa Rican - - Ethnic divisions: white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, - Chinese 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95% - - Languages: Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto Limon - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1984) - total population: 93% - male: 93% - female: 93% - - Labor force: 868,300 - by occupation: industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services - 33%, agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.) - -@Costa Rica:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica - conventional short form: Costa Rica - local long form: Republica de Costa Rica - local short form: Costa Rica - - Digraph: CS - - Type: democratic republic - - Capital: San Jose - - Administrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, - San Jose - - Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821) - - Constitution: 9 November 1949 - - Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Jose Maria FIGUERES - Olsen (since 8 May 1994); First Vice President Rodrigo OREAMUNO Blanco - (since 8 May 1994); Second Vice President Rebeca GRYNSPAN Mayufis - (since 8 May 1994); election last held 6 February 1994 (next to be - held February 1998); results - President FIGUERES (PLN party) 49.7%, - Miquel Angel RODRIGUEZ (PUSC party) 47.5% - cabinet: Cabinet; selected by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa): elections last held 6 - February 1994 (next to be held February 1998); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (61 total) PLN 28, PUSC 29, minority parties - 4 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Manuel - AGUILAR Bonilla; Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel - CALDERON Fournier; Marxist Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto - VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON - Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; - People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON Vargas; Radical - Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey - - Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confederation of - Democratic Workers (CCTD, Liberation Party affiliate); Confederated - Union of Workers (CUT, Communist Party affiliate); Authentic - Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD, Communist Party affiliate); - Chamber of Coffee Growers; National Association for Economic - Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL, rightwing - militants); National Association of Educators (ANDE) - - Member of: AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM - (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sonia PICADO - chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-2945 - FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795 - consulate(s) general: Albuquerque, Atlanta, Chicago, Durham, Houston, - Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, San - Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - consulate(s): Austin - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: US Ambassador to Costa Rica Peter DE VOS - embassy: Pavas Road, San Jose - mailing address: APO AA 34020 - telephone: [506] 220-3939 - FAX: [506] 220-2305 - - Flag: five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), - white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist - side of the red band - -@Costa Rica:Economy - - Overview: Costa Rica's basically stable and progressive economy - depends especially on tourism and export of bananas, coffee, and other - agricultural products. In 1994 the economy grew at an estimated 4.3%, - compared with 6.5% in 1993, 7.7% in 1992, and 2.1% in 1991. Inflation - in 1993 dropped to 9% from 17% in 1992 and 25% in 1991, an indication - of basic financial stability. Unemployment is officially reported at - only 4.0%, but there is much underemployment. Costa Rica signed a free - trade agreement with Mexico in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $16.9 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,050 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 4% (1993); much underemployment - - Budget: - revenues: $1.1 billion - expenditures: $1.34 billion, including capital expenditures of $110 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar - partners: US, Germany, Italy, Guatemala, El Salvador, Netherlands, UK, - France - - Imports: $2.9 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, - petroleum - partners: US, Japan, Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, Germany - - External debt: $3.2 billion (1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate 10.5% (1992); accounts for 22% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,040,000 kW - production: 4.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,164 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction - materials, fertilizer, plastic products - - Agriculture: accounts for 19% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash - commodities - coffee, beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include - corn, rice, beans, potatoes; normally self-sufficient in food except - for grain; depletion of forest resources resulting in lower timber - output - - Illicit drugs: transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South - America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $935 million; Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million - - Currency: 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos - - Exchange rates: Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 164.39 (December - 1994), 157.07 (1994), 142.17 (1993), 134.51 (1992), 122.43 (1991), - 91.58 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Costa Rica:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 950 km (260 km electrified) - narrow gauge: 950 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 35,560 km - paved: 5,600 km - unpaved: gravel and earth 29,960 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally navigable - - Pipelines: petroleum products 176 km - - Ports: Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puerto Limon, Puerto Quepos, Puntarenas - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 174 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 - with paved runways under 914 m: 117 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 36 - -@Costa Rica:Communications - - Telephone system: 292,000 telephones; very good domestic telephone - service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: connection into Central American Microwave System; 1 - INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 71, FM 0, shortwave 13 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: NA - -@Costa Rica:Defense Forces - - Branches: Civil Guard, Coast Guard, Air Section, Rural Assistance - Guard; note - the Constitution prohibits armed forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 896,516; males fit for military - service 602,785; males reach military age (18) annually 32,815 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of - GDP (1989) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -COTE D'IVOIRE - - (also known as Ivory Coast) - -@Cote D'ivoire:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Ghana and Liberia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 322,460 sq km - land area: 318,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea - 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km - - Coastline: 515 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and - wet (June to October) - - Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest - - Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, - bauxite, copper - - Land use: - arable land: 9% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 9% - forest and woodland: 26% - other: 52% - - Irrigated land: 620 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation (most of the country's forests - once - the largest in West Africa - have been cleared by the timber - industry); water pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural - effluents - natural hazards: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during - the rainy season torrential flooding is possible - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical - Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Desertification - -@Cote D'ivoire:People - - Population: 14,791,257 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 3,506,147; male 3,534,751) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 3,619,759; male 3,820,999) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 142,366; male 167,235) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.38% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 46.17 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 14.95 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: since 1989, over 350,000 refugees have fled to Cote d'Ivoire to - escape the civil war in Liberia; if a lasting peace is achieved in - Liberia in 1995, large numbers of refugees can be expected to return - to their homes - - Infant mortality rate: 93.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 48.87 years - male: 46.52 years - female: 51.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.61 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ivorian(s) - adjective: Ivorian - - Ethnic divisions: Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, - Agni, foreign Africans (mostly Burkinabe and Malians, about 3 - million), non-Africans 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese - 100,000 to 300,000) - - Religions: indigenous 25%, Muslim 60%, Christian 12% - - Languages: French (official), 60 native dialects; Dioula is the most - widely spoken - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988) - total population: 34% - male: 44% - female: 23% - - Labor force: 5.718 million - by occupation: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, - forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage - earners, nearly half in agriculture and the remainder in government, - industry, commerce, and professions - -@Cote D'ivoire:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire - conventional short form: Cote d'Ivoire - local long form: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire - local short form: Cote d'Ivoire - former: Ivory Coast - - Digraph: IV - - Type: republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960 - - Capital: Yamoussoukro - note: although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Abidjan - remains the administrative center; foreign governments, including the - United States, maintain presence in Abidjan - - Administrative divisions: 50 departments (departements, singular - - departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, - Agnibilekrou, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, - Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, - Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, - Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, - Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, - Tanda, Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, - Zuenoula - - Independence: 7 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: National Day, 7 December - - Constitution: 3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last - time November 1990 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; - judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Henri Konan BEDIE (since 7 December 1993) - constitutional successor who will serve during the remainder of the - term of former President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY who died in office - after continuous service from November 1960 (next election October - 1995) - head of government: Prime Minister Daniel Kablan DUNCAN (since 10 - December 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 25 - November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, - independents 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire - (PDCI), Henri Konan BEDIE; Rally of the Republicans (RDR), Djeny - KOBINA; Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's - Party (PIT), Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere - BAMBA; over 20 smaller parties - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, - G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Moise KOUMOUE-KOFFI - chancery: 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 797-0300 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Hume A. HORAN - embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan - mailing address: 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan - telephone: [225] 21 09 79, 21 46 72 - FAX: [225] 22 32 59 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and - green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the - colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar - to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; - design was based on the flag of France - -@Cote D'ivoire:Economy - - Overview: Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and - exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, - the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international - prices for coffee and cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite - attempts by the government to diversify, the economy is still largely - dependent on agriculture and related industries. After several years - of lagging performance, the Ivorian economy began a comeback in 1994, - due to improved prices for cocoa and coffee, growth in non-traditional - primary exports such as pineapples and rubber, trade and banking - liberalization, offshore oil and gas discoveries, and generous - external financing and debt rescheduling by multilateral lenders and - France. The 50% devaluation in January 1994 caused a one time jump in - the inflation rate. Government adherence to a renewed structural - adjustment program has led to a budget surplus for the first time in - several years, a smaller personnel budget, and an increase in public - investment. While real growth in 1994 was only 1.5%, the IMF and World - Bank expect it will surpass 6% in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $20.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,430 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 14% (1985) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.9 billion - expenditures: $3.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $408 - million (1993) - - Exports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, - cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton - partners: France, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Burkina, US, Belgium, - UK (1992) - - Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel - partners: France, Nigeria, Japan, Netherlands, US (1992) - - External debt: $17.3 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1993 est.); accounts for 20% of - GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,170,000 kW - production: 1.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 123 kWh (1993) - - Industries: foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refining, automobile - assembly, textiles, fertilizer, beverages - - Agriculture: most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and - 80% to exports; cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, - bananas, palm kernels, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet - potatoes; not self-sufficient in bread grain and dairy products - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local - consumption; some international drug trade; transshipment point for - Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin to Europe and occasionally to the - US - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-88), $5.2 billion - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Cote D'ivoire:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 660 km (25 km double track) - narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000-meter gauge - - Highways: - total: 46,600 km - paved: 3,600 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 32,000 km; unimproved - earth 11,000 km - - Inland waterways: 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous - coastal lagoons - - Ports: Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro - - Merchant marine: - total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 49,671 GRT/69,216 DWT - ships by type: chemical tanker 1, container 2, oil tanker 1, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 40 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 11 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 16 - -@Cote D'ivoire:Communications - - Telephone system: 87,700 telephones; well-developed by African - standards but operating well below capacity; consists of open-wire - lines and radio relay microwave links - local: NA - intercity: NA microwave radio relay - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 71, FM 0, shortwave 13 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: NA - -@Cote D'ivoire:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, - Presidential Guard, Military Fire Group - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,318,314; males fit for - military service 1,724,020; males reach military age (18) annually - 154,120 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $140 million, 1.4% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CROATIA - -@Croatia:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between - Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 56,538 sq km - land area: 56,410 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia - - Land boundaries: total 2,028 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, - Hungary 329 km, Serbia and Montenegro 266 km (241 km with Serbia; 25 - km with Montenego), Slovenia 501 km - - Coastline: 5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km) - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - - International disputes: Ethnic Serbs have occupied UN protected areas - in eastern Croatia and along the western Bosnia and Herzegovinian - border - - Climate: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate - predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry - summers along coast - - Terrain: geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, - low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and - islands - - Natural resources: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, - calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 32% - permanent crops: 20% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 15% - other: 15% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and - resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from - industrial and domestic waste; widespread casualties and destruction - of infrastructure in border areas affected by civil strife - natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous Wastes, - Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur - 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification - - Note: controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and - Turkish Straits - -@Croatia:People - - Population: 4,665,821 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 418,272; male 442,064) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 1,592,187; male 1,588,455) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 394,650; male 230,193) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.13% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.55 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.02 years - male: 70.59 years - female: 77.65 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.62 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Croat(s) - adjective: Croatian - - Ethnic divisions: Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, - Slovenian 0.5%, others 8.1% (1991) - - Religions: Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, - Protestant 0.4%, others and unknown 10.8% - - Languages: Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 97% - male: 99% - female: 95% - - Labor force: 1,509,489 - by occupation: industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), - government NA%, other - -@Croatia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Croatia - conventional short form: Croatia - local long form: Republika Hrvatska - local short form: Hrvatska - - Digraph: HR - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Zagreb - - Administrative divisions: 21 counties (zupanijas, zupanija - - singular): Bjelovar-Bilogora, City of Zagreb, Dubrovnik-Neretva, - Istra, Karlovac, Koprivnica-Krizevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Lika-Senj, - Medimurje, Osijek-Baranja, Pozega-Slavonija, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, - Sibenik, Sisak-Moslavina, Slavonski Brod-Posavina, Split-Dalmatia, - Varazdin, Virovitica-Podravina, Vukovar-Srijem, Zadar-Knin, Zagreb - - Independence: 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) - - National holiday: Statehood Day, 30 May (1990) - - Constitution: adopted on 22 December 1990 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed) - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990); election - last held 4 August 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - Franjo - TUDJMAN reelected with about 56% of the vote; his opponent Dobroslav - PARAGA got 5% of the vote - head of government: Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since 3 April - 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers Mato GRANIC (since 8 September 1992); - Ivica KOSTOVIC (since 14 October 1993); Jure RADIC (since NA); - Borislav SKEGRO (since 3 April 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral parliament Assembly (Sabor) - House of Districts (Zupanije Dom): elections last held 7 and 21 - February 1993 (next to be held NA February 1997); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (68 total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially - appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, Istrian Democratic Assembly 3, - SPH-SDP 1, HNS 1 - House of Representatives (Predstavnicke Dom): elections last held 2 - August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (138 total) HDZ 85, HSLS 14, SPH-SDP 11, HNS - 6, Dalmatian Action/Istrian Democratic Assembly/ Rijeka Democratic - Alliance coalition 6, HSP 5, HSS 3, SNS 3, independents 5 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Zlatko - CANJUGA, secretary general; Croatian Democratic Independents (HND), - Stjepan MESIC, president; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen - BUDISA, president; Croatian Democratic Peasant Party (HDSS), Ante - BABIC; Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), Ante DAPIC; Croatian Peasants' - Party (HSS), Josip PANKRETIC; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Radimir - CACIC, president; Dalmatian Action (DA), Mira LJUBIC-LORGER; Serb - National Party (SNS), Milan DJUKIC; Social Democratic Action (SDP), - Miko TRIPALO; other small parties include the Istrian Democratic - Assembly and the Rijeka Democratic Alliance - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: CCC, CE (guest), CEI, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Petar A. SARCEVIC - chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899 - FAX: [1] (202) 588-8936 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Peter W. GALBRAITH - embassy: Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb - mailing address: US Embassy, Zagreb, Unit 1345, APO AE 09213-1345 - telephone: [385] (41) 456-000 - FAX: [385] (41) 440-235 - - Flag: red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms - (red and white checkered) - -@Croatia:Economy - - Overview: Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of - Croatia, after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized - area, with a per capita output perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav - average. At present, Croatian Serb Separatists control approximately - one-third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding - determinants of Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects - will be the resolution of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces - serious economic problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime - Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage - during the fighting to bridges, factories, power lines, buildings, and - houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and Bosnian; and - the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former - Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the - minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the - tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to revive the - moribund economy. However, peace and political stability must come - first; only then will recent government moves toward a - "market-friendly" economy restore old levels of output. As of February - 1995, fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and - national boundaries and final political arrangements are still in - doubt. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $12.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,640 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 17% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 30%, other - manufacturers 37%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw - materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5% (1990) - partners: EC countries, Slovenia - - Imports: $4.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and - lubricants 19%, food and live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured - goods 13%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, - beverages and tobacco 1% (1990) - partners: EC countries, Slovenia, FSU countries - - External debt: $2.9 billion (September 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -4% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,570,000 kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993) - - Industries: chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, - electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, - paper, wood products (including furniture), building materials - (including cement), textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum - refining, food processing and beverages - - Agriculture: Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most - agricultural land in private hands and concentrated in Croat-majority - districts in Slavonia and Istria; much of Slavonia's land has been put - out of production by fighting; wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, - alfalfa, and clover are main crops in Slavonia; central Croatian - highlands are less fertile but support cereal production, orchards, - vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; coastal areas and - offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and vegetables - - Economic aid: - recipient: IMF, $192 million - - Currency: 1 Croatian kuna (HRK) = 100 paras - - Exchange rates: Croatian kuna per US $1 - 5.6144 (November 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Croatia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,699 km - standard gauge: 2,699 km 1.435-m gauge (963 km electrified) - note: disrupted by territorial dispute (1994) - - Highways: - total: 27,368 km - paved: 22,176 km (302 km of expressways) - unpaved: 5,192 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: 785 km perennially navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 - km (1992); note - now disrupted because of territorial dispute - - Ports: Dubrovnik, Omis, Ploce, Pula, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split, Zadar - - Merchant marine: - total: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 181,565 GRT/225,533 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 20, chemical tanker 1, container 2, oil - tanker 2, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, - short-sea passenger 4 - note: also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 134 ships (1,000 GRT - or over) totaling 3,286,231 DWT that operate under Maltese and Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines registry - - Airports: - total: 76 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 55 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - -@Croatia:Communications - - Telephone system: 350,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: no satellite links - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 14, FM 8, shortwave 0 - radios: 1.1 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 12 (repeaters 2) - televisions: 1.027 million - -@Croatia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, - Frontier Guard, Home Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,183,184; males fit for - military service 943,749; males reach military age (19) annually - 32,831 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 337 billion to 393 billion dinars, NA% of GDP - (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars - using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CUBA - -@Cuba:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 110,860 sq km - land area: 110,860 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania - - Land boundaries: total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km - note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains part - of Cuba - - Coastline: 3,735 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to - US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can - terminate the lease - - Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to - April); rainy season (May to October) - - Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains - in the southeast - - Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, - timber, silica, petroleum - - Land use: - arable land: 23% - permanent crops: 6% - meadows and pastures: 23% - forest and woodland: 17% - other: 31% - - Irrigated land: 8,960 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting threatens - wildlife populations; deforestation - natural hazards: the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August - to October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every - other year); droughts are common - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Marine Life - Conservation - - Note: largest country in Caribbean - -@Cuba:People - - Population: 10,937,635 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 1,191,320; male 1,256,928) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 3,732,434; male 3,751,464) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 528,104; male 477,385) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.65% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.54 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.53 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.05 years - male: 74.86 years - female: 79.37 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Cuban(s) - adjective: Cuban - - Ethnic divisions: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% - - Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power - - Languages: Spanish - - Literacy: age 15-49 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: 98% - - Labor force: 4,620,800 economically active population (1988); - 3,578,800 in state sector - by occupation: services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture - 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications - 7% (June 1990) - -@Cuba:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Cuba - conventional short form: Cuba - local long form: Republica de Cuba - local short form: Cuba - - Digraph: CU - - Type: Communist state - - Capital: Havana - - Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, - Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, - Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar - del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara - - Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered - by the US from 1898 to 1902) - - National holiday: Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) - - Constitution: 24 February 1976 - - Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements - of Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 16 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President of the Council of - State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz - (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office - was abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President - of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of - Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; proposed by the president of the - Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly of People's Power: (Asamblea Nacional del Poder - Popular) elections last held February 1993 (next to be held NA); seats - - 589 total, elected directly from slates approved by special - candidacy commissions - - Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) - - Political parties and leaders: only party - Cuban Communist Party - (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary - - Member of: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, - ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, - ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS (excluded from formal - participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA PEREZ (since August - 1992) represented by the Cuban Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy - in Washington, DC - chancery: 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Cuban Interests Section, Swiss - Embassy, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 797-8609, 8610, 8615 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Principal Officer Joseph G. SULLIVAN - US Interests Section: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M, - Vedado Seccion, Havana - mailing address: use street address - telephone: 33-3551 through 3559, 33-3543 through 3547, 33-3700 - (operator assistance required) - FAX: Telex 512206 - note: protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, - Swiss Embassy - - Flag: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating - with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a - white five-pointed star in the center - -@Cuba:Economy - - Overview: Cuba's heavily statist economy remains severely depressed as - the result of its own inefficiencies and the loss of massive amounts - of economic aid from the former Soviet Bloc. Total output in 1994 was - only about half the output of 1989. The fall in output and in imports - is reflected in the deterioration of food supplies, shortages of - electricity, inability to get spare parts, and the replacement of - motor-driven vehicles by bicycles and draft animals. Higher world - market prices for sugar and nickel in 1994, however, resulted in a - slight increase in export earnings for the first time in six years, - despite lower production of both commodities. The growth of tourism - slowed in late 1994 as a result of negative publicity surrounding the - exodus of Cubans from the island and other international factors. The - government continued its aggressive search for foreign investment and - announced preliminary agreements to form large joint ventures with - Mexican investors in telecommunications and oil refining. In mid-1994, - the National Assembly began introducing several new taxes and price - increases to stem growing excess liquidity and restore some of the - peso's value as a monetary instrument. In October the government - attempted to stimulate food production by permitting the sale of any - surplus production (over state quotas) at unrestricted prices at - designated markets. Similar but much smaller markets were also - introduced for the sale of manufactured goods in December. The various - government measures have influenced a remarkable appreciation of the - black market value of the peso, from more than 100 pesos to the dollar - in September 1994 to 40 pesos to the dollar in early 1995. Policy - discussions continue in the bureaucracy over the proper pace and scope - of economic reform. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $14 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,260 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $9.3 billion - expenditures: $12.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, - citrus, coffee - partners: Russia 15%, Canada 9%, China 8%, Egypt 6%, Spain 5%, Japan - 4%, Morocco 4% (1994 est.) - - Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals - partners: Spain 17%, Mexico 10%, France 8%, China 8%, Venezuela 7%, - Italy 4%, Canada 3%, (1994 est.) - - External debt: $10.8 billion (convertible currency, December 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,990,000 kW - production: 12 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,022 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and - tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, - metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, - agricultural machinery - - Agriculture: key commercial crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus - fruits; other products - coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's - largest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); - sector hurt by persistent shortages of fuels and parts - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), - $18.5 billion - - Currency: 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (non-convertible, - official rate, linked to the US dollar) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Cuba:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 12,623 km - standard gauge: 4,881 km 1.435-m gauge (151.7 km electrified) - other: 7,742 km 0.914- and 1.435-m gauge for sugar plantation lines - - Highways: - total: 26,477 km - paved: 14,477 km - unpaved: gravel or earth 12,000 km (1989) - - Inland waterways: 240 km - - Ports: Cienfuegos, La Habana, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Nuevitas, - Santiago de Cuba - - Merchant marine: - total: 48 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 278,103 GRT/396,138 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 22, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas - tanker 4, oil tanker 10, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 9 - note: Cuba beneficially owns an additional 24 ships (1,000 GRT or - over) totaling 215,703 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, - Malta, and Mauritius - - Airports: - total: 181 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - with paved runways under 914 m: 106 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 36 - -@Cuba:Communications - - Telephone system: 229,000 telephones; 20.7 telephones/1,000 persons; - among the world's least developed telephone systems - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 150, FM 5, shortwave 0 - radios: 2.14 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 58 - televisions: 1.53 million - -@Cuba:Defense Forces - - Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) includes ground forces, - Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), - Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), and Youth Labor Army (EJT); Interior - Ministry Border Guards (TGF), - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,065,751; females age 15-49 - 3,023,997; males fit for military service 1,909,901; females fit for - military service 1,878,768; males reach military age (17) annually - 72,582; females reach military age (17) annually 69,361 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - approx. $600 million, - 4% of GSP (gross social product) in 1994 was for defense - - Note: Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of - Cuba, cut off military aid by 1993 - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CYPRUS - -@Cyprus:Geography - - Location: Middle East, island in the Mediterreanean Sea, south of - Turkey - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 9,250 sq km (note - 3,355 sq km are in the Turkish area) - land area: 9,240 sq km - comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 648 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the island into two - de facto autonomous areas, a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot - Government (59% of the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area - (37% of the island), that are separated by a UN buffer zone (4% of the - island); there are two UK sovereign base areas within the Greek - Cypriot portion of the island - - Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet - winters - - Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered - but significant plains along southern coast - - Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, - marble, clay earth pigment - - Land use: - arable land: 40% - permanent crops: 7% - meadows and pastures: 10% - forest and woodland: 18% - other: 25% - - Irrigated land: 350 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: water resource problems (no natural reservoir - catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources - concentrated in the Turkish Cypriot area); water pollution from sewage - and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats - from urbanization - natural hazards: moderate earthquake activity - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, - Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change - -@Cyprus:People - - Population: - total: 736,636 (July 1995 est.) (78% Greek, 18% Turk, 4% other) - Greek area: 602,656 (July 1995 est.) (94.9% Greek, 0.3% Turk, 4.8% - other) - Turkish area: 133,980 (July 1995 est.) (2.1% Greek, 97.7% Turk, 0.2% - other) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 26% (female 92,179; male 97,723) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 234,929; male 236,693) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 42,190; male 32,922) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.88% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 16.27 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.47 years - male: 74.19 years - female: 78.85 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Cypriot(s) - adjective: Cypriot - - Ethnic divisions: - total: Greek 78% (99.5% of the Greeks live in the Greek area; 0.5% of - the Greeks live in the Turkish area), Turkish 18% (1.3% of the Turks - live in the Greek area; 98.7% of the Turks live in the Turkish area), - other 4% (99.2% of the other ethnic groups live in the Greek area; - 0.8% of the other ethnic groups live in the Turkish area) - - Religions: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian - Apostolic, and other 4% - - Languages: Greek, Turkish, English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987 est.) - total population: 94% - male: 98% - female: 91% - - Labor force: - Greek area: 285,500 - by occupation: services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1992) - Turkish area: 74,000 - by occupation: services 52%, industry 23%, agriculture 25% (1992) - -@Cyprus:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus - conventional short form: Cyprus - note: the Turkish area refers to itself as the "Turkish Republic" or - the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" - - Abbreviation: the Turkish area is sometimes referred to as the TRNC - which is short for "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" - - Digraph: CY - - Type: republic - note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the - island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this - separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of - the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto - control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally - recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President - Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish - Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only by - Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal - differences and creation of a new federal system of government - - Capital: Nicosia - note: the Turkish area's capital is Lefkosa (Nicosia) - - Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, - Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos; note - Turkish area administrative - divisions include Kyrenia, all but a small part of Famagusta, and - small parts of Nicosia and Larnaca - - Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK) - note: Turkish area proclaimed self-rule on NA February 1975 from - Republic of Cyprus - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October - note: Turkish area celebrates 15 November as Independence Day - - Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a - new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better - relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held - intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own - Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State - of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern - Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by - referendum on 5 May 1985 - - Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Glafcos CLERIDES - (since 28 February 1993); election last held 14 February 1993 (next to - be held February 1998); results - Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George - VASSILIOU 49.7% - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed jointly by the president and - vice-president - note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 - February 1975; Hakki ATUN has been prime minister of the Turkish area - since 1 January 1994; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the - Turkish area; elections last held 15 and 22 April 1995 (next to be - held April 2000); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH 62.5%, Dervis EROGLU - 37.5% - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Greek area: House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon): elections - last held 19 May 1991 (next to be held NA); results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL - (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO 19.5%, EDEK 10.9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 - total) DISY 20, AKEL (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7 - Turkish area: Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi): elections - last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); results - UBP 29.9%, - DP 29.2%, CTP 24.2% TKP 13.3%, others 3.4%; seats - (50 total) UBP - (conservative) 15, DP 16, CTP 13, TKP 5, UDP 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court - in the Turkish area - - Political parties and leaders: - Greek area: Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL, Communist - Party), Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), John MATSIS; - Democratic Party (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of - the Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal - Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; - Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU - Turkish area: National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal - Liberation Party (TKP), Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party - (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Free - Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet KOTAK; National Justice Party (MAP), - Zorlu TORE; Unity and Sovereignty Party (BEP), Arif Salih KIRDAG; - Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland Party (VP), Orhan UCOK; - National Birth Party (UDP); the HDP, MAP, and VP merged under the - label National Struggle Unity Party (MMBP) to compete in the 12 - December 1993 legislative election - - Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth - Organization (EDON, Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers - (EKA, Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK, pro-West); - Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO, Communist controlled); - Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK, pro-West); Federation of - Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of - Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is) - - Member of: C, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), - OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Andreas J. JACOVIDES - chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-5772 - consulate(s) general: New York - note: Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, - office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC, telephone [1] (202) - 887-6198 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Richard A. BOUCHER - embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, Nicosia - mailing address: P. O. Box 4536 APO AE 09836 - telephone: [357] (2) 476100 - FAX: [357] (2) 465944 - - Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name - Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green - crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches - symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and - Turkish communities - note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top - and bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a white - field - -@Cyprus:Economy - - Overview: The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and - prosperous. Industry contributes 14% to GDP and employs 29% of the - labor force, while the service sector contributes 53% to GDP and - employs 57% of the labor force. An average 6.8% rise in real GDP - between 1986 and 1990 was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the - adverse effects of the Gulf war on tourism. After surging 8.5% in - 1992, growth slowed to 2.0% in 1993 - its lowest level in two decades - - because of the decline in tourist arrivals associated with the - recession in Western Europe, Cyprus' main trading partner, and the - loss in export competitiveness due to a sharp rise in unit labor - costs. Real GDP is likely to have picked up in 1994, and inflation is - estimated to have risen to between 5% and 6%. The Turkish Cypriot - economy has less than one-third the per capita GDP of the south. - Because it is recognized only by Turkey, it has had much difficulty - arranging foreign financing, and foreign firms have hesitated to - invest there. The economy remains heavily dependent on agriculture, - which employs one-quarter of the work force. Moreover, because the - Turkish lira is legal tender, the Turkish Cypriot economy has suffered - the same high inflation as mainland Turkey. The small, vulnerable - economy is estimated to have experienced a sharp drop in growth during - 1994 because of the severe economic crisis affecting the mainland. To - compensate for the economy's weakness, Turkey provides direct and - indirect aid to nearly every sector; financial support has risen in - value to about one-third of Turkish Cypriot GDP. - - National product: - Greek area: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (1994 est.) - Turkish area: GDP - purchasing power parity - $510 million (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: - Greek area: 5% (1994 est.) - Turkish area: -4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: - Greek area: $12,500 (1994 est.) - Turkish area: $3,500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): - Greek area: 4.8% (1993) - Turkish area: 63.4% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: - Greek area: 2.3% (1993) - Turkish area: 1.2% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: Greek area - $1.8 billion Turkish area - $285 million - expenditures: Greek area - $2.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $400 million Turkish area - $377 million, including - capital expenditures of $80 million (1995 est.) - - Exports: $868 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and - shoes - partners: UK 18%, Greece 9%, Lebanon 14%, Germany 6% - - Imports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed - grains, machinery - partners: UK 13%, Japan 9%, Italy 10%, Germany 8%, US 8% - - External debt: $2.4 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 0.1% (1993); accounts for 14% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 550,000 kW - production: 2.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,903 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, - tourism, wood products - - Agriculture: contributes 6% to GDP and employs 25% of labor force in - the south; major crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, - citrus fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues - - Illicit drugs: transit point for heroin via air routes and container - traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $24 million - - Currency: 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 - kurus - - Exchange rates: Cypriot pounds per $US1 - 0.4725 (January 1995), - 0.4915 (1994), 0.4970 (1993), 0.4502 (1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572 - (1990); Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 37,444.1 (December 1994), - 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), - 2,608.6 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Cyprus:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - Greek area: *** No data for this item *** - total: 10,448 km - paved: 5,694 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 4,754 km (1992) - Turkish area: *** No data for this item *** - total: 6,116 km - paved: 5,278 km - unpaved: 838 km - - Ports: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos Bay - - Merchant marine: - total: 1,446 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,911,818 - GRT/39,549,216 DWT - ships by type: bulk 473, cargo 530, chemical tanker 28, combination - bulk 55, combination ore/oil 24, container 92, liquefied gas tanker 3, - multifunction large-load carrier 5, oil tanker 120, passenger 5, - passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 58, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 33, short-sea passenger 14, specialized tanker - 2, vehicle carrier 2 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 48 countries among - which are ships of Greece 705, Germany 174, Russia 56, Netherlands 45, - Japan 27, Belgium 25, UK 21, Spain 17, Switzerland 14, Hong Kong 13 - - Airports: - total: 15 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Cyprus:Communications - - Telephone system: 210,000 telephones; excellent in both the area - controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek area), and in the - Turkish-Cypriot administered area; largely open-wire and microwave - radio relay - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 - submarine cables, and 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) - and 1 EUTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - Greek sector: NA - broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 8, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - Turkish sector: NA - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - Greek sector: NA - broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 34) - televisions: NA - Turkish sector: NA - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Cyprus:Defense Forces - - Branches: - Greek area: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; includes air and naval - elements), Greek Cypriot Police - Turkish area: Turkish Cypriot Security Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 188,231; males fit for military - service 129,397; males reach military age (18) annually 5,467 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $457 million, 5.6% of - GDP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -CZECH REPUBLIC - -@Czech Republic:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, southeast of Germany - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 78,703 sq km - land area: 78,645 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina - - Land boundaries: total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, - Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Liechtenstein claims restitution for l,600 - square kilometers of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family - in 1918; Sudeten German claims for restitution of property confiscated - in connection with their expulsion after World War II versus the Czech - Republic claims that restitution does not preceed before February 1948 - when the Communists seized power; unresolved property issues with - Slovakia over redistribution of property of the former Czechoslovak - federal government - - Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters - - Terrain: two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling - plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia - in the east, consisting of very hilly country - - Natural resources: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia - centered around Zeplica and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present - health risks; acid rain damaging forests - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and - most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional - military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in - central Europe - -@Czech Republic:People - - Population: 10,432,774 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 981,918; male 1,030,003) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 3,529,411; male 3,530,112) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 848,599; male 512,731) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.26% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.85 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.54 years - male: 69.87 years - female: 77.41 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.84 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Czech(s) - adjective: Czech - note: 300,000 Slovaks declared themselves Czech citizens in 1994 - - Ethnic divisions: Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, - Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other 1% - - Religions: atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, - Orthodox 3%, other 13.4% - - Languages: Czech, Slovak - - Literacy: can read and write - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 5.389 million - by occupation: industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, - communications and other 45.2% (1990) - -@Czech Republic:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Czech Republic - conventional short form: Czech Republic - local long form: Ceska Republika - local short form: Cechy - - Digraph: EZ - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Prague - - Administrative divisions: 8 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); - Jihocesky, Jihomoravsky, Praha, Severocesky, Severomoravsky, - Stredocesky, Vychodocesky, Zapadocesky - - Independence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia) - - National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 May; Founding of the - Republic, 28 October - - Constitution: ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993 - - Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring - it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe - (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993); - election last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); - results - Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council - head of government: Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); - Deputy Prime Ministers Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA - June 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) - Senate: elections not yet held; seats (81 total) - Chamber of Deputies: elections last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be - held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA given breakup and - realignment of all parliamentary opposition parties since 1992; seats - - (200 total) governing coalition: ODS 65, KDS 10, ODA 16, KDU-CSL 15, - opposition: CSSD 18, LB 25, KSCM 10, LSU 9, LSNS 5, CMSS 9, SPR-RSC 6, - independents 12 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: - governing coalition: Civic Democratic Party (ODS), Vaclav KLAUS, - chairman; Christian Democratic Party (KDS), Ivan PILIP, chairman; - Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian - Democratic Union/Czech People's Party (KDU-CSL), Josef LUX, chairman - opposition: Czech Social Democrats (CSSD - left opposition), Milos - ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc (LB - left opposition), Marie STIBOROVA, - chairman; Communist Party (KSCM - left opposition), Miroslav - GREBENICEK, chairman; Liberal Social Union (LSU - left opposition), - Frantisek TRNKA, chairman; Liberal National Social Party (LSNS - - center party), Pavel HIRS, chairman; Bohemian-Moravian Center Party - (CMSS - center party), Jan KYCER, chairman; Assembly for the Republic - (SPR-RSC - right radical) , Miroslav SLADEK, chairman - - Other political or pressure groups: Czech-Moravian Chamber of Trade - Unions; Civic Movement - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, EBRD, - ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, - NACC, NSG, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, - UNPROFOR, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY - chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 363-6315, 6316 - FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA - embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1 - mailing address: Unit 1330; APO AE 09213-1330 - telephone: [42] (2) 2451-0847 - FAX: [42] (2) 2451-1001 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (almost identical to the - flag of the former Czechoslovakia) - -@Czech Republic:Economy - - Overview: The government of the Czech Republic, using successful - stabilization policies to bolster its claims to full membership in the - western economic community, has reduced inflation to 10%, kept - unemployment at 3%, balanced the budget, run trade surpluses, and - reoriented exports to the EU since the breakup of the Czechoslovak - federation on 1 January 1993. GDP grew 2% in 1994 after stagnating in - 1993 and contracting nearly 20% since 1990. Prague's mass - privatization program, including its innovative distribution of - ownership shares to Czech citizens via 'coupon vouchers,' has made the - most rapid progress in Eastern Europe. When coupon shares are - distributed in early 1995, 75%-80% of the economy will be in private - hands or partially privatized, according to the Czech government. - Privatized companies still face major problems in restructuring; the - number of annual bankruptcies quadrupled in 1994. In September 1994, - Prague repaid $471 million in IMF loans five years ahead of schedule, - making the Czech Republic the first East European country to pay off - all IMF debts. Despite these outlays, hard-currency reserves in the - banking system totaled more than $8.5 billion in October. Standard & - Poor's boosted the Republic's credit rating to BBB+ in mid-1994 - up - from a BBB rating that was already two steps higher than Hungary's and - one step above Greece's rating. Prague forecasts a balanced budget, at - least 3% GDP growth, 5% unemployment, and single-digit inflation for - 1995. Inflationary pressures - primarily as a result of foreign bank - lending to Czech enterprises but perhaps also due to eased currency - convertibility controls - are likely to be the most troublesome issues - in 1995. Continuing economic recovery in Western Europe should boost - Czech exports and production but a substantial increase in prices - could erode the Republic's comparative advantage in low wages and - exchange rates. Prague already took steps in 1994 to increase control - over banking policies to neutralize the impact of foreign inflows on - the money supply. Although Czech unemployment is currently the lowest - in Central Europe, it will probably increase 1-2 percentage points in - 1995 as large state firms go bankrupt or are restructured and service - sector growth slows. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $76.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $7,350 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 3.2% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $14 billion - expenditures: $13.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $13.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, - chemicals, fuels, minerals, metals, agricultural products - (January-November 1994) - partners: Germany 28.7%, Slovakia 15.5%, Austria 7.9%, Italy 6.4%, - France 3.2%, Russia 3.2%, Poland 3.1%, UK 2.9%, Netherlands 2.4%, - Hungary 2.2%, US 2.1%, Belgium 1.3% (January-June 1994) - - Imports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, - chemicals, fuels and lubricants, raw materials, agricultural products - (January-November 1994) - partners: Germany 24.1%, Slovakia 15.6%, Russia 9.8%, Austria 7.6%, - Italy 4.9%, France 3.6%, US 3.2%, Netherlands 2.9%, UK 2.8%, Poland - 2.7%, Switzerland 2.2%, Belgium 2.0% (January-June 1994) - - External debt: $8.7 billion (October 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (January-September 1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 14.470,000 kW - production: 56.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,842 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, - motor vehicles, glass, armaments - - Agriculture: largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified - crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar - beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest - products - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and - Latin American cocaine to Western Europe - - Economic aid: - donor: 1.4 million annually to IMF beginning in 1994 - - Currency: 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru - - Exchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 27.762 (January 1995), 28.785 - (1994), 29.153 (1993), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990) - note: values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rates - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Czech Republic:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 9,434 km (include 1.520-m broad, 1.435-m standard, and several - narrow gauges) (1988) - - Highways: - total: 55,890 km (1988) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Inland waterways: NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river - - Pipelines: natural gas 5,400 km - - Ports: Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem - - Merchant marine: - total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 181,646 GRT/282,296 DWT - ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 9 - - Airports: - total: 116 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 - with paved runways under 914 m: 5 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 41 - -@Czech Republic:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM, FM, shortwave - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Czech Republic:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad - Units - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,753,301; males fit for - military service 2,095,661; males reach military age (18) annually - 91,177 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 27 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1994 est.); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -DENMARK - -@Denmark:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, - on a peninsula north of Germany - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 43,070 sq km - land area: 42,370 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts - note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest - of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland - - Land boundaries: total 68 km, Germany 68 km - - Coastline: 3,379 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 4 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving - Iceland, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area) - - Climate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool - summers - - Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling plains - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone - - Land use: - arable land: 61% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 12% - other: 21% - - Irrigated land: 4,300 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution, principally from vehicle emissions; - nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and - surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes - natural hazards: flooding is a threat in some areas of the country - (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of - Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life - Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic - Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of - the Sea - - Note: controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; about - one-quarter of the population lives in Copenhagen - -@Denmark:People - - Population: 5,199,437 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 17% (female 430,598; male 451,993) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 1,731,531; male 1,780,083) - 65 years and over: 15% (female 473,537; male 331,695) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.22% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.38 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.14 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.11 years - male: 73.23 years - female: 79.16 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.69 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Dane(s) - adjective: Danish - - Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman - Catholic 2%, other 7% (1988) - - Languages: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German - (small minority) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 2,553,900 - by occupation: private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, - manufacturing and mining 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, - forestry, and fishing 5.6%, electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991) - -@Denmark:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark - conventional short form: Denmark - local long form: Kongeriget Danmark - local short form: Danmark - - Digraph: DA - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Copenhagen - - Administrative divisions: metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, - singular - amt) and 1 city* (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, - Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, - Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg - note: see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which - are part of the Danish realm and self-governing administrative - divisions - - Independence: 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy) - - National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) - - Constitution: 5 June 1953 - - Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir - Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May - 1968) - head of government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA - January 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the monarch - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Folketing): elections last held 21 September 1994 (next to - be held by December 1998); results - Social Democrats 34.6%, Liberals - 23.3%, Conservatives 15.0%, Social People's Party 7.3%, Progress Party - 6.4%, Radical Liberals 4.6%, Unity Party 3.1%, Center Democrats 2.8%, - Christian People's Party 1.8%; seats - (179 total) Social Democrats - 63, Liberals 44, Conservatives 28, Social People's Party 13, Progress - Party 11, Radical Liberals 8, Unity Party 6, Center Democrats 5, - independent 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup - RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Hans ENGELL; Liberal Party, Uffe - ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress - Party, Group Chairman Kim BEHNKE and Policy Spokesman Jan Kopke - CHRISTENSEN; Center Democratic Party, Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical - Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian People's Party, Jann - SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish Workers' Party; - Unity Party - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, - CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G- 9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO, - NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WEU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG (Knud-Erik TYGESEN - is Ambassador Elect for 1995) - chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-4300 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-1470 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Edward E. ELSON - embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O - mailing address: APO AE 09716 - telephone: [45] (31) 42 31 44 - FAX: [45] (35) 43 02 23 - - Flag: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; - the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that - design element of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted - by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden - -@Denmark:Economy - - Overview: This thoroughly modern economy features high-tech - agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry, extensive - government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, and high - dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is self-sufficient in food - production. The new center-left coalition government will concentrate - on reducing the persistent high unemployment rate and the budget - deficit as well as following the previous government's policies of - maintaining low inflation and a current account surplus. In the face - of recent international market pressure on the Danish krone, the - coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency. The coalition - hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall tax - revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and - tax reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve - welfare services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. - Prime Minister RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to - the criteria for European integration by 1999; although Copenhagen has - won from the European Union (EU) the right to opt out of the European - Monetary Union (EMU) if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark is, - in fact, one of the few EU countries likely to fit into the EMU on - time. Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than - many West European countries. After posting 4.5% real GDP growth in - 1994, Copenhagen is predicting a continued strong showing in 1995, - with real GDP up by 3.2%. The government expects an upswing in - business investment in 1995 to drive economic growth. Although - unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European - countries. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $103 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $19,860 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 12.3% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $56.5 billion - expenditures: $64.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $42.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: meat and meat products, dairy products, transport - equipment (shipbuilding), fish, chemicals, industrial machinery - partners: EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden - 10.5%, Norway 5.8%, US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992) - - Imports: $37.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and - foodstuffs, textiles, paper - partners: EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden - 10.8%, Norway 5.4%, US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992) - - External debt: $40.9 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -2.5% (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,030,000 kW - production: 32 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,835 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and - clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and - other wood products, shipbuilding - - Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; principal products - meat, dairy, - grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.9 billion - - Currency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere - - Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.034 (January 1995), - 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Denmark:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,838 km (494 km privately owned and operated) - standard gauge: 2,838 km 1.435-m gauge (440 km electrified; 760 km - double track) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 71,042 km - paved: concrete, asphalt, stone block 71,042 km (696 km of - expressways) - - Inland waterways: 417 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas - 700 km - - Ports: Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Grenaa, Koge, - Odense, Struer - - Merchant marine: - total: 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,005,470 GRT/6,974,750 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 17, cargo 109, chemical tanker 24, combination - bulk 1, container 61, liquefied gas tanker 32, livestock carrier 4, - oil tanker 32, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 18, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 35, short-sea passenger 11 - note: Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish - International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet - Danish manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience - within the Danish register - - Airports: - total: 118 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13 - with paved runways under 914 m: 85 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Denmark:Communications - - Telephone system: 4,509,000 telephones; excellent telephone and - telegraph services; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio - relay support trunk network - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 19 submarine coaxial cables; 7 INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and - INMARSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 50 - televisions: NA - -@Denmark:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air - Force, Home Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,347,774; males fit for - military service 1,158,223; males reach military age (20) annually - 36,191 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, 1.9% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -DJIBOUTI - -@Djibouti:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, - between Eritrea and Somalia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 22,000 sq km - land area: 21,980 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Massachusetts - - Land boundaries: total 508 km, Eritrea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, - Somalia 58 km - - Coastline: 314 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: desert; torrid, dry - - Terrain: coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains - - Natural resources: geothermal areas - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 9% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 91% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; desertification - natural hazards: earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic - disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Climate - Change, Desertification - - Note: strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close - to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; a vast - wasteland - -@Djibouti:People - - Population: 421,320 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 90,070; male 90,631) - 15-64 years: 55% (female 108,824; male 121,715) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 4,900; male 5,180) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.48% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 42.79 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.51 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -12.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 108.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 49.7 years - male: 47.83 years - female: 51.62 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.15 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Djiboutian(s) - adjective: Djiboutian - - Ethnic divisions: Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and - Italian 5% - - Religions: Muslim 94%, Christian 6% - - Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 48% - male: 63% - female: 34% - -@Djibouti:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti - conventional short form: Djibouti - former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas French Somaliland - - Digraph: DJ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Djibouti - - Administrative divisions: 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); - 'Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura - - Independence: 27 June 1977 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 June (1977) - - Constitution: multiparty constitution approved in referendum 4 - September 1992 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices, - and Islamic law - - Suffrage: universal adult at age NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977); - election last held 7 May 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results - - President Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected - head of government: Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 - September 1978) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; responsible to the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes): elections last held 18 - December 1992; results - RPP (the ruling party) dominated; seats - (65 - total) RPP 65 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon - other parties: Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; - Democratic National Party (PND), ADEN Robleh Awaleh - - Other political or pressure groups: Front for the Restoration of Unity - and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates; Movement for Unity and Democracy - (MUD) - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, - ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Roble OLHAYE - chancery: Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 331-0270 - FAX: [1] (202) 331-0302 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Martin L. CHESHES - embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti - mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti - telephone: [253] 35 39 95 - FAX: [253] 35 39 40 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green - with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red - five-pointed star in the center - -@Djibouti:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based on service activities connected with - the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in - northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital - city, the remainder being mostly nomadic herders. Scanty rainfall - limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be - imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the - region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has - few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, - heavily dependent on foreign assistance (an important supplement to - GDP) to help support its balance of payments and to finance - development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be - a major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over - the last six years because of recession, civil war, and a high - population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $500 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: over 30% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $164 million - expenditures: $201 million, including capital expenditures of $16 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $184 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: hides and skins, coffee (in transit) - partners: Somalia 48%, Yemen 42% - - Imports: $384 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, - petroleum products - partners: France, UK, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, South Korea - - External debt: $227 million (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1991 est.); accounts for 14% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 90,000 kW - production: 170 million kWh - consumption per capita: 398 kWh (1993) - - Industries: limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy - products and mineral-water bottling - - Agriculture: mostly fruit and vegetables; herding of goats, sheep, and - camels - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; - Western (non-US) countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), - $149 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $35 million - - Currency: 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate - since 1973) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Djibouti:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 97 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad) - narrow gauge: 97 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 2,900 km - paved: 280 km - unpaved: improved, unimproved earth 2,620 km (1982) - - Ports: Djibouti - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT - - Airports: - total: 13 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - -@Djibouti:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; telephone facilities in the city of - Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to - outlying areas of the country - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay network - international: international connections via submarine cable to Saudi - Arabia and by satellite link to other countries; 1 INTELSAT (Indian - Ocean) and 1 ARABSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Djibouti:Defense Forces - - Branches: Djibouti National Army (includes Navy and Air Force), - National Security Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police - Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 101,385; males fit for military - service 59,337 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of - GDP (1989) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -DOMINICA - -@Dominica:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad - and Tobago - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 750 sq km - land area: 750 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of - Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 148 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall - - Terrain: rugged mountains of volcanic origin - - Natural resources: timber - - Land use: - arable land: 9% - permanent crops: 13% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 41% - other: 34% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: flash floods are a constant threat; destructive - hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, - Whaling - -@Dominica:People - - Population: 82,608 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 29% (female 11,665; male 12,130) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 25,606; male 26,890) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 3,724; male 2,593) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.4% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.63 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.33 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -9.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 9.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.2 years - male: 74.35 years - female: 80.2 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.95 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Dominican(s) - adjective: Dominican - - Ethnic divisions: black, Carib Indians - - Religions: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, - Pentecostal 3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none - 2%, unknown 1%, other 5% - - Languages: English (official), French patois - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 94% - male: 94% - female: 94% - - Labor force: 25,000 - by occupation: agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services - 28% (1984) - -@Dominica:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Commonwealth of Dominica - conventional short form: Dominica - - Digraph: DO - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Roseau - - Administrative divisions: 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, - Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint - Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter - - Independence: 3 November 1978 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1978) - - Constitution: 3 November 1978 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Crispin Anselm SORHAINDO (since 25 October - 1993) election last held 4 October 1993 (next to be held NA October - 1998); results - President Crispin Anselm SORHAINDO was elected by the - House of Assembly to a five-year term - head of government: Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 - July 1980, elected for a third term 28 May 1990) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on the advice of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Assembly: elections last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held by - October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (30 - total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected representatives) DFP 11, - UWP 6, DLP 4 - - Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), Brian - ALLEYNE; Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers - Party (UWP), Edison JAMES - - Other political or pressure groups: Dominica Liberation Movement - (DLM), a small leftist group - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM - (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Dominica has no embassy in the US - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the - Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), but travels frequently to - Dominica - - Flag: green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical - part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is - yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the - cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green - five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 - administrative divisions (parishes) - -@Dominica:Economy - - Overview: The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly - vulnerable to climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% - of GDP and employs 40% of the labor force. Principal products include - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, and coconuts. Development of the - tourist industry remains difficult because of the rugged coastline and - the lack of an international airport. In 1994 a tropical storm - devastated the banana industry. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $200 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,260 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $70 million - expenditures: $84 million, including capital expenditures of $26 - million (FY90/91 est.) - - Exports: $48.3 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges - partners: UK 55%, CARICOM countries, Italy, US - - Imports: $98.8 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, - chemicals - partners: US 25%, CARICOM, UK, Japan, Canada - - External debt: $92.8 million (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate -10% (1994 est.); accounts for 7% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 7,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 347 kWh (1993) - - Industries: soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement - blocks, shoes - - Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, - citrus, mangoes, root crops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of - export earnings; forestry and fisheries potential not exploited - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and - Europe; minor cannabis producer - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $120 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Dominica:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 750 km - paved: 370 km - unpaved: gravel or earth 380 km - - Ports: Portsmouth, Roseau - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Dominica:Communications - - Telephone system: 4,600 telephones; fully automatic network - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: SHF radio and microwave radio relay links to Martinique - and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF radio links to Saint Lucia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 cable - televisions: NA - -@Dominica:Defense Forces - - Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (includes Special - Service Unit, Coast Guard) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - -@Dominican Republic:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, - between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 48,730 sq km - land area: 48,380 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire - - Land boundaries: total 275 km, Haiti 275 km - - Coastline: 1,288 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 6 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; - seasonal variation in rainfall - - Terrain: rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys - interspersed - - Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver - - Land use: - arable land: 23% - permanent crops: 7% - meadows and pastures: 43% - forest and woodland: 13% - other: 14% - - Irrigated land: 2,250 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages - coral reefs; deforestation - natural hazards: occasional hurricanes (July to October) - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Marine - Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Law of the Sea - - Note: shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (eastern two-thirds is - the Dominican Republic, western one-third is Haiti) - -@Dominican Republic:People - - Population: 7,511,263 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 1,288,210; male 1,336,162) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 2,246,791; male 2,312,555) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 178,388; male 149,157) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.17% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 23.92 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 49.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.73 years - male: 66.57 years - female: 70.99 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.72 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Dominican(s) - adjective: Dominican - - Ethnic divisions: white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95% - - Languages: Spanish - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 83% - male: 85% - female: 82% - - Labor force: 2.3 million to 2.6 million - by occupation: agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) - -@Dominican Republic:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Dominican Republic - conventional short form: none - local long form: Republica Dominicana - local short form: none - - Digraph: DR - - Type: republic - - Capital: Santo Domingo - - Administrative divisions: 29 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, - Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, - Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria - Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, - Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, - San Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro de Macoris, Santiago, Santiago - Rodriguez, Valverde - - Independence: 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February (1844) - - Constitution: 28 November 1966 - - Legal system: based on French civil codes - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons - regardless of age - note: members of the armed forces and police cannot vote - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Joaquin BALAGUER - Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, sixth elected term began 16 August - 1994); Vice President Jacinto PEYNADO (since 16 August 1994) election - last held 16 May 1994 (next to be held May 1996); results - Joaquin - BALAGUER (PRSC) 42.6%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 13.2%, Jose Francisco - PENA Gomez (PRD) 41.9%, Jacobo MAJLUTA (PRI) 2.3% - cabinet: Cabinet; nominated by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) - Senate (Senado): elections last held 16 May 1994 (next to be held May - 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC - 15, PLD 1, PRD 14 - Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 16 May - 1994 (next to be held May 1998); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 13, PRSC 50, PRD 57 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: - major parties: Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin - BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), (vacant following - retirement of Juan BOSCH Gavino); Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), - Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), - Jacobo MAJLUTA - minor parties: National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene - BEAUCHAMPS Javier; Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), - Andres Van Der HORST; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN - Chavez; National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; - Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican - Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde; Dominican Workers' Party - (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ignacio - RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party (APD), Maximilano - Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOA; Democratic - Union (UD), Fernando ALVAREZ Bogaert - note: in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to - form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain - individual party structures - - Other political or pressure groups: Collective of Popular Organzations - (COP), leader NA - - Member of: ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM - (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez - chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-6280 - FAX: [1] (202) 265-8057 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto - Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and - San Juan (Puerto Rico) - consulate(s): Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, - Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, and Ponce (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Donna Jean HRINAK - embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo - Navarro, Santo Domingo - mailing address: Unit 5500, Santo Domingo; APO AA 34041 - telephone: [1] (809) 541-2171, 8100 - FAX: [1] (809) 686-7437 - - Flag: a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the - flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and - red, the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of - arms is at the center of the cross - -@Dominican Republic:Economy - - Overview: The Dominican economy showed some signs of slippage in 1994, - although its overall performance in recent years has been relatively - strong. After posting an increase of nearly 8% in 1992, GDP growth - fell to 3% in 1993 and 1994 as mining output decreased and erosion of - real wages caused private consumption to decline. A pre-election boost - in government spending in early 1994 led to the first government - deficit in four years and bumped inflation up to 14% for the year. - Continued dynamism in construction and the services sector, especially - tourism, should keep the economy growing in 1995. Tourism, - agriculture, and manufacturing for export remain key sectors of the - economy. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural - products, oil refining, and chemicals. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $24 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,070 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 30% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.8 billion - expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $585 million (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: ferronickel, sugar, gold, coffee, cocoa - partners: US 52%, EC 23%, Puerto Rico 9%, Asia 7% (1992) - - Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and - pharmaceuticals - partners: US 60% (1993) - - External debt: $4.3 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% (1994); accounts for 14% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,450,000 kW - production: 5.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 651 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, - textiles, cement, tobacco - - Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; - commercial crops - sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, and tobacco; food - crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output - cattle, - hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined - for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $655 million - - Currency: 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 13.258 (January - 1995), 13.160 (1994), 12.679 (1993), 12.774 (1992), 12.692 (1991), - 8.525 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Dominican Republic:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,655 km (in numerous segments; includes 4 different gauges - from 0.558-m narrow gauge to 1.435-m standard gauge) - - Highways: - total: 12,000 km - paved: 5,800 km - unpaved: gravel or improved earth 5,600 km; unimproved earth 600 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km - - Ports: Barahona, La Romana, Puerto Plata, San Pedro de Macoris, Santo - Domingo - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT - - Airports: - total: 36 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 16 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - -@Dominican Republic:Communications - - Telephone system: 190,000 telephones; relatively efficient domestic - system based on islandwide microwave radio relay network - local: NA - intercity: islandwide microwave radio relay network - international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 120, FM 0, shortwave 6 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: NA - -@Dominican Republic:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,008,597; males fit for - military service 1,266,812; males reach military age (18) annually - 79,769 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $116 million, 1.4% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ECUADOR - -@Ecuador:Geography - - Location: Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the - Equator, between Colombia and Peru - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 283,560 sq km - land area: 276,840 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Nevada - note: includes Galapagos Islands - - Land boundaries: total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km - - Coastline: 2,237 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and - Galapagos Islands - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: three sections of the boundary with Peru are - in dispute - - Climate: tropical along coast becoming cooler inland - - Terrain: coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands - (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente) - - Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 17% - forest and woodland: 51% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: 5,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water - pollution - natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; - periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world - -@Ecuador:People - - Population: 10,890,950 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 1,928,977; male 1,990,036) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 3,281,575; male 3,230,082) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 244,862; male 215,418) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.95% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.08 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 37.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.35 years - male: 67.83 years - female: 72.99 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.97 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ecuadorian(s) - adjective: Ecuadorian - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, - Spanish 10%, black 10% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95% - - Languages: Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 87% - male: 90% - female: 84% - - Labor force: 2.8 million - by occupation: agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, - services and other activities 28% (1982) - -@Ecuador:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador - conventional short form: Ecuador - local long form: Republica del Ecuador - local short form: Ecuador - - Digraph: EC - - Type: republic - - Capital: Quito - - Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El - Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, - Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, - Zamora-Chinchipe - - Independence: 24 May 1822 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of - Quito) - - Constitution: 10 August 1979 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons - ages 18-65, optional for other eligible voters - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN - Cordovez (since 10 August 1992); Vice President Alberto DAHIK Garzoni - (since 10 August 1992); election runoff election held 5 July 1992 - (next to be held NA 1996); results - Sixto DURAN-BALLEN elected as - president and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice president - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Congress (Congreso Nacional): elections last held 1 May 1994 - (next to be held 1 May 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (77 total) PSC 25, PRE 11, MPD 8, ID 7, DP 7, PCE 7, PUR 2, - CFP 2, APRE 2, PSE 1, FRA 1, PLRE 1, LN 1, independents 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: - Center-Right parties: Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, - president; Republican Unity Party (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, - leader; Ecuadorian Conservative Party (PCE), Vice President Alberto - DAHIK, president - Center-Left parties: Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, - Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders; Popular Democracy (DP), Rodrigo PAZ, - leader; Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party (PLRE), Medardo MORA, leader; - Radical Alfarista Front (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, director - populist parties: Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, - director; Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Rodolfo BAQUERIZO - Nazur, leader; Popular Revolutionary Action (APRE), Frank VARGAS - Passos, leader - Far-Left parties: Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Juan Jose - CASTELLO, leader; Ecuadorian Socialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, - leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Rene Mauge MOSQUERA, chairman; - Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo CASTILLO, director - Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene - Mauge MOSQUERA, Secretary General; Communist Party of - Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist) - - Member of: AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Edgar TERAN Teran - chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New - Orleans, New York, and San Francisco - consulate(s): Newark - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Peter F. ROMERO - embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito - mailing address: APO AA 34039-3420 - telephone: [593] (2) 562-890, 561-624, 561-749 - FAX: [593] (2) 502-052 - consulate(s) general: Guayaquil - - Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and - red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; - similar to the flag of Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a - coat of arms - -@Ecuador:Economy - - Overview: Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural - areas. Growth has been uneven in recent years because of fluctuations - in prices for Ecuador's primary exports - oil and bananas - as well as - because of government policies designed to curb inflation. President - Sixto DURAN-BALLEN launched a series of macroeconomic reforms when he - came into office in August 1992 which included raising domestic fuel - prices and utility rates, eliminating most subsidies, and bringing the - government budget into balance. These measures helped to reduce - inflation from 55% in 1992 to 25% in 1994. DURAN-BALLEN has a much - more favorable attitude toward foreign investment than his predecessor - and has supported several laws designed to encourage foreign - investment. Ecuador has implemented free or complementary trade - agreements with Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, as well - as applied for World Trade Organization membership. Ecuador signed a - standby agreement with the IMF and rescheduled its $7.6 billion - commercial debt in 1994 thereby regaining access to multilateral - lending. Growth in 1994 speeded up to 3.9%, based on increased exports - of bananas and non-traditional products, while international reserves - increased to a record $1.6 billion. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $41.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,840 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 7.1% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $2.76 billion - expenditures: $2.76 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum 39%, bananas 17%, shrimp 16%, cocoa 3%, coffee - 6% - partners: US 42%, Latin America 29%, Caribbean, EU countries 17% - - Imports: $3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: transport equipment, consumer goods, vehicles, machinery, - chemicals - partners: US 28%, EU 17%, Latin America 31%, Caribbean, Japan - - External debt: $13.2 billion (yearend 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6.4% (1993); accounts for almost - 35% of GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,230,000 kW - production: 6.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 612 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal work, paper - products, wood products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, lumber - - Agriculture: accounts for 14% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); - leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other - agricultural exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; other crops - - rice, potatoes, manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock products - - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, pork, dairy products; net importer of - foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar - - Illicit drugs: significant transit country for derivatives of coca - originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru; minor illicit producer of - coca; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit - narcotics; important money-laundering hub - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-91), $2.39 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million - - Currency: 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,198.1 (December 1994), - 2,196.7 (1994), 1,919.1 (1993), 1,534.0 (1992), 1,046.25 (1991), 767.8 - (1990), 767.78 (1990), 526.35 (1989) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Ecuador:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 965 km (single track) - narrow gauge: 965 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 43,709 km - paved: 5,245 km - unpaved: 38,464 km - - Inland waterways: 1,500 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km - - Ports: Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, San - Lorenzo - - Merchant marine: - total: 33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 222,822 GRT/326,447 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 2, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 2, - oil tanker 13, passenger 3, refrigerated cargo 10 - - Airports: - total: 175 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 15 - with paved runways under 914 m: 107 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 31 - -@Ecuador:Communications - - Telephone system: 318,000 telephones; 30 telephones/1,000 persons; - domestic facilities generally inadequate and unreliable - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 272, FM 0, shortwave 39 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 33 - televisions: NA - -@Ecuador:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana, - includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), National - Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,814,867; males fit for - military service 1,903,979; males reach military age (20) annually - 113,985 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -EGYPT - -@Egypt:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between - Libya and the Gaza Strip - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1,001,450 sq km - land area: 995,450 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of New - Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 2,689 km, Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, - Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km - - Coastline: 2,450 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does not - coincide with international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," - a barren area of 20,580 sq km, tensions over this disputed area began - to escalate in 1992 and remain high - - Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters - - Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, - manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 95% - - Irrigated land: 25,850 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: agricultural land being lost to urbanization and - windblown sands; increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam; - desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and - marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, - raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water - resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; - rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources - natural hazards: periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash - floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called - khamsin occurs in spring; duststorms, sandstorms - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law - of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, - Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and - remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea - link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and - juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern - geopolitics - -@Egypt:People - - Population: 62,359,623 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 37% (female 11,380,668; male 11,872,728) - 15-64 years: 59% (female 18,250,706; male 18,641,830) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 1,204,477; male 1,009,214) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.95% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 28.69 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.86 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 74.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 61.12 years - male: 59.22 years - female: 63.12 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.67 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Egyptian(s) - adjective: Egyptian - - Ethnic divisions: Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and - Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily - Italian and French) 1% - - Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic - Christian and other 6% (official estimate) - - Languages: Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by - educated classes - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 48% - male: 63% - female: 34% - - Labor force: 16 million (1994 est.) - by occupation: government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces - 36%, agriculture 34%, privately owned service and manufacturing - enterprises 20% (1984) - note: shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, - mostly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1993 est.) - -@Egypt:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt - conventional short form: Egypt - local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah - local short form: none - former: United Arab Republic (with Syria) - - Digraph: EG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Cairo - - Administrative divisions: 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, - Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, - Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, - As Suways, Aswan, Asyu't, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, - Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj - - Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952) - - Constitution: 11 September 1971 - - Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic - codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees - validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (sworn in as - president on 14 October 1981, eight days after the assassination of - President SADAT); national referendum held 4 October 1993 validated - Mubarak's nomination by the People's Assembly to a third 6-year - presidential term - head of government: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 - November 1986) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral - People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b): elections last held 29 November - 1990 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - NDP 86.3%, NPUG - 1.3%, independents 12.4%; seats - (454 total, 444 elected, 10 - appointed by the president) NDP 383, NPUG 6, independents 55; note - - most opposition parties boycotted; NDP figures include NDP members who - ran as independents and other NDP-affiliated independents - Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura): functions only in a consultative - role; elections last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1995); - results - NDP 100%; seats - (258 total, 172 elected, 86 appointed by - the president) NDP 172 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Party (NDP), - President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the dominant party; legal - opposition parties are; New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'ad SIRAJ AL-DIN; - Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive Unionist - Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), - Mustafa Kamal MURAD; Democratic Unionist Party, Mohammed - 'Abd-al-Mun'im TURK; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; Misr al-Fatah Party - (Young Egypt Party), Gamal RABIE; Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, - Dia' al-din DAWUD; Democratic Peoples' Party, Anwar AFIFI; The Greens - Party, Kamal KIRAH; Social Justice Party, Muhammad 'ABD-AL-'AL - note: formation of political parties must be approved by government - - Other political or pressure groups: despite a constitutional ban - against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim - Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant - political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by - the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but has moved more - aggressively in the past year to block its influence; trade unions and - professional associations are officially sanctioned - - Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, - G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, - OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed Maher El SAYED - chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400 - FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319, 5131 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr. - embassy: (North Gate) 8, Kamel El-Din Salah Street, Garden City, Cairo - - mailing address: APO AE 09839-4900 - telephone: [20] (2) 3557371 - FAX: [20] (2) 3573200 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with - the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing - the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in - Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, - which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria that - has two green stars and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green - stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in - the white band - -@Egypt:Economy - - Overview: Half of Egypt's GDP originates in the public sector, most - industrial plants being owned by the government. Overregulation holds - back technical modernization and foreign investment. Even so, the - economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in - 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden - of debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for - balance-of-payments support. Egypt's first IMF standby arrangement - concluded in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988 because of the - government's failure to adopt promised reforms. Egypt signed a - follow-on program with the IMF and also negotiated a structural - adjustment loan with the World Bank in 1991. In 1991-93 the government - made solid progress on administrative reforms such as liberalizing - exchange and interest rates but resisted implementing major structural - reforms like streamlining the public sector. As a result, the economy - has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a growing problem. - Egypt probably will continue making uneven progress in implementing - the successor programs with the IMF and World Bank it signed onto in - late 1993. Tourism has plunged since 1992 because of sporadic attacks - by Islamic extremists on tourist groups. President MUBARAK has cited - population growth as the main cause of the country's economic - troubles. The addition of about 1.2 million people a year to the - already huge population of 62 million exerts enormous pressure on the - 5% of the land area available for agriculture along the Nile. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $151.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,490 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 20% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $18 billion - expenditures: $19.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.8 - billion (FY94/95 est.) - - Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., FY93/94 est.) - commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw - cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals - partners: EU, US, Japan - - Imports: $11.2 billion (c.i.f., FY93/94 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood - products, durable consumer goods, capital goods - partners: EU, US, Japan - - External debt: $31.2 billion (December 1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2.7% (FY92/93 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 11,830,000 kW - production: 44.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 695 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, - construction, cement, metals - - Agriculture: cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables; - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 - metric tons - - Illicit drugs: a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian - heroin and opium moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for - Nigerian couriers; large domestic consumption of hashish from Lebanon - and Syria - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion - - Currency: 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters - - Exchange rates: Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.4 (November 1994), - 3.369 (November 1993), 3.345 (November 1992), 2.7072 (1990); market - rate: 3.3920 (January 1995), 3.3920 (1994), 3.3704 (1993), 3.3300 - (1992), 2.0000 (1991), 1.1000 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Egypt:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,895 km (42 km electrified; 951 km double track) - standard gauge: 4,548 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 951 km - double track) - narrow gauge: 347 km 0.750-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 47,387 km - paved: 34,593 km - unpaved: 12,794 km - - Inland waterways: 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, - Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); - Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing - vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas - 460 km - - Ports: Alexandria, Al Ghurdaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, - Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez - - Merchant marine: - total: 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,187,442 GRT/1,821,327 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 19, cargo 83, container 2, oil tanker 15, - passenger 30, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 14, - short-sea passenger 4 - - Airports: - total: 91 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 11 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 35 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Egypt:Communications - - Telephone system: 600,000 telephones; 11 telephones/1,000 persons; - large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present - requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading - local: NA - intercity: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, - Ismailia Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave - radio relay - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 - ARABSAT, and 1 INMARSAT earth station; 5 coaxial submarine cables, - microwave troposcatter (to Sudan), and microwave radio relay (to - Libya, Israel, and Jordan) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 39, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 41 - televisions: NA - -@Egypt:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 16,113,413; males fit for - military service 10,455,955; males reach military age (20) annually - 648,724 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, 8.2% of - total government budget (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -EL SALVADOR - -@El Salvador:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between - Guatemala and Honduras - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 21,040 sq km - land area: 20,720 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Massachusetts - - Land boundaries: total 545 km, Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km - - Coastline: 307 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: land boundary dispute with Honduras mostly - resolved by 11 September 1992 International Court of Justice (ICJ) - decision; with respect to the maritime boundary in the Golfo de - Fonseca, ICJ referred to an earlier agreement in this century and - advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras - and Nicaragua likely would be required - - Climate: tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November - to April) - - Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau - - Natural resources: hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum - - Land use: - arable land: 27% - permanent crops: 8% - meadows and pastures: 29% - forest and woodland: 6% - other: 30% - - Irrigated land: 1,200 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; - contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes - natural hazards: known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and - sometimes very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, - but not ratified - Climate Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: smallest Central American country and only one without a - coastline on Caribbean Sea - -@El Salvador:People - - Population: 5,870,481 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 1,165,152; male 1,200,759) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 1,677,958; male 1,602,230) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 122,368; male 102,014) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.02% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 32.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.19 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 38.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 67.5 years - male: 64.89 years - female: 70.23 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.69 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Salvadoran(s) - adjective: Salvadoran - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo 94%, Indian 5%, white 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 75% - note: there is extensive activity by Protestant groups throughout the - country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 million - Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador - - Languages: Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 73% - male: 76% - female: 70% - - Labor force: 1.7 million (1982 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, - government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1% - note: shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, - but training programs improving situation (1984 est.) - -@El Salvador:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of El Salvador - conventional short form: El Salvador - local long form: Republica de El Salvador - local short form: El Salvador - - Digraph: ES - - Type: republic - - Capital: San Salvador - - Administrative divisions: 14 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La - Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa - Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan - - Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821) - - Constitution: 20 December 1983 - - Legal system: based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; - judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Armando CALDERON SOL - (since 1 June 1994); Vice President Enrique BORGO Bustamante (since 1 - June 1994) election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held March - 1999); results - Armando CALDERON SOL (ARENA) 49.03%, Ruben ZAMORA - Rivas (CD/FMLN/MNR) 24.09%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 16.39%, other - 10.49%; because no candidate received a majority, a run-off election - was held 24 April 1994; results - Armando CALDERON SOL (ARENA) 68.35%, - Ruben ZAMORA Rivas (CD/FMLN/MNR) 31.65% - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa): elections last held 20 - March 1994 (next to be held March 1997); results - ARENA 46.4%, FMLN - 25.0%, PDC 21.4%, PCN 4.8%, other 2.4%; seats - (84 total) ARENA 39, - FMLN 21, PDC 18, PCN 4, other 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: National Republican Alliance (ARENA), - Juan Jose DOMENECH, president; Farabundo Marti National Liberation - Front (FMLN), Salvador SANCHEZ Ceren (aka Leonel GONZALEZ), general - coordinator; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ronal UMANA, secretary - general; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, - secretary general; Democratic Convergence (CD), Juan Jose MARTEL, - secretary general; Unity Movement, Jorge MARTINEZ Menendez, president - note: newly formed parties not yet officially recognized by the - Supreme Electoral Tribunal: Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Kirio - Waldo SALGADO, founder; Social Democratic Party (breakaway from FMLN), - Joaquin VILLALOBOS, founder; Social Christian Renovation Movement - (MRSC) (breakaway from PDC), Abraham RODRIGUEZ, founder - - Other political or pressure groups: - labor organizations: Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant - association; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; United - Workers Front (FUT) - business organizations: Productive Alliance (AP), conservative; - National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), - conservative - - Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ana Cristina SOL - chancery: 2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-9671, 9672 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, - New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alan H. FLANIGAN - embassy: Final Boulevard, Station Antiguo Cuscatlan, San Salvador - mailing address: Unit 3116, San Salvador; APO AA 34023 - telephone: [503] 78-4444 - FAX: [503] 78-6011 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with - the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms - features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL - SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, - which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it - features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on - top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of - Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered - in the white band - -@El Salvador:Economy - - Overview: The agricultural sector accounts for 24% of GDP, employs - about 40% of the labor force, and contributes about 66% to total - exports. Coffee is the major commercial crop, accounting for 45% of - export earnings. The manufacturing sector, based largely on food and - beverage processing, accounts for 19% of GDP and 15% of employment. In - 1992-94 the government made substantial progress toward privatization - and deregulation of the economy. Growth in national output in 1991-94 - nearly averaged 5%, exceeding growth in population for the first time - since 1987; and inflation in 1994 of 10% was down from 19% in 1993. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,710 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 6.7% (1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $846 million - expenditures: $890 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $823 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: coffee, sugarcane, shrimp - partners: US, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Germany - - Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods - partners: US, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, Germany - - External debt: $2.6 billion (December 1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 7.6% (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 750,000 kW - production: 2.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 408 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, beverages, petroleum, nonmetallic - products, tobacco, chemicals, textiles, furniture - - Agriculture: accounts for 24% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including - fishing and forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other - products - sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy - products, shrimp; not self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine; marijuana produced for - local consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion - (plus $250 million for 1992-96); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and - OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $525 million - - Currency: 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.760 (January - 1995), 8.750 (1994), 8.670 (1993), 8.4500 (1992), 8.080 (1991), 8.0300 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@El Salvador:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 602 km (single track; note - some sections abandoned, unusable, - or operating at reduced capacity) - narrow gauge: 602 km 0.914-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 10,000 km - paved: 1,500 km - unpaved: gravel 4,100 km; improved, unimproved earth 4,400 km - - Inland waterways: Rio Lempa partially navigable - - Ports: Acajutla, Puerto Cutuco, La Libertad, La Union, Puerto El - Triunfo - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 106 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 78 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 23 - -@El Salvador:Communications - - Telephone system: 116,000 telephones; 21 telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: nationwide microwave radio relay system - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station; connected to - Central American Microwave System - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 77, FM 0, shortwave 2 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 - televisions: NA - -@El Salvador:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,393,480; males fit for - military service 892,958; males reach military age (18) annually - 77,562 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $103 million, 0.7% of - GDP (1994); $91.9 million, less than 1% of GDP (1995 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -EQUATORIAL GUINEA - -@Equatorial Guinea:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Cameroon and Gabon - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 28,050 sq km - land area: 28,050 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 539 km, Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km - - Coastline: 296 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because - of disputed sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay - - Climate: tropical; always hot, humid - - Terrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic - - Natural resources: timber, petroleum, small unexploited deposits of - gold, manganese, uranium - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 51% - other: 33% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: tap water is not potable; desertification - natural hazards: violent windstorms - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of - the Sea - - Note: insular and continental regions rather widely separated - -@Equatorial Guinea:People - - Population: 420,293 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 90,404; male 90,997) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 117,124; male 105,724) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 8,969; male 7,075) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.59% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 40.22 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 14.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 100.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 52.56 years - male: 50.39 years - female: 54.79 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.23 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) - adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean - - Ethnic divisions: Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni - (primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish - - Religions: nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan - practices - - Languages: Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1983) - total population: 62% - male: 77% - female: 48% - - Labor force: 172,000 (1986 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980) - note: labor shortages on plantations - -@Equatorial Guinea:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Equatorial Guinea - conventional short form: Equatorial Guinea - local long form: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial - local short form: Guinea Ecuatorial - former: Spanish Guinea - - Digraph: EK - - Type: republic in transition to multiparty democracy - - Capital: Malabo - - Administrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, - Litoral, Wele-Nzas - - Independence: 12 October 1968 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 12 October (1968) - - Constitution: new constitution 17 November 1991 - - Legal system: partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom - - Suffrage: universal adult at age NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA - MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979); election last held 25 June 1989 (next - to be held 25 June 1996); results - President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without opposition - head of government: Prime Minister Silvestre SIALE BILEKA (since 17 - January 1992); Vice Prime Minister Anatolio NDONG MBA (since November - 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of People's Representatives: (Camara de Representantes del - Pueblo) elections last held 21 November 1993; seats - (82 total) PDGE - 72, various opposition parties 10 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal - - Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. - Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader - opposition parties: Progressive Democratic Alliance (ADP), - Antonio-Ebang Mbele Abang, president; Popular Action of Equatorial - Guinea (APGE),Casiano Masi Edu, leader; Liberal Democratic Convention - (CLD), Alfonso Nsue MOKUY, president; Convergence for Social Democracy - (CPDS),Santiago Obama Ndong, president; Social Democratic and Popular - Convergence (CSDP), Secundino Oyono Agueng Ada, general secretary; - Party of the Social Democratic Coalition (PCSD), Buenaventura Moswi - M'Asumu, general coordinater; Liberal Party (PL), leaders unknown; - Party of Progress (PP), Severo MOTO Nsa, president; Social Democratic - Party (PSD), Benjamin-Gabriel Balingha Balinga Alene, general - secretary; Socialist Party of Equatorial Guinea (PSGE), Tomas MICHEBE - Fernandez, general secretary; National Democratic Union (UDENA), Jose - MECHEBA Ikaka, president; Democratic Social Union (UDS), Jesus Nze - Obama Avomo, general secretary; Popular Union (UP), Juan Bitui, - president - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, - UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Teodoro - Biyogo NSUE - chancery: (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, Mount Vernon, NY 10553 - telephone: [1] (914) 738-9584, 667-6913 - FAX: [1] (914) 667-6838 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Joseph P. O'NEILL - embassy: Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo - mailing address: P.O. Box 597, Malabo - telephone: [240] (9) 21-85, 24-06, 25-07 - FAX: [240] (9) 21-64 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with - a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms - centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow - six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore - islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below - which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, - Justice) - -@Equatorial Guinea:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing account for about half of - GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence farming predominates. Although - pre-independence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for - hard currency earnings, the deterioration of the rural economy under - successive brutal regimes has diminished potential for agriculture-led - growth. A number of aid programs sponsored by the World Bank and the - international donor community have failed to revitalize export - agriculture. Businesses for the most part are owned by government - officials and their family members. Commerce accounts for about 8% of - GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for about - 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, - manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place - under concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been - moderately successful. Increased production from recently discovered - natural gas fields will provide a greater share of exports in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $280 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 7.3% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $700 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $32.5 million - expenditures: $35.9 million, including capital expenditures of $3 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $56 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: coffee, timber, cocoa beans - partners: Spain 55.2%, Nigeria 11.4%, Cameroon 9.1% (1992) - - Imports: $62 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery - partners: Cameroon 23.1%, Spain 21.8%, France 14.1%, US 4.3% (1992) - - External debt: $260 million (1992 est) - - Industrial production: growth rate 11.3% (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 23,000 kW - production: 20 million kWh - consumption per capita: 50 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fishing, sawmilling - - Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP, cash crops - timber and - coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - rice, yams, - cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $130 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 273,16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Equatorial Guinea:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,760 km (2,460 km on Rio Muni and 300 km on Bioko) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Bata, Luba, Malabo - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,412 GRT/6,699 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, passenger-cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Equatorial Guinea:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,000 telephones; poor system with adequate - government services - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international communications from Bata and Malabo to - African and European countries; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Equatorial Guinea:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Rapid Intervention Force, National - Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 89,752; males fit for military - service 45,611 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.5 million, NA% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ERITREA - -@Eritrea:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and - Sudan - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 121,320 sq km - land area: 121,320 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Pennsylvania - - Land boundaries: total 1,630 km, Djibouti 113 km, Ethiopia 912 km, - Sudan 605 km - - Coastline: 1,151 km (land and island coastline is 2,234 km) - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: none - - Climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter - in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid - in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September - except on coastal desert - - Terrain: dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending - highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the - northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling - plains - - Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, probably oil - (petroleum geologists are prospecting for it), fish - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 2% (coffee) - meadows and pastures: 40% - forest and woodland: 5% - other: 50% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: famine; deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; - overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare - natural hazards: frequent droughts - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species; signed, but - not ratified - Desertification - - Note: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping - lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red - Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993 - -@Eritrea:People - - Population: 3,578,709 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 763,416; male 774,922) - 15-64 years: 54% (female 965,124; male 965,435) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 52,950; male 56,862) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 9.04% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.34 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.67 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: repatriation of up to a half million Eritrean refugees in Sudan - is now underway; 100,000 are expected to return during 1995 - - Infant mortality rate: 120.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 50 years - male: 48.28 years - female: 51.78 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.53 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Eritrean(s) - adjective: Eritrean - - Ethnic divisions: ethnic Tigrays 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, - Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3% - - Religions: Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant - - Languages: Tigre and Kunama, Cushitic dialects, Tigre, Nora Bana, - Arabic - - Labor force: NA - -@Eritrea:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: State of Eritrea - conventional short form: Eritrea - local long form: none - local short form: none - former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia - - Digraph: ER - - Type: transitional government - note: on 29 May 1991 ISAIAS Afworke, secretary general of the Peoples' - Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), which then served and still - serves as the country's legislative body, announced the formation of - the Provisional Government in Eritrea (PGE) in preparation for the - 23-25 April 1993 referendum on independence for the autonomous region - of Eritrea; the result was a landslide vote for independence which was - proclaimed on 27 April 1993 - - Capital: Asmara (formerly Asmera) - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Akole Guzay, Baraka, Danakil, - Hamasen, Sahil, Samhar, Senhit, Seraye, Sahil - - Independence: 27 May 1993 (from Ethiopia; formerly the Eritrea - Autonomous Region) - - National holiday: National Day (independence from Ethiopia), 24 May - (1993) - - Constitution: transitional "constitution" decreed 19 May 1993 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President ISAIAS Afworke (since - 22 May 1993) - cabinet: State Council; the collective executive authority - note: election to be held before 20 May 1997 - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: PFDJ Central Committee serves as the country's - legislative body until country-wide elections are held (before 20 May - 1997) - - Judicial branch: Judiciary - - Political parties and leaders: People's Front for Democracy and - Justice (PFDJ), ISAIAS Afworke, PETROS Solomon (the only party - recognized by the government) - - Other political or pressure groups: Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ); - Islamic Militant Group; Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), ABDULLAH - Muhammed; Eritrean Liberation Front - United Organization (ELF-UO), - Mohammed Said NAWUD; Eritrean Liberation Front - Revolutionary Council - (ELF-RC), Ahmed NASSER - - Member of: ACP, ECA, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), ITU, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador AMDEMICHAEL Berhane Khasai - chancery: Suite 400, 910 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: [1] (202) 429-1991 - FAX: [1] (202) 429-9004 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Robert G. HOUDEK - embassy: 34 Zera Yacob St., Asmara - mailing address: P.O. Box 211, Asmara - telephone: [291] (1) 120004 - FAX: [291] (1) 127584 - - Flag: red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the - flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower - one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered - on the hoist side of the red triangle - -@Eritrea:Economy - - Overview: With independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993, Eritrea - faces the bitter economic problems of a small, desperately poor - African country. Most of the population will continue to depend on - subsistence farming. Domestic output is substantially augmented by - worker remittances from abroad. Government revenues come from custom - duties and income and sales taxes. Eritrea has inherited the entire - coastline of Ethiopia and has long-term prospects for revenues from - the development of offshore oil, offshore fishing, and tourism. For - the time being, Ethiopia will be largely dependent on Eritrean ports - for its foreign trade. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $NA - commodities: NA - partners: NA - - Imports: $NA - commodities: NA - partners: NA - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: NA kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh - - Industries: food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles - - Agriculture: products - sorghum, livestock (including goats), fish, - lentils, vegetables, maize, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sisal (for making - rope) - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents; at present, Ethiopian currency used - - Exchange rates: 1 birr (Br) per US$1 - 5.9500 (January 1995), 5.9500 - (1994), 5.000 (fixed rate 1992-93); note - official rate pegged to US$ - - Fiscal year: NA - -@Eritrea:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 307 km; note - nonoperational since 1978; links Ak'ordat and - Asmara (formerly Asmera) with the port of Massawa (formerly Mits'iwa) - narrow gauge: 307 km 1.000-m gauge (1993 est.) - - Highways: - total: 3,845 km - paved: 807 km - unpaved: gravel 840 km; improved earth 402 km; unimproved earth 1,796 - km - - Ports: Assab (Aseb), Massawa (Mits'iwa) - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 20 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Eritrea:Communications - - Telephone system: NA - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Eritrea:Defense Forces - - Branches: Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ESTONIA - -@Estonia:Geography - - Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of - Finland, between Latvia and Russia - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 45,100 sq km - land area: 43,200 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont - combined - note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea - - Land boundaries: total 557 km, Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km - - Coastline: 1,393 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: limits to be fixed in coordination with - neighboring states - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims over 2,000 sq km of Russian territory - in the Narva and Pechora regions - based on boundary established under - the 1921 Peace Treaty of Tartu - - Climate: maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers - - Terrain: marshy, lowlands - - Natural resources: shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber - - Land use: - arable land: 22% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 11% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: 36% - - Irrigated land: 110 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: air heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide from - oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; contamination of soil and - groundwater with petroleum products, chemicals at military bases - natural hazards: flooding occurs frequently in the spring - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Wetlands - -@Estonia:People - - Population: 1,625,399 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 174,304; male 181,101) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 549,473; male 515,426) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 139,722; male 65,373) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.53% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.9 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.17 years - male: 65.2 years - female: 75.39 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.98 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Estonian(s) - adjective: Estonian - - Ethnic divisions: Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, - Byelorussian 1.8%, Finn 1.1%, other 2.13% (1989) - - Religions: Lutheran - - Languages: Estonian (official), Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, other - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 100% - male: 100% - female: 100% - - Labor force: 750,000 (1992) - by occupation: industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry - 20%, other 38% (1990) - -@Estonia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Estonia - conventional short form: Estonia - local long form: Eesti Vabariik - local short form: Eesti - former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: EN - - Type: republic - - Capital: Tallinn - - Administrative divisions: 15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond): - Harju maakond (Tallinn), Hiiu maakond (Kardla), Ida-Viru maakond - (Johvi), Jarva maakond (Paide), Jogeva maakond (Jogeva), Laane maakond - (Haapsalu), Laane-Viru maakond (Rakvere), Parnu maakond (Parnu), Polva - maakond (Polva), Rapla maakond (Rapla), Saare maakond (Kuessaare), - Tartu maakond (Tartu), Valga maakond (Valga), Viljandi maakond - (Viljandi), Voru maakond (Voru) - note: county centers are in parentheses - - Independence: 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 24 February (1918) - - Constitution: adopted 28 June 1992 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of - legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Lennart MERI (since 21 October 1992); - election last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held fall 1996); - results - no candidate received majority; newly elected Parliament - elected Lennart MERI (21 October 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Andres TARAND (since NA October - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister, - authorized by the legislature - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Riigikogu): elections last held 5 March 1995 (next to be - held NA 1998); results - KMU 32.22%, RE 16.18%, K 14.17%, Pro Patria - and ERSP 7.85%, M 5.98%, Our Home is Estonia and Right-Wingers 5.0%; - seats - (101 total) KMU 41, RE 19, K 16, Pro Patria 8, Our Home is - Estonia 6, M 6, Right-Wingers 5 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Coalition Party and Rural Union (KMU) - made up of 4 parties: Coalition Party, Country People's Party, - Farmer's Assembly, and Pensioners' and Families' League; Coalition - Party, Tiit VAHI, chairman; Country People's Party, Arnold RUUTEL, - chairman; Farmer's Assembly, Jaak-Hans KUKS, chairman; Pensioners' and - Families' League; Reform Party-Liberals (RE), Siim KALLAS, chairman; - Center Party (K), Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman; Union of Pro Patria - (Isaama of Fatherland), Mart LAAR, chairman; National Independence - Party (ERSP), Kelam TUNNE, chairman; Our Home is Estonia made up of 2 - parties: United Peoples Party and the Russian Party in Estonia; United - Peoples Party, Viktor ANDREJEV, chairman; Russian Party in Estonia, - Sergei KUZNETSOV, chairman; Moderates (M) made up of 2 parties: Social - Democratic Party and Rural Center Party; Social Democratic Party, Eiki - NESTOR, chairman; Rural Center Party, Vambo KAAL, chairman; - Right-Wingers, Ulo NUGIS, chairman - - Member of: BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), - ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WEU (associate - partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Toomas Hendrik ILVES - chancery: 1030 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, Suite 1000 - telephone: [1] (202) 789-0320 - FAX: [1] (202) 789-0471 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Keith SMITH - embassy: Kentmanni 20, Tallinn EE 0001 - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [372] (2) 312-021 through 024 - FAX: [372] (2) 312-025 - - Flag: pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three - equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white - -@Estonia:Economy - - Overview: Bolstered by a widespread national desire to reintegrate - into Western Europe, the Estonian government has pursued an ambitious - program of market reforms and stabilization measures, which is rapidly - transforming the economy. Three years after independence - and two - years after the introduction of the kroon - Estonians are beginning to - reap tangible benefits; inflation, though still high, was brought down - to about 2% per month in second half 1994; production declines have - bottomed out with estimated growth of 4% in 1994; and living standards - are rising. Economic restructuring has been dramatic. By 1994 the - service sector accounted for over 55% of GDP, while the once-dominant - heavy industrial sector continues to shrink. The private sector is - growing rapidly; the share of the state enterprises in the economy has - steadily declined and by late 1994 accounted for only about 40% of - GDP. Estonia's foreign trade has shifted rapidly from East to West; - the Western industrialized countries now account for two-thirds of - foreign trade. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10.4 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $6,460 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% per month (1994 average) - - Unemployment rate: about 2% in 1994 (official estimate but large - number of underemployed workers) - - Budget: - revenues: $643 million - expenditures: $639 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $1.65 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: textile 14%, food products 11%, vehicles 11%, metals 11% - (1993) - partners: Russia, Finland, Sweden, Germany - - Imports: $1 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery 18%, fuels 15%, vehicles 14%, textiles 10% - (1993) - partners: Finland, Russia, Germany, Sweden - - External debt: $650 million (end of 1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate -27% (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,420,000 kW - production: 11.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,528 kWh (1993) - - Industries: oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, electric motors, - excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, shoes, - apparel - - Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; employs 20% of work force; very - efficient by Soviet standards; net exports of meat, fish, dairy - products, and potatoes; imports of feedgrains for livestock; fruits - and vegetables - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and - Southwest Asia and Latin America to Western Europe; very limited - illicit opium producer; mostly for domestic consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million - - Currency: 1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 cents (introduced in August - 1992) - - Exchange rates: kroons (EEK) per US$1 - 12.25 (January 1995); note - - kroons are tied to the German Deutschmark at a fixed rate of 8 to 1 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Estonia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,030 km common carrier lines only; does not include dedicated - industrial lines - broad gauge: 1,030 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 30,300 km - paved or graveled: 29,200 km - unpaved: earth 1,100 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 500 km perennially navigable - - Pipelines: natural gas 420 km (1992) - - Ports: Haapsalu, Narva, Novotallin, Paldiski, Parnu, Tallinn - - Merchant marine: - total: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 415,332 GRT/532,749 DWT - ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 44, container 2, oil tanker 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 4 - - Airports: - total: 22 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 - -@Estonia:Communications - - Telephone system: about 400,000 telephones; 246 telephones/1,000 - persons; telephone system is antiquated; improvements are being made - piecemeal, with emphasis on business needs and international - connections; there are still about 150,000 unfulfilled requests for - telephone service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international traffic is carried to the other former - USSR republics by land line or microwave and to other countries partly - by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway switch, and - partly by a new Tallinn-Helsinki fiber optic submarine cable which - gives Estonia access to international circuits everywhere; substantial - investment has been made in cellular systems which are operational - throughout Estonia and also Latvia and which have access to the - international packet switched digital network via Helsinki - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3; note - provide Estonian programs as well as - Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs - televisions: NA - -@Estonia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force (not - officially sanctioned), Maritime Border Guard, Volunteer Defense - League (Kaitseliit), Security Forces (internal and border troops), - Coast Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 396,588; males fit for military - service 311,838; males reach military age (18) annually 11,915 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $34.1 million, almost - 5% of the overall State budget and 1.5% of GDP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ETHIOPIA - -@Ethiopia:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1,127,127 sq km - land area: 1,119,683 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,311 km, Djibouti 337 km, Eritrea 912 km, - Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 km, Sudan 1,606 km - - Coastline: none - landlocked - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: southern half of the boundary with Somalia is - a Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Somalia - over the Ogaden - - Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation - - Terrain: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great - Rift Valley - - Natural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash - - Land use: - arable land: 12% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 41% - forest and woodland: 24% - other: 22% - - Irrigated land: 1,620 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification; famine - natural hazards: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to - earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear - Test Ban - - Note: landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with - the de jure independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993 - -@Ethiopia:People - - Population: 55,979,018 (July 1995 est.) - note: Ethiopian demographic data, except population and population - growth rate, include Eritrea - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 12,782,345; male 12,802,187) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 14,352,059; male 14,511,342) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 815,974; male 715,111) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.09% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 46.68 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.77 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: repatriation of Ethiopian refugees from Sudan, Kenya and - Somalia, where they had taken refuge from war and famine in earlier - years, is expected to continue in 1995; additional influxes of - Sudanese and Somalis fleeing fighting in their countries can be - expected in 1995 - - Infant mortality rate: 120.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 50 years - male: 48.28 years - female: 51.78 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.07 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ethiopian(s) - adjective: Ethiopian - - Ethnic divisions: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, - Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% - - Religions: Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%, - other 5% - - Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, - Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools) - - Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1984) - total population: 24% - male: 33% - female: 16% - - Labor force: 18 million - by occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and - services 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985) - -@Ethiopia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Ethiopia - local long form: none - local short form: Ityop'iya - - Digraph: ET - - Type: transitional government - note: on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic - Front (EPRDF) toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU - Haile-Mariam and took control in Addis Ababa; a new constitution was - promulgated in December 1994 and national and regional elections are - scheduled for May 1995; the administrative regions will elect regional - assemblies by popular vote; the National Assembly will have two - chambers - one elected by popular vote and the other selected as - representatives by the regional assemblies; the lower house of the - National Assembly will select or confirm the president, the prime - minister and the cabinet officers and judges; the prime minister will - be the chief executive officer and the duties of the president will be - mostly ceremonial - - Capital: Addis Ababa - - Administrative divisions: 14 ethnically-based administrative regions - (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader akababi) Addis Ababa, - Afar, Amhara, Benishangul, Gambela, Gurage-Hadiya-Kambata, Hareri, - Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidama, Somali, Tigray, Wolayta - note: the following named four administrative regions may have been - abolished and their territories distributed among the remaining ten - regions: Kefa, Omo, Sidama, and Wolayta - - Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the - oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years - - National holiday: National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu - regime) - - Constitution: new constitution promulgated in December 1994 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President MELES Zenawi (since 1 June 1991); appointed - by the Council of Representatives following the military defeat of the - MENGISTU government; following the elections to the National Assembly - scheduled for May 1995 the lower house of the National Assembly will - nominate a new president - head of government: Prime Minister TAMIRAT Layne (since 6 June 1991); - a new prime minister will be designated by the party in power - following the elections to the General Assembly in May 1995 - cabinet: Council of Ministers; presently designated by the chairman of - the Council of Representatives; under the new constitution and - following the elections in May 1995 the cabinet officers will be - selected by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: - Constituent Assembly: elections were held on 5 June 1994; results - - government parties swept almost all seats; in December 1994 the - Constituent Assembly ratified the new constitution with few changes; - the new constitution prescribes two chambers for the new National - Assembly - one which is elected by popular vote and one which - represents the ethnic interests of the regional governments - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Ethiopian People's Revolutionary - Democratic Front (EPRDF), MELES Zenawi; - - Other political or pressure groups: Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); All - Amhara People's Organization; Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic - Coalition; numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since - Mengistu's resignation, including several Islamic militant groups - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador BERHANE Gebre-Christos - chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-2281, 2282 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-7950 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Irvin HICKS - embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa - mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa - telephone: [251] (1) 550666 - FAX: [251] (1) 552191 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; - Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors - of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon - independence that they became known as the pan-African colors - -@Ethiopia:Economy - - Overview: With the independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993, Ethiopia - continues to face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest - and least developed countries in Africa. Its economy is based on - agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and - 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The - agricultural sector suffers from frequent periods of drought, poor - cultivation practices, and deterioration of internal security - conditions. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs - from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but - less than 10% of agriculture, is state run. The government is - considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants, and is - implementing reform measures that are gradually liberalizing the - economy. A major medium-term problem is the improvement of roads, - water supply, and other parts of an infrastructure badly neglected - during years of civil strife. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $20.3 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $380 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (FY93/94) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $1.2 billion - expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $707 - million (FY93/94) - - Exports: $219.8 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: coffee, leather products, gold - partners: Germany, Japan, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy - - Imports: $1.04 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: capital goods, consumer goods, fuel - partners: US, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Japan - - External debt: $3.7 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -3.3% (FY91/92); accounts for 12% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 460,000 kW - production: 1.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 23 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals - processing, cement - - Agriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP; export crops of coffee and - oilseeds are grown partly on state farms; estimated 50% of - agricultural production is at subsistence level; principal crops and - livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and - other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, goats - - Illicit drugs: transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and - Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as - cocaine destined for southern African markets; cultivates qat (chat) - for local use and regional export - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $2 billion - - Currency: 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: birr (Br) per US$1 - 5.9500 (January 1995), 5.9500 - (1994), 5.0000 (fixed rate 1992-93); fixed at 2.070 before 1992; note - - official rate pegged to the US$ - - Fiscal year: 8 July - 7 July - -@Ethiopia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad) - - narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 24,127 km - paved: 3,289 km - unpaved: gravel 6,664 km; improved earth 1,652 km; unimproved earth - 12,522 km (1993) - - Ports: none - - Merchant marine: - total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,627 GRT/88,909 DWT - ships by type: cargo 8, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 98 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 24 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 42 - -@Ethiopia:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; open-wire and radio relay system - adequate for government use - local: NA - intercity: open wire and microwave radio relay links - international: open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay - to Kenya and Djibouti; 3 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific - Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 9 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: 100,000 - -@Ethiopia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Transitional Government of Ethiopia Forces, Air Force, - Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 12,658,084; males fit for - military service 6,569,759; males reach military age (18) annually - 565,976 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $140 million, 4.1% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -EUROPA ISLAND - - (possession of France) - -@Europa Island:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about - one-half of the way from southern Madagascar to southern Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 28 sq km - land area: 28 sq km - comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 22.2 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Madagascar - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: NA - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% (heavily wooded) - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: wildlife sanctuary - -@Europa Island:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Europa Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Europa Island - local long form: none - local short form: Ile Europa - - Digraph: EU - - Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic; - resident in Reunion - - Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion - - Independence: none (possession of France) - -@Europa Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Europa Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Airports: - total: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Europa Island:Communications - - Note: 1 meteorological station - -@Europa Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FALKLAND ISLANDS (ISLAS MALVINAS) - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):Geography - - Location: Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, - east of southern Argentina - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 12,170 sq km - land area: 12,170 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut - note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and - about 200 small islands - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,288 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina - - Climate: cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain - occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, - except in January and February, but does not accumulate - - Terrain: rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains - - Natural resources: fish, wildlife - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 99% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 1% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: strong winds persist throughout the year - international agreements: NA - - Note: deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short - growing season - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):People - - Population: 2,317 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 2.43% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA - - Death rate: NA - - Net migration rate: NA - - Infant mortality rate: NA - - Life expectancy at birth: NA - - Total fertility rate: NA - - Nationality: - noun: Falkland Islander(s) - adjective: Falkland Island - - Ethnic divisions: British - - Religions: primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, United Free Church, - Evangelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day - Adventist - - Languages: English - - Labor force: 1,100 (est.) - by occupation: agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding) - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Colony of the Falkland Islands - conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - - Digraph: FA - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Stanley - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) - - Constitution: 3 October 1985 - - Legal system: English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Governor David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992) - cabinet: Executive Council; 3 members elected by the Legislative - Council, 2 ex-officio members (chief executive and the financial - secretary), and the governor - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council: elections last held 11 October 1989 (next to be - held October 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (10 - total, 8 elected) independents 8 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: NA - - Member of: ICFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the - outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep - raising is the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire - (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom - bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):Economy - - Overview: The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep - farming, which directly or indirectly employs most of the work force. - Dairy farming supports domestic consumption; crops furnish winter - fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and the - sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the - surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So - far, efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been - unsuccessful. The economy has diversified since 1987 when the - government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers - operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license - fees total more than $40 million per year and support the island's - health, education, and welfare system. To encourage tourism, the - Falkland Islands Development Corporation has built three lodges for - visitors attracted by the abundant wildlife and trout fishing. The - islands are now self-financing except for defense. The British - Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil exploration zone around the - islands in 1993 and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves - capable of producing 500,000 barrels per day. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.4% (1980-87 average) - - Unemployment rate: NA%; labor shortage - - Budget: - revenues: $65 million - expenditures: $55.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992-93) - - Exports: at least $14.7 million - commodities: wool, hides and skins, and meat - partners: UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.) - - Imports: at least $13.9 million - commodities: food, clothing, timber, and machinery - partners: UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 9,200 kW - production: 17 million kWh - consumption per capita: 7,253 kWh (1993) - - Industries: wool and fish processing - - Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some - fodder and vegetable crops - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1992-93), $87 million - - Currency: 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.6350 (January 1995), - 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5604 - (1990); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 510 km - paved: 30 km - unpaved: gravel 80 km; unimproved earth 400 km - - Ports: Stanley - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 4 - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):Communications - - Telephone system: 590 telephones - local: NA - intercity: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio - networks provide effective service to almost all points on both - islands - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station with links - through London to other countries - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Falkland Islands (islas Malvinas):Defense Forces - - Branches: British Forces Falkland Islands (includes Army, Royal Air - Force, Royal Navy, and Royal Marines), Police Force - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FAROE ISLANDS - - (part of the Danish realm) - -@Faroe Islands:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian Sea and - the north Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Iceland to - Norway - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 1,400 sq km - land area: 1,400 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of - Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 764 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy - - Terrain: rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 98% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: archipelago of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited - islets; strategically located along important sea lanes in - northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits habitation to small - coastal lowlands - -@Faroe Islands:People - - Population: 48,871 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 5,673; male 6,119) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 14,164; male 16,835) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 3,335; male 2,745) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.99% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 17.54 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.59 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.29 years - male: 74.91 years - female: 81.8 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.42 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Faroese (singular and plural) - adjective: Faroese - - Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran - - Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 17,585 - by occupation: largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, - transportation, and commerce - -@Faroe Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Faroe Islands - local long form: none - local short form: Foroyar - - Digraph: FO - - Type: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative - division of Denmark - - Capital: Torshavn - - Administrative divisions: none (self-governing overseas administrative - division of Denmark) - - Independence: none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas - administrative division of Denmark) - - National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) - - Constitution: 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution) - - Legal system: Danish - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), - represented by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA) - head of government: Prime Minister Edmund JOENSEN (since 15 September - 1994) - cabinet: Landsstyri; elected by the local legislature - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Faroese Parliament (Logting): elections last held 8 July 1994 (next to - be held by July 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (32 total) Liberal Party 8, People's Party 6, Social Democrats 5, - Republicans 4, Workers' Party 3, Christian Democrats 2, Center Party - 2, Home Rule Party 2 - Danish Parliament: elections last held on 21 September 1994 (next to - be held by September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (2 total) Liberals 2 - - Judicial branch: none - - Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Marita - PETERSEN; Workers Front, Oli JACOBSEN; Home Rule Party, Helena Dam A - NEYSTABOE; The 'Coalition Party', Edmund JOENSEN; Republican Party, - Finnbogir ESAKSON; Centrist Party, Tordur NICLASEN; Christian People's - Party, Niels Pauli DANIELSEN; People's Party, Arnfinn KALLSBERG; - Liberal Party; Christian Democratic Party - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing overseas - administrative division of Denmark) - - US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing overseas - administrative division of Denmark) - - Flag: white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the - edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the - hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) - -@Faroe Islands:Economy - - Overview: The Faroese, who have long enjoyed the affluent living - standards of the Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the - decline of the all-important fishing industry and one of the world's - heaviest per capita external debts of about $25,000. When the nations - of the world extended their fishing zones to 200 nautical miles in the - early 1970s, the Faroese no longer could continue their traditional - long-distance fishing and subsequently depleted their own nearby - fishing areas. The government's tight controls on fish stocks and its - austerity measures have caused a recession, and subsidy cuts will - force nationalization in the fishing industry, which has already been - plagued with bankruptcies. Copenhagen has threatened to withhold its - annual subsidy of $130 million - roughly one-third of the islands' - budget revenues - unless the Faroese make significant efforts to - balance their budget. To this extent the Faroe government is expected - to continue its tough policies, including introducing a 20% - value-added tax (VAT) in 1993, and has agreed to an IMF - economic-political stabilization plan. In addition to its annual - subsidy, the Danish government has bailed out the second largest Faroe - bank to the tune of $140 million since October 1992. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $662 million (1989 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -10.8% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $14,000 (1989 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.8% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 23% (1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $407.2 million - expenditures: $482.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $345.3 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport - equipment (ships) (1989) - partners: Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain - 7.9%, US 4.5% - - Imports: $234.4 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures - 24%, food and livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% - partners: Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US - 1.3% - - External debt: $1.2 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 90,000 kW - production: 200 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,953 kWh (1992) - - Industries: fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts - - Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP; principal crops - potatoes and - vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 metric - tons - - Economic aid: - recipient: receives an annual subsidy from Denmark of about $130 - million - - Currency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere - - Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.034 (January 1995), - 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Faroe Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 200 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Klaksvick, Torshavn, Tvoroyri - - Merchant marine: - total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,879 GRT/18,444 DWT - ships by type: cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-sea passenger - 1 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Faroe Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 27,900 telephones; good international - communications; fair domestic facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 3 coaxial submarine cables - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 3 repeaters 10, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 (repeaters 29) - televisions: NA - -@Faroe Islands:Defense Forces - - Branches: no organized native military forces; only a small Police - Force and Coast Guard are maintained - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Denmark - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FIJI - -@Fiji:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about - two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 18,270 sq km - land area: 18,270 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,129 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; - rectilinear shelf claim added - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin - - Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 65% - other: 19% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion - natural hazards: cyclonic storms can occur from November to January - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law - of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited - -@Fiji:People - - Population: 772,891 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 136,570; male 142,581) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 235,491; male 235,411) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 11,943; male 10,895) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.16% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 23.69 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.42 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.42 years - male: 63.13 years - female: 67.82 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.87 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Fijian(s) - adjective: Fijian - - Ethnic divisions: Fijian 49%, Indian 46%, European, other Pacific - Islanders, overseas Chinese, and other 5% - - Religions: Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu - 38%, Muslim 8%, other 2% - note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is a - Muslim minority (1986) - - Languages: English (official), Fijian, Hindustani - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) - total population: 87% - male: 90% - female: 84% - - Labor force: 235,000 - by occupation: subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary - earners 15% (1987) - -@Fiji:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Fiji - conventional short form: Fiji - - Digraph: FJ - - Type: republic - note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared - Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987 - - Capital: Suva - - Administrative divisions: 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, - Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western - - Independence: 10 October 1970 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 10 October (1970) - - Constitution: 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new - Constitution was proposed on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 - July 1990; the 1990 Constitution is under review; the review is - scheduled to be complete by 1997 - - Legal system: based on British system - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 12 January - 1994); First Vice President Ratu Sir Josaia TAIVAIQIA (since 12 - January 1994); Second Vice President Ratu Inoke TAKIVEIKATA (since 12 - January 1994); note - President GANILAU died on 15 December 1993 and - Vice President MARA became acting president; MARA was elected - president by the Great Council of Chiefs on 12 January 1994 - head of government: Prime Minister Sitiveni RABUKA (since 2 June 1992) - - Presidential Council: appointed by the governor general - Great Council of Chiefs: highest ranking members of the traditional - chiefly system - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by prime minister from members of - Parliament and responsible to Parliament - - Legislative branch: the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following - the coup of 14 May 1987 - Senate: nonelective body containing 34 seats, 24 reserved for ethnic - Fijians, 9 for Indians and others, 1 for the island of Rotuma; - appointed by President - House of Representatives: elections last held 18-25 February 1994 - (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, ethnic - Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats - by party SVT 31, NFP 20, FLP 7, FA 5, GVP 4, independents 2, ANC 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Fijian Political Party (SVT - primarily - Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini RABUKA; National Federation Party - (NFP; primarily Indian), Jai Ram REDDY; Fijian Nationalist Party - (FNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor Party (FLP), Mahendra CHAUDHRY; - General Voters Party (GVP), Bill SORBY; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), - Isireli VUIBAU; Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and - Viliame SAVU; Fiji Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian - Congress Party, Ishwari BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), - leader NA; Four Corners Party, David TULVANUAVOU; Fijian Association - (FA), leader NA; General Electors' Association, leader NA - note: in early 1995, ethnic Fijian members of the All National - Congress (ANC) merged with the Fijian Association (FA); the new FA is - scheduled to hold its first meeting in April 1995 at which time the - leaders of the party will be chosen; it is likely that Josevata - KAMIKAMICA, the leader of the FA before the merger, will be elected - leader and Adi Kuini Bavadra SPEED, the leader of the ANC before the - merger, will be elected deputy leader; the remaining members of the - ANC have renamed their party the General Electors' Association - - Member of: ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA - chancery: Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 337-8320 - FAX: [1] (202) 337-1996 - consulate(s): New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michael W. MARINE - embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva - mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva - telephone: [679] 314466 - FAX: [679] 300081 - - Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side - quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; - the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the - cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, - bananas, and a white dove - -@Fiji:Economy - - Overview: Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large - subsistence sector. Sugar exports and tourism are the major sources of - foreign exchange. Industry contributes 13% to GDP, with sugar - processing accounting for one-third of industrial activity. Roughly - 250,000 tourists visit each year. Political uncertainty and drought, - however, contribute to substantial fluctuations in earnings from - tourism and sugar and to the emigration of skilled workers. In 1992, - growth was approximately 3%, based on growth in tourism and a - lessening of labor-management disputes in the sugar and gold-mining - sectors. In 1993, the government's budgeted growth rate of 3% was not - achieved because of a decline in non-sugar agricultural output and - damage from Cyclone Kina. Growth in 1994 is estimated to be 5%, - largely attributed to increased tourism and expansion in domestic - production, particularly in the manufacturing sector. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,650 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 5.4% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $485 million - expenditures: $579 million, including capital expenditures of $58 - million (1994) - - Exports: $405 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: sugar 40%, clothing, gold, processed fish, lumber - partners: EC 26%, Australia 15%, Pacific Islands 11%, Japan 6% - - Imports: $634 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, - food, consumer goods, chemicals - partners: Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6% - - External debt: $670 million (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1993 est.); accounts for 13% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 200,000 kW - production: 480 million kWh - consumption per capita: 581 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, clothing, lumber, - small cottage industries - - Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is - sugarcane; coconuts, cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; small - livestock sector includes cattle, pigs, horses, and goats; fish catch - nearly 33,000 tons (1989) - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1980-89), $815 million - - Currency: 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.4140 (January 1995), - 1.4641 (1994), 1.5418 (1993), 1.5030 (1992), 1.4756 (1991), 1.4809 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Fiji:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 644 km; note - belongs to the government owned Fiji Sugar - Corporation - narrow gauge: 644 km 0.610-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 3,300 km - paved: 1,590 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 1,290 km; unimproved - earth 420 km (1984) - - Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and - 200-metric-ton barges - - Ports: Labasa, Lautoka, Levuka, Savusavu, Suva - - Merchant marine: - total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,267 GRT/17,884 DWT - ships by type: chemical tanker 2, oil tanker 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo - 2 - - Airports: - total: 23 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 16 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Fiji:Communications - - Telephone system: 53,228 telephones; 71 telephones/1,000 persons; - modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) - public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter - facilities; regional radio center - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and - NZ-Australia; 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Fiji:Defense Forces - - Branches: Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF; includes army, navy, - and air elements) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 201,441; males fit for military - service 111,046; males reach military age (18) annually 8,466 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, about - 2% of GDP (FY91/92) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FINLAND - -@Finland:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, - and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 337,030 sq km - land area: 305,470 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana - - Land boundaries: total 2,628 km, Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia - 1,313 km - - Coastline: 1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations) - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 6 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm - territorial sea: 4 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild - because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic - Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes - - Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes - and low hills - - Natural resources: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 76% - other: 16% - - Irrigated land: 620 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from manufacturing and power plants - contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, - agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, - Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur - 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national - capital on European continent; population concentrated on small - southwestern coastal plain - -@Finland:People - - Population: 5,085,206 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 469,666; male 491,484) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 1,683,371; male 1,716,307) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 457,061; male 267,317) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.3% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.22 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.22 years - male: 72.51 years - female: 80.11 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.79 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Finn(s) - adjective: Finnish - - Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other - 1% - - Languages: Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small - Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 100% - - Labor force: 2.533 million - by occupation: public services 30.4%, industry 20.9%, commerce 15.0%, - finance, insurance, and business services 10.2%, agriculture and - forestry 8.6%, transport and communications 7.7%, construction 7.2% - -@Finland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Finland - conventional short form: Finland - local long form: Suomen Tasavalta - local short form: Suomi - - Digraph: FI - - Type: republic - - Capital: Helsinki - - Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); - Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, - Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, Vaasa - - Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917) - - Constitution: 17 July 1919 - - Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may - request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Martti AHTISAARI (since 1 March 1994); - election last held 31 January-6 February 1994 (next to be held January - 2000); results - Martti AHTISAARI 54%, Elisabeth REHN 46% - head of government: Prime Minister Paavo LIPPONEN (since 13 April - 1995); Deputy Prime Minister Sauli NIINISTO (since 13 April 1995) - cabinet: Council of State (Valtioneuvosto); appointed by the - president, responsible to Parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Eduskunta): elections last held 19 March 1995 (next to be - held March 1999); results - Social Democratic Party 28.3%, Center - Party 19.9%, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 17.9%, Leftist - Alliance (Communist) 11.2%, Swedish People's Party 5.1%, Green League - 6.5%, Ecology Party 0.3%, Rural 1.3%, Finnish Christian League 3.0%, - Liberal People's Party 0.6%, Young Finns 2.8%; seats - (200 total) - Social Democratic Party 63, Center Party 44, National Coalition - (Conservative) Party 39, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 22, Swedish - People's Party 11, Green League 9, Ecology Party 1, Rural 1, Finnish - Christian League 7, Young Finns 2, Aaland Islands 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) - - Political parties and leaders: - government coalition: Social Democratic Party, Paavo LIPPONEN; - National Coalition (conservative) Party, Sauli NIINISTO; Leftist - Alliance (Communist) People's Democratic League and Democratic - Alternative, Claes ANDERSON; Swedish People's Party, (Johan) Ole - NORRBACK; Green League, Pekka HAAVISTO - other: Center Party, Esko AHO; Finnish Christian League, Toimi - KANKAANNIEMI; Rural Party, Tina MAKELA; Liberal People's Party, - Tuulikki UKKOLA; Greens Ecological Party (EPV); Young Finns - - Other political or pressure groups: Finnish Communist Party-Unity, - Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional Rightist Party; Finnish Pensioners Party; - Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, - CE, CERN, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), EU, FAO, G- 9, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC - (observer), NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, - OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI - chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 - FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Derek N. SHEARER - embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14A, FIN-00140, Helsinki - mailing address: APO AE 09723 - telephone: [358] (0) 171931 - FAX: [358] (0) 174681 - - Flag: white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; - the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) - -@Finland:Economy - - Overview: Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market - economy, with per capita output two-thirds of the US figure. Its key - economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, and - engineering industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods - representing about 30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, - Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some - components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, - agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in - basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a - secondary occupation for the rural population. The economy, which - experienced an average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, - sank into deep recession in 1991 as GDP contracted by 6.5%. The - recession - which continued in 1992 with GDP contracting by 4.1% - has - been caused by economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and - the dismantling of the barter system between Finland and the former - Soviet Union under which Soviet oil and gas had been exchanged for - Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish Government has proposed - efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and efficiency by an - increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public expenditures, - partial privatization of state enterprises, and changes in monetary - policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied the markka to the European - Union's (EU) European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote stability. - Ongoing speculation resulting from a lack of confidence in the - government's policies forced Helsinki to devalue the markka by about - 12% in November 1991 and to indefinitely break the link in September - 1992. The devaluations have boosted the competitiveness of Finnish - exports. The recession bottomed out in 1993, and Finland participated - in the general European upturn of 1994. Unemployment probably will - remain a serious problem during the next few years; the majority of - Finnish firms face a weak domestic market and the troubled German and - Swedish export markets. The Finns voted in an October 1994 referendum - to enter the EU, and Finland officially joined the Union on 1 January - 1995. Increasing integration with Western Europe will dominate the - economic picture over the next few years. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $81.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $16,140 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: 22% (1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $21.7 billion - expenditures: $31.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: paper and pulp, machinery, chemicals, metals, timber - partners: EC 53.2% (Germany 15.6%, UK 10.7%), EFTA 19.5% (Sweden - 12.8%), US 5.9%, Japan 1.3%, Russia 2.8% (1992) - - Imports: $18 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, - transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and - fabrics, fodder grains - partners: EC 47.2% (Germany 16.9%, UK 8.7%), EFTA 19.0% (Sweden - 11.7%), US 6.1%, Japan 5.5%, Russia 7.1% (1992) - - External debt: $30 billion (December 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1993 est.); accounts for 28% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 13,360,000 kW - production: 58 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 12,196 kWh (1993) - - Industries: metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing - (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, - clothing - - Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP (including forestry); livestock - production, especially dairy cattle, predominates; main crops - - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of - foodgrains and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric - tons - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Latin American cocaine for the - West European market - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion - - Currency: 1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia - - Exchange rates: markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.7358 (January 1995), 5.2235 - (1994), 5.7123 (1993), 4.4794 (1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Finland:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 5,864 km - broad gauge: 5,864 km 1.524-m gauge (1,710 km electrified; 480 km - multiple track) - - Highways: - total: 76,755 km - paved: bituminous concrete, bituminous treated soil 47,588 km (318 km - of expressways) - unpaved: gravel 29,167 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km - suitable for steamers - - Pipelines: natural gas 580 km - - Ports: Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Loviisa, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, - Turku, Uusikaupunki, Varkaus - - Merchant marine: - total: 93 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,050,270 GRT/1,080,150 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 7, cargo 20, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas - tanker 3, oil tanker 12, passenger 3, refrigerated cargo 1, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 31, short-sea passenger 10, vehicle carrier 1 - - Airports: - total: 159 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - with paved runways under 914 m: 94 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - -@Finland:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,140,000 telephones; good service from cable and - microwave radio relay network - local: NA - intercity: cable and microwave radio relay - international: 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT satellite transmission - service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only INTELSAT earth - station near Helsinki for TV programs - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 105, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 235 - televisions: NA - -@Finland:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (includes Sea Guard) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,318,231; males fit for - military service 1,083,749; males reach military age (17) annually - 33,085 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.86 billion, about - 1.9% of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FRANCE - -@France:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English - Channel, between Belgium and Spain southeast of the UK; bordering the - Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 547,030 sq km - land area: 545,630 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Colorado - note: includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but - excludes the overseas administrative divisions - - Land boundaries: total 2,892.4 km, Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, - Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain - 623 km, Switzerland 573 km - - Coastline: 3,427 km (mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km) - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa - Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; - Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; Seychelles - claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of French Guiana; Mexico - claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie - Land); Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute - between Canada and France - - Climate: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and - hot summers along the Mediterranean - - Terrain: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; - remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east - - Natural resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash - - Land use: - arable land: 32% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 23% - forest and woodland: 27% - other: 16% - - Irrigated land: 11,600 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from - industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, - agricultural runoff - natural hazards: flooding - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, - Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, - Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: largest West European nation; occasional warm tropical wind - known as mistral - -@France:People - - Population: 58,109,160 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 5,438,447; male 5,700,143) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 18,889,771; male 19,001,536) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 5,433,276; male 3,645,987) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.46% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.29 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.37 years - male: 74.5 years - female: 82.44 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) - adjective: French - - Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North - African, Indochinese, Basque minorities - - Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North - African workers) 1%, unaffiliated 6% - - Languages: French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and - languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, - Flemish) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 24.17 million - by occupation: services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.2% (1987) - -@France:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: French Republic - conventional short form: France - local long form: Republique Francaise - local short form: France - - Digraph: FR - - Type: republic - - Capital: Paris - - Administrative divisions: 22 regions (regions, singular - region); - Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, - Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, - Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, - Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, - Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes - note: the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see separate - entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, - Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, - Saint Pierre and Miquelon) - - Dependent areas: Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, - French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso - Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis - and Futuna - note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica - - Independence: 486 (unified by Clovis) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of - president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht - Treaty in 1992; amended to tighten immigration laws 1993 - - Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of - administrative but not legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); - election last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1995); results - - Second Ballot Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% - head of government: Prime Minister Edouard BALLADUR (since 29 March - 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the - suggestion of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) - Senate (Senat): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held - September 1995; nine-year term, elected by thirds every three years); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 - metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and territories, and - 12 for French nationals abroad) RPR 91, UDF 142, PS 66, PCF 16, - independents 2, other 4 - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 21 and 28 - March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (577 total) RPR 247, UDF 213, PS 67, PCF 24, - independents 26 - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) - - Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Alain - JUPPE, interim head; Union for French Democracy (UDF, coalition of PR, - CDS, RAD, PSD), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; Republican Party (PR), - Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Francois BAYROU; - Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), Henri EMMANUELLI; - Left Radical Movement (MRG), Jean-Francois HORY; Communist Party - (PCF), Robert HUE; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN; The Greens, - Antoine WAECHTER, Jean-Louis VIDAL, Guy CAMBOT; Generation Ecology - (GE), Brice LALONDE - - Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union - (Confederation Generale du Travail - CGT) nearly 2.4 million members - (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise - Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members (est.); - independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); - independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) - 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers - (Conseil National du Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat) - - Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, - BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), - ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, G- 5, G- 7, G-10, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, - MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, PCA, - SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, - UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI - chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los - Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan - (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela C. HARRIMAN - embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08 - mailing address: Unit 21551, Paris; APO AE 09777 - telephone: [33] (1) 42 96 12 02, 42 61 80 75 - FAX: [33] (1) 42 66 97 83 - consulate(s) general: Bordeaux, Marseille, Strasbourg - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; - known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors are - similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, - Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all - French dependent areas - -@France:Economy - - Overview: One of the world's most highly developed economies, France - has substantial agricultural resources and a diversified modern - industrial sector. Large tracts of fertile land, the application of - modern technology, and subsidies have combined to make it the leading - agricultural producer in Western Europe. Largely self-sufficient in - agricultural products, France is a major exporter of wheat and dairy - products. The industrial sector generates about one-quarter of GDP, - and the growing services sector has become crucial to the economy. - Following stagnation and recession in 1991-93, French GDP in 1994 - expanded 2.4%. Growth in 1995 is expected to be in the 3.0% to 3.5% - range. Persistently high unemployment will still pose a major problem - for the government. Paris remains committed to maintaining the - franc-deutsche mark parity, which has kept French interest rates high - despite France's low inflation. Although the pace of economic and - financial integration within the European Union has slowed down, - integration presumably will remain a major force shaping the fortunes - of the various economic sectors over the next few years. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.0801 trillion - (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $18,670 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 12.6% (yearend 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $220.5 billion - expenditures: $249.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $47 - billion (1993 budget) - - Exports: $249.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, - foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles - and clothing - partners: Germany 18.6%, Italy 11.0%, Spain 11.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg - 9.1%, UK 8.8%, Netherlands 7.9%, US 6.4%, Japan 2.0%, FSU 0.7% (1991 - est.) - - Imports: $238.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural - products, chemicals, iron and steel products - partners: Germany 17.8%, Italy 10.9%, US 9.5%, Netherlands 8.9%, Spain - 8.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.5%, UK 7.5%, Japan 4.1%, FSU 1.3% (1991 - est.) - - External debt: $300 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2.6% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 105,250,000 kW - production: 447 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,149 kWh (1993) - - Industries: steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, - aircraft, electronics, mining, textiles, food processing, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); - one of the world's top five wheat producers; other principal products - - beef, dairy products, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; - self-sufficient for most temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats - and oils and tropical produce, but overall net exporter of farm - products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons ranks among world's top 20 - countries and is all used domestically - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9243 (January 1995), - 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@France:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 34,074 km - standard gauge: 33,975 km 1.435-m gauge (5,850 km electrified; 12,132 - km double or multiple track) - other: 99 km various gauges including 1.000-m (privately owned and - operated) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 1,511,200 km - paved: 811,200 km (including 7,700 km of controlled access divided - highway) - unpaved: 700,000 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled - - Pipelines: crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural - gas 24,746 km - - Ports: Bordeaux, Boulogne, Cherbourg, Dijon, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le - Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Mullhouse, Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Saint - Nazaire, Saint Malo, Strasbourg - - Merchant marine: - total: 78 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,186,183 GRT/3,323,068 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 7, chemical tanker 6, container 15, - liquefied gas tanker 4, oil tanker 21, passenger 1, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 11, short-sea passenger 5, specialized tanker 2 - note: France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships - in the Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and - French Polynesia - - Airports: - total: 476 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 12 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 29 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 96 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 74 - with paved runways under 914 m: 188 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 74 - -@France:Communications - - Telephone system: 39,200,000 telephones; highly developed; extensive - cable and microwave radio relay networks; large-scale introduction of - optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for domestic traffic - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay, optical fiber cable, and domestic - satellites - international: 2 INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 - Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean); HF radio communications with - more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV service - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 41, FM 800 (mostly repeaters), shortwave 0 - radios: 48 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 846 (mostly repeaters) - televisions: 36 million - -@France:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air), Air Force and Air Defense, - National Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 14,740,155; males fit for - military service 12,258,691; males reach military age (18) annually - 378,489 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $47.1 billion, 3.1% - of GDP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FRENCH GUIANA - - (overseas department of France) - -@French Guiana:Geography - - Location: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, - between Brazil and Suriname - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 91,000 sq km - land area: 89,150 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana - - Land boundaries: total 1,183 km, Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km - - Coastline: 378 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani - and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains - - Natural resources: bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, - kaolin, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 82% - other: 18% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: high frequency of heavy showers and severe - thunderstorms; flooding - international agreements: NA - - Note: mostly an unsettled wilderness - -@French Guiana:People - - Population: 145,270 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 22,511; male 23,535) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 41,995; male 50,064) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 3,608; male 3,557) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 4.13% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.23 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 20.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.52 years - male: 72.27 years - female: 78.94 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.46 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: French Guianese (singular and plural) - adjective: French Guianese - - Ethnic divisions: black or mulatto 66%, Caucasian 12%, East Indian, - Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10% - - Religions: Roman Catholic - - Languages: French - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 83% - male: 84% - female: 82% - - Labor force: 23,265 - by occupation: services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry - 21.2%, agriculture 18.2% (1980) - -@French Guiana:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Department of Guiana - conventional short form: French Guiana - local long form: none - local short form: Guyane - - Digraph: FG - - Type: overseas department of France - - Capital: Cayenne - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France) - - Independence: none (overseas department of France) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French legal system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA 1992); - President of the General Council Elie CASTOR (since NA); President of - the Regional Council Antoine KARAM (22 March 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and a unicameral - Regional Council - General Council: elections last held 25 September and 8 October 1988 - (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (19 total) PSG 12, URC 7 - Regional Council: elections last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (31 total) PSG 16, - FDG 10, RPR 2, independents 3 - French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held - September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 - total) PSG 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 - (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (2 total) RPR 1, independent 1 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (highest local court based in - Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French - Guiana) - - Political parties and leaders: Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Elie - CASTRO; Conservative Union for the Republic (UPR), Leon BERTRAND; - Rally for the Center Right (URC); Rally for the Republic (RPR); Guyana - Democratic Front (FDG), Georges OTHILY; Walwari Committee, Christine - TAUBIRA-DELANON - - Member of: FZ, WCL, WFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas department of France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@French Guiana:Economy - - Overview: The economy is tied closely to that of France through - subsidies and imports. Besides the French space center at Kourou, - fishing and forestry are the most important economic activities, with - exports of fish and fish products (mostly shrimp) accounting for more - than 60% of total revenue in 1992. The large reserves of tropical - hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an expanding sawmill industry - that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation of crops - rice, - cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - is limited to the coastal area, - where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is heavily - dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious - problem, particularly among younger workers. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $800 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $6,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: 13% (1990) - - Budget: - revenues: $735 million - expenditures: $735 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1987) - - Exports: $59 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence - partners: France 52%, Spain 15%, US 5% (1992) - - Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, - producer goods, petroleum - partners: France 77%, Germany 11%, US 5% (1992) - - External debt: $1.2 billion (1988) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 180,000 kW - production: 450 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,149 kWh (1993) - - Industries: construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, - gold mining - - Agriculture: some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, - manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry - - Illicit drugs: small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $1.51 billion - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9243 (January 1995), - 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@French Guiana:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 22 km (est.) - - Highways: - total: 1,137 km - paved: 455 km - unpaved: improved, unimproved earth 682 km (1988) - - Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and - river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft - - Ports: Cayenne, Degrad des Cannes, Saint-Laurent du Maroni - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 11 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@French Guiana:Communications - - Telephone system: 18,100 telephones; fair open-wire and microwave - radio relay system - local: NA - intercity: open wire and microwave radio relay - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 7, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9 - televisions: NA - -@French Guiana:Defense Forces - - Branches: French Forces, Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 41,986; males fit for military - service 27,298 - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FRENCH POLYNESIA - - (overseas territory of France) - -@French Polynesia:Geography - - Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about - one-half of the way from South America to Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 3,941 sq km - land area: 3,660 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 2,525 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, but moderate - - Terrain: mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs - - Natural resources: timber, fish, cobalt - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 19% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: 44% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: occasional cyclonic storms in January - international agreements: NA - - Note: includes five archipelagoes; Makatea in French Polynesia is one - of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the - others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Nauru - -@French Polynesia:People - - Population: 219,999 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 38,361; male 39,744) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 64,034; male 69,024) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 4,437; male 4,399) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.23% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 27.56 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.27 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 14.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.75 years - male: 68.32 years - female: 73.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: French Polynesian(s) - adjective: French Polynesian - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, - metropolitan French 4% - - Religions: Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16% - - Languages: French (official), Tahitian (official) - - Literacy: age 14 and over can read and write but definition of - literary not available (1977) - total population: 98% - male: 98% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 76,630 employed (1988) - -@French Polynesia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of French Polynesia - conventional short form: French Polynesia - local long form: Territoire de la Polynesie Francaise - local short form: Polynesie Francaise - - Digraph: FP - - Type: overseas territory of France since 1946 - - Capital: Papeete - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France); there - are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 5 archipelagic divisions named Archipel des - Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des Tubuai, Iles du Vent, - and Iles Sous-le-Vent - note: Clipperton Island is administered by France from French - Polynesia - - Independence: none (overseas territory of France) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: based on French system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); - High Commissioner of the Republic Paul RONCIERE (since 8 August 1994) - head of government: President of the Territorial Government of French - Polynesia Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); Deputy to the French - Assembly and President of the Territorial Assembly Jean JUVENTIN - (since NA November 1992); Territorial Vice President and Minister of - Health Michel BUILLARD (since 12 September 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members of - the Assembly for approval by them to serve as ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Territorial Assembly: elections last held 17 March 1991 (next to be - held March 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (41 - total) People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 18, Polynesian Union - Party 12, New Fatherland Party 7, other 4 - French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held - September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 - total) party NA - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 - (next to be held NA March 1998); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 2 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Court of the First Instance, Court - of Administrative Law - - Political parties and leaders: People's Rally for the Republic - (Tahoeraa Huiraatira), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian Union Party (includes - Te Tiarama), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; Here Ai'a Party, Jean JUVENTIN; New - Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation - Front (Tavini Hviraatira No Te Ao Maohi), Oscar TEMARU; Independent - Party (Ia Mana Te Nunaa), Jacques DROLLET; other small parties - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas territory of France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@French Polynesia:Economy - - Overview: Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the - region, French Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one - in which a high proportion of the work force is either employed by the - military or supports the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about - 20% of GDP and is a primary source of hard currency earnings. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.5 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $7,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.7% (1991) - - Unemployment rate: 10% (1990 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $614 million - expenditures: $957 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1988) - - Exports: $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark - meat - partners: France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17% - - Imports: $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: fuels, foodstuffs, equipment - partners: France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 15% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 75,000 kW - production: 275 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,189 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts - - Agriculture: coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; - poultry, beef, dairy products - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-88), $3.95 billion - - Currency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - - 96.25 (January 1995), 100.94 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992), - 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the - French franc - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@French Polynesia:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 600 km (1982) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Mataura, Papeete, Rikitea, Uturoa - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,127 GRT/6,710 DWT - ships by type: passenger-cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1 - note: a subset of the French register allowing French-owned ships to - operate under more liberal taxation and manning regulations than - permissable under the main French register - - Airports: - total: 43 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - with paved runways under 914 m: 18 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@French Polynesia:Communications - - Telephone system: 33,200 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: 84,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 6 - televisions: 26,400 - -@French Polynesia:Defense Forces - - Branches: French Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie - - Note: defense is responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS - - (overseas territory of France) - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, islands in the southern Indian Ocean, about - equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, and Australia; note - "French - Southern and Antarctic Lands" includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, - Iles Crozet, and Iles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, along - with the French-claimed sector of Antartica, "Terre Adelie"; the - United States does not recognize the French claim to "Terre Adelie" - - Map references: Antarctic Region - - Area: - total area: 7,781 sq km - land area: 7,781 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware - note: includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet and Iles - Kerguelen; excludes "Terre Adelie" claim of about 500,000 sq km in - Antarctica that is not recognized by the US - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,232 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen only - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: "Terre Adelie" claim in Antarctica is not - recognized by the US - - Climate: antarctic - - Terrain: volcanic - - Natural resources: fish, crayfish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct - volcanoes - international agreements: NA - - Note: remote location in the southern Indian Ocean - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are researchers - whose numbers vary from 150 in winter (July) to 200 in summer - (January) - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic - Lands - conventional short form: French Southern and Antarctic Lands - local long form: Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques - Francaises - local short form: Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises - - Digraph: FS - - Type: overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High - Administrator Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by - a 7-member Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council - - Capital: none; administered from Paris, France - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France); there - are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 3 districts named Ile Crozet, Iles - Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes "Terre Adelie" - claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US - - Independence: none (overseas territory of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and - geophysical research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The - fish catches landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to - France and Reunion. - - Budget: - revenues: $17.5 million - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:Transportation - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Merchant marine: - total: 48 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290,975 GRT/2,403,050 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 6, chemical tanker 4, container 1, - liquefied gas tanker 3, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker - 15, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 8, specialized - liquefied tanker 1 - note: a subset of the French register allowing French-owned ships to - operate under more liberal taxation and manning regulations than - permissable under the main French register - - Airports: none - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@French Southern And Antarctic Lands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GABON - -@Gabon:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, - between Congo and Equatorial Guinea - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 267,670 sq km - land area: 257,670 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado - - Land boundaries: total 2,551 km, Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, - Equatorial Guinea 350 km - - Coastline: 885 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial - Guinea because of disputed sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay - - Climate: tropical; always hot, humid - - Terrain: narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and - south - - Natural resources: petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron - ore - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 78% - other: 2% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; poaching - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Marine - Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Tropical Timber 94 - -@Gabon:People - - Population: 1,155,749 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 34% (female 193,859; male 194,761) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 347,839; male 359,997) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 30,218; male 29,075) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.46% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 28.34 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 13.72 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 92.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 55.14 years - male: 52.31 years - female: 58.06 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.93 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Gabonese (singular and plural) - adjective: Gabonese - - Ethnic divisions: Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings - (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), other Africans and Europeans - 100,000, including 27,000 French - - Religions: Christian 55%-75%, Muslim less than 1%, animist - - Languages: French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, - Bandjabi - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 61% - male: 74% - female: 48% - - Labor force: 120,000 salaried - by occupation: agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, - services 2.5%, government 2.5% - -@Gabon:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Gabonese Republic - conventional short form: Gabon - local long form: Republique Gabonaise - local short form: Gabon - - Digraph: GB - - Type: republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties - legalized 1990) - - Capital: Libreville - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, - Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, - Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem - - Independence: 17 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Renovation Day, 12 March (1968) (Gabonese Democratic - Party established) - - Constitution: adopted 14 March 1991 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; - judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the - Supreme Court; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967); - election last held on 5 December 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - - President Omar BONGO was reelected with 51% of the vote - head of government: Prime Minister Paulin OBAME Nguema (since 9 - December 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister in - consultation with the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held on 5 - December 1993 (next to be held by 1998); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (120 total) PDG 62, Morena-Bucherons/RNB 19, PGP 18, - National Recovery Movement (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, - independents 3 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former - sole party), Jaques ADIAHENOT, Secretary General; National Recovery - Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons/RNB), Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE, - leader; Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP), Pierre-Louis AGONDHO-OKAWE, - President; National Recovery Movement (Morena-Original), Pierre - ZONGUE-NGUEMA, Chairman; Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG), - leader NA; Gabonese Socialist Union (USG), leader NA; Circle for - Renewal and Progress (CRP), leader NA; Union for Democracy and - Development (UDD), leader NA; Rally of Democrats (RD), leader NA; - Forces of Change for Democratic Union, leader NA - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS - (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Paul BOUNDOUKOU-LATHA - chancery: 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007, Suite 200 - telephone: [1] (202) 797-1000 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph C. WILSON IV - embassy: Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville - mailing address: B. P. 4000, Libreville - telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, 74 34 92 - FAX: [241] 74 55 07 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue - -@Gabon:Economy - - Overview: Notwithstanding its serious ongoing economic problems, Gabon - enjoys a per capita income more than twice that of most nations of - sub-Saharan Africa. Gabon depended on timber and manganese until oil - was discovered offshore in the early 1970s. The oil sector now - accounts for 50% of GDP. Real growth was feeble in 1992 and Gabon - continues to face the problem of fluctuating prices for its oil, - timber, manganese, and uranium exports. Despite an abundance of - natural wealth, and a manageable rate of population growth, the - economy is hobbled by poor fiscal management. In 1992, the fiscal - deficit widened to 2.4% of GDP, and Gabon failed to settle arrears on - its bilateral debt, leading to a cancellation of rescheduling - agreements with official and private creditors. Devaluation of its - Francophone currency by 50% in January 1994 did not set off an - expected inflationary spiral but the government must continue to keep - a tight reign on spending and wage increases. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $5.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,900 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $1.3 billion - expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $311 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est) - commodities: crude oil 80%, timber 10%, manganese 6%, uranium 2% - partners: US 38%, France 26%, Japan, Germany - - Imports: $832 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, - construction materials, manufactures, machinery - partners: France 42%, African countries 23%, US, Japan - - External debt: $3.3 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -3% (1991) - - Electricity: - capacity: 315,000 kW - production: 910 million kWh - consumption per capita: 757 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food and beverages, lumbering and plywood, textiles, - cement, petroleum refining, mining - manganese, uranium, gold, - petroleum - - Agriculture: cash crops - cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock raising - not developed; importer of food; small fishing operations provide a - catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a tropical softwood) is the - most important timber product - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $68 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-90), $2.342 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Gabon:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 649 km single track (Transgabonese Railroad) - standard gauge: 649 km 1.437-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 7,500 km - paved: 560 km - unpaved: crushed stone 960 km; earth 5,980 km - - Inland waterways: 1,600 km perennially navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km - - Ports: Cape Lopez, Kango, Lambarene, Libreville, Owendo, Port-Gentil - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,281 GRT/12,665 DWT - - Airports: - total: 69 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 28 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 23 - -@Gabon:Communications - - Telephone system: 15,000 telephones; telephone density - 13/1,000 - persons - local: NA - intercity: adequate system, comprising cable, microwave radio relay, - tropospheric scatter, radiocommunication stations, and 12 domestic - satellite links - international: 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 (repeaters 5) - televisions: NA - -@Gabon:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National - Gendarmerie, National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 272,025; males fit for military - service 138,197; males reach military age (20) annually 10,516 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $154 million, 2.4% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -THE GAMBIA - -@The Gambia:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and - Senegal - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 11,300 sq km - land area: 10,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Delaware - - Land boundaries: total 740 km, Senegal 740 km - - Coastline: 80 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 18 nm - continental shelf: not specified - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of boundary with Senegal is - indefinite - - Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry - season (November to May) - - Terrain: flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 16% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 9% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: 55% - - Irrigated land: 120 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases - prevalent - natural hazards: rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last thirty years - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification - - Note: almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent - of Africa - -@The Gambia:People - - Population: 989,273 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 47% (female 231,636; male 231,053) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 257,329; male 244,947) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 11,850; male 12,458) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.08% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 45.97 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.19 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 120.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 50.55 years - male: 48.25 years - female: 52.92 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.23 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Gambian(s) - adjective: Gambian - - Ethnic divisions: African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola - 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-Gambian 1% - - Religions: Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% - - Languages: English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous - vernaculars - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 27% - male: 39% - female: 16% - - Labor force: 400,000 (1986 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services - 18.9%, government 6.1% - -@The Gambia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of The Gambia - conventional short form: The Gambia - - Digraph: GA - - Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule - - Capital: Banjul - - Administrative divisions: 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower - River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank, Upper River, Western - - Independence: 18 February 1965 (from UK; The Gambia and Senegal signed - an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a - loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was - dissolved on 30 September 1989) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 18 February (1965) - - Constitution: 24 April 1970 - - Legal system: based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, - and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Chairman of the Armed Forces - Provisional Ruling Council Capt. Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since the - military coup of 22 July 1994); Vice Chairman of the Armed Forces - Provisional Ruling Council Capt. Edward SINGHATEH (since March 1995); - election last held on 29 April 1992; results - Sir Dawda JAWARA (PPP) - 58.5%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 22.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA (GPP) 8.0% - (prior to the 22 July 1994 coup, next election was scheduled for April - 1997) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from members of the House - of Representatives (present cabinet appointed by Chairman of the Armed - Forces Provisional Ruling Council) - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Representatives: elections last held on 29 April 1992 (next - to be held April 1997); results - PPP 58.1%; seats - (43 total, 36 - elected) PPP 30, NCP 6 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda - K. JAWARA (in exile), secretary general; National Convention Party - (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA (in exile); Gambian People's Party (GPP), Hassan - Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic - Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; - People's Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Aminatta DIBBA - chancery: Suite 1000, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 785-1399, 1379, 1425 - FAX: [1] (202) 785-1430 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Andrew J. WINTER - embassy: Fajara, Kairaba Avenue, Banjul - mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul - telephone: [220] 392856, 392858, 391970, 391971 - FAX: [220] 392475 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white - edges, and green - -@The Gambia:Economy - - Overview: The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural - resources and has a limited agricultural base. About 75% of the - population is engaged in crop production and livestock raising, which - contribute 30% to GDP. Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing - peanuts, fish, and hides - accounts for less than 10% of GDP. A - sustained structural adjustment program, including a liberalized trade - policy, had fostered a respectable 4% rate of growth in recent years. - Reexport trade constitutes one-third of economic activity; however, - border closures associated with Senegal's monetary crisis in late 1993 - led to a halving of reexport trade, reducing government revenues in - turn. The 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 has made - Senegalese goods more competitive and apparently prompted a relaxation - of Senegalese controls, paving the way for a comeback in reexports. - But overwhelming these developments were the devastating effects of - the military's takeover in July 1994. By October, traffic at the Port - of Banjul had fallen precipitously as importers nervously scaled back - their activities with the commencement of the anticorruption drive by - the new regime. Concerned with the growing potential for serious - unrest after a countercoup attempt was bloodily put down by the - regime, the United Kingdom and the EU in November issued a travelers - advisory for The Gambia, which brought a halt to tourism almost - immediately. The Gambia faces additional problems in 1995 if, as is - likely, economic sanctions by Western governments remain in effect in - response to indications that the military regime intends to stay in - power far longer than expected by the donors. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $1,050 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $94 million - expenditures: $89 million, including capital expenditures of $24 - million (FY92/93 est.) - - Exports: $81 million (f.o.b., FY92/93 est.) - commodities: peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm - kernels - partners: Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1%, other 5% (1989) - - Imports: $154 million (f.o.b., FY92/93 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery - and transport equipment - partners: Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 9%, US 6%, - other 3% (1989) - - External debt: $286 million (FY92/93 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6.7% - - Electricity: - capacity: 30,000 kW - production: 70 million kWh - consumption per capita: 64 kWh (1993) - - Industries: peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural - machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing - - Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP; one-third of food requirements - is imported; major export crop is peanuts; other principal crops - - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; livestock - - cattle, sheep, goats; forestry and fishing resources not fully - exploited - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $535 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million - - Currency: 1 dalasi (D) = 100 butut - - Exchange rates: dalasi (D) per US$1 - 9.565 (January 1995), 9.576 - (1994), 9.129 (1993), 8.888 (1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@The Gambia:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 3,083 km - paved: 431 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 501 km; unimproved earth 2,151 km - - Inland waterways: 400 km - - Ports: Banjul - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,194 GRT/19,394 DWT - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - -@The Gambia:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,500 telephones; telephone density - 4 - telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: adequate network of radio relay and wire - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@The Gambia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 214,680; males fit for military - service 108,659 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 million, 3.8% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GAZA STRIP - - Note--The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim - Self-Government Arrangements ("the DOP"), signed in Washington on 13 - September 1993, provides for a transitional period not exceeding five - years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the - West Bank. Under the DOP, final status negotiations are to begin no - later than the beginning of the third year of the transitional period. - -@Gaza Strip:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt - and Israel - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 360 sq km - land area: 360 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: total 62 km, Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km - - Coastline: 40 km - - Maritime claims: Israeli occupied with interim status subject to - Israeli/Palestinian negotiations - final status to be determined - - International disputes: West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied - with interim status subject to Israeli/Palestinian negotiations - - final status to be determined - - Climate: temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers - - Terrain: flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 13% - permanent crops: 32% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 55% - - Irrigated land: 115 sq km (1992 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: desertification - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: there are 24 Jewish settlements and civilian land use sites in - the Gaza Strip (August 1994 est.) - -@Gaza Strip:People - - Population: 813,322 (July 1995 est.) - note: in addition, there are 4,800 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip - (August 1994 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 52% (female 205,192; male 215,158) - 15-64 years: 45% (female 185,748; male 183,886) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 13,106; male 10,232) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 4.55% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 50.24 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.75 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 30.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.09 years - male: 69.56 years - female: 72.69 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.74 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: NA - adjective: NA - - Ethnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6% - - Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 98.7%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish - 0.6% - - Languages: Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English - (widely understood) - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: construction 33.4%, agriculture 20.0%, commerce, - restaurants, and hotels 14.9%, industry 10.0%, other services 21.7% - (1991) - note: excluding Jewish settlers - -@Gaza Strip:Government - - Note: Under the Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim - Self-Government Arrangements ("the DOP"), Israel agreed to transfer - certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, and - subsequently to an elected Palestinian Council, as part of interim - self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A - transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho - has taken place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement - on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area. The DOP provides that Israel - will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external - security and for internal security and public order of settlements and - Israelis. Final status is to be determined through direct negotiations - within five years. - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Gaza Strip - local long form: none - local short form: Qita Ghazzah - - Digraph: GZ - -@Gaza Strip:Economy - - Overview: In 1991 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed - across the border by Israeli industrial, construction, and - agricultural enterprises, with worker remittances supplementing GDP by - roughly 50%. Gaza depends upon Israel for nearly 90% of its external - trade. Aggravating the impact of Israeli military administration, - unrest in the territory since 1988 (intifadah) has raised unemployment - and lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The Persian Gulf crisis - and its aftershocks also have dealt blows to Gaza since August 1990. - Worker remittances from the Gulf states have dropped, unemployment has - increased, and exports have fallen. The withdrawal of Israel from the - Gaza Strip in May 1994 brings a new set of adjustment problems. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.7 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $2,400 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 45% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $33.6 million - expenditures: $34.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY89/90) - - Exports: $83 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: citrus - partners: Israel, Egypt - - Imports: $365 million (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: food, consumer goods, construction materials - partners: Israel, Egypt - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 11% (1991 est.) - - Electricity: power supplied by Israel - - Industries: generally small family businesses that produce textiles, - soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis - have established some small-scale modern industries in an industrial - center - - Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits; vegetables; beef and - dairy products - - Economic aid: $240 million disbursed from international aid pledges in - 1994 - - Currency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot - - Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.0270 (December - 1994), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992) - -@Gaza Strip:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: NA km; note - one line, abandoned and in disrepair, little - trackage remains - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - note: small, poorly developed road network - - Ports: Gaza - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Gaza Strip:Communications - - Telephone system: NA; note - 10% of Palestinian households have - telephones (1992 est.) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA; note - 95% of Palestinian households have radios (1992 - est.) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA; note - 59% of Palestinian households have televisions - (1992 est.) - -@Gaza Strip:Defense Forces - - Branches: NA - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GEORGIA - - Note--Georgia has been beset by ethnic and civil strife since - independence. In late 1991, the country's first elected president, - Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA was ousted in an armed coup. In October 1993, - GAMSAKHURDIA, and his supporters sponsored a failed attempt to retake - power from the current government led by former Soviet Foreign - Minister Eduard SHEVARDNADZE. The Georgian government has also faced - armed separatist conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions. - A cease-fire went into effect in South Ossetia in June 1992 and a - joint Georgian-Ossetian-Russian peacekeeping force has been in place - since that time. Georgian forces were driven out of the Abkhaz region - in September 1993 after a yearlong war with Abkhaz separatists. Nearly - 200,000 Georgian refugees have since fled Abkhazia, adding - substantially to the estimated 100,000 internally displaced persons - already in Georgia. Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the border - of Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia. - -@Georgia:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey - and Russia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 69,700 sq km - land area: 69,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than South Carolina - - Land boundaries: total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, - Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km - - Coastline: 310 km - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: none - - Climate: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast - - Terrain: largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the - north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland - opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; - good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland - - Natural resources: forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron - ores, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils - allow for important tea and citrus growth - - Land use: - arable land: 11% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 29% - forest and woodland: 38% - other: 18% - - Irrigated land: 4,660 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy - pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of - potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification - -@Georgia:People - - Population: 5,725,972 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 674,331; male 707,355) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 1,894,681; male 1,791,847) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 410,703; male 247,055) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.77% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.77 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.1 years - male: 69.43 years - female: 76.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Georgian(s) - adjective: Georgian - - Ethnic divisions: Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri - 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5% - - Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, - Armenian Orthodox 8%, unknown 6% - - Languages: Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, - other 7% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 99% - male: 100% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 2.763 million - by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry - 25%, other 44% (1990) - -@Georgia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Georgia - conventional short form: Georgia - local long form: Sak'art'velos Respublika - local short form: Sak'art'velo - former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: GG - - Type: republic - - Capital: T'bilisi - - Administrative divisions: 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, - singular - avtom respublika); Abkhazia (Sokhumi), Ajaria (Bat'umi) - note: the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are - included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around - T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction - - Independence: 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 26 May (1991) - - Constitution: adopted 21 February 1921; currently amending - constitution for Parliamentary and popular review by late 1995 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich - SHEVARDNADZE (Chairman of the Government Council since 10 March 1992; - elected Chairman of Parliament in 11 October 1992; note - the - Government Council has since been disbanded); election last held 11 - October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results - Eduard - SHEVARDNADZE 95% - head of government: Prime Minister Otar PATSATSIA (since September - 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI - (since 25 November 1992), Tamaz NADAREISHVILI (since September 1993), - Temur BASILIA (since 17 March 1994), Bakur GULA (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet): elections last held 11 October - 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Citizens Union (CU), Eduard - SHEVARDNADZE, Zurab SHVANIA, general secretary; National Democratic - Party (NDP), Georgi (Gia) CHANTURIA, Ivane GIORGADZE; United - Republican Party, umbrella organization for parties including the GPF - and the Charter 1991 Party, cochairmen Bakhtand DZABIRADZE, Notar - NATADZE, and Theodor PAATASHVILI; Georgian Popular Front (GPF), Nodar - NATADZE, chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Thedor PAATASHVILI; Georgian - Social Democratic Party (GSDP), Guram MUCHAIDZE, secretary general; - National Reconstruction and Rebirth of Georgia Union, Valerian - ADVADZE; Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Irakli SHENGELAYA; - Democratic Georgia Union (DGU), El'dar SHENGELAYA; National - Independence Party (NIP), Irakliy TSERETELI, chairman; Georgian - Monarchists' Party (GMP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI; Green Party, Zurab - ZHVANIA; Republican Party (RP), Ivliane KHAINDRAVA; Workers' Union of - Georgia (WUG), Vakhtang GABUNIA; Agrarian Party of Georgia (APG), Roin - LIPARTELIANI; Choice Society (Archevani), Jaba IOSELIANI, chairman; - Georgian Workers Communist Party, Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman; - National Liberation Front, Tengiz SIGULA, chairman - - Other political or pressure groups: supporters of ousted President - Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA (deceased 1 January 1994) boycotted the October - elections and remain a source of opposition - - Member of: BSEC, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Tedo JAPARIDZE - chancery: (temporary) Suite 424, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC - 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 393-6060, 5959 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kent N. BROWN - embassy: #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi 380026 - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (8832) 98-99-67, 93-38-03 - FAX: [7] (8832) 93-37-59 - - Flag: maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; - rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below - -@Georgia:Economy - - Overview: Georgia's economy has traditionally revolved around Black - Sea tourism; cultivation of citrus fruits, tea, and grapes; mining of - manganese and copper; and a small industrial sector producing wine, - metals, machinery, chemicals, and textiles. The country imports the - bulk of its energy needs, including natural gas and oil products. Its - only sizable domestic energy resource is hydropower. Since 1990, - widespread conflicts, e.g., in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and - Mingreliya, have severely aggravated the economic crisis resulting - from the disintegration of the Soviet command economy in December - 1991. Throughout 1993 and 1994, much of industry was functioning at - only 20% of capacity; heavy disruptions in agricultural cultivation - were reported; and tourism was shut down. The country is precariously - dependent on US and EU humanitarian grain shipments, as most other - foods are priced beyond reach of the average citizen. Georgia is also - suffering from an acute energy crisis, as it is having problems paying - for even minimal imports. Georgia is pinning its hopes for recovery on - reestablishing trade ties with Russia and on developing international - transportation through the key Black Sea ports of P'ot'i and Bat'umi. - The government began a tenuous program in 1994 aiming to stabilize - prices and reduce large consumer subsidies. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -30% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,060 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40.5% per month (2nd half 1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: officially less than 5% but real unemployment may - be more than 20%, with even larger numbers of underemployed workers - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $NA - commodities: citrus fruits, tea, wine, other agricultural products; - diverse types of machinery; ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles; - chemicals; fuel re-exports - partners: Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992) - - Imports: $NA - commodities: fuel, grain and other foods, machinery and parts, - transport equipment - partners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey (1993); note - EU and US sent - humanitarian food shipments - - External debt: NA (T'bilisi owes about $400 million to Turkmenistan - for natural gas as of January 1995) - - Industrial production: growth rate -27% (1993); accounts for 36% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,410,000 kW - production: 9.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,526 kWh (1993) - - Industries: heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, - airplanes; machine tools, foundry equipment, electric locomotives, - tower cranes, electric welding equipment, machinery for food - preparation and meat packing, electric motors, process control - equipment, instruments; trucks, tractors, and other farm machinery; - light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes; - chemicals; wood-working industries; the most important food industry - is wine - - Agriculture: accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of - former USSR tea; important producer of grapes; also cultivates - vegetables and potatoes; dependent on imports for grain, dairy - products, sugar; small livestock sector - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for illicit - drugs to Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: heavily dependent on US and EU for humanitarian grain - shipments; EC granted around $70 million in trade credits in 1992 and - another $40 million in 1993; Turkey granted $50 million in 1993; - smaller scale credits granted by Russia and China - - Currency: coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by - introduction of the lari at undetermined future date; in July 1993 use - of the Russian ruble was banned - - Exchange rates: coupons per $US1 - 1,280,000 (end December 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Georgia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,570 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 1,570 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 33,900 km - paved and graveled: 29,500 km - unpaved: earth 4,400 km (1990) - - Pipelines: crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440 - km (1992) - - Ports: Bat'umi, P'ot'i, Sokhumi - - Merchant marine: - total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 419,416 GRT/640,897 DWT - ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 1, oil tanker 19, short-sea passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 28 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 6 - - Note: transportation network is in poor condition and disrupted by - ethnic conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages; network - lacks maintenance and repair - -@Georgia:Communications - - Telephone system: 672,000 telephones (mid-1993); 117 telephones/1,000 - persons; poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for - telephones (December 1990) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; - low-capacity satellite link and leased international connections via - the Moscow international gateway switch with other countries; - international electronic mail and telex service available - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Georgia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Interior Ministry Troops, Border - Guards/National Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,385,593; males fit for - military service 1,095,835; males reach military age (18) annually - 42,207 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $85 million, NA% of - GDP (1992) - - Note: Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the - government's control - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GERMANY - -@Germany:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, - between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 356,910 sq km - land area: 349,520 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana - note: includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the - German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on - 3 October 1990 - - Land boundaries: total 3,621 km, Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech - Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, - Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km - - Coastline: 2,389 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; - occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity - - Terrain: lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south - - Natural resources: iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, - copper, natural gas, salt, nickel - - Land use: - arable land: 34% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 16% - forest and woodland: 30% - other: 19% - - Irrigated land: 4,800 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries - and lead emissions from vehicle exhausts (the result of continued use - of leaded fuels) contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting - from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; heavy pollution in - the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in - eastern Germany - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical - Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes - - Note: strategic location on North European Plain and along the - entrance to the Baltic Sea - -@Germany:People - - Population: 81,337,541 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 16% (female 6,518,108; male 6,857,577) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 27,167,824; male 28,130,083) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 8,127,938; male 4,536,011) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.26% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 10.98 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.83 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.62 years - male: 73.5 years - female: 79.92 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: German(s) - adjective: German - - Ethnic divisions: German 95.1%, Turkish 2.3%, Italians 0.7%, Greeks - 0.4%, Poles 0.4%, other 1.1% (made up largely of people fleeing the - war in the former Yugoslavia) - - Religions: Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other - 18% - - Languages: German - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 36.75 million - by occupation: industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) - -@Germany:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany - conventional short form: Germany - local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland - local short form: Deutschland - - Digraph: GM - - Type: federal republic - - Capital: Berlin - note: the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of - years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several - ministries - - Administrative divisions: 16 states (laender, singular - land); - Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, - Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, - Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, - Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen - - Independence: 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided - into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in - 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West - Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and - French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) - proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; - unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October - 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 - - National holiday: German Unity Day (Day of Unity), 3 October (1990) - - Constitution: 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of - the united German people 3 October 1990 - - Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial - review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Roman HERZOG (since 1 July 1994) - head of government: Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president upon the proposal of the - chancellor - - Legislative branch: bicameral chamber (no official name for the two - chambers as a whole) - Federal Assembly (Bundestag): last held 16 October 1994 (next to be - held by NA 1998); results - CDU 34.2%, SPD 36.4%, Alliance 90/Greens - 7.3%, CSU 7.3%, FDP 6.9%, PDS 4.4%, Republicans 1.9% ; seats - (662 - total, but number can vary) CDU 244, SPD 252, Alliance 90/Greens 49, - CSU 50, FDP 47, PDS 30; elected by direct popular vote under a system - combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% - of the national vote or 3 direct mandates to gain representation - Federal Council (Bundesrat): State governments are directly - represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on size and are - required to vote as a block; current composition: votes - (68 total) - SPD-led states 37, CDU-led states 31 - - Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court - (Bundesverfassungsgericht) - - Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union (CDU), - Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL, - chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus KINKEL, chairman; Social - Democratic Party (SPD), Rudolf SCHARPING, chairman; Alliance - '90/Greens, Krista SAGER, Juergen TRITTIN, cochairpersons; Party of - Democratic Socialism (PDS), Lothar BISKY, chairman; Republikaner, Rolf - SCHLIERER, chairman; National Democratic Party (NPD), Guenter DECKERT; - Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER - - Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans - groups - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, - CBSS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, - G- 5, G- 7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, - IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNITAR, UNOMIG, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Juergen CHROBOG - chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 298-4000 - FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los - Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle - consulate(s): Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands) and - Wellington (America Samoa) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN - embassy: Deichmanns Aue 29, 53170 Bonn - mailing address: Unit 21701, Bonn; APO AE 09080 - telephone: [49] (228) 3391 - FAX: [49] (228) 339-2663 - branch office: Berlin - consulate(s) general: Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and - Stuttgart - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow - -@Germany:Economy - - Overview: Five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, progress - towards economic integration between eastern and western Germany is - clearly visible, yet the eastern region almost certainly will remain - dependent on subsidies funded by western Germany until well into the - next century. The staggering $390 billion in western German assistance - that the eastern states have received since 1990 - 40 times the amount - in real terms of US Marshall Fund aid sent to West Germany after World - War II - is just beginning to have an impact on the eastern German - standard of living, which plummeted after unification. Assistance to - the east continues to run at roughly $100 billion annually. Although - the growth rate in the east was much greater than in the west in - 1993-94, eastern GDP per capita nonetheless remains well below - preunification levels; it will take 10-15 years for the eastern states - to match western Germany's living standards. The economic recovery in - the east is led by the construction industries which account for - one-third of industrial output, with growth increasingly supported by - the service sectors and light manufacturing industries. Eastern - Germany's economy is changing from one anchored on manufacturing to a - more service-oriented economy. Western Germany, with three times the - per capita output of the eastern states, has an advanced market - economy and is a world leader in exports. The strong recovery in 1994 - from recession began in the export sector and spread to the investment - and consumption sectors in response to falling interest rates. Western - Germany has a highly urbanized and skilled population that enjoys - excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and comprehensive - social welfare benefits. It is relatively poor in natural resources, - coal being the most important mineral. Western Germany's world-class - companies manufacture technologically advanced goods. The region's - economy is mature: services and manufacturing account for the dominant - share of economic activities, and raw materials and semimanufactured - goods constitute a large portion of imports. - - National product: - Germany: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.3446 trillion (1994 est.) - western: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2363 trillion (1994 est.) - eastern: GDP - purchasing power parity - $108.3 billion (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: - Germany: 2.9% (1994 est.) - western: 2.3% (1994 est.) - eastern: 9.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: - Germany: $16,580 (1994 est.) - western: $19,660 (1994 est.) - eastern: $5,950 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): - western: 3% (1994) - eastern: 3.2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: - western: 8.2% (December 1994) - eastern: 13.5% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $690 billion - expenditures: $780 billion, including capital expenditures of $96.5 - billion (1994) - - Exports: $437 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: manufactures 89.3% (including machines and machine tools, - chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural - products 5.5%, raw materials 2.7%, fuels 1.3% (1993) - partners: EC 47.9% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 7.4%, Italy 7.5%, UK - 7.7%, Belgium-Luxembourg 6.6%), EFTA 15.5%, US 7.7%, Eastern Europe - 5.2%, OPEC 3.0% (1993) - - Imports: $362 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: manufactures 75.1%, agricultural products 10.0%, fuels - 8.3%, raw materials 5.0% (1993) - partners: EC 46.4% (France 11.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Italy 8.1%, UK - 6.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 5.7%), EFTA 14.3%, US 7.3%, Japan 6.3%, - Eastern Europe 5.1%, OPEC 2.6% (1993) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: - western: growth rate 2.8% (1994) - eastern: growth rate $NA - - Electricity: - capacity: 115,430,000 kW - production: 493 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,683 kWh (1993) - - Industries: - western: among world's largest and technologically advanced producers - of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine - tools, electronics; food and beverages - eastern: metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, - machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining - - Agriculture: - western: accounts for about 1% of GDP (including fishing and - forestry); diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and - livestock include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, - cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net importer of food - eastern: accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and - forestry); principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar - beets, fruit; livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, - hides and skins; net importer of food - - Illicit drugs: source of precursor chemicals for South American - cocaine processors; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and - Latin American cocaine for West European markets - - Economic aid: - western-donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion - eastern-donor: bilateral to non-Communist less developed countries - (1956-89) $4 billion - - Currency: 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige - - Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.5313 (January 1995), - 1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Germany:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 43,457 km - standard gauge: 43,190 km (electrified 16,694 km) - narrow gauge: 267 km (1994) - - Highways: - total: 636,282 km - paved: 501,282 km (10,955 km of autobahn) - unpaved: 135,000 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: - western: 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of - 1,000-metric-ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine - and Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Sea - and North Sea - eastern: 2,319 km (1988) - - Pipelines: crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural - gas 97,564 km (1988) - - Ports: Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne, Dresden, - Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Lubeck, Magdeburg, - Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart - - Merchant marine: - total: 481 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,065,074 GRT/6,409,198 - DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 6, bulk 8, cargo 224, chemical tanker 16, - combination bulk 4, combination ore/oil 5, container 158, liquefied - gas tanker 13, oil tanker 10, passenger 3, railcar carrier 4, - refrigerated cargo 7, roll-on/roll-off cargo 18, short-sea passenger 5 - - note: the German register includes ships of the former East and West - Germany - - Airports: - total: 660 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 13 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 64 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 68 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 53 - with paved runways under 914 m: 381 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 62 - -@Germany:Communications - - Telephone system: - western: 40,300,000 telephones; highly developed, modern - telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate - in all respects; intensively developed, highly redundant cable and - microwave radio relay networks, all completely automatic - local: very modern - intercity: domestic satellite, microwave radio relay, and cable - systems - international: 12 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean), 2 INTELSAT (Indian - Ocean), and 1 EUTELSAT earth station; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; - tropospheric scatter links - eastern: 3,970,000 telephones; badly needs modernization - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT earth station and 1 Intersputnik system - - Radio: - western: NA - broadcast stations: AM 80, FM 470, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - eastern: NA - broadcast stations: AM 23, FM 17, shortwave 0 - radios: 67 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 246 (repeaters 6,000); note - there are 15 Russian - repeaters in eastern Germany - televisions: 25 million in western Germany, 6 million in eastern - Germany - -@Germany:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm), Air Force, Border - Police, Coast Guard - - Manpower availability: males 15-49 20,274,127; males fit for military - service 17,472,940; males reach military age (18) annually 428,082 - (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $40 billion, 1.8% of - GNP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GHANA - -@Ghana:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Cote d'Ivoire and Togo - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 238,540 sq km - land area: 230,020 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon - - Land boundaries: total 2,093 km, Burkina 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, - Togo 877 km - - Coastline: 539 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; - hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north - - Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central - area - - Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, - manganese, fish, rubber - - Land use: - arable land: 5% - permanent crops: 7% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: 37% - other: 36% - - Irrigated land: 80 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: recent drought in north severely affecting - agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water - pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water - natural hazards: dry, dusty, harmattan winds occur from January to - March; droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone - Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification, Marine - Life Conservation - - Note: Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake; northeasterly - harmattan wind (January to March) - -@Ghana:People - - Population: 17,763,138 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 4,030,154; male 4,069,945) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 4,638,451; male 4,494,533) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 276,186; male 253,869) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.06% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.57 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.02 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 81.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 55.85 years - male: 53.88 years - female: 57.88 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.09 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ghanaian(s) - adjective: Ghanaian - - Ethnic divisions: black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, - Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2% - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% - - Languages: English (official), African languages (including Akan, - Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 60% - male: 70% - female: 51% - - Labor force: 3.7 million - by occupation: agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales - and clerical 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, - professional 3.7% - -@Ghana:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Ghana - conventional short form: Ghana - former: Gold Coast - - Digraph: GH - - Type: constitutional democracy - - Capital: Accra - - Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, - Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, - Western - - Independence: 6 March 1957 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March (1957) - - Constitution: new constitution approved 28 April 1992 - - Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Jerry John RAWLINGS - (since 3 November 1992) election last held 3 November 1992 (next to be - held November 1996); results - opposition boycotted the election, the - National Democratic Congress won 198 of the total 200 seats and 2 - seats were won by independents - cabinet: Cabinet; president nominates members subject to approval by - the Parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held 29 December 1992 (next to be - held December 1996); results - opposition boycotted the election; the - National Democratic Congress won 198 0f 200 total seats and - independents won 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress, Jerry - John RAWLINGS; New Patriotic Party, Albert Adu BOAHEN; People's - Heritage Party, Alex ERSKINE; various other smaller parties - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, - UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ekwow SPIO-GARBRAH - chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520 - FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN (scheduled to leave in - June 1995) - embassy: Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra - mailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accra - telephone: [233] (21) 775348, 775349, 775297, 775298 - FAX: [233] (21) 776008 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green - with a large black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses - the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of - Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band - -@Ghana:Economy - - Overview: Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana is relatively - well off, having twice the per capita output of the poorer countries - in West Africa. Heavily reliant on international assistance, Ghana has - made steady progress in liberalizing its economy since 1983. Overall - growth continued at a rate of approximately 5% in 1994, due largely to - increased gold, timber, and cocoa production - major sources of - foreign exchange. The economy, however, continues to revolve around - subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 45% of GDP and employs 55% - of the work force, mainly small landholders. Public sector wage - increases, regional peacekeeping commitments, and the containment of - internal unrest in the underdeveloped north have placed substantial - demands on the government's budget and have led to inflationary - deficit financing and a 27% depreciation of the cedi in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $22.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,310 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 10% (1991) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.05 billion - expenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $178 - million (1993) - - Exports: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: cocoa 40%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum - partners: Germany 31%, US 12%, UK 11%, Netherlands 6%, Japan 5% (1991) - - Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, - capital equipment - partners: UK 22%, US 11%, Germany 9%, Japan 6% - - External debt: $4.6 billion (December 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% in manufacturing (1993); - accounts for almost 15% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,180,000 kW - production: 6.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 323 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum, food - processing - - Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP (including fishing and - forestry); the major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, - coffee, cassava, peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally - self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug - trade; transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin destined - for Europe and the US - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; - Communist countries (1970-89) $106 million - - Currency: 1 new cedi (C) = 100 pesewas - - Exchange rates: new cedis per US$1 - 1,046.74 (December 1994), 936.71 - (1994), 649.06 (1993), 437.09 (1992), 367.83 (1991), 326.33 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Ghana:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 953 km; note - undergoing major renovation - narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (32 km double track) - - Highways: - total: 32,250 km - paved: concrete, bituminous 6,084 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 26,166 km - - Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of - perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides - 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways - - Pipelines: none - - Ports: Takoradi, Tema - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 27,427 GRT/35,894 DWT - ships by type: cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 12 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Ghana:Communications - - Telephone system: 42,300 telephones; poor to fair system; telephone - density - 2.4/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: primarily microwave radio relay - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 (translators 8) - televisions: NA - -@Ghana:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force, Palace Guard, Civil - Defense - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,975,767; males fit for - military service 2,217,032; males reach military age (18) annually - 170,723 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $108 million, 1.5% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GIBRALTAR - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Gibraltar:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, - which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the - southern coast of Spain - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 6.5 sq km - land area: 6.5 sq km - comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: total 1.2 km, Spain 1.2 km - - Coastline: 12 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: source of occasional friction between Spain - and the UK - - Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers - - Terrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural freshwater resources, so large - concrete or natural rock water catchments collect rain water - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North - Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea - -@Gibraltar:People - - Population: 31,874 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 3,757; male 3,835) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 9,730; male 10,485) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 2,360; male 1,707) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.62% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.85 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.61 years - male: 73.7 years - female: 79.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.29 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Gibraltarian(s) - adjective: Gibraltar - - Ethnic divisions: Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, Spanish - - Religions: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, - other 3%), Moslem 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981) - - Languages: English (used in schools and for official purposes), - Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) - note: UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly - 50% of the labor force - -@Gibraltar:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Gibraltar - - Digraph: GI - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Gilbraltar - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March) - - Constitution: 30 May 1969 - - Legal system: English law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects resident - six months or more - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor and Commander in Chief Gen. Sir John CHAPPLE - (since NA March 1993) - head of government: Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) - Gibraltar Council: advises the governor - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed from the elected members of - the Assembly by the governor in consultation with the chief minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Assembly: elections last held on 16 January 1992 (next to be - held January 1996); results - SL 73.3%; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) - number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party (SL), - Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association for the Advancement of - Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social Democrats, Peter - CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA - - Other political or pressure groups: Housewives Association; Chamber of - Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization - - Member of: INTERPOL (subbureau) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a - three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from - the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band - -@Gibraltar:Economy - - Overview: Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade and - offshore banking. The British military presence has been severely - reduced and now only contributes about 11% to the local economy. The - financial sector accounts for 15% of GDP; tourism, shipping services - fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. Because more - than 70% of the economy is in the public sector, changes in government - spending have a major impact on the level of employment. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $205 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $6,600 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1988) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $116 million - expenditures: $124 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992-93) - - Exports: $57 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: (principally re-exports) petroleum 51%, manufactured - goods 41%, other 8% - partners: UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG - - Imports: $420 million (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs - partners: UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands - - External debt: $318 million (1987) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 47,000 kW - production: 90 million kWh - consumption per capita: 2,539 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; - support to large UK naval and air bases; transit trade and supply - depot in the port; light manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, - ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish - - Agriculture: none - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $800,000; - Western (non-US) countries and ODA bilateral commitments (1992-93), - $2.5 million - - Currency: 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6350 (January - 1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), - 0.5603 (1990); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British - pound - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Gibraltar:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: NA km; 1.000-m gauge system in dockyard area only - - Highways: - total: 50 km - paved: 50 km - - Pipelines: none - - Ports: Gibraltar - - Merchant marine: - total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 419,707 GRT/721,110 DWT - ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 3, chemical tanker 1, container 2, oil - tanker 14 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Gibraltar:Communications - - Telephone system: 9,400 telephones; adequate, automatic domestic - system and adequate international radiocommunication and microwave - facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 - televisions: NA - -@Gibraltar:Defense Forces - - Branches: British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GLORIOSO ISLANDS - - (possession of France) - -@Glorioso Islands:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, - northwest of Madagascar - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 5 sq km - land area: 5 sq km - comparative area: about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - note: includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and - South Rock - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 35.2 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Madagascar - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: NA - - Natural resources: guano, coconuts - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: periodic cyclones - international agreements: NA - -@Glorioso Islands:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Glorioso Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Glorioso Islands - local long form: none - local short form: Iles Glorieuses - - Digraph: GO - - Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, - resident in Reunion - - Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion - - Independence: none (possession of France) - -@Glorioso Islands:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Glorioso Islands:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Airports: - total: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Glorioso Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GREECE - -@Greece:Geography - - Location: Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and - the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 131,940 sq km - land area: 130,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Alabama - - Land boundaries: total 1,210 km, Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, - Turkey 206 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 228 km - - Coastline: 13,676 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 6 nm - - International disputes: complex maritime, air, and territorial - disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; dispute with The - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia over name, symbols, and certain - constitutional provisions; Greece is involved in a bilateral dispute - with Albania over border demarcation, the treatment of Albania's - ethnic Greek minority, and migrant Albanian workers in Greece - - Climate: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers - - Terrain: mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas - or chains of islands - - Natural resources: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble - - Land use: - arable land: 23% - permanent crops: 8% - meadows and pastures: 40% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: 9% - - Irrigated land: 11,900 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution; water pollution - natural hazards: severe earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern - approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an - archipelago of about 2,000 islands - -@Greece:People - - Population: 10,647,511 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 904,374; male 947,494) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 3,601,029; male 3,565,931) - 65 years and over: 15% (female 919,044; male 709,639) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.72% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 10.56 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.31 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 5.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.92 years - male: 75.39 years - female: 80.59 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.46 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Greek(s) - adjective: Greek - - Ethnic divisions: Greek 98%, other 2% - note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in - Greece - - Religions: Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% - - Languages: Greek (official), English, French - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 95% - male: 98% - female: 93% - - Labor force: 4.077 million - by occupation: services 52%, agriculture 23%, industry 25% (1994) - -@Greece:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Hellenic Republic - conventional short form: Greece - local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia - local short form: Ellas - former: Kingdom of Greece - - Digraph: GR - - Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by - referendum 8 December 1974 - - Capital: Athens - - Administrative divisions: 52 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos); - Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, - Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, - Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Iraklion, Kardhitsa, - Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios, - Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, - Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, Preveza, - Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, - Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agion Oros (Mt. Athos) - - Independence: 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of - the war of independence) - - Constitution: 11 June 1975 - - Legal system: based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into - civil, criminal, and administrative courts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Konstantinos (Kostis) STEPHANOPOULOS (since - 10 March 1995) election last held 10 March 1995 (next to be held by NA - 2000); results - Konstantinos STEPHANOPOULOS was elected by Parliament - - head of government: Prime Minister Andreas PAPANDREOU (since 10 - October 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon): elections last held 10 - October 1993 (next to be held by NA October 1997); results - PASOK - 46.88%, ND 39.30%, Political Spring 4.87%, KKE 4.54%, and Progressive - Left (replaced by Coalition of the Left and Progress) 2.94%; seats - - (300 total) PASOK 170, ND 111, Political Spring 10, KKE 9 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court, Special Supreme Tribunal - - Political parties and leaders: New Democracy (ND; conservative), - Miltiades EVERT; Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas - PAPANDREOU; Communist Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; - Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates; Political Spring, Antonis - SAMARAS; Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos), Nikolaos - KONSTANTOPOULOS - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, - EIB, FAO, G- 6, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS - (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Loucas TSILAS - chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-5800 - FAX: [1] (202) 939-5824 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, - New York, and San Francisco - consulate(s): New Orleans - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas M.T. NILES - embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens - mailing address: PSC 108, Athens; APO AE 09842 - telephone: [30] (1) 721-2951, 8401 - FAX: [30] (1) 645-6282 - consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki - - Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; - there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white - cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion - of the country - -@Greece:Economy - - Overview: Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the basic - entrepreneurial system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist system that - enlarged the public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% in - 1989. Since then, the public sector has been reduced to about 60% of - GDP. Tourism continues as a major source of foreign exchange, and - agriculture is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and - animal feedstuffs. Over the last decade, real GDP growth has averaged - 1.6% a year, compared with the European Union average of 2.2%. - Inflation continues to be well above the EU average, and the national - debt has reached 140% of GDP, the highest in the EU. Prime Minister - PAPANDREOU will probably make only limited progress correcting the - economy's problems of high inflation, large budget deficit, and - decaying infrastructure. His economic program suggests that although - he will shun his expansionary policies of the 1980s, he will avoid - tough measures needed to slow inflation or reduce the state's role in - the economy. He has limited the previous government's privatization - plans, for example, and has called for generous welfare spending and - real wage increases. Athens continues to rely heavily on EU aid, which - recently has amounted to about 6% of GDP. Greece almost certainly will - not meet the EU's Maastricht Treaty convergence targets of public - deficit held to 3% of GDP and national debt to 60% of GDP by 1999. Per - capita GDP has fallen below Portugal's level, the lowest among EU - members. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $93.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $8,870 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.9% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 10.1% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $28.3 billion - expenditures: $37.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.2 - billion (1994) - - Exports: $9 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: manufactured goods 53%, foodstuffs 34%, fuels 5% - partners: Germany 24%, Italy 14%, France 7%, UK 6%, US 4% (1993) - - Imports: $19.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: manufactured goods 72%, foodstuffs 15%, fuels 10% - partners: Germany 16%, Italy 14%, France 7%, Japan 7%, UK 6% (1993) - - External debt: $26.9 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1993 est.); accounts for 18% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 8,970,000 kW - production: 35.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,257 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, - metal products, mining, petroleum - - Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for 12% of GDP; - principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, - tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except - meat, dairy products, and animal feedstuffs - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and limited opium; mostly - for domestic production; serves as a gateway to Europe for traffickers - smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia - to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; transshipment point - for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.39 billion - - Currency: 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta - - Exchange rates: drachmae (Dr) per US$1 - 238.20 (January 1995), 242.60 - (1994), 229.26 (1993), 190.62 (1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Greece:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,503 km - standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 100 km - double track) - narrow gauge: 887 km 1,000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge; 29 km 0.600-m - gauge - - Highways: - total: 130,000 km - paved: 119,210 km (116 km expressways) - unpaved: 10,790 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; - including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of - Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and - shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Piraievs (Piraeus) by 325 - km; and three unconnected rivers - - Pipelines: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km - - Ports: Alexandroupolis, Elevsis, Iraklion (Crete), Kavala, Kerkira, - Khalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Piraievs (Piraeus), - Thessaloniki, Volos - - Merchant marine: - total: 1,046 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,076,911 - GRT/53,618,024 DWT - ships by type: bulk 469, cargo 105, chemical tanker 22, combination - bulk 21, combination ore/oil 31, container 40, liquefied gas tanker 5, - oil tanker 239, passenger 14, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo - 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 16, short-sea passenger 67, specialized - tanker 3, vehicle carrier 1 - note: ethnic Greeks also own 125 ships under Liberian registry, 323 - under Panamanian, 705 under Cypriot, 351 under Maltese, and 100 under - Bahamian - - Airports: - total: 79 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 - with paved runways under 914 m: 22 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Greece:Communications - - Telephone system: 4,080,000 telephones; adequate, modern networks - reach all areas; microwave radio relay carries most traffic; extensive - open-wire network; submarine cables to off-shore islands - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and open wire - international: tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (1 - Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT ground station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 17 (repeaters 20), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 361 - televisions: NA - -@Greece:Defense Forces - - Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National - Guard, Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,676,152; males fit for - military service 2,046,996; males reach military age (21) annually - 75,857 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4.1 billion, 5.4% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GREENLAND - - (part of the Danish realm) - -@Greenland:Geography - - Location: Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and - the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada - - Map references: Arctic Region - - Area: - total area: 2,175,600 sq km - land area: 383,600 sq km (ice free) - comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 44,087 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters - - Terrain: flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, - mountainous, barren, rocky coast - - Natural resources: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, - uranium, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 99% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the - island - international agreements: NA - - Note: dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; - sparse population confined to small settlements along coast - -@Greenland:People - - Population: 57,611 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 27% (female 7,664; male 7,881) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 17,761; male 21,580) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 1,500; male 1,225) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.05% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 17.7 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.2 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 25.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 67.65 years - male: 63.33 years - female: 71.98 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.25 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Greenlander(s) - adjective: Greenlandic - - Ethnic divisions: Greenlander 86% (Eskimos and Greenland-born - Caucasians), Danish 14% - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran - - Languages: Eskimo dialects, Danish - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 22,800 - by occupation: largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding - -@Greenland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Greenland - local long form: none - local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat - - Digraph: GL - - Type: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative - division - - Capital: Nuuk (Godthab) - - Administrative divisions: 3 municipalities (kommuner, singular - - kommun); Nordgronland, Ostgronland, Vestgronland - - Independence: none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas - administrative division) - - National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) - - Constitution: 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution) - - Legal system: Danish - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), - represented by High Commissioner Steen SPORE (since NA 1993) - head of government: Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 - March 1991) - cabinet: Landsstyre; formed from the Landsting on basis of strength of - parties - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Landsting): elections last held on 4 March 1995 (next to - be held 5 March 1999); results - Siumut 38.5%, Inuit Ataqatigiit - 20.3%, Atassut Party 29.7%; seats - (31 total) Siumut 12, Atassut - Party 10, Inuit Ataqatigiit 6, conservative splinter grouping 2, - independent 1 - Danish Folketing: last held on 21 September 1994 (next to be held by - September 1998); Greenland elects two representatives to the - Folketing; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) - Liberals 1, Social Democrats 1; note - Greenlandic representatives are - affiliated with Danish political parties - - Judicial branch: High Court (Landsret) - - Political parties and leaders: two-party ruling coalition; Siumut - (Forward Party, a moderate socialist party that advocates more - distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark), Lars - Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA) (Eskimo Brotherhood, a - Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark - rather than home rule), Josef MOTZFELDT; Atassut Party (Solidarity, a - more conservative party that favors continuing close relations with - Denmark), Daniel SKIFTE; AKULLIIT, Bjarne KREUTZMANN; Issituup (Polar - Party), Nicolai HEINRICH - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing overseas - administrative division of Denmark) - - US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing overseas - administrative division of Denmark) - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large - disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk - is red, the bottom half is white - -@Greenland:Economy - - Overview: Greenland's economic situation at present is difficult. - Unemployment is increasing, and prospects for economic growth in the - immediate future are dim. Following the closing of the Black Angel - lead and zinc mine in 1989, Greenland became almost completely - dependent on fishing and fish processing, the sector accounting for - 95% of exports. Prospects for fisheries are not bright, as the - important shrimp catches will at best stabilize and cod catches have - dropped. Resumption of mining and hydrocarbon activities is not around - the corner, thus leaving only tourism with some potential for the near - future. The public sector in Greenland, i.e., the central government - and its commercial entities and the municipalities, plays a dominant - role in Greenland accounting for about two-thirds of total employment. - About half the government's revenues come from grants from the Danish - Government. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 6.6% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $667 million - expenditures: $635 million, including capital expenditures of $103.8 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $330.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: fish and fish products 95% - partners: Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5% - - Imports: $369.6 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment - 24%, food and live animals 12.4%, petroleum products 12% - partners: Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, - Sweden 2.4% - - External debt: $297.1 million (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 84,000 kW - production: 210 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,361 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fish processing (mainly shrimp), lead and zinc mining, - handicrafts, some small shipyards, potential for platinum and gold - mining - - Agriculture: sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops - limited to forage and small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of - 133,500 metric tons - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere - - Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.034 (January 1995), - 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Greenland:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 150 km - paved: 60 km - unpaved: 90 km - - Ports: Faeringehavn, Frederikshaab, Holsteinsborg, Nanortalik, Narsaq, - Nuuk (Godthaab), Sondrestrom - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 10 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Greenland:Communications - - Telephone system: 17,900 telephones; adequate domestic and - international service provided by cables and microwave radio relay - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 7 (repeaters 35), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 (repeaters 9) - televisions: NA - -@Greenland:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is responsibility of Denmark - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GRENADA - -@Grenada:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad - and Tobago - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 340 sq km - land area: 340 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 121 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds - - Terrain: volcanic in origin with central mountains - - Natural resources: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors - - Land use: - arable land: 15% - permanent crops: 26% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 9% - other: 47% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season - lasts from June to November - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law - of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling - - Note: the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is - divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada - -@Grenada:People - - Population: 94,486 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 20,076; male 20,824) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 23,123; male 25,828) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 2,514; male 2,121) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.45% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 29.69 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.95 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -19.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.67 years - male: 68.2 years - female: 73.17 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.85 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Grenadian(s) - adjective: Grenadian - - Ethnic divisions: black African - - Religions: Roman Catholic, Anglican, other Protestant sects - - Languages: English (official), French patois - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 98% - male: 98% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 36,000 - by occupation: services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, - manufacturing 5%, other 32% (1985) - -@Grenada:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Grenada - - Digraph: GJ - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Saint George's - - Administrative divisions: 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and - Petit Martinique*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint - John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick - - Independence: 7 February 1974 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 7 February (1974) - - Constitution: 19 December 1973 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Reginald Oswald PALMER (since 6 August - 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister George BRIZAN (since 1 February - 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: consists of a 13-member body, 10 appointed by the government - and 3 by the Leader of the Opposition - House of Representatives: elections last held on 13 March 1990 (next - to be held by NA July 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (15 total) NDC 7, GULP 4, TNP 2, NNP 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress (NDC), - George BRIZAN; Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The - National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New National Party (NNP), Keith - MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (subscriber), ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Denneth MODESTE - chancery: 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-2561 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ollie P. ANDERSON, Jr. - embassy: Point Salines, Saint George's - mailing address: P. O. Box 54, Saint George's, Grenada, W.I. - telephone: [1] (809) 444-1173 through 1178 - FAX: [1] (809) 444-4820 - - Flag: a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and - bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red - border around the flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with - three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red - border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; - there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle - (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after - Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative - divisions - -@Grenada:Economy - - Overview: The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the - traditional production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture - accounts for about 15% of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of - the labor force. Tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner, - followed by agricultural exports. Manufacturing remains relatively - undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given a more favorable private - investment climate since 1983. The economy achieved an impressive - average annual growth rate of 5.5% in 1986-91 but has stalled since - 1992. Unemployment remains high at about 25%. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $258 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.5% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,750 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 25% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $82.2 million (1993 est.) - expenditures: $74.3 million, including capital expenditures of $11.8 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $18.6 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, - mace - partners: Netherlands, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, United States - - Imports: $133.8 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, - chemicals 10%, fuel 6% (1989) - partners: US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989) - - External debt: $89.9 million (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.8% (1992 est.); accounts for 9% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 12,500 kW - production: 60 million kWh - consumption per capita: 639 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, - tourism, construction - - Agriculture: accounts for 14% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, - cocoa, nutmeg, and mace account for two-thirds of total crop - production; world's second-largest producer and fourth-largest - exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-sized farms predominate, growing a - variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, sugarcane, corn, and - vegetables - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $70 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Grenada:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,000 km - paved: 600 km - unpaved: otherwise improved 300 km; unimproved earth 100 km - - Ports: Grenville, Saint George's - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Grenada:Communications - - Telephone system: 5,650 telephones; automatic, islandwide telephone - system; new SHF radio links to the islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and - Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to the islands of Trinidad and - Carriacou - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: SHF, VHF, and UHF radio communications - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Grenada:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUADELOUPE - - (overseas department of France) - -@Guadeloupe:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, islands in the eastern Caribbean Sea, southeast - of Puerto Rico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 1,780 sq km - land area: 1,706 sq km - comparative area: 10 times the size of Washington, DC - note: Guadeloupe is an archipelago of nine inhabited islands, of which - Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, and Marie-Galante are the three largest - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 306 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity - - Terrain: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; - Grand-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other - islands are volcanic in origin - - Natural resources: cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster - tourism - - Land use: - arable land: 18% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 13% - forest and woodland: 40% - other: 24% - - Irrigated land: 30 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an - active volcano - international agreements: NA - -@Guadeloupe:People - - Population: 402,815 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 26% (female 51,069; male 52,922) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 134,328; male 130,875) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 19,318; male 14,303) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.24% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.15 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.58 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.2 years - male: 74.16 years - female: 80.38 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.95 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Guadeloupian(s) - adjective: Guadeloupe - - Ethnic divisions: black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, - Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% - - Languages: French, creole patois - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 90% - male: 90% - female: 90% - - Labor force: 120,000 - by occupation: services, government, and commerce 53.0%, industry - 25.8%, agriculture 21.2% - -@Guadeloupe:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Department of Guadeloupe - conventional short form: Guadeloupe - local long form: Departement de la Guadeloupe - local short form: Guadeloupe - - Digraph: GP - - Type: overseas department of France - - Capital: Basse-Terre - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France) - - Independence: none (overseas department of France) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French legal system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: Prefect Franck PERRIEZ (since NA 1992); President - of the General Council Dominique LARIFLA (since NA); President of the - Regional Council Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY (since 22 March 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional - Council - General Council: elections last held NA March 1992 (next to be held by - NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (43 total) - FRUI.G 13, RPR/DUD 13, PPDG 8, FGPS 3, PCG 3, UPLG 1, PSG 1, - independent 1 - Regional Council: elections last held on 31 January 1993 (next to be - held by 16 March 1998); results - RPR/DUD 48.30%, FGPS 17.09%, FRUI.G - 7.44%, PPDG 8.90%, UPLG 7.75% PCG 6.05%; seats - (41 total) seats by - party NA - French Senate: elections last held in September 1986 (next to be held - September 1995); Guadeloupe elects two representatives; results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PCG 1, FGPS 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held on 21 and 28 March 1993 - (next to be held March 1998); Guadeloupe elects four representatives; - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) FGPS 1, RPR - 1, PPDG 1, independent 1 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over - Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique - - Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Aldo - BLAISE; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; - Socialist Party (FGPS), Georges LOUISOR; Popular Union for the - Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG), Lucien PERATIN; FGPS Dissidents - (FRUI.G); Union for French Democracy (UDF), Simon BARLAGNE; - Progressive Democratic Party (PPDG), Henri BANGOU - - Other political or pressure groups: Popular Union for the Liberation - of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Movement for Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); - General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); General Federation of - Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the Liberation of - Guadeloupe (KLPG) - - Member of: FZ, WCL, WFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas department of France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@Guadeloupe:Economy - - Overview: The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, - and services. It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and - imports. Tourism is a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In - addition, an increasingly large number of cruise ships visit the - islands. The traditionally important sugarcane crop is slowly being - replaced by other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% - of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. Other vegetables and root - crops are cultivated for local consumption, although Guadeloupe is - still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly from France. - Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. Most - manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially - high among the young. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.8 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $9,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1990) - - Unemployment rate: 31.3% (1990) - - Budget: - revenues: $400 million - expenditures: $671 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1989) - - Exports: $130 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: bananas, sugar, rum - partners: France 70%, Martinique 17% (1991) - - Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: foodstuffs, fuels, vehicles, clothing and other consumer - goods, construction materials - partners: France 60%, EC, US, Japan (1991) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 320,000 kW - production: 650 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,421 kWh (1993) - - Industries: construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism - - Agriculture: cash crops - bananas, sugarcane; other products include - tropical fruits and vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, goats; not - self-sufficient in food - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $8.235 billion - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9243 (January 1995), - 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Guadeloupe:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: NA km; privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines - - Highways: - total: 1,940 km - paved: 1,600 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 340 km - - Ports: Basse-Terre, Gustavia, Marigot, Pointe-a-Pitre - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 9 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 6 - -@Guadeloupe:Communications - - Telephone system: 57,300 telephones; domestic facilities inadequate - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station; interisland - microwave radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 8 (private stations licensed to broadcast - FM 30), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9 - televisions: NA - -@Guadeloupe:Defense Forces - - Branches: French Forces, Gendarmerie - - Note: defense is responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUAM - - (territory of the US) - -@Guam:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about - three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 541.3 sq km - land area: 541.3 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of - Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 125.5 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by - northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season - from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat - coraline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep - coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in - center, mountains in south - - Natural resources: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially - from Japan) - - Land use: - arable land: 11% - permanent crops: 11% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: 18% - other: 45% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively - rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August) - - international agreements: NA - - Note: largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands - archipelago; strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean - -@Guam:People - - Population: 153,307 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 2.42% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.01 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 3.86 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 15.17 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.29 years - male: 72.42 years - female: 76.13 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.32 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Guamanian(s) - adjective: Guamanian - - Ethnic divisions: Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, - Japanese, Korean, and other 18% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% - - Languages: English, Chamorro, Japanese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 46,930 (1990) - by occupation: federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% - (trade 18%, services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) - -@Guam:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of Guam - conventional short form: Guam - - Digraph: GQ - - Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy - relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office - of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the - Interior - - Capital: Agana - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US) - - Independence: none (territory of the US) - - National holiday: Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March) (1521); - Liberation Day, 21 July - - Constitution: Organic Act of 1 August 1950 - - Legal system: modeled on US; federal laws apply - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in - US presidential elections - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January - 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - head of government: Governor Carl GUTIERREZ (since 8 November 1994); - Lieutenant Governor Madeleine BORDALLO (since 8 November 1994); - election last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held NA November 1998); - results - Carl GUTIERREZ (Democrat) was elected Governor and Madeleine - BORDALLO (Democrat) was elected Lieutenant Governor - cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with - the consent of the Guam legislature - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislature: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held NA - November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 - total) Democrats 14, Republican 7 - US House of Representatives: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next - to be held NA November 1996); Guam elects one delegate; results - - Robert UNDERWOOD was reelected as delegate; seats - (1 total) Democrat - 1 - - Judicial branch: Federal District Court, Territorial Superior Court - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party (controls the - legislature); Republican Party (party of the Governor) - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US) - - Flag: territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all - four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse - containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree - with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the - national flag - -@Guam:Economy - - Overview: The economy depends mainly on US military spending and on - revenues from tourism. Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has - grown rapidly, creating a construction boom for new hotels and the - expansion of older ones. Visitors numbered about 900,000 in 1992. The - slowdown in Japanese economic growth has been reflected in less - vigorous growth in the tourism sector. About 60% of the labor force - works for the private sector and the rest for government. Most food - and industrial goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. Guam - faces the problem of building up the civilian economic sector to - offset the impact of military downsizing. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2 billion (1991 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $14,000 (1991 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 2% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $525 million - expenditures: $395 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1991) - - Exports: $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, - construction materials, fish, food and beverage products - partners: US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other - 12% - - Imports: $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured - goods - partners: US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 300,000 kW - production: 750 million kWh - consumption per capita: 4,797 kWh (1993) - - Industries: US military, tourism, construction, transshipment - services, concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, - textiles - - Agriculture: relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, - vegetables, eggs, pork, poultry, beef, copra - - Economic aid: although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive - large transfer payments from the general revenues of the US Federal - Treasury into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under - the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, - rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by - military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Guam:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 674 km (all-weather roads) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Apra Harbor - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 5 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Guam:Communications - - Telephone system: 26,317 telephones (1989) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 - televisions: NA - -@Guam:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUATEMALA - -@Guatemala:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between - Honduras and Belize and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El - Salvador and Mexico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 108,890 sq km - land area: 108,430 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Tennessee - - Land boundaries: total 1,687 km, Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, - Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km - - Coastline: 400 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: border with Belize in dispute; talks to - resolve the dispute are stalled - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands - - Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling - limestone plateau (Peten) - - Natural resources: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle - - Land use: - arable land: 12% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 12% - forest and woodland: 40% - other: 32% - - Irrigated land: 780 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution - natural hazards: numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent - violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other - tropical storms - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea - - Note: no natural harbors on west coast - -@Guatemala:People - - Population: 10,998,602 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 2,324,041; male 2,424,686) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 2,939,170; male 2,934,334) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 198,807; male 177,564) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.53% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 34.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.33 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 52.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 64.85 years - male: 62.27 years - female: 67.56 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.63 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Guatemalan(s) - adjective: Guatemalan - - Ethnic divisions: Mestizo - mixed Amerindian-Spanish ancestry (in - local Spanish called Ladino) 56%, Amerindian or predominently - Amerindian 44% - - Religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, traditional Mayan - - Languages: Spanish 60%, Indian language 40% (23 Indian dialects, - including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 55% - male: 63% - female: 47% - - Labor force: 3.2 million (1994 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, - commerce 7%, construction 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.7%, mining - 0.3% (1985) - -@Guatemala:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Guatemala - conventional short form: Guatemala - local long form: Republica de Guatemala - local short form: Guatemala - - Digraph: GT - - Type: republic - - Capital: Guatemala - - Administrative divisions: 22 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, - El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, - Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San - Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa - - Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821) - - Constitution: 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 - note: suspended 25 May 1993 by President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June - 1993 following ouster of president - - Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Ramiro DE LEON Carpio - (since 6 June 1993); Vice President Arturo HERBRUGER (since 18 June - 1993); election runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held - November 1995); results - Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge - CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% - note: President SERRANO resigned on 1 June 1993 shortly after - dissolving Congress and the judiciary; on 6 June 1993, Ramiro DE LEON - Carpio was chosen as the new president by a vote of Congress; he will - finish off the remainder of SERRANO's term which expires 14 January - 1996 - cabinet: Council of Ministers; named by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica): by agreement of - 11 November 1993, a special election was held on 14 August 1994 to - select 80 new congressmen (next election to be held in November 1995 - for full four year terms); results - percent of vote by party; FRG - 40%, PAN 31.25%, DCG 15%, UCN 10%, MLN 2.5%, UD 1.25%; seats - (80 - total) FRG 32, PAN 25, DCG 12, UCN 8, MLN 2, UD 1 - note: on 11 November 1993 the congress approved a procedure that would - reduce its membership from 116 seats to 80; the procedure provided for - a special election in mid-1994 to elect an interim congress of 80 - members to serve until replaced in a general election in November - 1995; the plan was approved in a general referendum in January 1994 - and the special election was held on 14 August 1994 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia); - additionally the Court of Constitutionality is presided over by the - President of the Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Centrist Union (UCN), - (vacant); Solidarity Action Movement (MAS), Oliverio GARCIA Rodas; - Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National - Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU Irigoyen; National Liberation - Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social Democratic Party (PSD), - Mario SOLORZANO Martinez; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA - Perez; Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt; - Democratic Union (UD) - - Other political or pressure groups: Coordinating Committee of - Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations - (CACIF); Mutual Support Group (GAM); Agrarian Owners Group (UNAGRO); - Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC); leftist guerrilla movement known - as Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (URNG) has four main - factions - Guerrilla army of the Poor (EGP); Revolutionary - Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA); Rebel Armed Forces (FAR); - Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT/O) - - Member of: BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, - OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Edmond MULET - chancery: 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 745-4952 through 4954 - FAX: [1] (202) 745-1908 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Marilyn McAFEE - embassy: 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City - mailing address: APO AA 34024 - telephone: [502] (2) 311541 - FAX: [502] (2) 318885 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, - and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the - coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and - a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 - (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a - pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed swords and framed by a - wreath - -@Guatemala:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, - which accounts for 25% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, - and supplies two-thirds of exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in - private hands, accounts for about 15% of GDP and 12% of the labor - force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy grew by 3%, the fourth and - fifth consecutive years of mild growth. In 1992 growth picked up to - almost 5% as government policies favoring competition and foreign - trade and investment took stronger hold. In 1993-94, despite political - unrest, this momentum continued, foreign investment held up, and - annual growth was 4%. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $33 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,080 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 4.9%; underemployment 30%-40% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $604 million (1990) - expenditures: $808 million, including capital expenditures of $134 - million (1990) - - Exports: $1.38 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: coffee, sugar, bananas, cardamon, beef - partners: US 30%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras - - Imports: $2.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, - fertilizers, motor vehicles - partners: US 44%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany - - External debt: $2.2 billion ( 1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 700,000 kW - production: 2.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 211 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, - petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP; most important sector of - economy; contributes two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - - sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, - sheep, pigs, chickens; food importer - - Illicit drugs: transit country for cocaine shipments; illicit producer - of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; the - government has an active eradication program for cannabis and opium - poppy - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $7.92 billion - - Currency: 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.7372 (January - 1995), 5.7512 (1994), 5,6354 (1993), 5.1706 (1992), 5.0289 (1991), - 4.4858 (1990); note - black-market rate 2.800 (May 1989) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Guatemala:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,019 km (102 km privately owned) - narrow gauge: 1,019 km 0.914-m gauge (single track) - - Highways: - total: 26,429 km - paved: 2,868 km - unpaved: gravel 11,421 km; unimproved earth 12,140 km - - Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km - navigable during high-water season - - Pipelines: crude oil 275 km - - Ports: Champerico, Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, San Jose, Santo - Tomas de Castilla - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 528 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 360 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 12 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 146 - -@Guatemala:Communications - - Telephone system: 97,670 telephones; fairly modern network centered in - the city of Guatemala - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: connection into Central American Microwave System; 1 - INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 91, FM 0, shortwave 15 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 25 - televisions: NA - -@Guatemala:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,574,501; males fit for - military service 1,683,028; males reach military age (18) annually - 123,715 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $121 million, 1% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUERNSEY - - (British crown dependency) - -@Guernsey:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, islands in the English Channel, northwest of - France - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 194 sq km - land area: 194 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller - islands - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 50 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of - days are overcast - - Terrain: mostly level with low hills in southwest - - Natural resources: cropland - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port - -@Guernsey:People - - Population: 64,353 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 5,664; male 5,892) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 21,574; male 21,030) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 6,059; male 4,134) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.98% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.29 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.34 years - male: 75.63 years - female: 81.07 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Channel Islander(s) - adjective: Channel Islander - - Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descent - - Religions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, - Congregational, Methodist - - Languages: English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country - districts - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - -@Guernsey:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Bailiwick of Guernsey - conventional short form: Guernsey - - Digraph: GK - - Type: British crown dependency - - Capital: Saint Peter Port - - Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency) - - Independence: none (British crown dependency) - - National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) - - Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and - practice - - Legal system: English law and local statute; justice is administered - by the Royal Court - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief - Vice-Admiral Sir John COWARD (since NA 1994); Bailiff Mr. Graham - Martyn DOREY (since February 1992) - cabinet: Advisory and Finance Committee (other committees); appointed - by the States - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Assembly of the States: elections last held NA (next to be held NA); - results - no percent of vote by party since all are independents; - seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents - - Judicial branch: Royal Court - - Political parties and leaders: none; all independents - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (British crown dependency) - - US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency) - - Flag: white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of - England) extending to the edges of the flag - -@Guernsey:Economy - - Overview: Financial services account for more than 50% of total - income. Tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture, mainly tomatoes and - cut flowers, have been declining. Bank profits (1992) registered a - record 26% growth. Fund management and insurance are the two other - major income generators. Per capita output and living standards are - somewhat lower than the levels of the less affluent EU countries. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: 9% (1987) - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1988) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $208.9 million - expenditures: $173.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1988) - - Exports: $NA - commodities: tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, - other vegetables - partners: UK (regarded as internal trade) - - Imports: $NA - commodities: coal, gasoline, and oil - partners: UK (regarded as internal trade) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 173,000 kW - production: 525 million kWh - consumption per capita: 9,060 kWh (1992) - - Industries: tourism, banking - - Agriculture: tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet - peppers, eggplant, other vegetables, fruit; Guernsey cattle - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6350 (January 1995), - 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990); note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Guernsey:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Guernsey:Communications - - Telephone system: 41,900 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 submarine cable - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Guernsey:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUINEA - -@Guinea:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 245,860 sq km - land area: 245,860 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon - - Land boundaries: total 3,399 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Cote d'Ivoire - 610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 - km - - Coastline: 320 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to - November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with - northeasterly harmattan winds - - Terrain: generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior - - Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, - hydropower, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 12% - forest and woodland: 42% - other: 40% - - Irrigated land: 240 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water; - desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing - natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility - during dry season - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification - -@Guinea:People - - Population: 6,549,336 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 1,450,501; male 1,448,164) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,784,420; male 1,691,502) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 102,735; male 72,014) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.43% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.43 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 19.13 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: Guinea has received about 400,000 refugees from the civil wars - in Liberia and Sierra Leone; the continued fighting in Sierra Leone - will likely drive more refugees into Guinea in 1995; on the other - hand, peace may be achieved in Liberia and permit Liberian refugees to - return home - - Infant mortality rate: 136.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 44.6 years - male: 42.31 years - female: 46.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.79 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Guinean(s) - adjective: Guinean - - Ethnic divisions: Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller tribes - 10% - - Religions: Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7% - - Languages: French (official); each tribe has its own language - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 24% - male: 35% - female: 13% - - Labor force: 2.4 million (1983) - by occupation: agriculture 80.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, - services 5.4%, civil servants 3.6% - -@Guinea:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Guinea - conventional short form: Guinea - local long form: Republique de Guinee - local short form: Guinee - former: French Guinea - - Digraph: GV - - Type: republic - - Capital: Conakry - - Administrative divisions: 33 administrative regions (regions - administratives, singular - region administrative); Beyla, Boffa, - Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, - Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, Kindia, Kissidougou, - Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, Macenta, Mali, - Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, Yomou - - Independence: 2 October 1958 (from France) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984) - - Constitution: 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale) - - Legal system: based on French civil law system, customary law, and - decree; legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Lansana CONTE, - elected in the first multi-party election 19 December 1993; prior to - the election he had ruled as head of military government since 5 April - 1984 - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire): the - People's National Assembly was dissolved after the 3 April 1984 coup; - framework established in December 1991 for a new National Assembly - with 114 seats; legislative elections, tentatively scheduled for 1994, - were not held and are now rescheduled for 11 June 1995 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) - - Political parties and leaders: political parties were legalized on 1 - April 1992 - pro-government: Party for Unity and Progress (PUP) - other: Rally for the Guinean People (RPG), Alpha CONDE; Union for a - New Republic (UNR), Mamadou BAH; Party for Renewal and Progress (PRP), - Siradiou DIALLO; Movement of Patriotic Democrats (MDP), Ahmed Tidiane - CISSE - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, - G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Elhadj Boubacar BARRY - chancery: 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-9420 - FAX: [1] (202) 483-8688 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph A. SALOOM III - embassy: 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, Conakry - mailing address: B. P. 603, Conakry - telephone: [224] 44 15 20 through 44 15 23 - FAX: [224] 44 15 22 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and - green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the - flag of Rwanda, which has a large black letter R centered in the - yellow band - -@Guinea-bissau:Economy - - Overview: Although possessing major mineral and hydropower resources - and considerable potential for agricultural development, Guinea - remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The agricultural - sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs 80% of the work force, - while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea possesses over 25% of - the world's bauxite reserves. The mining sector accounted for 85% of - exports in 1991. Long-run improvements in literacy, financial - institutions, and the legal framework are needed if the country is to - move out of poverty. Except in the bauxite industry, foreign - investment remains minimal. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $980 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.6% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $449 million - expenditures: $708 million, including capital expenditures of $361 - million (1990 est.) - - Exports: $622 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: bauxite, alumina, diamonds, gold, coffee, pineapples, - bananas, palm kernels - partners: US 23%, Belgium 12%, Ireland 12%, Spain 12% - - Imports: $768 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport - equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, and other grain - partners: France 26%, Cote d'Ivoire 12%, Hong Kong 6%, Germany 6% - - External debt: 2.5 billion (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 180,000 kW - production: 520 million kWh - consumption per capita: 77 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining - bauxite, gold, diamonds; alumina refining; light - manufacturing and agricultural processing industries - - Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); - mostly subsistence farming; principal products - rice, coffee, - pineapples, palm kernels, cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; - livestock - cattle, sheep and goats; not self-sufficient in food - grains - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.465 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $446 million - - Currency: 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 810.94 (1 July 1993), - 922.9 (30 September 1992), 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 - (1987), 383 (1986) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Guinea:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,048 km - standard gauge: 241 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 807 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 30,100 km - paved: 1,145 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 12,955 km (of which barely 4,500 are - currently all-weather roads); unimproved earth 16,000 km (1987) - - Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft - - Ports: Boke, Conakry, Kamsar - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 15 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Guinea:Communications - - Telephone system: 15,000 telephones; poor to fair system of open-wire - lines, small radiocommunication stations, and new radio relay system - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and radio communication stations - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: 200,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: 65,000 - -@Guinea:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, - Republican Guard, Presidential Guard, paramilitary National - Gendarmerie, National Police Force (Surete National) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,478,653; males fit for - military service 745,990 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $50 million, 1.6% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUINEA-BISSAU - -@Guinea-bissau:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Guinea and Senegal - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 36,120 sq km - land area: 28,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of - Connecticut - - Land boundaries: total 724 km, Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km - - Coastline: 350 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy - season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season - (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds - - Terrain: mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east - - Natural resources: unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, - phosphates, fish, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 11% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 43% - forest and woodland: 38% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing - natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility - during dry season; brush fires - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification - -@Guinea-bissau:People - - Population: 1,124,537 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 242,518; male 243,093) - 15-64 years: 54% (female 320,987; male 286,308) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 16,129; male 15,502) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.36% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 40.24 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 16.62 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 117.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 47.87 years - male: 46.21 years - female: 49.57 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.43 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Guinea-Bissauan(s) - adjective: Guinea-Bissauan - - Ethnic divisions: African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, - Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1% - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5% - - Languages: Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 36% - male: 50% - female: 24% - - Labor force: 403,000 (est.) - by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, - government 5% - -@Guinea-bissau:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau - conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau - local long form: Republica de Guine-Bissau - local short form: Guine-Bissau - former: Portuguese Guinea - - Digraph: PU - - Type: republic, formerly highly centralized, multiparty since mid-1991 - - Capital: Bissau - - Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); - Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali - - Independence: 10 September 1974 (from Portugal) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 10 September (1974) - - Constitution: 16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991 (currently undergoing - revision to liberalize popular participation in the government) - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 15 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau Joao - Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power 14 November 1980); election last held - August 1994 (next to be held 1999); results - Joao Bernardo VIEIRA - 52%, Kumba YALLA 48% - head of government: Prime Minister Manuel SATURNINO, since 5 November - 1994 - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National People's Assembly: (Assembleia Nacional Popular) elections - last held 3 July and 7 August 1994 (next to be held 1999); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (100 total) PAIGC 62, RGB 19, PRS - 12, Union for Change Coalition 6, FLING 1 - - Judicial branch: none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council - of Ministers - - Political parties and leaders: African Party for the Independence of - Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, - leader; Guinea-Bissau Resistance (RGB); Democratic Front (FD), - Aristides MENEZES, leader; Social Renovation Party (PRS); Union for - Change Coalition; Front for the Liberation and Independence of Guinea - (FLING); Democratic Social Front (FDS), Rafael BARBOSA, leader; Bafata - Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; Guinea-Bissau Resistance - (RGB); Union for Change Coalition; Front for the Liberation and - Independence of Guinea (FLING) - - Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, - IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL - chancery: 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine Suite, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: [1] (202) 872-4222 - FAX: [1] (202) 872-4226 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Roger A. McGUIRE - embassy: Bairro de Penha, Bissau - mailing address: C.P. 297, 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau - telephone: [245] 252273, 252274, 252275, 252276 - FAX: [245] 252282 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a - vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed - star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of - Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star - raised above the center of the red band and is framed by two corn - stalks and a yellow clam shell - -@Guinea:Economy - - Overview: Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the - world. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic activities. - Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. - Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because - of a weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. With IMF - support the country is committed to an economic reform program - emphasizing monetary stability and private sector growth. This process - will continue at a slow pace because of a heavy foreign debt burden - and internal constraints. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $900 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $840 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55% (1991 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $33.6 million - expenditures: $44.8 million, including capital expenditures of - $570,000 (1991 est.) - - Exports: $19 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels - partners: Portugal, Spain, Senegal, India, Nigeria - - Imports: $56 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum products, - machinery and equipment - partners: Portugal, Netherlands, China, Germany, Senegal - - External debt: $462 million (December 1990 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA (1991 est.); accounts for 8% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 22,000 kW - production: 40 million kWh - consumption per capita: 37 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks - - Agriculture: accounts for over 45% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and - 90% of employment; rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, - beans, cassava, cashew nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not - self-sufficient in food; fishing and forestry potential not fully - exploited - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $68 million - - Currency: 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 14,482 (December - 1994), 12,892 (1994), 10,082 (1993), 6,934 (1992), 3,659 (1991), 2,185 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Guinea-bissau:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 3,218 km - paved: bituminous 2,698 km - unpaved: earth 520 km - - Inland waterways: scattered stretches are important to coastal - commerce - - Ports: Bissau - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 32 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 22 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - -@Guinea-bissau:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,000 telephones; poor system; telephone density - - 2.7 telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: combination of microwave radio relay, open wire lines and - radiocommunications - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Guinea-bissau:Defense Forces - - Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; includes Army, - Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 251,636; males fit for military - service 143,694 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $9 million, 4.5% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -GUYANA - -@Guyana:Geography - - Location: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, - between Suriname and Venezuela - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 214,970 sq km - land area: 196,850 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Idaho - - Land boundaries: total 2,462 km, Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, - Venezuela 743 km - - Coastline: 459 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental - margin - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: all of the area west of the Essequibo River - claimed by Venezuela; Suriname claims area between New (Upper - Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the - Courantyne) - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two - rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) - - Terrain: mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south - - Natural resources: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, - fish - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 83% - other: 8% - - Irrigated land: 1,300 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from sewage and agricultural and - industrial chemicals; deforestation - natural hazards: flash floods are a constant threat during rainy - seasons - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical - Timber 83 - -@Guyana:People - - Population: 723,774 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 33% (female 118,515; male 123,048) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 224,484; male 225,543) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 17,540; male 14,644) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: -0.81% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 19.41 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -20.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 47.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.1 years - male: 61.86 years - female: 68.5 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.23 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Guyanese (singular and plural) - adjective: Guyanese - - Ethnic divisions: East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, - European and Chinese 2% - - Religions: Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1% - - Languages: English, Amerindian dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1990 est.) - total population: 96% - male: 98% - female: 95% - - Labor force: 268,000 - by occupation: industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, - services 21.7% - note: public-sector employment amounts to 60%-80% of the total labor - force (1985) - -@Guyana:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Co-operative Republic of Guyana - conventional short form: Guyana - former: British Guiana - - Digraph: GY - - Type: republic - - Capital: Georgetown - - Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, - Demerara-Mahaica, East Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West - Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper - Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo - - Independence: 26 May 1966 (from UK) - - National holiday: Republic Day, 23 February (1970) - - Constitution: 6 October 1980 - - Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of - Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Executive President Cheddi JAGAN (since 5 October - 1992); election last held 5 October 1992; results - Cheddi JAGAN was - elected president since he was leader of the party with the most votes - in the National Assembly elections - head of government: Prime Minister Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers; appointed by the president, responsible - to the legislature - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held on 5 October 1992 (next to be - held in 1997); results - PPP 53.4%, PNC 42.3%, WPA 2%, TUF 1.2%; seats - - (65 total, 53 elected) PPP 36, PNC 26, WPA 2, TUF 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Judicature - - Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), - Cheddi JAGAN; People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; - Good and Green Georgetown (GGG), Hamilton GREEN; Working People's - Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor - Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), - Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), Joseph BACCHUS; The - United Force (TUF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican Party (URP), - Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert GANGADEEN; - Guyana Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL - - Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress (TUC); - Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties Action - Committee (CLAC) - note: the latter two organizations are small and active but not well - organized - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, - ONUSAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Ali Odeen ISHMAEL - chancery: 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-6900, 6901 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador George F. JONES - embassy: 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, Kingston, Georgetown - mailing address: P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown - telephone: [592] (2) 54900 through 54909, 57960 through 57969 - FAX: [592] (2) 58497 - - Flag: green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) - superimposed on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black - border between the red and yellow, and a narrow white border between - the yellow and the green - -@Guyana:Economy - - Overview: Guyana, one of the poorest countries in the Western - Hemisphere, has pushed ahead strongly in 1992-94, with an 8% average - annual economic growth rate, led by gold mining, and rice, sugar, and - forestry products for export. Favorable factors include recovery in - the key agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable atmosphere - for business initiative, a more realistic exchange rate, a sharp drop - in the inflation rate, and the continued support of international - organizations. Serious underlying economic problems will continue. - Electric power has been in short supply and constitutes a major - barrier to future gains in national output. The government will have - to persist in efforts to manage its large $2.2 billion external debt, - control inflation, and to extend the privatization program. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,950 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 12% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $23.7 million - expenditures: $19.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $475 million (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: sugar, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses - partners: UK 33%, US 31%, Canada 9%, France 5%, Japan 3% (1992) - - Imports: $456 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food - partners: US 37%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%, UK 11%, Italy 8%, Japan 5% - (1992) - - External debt: $2.2 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 110,000 kW - production: 230 million kWh - consumption per capita: 286 kWh (1993) - - Industries: bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing - (shrimp), textiles, gold mining - - Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and - about half of exports; sugar and rice are key crops; development - potential exists for fishing and forestry; not self-sufficient in - food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and animal products - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics from South America - - primarily Venezuela - to the US and Europe; producer of cannabis - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $325 million; Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million - - Currency: 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 142.7 (January 1995), - 138.3 (1994), 126.7 (1993), 125.0 (1992), 111.8 (1991), 39.533 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Guyana:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 100 km NA-m gauge industrial lines for the transport of - minerals, including bauxite - - Highways: - total: 7,665 km - paved: 550 km - unpaved: gravel 5,000 km; earth 2,115 km - - Inland waterways: 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, - Demerara, and Essequibo Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for - 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, respectively - - Ports: Bartica, Georgetown, Linden, New Amsterdam, Parika - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,317 GRT/2,558 DWT - - Airports: - total: 54 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 34 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - -@Guyana:Communications - - Telephone system: over 27,000 telephones; fair system for long - distance calling - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines - international: tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 1 INTELSAT - (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 3, shortwave 1 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Guyana:Defense Forces - - Branches: Guyana Defense Force (GDF; includes Ground Forces, Coast - Guard, and Air Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National - Service (GNS) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 198,665; males fit for military - service 150,573 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HAITI - -@Haiti:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, - between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the - Dominican Republic - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 27,750 sq km - land area: 27,560 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 275 km, Dominican Republic 275 km - - Coastline: 1,771 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims US-administered Navassa Island - - Climate: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade - winds - - Terrain: mostly rough and mountainous - - Natural resources: bauxite - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 13% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 45% - - Irrigated land: 750 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: extensive deforestation (much of the remaining - forested land is being cleared for agriculture and use as fuel); soil - erosion; inadequate supplies of potable water - natural hazards: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject - to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and - earthquakes; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Marine Dumping, Marine Life - Conservation; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western - one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) - -@Haiti:People - - Population: 6,539,983 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 1,490,939; male 1,535,607) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 1,692,032; male 1,557,568) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 133,291; male 130,546) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.5% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 38.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.65 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 107.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 44.77 years - male: 43.04 years - female: 46.59 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Haitian(s) - adjective: Haitian - - Ethnic divisions: black 95%, mulatto and European 5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 80% (of which an overwhelming majority also - practice Voodoo), Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, - Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982) - - Languages: French (official) 10%, Creole - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 35% - male: 37% - female: 32% - - Labor force: 2.3 million - by occupation: agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9% - note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) - -@Haiti:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Haiti - conventional short form: Haiti - local long form: Republique d'Haiti - local short form: Haiti - - Digraph: HA - - Type: republic - - Capital: Port-au-Prince - - Administrative divisions: 9 departments, (departements, singular - - departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, - Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est - - Independence: 1 January 1804 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1804) - - Constitution: approved March 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles - reinstated March 1989; October 1991, government claims to be observing - the Constitution - - Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February - 1991), ousted in a coup in September 1991 but, with US military - support, returned to power on 15 October 1994; election last held 16 - December 1990 (next to be held by December 1995); results - Rev. - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE 4.9% - head of government: Prime Minister Smarck MICHEL (since October 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; chosen by prime minister in consultation with the - president - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) - Senate: elections last held 18 January 1993, widely condemned as - illegitimate (next to be held 25 June 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD 12, MIDH-PANPRA 8, PAIN 2, MRN 1, - RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 2 - Chamber of Deputies: elections last held 16 December 1990, with runoff - held 20 January 1991 (next to be held 25 June 1995); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (83 total) FNCD 27, MIDH-PANPRA 17, PDCH - 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN 1, independents - 5, other 2 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) - - Political parties and leaders: National Front for Change and Democracy - (FNCD), Evans PAUL, including National Cooperative Action Movement - (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; National Congress of Democratic Movements - (CONACOM), Victor BENOIT; Movement for the Installation of Democracy - in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary Party - (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; National Patriotic Movement of November 28 - (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party - (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene - THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; - Assembly of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; - National Party of Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for - National Development (MDN), Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement - for the Liberation of Haiti (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian - Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire EUGENE; Movement for the - Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU and Jean MOLIERE; - Democratic Unity Confederation (KID), Evans PAUL; National Lavalas - Political Organization (OPL), Gerard PIERRE/CHARLES - - Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church; - Confederation of Haitian Workers (CTH); Federation of Workers Trade - Unions (FOS); Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH); National Popular - Assembly (APN); Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and - Progress (FRAPH) - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jean CASIMIR - chancery: 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-4090 through 4092 - FAX: [1] (202) 745-7215 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan - (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William Lacy SWING - embassy: Harry Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince - mailing address: P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince - telephone: [509] 22-0354, 22-0368, 22-0200, 22-0612 - FAX: [509] 23-1641 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered - white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree - flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto - L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength) - -@Haiti:Economy - - Overview: About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. - Agriculture is mainly small-scale subsistence farming and employs - two-thirds of the work force. The majority of the population does not - have ready access to safe drinking water, adequate medical care, or - sufficient food. The lack of employment opportunities remains one of - the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil erosion - and political instability. International trade sanctions in response - to the September 1991 coup against President ARISTIDE further damaged - the economy. The restoration of President ARISTIDE, the lifting of - sanctions in late 1994, and foreign aid will alleviate some economic - problems. Haiti will continue to depend heavily on foreign aid. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $5.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -15% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $870 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 52% (FY93/94 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 50% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $56 million - expenditures: $131 million, including capital expenditures of $6 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $173.3 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, - other 8% - partners: US 81%, Europe 12% (1993) - - Imports: $476.8 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, - petroleum products 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% - partners: US 51%, Europe 16%, Latin America 18% (1993) - - External debt: $871 million (September 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -2% (1991 est.); accounts for 15% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 150,000 kW - production: 590 million kWh - consumption per capita: 86 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement - manufacturing, tourism, light assembly industries based on imported - parts - - Agriculture: accounts for 28% of GDP and employs two-thirds of work - force; mostly small-scale subsistence farms; commercial crops - - coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, wood; staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; - shortage of wheat flour - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana en route - to the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $770 million - - Currency: 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: gourdes (G) per US$1 - 14.10 (1 December 1994), 12.00 - (1 July 1993), 8.4 (December 1991), fixed rate of 5.000 through second - quarter of 1991 - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Haiti:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 40 km (single track; privately owned industrial line) - narrow gauge: 40 km 0.760-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 4,000 km - paved: 950 km - unpaved: otherwise improved 900 km; unimproved earth 2,150 km - - Inland waterways: negligible; less than 100 km navigable - - Ports: Cap-Haitien, Gonaives, Jacmel, Jeremie, Cayes, Miragoane, - Port-au-Prince, Port-de-Paix, Saint-Marc - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 14 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - -@Haiti:Communications - - Telephone system: 36,000 telephones; domestic facilities barely - adequate, international facilities slightly better - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 33, FM 0, shortwave 2 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 - televisions: NA - -@Haiti:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police - note: the regular Haitian Army, Navy and Air Force are currently - suspended and replaced by the Interim Public Security Force (IPSF) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,323,034; males fit for - military service 716,233; males reach military age (18) annually - 64,371 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of - GDP (1988 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS - - (territory of Australia) - -@Heard Island And Mcdonald Islands:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, islands in the Indian Ocean, about - two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica - - Map references: Antarctic Region - - Area: - total area: 412 sq km - land area: 412 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 101.9 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: antarctic - - Terrain: Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with a quiescent - volcano; McDonald Islands - small and rocky - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: Heard Island is dominated by a dormant volcano called - Big Ben - international agreements: NA - - Note: primarily used for research stations - -@Heard Island And Mcdonald Islands:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Heard Island And Mcdonald Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands - - conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald Islands - - Digraph: HM - - Type: territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for - Environment, Sport, and Territories - - Capital: none; administered from Canberra, Australia - - Independence: none (territory of Australia) - -@Heard Island And Mcdonald Islands:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Heard Island And Mcdonald Islands:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Heard Island And Mcdonald Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY) - -@Holy See (vatican City):Geography - - Location: Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy) - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 0.44 sq km - land area: 0.44 sq km - comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: total 3.2 km, Italy 3.2 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with - hot, dry summers (May to September) - - Terrain: low hill - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution, - Environmental Modification - - Note: urban; landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest - state; outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel - Gandolfo (the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights - -@Holy See (vatican City):People - - Population: 830 (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.15% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA - - Death rate: NA - - Net migration rate: NA - - Infant mortality rate: NA - - Life expectancy at birth: NA - - Total fertility rate: NA - - Nationality: - noun: none - adjective: none - - Ethnic divisions: Italians, Swiss - - Religions: Roman Catholic - - Languages: Italian, Latin, various other languages - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay - workers who live outside the Vatican - -@Holy See (vatican City):Government - - Names: - conventional long form: The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) - conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City) - local long form: Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) - local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano) - - Digraph: VT - - Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state - - Capital: Vatican City - - Independence: 11 February 1929 (from Italy) - - National holiday: Installation Day of the Pope, 22 October (1978) - (John Paul II) - note: Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 - - Constitution: Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years old - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October - 1978); election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the - death of the current pope); results - Karol WOJTYLA was elected for - life by the College of Cardinals - head of government: Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo Cardinal - SODANO (since NA 1991) - cabinet: Pontifical Commission; appointed by Pope - - Legislative branch: unicameral Pontifical Commission - - Judicial branch: none; normally handled by Italy - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence - exercised by church officers) - - Member of: IAEA, ICFTU, INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS (observer), - OSCE, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino - CACCIAVILLAN - chancery: 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 333-7121 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond L. FLYNN - embassy: Via Delle Terme Deciane 26, Rome 00153 - mailing address: PSC 59, APO AE 09624 - telephone: [39] (6) 46741 - FAX: [39] (6) 6380159 - - Flag: two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the - crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter centered in the white - band - -@Holy See (vatican City):Economy - - Overview: This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially - by contributions (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics - throughout the world, the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, - fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications. The - incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to, or - somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work in the city of - Rome. - - Budget: - revenues: $169 million - expenditures: $167.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 5,000 kW standby - production: power supplied by Italy - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1992) - - Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and - staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities - - Currency: 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi - - Exchange rates: Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,609.5 (January 1995), - 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), - 1,198.1 (1990); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian - lira which circulates freely - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Holy See (vatican City):Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 862 meters; note - connects to Italy's network at Rome's Saint - Peter's station - narrow gauge: 862 meters 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: none; all city streets - - Ports: none - - Airports: none - -@Holy See (vatican City):Communications - - Telephone system: 2,000 telephones; automatic exchange - local: NA - intercity: tied into Italian system - international: uses Italian system - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Holy See (vatican City):Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are - posted at entrances to the Vatican City - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HONDURAS - -@Honduras:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between - Guatemala and Nicaragua and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between - El Salvador and Nicaragua - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 112,090 sq km - land area: 111,890 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee - - Land boundaries: total 1,520 km, Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, - Nicaragua 922 km - - Coastline: 820 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: land boundary dispute with El Salvador mostly - resolved by 11 September 1992 International Court of Justice (ICJ) - decision; with respect to the maritime boundary in the Golfo de - Fonseca, ICJ referred to an earlier agreement in this century and - advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras - and Nicaragua likely would be required - - Climate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains - - Terrain: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains - - Natural resources: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, - antimony, coal, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 14% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 30% - forest and woodland: 34% - other: 20% - - Irrigated land: 900 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: urban population expanding; deforestation results from - logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further - land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled development - and improper land use practices such as farming of marginal lands; - mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the country's largest - source of freshwater) with heavy metals as well as several rivers and - streams - natural hazards: frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging - hurricanes and floods along Caribbean coast - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, - Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change - -@Honduras:People - - Population: 5,459,743 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 1,159,846; male 1,201,927) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,468,950; male 1,444,959) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 95,361; male 88,700) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.66% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 34.12 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 43.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.04 years - male: 65.64 years - female: 70.55 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.55 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Honduran(s) - adjective: Honduran - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, - black 2%, white 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant minority - - Languages: Spanish, Indian dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 73% - male: 76% - female: 71% - - Labor force: 1.3 million - by occupation: agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, - construction 3%, other 6% (1985) - -@Honduras:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Honduras - conventional short form: Honduras - local long form: Republica de Honduras - local short form: Honduras - - Digraph: HO - - Type: republic - - Capital: Tegucigalpa - - Administrative divisions: 18 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, - El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la - Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, - Yoro - - Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821) - - Constitution: 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982 - - Legal system: rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of - English common law; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Carlos Roberto REINA - Idiaquez (since 27 January 1994); election last held 28 November 1993 - (next to be held November 1997); results - Carlos Roberto REINA - Idiaquez (PLH) 53%, Oswaldo RAMOS Soto (PNH) 41%, other 6% - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Congress (Congreso Nacional): elections last held on 27 - November 1993 (next to be held November 1997); results - PNH 53%, PLH - 41%, PDCH 1.0%, PINU-SD 2.5%, other 2.5%; seats - (134 total) PNH 55, - PLH 77, PINU-SD 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) - - Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PLH), Rafael PINEDA - Ponce, president; National Party of Honduras (PNH), Oswaldo RAMOS - Soto, president; National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), Olban - VALLADARES, president; Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Efrain DIAZ - Arrivillaga, president - - Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran - Campesinos (ANACH); Honduran Council of Private Enterprise (COHEP); - Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH); National Union of Campesinos - (UNC); General Workers Confederation (CGT); United Federation of - Honduran Workers (FUTH); Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in - Honduras (CODEH); Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations - (CCOP) - - Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto FLORES Bermudez - chancery: 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 966-7702, 2604, 5008, 4596 - FAX: [1] (202) 966-9751 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New - Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - consulate(s): Boston, Detroit, and Jacksonville - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William T. PRYCE - embassy: Avenida La Paz, Apartado Postal No 3453, Tegucigalpa - mailing address: American Embassy, APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa - telephone: [504] 36-9320, 38-5114 - FAX: [504] 36-9037 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with - five blue five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the - white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal - Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, - Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which - features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL - SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also - similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled - by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the - bottom, centered in the white band - -@Honduras:Economy - - Overview: Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western - Hemisphere. Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, - accounts for 28% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces - two-thirds of exports. Productivity remains low. Manufacturing, still - in its early stages, employs 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% - of GDP, and generates 20% of exports. The service sectors, including - public administration, account for 50% of GDP and employ 20% of the - labor force. Many basic problems face the economy, including rapid - population growth, high unemployment, inflation, a lack of basic - services, a large and inefficient public sector, and the dependence of - the export sector mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to - sharp price fluctuations. A far-reaching reform program, initiated by - former President CALLEJAS in 1990 and scaled back by President REINA, - is beginning to take hold. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -1.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,820 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 10%; underemployed 30%-40% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $527 million - expenditures: $668 million, including capital expenditures of $166 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $850 million (f.o.b., 1993 est) - commodities: bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, meat, lumber - partners: US 53%, Germany 11%, Belgium 8%, UK 5% - - Imports: $990 million (c.i.f. 1994 est) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, - manufactured goods, fuel and oil, foodstuffs - partners: US 50%, Mexico 8%, Guatemala 6% - - External debt: $4 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1992 est.); accounts for 22% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 290,000 kW - production: 2.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 445 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, - clothing, wood products - - Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 28% of GDP, more - than 60% of the labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal - products include bananas, coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; - importer of wheat - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics; illicit producer of - cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local - consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.1 billion - - Currency: 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: lempiras (L) per US$1 - 9.1283 (October 1994), 7.2600 - (1993), 5.8300 (1992), 5.4000 (1991); 2.0000 (fixed rate until 1991) - 5.70 parallel black-market rate (November 1990); the lempira was - allowed to float in 1992 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Honduras:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 785 km - narrow gauge: 508 km 1.067-m gauge; 277 km 0.914-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 8,950 km - paved: 1,700 km - unpaved: otherwise improved 5,000 km; unimproved earth 2,250 km - - Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by small craft - - Ports: La Ceiba, Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela, - Puerto Lempira - - Merchant marine: - total: 271 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 802,990 GRT/1,210,553 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 31, cargo 171, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk - 1, container 6, liquefied gas tanker 2, livestock carrier 3, oil - tanker 21, passenger 2, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo 19, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker 1, - vehicle carrier 1 - note: a flag of convenience registry; Russia owns 14 ships, Vietnam 7, - North Korea 4, US 3, Hong Kong 2, South Korea 2, Greece 1 - - Airports: - total: 159 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 118 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 27 - -@Honduras:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; 7 telephones/1,000 persons; - inadequate system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations and the - Central American microwave radio relay system - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 176, FM 0, shortwave 7 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 28 - televisions: NA - -@Honduras:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, Public Security - Forces (FUSEP) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,275,670; males fit for - military service 760,113; males reach military age (18) annually - 62,405 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $41 million, about - 0.4% of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HONG KONG - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Hong Kong:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 1,040 sq km - land area: 990 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than six times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: total 30 km, China 30 km - - Coastline: 733 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy - from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall - - Terrain: hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north - - Natural resources: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 12% - other: 79% - - Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: air and water pollution from rapid urbanization - natural hazards: occasional typhoons - international agreements: NA - - Note: more than 200 islands - -@Hong Kong:People - - Population: 5,542,869 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 499,460; male 549,734) - 15-64 years: 70% (female 1,866,540; male 2,016,684) - 65 years and over: 11% (female 331,391; male 279,060) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: -0.12% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.02 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -7.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 80.18 years - male: 76.78 years - female: 83.78 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.39 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Chinese - adjective: Chinese - - Ethnic divisions: Chinese 95%, other 5% - - Religions: eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% - - Languages: Chinese (Cantonese), English - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1971) - total population: 77% - male: 90% - female: 64% - - Labor force: 2.8 million (1990) - by occupation: manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, - restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, - and real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction - 2.5%, other 9.7% (1989) - -@Hong Kong:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Hong Kong - - Abbreviation: HK - - Digraph: HK - - Type: dependent territory of the UK scheduled to revert to China in - 1997 - - Capital: Victoria - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK; the UK signed an - agreement with China on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China - on 1 July 1997; in the joint declaration, China promises to respect - Hong Kong's existing social and economic systems and lifestyle) - - National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 August (1945) - - Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and - practice; new Basic Law approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: direct election 21 years of age; universal for permanent - residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven - years; indirect election limited to about 100,000 professionals of - electoral college and functional constituencies - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Governor Chris PATTEN (since 9 July 1992); Chief - Secretary Anson CHAN Fang On-Sang (since 29 November 1993) - cabinet: Executive Council; appointed by the governor - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council: indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 - and direct elections were held for the first time 15 September 1991 - (next to be held 17 September 1995 when the number of directly-elected - seats increases to 50); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (60 total; 21 indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 18 - directly elected, 18 appointed by governor, 3 ex officio members); - indirect elections - number of seats by functional constituency NA; - direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting Point 3, ADPL 1, other 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Martin LEE, chairman; - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong, TSANG Yuk-shing, - chairman; Hong Kong Democratic Foundation, Dr. Patrick SHIU Kin-ying, - chairman - note: in April 1994, the United Democrats of Hong Kong (UDHK) and - Meeting Point merged to form the Democratic Party; the merger became - effective in October 1994 - - Other political or pressure groups: Liberal Party, Allen LEE, - chairman; Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL), - Frederick FUNG Kin Kee, chairman; Liberal Democratic Federation, HU - Fa-kuang, chairman; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China), LEE - Chark-tim, president; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council - (pro-Taiwan); Confederation of Trade Unions (pro-democracy), LAU - Chin-shek, chairman; Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Chinese - General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Federation of Hong Kong - Industries; Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Hong Kong - Professional Teachers' Union, CHEUNG Man-kwong, president; Hong Kong - Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China, - Szeto WAH, chairman - - Member of: APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO - (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Consul General Richard W. MUELLER - consulate(s) general: 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong - mailing address: PSC 464, Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002 - telephone: [852] 523-9011 - FAX: [852] 845-4845 - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - with the Hong Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer - half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two - junks below a crown) held by a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon - (representing China) with another lion above the shield and a banner - bearing the words HONG KONG below the shield - -@Hong Kong:Economy - - Overview: Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few - tariffs or nontariff barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food - and raw materials must be imported. Manufacturing accounts for about - 17% of GDP. Goods and services exports account for about 50% of GDP. - Real GDP growth averaged a remarkable 8% in 1987-88, slowed to 3.0% in - 1989-90, and picked up to 4.2% in 1991, 5.0% in 1992, 5.2% in 1993, - and 5.5% in 1994. Unemployment, which has been declining since the - mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of labor continues to put - upward pressure on prices and the cost of living. Prospects for - 1995-96 remain bright so long as major trading partners continue to be - reasonably prosperous and so long as investors feel China will support - free market practices after the takeover in 1997. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $136.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $24,530 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.5% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 1.9% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $19.2 billion - expenditures: $19.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY93/94) - - Exports: $168.7 billion (including re-exports of $121.0 billion - )(f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical - appliances, watches and clocks, toys - partners: China 32%, US 23%, Germany 5%, Japan 5%, UK 3% (1993 est.) - - Imports: $160 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, - semimanufactures, petroleum; a large share is re-exported - partners: China 36%, Japan 19%, Taiwan 9%, US 7% (1993 est.) - - External debt: none (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2% (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 8,930,000 kW - production: 33 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,628 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, - watches, clocks - - Agriculture: minor role in the economy; local farmers produce 26% - fresh vegetables, 27% live poultry; 8% of land area suitable for - farming - - Illicit drugs: a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment - and major financial and money-laundering center; increasing indigenous - amphetamine and cocaine abuse - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $923 million - - Currency: 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1994), 7.800 - (1993), 7.741 (1992), 7.771 (1991), 7.790 (1990); note - linked to the - US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985 - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Hong Kong:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 35 km - standard gauge: 35 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 1,100 km - paved: 794 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 306 km - - Ports: Hong Kong - - Merchant marine: - total: 217 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,657,749 GRT/13,181,496 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 116, cargo 29, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk - 2, combination ore/oil 6, container 28, liquefied gas tanker 5, oil - tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 7, short-sea passenger 1, vehicle - carrier 3 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 15 countries among - which are UK with 53 ships, China 15, Bermuda 7, Japan 6, Belgium 3, - Germany 3, Greece 3, Canada 2, Netherlands 2, Singapore 2 - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - -@Hong Kong:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,000,000 telephones; modern facilities provide - excellent domestic and international services - local: NA - intercity: microwave transmission links and extensive optical fiber - transmission network - international: 3 INTELSAT (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) earth - stations; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China; links to 5 international - submarine cables providing access to ASEAN member nations, Japan, - Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: 2.5 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 (British Broadcasting Corporation repeater 1; - British Forces Broadcasting Service repeater 1) - televisions: 1.312 million (1,224,000 color TV sets) - -@Hong Kong:Defense Forces - - Branches: Headquarters of British Forces, Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air - Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police - Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,634,559; males fit for - military service 1,245,905; males reach military age (18) annually - 40,996 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $207 million, 0.2% of - GDP (FY92/93); this represents 65% of the total cost of defending the - colony, the remainder being paid by the UK - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HOWLAND ISLAND - - (territory of the US) - -@Howland Island:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half - of the way from Hawaii to Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 1.6 sq km - land area: 1.6 sq km - comparative area: about 2.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 6.4 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun - - Terrain: low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a - narrow fringing reef; depressed central area - - Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 5% - other: 95% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no natural fresh water resources - natural hazards: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can - be a maritime hazard - international agreements: NA - - Note: almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and - low-growing shrubs; small area of trees in the center; primarily a - nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and - marine wildlife; feral cats - -@Howland Island:People - - Population: uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 - after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by - US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public - entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to - scientists and educators - -@Howland Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Howland Island - - Digraph: HQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and - Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the - National Wildlife Refuge System - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - -@Howland Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Howland Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one boat landing - area along the middle of the west coast - - Airports: airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on - the round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they - left Lae, New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; - the airstrip is no longer serviceable - - Note: Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been - rebuilt in memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart - -@Howland Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the - US Coast Guard - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -HUNGARY - -@Hungary:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, northwest of Romania - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 93,030 sq km - land area: 92,340 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana - - Land boundaries: total 1,989 km, Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, - Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km (all with Serbia), - Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 82 km, Ukraine 103 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia - - Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers - - Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the - Slovakian border - - Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils - - Land use: - arable land: 50.7% - permanent crops: 6.1% - meadows and pastures: 12.6% - forest and woodland: 18.3% - other: 12.3% - - Irrigated land: 1,750 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution; industrial and municipal pollution of - Lake Balaton - natural hazards: levees are common along many streams, but flooding - occurs almost every year - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic - Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between - Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and - Mediterranean basin - -@Hungary:People - - Population: 10,318,838 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 918,281; male 958,027) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 3,534,218; male 3,440,036) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 914,221; male 554,055) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.02% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.44 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.9 years - male: 67.94 years - female: 76.06 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Hungarian(s) - adjective: Hungarian - - Ethnic divisions: Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, - Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist - and other 7.5% - - Languages: Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 5.4 million - by occupation: services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry - 29.7%, agriculture 16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991) - -@Hungary:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Hungary - conventional short form: Hungary - local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag - local short form: Magyarorszag - - Digraph: HU - - Type: republic - - Capital: Budapest - - Administrative divisions: 38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 - capital city* (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Bekescsaba, - Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, - Eger, Fejer, Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, - Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, - Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, - Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, - Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala, - Zalaegerszeg - - Independence: 1001 (unification by King Stephen I) - - National holiday: St. Stephen's Day (National Day), 20 August - (commemorates the founding of Hungarian state circa 1000 A.D.) - - Constitution: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 - April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for - individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime - minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight - - Legal system: in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based - on Western model - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously - interim president from 2 May 1990); election last held 3 August 1990 - (next to be held NA 1995); results - President GONCZ elected by - parliamentary vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the National - Assembly with a total of 295 votes out of 304 as interim President - from 2 May 1990 until elected President - head of government: Prime Minister Gyula HORN (since 15 July 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly on - recommendation of the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Orszaggyules): elections last held on 8 and 29 May - 1994 (next to be held spring 1998); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (386 total) MSzP 209, SzDSz 70, MDF 37, FKgP 26, KDNP 22, - FiDeSz 20, other 2 - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), Lajos - FUR, chairman; Independent Smallholders (FKgP), Jozsef TORGYAN, - president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP), Gyula HORN, president; - Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP), Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, - president; Federation of Young Democrats (FiDeSz), Viktor ORBAN, - chairman; Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz), Ivan PETO, chairman - note: the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSzMP) - renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) in - October 1989; there is still a small MMP - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE, FAO, - G- 9, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, - OAS (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNU, UPU, WEU (associate - partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Gyorgy BANLAKI (since 27 October 1994) - chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 - FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Donald M. BLINKEN - embassy: V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest - mailing address: Am Embassy, Unit 1320, Budapest; APO AE 09213-1320 - telephone: [36] (1) 112-6450 - FAX: [36] (1) 132-8934 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green - -@Hungary:Economy - - Overview: Since 1989 Hungary has been a leader in the transition from - a socialist command economy to a market economy - thanks in large part - to its initial economic reforms during the Communist era. The private - sector now accounts for about 55% of GDP. Nonetheless, the - transformation is proving difficult, and many citizens say life was - better under the old system. On the bright side, the four-year decline - in output finally ended in 1994, as real GDP increased an estimated - 3%. This growth helped reduce unemployment to just over 10% by - yearend, down from a peak of 13%. However, no progress was made - against inflation, which remained stuck at about 20%, and the - already-large current account deficit in the balance of payments - actually got worse, reaching almost $4 billion. Underlying Hungary's - other economic problems is the large budget deficit, which probably - exceeded 7% of GDP in 1994, despite some late-year budget cutting by - the new leftist government. In 1995 the government has pledged to - accelerate privatization and lower the budget deficit to 5.5% of GDP. - It believes this fiscal tightening will reduce the current account - deficit to $2.5 billion but at the cost of holding economic growth to - only 1%. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $58.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,700 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 10.4% (yearend 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $11.3 billion - expenditures: $14.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: raw materials and semi-finished goods 30.0%, machinery - and transport equipment 20.1%, consumer goods 25.2%, food and - agriculture 21.4%, fuels and energy 3.4% (1993) - partners: Germany 25.3%, Italy 8.3%, Austria 10.5%, the FSU 14.0%, US - 4.3% (1993) - - Imports: $14.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: fuels and energy 12.6%, raw materials and semi-finished - goods 27.3%, machinery and transport equipment 33.0%, consumer goods - 21.2%, food and agriculture 5.9% (1993) - partners: Germany 21.5%, Italy 6.1%, Austria 11.8%, the FSU 20.9%, US - 4.3% (1993); note - about one-fourth of the imports from the FSU were - MiGs delivered as a debt payment - - External debt: $27 billion (September 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,740,000 kW - production: 31 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,012 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed - foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), buses, - automobiles - - Agriculture: including forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 16% of - employment; highly diversified crop and livestock farming; principal - crops - wheat, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy products; self-sufficient in food output - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin and South - American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of - precursor chemicals - - Economic aid: - recipient: assistance pledged by OECD countries since 1989 about $9 - billion - - Currency: 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler - - Exchange rates: forints per US$1 - 112 (January 1995), 105.16 (1994), - 91.93 (1993), 78.99 (1992), 74.74 (1991), 63.21 (1990), 59.07 (1989) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Hungary:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 7,785 km - broad gauge: 35 km 1.520-m gauge - standard gauge: 7,574 km 1.435-m gauge (2,277 km electrified; 1,236 km - double track) - narrow gauge: 176 km mostly 0.760-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 158,711 km - paved: 69,992 km (441 km expressways) - unpaved: 88,719 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1988) - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991) - - Ports: Budapest, Dunaujvaros - - Merchant marine: - total: 10 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 46,121 GRT/61,613 - DWT - - Airports: - total: 78 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 34 - -@Hungary:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,520,000 phones; 14.7 telephones/100 inhabitants - (1993); 14,213 telex lines; automatic telephone network based on - microwave radio relay system; 608,000 telephones on order; 12-15 year - wait for a telephone; 49% of all phones are in Budapest (1991) - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 1 INTELSAT and Intersputnik earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 32, FM 15, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 41 (Russian repeaters 8) - televisions: NA - -@Hungary:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, - Territorial Defense - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,639,860; males fit for - military service 2,105,632; males reach military age (18) annually - 86,298 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 66.5 billion forints, NA% of GDP (1994 est.); - note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the - prevailing exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ICELAND - -@Iceland:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the - North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK - - Map references: Arctic Region - - Area: - total area: 103,000 sq km - land area: 100,250 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Kentucky - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 4,988 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving - Denmark, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area) - - Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy - winters; damp, cool summers - - Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; - coast deeply indented by bays and fiords - - Natural resources: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 1% - other: 78% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate - wastewater treatment - natural hazards: earthquakes and volcanic activity - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation - - Note: strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost - European country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of - continental Europe - -@Iceland:People - - Population: 265,998 (July 1995 est.) - note: population data estimates based on average growth rate may - differ slightly from official population data because of volatile - migration rates - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 31,482; male 32,912) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 84,559; male 87,089) - 65 years and over: 11% (female 16,554; male 13,402) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.92% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.98 years - male: 76.69 years - female: 81.39 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.06 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Icelander(s) - adjective: Icelandic - - Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and - Celts - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman - Catholic 3%, none 1% (1988) - - Languages: Icelandic - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) - total population: 100% - - Labor force: 127,900 - by occupation: commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, - manufacturing 12.5%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%, construction - 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990) - -@Iceland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Iceland - conventional short form: Iceland - local long form: Lyoveldio Island - local short form: Island - - Digraph: IC - - Type: republic - - Capital: Reykjavik - - Administrative divisions: 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and - 14 independent towns* (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, - Akureyri*, Arnessysla, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, - Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, Borgarfjardharsysla, - Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, Hafnarfjordhur*, - Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, Myrasysla, - Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la, - Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*, - Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla, - Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, - Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, - Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, - Vestur-Skaftafellssysla - - Independence: 17 June 1944 (from Denmark) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 - June (1944) - - Constitution: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 - - Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980); - election last held on 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996); - results - there was no election in 1992 as President Vigdis - FINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposed - head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) - - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Althing): elections last held on 8 April 1995 (next to be - held by April 1999); results - Independence Party 37.1%, Progressive - Party 23.3%, Social Democratic Party 11.4%, Socialists 14.3%, People's - Movement 7.2%, Women's Party 4.9%; seats - (63 total) Independence 25, - Progressive 15, Social Democratic 7, Socialists 9, People's Movement - 4, Women's Party 3 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Haestirettur) - - Political parties and leaders: Independence Party (conservative), - David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, Halldor ASGRIMSSON; Social - Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; People's Alliance (left - socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's Party; People's Movement - (moderate left); National Awakening, Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, - NEA, NIB, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNU, UPU, WEU - (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Einar BENEDIKTSSON - chancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653 through 6655 - FAX: [1] (202) 265-6656 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Parker W. BORG - embassy: Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavik - mailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, Reykjavik; FPO AE - 09728-0340 - telephone: [354] (1) 629100 - FAX: [354] (1) 629139 - - Flag: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the - edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the - hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -@Iceland:Economy - - Overview: Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically - capitalistic, but with an extensive welfare system, relatively low - unemployment, and comparatively even distribution of income. The - economy is heavily dependent on the fishing industry, which provides - nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. In - the absence of other natural resources - except energy - Iceland's - economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. The economy, in - recession since 1988, began to recover in 1993, posting 0.4% growth, - but was still hampered by cutbacks in fish quotas as well as falling - world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, - and ferrosilicon. Real GDP grew by perhaps 2.4% in 1994. The - center-right government plans to continue its policies of reducing the - budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, - containing inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, - diversifying the economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The - government, however, remains divided on the issue of EU membership, - primarily because of Icelanders' concern about losing control over - their fishing resources. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $17,250 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 7% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.9 billion - expenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, - ferrosilicon, diatomite - partners: EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992) - - Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum - products, foodstuffs, textiles - partners: EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% - (1992) - - External debt: $2.5 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,070,000 kW - production: 4.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 16,458 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon - production, geothermal power - - Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP; fishing is most important - economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; - principal crops - potatoes, turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; fish - catch of about 1.1 million metric tons in 1992 - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million - - Currency: 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar - - Exchange rates: Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 67.760 (January - 1995), 69.944 (1994), 67.603 (1993), 57.546 (1992), 58.996 (1991), - 58.284 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Iceland:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 11,373 km - paved: 2,513 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 8,860 km (1992) - - Ports: Akureyri, Hornafjordur, Isafjordur, Keflavik, Raufarhofn, - Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vestmannaeyjar - - Merchant marine: - total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 30,025 GRT/40,410 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, oil tanker 1, refrigerated - cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2 - - Airports: - total: 90 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - with paved runways under 914 m: 53 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 23 - -@Iceland:Communications - - Telephone system: 140,000 telephones; adequate domestic service - local: NA - intercity: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic - cables and microwave radio relay links - international: 2 earth stations carry all international traffic - through an Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 147 (transmitters and repeaters), - shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 202 (transmitters and repeaters) - televisions: NA - -@Iceland:Defense Forces - - Branches: no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; note - - Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force - (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 70,743; males fit for military - service 62,698 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: none - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -INDIA - -@India:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of - Bengal, between Bangladesh and Pakistan - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 3,287,590 km2 - land area: 2,973,190 km2 - comparative area: slightly more than one-third the size of the US - - Land boundaries: total 14,103 km, Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, - Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km - - Coastline: 7,000 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: boundaries with Bangladesh and China; status - of Kashmir with Pakistan; water-sharing problems with downstream - riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus - - Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north - - Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain - along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north - - Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron - ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, - diamonds, petroleum, limestone - - Land use: - arable land: 55% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 23% - other: 17% - - Irrigated land: 430,390 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; - desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle - emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural - pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and - rapidly growing population is overstraining natural resources - natural hazards: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; - earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of - the Sea - - Note: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean - trade routes - -@India:People - - Population: 936,545,814 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 159,921,309; male 168,812,255) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 274,105,407; male 296,145,798) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 18,870,762; male 18,690,283) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.77% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 27.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.07 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 76.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 59.04 years - male: 58.5 years - female: 59.61 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Indian(s) - adjective: Indian - - Ethnic divisions: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other - 3% - - Religions: Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist - 0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4% - - Languages: English enjoys associate status but is the most important - language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi - the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali - (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), - Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada - (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), - Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), - Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu, is spoken widely - throughout northern India - note: 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous - other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually - unintelligible - - Literacy: age 7 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 52% - male: 64% - female: 39% - - Labor force: 314.751 million (1990) - by occupation: agriculture 65% (1993 est.) - -@India:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of India - conventional short form: India - - Digraph: IN - - Type: federal republic - - Capital: New Delhi - - Administrative divisions: 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman - and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, - Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, - Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, - Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, - Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, - Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal - - Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 - January (1950) - - Constitution: 26 January 1950 - - Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of - legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992); - Vice President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June - 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Sansad) - Council of States (Rajya Sabha): body consisting of not more than 250 - members, up to 12 appointed by the president, the remainder chosen by - the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies - People's Assembly (Lok Sabha): elections last held 21 May, 12 and 15 - June 1991 (next to be held by 1996); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (545 total, 543 elected, 2 appointed) Congress (I) - Party 245, BJP 119, Janata Dal Party 39, Janata Dal (Ajit Singh) 20, - CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party - 5, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23, vacant - 9; note - the distribution of seats as of 18 January 1995 is as - follows: Congress (I) Party 260, BJP 117, CPI/M 36, Janata Dal Party - 24, Samta Party 14, CPI 14, AIADMK 12, Janata Dal (Ajit) 7, Telugu - Desam 7, RSP 4, Janata Dal (Ex-Ajit) 3, Samajwadi Party 3, BSP 3, AIFB - 3, Shiv Sena 2, Congress (S) Party 1, Kerala Congress (Mani faction) - 1, Bihar Peoples Party 1, India National League 1, other 14, vacant 16 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha - RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), L.K. ADVANI; Janata Dal - Party, S.R. BOMMAI; Janata Dal (Ajit), Ajit SINGH; Janata Dal - (Ex-Ajit), leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), - Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India (CPI), Indrajit - GUPTA; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. Rama - RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional - party in Tamil Nadu), Jayaram JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Party (SP), - Mulayam Singh YADAV (President), Om Prakash CHAUTALA, Devi LAL; Shiv - Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip - CHOWDHURY; Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, - leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Vinod - MISHRA; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. - KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community - in the Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and - Kashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH; Bihar Peoples Party, Lovely ANAND; Samta - Party (formerly Janata Dal members), Natish KUMAR; Indian National - League, Suliaman SAIT; Kerala Congress (Mani faction), K.M. MANI; All - India Forward Bloc (AIFB), Prem Dutta PALIWAL (Chairman), Chitta BASU - (General Secretary) - - Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking - greater communal and/or regional autonomy; numerous religious or - militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam Sena, Ananda Marg, - Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G- 6, - G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAVEM - II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, - UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Siddhartha Shankar RAY - chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Frank G. WISNER - embassy: Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [91] (11) 600651 - FAX: [91] (11) 6872028 - consulate(s) general: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green - with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; - similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered - in the white band - -@India:Economy - - Overview: India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming, - modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, - and a multitude of support services. Faster economic growth in the - 1980s permitted a significant increase in real per capita private - consumption. A large share of the population, perhaps as much as 40%, - remains too poor to afford an adequate diet. Financial strains in 1990 - and 1991 prompted government austerity measures that slowed industrial - growth but permitted India to meet its international payment - obligations without rescheduling its debt. Production, trade, and - investment reforms since 1991 have provided new opportunities for - Indian businessmen and an estimated 100 million to 200 million middle - class consumers. New Delhi has always paid its foreign debts on - schedule and has stimulated exports, attracted foreign investment, and - revived confidence in India's economic prospects. Foreign exchange - reserves, precariously low three years ago, now total more than $19 - billion. Positive factors for the remainder of the 1990s are India's - strong entrepreneurial class and the central government's recognition - of the continuing need for market-oriented approaches to economic - development, for example in upgrading the wholly inadequate - communications facilities. Negative factors include the desperate - poverty of hundreds of millions of Indians and the impact of the huge - and expanding population on an already overloaded environment. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2539 trillion - (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,360 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $30.85 billion - expenditures: $48.35 billion, including capital expenditures of $10.5 - billion (FY93/94) - - Exports: $24.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: clothing, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, - leather manufactures, cotton yarn, and fabric - partners: US, Japan, Germany, UK, Hong Kong - - Imports: $25.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, machinery, gems, - fertilizer, chemicals - partners: US, Germany, Saudi Arabia, UK, Belgium, Japan - - External debt: $89.2 billion (November 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1994 est.); accounts for 28% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 81,200,000 kW - production: 314 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 324 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, - transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery - - Agriculture: accounts for 34% of GDP; principal crops - rice, wheat, - oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, - buffaloes, sheep, goats, poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric - tons ranks India among the world's top 10 fishing nations - - Illicit drugs: licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical - trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit - international drug markets; major transit country for illicit - narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of - hashish and methaqualone; produced 82 metric tons of illicit opium in - 1994 - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; - USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million - - Currency: 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise - - Exchange rates: Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 31.374 (January 1995), - 31.374 (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@India:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 62,211 km (6,500 km electrified; 12,617 km double track) - broad gauge: 34,544 km 1.676-m gauge - narrow gauge: 23,599 km 1.000-m gauge; 4,068 km 0.762-m and 0.610-m - gauge (1994 est.) - - Highways: - total: 1.97 million km - paved: 960,000 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 1.01 million km (1989) - - Inland waterways: 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels - - Pipelines: crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural - gas 902 km (1989) - - Ports: Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Haldia, Kandla, Madras, Mormugao, New - Mangalore, Pondicherry, Port Blair (Andaman Islands), Tuticorin, - Vishakhapatnam - - Merchant marine: - total: 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,288,902 GRT/10,454,178 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 114, cargo 78, chemical tanker 9, combination bulk - 2, combination ore/oil 5, container 10, liquefied gas tanker 6, oil - tanker 68, passenger-cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-sea - passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 352 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 11 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 48 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 85 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 72 - with paved runways under 914 m: 81 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 46 - -@India:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; 5 telephones/1,000 persons; domestic - telephone system is poor; long-distance telephoning has been improved - by a domestic satellite system which also carries TV - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 3 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth stations and submarine - cables to Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 96, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 274 (government controlled) - televisions: NA - -@India:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, various security or paramilitary - forces (includes Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, and Coast Guard) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 253,134,487; males fit for - military service 148,814,104; males reach military age (17) annually - 9,461,907 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.8 billion, 2.8% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -INDIAN OCEAN - -@Indian Ocean:Geography - - Location: body of water between Africa, Antarctica, Asia, and - Australia - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 73.6 million sq km - comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of the US; - third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but - larger than the Arctic Ocean) - note: includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Great - Australian Bight, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of - Malacca, and other tributary water bodies - - Coastline: 66,526 km - - International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states) - - Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon - (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and - October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in - the southern Indian Ocean - - Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular - system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of - surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean, low atmospheric - pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in - the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, - while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air - results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and - currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and - subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean - Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the - Java Trench - - Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel - aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules - - Environment: - current issues: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, - turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, - and Red Sea - natural hazards: ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme - south near Antarctica from May to October - international agreements: NA - - Note: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, - Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok - Strait - -@Indian Ocean:Government - - Digraph: XO - -@Indian Ocean:Economy - - Overview: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the - Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It - carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum - products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its - fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries - for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, - Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for - shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in - the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western - Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production - comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and - offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering - countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and - Thailand. - - Industries: based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly - fish, minerals, oil and gas, fishing, sand and gravel - -@Indian Ocean:Transportation - - Ports: Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban - (South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Madras (India), Melbourne - (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa) - -@Indian Ocean:Communications - - Telephone system: - international: submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and - Malaysia, and from Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia - -________________________________________________________________________ - -INDONESIA - -@Indonesia:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and - the Pacific Ocean - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 1,919,440 sq km - land area: 1,826,440 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea - 820 km - - Coastline: 54,716 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor - Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two - islands in dispute with Malaysia - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands - - Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior - mountains - - Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, - bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 67% - other: 15% - - Irrigated land: 75,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, - sewage; air pollution in urban areas - natural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, - Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life - Conservation, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles - Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from - Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean - -@Indonesia:People - - Population: 203,583,886 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 32,548,039; male 33,485,810) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 65,394,816; male 64,914,362) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 4,027,367; male 3,213,492) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.56% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.06 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 61.22 years - male: 59.13 years - female: 63.42 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.74 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Indonesian(s) - adjective: Indonesian - - Ethnic divisions: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal - Malays 7.5%, other 26% - - Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, - Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985) - - Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), - English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is - Javanese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 82% - male: 88% - female: 75% - - Labor force: 67 million - by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, - transport and communications 3% (1985 est.) - -@Indonesia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia - conventional short form: Indonesia - local long form: Republik Indonesia - local short form: Indonesia - former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies - - Digraph: ID - - Type: republic - - Capital: Jakarta - - Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus - ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, - Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan - Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa - Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi - Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera - Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta* - - Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December - 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945) - - Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 - and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 - - Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by - indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of - age - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO - (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since - 11 March 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR): elections - last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR - 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military - representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56 - note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan - Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members - who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president - and, theoretically, to determine national policy - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) - - Political parties and leaders: GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on - functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) HARMOKO, general chairman; - Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and - Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman; Development Unity - Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan - METAREUM, chairman - - Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, - ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, - UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR - chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 - FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San - Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY - embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Box 1, Jakarta - mailing address: APO AP 96520 - telephone: [62] (21) 360360 - FAX: [62] (21) 3862259 - consulate(s) general: Medan, Surabaya - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to - the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of - Poland, which is white (top) and red - -@Indonesia:Economy - - Overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist - institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on - deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural - wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it - remains a rather poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-94 averaged - about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash - underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering - the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an - important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor - force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice - importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged - for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for - almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural - resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. - Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports - in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on - the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's - most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money - supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary - policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for - investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and - off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted - Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the - continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and - the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in - 1992-94 has matched the government target of 6%-7% annual growth. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $619.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6.7% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,090 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.3% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $32.8 billion - expenditures: $32.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.9 - billion (FY94/95) - - Exports: $41.3 billion (f.o.b, 1994 est.) - commodities: manufactures 56.7%, fuels 24.8%, foodstuffs 11.1%, raw - materials 7.4% (1994 est.) - partners: Japan 30%, US 14%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 6%, Taiwan 4% - (1993) - - Imports: $31.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: capital equipment 44.2%, intermed and raw materials - 37.0%, consumer goods 11.5%, fuels 7.2% (1994 est.) - partners: Japan 22%, US 11%, South Korea 7%, Germany 7%, Singapore 6%, - Australia 5%, Taiwan 5% (1993) - - External debt: $87 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8.4% (1993 est.); accounts for 40% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 12,100,000 kW - production: 44 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 207 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, - chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber - - Agriculture: accounts for 21% of GDP; subsistence food production; - small-holder and plantation production for export; main products are - rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other - tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug - trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating - plantings and prosecuting traffickers; growing role as transshipment - point for Golden Triangle heroin; increasing indigenous - methamphetamine abuse - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million - - Currency: 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used) - - Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,203.6 (January - 1995), 2,160.7 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), - 1,842.8 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Indonesia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 6,964 km - narrow gauge: 6,389 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km - double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge; 78 km 0.600-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 119,500 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - undifferentiated: provincial 34,180 km; district 73,508 km; state - 11,812 km - - Inland waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura - 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas - 1,703 km (1989) - - Ports: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, - Surabaya, Ujungpandang - - Merchant marine: - total: 438 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,942,527 GRT/2,818,296 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 26, cargo 259, chemical tanker 7, container 11, - liquefied gas tanker 6, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 85, passenger - 6, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger - 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4 - - Airports: - total: 450 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 35 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 42 - with paved runways under 914 m: 324 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32 - -@Indonesia:Communications - - Telephone system: 763,000 telephones (1986); domestic service fair, - international service good - local: NA - intercity: interisland microwave system and HF police net; 1 earth - station for a domestic satellite - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - note: radiobroadcast coverage good - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9 - televisions: NA - -@Indonesia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 55,883,688; males fit for - military service 32,952,204; males reach military age (18) annually - 2,247,586 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 1.5% of - GNP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -IRAN - -@Iran:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian - Gulf, between Iraq and Pakistan - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 1.648 million sq km - land area: 1.636 million sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska - - Land boundaries: total 5,440 km, Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, - Azerbaijan (north) 432 km, Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 - km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km - - Coastline: 2,440 km - note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: natural prolongation - exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements, or median lines in the - Persian Gulf - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in - 1990 but are still trying to work out written agreements settling - outstanding disputes from their eight-year war concerning border - demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and - sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies two islands - in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), - Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra - (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it - jointly administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed - by the UAE, Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian); in - 1992 the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tunb islands became more acute - when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country - nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently - backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE - in the region, but in 1994 it increased its military presence on the - disputed islands; periodic disputes with Afghanistan over Helmand - water rights; Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined - - Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast - - Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, - mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, - iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 27% - forest and woodland: 11% - other: 54% - - Irrigated land: 57,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle - emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; - deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the - Persian Gulf; inadequate supplies of potable water - natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; duststorms, sandstorms; - earthquakes along the Western border - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous - Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, - but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation - -@Iran:People - - Population: 64,625,455 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 14,113,933; male 14,995,015) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 16,237,810; male 16,803,943) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 1,197,869; male 1,276,885) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.29% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 34.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.85 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 54.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.97 years - male: 65.77 years - female: 68.22 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.93 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Iranian(s) - adjective: Iranian - - Ethnic divisions: Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani - 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1% - - Religions: Shi'a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, - Christian, and Baha'i 1% - - Languages: Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic - dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, - other 2% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 66% - male: 74% - female: 56% - - Labor force: 15.4 million - by occupation: agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21% - note: shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.) - -@Iran:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran - conventional short form: Iran - local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran - local short form: Iran - - Digraph: IR - - Type: theocratic republic - - Capital: Tehran - - Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); - Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari (West Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Khavari (East - Azerbaijan), Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, - Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan, - Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, - Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan - note: there may be a new province named Ardabil formed from a part of - Azarbayjan-e Khavari (East Azerbaijan) which may have been renamed - Azarbayjan-e Markazi (Central Azerbaijan); the name Bakhtaran may have - been changed to Kermanshahan - - Independence: 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed) - - National holiday: Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979) - - Constitution: 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the - presidency and eliminate the prime ministership - - Legal system: the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of - government - - Suffrage: 15 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - supreme leader (rahbar) and functional chief of state: Leader of the - Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989) - head of government: President Ali Akbar Hashemi-RAFSANJANI (since 3 - August 1989); election last held June 1993 (next to be held June - 1997); results - Ali Akbar Hashemi-RAFSANJANI was elected with 63% of - the vote - cabinet: Council of Ministers; selected by the president with - legislative approval - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami): elections - last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by - party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: there are at least 76 licensed parties; - the three most important are - Tehran Militant Clergy Association, - Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant Clerics Association, Mehdi - MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam - Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI - - Other political or pressure groups: groups that generally support the - Islamic Republic include Hizballah, Mojahedin of the Islamic - Revolution, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam; armed - political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the - government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's - Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society for the Defense of - Freedom - - Member of: CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani - Embassy in Washington, DC - chancery: Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990 - - US diplomatic representation: protecting power in Iran is Switzerland - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the - national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red - is centered in the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white - Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green - band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band - -@Iran:Economy - - Overview: Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state - ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and - small-scale private trading and service ventures. Over the past - several years, the government has introduced several measures to - liberalize the economy and reduce government intervention, but most of - these changes have moved slowly because of political opposition. Iran - has faced increasingly severe financial difficulties since mid-1992 - due to an import surge that began in 1989 and general financial - mismanagement. At yearend 1993 the Iranian Government estimated that - it owed foreign creditors about $30 billion; an estimated $8 billion - of this debt was in arrears. At yearend 1994, Iran rescheduled $12 - billion in debt. Earnings from oil exports - which provide 90% of - Iran's export revenues - are providing less relief to Iran than usual - because of reduced oil prices. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $310 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,720 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: over 30% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $16 billion (f.o.b., FY92/93 est.) - commodities: petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides - partners: Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, - Spain, and Germany - - Imports: $18 billion (c.i.f., FY92/93 est.) - commodities: machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, - pharmaceuticals, technical services, refined oil products - partners: Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, UAE - - External debt: $30 billion (December 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.6% (1993 est.); accounts for - almost 30% of GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 19,080,000 kW - production: 50.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 745 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other - building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and - vegetable oil production), metal fabricating, armaments and military - equipment - - Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP; principal products - - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy - products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and - international drug trade; produced 35-70 metric tons in 1993; net - opiate importer but also a key transshipment point for Southwest Asian - heroin to Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.675 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million - - note: aid fell sharply following the 1979 revolution - - Currency: 10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are - generally referred to in terms of the toman - - Exchange rates: Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,749.04 (January 1995), - 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991); black - market rate: 3,000 rials per US$1 (December 1994) - - Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March - -@Iran:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,850 km; note - 480 km under construction from Bafq to - Bandar-e 'Abbas; segment from Bafq to Sirjan has been completed and is - operational; section from Sirjan to Bandar-e 'Abbas still under - construction - broad gauge: 90 km 1.676-m gauge - narrow gauge: 4,760 km 1.432-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 140,200 km - paved: 42,694 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 46,866 km; improved earth 49,440 km; - unimproved earth 1,200 km - - Inland waterways: 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by - maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 - meters and is in use - - Pipelines: crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural - gas 4,550 km - - Ports: Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), - Ahvaz, Bandar Beheshti, Bandar-e 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bandar-e - Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Mah Shahr, Bandar-e Torkeman, - Jazireh-ye Khark, Jazireh-ye Lavan, Jazireh-ye Sirri, Khorramshahr - (limited operation since November 1992), Now Shahr - - Merchant marine: - total: 132 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,816,820 GRT/6,991,693 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 48, cargo 38, chemical tanker 5, combination bulk - 2, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 26, refrigerated cargo 3, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 8, short-sea passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 261 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 28 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 32 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 20 - with paved runways under 914 m: 46 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 18 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 101 - -@Iran:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,143,000 telephones; 35 telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay extends throughout country; system - centered in Tehran - international: 3 INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, - Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber optic cable - to UAE - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 77, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 28 - televisions: NA - -@Iran:Defense Forces - - Branches: Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air - Defense Force, Revolutionary Guards (includes Basij militia with its - ground, air, and naval forces), Law Enforcement Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 14,639,290; males fit for - military service 8,703,732; males reach military age (21) annually - 615,096 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: according to official Iranian data, Iran spent - 1,785 billion rials, including $808 million in hard currency, in 1992 - and budgeted 2,507 billion rials, including $850 million in hard - currency, for 1993 - note: conversion of rial expenditures into US dollars using the - current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -IRAQ - -@Iraq:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and - Kuwait - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 437,072 sq km - land area: 432,162 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Idaho - - Land boundaries: total 3,631 km, Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait - 242 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km - - Coastline: 58 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: not specified - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in - 1990 but are still trying to work out written agreements settling - outstanding disputes from their eight-year war concerning border - demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and - sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; in November 1994, Iraq - formally accepted the UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been - spelled out in Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), - and 883 (1993); this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to - Bubiyan and Warbah islands; potential dispute over water development - plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - - Climate: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless - summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish - borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows which - melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central - and southern Iraq - - Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in - south; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur - - Land use: - arable land: 12% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 9% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 75% - - Irrigated land: 25,500 sq km (1989 est) - - Environment: - current issues: government water control projects have drained most of - the inhabited marsh areas west of Al Qurnah by drying up or diverting - the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Shi'a - Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has - been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat - poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate - supplies of potable water; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers - system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air - and water pollution; soil degradation (salinization) and erosion; - desertification - natural hazards: duststorms, sandstorms, floods - international agreements: party to - Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban; - signed, but not ratified - Environmental Modification - -@Iraq:People - - Population: 20,643,769 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 4,850,028; male 5,009,513) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 5,021,710; male 5,125,191) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 338,790; male 298,537) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.72% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.6 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 62.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.52 years - male: 65.54 years - female: 67.56 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.56 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Iraqi(s) - adjective: Iraqi - - Ethnic divisions: Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or - other 5% - - Religions: Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or - other 3% - - Languages: Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, - Armenian - - Literacy: age 15-45 can read and write (1985) - total population: 89% - male: 90% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 4.4 million (1989) - by occupation: services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22% - note: severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about - 1,600,000 (July 1990); since then, it has declined substantially - -@Iraq:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Iraq - conventional short form: Iraq - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah - local short form: Al Iraq - - Digraph: IZ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Baghdad - - Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, - Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, - Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit - - Independence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under - British administration) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968) - - Constitution: 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional - Constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted - - Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil - law system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice - President Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice - President Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991) - head of government: Prime Minister SADDAM Husayn (since NA May 1994); - Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Mikhail AZIZ (since NA 1979) - Revolutionary Command Council: Chairman SADDAM Husayn, Vice Chairman - Izzat IBRAHIM al-Duri - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani): elections last held on 1 April - 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, Shi'a Arabs 30%, - Kurds 15%, Christians 2% (est.); seats - (250 total) number of seats - by party NA - note: in northern Iraq, a "Kurdish Assembly" was elected in May 1992 - and calls for Kurdish self-determination within a federated Iraq; the - assembly is not recognized by the Baghdad government - - Judicial branch: Court of Cassation - - Political parties and leaders: Ba'th Party - - Other political or pressure groups: political parties and activity - severely restricted; opposition to regime from disaffected members of - the Ba'th Party, Army officers, and Shi'a religious and ethnic Kurdish - dissidents; the Green Party (government-controlled) - - Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, - G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy - in Washington, DC - chancery: Iraqi Interests Section, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC - 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-7500 - FAX: [1] (202) 462-5066 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); note - operations have been temporarily - suspended; a US Interests Section is located in Poland's embassy in - Baghdad - embassy: Masbah Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad - mailing address: P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad - telephone: [964] (1) 719-6138, 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791 - FAX: Telex 212287 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with - three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the - white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic - script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left - of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf - crisis; similar to the flag of Syria that has two stars but no script - and the flag of Yemen that has a plain white band; also similar to the - flag of Egypt that has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band - -@Iraq:Economy - - Overview: The Ba'thist regime engages in extensive central planning - and management of industrial production and foreign trade while - leaving some small-scale industry and services and most agriculture to - private enterprise. The economy has been dominated by the oil sector, - which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange - earnings. In the 1980s, financial problems caused by massive - expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export - facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity measures - and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments. - After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased - with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged - facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor - shortages, salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land - reform and collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although - accorded high priority by the government, also was under financial - constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent - international economic embargoes, and military action by an - international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically changed - the economic picture. Industrial and transportation facilities, which - suffered severe damage, have been partially restored. Oil exports - remain at less than 5% of the previous level. Shortages of spare parts - continue. Living standards deteriorated even further in 1993 and 1994; - consumer prices have more than doubled in both 1993 and 1994. The - UN-sponsored economic embargo has reduced exports and imports and has - contributed to the sharp rise in prices. The Iraqi government has been - unwilling to abide by UN resolutions so that the economic embargo can - be removed. The government's policies of supporting large military and - internal security forces and of allocating resources to key supporters - of the regime have exacerbated shortages. In brief, per capita output - in 1993-94 is far below the 1989-90 level, but no precise estimate is - available. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur - partners: US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990) - - Imports: $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: manufactures, food - partners: Germany, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990) - - External debt: $50 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 - billion owed to Gulf Arab states - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% - of GNP (1989) - - Electricity: - capacity: 7,170,000 kW - production: 25.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,247 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, - construction materials, food processing - - Agriculture: accounted for 11% of GNP and 30% of labor force before - the Gulf war; principal products - wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, - dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - cattle, sheep; not - self-sufficient in food output - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $647 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion - - Currency: 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils - - Exchange rates: Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.2 (fixed official rate - since 1982); black-market rate (March 1995) US$1 = 1200 Iraqi dinars; - semi-official rate US$1 = 650 Iraqi dinars - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Iraq:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,457 km - standard gauge: 2,457 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 45,550 km - paved: 38,400 km - unpaved: 7,150 km (1989 est.) - - Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by - maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 - meters and is in use; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have navigable - sections for shallow-draft watercraft; Shatt al Basrah canal was - navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 because of the - Persian Gulf war - - Pipelines: crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas - 1,360 km - - Ports: Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, and Al Basrah have limited - functionality - - Merchant marine: - total: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 795,346 GRT/1,431,154 DWT - - ships by type: cargo 14, oil tanker 16, passenger 1, passenger-cargo - 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3 - - Airports: - total: 121 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 21 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 34 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with paved runways under 914 m: 22 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 16 - -@Iraq:Communications - - Telephone system: 632,000 telephones; reconstitution of damaged - telecommunication facilities began after the Gulf war; most damaged - facilities have been rebuilt - local: NA - intercity: the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio - relay links - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 - GORIZONT (Atlantic Ocean) in the Intersputnik system, and 1 ARABSAT - earth station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, - Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; Kuwait line is probably non-operational - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 13 - televisions: NA - -@Iraq:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Republican Guard and Special Republican Guard, Navy, - Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard Force, Internal Security - Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,626,610; males fit for - military service 2,597,687; males reach military age (18) annually - 229,015 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GNP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -IRELAND - -@Ireland:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of - Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 70,280 sq km - land area: 68,890 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia - - Land boundaries: total 360 km, UK 360 km - - Coastline: 1,448 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: not specified - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall - continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK - (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall - area) - - Climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild - winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the - time - - Terrain: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged - hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast - - Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, - gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver - - Land use: - arable land: 14% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 71% - forest and woodland: 5% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution, especially of lakes, from - agricultural runoff - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Desertification, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation - - Note: strategic location on major air and sea routes between North - America and northern Europe; over 40% of the population resides within - 60 miles of Dublin - -@Ireland:People - - Population: 3,550,448 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 415,640; male 440,468) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 1,125,638; male 1,155,823) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 237,098; male 175,781) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.33% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.04 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.99 years - male: 73.15 years - female: 79 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.95 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural) - adjective: Irish - - Ethnic divisions: Celtic, English - - Religions: Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other - 1% (1981) - - Languages: Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the - western seaboard, English is the language generally used - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) - total population: 98% - - Labor force: 1.37 million - by occupation: services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% - (1992) - -@Ireland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Ireland - - Digraph: EI - - Type: republic - - Capital: Dublin - - Administrative divisions: 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, - Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, - Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, - Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow - - Independence: 6 December 1921 (from UK) - - National holiday: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March - - Constitution: 29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebescite - - Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by - indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme - Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November - 1990); election last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November - 1997); results - Mary Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% - head of government: Prime Minister John BRUTON (since 15 December - 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by president with previous nomination of - the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) - Senate (Seanad Eireann): elections last held NA February 1992 (next to - be held NA February 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 26, Fine Gael 16, Labor 9, - Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1, independents 6 - House of Representatives (Dail Eireann): elections last held on 25 - November 1992 (next to be held by November 1997); results - Fianna - Fail 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labor Party 19.3%, Progressive Democrats - 4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fein 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%, - independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fail 68, Fine Gael 45, - Labor Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10 Democratic Left 4, Greens 1, - independents 5 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; - Fianna Fail, Bertie AHERN; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, - John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fein, - Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY; The Workers' - Party, Marion DONNELLY; Green Alliance, Bronwen MAHER - note: Prime Minister BRUTON heads a three-party coalition consisting - of the Fine Gael, the Labor Party, and the Democratic Left - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, - FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NEA, - NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, - UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WEU (observer), WHO, - WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER - chancery: 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-3939 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jean Kennedy SMITH - embassy: 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [353] (1) 6687122 - FAX: [353] (1) 6689946 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and - orange; similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and - has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also - similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green - (hoist side), white, and red - -@Ireland:Economy - - Overview: The economy is small and trade dependent. Agriculture, once - the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts - for 37% of GDP, about 80% of exports, and employs 28% of the labor - force. Although exports remain the primary engine for Ireland's robust - growth, the economy is also benefiting from a rise in consumer - spending and recovery in both construction and business investment. - Ireland has substantially reduced its external debt since 1987, to 40% - of GDP in 1994. Over the same period, inflation has fallen sharply and - chronic trade deficits have been transformed into annual surpluses. - Unemployment remains a serious problem, however, and job creation is - the main focus of government policy. To ease unemployment, Dublin - aggressively courts foreign investors and recently created a new - industrial development agency to aid small indigenous firms. - Government assistance is constrained by Dublin's continuing deficit - reduction measures. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $49.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $14,060 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $16 billion - expenditures: $16.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $28 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial - machinery, live animals, animal products - partners: EU 75% (UK 32%, Germany 13%, France 10%), US 9% - - Imports: $26 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: food, animal feed, data processing equipment, petroleum - and petroleum products, machinery, textiles, clothing - partners: EU 66% (UK 41%, Germany 8%, France 4%), US 15% - - External debt: $20 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8.5% (1994 est.); accounts for 37% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,930,000 kW - production: 14.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,938 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, - pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and - crystal - - Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; principal crops - turnips, - barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy - products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread - grain, fruits, vegetables - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to - the UK and Netherlands - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million - - Currency: 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6420 (January 1995), - 0.6676 (1994), 0.6816 (1993), 0.5864 (1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Ireland:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,947 km - broad gauge: 1,947 km 1.600-m gauge (36 km electrified; 485 km double - track) - - Highways: - total: 92,327 km - paved: 86,787 km (32 km of expressways) - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 5,540 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: limited for commercial traffic - - Pipelines: natural gas 225 km - - Ports: Arklow, Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Foynes, Galway, Limerick, New - Ross, Waterford - - Merchant marine: - total: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 129,996 GRT/160,419 DWT - ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 33, chemical tanker 2, container 2, oil - tanker 1, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 2 - - Airports: - total: 44 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 32 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Ireland:Communications - - Telephone system: 900,000 telephones; modern digital system using - cable and microwave radio relay - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 45, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 86 - televisions: NA - -@Ireland:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (includes Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police - (Garda Siochana) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 926,831; males fit for military - service 749,646; males reach military age (17) annually 34,215 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $500 million, 1.3% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ISRAEL - - (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) Note: The - territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in - the data below. In keeping with the framework established at the - Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations are being - conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives, Syria, and - Jordan to determine the final status of the occupied territories. On - 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 - Israel-Egypt Peace treaty. Outstanding territorial and other disputes - with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty - of Peace. - -@Israel:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt - and Lebanon - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 20,770 sq km - land area: 20,330 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Jersey - - Land boundaries: total 1,006 km, Egypt 255 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, - Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km - - Coastline: 273 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West - Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, - formerly occupied by Israel, are now administered largely by the - Palestinian Authority; other areas of the West Bank outside Jericho - are administered jointly by Israel and the Palestinian Authority; - Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon - since June 1982 - - Climate: temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas - - Terrain: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central - mountains; Jordan Rift Valley - - Natural resources: copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, - sulfur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil - - Land use: - arable land: 17% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 40% - forest and woodland: 6% - other: 32% - - Irrigated land: 2,140 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: limited arable land and natural fresh water resources - pose serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from - industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from - industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides - natural hazards: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification, - Marine Life Conservation - - Note: there are 199 Jewish settlements and civilian land use sites in - the West Bank, 42 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 24 in the - Gaza Strip, and 25 in East Jerusalem (August 1994 est.) - -@Israel:People - - Population: 5,433,134 (July 1995 est.) - note: includes 122,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 14,500 in the - Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 4,800 in the Gaza Strip, and 149,000 - in East Jerusalem (August 1994 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 29% - 15-64 years: 61% - 65 years and over: 10% - - Population growth rate: 1.4% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 20.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.14 years - male: 76 years - female: 80.39 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Israeli(s) - adjective: Israeli - - Ethnic divisions: Jewish 82% (Israel born 50%, Europe/Americas/Oceania - born 20%, Africa born 7%, Asia born 5%), non-Jewish 18% (mostly Arab) - (1993 est.) - - Religions: Judaism 82%, Islam 14% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian 2%, - Druze and other 2% - - Languages: Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab - minority, English most commonly used foreign language - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) - total population: 95% - male: 97% - female: 93% - - Labor force: 1.9 million (1992) - by occupation: public services 29.3%, industry 22.1%, commerce 13.9%, - finance and business 10.4%, personal and other services 7.4%, - construction 6.5%, transport, storage, and communications 6.3%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.5%, other 0.6% (1992) - -@Israel:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: State of Israel - conventional short form: Israel - local long form: Medinat Yisra'el - local short form: Yisra'el - - Digraph: IS - - Type: republic - - Capital: Jerusalem - note: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, - like nearly all other countries, does not recognize this status, and - maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv - - Administrative divisions: 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); - Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv - - Independence: 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under - British administration) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May 1948 (Israel declared - independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the - holiday may occur in April or May) - - Constitution: no formal constitution; some of the functions of a - constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), - the basic laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli - citizenship law - - Legal system: mixture of English common law, British Mandate - regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim - legal systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat - that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ezer WEIZMAN (since 13 May 1993) election - last held 24 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1999); results - - Ezer WEIZMAN elected by Knesset - head of government: Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN (since NA July 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; selected from and approved by the Knesset - - Legislative branch: unicameral - parliament (Knesset): elections last held NA June 1992 (next to be - held by NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 - total) Labor 44, Likud 32, MERETZ 12, Tzomet 8, National Religious - Party 6, SHAS 6, United Torah Jewry 4, Democratic Front for Peace and - Equality (Hadash) 3, Moledet 3, Arab Democratic Party 2; note - in - 1994 four legislators broke party ranks, resulting in the following - new distribution of seats - Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 32, MERETZ 12, - National Religious Party 6, SHAS 6, Tzomet 5, United Torah Jewry 4, - Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash) 3, Moledet 2, Arab - Democratic Party 2, independents 4 (1 in coalition, 3 voting with - opposition) - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - members of the government: Labor Party, Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN; - MERETZ, Minister of Communications Shulamit ALONI; independent, Gonen - SEGEV - not in coalition, but voting with the government: Democratic Front for - Peace and Equality (Hadash), Hashim MAHAMID; Arab Democratic Party, - Abd al Wahab DARAWSHAH - opposition parties: Likud Party, Binyamin NETANYAHU; Tzomet, Rafael - EITAN; National Religious Party, Zevulun HAMMER; United Torah Jewry, - Avraham SHAPIRA; Moledet, Rehavam ZEEVI; Peace Guard (independent), - Shaul GUTMAN; SHAS, Arieh DERI - note: Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 2 parties - and an independent that hold 57 seats of the Knesset's 120 seats - - Other political or pressure groups: Gush Emunim, Israeli nationalists - advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace - Now supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and is critical - of government's Lebanon policy - - Member of: AG (observer), CCC, CE (observer), CERN (observer), EBRD, - ECE, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS - (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Itamar RABINOVICH - chancery: 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 364-5500 - FAX: [1] (202) 364-5610 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, - Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Martin INDYK - embassy: 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv - mailing address: PSC 98, Box 100, Tel Aviv; APO AE 09830 - telephone: [972] (3) 517-4338 - FAX: [972] (3) 663-449 - consulate(s) general: Jerusalem - - Flag: white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as - the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal - horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag - -@Israel:Economy - - Overview: Israel has a market economy with substantial government - participation. It depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw - materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, - Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial - sectors over the past 20 years. Industry employs about 22% of Israeli - workers, construction 6.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.5%, - and services most of the rest. Israel is largely self-sufficient in - food production except for grains. Diamonds, high-technology - equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are - leading exports. Israel usually posts current account deficits, which - are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign - loans. Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the - United States, which is its major source of economic and military aid. - To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel has been targeting - high-technology niches in international markets, such as medical - scanning equipment. The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former - USSR, which topped 450,000 during the period 1990-94, increased - unemployment, intensified housing problems, and strained the - government budget. At the same time, the immigrants bring to the - economy valuable scientific and professional expertise. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $70.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $13,880 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.5% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $42.3 billion - expenditures: $45.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $11.1 - billion (FY92/93) - - Exports: $16.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, cut diamonds, chemicals, - textiles and apparel, agricultural products, metals - partners: US, EU, Japan - - Imports: $22.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, - oil, other productive inputs, consumer goods - partners: EU, US, Japan - - External debt: $25.9 billion (November 1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8% (1994 est.); accounts for about - 30% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,140,000 kW - production: 23 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,290 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles - and apparel, chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport - equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash - mining, high-technology electronics, tourism - - Agriculture: citrus and other fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, - poultry, dairy products - - Illicit drugs: increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse - and trafficking - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2.8 billion - - Currency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot - - Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.070 (December - 1994), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989) - - Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992) - -@Israel:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 520 km (diesel operated; single track) - standard gauge: 520 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 13,461 km - paved: 13,461 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 - km - - Ports: Ashdod, Ashqelon, Elat, Hadera, Haifa, Tel Aviv-Yafo - - Merchant marine: - total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 624,861 GRT/720,765 DWT - ships by type: cargo 7, container 22, refrigerated cargo 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 57 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with paved runways under 914 m: 31 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Israel:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,800,000 telephones; most highly developed in the - Middle East although not the largest - local: NA - intercity: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay - international: 3 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 - Indian Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 45, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 20 - televisions: NA - -@Israel:Defense Forces - - Branches: Israel Defense Forces (includes ground, naval, and air - components), Pioneer Fighting Youth (Nahal), Frontier Guard, Chen - (women); note - historically there have been no separate Israeli - military services - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,309,502; females age 15-49 - 1,283,923; males fit for military service 1,072,501; females fit for - military service 1,047,575; males reach military age (18) annually - 47,950; females reach military age (18) annually 45,839 (1995 est.) - note: military service mandatory for men and women - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.5 billion, about - 10% of GDP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ITALY - -@Italy:Geography - - Location: Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central - Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 301,230 sq km - land area: 294,020 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona - note: includes Sardinia and Sicily - - Land boundaries: total 1,899.2 km, Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy - See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, - Switzerland 740 km - - Coastline: 4,996 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in - south - - Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands - - Natural resources: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural - gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal - - Land use: - arable land: 32% - permanent crops: 10% - meadows and pastures: 17% - forest and woodland: 22% - other: 19% - - Irrigated land: 31,000 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur - dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and - agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate - industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities - natural hazards: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, - avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence - in Venice - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical - Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur - 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Desertification - - Note: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as - southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe - -@Italy:People - - Population: 58,261,971 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 15% (female 4,352,325; male 4,603,083) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 19,969,086; male 19,874,528) - 65 years and over: 17% (female 5,630,747; male 3,832,202) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.21% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 10.89 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.78 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.85 years - male: 74.67 years - female: 81.23 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.41 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Italian(s) - adjective: Italian - - Ethnic divisions: Italian (includes small clusters of German-, - French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and - Greek-Italians in the south), Sicilians, Sardinians - - Religions: Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% - - Languages: Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are - predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority - in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the - Trieste-Gorizia area) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 97% - male: 98% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 23.988 million - by occupation: services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) - -@Italy:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Italian Republic - conventional short form: Italy - local long form: Repubblica Italiana - local short form: Italia - former: Kingdom of Italy - - Digraph: IT - - Type: republic - - Capital: Rome - - Administrative divisions: 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); - Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, - Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, - Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, - Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto - - Independence: 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946) - - Constitution: 1 January 1948 - - Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law - influence; appeals treated as trials de novo; judicial review under - certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections, - where minimum age is 25) - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the - President of the Council of Ministers) Lamberto DINI (since 1 February - 1995) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the President of the - Council (i.e., Prime Minister) and approved by the President of the - Republic - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) - Senate (Senato della Repubblica): elections last held 27-28 March 1994 - (next must be held by spring 1999, but may be held by end of 1995); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (326 total, 315 - elected, 11 appointed senators-for-life) PDS 61, Northern League 60, - National Alliance 48, Forza Italia 36, Italian Popular Party 31, - Communist Refoundation 18, Greens and The Network 13, Italian - Socialists 13, Christian Democratic Center 12, Democratic Alliance 8, - Christian Socialists 5, Pact for Italy 4, Radical Party (Pannella - List) 1, others 5 - Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati): elections last held 27-28 - March 1994 (next must be held by spring 1999, but may be held by end - of 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (630 total) - Northern League 117, PDS 114, Forza Italia 113, National Alliance 109, - Communist Refoundation 39, Christian Democratic Center 33, Italian - Popular Party 33, Greens and The Network 20, Democratic Alliance 18, - Italian Socialists 16, Pact for Italy 13, Christian Socialists 5 - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) - - Political parties and leaders: Forza Italia (FI), Silvio BERLUSCONI; - National Alliance, Gianfranco FINI, party secretary; Northern League - - Federal Italy (NL), Umberto BOSSI, president; Italian Social Movement, - Pino RAUTI; Democratic Party of the Left (PDS, Massimo D'ALEMA, - secretary; Communist Refoundation (RC), Fausto BERTINOTTI; Greens, - Gianni MATTIOLI; Italian Socialists, Ottaviano DELTURCO; Rete (The - Network), Leoluca ORLANDO; Christian Socialists, Ermanno GORRIERI; - Pact for Italy, Mario SEGNI; Italian Popular Party (PPI), Rocco - BUTTIGLIONE, Gerardo BIANCO; Christian Democratic Center (CCD), Pier - Ferdinando CASINI; Union of the Democratic Center (UDC), Raffaele - COSTA; Pannella List, Marco PANNELLA - - Other political or pressure groups: the Roman Catholic Church; three - major trade union confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana del - Lavoro or CGIL which is PDS-dominated, Confederazione Italiana dei - Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL which is centerist, and Unione Italiana - del Lavoro or UIL which is center-left); Italian manufacturers and - merchants associations (Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm - groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura) - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CDB - (non-regional), CE, CEI, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G- - 7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI-CHIAPPORI - chancery: 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 328-5500 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los - Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco - consulate(s): Detroit and New Orleans - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Reginald BARTHOLOMEW - embassy: Via Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome - mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, Rome; APO AE 09624 - telephone: [39] (6) 46741 - FAX: [39] (6) 4882672 - consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and - red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green - (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote - d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, - and green - -@Italy:Economy - - Overview: Since World War II the Italian economy has changed from one - based on agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with - approximately the same total and per capita output as France and the - UK. The country is still divided into a developed industrial north, - dominated by private companies, and an undeveloped agricultural south, - dominated by large public enterprises. Services account for 48% of - GDP, industry 35%, agriculture 4%, and public administration 13%. Most - raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of energy requirements - must be imported. After growing at an average annual rate of 3% in - 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in 1991 and 1992, fell by 0.7% in - 1993, and recovered to 2% in 1994. In the second half of 1992, Rome - became unsettled by the prospect of not qualifying to participate in - EU plans for economic and monetary union later in the decade; thus it - finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Subsequently, the - government has adopted fairly stringent budgets, abandoned its highly - inflationary wage indexation system, and started to scale back its - extremely generous social welfare programs, including pension and - health care benefits. Monetary officials were forced to withdraw the - lira from the European monetary system in September 1992 when it came - under extreme pressure in currency markets. For the 1990s, Italy faces - the problems of pushing ahead with fiscal reform, refurbishing a - tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial - centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the - ongoing expansion and economic integration of the European Union. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $998.9 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $17,180 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 12.2% (January 1995) - - Budget: - revenues: $339 billion - expenditures: $431 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $190.8 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: metals, textiles and clothing, production machinery, - motor vehicles, transportation equipment, chemicals, other - partners: EU 53.4%, US 7.8%, OPEC 3.8% (1994) - - Imports: $168.7 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: industrial machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, - petroleum, metals, food, agricultural products - partners: EU 56.3%, OPEC 5.3%, US 4.6% (1994) - - External debt: $67 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.3% (1994 est.); accounts for 35% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 61,630,000 kW - production: 209 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,033 kWh (1993) - - Industries: machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, - textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics - - Agriculture: accounts for about 4% of GDP; self-sufficient in foods - other than meat, dairy products, and cereals; principal crops - - fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, - olives; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990 - - Illicit drugs: important gateway country for Latin American cocaine - and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion - - Currency: 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi - - Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,609.5 (January 1995), - 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), - 1,198.1 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Italy:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 19,503 km - standard gauge: 18,230 km 1.435-m gauge (10,499 km electrified; 2,112 - km privately owned) - narrow gauge: 1,273 km 0.950-m to 1.000-m gauge (224 km electrified; - 1,273 km privately owned) - - Highways: - total: 305,388 km - paved: 277,388 km (6,940 km of expressways) - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 23,000 km; earth 5,000 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, - although of limited overall value - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural - gas 19,400 km - - Ports: Ancona, Augusta, Bari, Cagliari (Sardinia), Catania, Gaeta, - Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Oristano (Sardinia), Palermo - (Sicily), Piombino, Porto Torres (Sardinia), Ravenna, Savona, Trieste, - Venice - - Merchant marine: - total: 441 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,767,969 GRT/8,547,221 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 40, cargo 62, chemical tanker 34, combination - ore/oil 3, container 18, liquefied gas tanker 37, multifunction - large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 136, passenger 7, roll-on/roll-off - cargo 54, short-sea passenger 30, specialized tanker 11, vehicle - carrier 8 - - Airports: - total: 138 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 34 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 26 - with paved runways under 914 m: 34 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 22 - -@Italy:Communications - - Telephone system: 25,600,000 telephones; modern, well-developed, fast; - fully automated telephone, telex, and data services - local: NA - intercity: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks - international: international service by 21 submarine cables, 3 - satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 Atlantic Ocean - antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in INMARSAT - and EUTELSAT systems - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 135, FM 28 (repeaters 1,840), shortwave 0 - radios: 16 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 83 (repeaters 1,000) - televisions: 18 million - -@Italy:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 14,934,657; males fit for - military service 12,962,594; males reach military age (18) annually - 382,142 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $21.5 billion, 2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JAMAICA - -@Jamaica:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 10,990 sq km - land area: 10,830 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,022 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior - - Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain - - Natural resources: bauxite, gypsum, limestone - - Land use: - arable land: 19% - permanent crops: 6% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 28% - other: 29% - - Irrigated land: 350 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial - waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in - Kingston results from vehicle emissions - natural hazards: hurricanes (especially July to November) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law - of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution - - Note: strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, - the main sea lanes for Panama Canal - -@Jamaica:People - - Population: 2,574,291 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 33% (female 412,565; male 431,043) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 786,700; male 770,681) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 96,348; male 76,954) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.78% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.03 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.62 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -8.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 16.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.65 years - male: 72.39 years - female: 77.01 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.42 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Jamaican(s) - adjective: Jamaican - - Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and - Afro-East Indian 3%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other - 1.2% - - Religions: Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, - Anglican 7.1%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist - 3.1%, United Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other, - including some spiritual cults 39.1% (1982) - - Languages: English, Creole - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1987) - total population: 82% - male: 77% - female: 86% - - Labor force: 1,062,100 - by occupation: services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%, - unemployed 17.5% (1989) - -@Jamaica:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Jamaica - - Digraph: JM - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Kingston - - Administrative divisions: 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, - Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint - Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, - Westmoreland - - Independence: 6 August 1962 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day (first Monday in August) (1962) - - Constitution: 6 August 1962 - - Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Sir Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) - - head of government: Prime Minister P. J. PATTERSON (since 30 March - 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on the advice of - the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: consists of a 21-member body appointed by the governor general - - House of Representatives: elections last held 30 March 1993 (next to - be held by March 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (60 total) PNP 52, JLP 8 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's National Party (PNP) P. J. - PATTERSON; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward SEAGA - - Other political or pressure groups: Rastafarians (black - religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists); New Beginnings Movement - (NBM) - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Leighton BERNAL - chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660 - FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081 - consulate(s) general: Miami and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador J. Gary COOPER (since October 1994) - embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, - Kingston - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [1] (809) 929-4850 through 4859 - FAX: [1] (809) 926-6743 - - Flag: diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) - -@Jamaica:Economy - - Overview: Key sectors in this island economy are bauxite (alumina and - bauxite account for more than half of exports) and tourism. The - government's tight fiscal and monetary policies, which have been - partially successful in curbing inflation, have held growth to 1.2% in - 1993 and 2.0% in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,050 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 26.7% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 15.7% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $600 million - expenditures: $736 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY90/91 est.) - - Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum - partners: US 47%, UK 11%, Canada 9%, Norway 7%; France 4% (1993) - - Imports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, construction - materials, fuel, food, chemicals - partners: US 54%, Japan 4.0%, Mexico 6%, UK 4%, Venezuela 3% (1993) - - External debt: $3.6 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1992); accounts for almost - 30% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 730,000 kW - production: 2.6 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 988 kWh (1993) - - Industries: bauxite mining, tourism, textiles, food processing, light - manufactures - - Agriculture: accounts for about 7% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% - of exports; commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, - potatoes, vegetables; livestock and livestock products include - poultry, goats, milk; not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy - products - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine from Central and South - America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; - government has an active cannabis eradication program - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; - other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 - billion - - Currency: 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 33.195 (December - 1994), 33.986 (1994), 24.949 (1993), 22.960 (1992), 12.116 (1991), - 7.184 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Jamaica:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 370 km - standard gauge: 370 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 18,200 km - paved: 12,600 km - unpaved: gravel 3,200 km; improved earth 2,400 km - - Pipelines: petroleum products 10 km - - Ports: Alligator Pond, Discovery Bay, Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho - Rios, Port Antonio, Longs Wharf, Rocky Point - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,931 GRT/10,545 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, oil tanker 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 41 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 31 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Jamaica:Communications - - Telephone system: 127,000 telephones; fully automatic domestic - telephone network - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations; 3 coaxial - submarine cables - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 17, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 8 - televisions: NA - -@Jamaica:Defense Forces - - Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard - and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 670,958; males fit for military - service 475,235; males reach military age (18) annually 26,244 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of - GDP (FY91/92) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JAN MAYEN - - (territory of Norway) - -@Jan Mayen:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the - Norwegian Sea, northeast of Iceland - - Map references: Arctic Region - - Area: - total area: 373 sq km - land area: 373 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 124.1 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 10 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 4 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog - - Terrain: volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is - the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 meters - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: dominated by the volcano Beerenberg; volcanic - activity resumed in 1970 - international agreements: NA - - Note: barren volcanic island with some moss and grass - -@Jan Mayen:People - - Population: no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who - man the LORAN C base and the weather and coastal services radio - station - -@Jan Mayen:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Jan Mayen - - Digraph: JN - - Type: territory of Norway - - Capital: none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor - (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard) - - Independence: none (territory of Norway) - -@Jan Mayen:Economy - - Overview: Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural - resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for - employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on the - island. - - Electricity: - capacity: 15,000 kW - production: 40 million kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1992) - -@Jan Mayen:Transportation - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Airports: - total: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Jan Mayen:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - note: radio and meteorological station - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Jan Mayen:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JAPAN - -@Japan:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean - and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean peninsula - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 377,835 sq km - land area: 374,744 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than California - note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, - Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and - Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto) - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 29,751 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm; 3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse - or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea - or Tsushima Strait - - International disputes: islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and - the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now - administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed - with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and - Taiwan - - Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north - - Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous - - Natural resources: negligible mineral resources, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 13% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 67% - other: 18% - - Irrigated land: 28,680 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from power plant emissions results in - acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water - quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan's appetite for fish and - tropical timber is contributing to the depletion of these resources in - Asia and elsewhere - natural hazards: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 - seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, - Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location in northeast Asia - -@Japan:People - - Population: 125,506,492 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 16% (female 9,955,603; male 10,542,973) - 15-64 years: 69% (female 43,377,425; male 43,843,645) - 65 years and over: 15% (female 10,514,017; male 7,272,829) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.32% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 10.66 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.46 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 79.44 years - male: 76.6 years - female: 82.42 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.56 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Japanese (singular and plural) - adjective: Japanese - - Ethnic divisions: Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean) - - Religions: observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including - 0.7% Christian) - - Languages: Japanese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 65.87 million (December 1994) - by occupation: trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and - construction 33%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% - (1988) - -@Japan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Japan - - Digraph: JA - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Tokyo - - Administrative divisions: 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, - Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, - Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, - Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, - Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, - Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, - Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi - - Independence: 660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu) - - National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933) - - Constitution: 3 May 1947 - - Legal system: modeled after European civil law system with - English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) - head of government: Prime Minister Tomiichi MURAYAMA (since 30 June - 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Yohei KONO (since 30 June 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house - or House of Councillors and a lower house or House of Representatives - House of Councillors (Sangi-in): half of the members elected every - three years to six-year terms; elections last held on 26 July 1992 - (next set to be held 23 July 1995); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, Komeito 24, DSP 12, JCP 11, - JNP 4, others 16, independents 6; note - the distribution of seats as - of 1 April 1995 is as follows - LDP 94, SDPJ 68, Heisei-kai 47, Shin - Ryokufu-kai 16, JCP 11, others 15, vacant 1 - House of Representatives (Shugi-in): all members elected every four - years to four-year terms; elections last held on 18 July 1993 (next to - be held by 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (511 - total) LDP 223, SDPJ 70, Shinseito 55, Komeito 51, JNP 35, JCP 15, DSP - 15, Sakigake 13, others 4, independents 30; note - the distribution of - seats as of 1 April 1995 is as follows - LDP 207, Shinshinto 173, SDPJ - 70, Sakigake 21, JCP 15, others 19, vacant 6 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Yohei - KONO, president and Yoshiro MORI, secretary general; Social Democratic - Party of Japan (SDPJ), Tomiichi MURAYAMA; Japan Communist Party (JCP), - Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Sakigake (Harbinger), Masayoshi - TAKEMURA, chairman; Shinshinto (New Frontier Party, NFP), Toshiki - KAIFU, chairman and Ichiro OZAWA, secretary general - note: Shinshinto was formed in December 1994 by the merger of - Shinseito (Japan Renewal Party, JRP), Komeito (Clean Government Party, - CGP), Japan New Party (JNP), Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), and - several minor groups; Shin Ryokufu-kai is a parliamentary alliance - which exists only in the upper house, it includes remnants of - Shinseito, JNP, DSP, and a minor labor group; Heisei-kai is a joint - bloc of Shinshinto and Komei members; Komei is a group formed from - what remains of Komeito in the upper house - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, - CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G- 2, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, - UNOMOZ, UNRWA, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA - chancery: 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-6700 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-2187 - consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, - Chicago, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los - Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Portland (Oregon), San - Francisco, and Seattle - consulate(s): Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Walter F. MONDALE - embassy: 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo - mailing address: Unit 45004, Box 258, Tokyo; APO AP 96337-0001 - telephone: [81] (3) 3224-5000 - FAX: [81] (3) 3505-1862 - consulate(s) general: Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo - consulate(s): Fukuoka, Nagoya - - Flag: white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) - in the center - -@Japan:Economy - - Overview: Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, - mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense - allocation (roughly 1% of GDP) have helped Japan advance with - extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most powerful economy in - the world. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is - heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Usually - self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its - requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of - the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the - global catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% - average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic - growth came to a halt in 1992-93 largely because of contractionary - domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the - stock and real estate markets. Growth resumed at a 0.6% pace in 1994 - largely because of consumer demand. As for foreign trade, the stronger - yen and slower global growth are containing export growth. - Unemployment and inflation remain remarkably low in comparison with - the other industrialized nations. Japan continues to run a huge trade - surplus - $121 billion in 1994, roughly the same size as in 1993 - - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. Prime Minister - MURAYAMA has yet to formalize his government's plans for - administrative and economic reform, including reduction in the trade - surplus. As leader of a coalition government, he has softened his own - socialist positions. The crowding of the habitable land area and the - aging of the population are two major long-run problems. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.5274 trillion - (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $20,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.7% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 2.9% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $569 billion - expenditures: $671 billion, including capital expenditures (public - works only) of about $126 billion (1994 est.) - - Exports: $395.5 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: manufactures 97% (including machinery 46%, motor vehicles - 20%, consumer electronics 10%) - partners: Southeast Asia 33%, US 29%, Western Europe 18%, China 5% - - Imports: $274.3 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: manufactures 52%, fossil fuels 20%, foodstuffs and raw - materials 28% - partners: Southeast Asia 25%, US 23%, Western Europe 15%, China 9% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1994); accounts for 30% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 205,140,000 kW - production: 840 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,262 kWh (1993) - - Industries: steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical - equipment, construction and mining equipment, motor vehicles and - parts, electronic and telecommunication equipment and components, - machine tools and automated production systems, locomotives and - railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding, chemicals, textiles, food - processing - - Agriculture: accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and - protected sector, with crop yields among highest in world; principal - crops - rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include - pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; about 50% self-sufficient in food - production; shortages of wheat, corn, soybeans; world's largest fish - catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991 - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-94), $132 billion - note: ODA outlay of $9.9 billion in 1994 (est.) - - Currency: yen (Y) - - Exchange rates: yen (Y) per US$1 - 99.75 (January 1995), 102.21 - (1994), 111.20 (1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Japan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 27,327 km (5,724 km double track and multitrack sections) - standard gauge: 2,012 km 1.435-m gauge (2,012 km electrified) - narrow gauge: 25,315 km predominantly 1.067-m gauge (9,038 km - electrified) (1987) - - Highways: - total: 1,111,974 km - paved: 754,102 km (including 4,869 km of national expressways) - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, or earth 357,872 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal - inland seas - - Pipelines: crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas - 1,800 km - - Ports: Akita, Amagasaki, Chiba, Hachinohe, Hakodate, Higashi-Harima, - Himeji, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kinuura, Kobe, Kushiro, Mizushima, Moji, - Nagoya, Osaka, Sakai, Sakaide, Shimizu, Tokyo, Tomakomai - - Merchant marine: - total: 851 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,195,386 - GRT/27,292,044 DWT - ships by type: bulk 210, cargo 63, chemical tanker 7, combination - ore/oil 7, container 41, liquefied gas tanker 41, multifunction - large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 264, passenger 10, passenger-cargo 5, - refrigerated cargo 48, roll-on/roll-off cargo 43, short-sea passenger - 30, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 79 - note: Japan owns an additional 1,537 ships (1,000 GRT or over) - totaling 45,490,202 DWT that operate under Panamanian, Liberian, - Vanuatu, Bahamian, Singaporian, Cypriot, Philippines, Hong Kong, and - Maltese registry - - Airports: - total: 175 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 31 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 36 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 30 - with paved runways under 914 m: 70 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Japan:Communications - - Telephone system: 64,000,000 telephones; excellent domestic and - international service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 5 INTELSAT (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and - Russia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 318, FM 58, shortwave 0 - radios: 95 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 12,350 (1 kW or greater 196) - televisions: 100 million - -@Japan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime - Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 31,947,532; males fit for - military service 27,494,758; males reach military age (18) annually - 910,970 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $47.2 billion, 1% of - GDP (FY95/96) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JARVIS ISLAND - - (territory of the US) - -@Jarvis Island:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half - of the way from Hawaii to the Cook Islands - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 4.5 sq km - land area: 4.5 sq km - comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 8 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun - - Terrain: sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef - - Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no natural fresh water resources - natural hazards: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can - be a maritime hazard - international agreements: NA - - Note: sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; - primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, - shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats - -@Jarvis Island:People - - Population: uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western - side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until - World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the - International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; public - entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to - scientists and educators - -@Jarvis Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Jarvis Island - - Digraph: DQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and - Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the - National Wildlife Refuge System - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - -@Jarvis Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Jarvis Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one boat landing - area in the middle of the west coast and another near the southwest - corner of the island - - Note: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - -@Jarvis Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the - US Coast Guard - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JERSEY - - (British crown dependency) - -@Jersey:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of - France - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 117 sq km - land area: 117 sq km - comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 70 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; mild winters and cool summers - - Terrain: gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast - - Natural resources: agricultural land - - Land use: - arable land: 57% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of - population concentrated in Saint Helier - -@Jersey:People - - Population: 86,649 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 17% (female 7,029; male 7,450) - 15-64 years: 69% (female 30,156; male 29,916) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 7,202; male 4,896) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.7% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.83 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.97 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 4.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.9 years - male: 73.81 years - female: 80.32 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.44 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Channel Islander(s) - adjective: Channel Islander - - Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descent - - Religions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New - Church, Methodist, Presbyterian - - Languages: English (official), French (official), Norman-French - dialect spoken in country districts - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - -@Jersey:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey - conventional short form: Jersey - - Digraph: JE - - Type: British crown dependency - - Capital: Saint Helier - - Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency) - - Independence: none (British crown dependency) - - National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) - - Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and - practice - - Legal system: English law and local statute - - Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult - - Executive branch: - Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air - Marshal Sir John SUTTON (since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter L. CRILL - (since NA) - cabinet: committees; appointed by the States - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Assembly of the States: elections last held NA (next to be held NA); - results - no percent of vote by party since all are independents; - seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents - - Judicial branch: Royal Court - - Political parties and leaders: none; all independents - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (British crown dependency) - - US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency) - - Flag: white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint - of Ireland) extending to the corners of the flag - -@Jersey:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based largely on financial services, - agriculture, and tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and - especially flowers are important export crops, shipped mostly to the - UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents - an important export earner. Milk products go to the UK and other EU - countries. In 1986 the finance sector overtook tourism as the main - contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the island's output. In - recent years the government has encouraged light industry to locate in - Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry has developed - alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw material - and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of - Jersey's food needs. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: 8% (1987 est.) - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1988 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $308 million - expenditures: $284.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1985) - - Exports: $NA - commodities: light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, - textiles - partners: UK - - Imports: $NA - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, - foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals - partners: UK - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 50,000 kW standby - production: power supplied by France - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1992) - - Industries: tourism, banking and finance, dairy - - Agriculture: potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle - farming - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6250 (January 1995), - 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990); the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Jersey:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Jersey:Communications - - Telephone system: 63,700 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 3 submarine cables - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Jersey:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JOHNSTON ATOLL - - (territory of the US) - -@Johnston Atoll:Geography - - Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third - of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 2.8 sq km - land area: 2.8 sq km - comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 10 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds - with little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters - - Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until about 1890) - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no natural fresh water resources - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island - and Sand Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East - Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed - to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston - Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS); some low-growing - vegetation - -@Johnston Atoll:People - - Population: 327 (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA - - Death rate: NA - - Net migration rate: NA - - Infant mortality rate: NA - - Life expectancy at birth: NA - - Total fertility rate: NA - -@Johnston Atoll:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Johnston Atoll - - Digraph: JQ - - Type: unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US - Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the - Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part - of the National Wildlife Refuge system - - Capital: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US) - - Flag: the flag of the US is used - -@Johnston Atoll:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US - military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and - manufactured goods must be imported. - - Electricity: supplied by the management and operations contractor - -@Johnston Atoll:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Johnston Island - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - -@Johnston Atoll:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; excellent system including 60-channel - submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, digital telephone switch, - Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), and UHF/VHF - air-ground radio - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: commercial satellite television system - televisions: NA - -@Johnston Atoll:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JORDAN - - (also see separate West Bank entry) - -@Jordan:Geography - - Location: Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 89,213 sq km - land area: 88,884 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana - - Land boundaries: total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi - Arabia 728 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km - - Coastline: 26 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) - - Terrain: mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great - Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River - - Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oil - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 0.5% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 0.5% - other: 94% - - Irrigated land: 570 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; - overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands - -@Jordan:People - - Population: 4,100,709 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 884,462; male 930,266) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,058,060; male 1,119,347) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 53,709; male 54,865) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.69% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 37.32 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.02 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.27 years - male: 70.43 years - female: 74.21 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.25 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Jordanian(s) - adjective: Jordanian - - Ethnic divisions: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8% - - Languages: Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper - and middle classes - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 83% - male: 91% - female: 75% - - Labor force: 600,000 (1992) - by occupation: industry 11.4%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels - 10.5%, construction 10.0%, transport and communications 8.7%, - agriculture 7.4%, other services 52.0% (1992) - -@Jordan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan - conventional short form: Jordan - local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah - local short form: Al Urdun - former: Transjordan - - Digraph: JO - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Amman - - Administrative divisions: 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az - Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'an - - Independence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under - British administration) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946) - - Constitution: 8 January 1952 - - Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review - of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King HUSSEIN Bin Talal Al Hashimi (since 11 August - 1952) - head of government: Prime Minister Zayd BIN SHAKIR (since 8 January - 1995) - cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) - House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan): consists of a 40-member body - appointed by the king from designated categories of public figures - House of Representatives: elections last held 8 November 1993 (next to - be held NA November 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) 16, Independent - Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Radical leftist 3, - pro-government 55 - note: the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved by - the King several times since 1974 and in November 1989 the first - parliamentary elections in 22 years were held - - Judicial branch: Court of Cassation - - Political parties and leaders: Al-'Ahd (Pledge) Party, Sec. Gen. 'Abd - al-Hadi al-MAJALI; Al-Ahrar (Liberals) Party, Sec. Gen. Ahmad - al-ZU'BI; Al-Hurriyah (Freedom) Party, Sec. Gen. Fawwaz al-ZUBI; - Al-Watan (Homeland) Party, leader 'Akif al-FAYIZ; Al-Yaqazah - (Awakening) Party, Sec. Gen. 'Abd al-Ra'uf al-RAWABIDAH; - Constitutional Jordanian Arab Front Party, leader Milhim al-TALL; - Democratic Arab Islamic Movement Party-Du'a', Sec. Gen. Yusuf Abu - BAKR; Democratic Arab Unionist Party-Wad, Sec. Gen. Anis al-MU'ASHIR; - Islamic Action Front (IAF), Sec. Gen. Ishaq al-FARHAN; Jordanian Arab - Democratic Party, Sec. Gen. Mu'nis al-RAZZAZ; Jordanian Arab Masses - Party, Sec. Gen. 'Abd al-Khaliq SHATAT; Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'th - Party, Command First Secretary Taysir al-HIMSI; Jordanian Communist - Party (JCP), Sec. Gen. Ya'qub ZAYADIN; Jordanian Democratic Popular - Unity Party, Sec. Gen. 'Azmi al-KHAWAJA; Jordanian Democratic - Progressive Party, Sec. Gen. 'Ali 'AMIR; Jordanian National Alliance - Party, Sec. Gen. Mijhim al-KHURAYSHAH; Jordanian People's Democratic - Party-Hashd, Sec. Gen. Taysir al-ZIBRI; Jordanian Socialist Democratic - Party, Sec. Gen. 'Isa MADANAT; Pan-Arab Action Front Party, Sec. Gen. - Muhammad al-ZU'BI; Popular Unity Party-the Unionists, Sec. Gen. Talal - al-RAMAHI; Progress and Justice Party, Sec. Gen. 'Ali al-SA'D; - Progressive Arab Ba'th Party, Command Secretary Mahmud al-MA'AYITAH; - Al-Mustaqbal (Future) Party, Sec. Gen. Sulayman 'ARAR - - Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), - ITU, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, - UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Fayiz A. TARAWNEH - chancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 966-2664 - FAX: [1] (202) 966-3110 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Wesley E. EGAN, Jr. - embassy: Jabel Amman, Amman - mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; APO AE 09892-0200 - telephone: [962] (6) 820101 - FAX: [962] (6) 820159 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green - with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small - white seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the - seven fundamental laws of the Koran - -@Jordan:Economy - - Overview: Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom - of the late 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual real GNP growth - averaged more than 10%. In the remainder of the 1980s, however, - reductions in both Arab aid and worker remittances slowed real - economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. Imports - mainly - oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - outstripped exports, - with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and borrowing. In - mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling - negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF-supported program designed - to gradually reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed - structural reforms. The Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, - however, aggravated Jordan's already serious economic problems, - forcing the government to shelve the IMF program, stop most debt - payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid from Gulf Arab - states, worker remittances, and trade contracted; and refugees flooded - the country, producing serious balance-of-payments problems, stunting - GDP growth, and straining government resources. The economy rebounded - in 1992, largely due to the influx of capital repatriated by workers - returning from the Gulf, but the recovery was uneven throughout 1994. - The government is implementing the reform program adopted in 1992 and - continues to secure rescheduling and write-offs of its heavy foreign - debt. Debt, poverty, and unemployment remain Jordan's biggest on-going - problems. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $17 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,280 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $2 billion - expenditures: $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $630 - million (1995 est.) - - Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, - manufactures - partners: India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, EU, Indonesia, UAE - - Imports: $3.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live - animals, manufactured goods - partners: EU, US, Iraq, Japan, Turkey - - External debt: $6 billion (March 1995 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1993 est.); accounts for 20% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,050,000 kW - production: 4.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,072 kWh (1993) - - Industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, - light manufacturing - - Agriculture: accounts for about 8% of GDP; wheat, barley, citrus - fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; sheep, goats, poultry; large net - importer of food - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $44 million - - Currency: 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils - - Exchange rates: Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6994 (January - 1995), 0.5987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), - 0.6636 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Jordan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 789 km - narrow gauge: 789 km 1.050-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 7,500 km - paved: asphalt 5,500 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 2,000 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 209 km - - Ports: Al'Aqabah - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,678 GRT/113,080 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, oil tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 17 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Jordan:Communications - - Telephone system: 81,500 telephones; adequate telephone system - local: NA microwave, cable, and radio links - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 - ARABSAT earth station; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi - Arabia, and Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant - in MEDARABTEL, a microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, - Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 7, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 8 and 1 TV receive-only satellite link - televisions: NA - -@Jordan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF; includes Royal Jordanian Land - Force, Royal Naval Force, and Royal Jordanian Air Force); Ministry of - the Interior's Public Security Force (falls under JAF only in wartime - or crisis situations) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 981,004; males fit for military - service 699,891; males reach military age (18) annually 45,494 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $564.2 million, 9.1% - of GDP (1995 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -JUAN DE NOVA ISLAND - - (possession of France) - -@Juan De Nova Island:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about - one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 4.4 sq km - land area: 4.4 sq km - comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 24.1 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 12 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Madagascar - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: NA - - Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 90% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: periodic cyclones - international agreements: NA - - Note: wildlife sanctuary - -@Juan De Nova Island:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Juan De Nova Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island - local long form: none - local short form: Ile Juan de Nova - - Digraph: JU - - Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, - resident in Reunion - - Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion - - Independence: none (possession of France) - -@Juan De Nova Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Juan De Nova Island:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: NA km; short line going to a jetty - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Airports: - total: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Juan De Nova Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KAZAKHSTAN - -@Kazakhstan:Geography - - Location: Central Asia, northwest of China - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian - States - - Area: - total area: 2,717,300 sq km - land area: 2,669,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, - Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea - (1,894 km) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined - - Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid - - Terrain: extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the - plains in western Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia - - Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, coal, iron ore, - manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, - bauxite, gold, uranium - - Land use: - arable land: 15% - permanent crops: NEGL% - meadows and pastures: 57% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 24% - - Irrigated land: 23,080 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with - its former defense industries and test ranges are found throughout the - country and pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial - pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which - flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is - drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides - and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and - blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil - pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salinization from - faulty irrigation practices - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Ship Pollution; - signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification - - Note: landlocked - -@Kazakhstan:People - - Population: 17,376,615 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 30% (female 2,589,509; male 2,664,952) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 5,531,519; male 5,371,563) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 820,900; male 398,172) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.62% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 19.26 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.25 years - male: 63.61 years - female: 73.13 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.43 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Kazakhstani(s) - adjective: Kazakhstani - - Ethnic divisions: Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, - German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1% (1991 official data) - - Religions: Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7% - - Languages: Kazakh (Qazaqz) official language spoken by over 40% of - population, Russian (language of interethnic communication) spoken by - two-thirds of population and used in everyday business - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 98% - male: 99% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 7.356 million - by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry - 26%, other 43% (1992) - -@Kazakhstan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan - conventional short form: Kazakhstan - local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy - local short form: none - former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: KZ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Almaty - - Administrative divisions: 19 oblystar (singular - oblys) and 1 city - (qalalar, singular - qala)*; Almaty Qalasy*, Almaty Oblysy, Aqmola - Oblysy, Aqtobe Oblysy, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), - Kokshetau Oblysy, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan - Oblysy (Shymkent), Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda - Oblysy, Pavlodar Oblysy, Semey Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy - (Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy - (Petropavl), Taldyqorghan Oblysy, Torghay Oblysy, Zhambyl Oblysy, - Zhezqazghan Oblysy - note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name - differs from oblys name - - Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 16 December (1991) - - Constitution: adopted 28 January 1993 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV (since NA April 1990); - Vice President Yerik ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991); election last - held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Nursultan A. - NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed; note - NAZARBAYEV has extended his term to - the year 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995 - head of government: Prime Minister Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since 12 - October 1994); First Deputy Prime Ministers Nigmatzhan ISINGARIN - (since 12 October 1994) and Vitalia METTE (since March 1995) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme Council: elections last held 7 March 1994 (next to be held NA - 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (177 total) - Union Peoples' Unity of Kazakhstan 33, Confederation of Trade Unions - of the Republic of Kazakhstan 11, Peoples' Congress of Kazakhstan - Party 9, Socialist Party of Kazakhstan 8, Peasant Union of the - Republic Kazakhstan 4, Social Movement LAD 4, Organization of Veterans - 1, Union of Youth of Kazakhstan 1, Democratic Committee for Human - Rights 1, Association of Lawyers of Kazakhstan 1, International Public - Committee "Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan" 1, Congress of Entrepreneurs of - Kazakhstan 1, Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet 40, independents 62 - note: the Supreme Council disbanded 12 March 1995 following a - Constitutional Court ruling that the March 1994 elections were invalid - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's Unity Party (PUP; was Union of - People's Unity), Kuanysh SULTANOV, chairman; People's Congress of - Kazakhstan (PCK), Olzhas SULEYMENOV, chairman; Socialist Party of - Kazakhstan (SPK; former Communist Party), Yermukhamet YERTYSHBAYEV, - co-chairman; Republican Party (Azat), Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman; - Democratic Progress (Russian) Party, Alexandra DOKUCHAYEVA, chairman; - Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Peasant - Union of the Republic Kazakhstan (KPU); Social Movement LAD, V. - MIKHAYLOV, chairman; Union of Youth of Kazakhstan; Democratic - Committee for Human Rights; Association of Lawyers of Kazakhstan; - International Public Committee "Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan"; Congress of - Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan; Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet; - People's Cooperative Party, Umirzak SARSENOV, chairman; Organization - of Veterans - - Other political or pressure groups: Independent Trade Union Center - (Birlesu; an association of independent trade union and business - associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president - - Member of: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - NACC, OIC (observer), OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Tuleutai S. SULEYMENOV - chancery: (temporary) 3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC - 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 333-4504 through 4507 - FAX: [1] (202) 333-4509 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William H. COURTNEY - embassy: 99/97 Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 480012 - - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (3272) 63-24-26 - FAX: [7] (3272) 63-38-83 - - Flag: sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun - with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the - hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow - -@Kazakhstan:Economy - - Overview: Kazakhstan, the second largest of the former Soviet states - in territory, possesses enormous untapped fossil-fuel reserves as well - as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has - considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands - accommodating both livestock and grain production. Kazakhstan's - industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these - natural resources and also on a relatively large machine building - sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural - machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR and the - collapse of demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry - products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the economy since - 1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. The - government has pursued a moderate program of economic reform and - privatization which is gradually lifting state controls over economic - activity and shifting assets into the private sector. Nevertheless, - government control over key sectors of the economy remains strong. - Sustained economic hardships and continued pressures from industrial - elites will make it difficult for the government to sustain its - policies of monetary and fiscal discipline which had brought down - inflation by the end of 1994. Continued lack of pipeline - transportation for expanded oil exports has closed off a likely source - of economic recovery. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $55.2 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -25% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 24% per month (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 1.1% includes only officially registered - unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $3.1 billion (1994) - commodities: oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, - wool, meat, coal - partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - - Imports: $3.5 billion (1994) - commodities: machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas - partners: Russia and other former Soviet republics, China - - External debt: less than $1 billion debt to Russia - - Industrial production: growth rate -28% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 17,380,000 kW - production: 65.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,750 kWh (1994) - - Industries: accounts for 26% of net national product; extractive - industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, - copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and - steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, - electric motors, construction materials - - Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP; employs about 26% of the labor - force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and North - America from Southwest Asia - - Economic aid: - recipient: approximately $1 billion in foreign loans and credits - allocated in 1994; disbursements projected at $700 billion through - 1995 - - Currency: national currency the tenge introduced on 15 November 1993 - - Exchange rates: tenges per US$1 - 54 (yearend 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Kazakhstan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 14,460 km in common carrier service; does not include - industrial lines - broad gauge: 14,460 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 189,000 km - paved and graveled: 108,100 km - unpaved: earth 80,900 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: Syrdariya River, Ertis River - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas - 3,480 km (1992) - - Ports: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen - (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk) - - Airports: - total: 352 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 9 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 25 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 65 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 190 - -@Kazakhstan:Communications - - Telephone system: 2.2 million telephones; telephone service is poor; - about 17 telephones/100 persons in urban areas and 7.6 telephones/100 - persons in rural areas; Almaty has 184,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: land line and microwave radio relay - international: international traffic with other former USSR republics - and China carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries - by satellite and through 8 international telecommunications circuits - at the Moscow international gateway switch; INTELSAT earth station; - new satellite earth station established at Almaty with Turkish - financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: 4.088 million (with multiple speakers for program diffusion - 6,082,000) - - Television: - broadcast stations: Orbita (TV receive only) earth station - televisions: 4.75 million - -@Kazakhstan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Republic National Guard, Republic Security Forces - (internal and border troops) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,513,089; males fit for - military service 3,605,584; males reach military age (18) annually - 154,280 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 69.3 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for - 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using - the current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KENYA - -@Kenya:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia - and Tanzania - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 582,650 sq km - land area: 569,250 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada - - Land boundaries: total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, - Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km - - Coastline: 536 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does not - coincide with international boundary; possible claim by Somalia based - on unification of ethnic Somalis - - Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior - - Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift - Valley; fertile plateau in west - - Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, - fluorspar, garnets, wildlife - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 85% - - Irrigated land: 520 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; - degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and - fertilizers; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life - Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification - - Note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful - agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers on Mt. Kenya; - unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of - scientific and economic value - -@Kenya:People - - Population: 28,817,227 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 6,841,235; male 6,957,908) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 7,277,061; male 7,085,925) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 359,659; male 295,439) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.99% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 41.66 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.04 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -19.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 73.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 52.41 years - male: 50.72 years - female: 54.16 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.76 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Kenyan(s) - adjective: Kenyan - - Ethnic divisions: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba - 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, Asian, European, and Arab 1%, other 15% - - Religions: Protestant (including Anglican) 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, - indigenous beliefs 26%, other 8% - - Languages: English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous - languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 71% - male: 81% - female: 62% - - Labor force: - by occupation: agriculture 75%-80% (1993 est.), non-agriculture - 20%-25% (1993 est.) - -@Kenya:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Kenya - conventional short form: Kenya - former: British East Africa - - Digraph: KE - - Type: republic - - Capital: Nairobi - - Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, - Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western - - Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963) - - Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued - with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992 - - Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic - law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 - making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991 - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Daniel Toroitich arap - MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 - May 1989); election last held on 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA - 1997); results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected with 37% - of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki (SP) 19%, - Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Bunge): elections last held on 29 December 1992 - (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya 31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller - parties 3; president nominates 12 additional members - note: first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law in - 1991 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court - - Political parties and leaders: ruling party is Kenya African National - Union (KANU), President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI; opposition parties - include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD-Kenya), Michael - WAMALWA; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD-Asili), Kenneth - MATIBA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI - - Other political or pressure groups: labor unions; Roman Catholic - Church - - Member of: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNOMIL, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Benjamin Edgar KIPKORIR - chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101 - FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL - embassy: corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi - mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831 - telephone: [254] (2) 334141 - FAX: [254] (2) 340838 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the - red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed - spears is superimposed at the center - -@Kenya:Economy - - Overview: Kenya in recent years has had one of the highest natural - rates of growth in population, but the statistics have been - complicated by the large-scale movement of nomadic groups and of - Somalis back and forth across the border. Population growth has been - accompanied by deforestation, deterioration in the road system, the - water supply, and other parts of the infrastructure. In industry and - services, Nairobi's reluctance to embrace IMF-supported reforms had - held back investment and growth in 1991-93. Nairobi's push on economic - reform in 1994, however, helped support a 3.3% increase in output. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $33.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,170 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 35% urban (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $2.4 billion - expenditures: $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $740 - million (1990 est.) - - Exports: $1.45 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990) - partners: EC 47%, Africa 23%, Asia 11%, US 4%, Middle East 3% (1991) - - Imports: $1.85 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and - petroleum products 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and - consumer goods (1989) - partners: EC 46%, Asia 23%, Middle East 20%, US 5% (1991) - - External debt: $7 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 14% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 810,000 kW - production: 3.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 117 kWh (1993) - - Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, - textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), processing agricultural products, - oil refining, cement, tourism - - Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 27% of GDP and 65% - of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea; food products - corn, wheat, - sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, - eggs - - Illicit drugs: widespread harvesting of small, wild plots of marijuana - and qat; most locally consumed; transit country for Southwest Asian - heroin moving to West Africa and onward to Europe and North America; - Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $7.49 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $83 million - - Currency: 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 44.478 (January - 1995), 56.051 (1994), 58.001 (1993), 32.217 (1992), 27.508 (1991), - 22.915 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Kenya:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,650 km - narrow gauge: 2,650 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 64,590 km - paved: 7,000 km - unpaved: gravel 4,150 km; improved earth 53,440 km - - Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of - Kenya - - Pipelines: petroleum products 483 km - - Ports: Kisumu, Lamu, Mombasa - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,883 GRT/6,255 DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 1, oil tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 246 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 22 - with paved runways under 914 m: 83 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 119 - -@Kenya:Communications - - Telephone system: over 260,000 telephones; in top group of African - systems - local: NA - intercity: consists primarily of microwave radio relay links - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 6 - televisions: NA - -@Kenya:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of - the Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,358,344; males fit for - military service 3,932,506 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $136 million, 1.9% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KINGMAN REEF - - (territory of the US) - -@Kingman Reef:Geography - - Location: Oceania, reef in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of - the way from Hawaii to American Samoa - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 1 sq km - land area: 1 sq km - comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 3 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds - - Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 - meter - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of - about 1 meter makes this a maritime hazard - international agreements: NA - - Note: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the - public - -@Kingman Reef:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Kingman Reef:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Kingman Reef - - Digraph: KQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, - however it is awash the majority of the time, so it is not usable and - is uninhabited - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - -@Kingman Reef:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Kingman Reef:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Airports: lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and - American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and - 1938 - -@Kingman Reef:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KIRIBATI - -@Kiribati:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, straddling - the equator and the International Date Line, about one-half of the way - from Hawaii to Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 717 sq km - land area: 717 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of - Washington, DC - note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, - Phoenix Islands - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,143 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds - - Terrain: mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs - - Natural resources: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 51% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 46% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to - March; occasional tornadoes - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - - Climate Change - - Note: 20 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) in - Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the - Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia and Nauru - -@Kiribati:People - - Population: 79,386 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.95% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 31.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 54.16 years - male: 52.56 years - female: 55.78 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.73 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural) - adjective: I-Kiribati - - Ethnic divisions: Micronesian - - Religions: Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, - Seventh-Day Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985) - - Languages: English (official), Gilbertese - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence - farmers (1985 est.) - -@Kiribati:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Kiribati - conventional short form: Kiribati - former: Gilbert Islands - - Digraph: KR - - Type: republic - - Capital: Tarawa - - Administrative divisions: 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, - Phoenix Islands - note: in addition, there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, - Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21 - island councils (Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, - Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, - Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, - Teraina; note - one council for each of the inhabited islands) - - Independence: 12 July 1979 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1979) - - Constitution: 12 July 1979 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President (Beretitenti) - Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994); Vice President - (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti) Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); - election last held on 30 September 1994 (next to be held by NA 1999) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from an elected - parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu): elections last held on 22 - July 1994 (next to be held by NA 1999); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) Maneaban Te Mauri 13, - National Progressive Party 7, independents 19 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party, Teatao - TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, Teburoro TITO; New Movement - Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka TENTOA; Maneaba Party, - Roniti TEIWAKI; Maneaban Te Mauri, leader NA - note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in - Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups - because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party - structures - - Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IFRCS - (associate), IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, ITU, - SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Kiribati has no mission in the US - - US diplomatic representation: the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to - Kiribati - - Flag: the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a - yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal - wavy white stripes to represent the ocean - -@Kiribati:Economy - - Overview: A remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, Kiribati has - few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were - exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish now - represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has - fluctuated widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 5% in 1987, - as the fish catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 - and copra production was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded - strongly in 1988, with real GDP growing by 10%. The upturn in economic - growth came from an increase in copra production and a good fish - catch. GDP then fell by 2.2% in 1989 and by 2.9% in 1990, but has - risen by about 3% annually in 1991-93. Foreign financial aid, largely - from the UK and Japan, is a critical supplement to GDP, amounting to - 25%-50% of GDP in recent years. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $62 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $800 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 2%; underemployment 70% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $29.6 million - expenditures: $32.8 million, including capital expenditures of $14 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $4.2 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: copra 50%, seaweed 16%, fish 15% - partners: Denmark, Fiji, US - - Imports: $33.1 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous - manufactured goods, fuel - partners: Australia 40%, Japan 18%, Fiji 17%, NZ 6%, US 4% (1991) - - External debt: $2 million (December 1989 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 0.7% (1992 est.); accounts for less - than 4% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 5,000 kW - production: 13 million kWh - consumption per capita: 131 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fishing, handicrafts - - Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP (including fishing); copra and - fish contribute about 65% to exports; subsistence farming - predominates; food crops - taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, - vegetables; not self-sufficient in food - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $273 million - - Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January - 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: NA - -@Kiribati:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 640 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line - Islands - - Ports: Banaba, Betio, English Harbor, Kanton - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 passenger-cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,291 - GRT/1,295 DWT - - Airports: - total: 21 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11 - -@Kiribati:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,400 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Kiribati:Defense Forces - - Branches: Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and - paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all islands); no - military force is maintained - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KOREA, NORTH - -@Korea, North:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean peninsula - bordering the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and Russia - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 120,540 sq km - land area: 120,410 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Mississippi - - Land boundaries: total 1,673 km, China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, - Russia 19 km - - Coastline: 2,495 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - military boundary line: 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive - economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and - aircraft without permission are banned - - International disputes: short section of boundary with China is - indefinite; Demarcation Line with South Korea - - Climate: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer - - Terrain: mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; - coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east - - Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, - iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower - - Land use: - arable land: 18% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 74% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 14,000 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: localized air pollution attributable to inadequate - industrial controls; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable - water - natural hazards: late spring droughts often followed by severe - flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, - Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia; - mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely - populated - -@Korea, North:People - - Population: 23,486,550 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 30% (female 3,402,672; male 3,540,313) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 7,840,465; male 7,741,155) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 622,250; male 339,695) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.78% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 23.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.47 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.05 years - male: 66.96 years - female: 73.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.34 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Korean(s) - adjective: Korean - - Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous - - Religions: Buddhism and Confucianism, some Christianity and syncretic - Chondogyo - note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; - government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of - religious freedom - - Languages: Korean - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write Korean (1990 est.) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 9.615 million - by occupation: agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64% - note: shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) - -@Korea, North:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of Korea - conventional short form: North Korea - local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk - local short form: none - note: the North Koreans generally use the term "Choson" to refer to - their country - - Abbreviation: DPRK - - Digraph: KN - - Type: Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship - - Capital: P'yongyang - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 - special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Chagang-do (Chagang - Province), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong Province), Hamgyong-namdo - (South Hamgyong Province), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae Province), - Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae Province), Kaesong-si* (Kaesong City), - Kangwon-do (Kangwon Province), Namp'o-si* (Namp'o City), - P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan Province), P'yongan-namdo (South - P'yongan Province), P'yongyang-si* (P'yongyang City), Yanggang-do - (Yanggang Province) - - Independence: 9 September 1948 - note: 15 August 1945, date of independence from the Japanese and - celebrated in North Korea as National Liberation Day - - National holiday: DPRK Foundation Day, 9 September (1948) - - Constitution: adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, - revised again in April 1992 - - Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese - influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of - legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: KIM Chong-il, is the son of and designated successor - to former President KIM Il-song (who died 8 July 1994); formal - succession has not yet taken place (January 1995); election last held - 24 May 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - President KIM Il-song - was reelected without opposition - head of government: Premier KANG Song-san (since December 1992) - cabinet: State Administration Council; appointed by the Supreme - People's Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui): elections last held - on 7-9 April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of - candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a - few seats - - Judicial branch: Central Court - - Political parties and leaders: major party - Korean Workers' Party - (KWP), KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social - Democratic Party, KIM Pyong-sik, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, YU - Mi-yong, chairwoman - - Member of: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, IFAD, IFRCS, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none - - US diplomatic representation: none - - Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and - blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red - band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star - -@Korea, North:Economy - - Overview: More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; - agricultural land is collectivized; and state-owned industry produces - 95% of manufactured goods. State control of economic affairs is - unusually tight even for a Communist country because of the small size - and homogeneity of the society and the strict rule of KIM Il-song in - the past and now his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during the - period 1984-88 averaged 2%-3%, but output declined by 3%-5% annually - during 1989-92 because of systemic problems and disruptions in - socialist-style economic relations with the former USSR and China. In - 1992, output dropped sharply, by perhaps 7%-9%, as the economy felt - the cumulative effect of the reduction in outside support. The - leadership insisted on maintaining its high level of military outlays - from a shrinking economic pie. Moreover, a serious drawdown in - inventories and critical shortages in the energy sector have led to - increasing interruptions in industrial production. Abundant mineral - resources and hydropower have formed the basis of industrial - development since World War II. Output of the extractive industries - includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and - precious metals. Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, - including military industry, with light industry lagging far behind. - Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, - and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become - self-sufficient in food production. Indeed, a shortage of arable - lands, several years of poor harvests, and a cumbersome distribution - system have resulted in chronic food shortages. The collapse of - Communism in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in 1989-91 has - disrupted important technological links. North Korea remains far - behind South Korea in economic development and living standards. GDP - is stagnant. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $21.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $920 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $19.3 billion - expenditures: $19.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $1.02 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural and - fishery products, manufactures (including armaments) - partners: China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Hong Kong - - Imports: $1.64 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: petroleum, grain, coking coal, machinery and equipment, - consumer goods - partners: China, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore - - External debt: $8 billion (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -7% to -9% (1992 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 9,500,000 kW - production: 50 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,053 kWh (1993) - - Industries: machine building, military products, electric power, - chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing - - Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GDP and 36% of work force; - principal crops - rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock - and livestock products - cattle, hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient - in grain - - Economic aid: - recipient: Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s, but - very little now - - Currency: 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon - - Exchange rates: North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 - (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990), 2.3 (December - 1989) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Korea, North:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,915 km - standard gauge: 4,250 km 1.435-m gauge (3,397 km electrified; 159 km - double track) - narrow gauge: 665 km 0.762-m gauge (1989) - - Highways: - total: 30,000 km - paved: 1,861 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 28,139 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only - - Pipelines: crude oil 37 km - - Ports: Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Kimch'aek, Kosong, Najin, - Namp'o, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang, Wonsan - - Merchant marine: - total: 87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 727,631 GRT/1,149,291 DWT - - ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 70, combination bulk 1, oil tanker 3, - passenger 2, passenger-cargo 1, short-sea passenger 1 - note: North Korea owns an additional 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) - totaling approximately 32,405 DWT that operate under Honduran registry - - Airports: - total: 49 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 12 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 6 - -@Korea, North:Communications - - Telephone system: telephone system is believed to be available only to - government officials and not to private individuals - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 earth station near P'yongyang, uses an Indian Ocean - INTELSAT satellite; other international connections through Moscow and - Beijing - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 18, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 3.5 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 11 - televisions: 350,000 (1989) - -@Korea, North:Defense Forces - - Branches: Korean People's Army (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil - Security Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,753,400; males fit for - military service 4,094,854; males reach military age (18) annually - 193,480 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, - 20%-25% of GDP (1991 est.); note - the officially announced but - suspect figure is $2.2 billion (1994), about 12% of total spending - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KOREA, SOUTH - -@Korea, South:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean peninsula - bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea, south of North Korea - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 98,480 sq km - land area: 98,190 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Indiana - - Land boundaries: total 238 km, North Korea 238 km - - Coastline: 2,413 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: not specified - territorial sea: 12 nm; 3 nm in the Korea Strait - - International disputes: Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt - Rocks claimed by Japan - - Climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter - - Terrain: mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and - south - - Natural resources: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, - hydropower - - Land use: - arable land: 21% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 67% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: 13,530 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution in large cities; water pollution from - the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; driftnet fishing - natural hazards: occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; - earthquakes in southwest - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea - -@Korea, South:People - - Population: 45,553,882 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 5,280,998; male 5,640,789) - 15-64 years: 71% (female 15,877,182; male 16,291,183) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 1,554,512; male 909,218) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.04% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.63 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.18 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 20.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.89 years - male: 67.69 years - female: 74.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.66 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Korean(s) - adjective: Korean - - Ethnic divisions: homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese) - - Religions: Christianity 48.6%, Buddhism 47.4%, Confucianism 3%, - pervasive folk religion (shamanism), Chondogyo (Religion of the - Heavenly Way) 0.2% - - Languages: Korean, English widely taught in high school - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 96% - male: 99% - female: 94% - - Labor force: 20 million - by occupation: services and other 52%, mining and manufacturing 27%, - agriculture, fishing, forestry 21% (1991) - -@Korea, South:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Korea - conventional short form: South Korea - local long form: Taehan-min'guk - local short form: none - note: the South Koreans generally use the term "Hanguk" to refer to - their country - - Abbreviation: ROK - - Digraph: KS - - Type: republic - - Capital: Seoul - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 - special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Cheju-do, - Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, - Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do, Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, - Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, - Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi* - - Independence: 15 August 1948 - - National holiday: Independence Day, 15 August (1948) - - Constitution: 25 February 1988 - - Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law - systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President KIM Yong-sam (since 25 February 1993); - election last held on 18 December 1992 (next to be held NA December - 1997); results - KIM Yong-sam (DLP) 41.9%, KIM Tae-chung (DP) 33.8%, - CHONG Chu-yong (UPP) 16.3%, other 8% - head of government: Prime Minister YI Hong-ku (since 17 December - 1994); Deputy Prime Minister HONG Chae-yong (since 4 October 1994) and - Deputy Prime Minister KIM Tok (since 23 December 1994) - cabinet: State Council; appointed by the president on the prime - minister's recommendation - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Kukhoe): elections last held on 24 March 1992; - results - DLP 38.5%, DP 29.2%, Unification National Party (UNP) 17.3% - (name later changed to UPP), other 15%; seats - (299 total) DLP 149, - DP 97, UNP 31, other 22; the distribution of seats as of January 1994 - was DLP 172, DP 96, UPP 11, other 20 - note: the change in the distribution of seats reflects the fluidity of - the current situation where party members are constantly switching - from one party to another - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - majority party: Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), KIM Yong-sam, - president - opposition: Democratic Party (DP), YI Ki-taek, executive chairman; - United People's Party (UPP), KIM Tong-kil, chairman; several smaller - parties - note: the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party - (DJP), Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic - Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 February 1990 - - Other political or pressure groups: Korean National Council of - Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation - of Student Associations; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; - National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; - Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean Industries; Korean - Traders Association - - Member of: AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador PAK Kun-u - chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600 - consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, - Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San - Francisco, and Seattle - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador James T. LANEY - embassy: 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul - mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 15550, Seoul; APO AP - 96205-0001 - telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114 - FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845 - consulate(s): Pusan - - Flag: white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; - there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of - Changes) in each corner of the white field - -@Korea, South:Economy - - Overview: The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has - been the planned development of an export-oriented economy in a - vigorously entrepreneurial society. Real GDP increased more than 10% - annually between 1986 and 1991. This growth ultimately led to an - overheated situation characterized by a tight labor market, strong - inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising current account deficit. - As a result, in 1992, economic policy focused on slowing the growth - rate of inflation and reducing the deficit. Annual growth slowed to - 5%, still above the rate in most other countries of the world, and - recovered to 6.3% in 1993. The economy expanded by 8.3% in 1994, - driven by booming exports. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $508.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.3% (1994) - - National product per capita: $11,270 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.6% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 2% (November 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $63 billion - expenditures: $63 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995 - est.) - - Exports: $96.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: electronic and electrical equipment, machinery, steel, - automobiles, ships, textiles, clothing, footwear, fish - partners: US 26%, Japan 17%, EU 14% - - Imports: $102.3 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, - steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains - partners: Japan 26%, US 24%, EU 15% - - External debt: $44.1 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 12.1% (1994 est.); accounts for - about 45% of GNP - - Electricity: - capacity: 26,940,000 kW - production: 137 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,847 kWh (1993) - - Industries: electronics, automobile production, chemicals, - shipbuilding, steel, textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing - - Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP and employs 21% of work force - (including fishing and forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, - barley, vegetables, fruit; livestock and livestock products - cattle, - hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; - fish catch of 2.9 million metric tons, seventh-largest in world - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; - non-US countries (1970-89), $3 billion - - Currency: 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chun (theoretical) - - Exchange rates: South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 790.48 (January 1995), - 803.44 (1994), 802.67 (1993), 780.65 (1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Korea, South:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 6,763 km - standard gauge: 6,716 km 1.435-meter gauge (525 km electrified; 847 km - double track) - narrow gauge: 47 km 0.610-meter gauge - - Highways: - total: 63,200 km - paved: expressways 1,550 km - unpaved: NA - undifferentiated: national highway 12,190 km; provincial, local roads - 49,460 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft - - Pipelines: petroleum products 455 km - - Ports: Chinhae, Inch'on, Kunsan, Masan, Mokp'o, Pohang, Pusan, Ulsan, - Yosu - - Merchant marine: - total: 412 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,129,796 GRT/9,985,197 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 123, cargo 125, chemical tanker 17, combination - bulk 1, combination ore/oil 1, container 61, liquefied gas tanker 13, - multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 51, refrigerated cargo - 9, short-sea passenger 1, vehicle carrier 9 - - Airports: - total: 114 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 22 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - with paved runways under 914 m: 63 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Korea, South:Communications - - Telephone system: 13.3 million telephones; excellent domestic and - international services - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 3 INTELSAT (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 79, FM 46, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 256 (1 kW or greater 57) - televisions: NA - -@Korea, South:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, National Maritime - Police (Coast Guard) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 13,580,832; males fit for - military service 8,701,742; males reach military age (18) annually - 405,290 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 billion, 3.3% of - GNP (1995 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KUWAIT - -@Kuwait:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and - Saudi Arabia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 17,820 sq km - land area: 17,820 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey - - Land boundaries: total 464 km, Iraq 242 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km - - Coastline: 499 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: in November 1994, Iraq formally accepted the - UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out in - Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), and 883 (1993); - this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah - islands; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands disputed by - Saudi Arabia - - Climate: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters - - Terrain: flat to slightly undulating desert plain - - Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 8% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 92% - - Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's - largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of - the water; air and water pollution; desertification - natural hazards: sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April, - they bring inordinate amounts of rain which can damage roads and - houses; sandstorms and duststorms occur throughout the year, but are - most common between March and August - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Endangered Species, Marine Dumping - - Note: strategic location at head of Persian Gulf - -@Kuwait:People - - Population: 1,817,397 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 34% (female 302,908; male 319,659) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 467,163; male 697,849) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 13,476; male 16,342) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 7.46% (1995 est.) - note: this rate reflects the continued post-Gulf crisis return of - nationals and expatriates - - Birth rate: 21.07 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 2.2 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 55.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 11.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.64 years - male: 73.33 years - female: 78.06 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.93 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Kuwaiti(s) - adjective: Kuwaiti - - Ethnic divisions: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian - 4%, other 7% - - Religions: Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, - Hindu, Parsi, and other 15% - - Languages: Arabic (official), English widely spoken - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: 74% - male: 78% - female: 69% - - Labor force: 566,000 (1986) - by occupation: services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, - manufacturing 8.6%, finance and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, - power and water 1.7%, mining and quarrying 1.4% - note: 70% of labor force non-Kuwaiti (1986) - -@Kuwait:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: State of Kuwait - conventional short form: Kuwait - local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt - local short form: Al Kuwayt - - Digraph: KU - - Type: nominal constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Kuwait - - Administrative divisions: 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Al 'Ahmadi, Al Jahrah, Al Kuwayt, Hawalli, Al Farwaniyah - - Independence: 19 June 1961 (from UK) - - National holiday: National Day, 25 February (1948) - - Constitution: approved and promulgated 11 November 1962 - - Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in - personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male - descendants at age 21 - note: only 10% of all citizens are eligible to vote; in 1996, - naturalized citizens who do not meet the pre-1920 qualification but - have been naturalized for thirty years will be eligible to vote - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 31 - December 1977) - head of government: Prime Minister and Crown Prince SAAD al-Abdallah - al-Salim Al Sabah (since 8 February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SABAH - al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 17 October 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the Prime Minister and - approved by the Amir - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Majlis al-umma): dissolved 3 July 1986; new - elections were held on 5 October 1992 with a second election in the - 14th and 16th constituencies held February 1993 - - Judicial branch: High Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Other political or pressure groups: small, clandestine leftist and - Shi'a fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of - government policies are publicly active - - Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, - G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador MUHAMMAD al-Sabah al-Salim Al SABAH - chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 966-0702 - FAX: [1] (202) 966-0517 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER - embassy: Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), - Kuwait City - mailing address: P.O. Box 77 SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; Unit 69000, - Kuwait; APO AE 09880-9000 - telephone: [965] 2424151 through 2424159 - FAX: [965] 2442855 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with - a black trapezoid based on the hoist side - -@Kuwait:Economy - - Overview: Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proved - crude oil reserves of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world - reserves. Kuwait has rebuilt its war-ravaged petroleum sector; its - crude oil production reached at least 2.0 million barrels per day by - the end of 1993. The government ran a sizable fiscal deficit in 1993. - Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and 90% of export and - government revenues. Kuwait lacks water and has practically no arable - land, thus preventing development of agriculture. With the exception - of fish, it depends almost wholly on food imports. About 75% of - potable water must be distilled or imported. Because of its high per - capita income, comparable with Western European incomes, Kuwait - provides its citizens with extensive health, educational, and - retirement benefits. Per capita military expenditures are among the - highest in the world. The economy improved moderately in 1994, with - the growth in industry and finance, and should see further gains in - 1995, especially if oil prices go up. The World Bank has urged Kuwait - to push ahead with privatization, including in the oil industry, but - the government will move slowly on this front. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $30.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 9.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $16,900 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $9 billion - expenditures: $13 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY92/93) - - Exports: $10.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: oil - partners: France 16%, Italy 15%, Japan 12%, UK 11% - - Imports: $6.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, - clothing - partners: US 35%, Japan 12%, UK 9%, Canada 9% - - External debt: $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) - note: external debt has grown substantially in 1991 and 1992 to pay - for restoration of war damage - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for NA% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 7,070,000 kW - production: 11 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,007 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, - building materials, salt, construction - - Agriculture: practically none; extensive fishing in territorial waters - and Indian Ocean - - Economic aid: - donor: pledged bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89), - $18.3 billion - - Currency: 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils - - Exchange rates: Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.2991 (January 1995), - 0.2976 (1994), 0.3017 (1993), 0.2934 (1992), 0.2843 (1991), 0.2915 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Kuwait:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 4,270 km - paved: bituminous 3,370 km - unpaved: gravel, sand, earth 900 km (est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 - km - - Ports: Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Kuwait, Mina' 'Abd Allah, Mina' al - Ahmadi, Mina' Su'ud - - Merchant marine: - total: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,202,558 GRT/3,618,527 - DWT - ships by type: cargo 9, container 3, liquefied gas tanker 7, livestock - carrier 4, oil tanker 24 - - Airports: - total: 8 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Kuwait:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; civil network suffered extensive - damage as a result of the Gulf war and reconstruction is still under - way with some restored international and domestic capabilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: earth stations destroyed during Gulf war and not - rebuilt yet; temporary mobile satellite antennae provide international - telecommunications; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi - Arabia; service to Iraq is nonoperational - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 - televisions: NA - -@Kuwait:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 610,205; males fit for military - service 363,735; males reach military age (18) annually 16,170 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion, 13.3% - of GDP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -KYRGYZSTAN - -@Kyrgyzstan:Geography - - Location: Central Asia, west of China - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian - States - - Area: - total area: 198,500 sq km - land area: 191,300 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota - - Land boundaries: total 3,878 km, China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, - Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,099 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: territorial dispute with Tajikistan on - southwestern boundary in Isfara Valley area - - Climate: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in - southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone - - Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated - valleys and basins encompass entire nation - - Natural resources: abundant hydroelectric potential; significant - deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil - and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, - and zinc - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: NEGL% - meadows and pastures: 42% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 51% - - Irrigated land: 10,320 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution; many people get their water directly - from contaminated streams and wells, as a result, water-borne diseases - are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation - practices - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: landlocked - -@Kyrgyzstan:People - - Population: 4,769,877 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 37% (female 868,108; male 888,479) - 15-64 years: 57% (female 1,377,221; male 1,345,990) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 185,807; male 104,272) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.5% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.97 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.32 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 45.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.13 years - male: 63.92 years - female: 72.56 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.31 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Kyrgyz(s) - adjective: Kyrgyz - - Ethnic divisions: Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 21.5%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian - 2.5%, German 2.4%, other 8.3% - - Religions: Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA% - - Languages: Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian widely used - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 97% - male: 99% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 1.836 million - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 38%, industry and construction - 21%, other 41% (1990) - -@Kyrgyzstan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kyrgyz Republic - conventional short form: Kyrgyzstan - local long form: Kyrgyz Respublikasy - local short form: none - former: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: KG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Bishkek - - Administrative divisions: 6 oblasttar (singular - oblast) and 1 city* - (singular - shaar); Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblasty (Bishkek), - Jalal-Abad Oblasty, Naryn Oblasty, Osh Oblasty, Talas Oblasty, - Ysyk-Kol Oblasty (Karakol) - note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name - differs from oblast name - - Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: National Day, 2 December; Independence Day, 31 - August (1991) - - Constitution: adopted 5 May 1993 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990); - election last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - - Askar AKAYEV won in uncontested election with 95% of vote and with - 90% of electorate voting; note - president elected by Supreme Soviet - 28 October 1990, then by popular vote 12 October 1991; AKAYEV won 96% - of the vote in a referendum on his status as president on 30 January - 1994 - head of government: Prime Minister Apas DJUMAGULOV (since NA December - 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers; subordinate to the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral - Assembly of Legislatures: elections last held 5 February 1995 (next to - be held no later than NA 1998); 35-member house to which 19 members - have been elected so far; next round of runoffs scheduled for 19 April - 1995 - Assembly of Representatives: elections last held 5 February 1995 (next - to be held no later than NA 1998); 70-member house to which 60 members - have been elected so far; next round of runoffs scheduled for 19 April - 1995 - note: the legislature became bicameral for the 5 February 1995 - elections - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ishenbai - KADYRBEKOV, chairman; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan (DMK), Kazat - AKHMATOV, chairman; National Unity, German KUZNETSOV; Communist Party - of Kyrgyzstan (PCK), Sherali SYDYKOV, chairman; Democratic Movement of - Free Kyrgyzstan (ErK), Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV, chairman; Republican - Popular Party of Kyrgyzstan; Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan, A. ALIYEV - - Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Democratic - Movement; Peasant Party; Council of Free Trade Unions; Union of - Entrepreneurs; Agrarian Party - - Member of: AsDB, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, - PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Almas CHUKIN - chancery: (temporary) Suite 705, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC - 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 347-3732, 3733, 3718 - FAX: [1] (202) 347-3718 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Eileen A. MALLOY - embassy: Erkindik Prospekt #66, Bishkek 720002 - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (3312) 22-29-20, 22-27-77, 22-26-31, 22-24-73 - FAX: [7] (3312) 22-35-51 - - Flag: red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays - representing the 40 Kirghiz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run - counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun - is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized - representation of the roof of the traditional Kirghiz yurt - -@Kyrgyzstan:Economy - - Overview: Kyrgyzstan is one of the smallest and poorest states of the - former Soviet Union. Its economy is heavily agricultural, growing - cotton and tobacco on irrigated land in the south and grain in the - foothills of the north and raising sheep and goats on mountain - pastures. Its small and obsolescent industrial sector, concentrated - around Bishkek, has traditionally relied on Russia and other CIS - countries for customers and industrial inputs, including most of its - fuel. Since 1990, the economy has contracted by almost 50% as - subsidies from Moscow vanished and trade links with other former - Soviet republics eroded. At the same time, the Kyrgyz government stuck - to tight monetary and fiscal policies in 1994 that succeeded in - reducing inflation from 23% per month in 1993 to 5.4% per month in - 1994. Moreover, Kyrgyzstan has been the most successful of the Central - Asian states in reducing state controls over the economy and - privatizing state industries. Nevertheless, restructuring proved to be - a slow and painful process in 1994 despite relatively large flows of - foreign aid and continued progress on economic reform. The decline in - output in 1995 may be much smaller, perhaps 5%, compared with an - estimated 24% in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $8.4 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -24% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,790 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% per month (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 0.7% includes officially registered unemployed; - also large numbers of unregistered unemployed and underemployed - workers (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $116 million to countries outside the FSU (1994) - commodities: wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, - shoes, machinery, tobacco - partners: Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others - - Imports: $92.4 million from countries outside the FSU (1994) - commodities: grain, lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, - machinery, textiles, footwear - partners: other CIS republics - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate -24% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,660,000 kW - production: 12.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,700 kWh (1994) - - Industries: small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, - cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, - gold, and rare earth metals - - Agriculture: wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle), - vegetables, meat, grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and North - America from Southwest Asia - - Economic aid: - recipient: IMF aid commitments were $80 million in 1993 and $400 - million in 1994 - - Currency: introduced national currency, the som (10 May 1993) - - Exchange rates: soms per US$1 - 10.6 (yearend 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Kyrgyzstan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 370 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 370 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 30,300 km - paved and graveled: 22,600 km - unpaved: earth 7,700 km (1990) - - Pipelines: natural gas 200 km - - Ports: Ysyk-Kol (Rybach'ye) - - Airports: - total: 54 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 32 - -@Kyrgyzstan:Communications - - Telephone system: 342,000 telephones (1991); 76 telephones/1,000 - persons (December 1991); poorly developed; about 100,000 unsatisfied - applications for household telephones - local: NA - intercity: principally by microwave radio relay - international: connections with other CIS countries by landline or - microwave and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow - international gateway switch and by satellite; 1 GORIZONT and 1 - INTELSAT satellite link through Ankara to 200 other countries - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: 825,000 (radio receiver systems with multiple speakers for - program diffusion 748,000) - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA; note - receives Turkish broadcasts - televisions: 875,000 - -@Kyrgyzstan:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border - troops), Civil Defense - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,154,683; males fit for - military service 934,167; males reach military age (18) annually - 44,526 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LAOS - -@Laos:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 236,800 sq km - land area: 230,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Utah - - Land boundaries: total 5,083 km, Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China - 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: boundary dispute with Thailand - - Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season - (December to April) - - Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus - - Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 58% - other: 35% - - Irrigated land: 1,554 sq km (1992 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; a majority of the - population does not have access to potable water - natural hazards: floods, droughts, and blight - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Environmental - Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Law of the - Sea - - Note: landlocked - -@Laos:People - - Population: 4,837,237 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 1,084,615; male 1,111,928) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 1,280,142; male 1,199,149) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 86,390; male 75,013) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.84% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 42.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 14.28 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 99.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 52.2 years - male: 50.66 years - female: 53.81 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.98 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s) - adjective: Lao or Laotian - - Ethnic divisions: Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao - Soung (highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, - ethnic Vietnamese/Chinese 1% - - Religions: Buddhist 60%, animist and other 40% - - Languages: Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic - languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) - total population: 50% - male: 65% - female: 35% - - Labor force: 1 million-1.5 million - by occupation: agriculture 80% (1992 est.) - -@Laos:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic - conventional short form: Laos - local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao - local short form: none - - Digraph: LA - - Type: Communist state - - Capital: Vientiane - - Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) - and 1 municipality* (kampheng nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, - Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, - Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan*, - Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xekong, Xiangkhoang - - Independence: 19 July 1949 (from France) - - National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1975) (proclamation of the - Lao People's Democratic Republic) - - Constitution: promulgated 14 August 1991 - - Legal system: based on traditional customs, French legal norms and - procedures, and Socialist practice - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President NOUHAK PHOUMSAVAN (since 25 November 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Gen. KHAMTAI SIPHANDON (since 15 - August 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president, approved by - the Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held on 20 December 1992 (next to be - held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total) - number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court - - Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party - (LPRP), KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president; other parties proscribed - - Other political or pressure groups: non-Communist political groups - proscribed; most opposition leaders fled the country in 1975 - - Member of: ACCT, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, - ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory - user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador HIEM PHOMMACHANH - chancery: 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-6416, 6417 - FAX: [1] (202) 332-4923 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Victor L. TOMSETH - embassy: Rue Bartholonie, Vientiane - mailing address: B. P. 114, Vientiane; American Embassy, Box V, APO AP - 96546 - telephone: [856] (21) 212581, 212582, 212585 - FAX: [856] (21) 212584 - - Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and - red with a large white disk centered in the blue band - -@Laos:Economy - - Overview: The government of Laos - one of the few remaining official - Communist states - has been decentralizing control and encouraging - private enterprise since 1986. The results, starting from an extremely - low base, have been striking - growth has averaged 7.5% annually since - 1988. Even so, Laos is a landlocked country with a primitive - infrastructure. It has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, and - limited external and internal telecommunications. Electricity is - available in only a few urban areas. Subsistence agriculture accounts - for half of GDP and provides 80% of total employment. The predominant - crop is rice. In non-drought years, Laos is self-sufficient overall in - food, but each year flood, pests, and localized drought cause - shortages in various parts of the country. For the foreseeable future - the economy will continue to depend on aid from the IMF and other - international sources; aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has - been cut sharply. As in many developing countries, deforestation and - soil erosion will hamper efforts to maintain the high rate of GDP - growth. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $850 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 21% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA - - Exports: $277 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: electricity, wood products, coffee, tin, garments - partners: Thailand 57%, Germany 10%, France 10%, Japan 5% (1991) - - Imports: $528 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures - partners: Thailand 55%, Japan 16%, China 8%, Italy 4% (1991) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 7.5% (1992 est.); accounts for 18% - of GDP (1992 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 260,000 kW - production: 870 million kWh - consumption per capita: 44 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, - agricultural processing, construction - - Agriculture: principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet - potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, poultry - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the - international drug trade, fourth largest opium producer (85 metric - tons in 1994); heroin producer; increasingly used as transshipment - point for heroin produced in Burma - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $605 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million; - international assistance in loans and grant aid (1993/94) $217.7 - million - - Currency: 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at - - Exchange rates: new kips (NK) per US$1 - 717 (1994 est.), 720 (July - 1993). 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September 1990), 576 - (1989) - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Laos:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 14,130 km - paved: 2,260 km - unpaved: 11,870 km (1992 est.) - - Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; - 2,897 additional kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing - less than 0.5 m - - Pipelines: petroleum products 136 km - - Ports: none - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,370 GRT/3,000 DWT - - Airports: - total: 52 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 25 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 - -@Laos:Communications - - Telephone system: 7,390 telephones (1986); service to general public - very poor; radio communications network provides generally erratic - service to government users - local: 16 telephone lines per 1,000 people - intercity: radio communications - international: 1 earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Laos:Defense Forces - - Branches: Lao People's Army (LPA; includes riverine naval and militia - elements), Air Force, National Police Department - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,051,105; males fit for - military service 567,017; males reach military age (18) annually - 51,437 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $105 million, 8.1% of - GDP (FY92/93) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LATVIA - -@Latvia:Geography - - Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia - and Lithuania - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 64,100 sq km - land area: 64,100 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia - - Land boundaries: total 1,078 km, Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, - Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km - - Coastline: 531 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - - International disputes: the Abrene section of border ceded by the - Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic to Russia in 1944 - - Climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters - - Terrain: low plain - - Natural resources: minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite - - Land use: - arable land: 27% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 13% - forest and woodland: 39% - other: 21% - - Irrigated land: 160 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: air and water pollution because of a lack of waste - conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily polluted; - contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and petroleum - products at military bases - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous Wastes, - Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate - Change - -@Latvia:People - - Population: 2,762,899 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 294,521; male 304,830) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 933,003; male 870,128) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 247,476; male 112,941) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.5% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.71 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.49 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.65 years - male: 64.6 years - female: 74.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.97 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Latvian(s) - adjective: Latvian - - Ethnic divisions: Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Byelorussian 4.5%, - Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish 2.3%, other 4.2% - - Religions: Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox - - Languages: Lettish (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 100% - male: 100% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 1.407 million - by occupation: industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry - 16%, other 43% (1990) - -@Latvia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Latvia - conventional short form: Latvia - local long form: Latvijas Republika - local short form: Latvija - former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: LG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Riga - - Administrative divisions: 26 counties (singular - rajons) and 7 - municipalities*: Aizkraukles Rajons, Aluksnes Rajons, Balvu Rajons, - Bauskas Rajons, Cesu Rajons, Daugavpils*, Daugavpils Rajons, Dobeles - Rajons, Gulbenes Rajons, Jekabpils Rajons, Jelgava*, Jelgavas Rajons, - Jurmala*, Kraslavas Rajons, Kuldigas Rajons, Leipaja*, Liepajas - Rajons, Limbazu Rajons, Ludzas Rajons, Madonas Rajons, Ogres Rajons, - Preiju Rajons, Rezekne*, Rezeknes Rajons, Riga*, Rigas Rajons, Saldus - Rajons, Talsu Rajons, Tukuma Rajons, Valkas Rajons, Valmieras Rajons, - Ventspils*, Ventspils Rajons - - Independence: 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 18 November (1918) - - Constitution: newly elected Parliament in 1993 restored the 1933 - constitution - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Guntis ULMANIS (since 7 July 1993); - Parliament (Saeima) elected President ULMANIS in the third round of - balloting on 7 July 1993 - head of government: Prime Minister Maris GAILIS (since September 1994) - - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the Supreme Council - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Saeima): elections last held 5-6 June 1993 (next to be - held NA October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (100 total) LC 36, LNNK 15, Concord for Latvia 13, LZS 12, Equal - Rights 7, LKDS 6, TUB 6, DCP 5 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Latvian Way Union (LC), Valdis BIRKAVS; - Latvian Farmers Union (LZS), Alvars BERKIS; Latvian National - Independence Movement (LNNK), Andrejs KRASTINS, Aristids LAMBERGS, - cochairmen; Concord for Latvia, Janis JURKANS; Equal Rights, Sergejs - DIMANIS; Christian Democrat Union (LKDS), Peteris CIMDINS, Andris - SAULITIS, Janis RUSKO; Fatherland and Freedom (TUB), Maris GRINBLATS, - Roberts MILBERGS, Oigerts DZENTIS; Democratic Center (DCP), Ints - CALITIS; Popular Front of Latvia (LTF), Uldis AUGSTKALNS - - Member of: BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, - IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ojars Eriks KALNINS - chancery: 4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: [1] (202) 726-8213, 8214 - FAX: [1] (202) 726-6785 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ints M, SILINS - embassy: Raina Boulevard 7, Riga 226050 - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [371] (2) 213-962 - FAX: [371] 882-0047 (cellular) - - Flag: two horizontal bands of maroon (top and bottom), white (middle, - narrower than other two bands) - -@Latvia:Economy - - Overview: Latvia is rapidly becoming a dynamic market economy, rivaled - only by Estonia among the former Soviet states in the speed of its - transformation. However, the transition has been painful; in 1994 the - IMF reported a 2% growth in GDP, following steep declines in 1992-93. - The government's tough monetary policies and reform program have kept - inflation at less than 2% a month, supported a dynamic private sector - now accounting for more than half of GDP, and spurred the growth of - trade ties with the West. Much of agriculture is already privatized - and the government plans to step up the pace of privatization of state - enterprises. Latvia thus is in the midst of recovery, helped by the - country's strategic location on the Baltic Sea, its well-educated - population, and its diverse - albeit largely obsolete - industrial - structure. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,480 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.9% (monthly average 1994) - - Unemployment rate: 6.5% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: oil products, timber, ferrous metals, dairy products, - furniture, textiles - partners: Russia, Germany, Sweden, Belarus - - Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: fuels, cars, ferrous metals, chemicals - partners: Russia, Germany, Sweden, Ukraine - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate -9.5% (1994 est.); accounts for 27% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,080,000 kW - production: 5.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,864 kWh (1993) - - Industries: highly diversified; dependent on imports for energy, raw - materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, street and - railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, - washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed - foods, textiles - - Agriculture: principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; products - - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; fishing - and fish packing - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and - Southwest Asia and Latin America to Western Europe; limited producer - of illicit opium; mostly for domestic consumption; also produces - illicit amphetamines for export - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 lat = 100 cents; introduced NA March 1993 - - Exchange rates: lats per US$1 - 0.55 (December 1994), 0.5917 (January - 1994), 1.32 (March 1993) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Latvia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,400 km - broad gauge: 2,400 km 1.520-m gauge (270 km electrified) - - Highways: - total: 59,500 km - paved and graveled: 33,000 km - unpaved: earth 26,500 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 300 km perennially navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil 750 km; refined products 780 km; natural gas 560 - km (1992) - - Ports: Daugavpils, Liepaja, Riga, Ventspils - - Merchant marine: - total: 85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 774,182 GRT/1,010,517 DWT - - ships by type: cargo 17, oil tanker 37, refrigerated cargo 24, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 7 - - Airports: - total: 50 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 27 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 10 - -@Latvia:Communications - - Telephone system: 660,000 telephones; 240 telephones/1,000 persons - (1993); Latvia is better provided with telephone service than most of - the other former Soviet republics; an NMT-450 analog cellular - telephone network covers 75% of Latvia's population - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international traffic carried by leased connection to - the Moscow international gateway switch and through the new Ericsson - AXE local/transit digital telephone exchange in Riga and through the - Finnish cellular net; electronic mail capability by Sprint data - network - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Latvia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Security - Forces (internal and border troops), Border Guard, Home Guard - (Zemessardze) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 658,193; males fit for military - service 517,896; males reach military age (18) annually 18,736 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: 176 million rubles, 3% to 5% of GDP (1994); note - - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the - prevailing exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LEBANON - - Note--Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political - institutions and regaining its national sovereignty since the end of - the devastating 16-year civil war which began in 1975. Under the Ta'if - accord - the blueprint for national reconciliation - the Lebanese have - established a more equitable political system, particularly by giving - Muslims a greater say in the political process. Since December 1990, - the Lebanese have formed three cabinets and conducted the first - legislative election in 20 years. Most of the militias have been - weakened or disbanded. The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) has seized vast - quantities of weapons used by the militias during the war and extended - central government authority over about one-half of the country. - Hizballah, the radical Sh'ia party, retains most of its weapons. - Foreign forces still occupy areas of Lebanon. Israel maintains troops - in southern Lebanon and continues to support a proxy militia, The Army - of South Lebanon (ASL), along a narrow stretch of territory contiguous - to its border. The ASL's enclave encompasses this self-declared - security zone and about 20 kilometers north to the strategic town of - Jazzine. As of December 1993, Syria maintained about 30,000-35,000 - troops in Lebanon. These troops are based mainly in Beirut, North - Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley. Syria's deployment was legitimized by - the Arab League early in Lebanon's civil war and in the Ta'if accord. - Citing the continued weakness of the LAF, Beirut's requests, and - failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the - constitutional reforms in the Ta'if accord, Damascus has so far - refused to withdraw its troops from Beirut. - -@Lebanon:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel - and Syria - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 10,400 sq km - land area: 10,230 sq km - comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut - - Land boundaries: total 454 km, Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km - - Coastline: 225 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice - Line; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian - troops in northern, central, and eastern Lebanon since October 1976 - - Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry - summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows - - Terrain: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates - Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains - - Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a - water-deficit region - - Land use: - arable land: 21% - permanent crops: 9% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 8% - other: 61% - - Irrigated land: 860 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air - pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of - industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil - spills - natural hazards: duststorms, sandstorms - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine - Life Conservation - - Note: Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an - international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, - protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, - clan, and ethnicity - -@Lebanon:People - - Population: 3,695,921 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 657,403; male 682,757) - 15-64 years: 58% (female 1,131,450; male 1,016,859) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 111,585; male 95,867) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.15% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 27.9 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.69 years - male: 67.22 years - female: 72.28 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.31 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Lebanese (singular and plural) - adjective: Lebanese - - Ethnic divisions: Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% - - Religions: Islam 70% (5 legally recognized Islamic groups - Alawite or - Nusayri, Druze, Isma'ilite, Shi'a, Sunni), Christian 30% (11 legally - recognized Christian groups - 4 Orthodox Christian, 6 Catholic, 1 - Protestant), Judaism NEGL% - - Languages: Arabic (official), French (official), Armenian, English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 80% - male: 88% - female: 73% - - Labor force: 650,000 - by occupation: industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, - government 10% (1985) - -@Lebanon:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Lebanon - conventional short form: Lebanon - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah - local short form: none - - Digraph: LE - - Type: republic - - Capital: Beirut - - Administrative divisions: 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Al Biqa, 'Al Janub, Ash Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan - - Independence: 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under - French administration) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November (1943) - - Constitution: 23 May 1926, amended a number of times - - Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and - civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for - women at age 21 with elementary education - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989); note - - by custom, the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister - is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the legislature is a Shi'a - Muslim - head of government: Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 22 October - 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; chosen by the president in consultation with the - members of the National Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee - Nationale) Lebanon's first legislative election in 20 years was held - in the summer of 1992; the National Assembly is composed of 128 - deputies, one-half Christian and one-half Muslim; its mandate expires - in 1996 - - Judicial branch: four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and - commercial cases and one court for criminal cases) - - Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized - along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, - consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by - religious, clan, and economic considerations - - Member of: ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Riyad TABBARAH - chancery: 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-6300 - FAX: [1] (202) 939-6324 - consulate(s) general: Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant) - embassy: Antelias, Beirut - address: P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut; PSC 815, Box 2, Beirut; FPO AE - 09836-0002 - telephone: [961] (1) 402200, 403300, 416502, 426183, 417774 - FAX: [961] (1) 407112 - - Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and - red with a green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band - -@Lebanon:Economy - - Overview: The 1975-1991 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic - infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended - Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. A - tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin restoring - control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port and - government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up - by a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and - medium-scale manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, - manufactured and farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international - emergency aid are the main sources of foreign exchange. In the - relatively settled year of 1991, industrial production, agricultural - output, and exports showed substantial gains. The further rebuilding - of the war-ravaged country was delayed in 1992 because of an upturn in - political wrangling. In October 1992, Rafiq HARIRI was appointed Prime - Minister. HARIRI, a wealthy entrepreneur, announced ambitious plans - for Lebanon's reconstruction which involve a substantial influx of - foreign aid and investment. Progress on restoring basic services is - limited. Since Prime Minister HARIRI's appointment, the most - significant improvement lies in the stabilization of the Lebanese - pound, which had gained over 30% in value by yearend 1993. The years - 1993 and 1994 were marked by efforts of the new administration to - encourage domestic and foreign investment and to obtain additional - international assistance. The construction sector led the 8.5% advance - in real GDP in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $15.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,360 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 35% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.4 billion - expenditures: $3.2 billion (1994 est.) - - Exports: $925 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and - semiprecious metals and jewelry, metals and metal products - partners: Saudi Arabia 21%, Switzerland 9.5%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 12%, - US 5% - - Imports: $4.1 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, - petroleum products - partners: Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3% - - External debt: $765 million (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 25% (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,220,000 kW - production: 2.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 676 kWh (1993) - - Industries: banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, - chemicals, jewelry, some metal fabricating - - Agriculture: principal products - citrus fruits, vegetables, potatoes, - olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, goats; not self-sufficient in - grain - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish and heroin for the - international drug trade; hashish production is shipped to Western - Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America; increasingly a - key locus of cocaine processing and trafficking; a Lebanese/Syrian - 1994 eradication campaign eliminated the opium crop and caused a 50% - decrease in the cannabis crop - - Economic aid: the government estimates that it has received $1.7 - billion in aid and has an additional $725 million in commitments to - support its $3 billion National Emergency Recovery Program - - Currency: 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters - - Exchange rates: Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 1,644.6 (January - 1995), 1,680.1 (1994), 1,741.4 (1993), 1,712.8 (1992), 928.23 (1991), - 695.09 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Lebanon:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 222 km - standard gauge: 222 km 1.435-m - note: system in disrepair, considered inoperable - - Highways: - total: 7,300 km - paved: 6,200 km - unpaved: gravel 450 km; improved earth 650 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 72 km (none in operation) - - Ports: Al Batrun, Al Mina, An Naqurah, Antilyas, Az Zahrani, Beirut, - Jubayl, Juniyah, Shikka Jadidah, Sidon, Tripoli, Tyre - - Merchant marine: - total: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 260,383 GRT/381,937 DWT - ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 41, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk - 1, combination ore/oil 1, container 2, livestock carrier 6, - refrigerated cargo 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, specialized tanker 1, - vehicle carrier 2 - - Airports: - total: 9 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Lebanon:Communications - - Telephone system: 325,000 telephones; 95 telephones/1,000 persons; - telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding - still underway - local: NA - intercity: primarily microwave radio relay and cable - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) earth - stations (erratic operations); coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio - relay to Syria but inoperable beyond Syria to Jordan; 3 submarine - coaxial cables - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0; note - numerous AM and FM - stations are operated sporadically by various factions - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 13 - televisions: NA - -@Lebanon:Defense Forces - - Branches: Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; includes Army, Navy, and Air - Force) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 857,698; males fit for military - service 533,640 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $278 million, 5.5% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LESOTHO - -@Lesotho:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 30,350 sq km - land area: 30,350 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 909 km, South Africa 909 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers - - Terrain: mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains - - Natural resources: water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds - and other minerals - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 66% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 24% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: population pressure forcing settlement in marginal - areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; - desertification; Highlands Water Project will control, store, and - redirect water to South Africa - natural hazards: periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Marine Life - Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of - the Sea, Marine Dumping - - Note: landlocked; surrounded by South Africa - -@Lesotho:People - - Population: 1,992,960 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 41% (female 407,213; male 416,709) - 15-64 years: 54% (female 558,106; male 520,961) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 51,809; male 38,162) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.44% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 33.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.96 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 67.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 62.56 years - male: 60.74 years - female: 64.43 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.41 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural) - adjective: Basotho - - Ethnic divisions: Sotho 99.7%, Europeans 1,600, Asians 800 - - Religions: Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs - - Languages: Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1966) - total population: 59% - male: 44% - female: 68% - - Labor force: 689,000 economically active - by occupation: 86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence - agriculture; roughly 60% of the active male wage earners work in South - Africa - -@Lesotho:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho - conventional short form: Lesotho - former: Basutoland - - Digraph: LT - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Maseru - - Administrative divisions: 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, - Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, - Thaba-Tseka - - Independence: 4 October 1966 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 4 October (1966) - - Constitution: 2 April 1993 - - Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; - judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King MOSHOESHOE II (since February 1995) - head of government: Prime Minister Ntsu MOKHEHLE (since 2 April 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consisting of the Assembly or - lower house whose members are chosen by popular election and the - Senate or upper house whose members consist of the 22 principal chiefs - and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party; election last held - in March 1993 (first since 1971); all 65 seats in the Assembly were - won by the BCP - - Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Court, - customary or traditional court - - Political parties and leaders: Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus - SEKHONYANA; Basotho Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National - Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; Marematlou Freedom Party - (MFP), Vincent MALEBO; United Democratic Party, Charles MOFELI; - Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), Jacob M. KENA - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Mokhali A. - LITHEBE (since 2 July 1994) - chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 through 5536 - FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Myrick BISMARCK - embassy: address NA, Maseru - mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho - telephone: [266] 312666 - FAX: [266] 310116 - - Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper - half is white bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with - crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a - green triangle in the corner - -@Lesotho:Economy - - Overview: Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important - natural resources other than water. Its economy is based on - agriculture, light manufacturing, and remittances from laborers - employed in South Africa (these remittances supplement domestic income - by as much as 45%). The great majority of households gain their - livelihoods from subsistence farming and migrant labor; a large - portion of the adult male work force is employed in South African - mines. Manufacturing depends largely on farm products to support the - milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; other industries - include textile, clothing, and construction. Although drought has - decreased agricultural activity over the past few years, improvement - of a major hydropower facility will permit the sale of water to South - Africa and allow Lesotho's economy to continue its moderate growth. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,340 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.9% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: substantial unemployment and underemployment - - Budget: - revenues: $438 million - expenditures: $430 million, including capital expenditures of $155 - million (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $109 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, - skins, baskets - partners: South Africa 42%, EC 28%, North and South America 25% (1991) - - Imports: $964 million (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, - machinery, medicines, petroleum - partners: South Africa 94%, Asia 3%, EC 1% (1991) - - External debt: $512 million (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 10%; accounts for 17% of GDP (1993 - est.) - - Electricity: power supplied by South Africa - - Industries: food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP (1993 est.); exceedingly - primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops - corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; US - (1992), $10.3 million; US (1993 est.), $10.1 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; - OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries - (1970-89), $14 million - - Currency: 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente - - Exchange rates: maloti (M) per US$1 - 3.5389 (January 1995), 3.5490 - (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990); - note - the Basotho loti is at par with the South African rand - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Lesotho:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2.6 km; note - owned by, operated by, and included in the - statistics of South Africa - narrow gauge: 2.6 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 7,215 km - paved: 572 km - unpaved: gravel, stabilized earth 2,337 km; improved earth 1,806 km; - unimproved earth 2,500 km (1988) - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 29 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 23 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Lesotho:Communications - - Telephone system: 5,920 telephones; rudimentary system - local: NA - intercity: consists of a few land lines, a small microwave radio relay - system, and a minor radio communication system - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Lesotho:Defense Forces - - Branches: Lesotho Defense Force (LDF; includes Army and Air Wing), - Lesotho Mounted Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 453,844; males fit for military - service 244,767 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $25 million, NA% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LIBERIA - -@Liberia:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 111,370 sq km - land area: 96,320 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee - - Land boundaries: total 1,585 km, Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, - Sierra Leone 306 km - - Coastline: 579 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to - cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers - - Terrain: mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling - plateau and low mountains in northeast - - Natural resources: iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 2% - forest and woodland: 39% - other: 55% - - Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: tropical rain forest subject to deforestation; soil - erosion; loss of biodiversity; pollution of rivers from the dumping of - iron ore tailings and of coastal waters from oil residue and raw - sewage - natural hazards: dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara - (December to March) - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94; signed, - but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental - Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation - -@Liberia:People - - Population: 3,073,245 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 674,155; male 680,952) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 768,147; male 844,326) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 55,575; male 50,090) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.32% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.08 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.05 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: if the Ghanaian-led peace negotiations, under way in 1995, are - successful, many Liberian refugees may return from exile - - Infant mortality rate: 110.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 58.17 years - male: 55.67 years - female: 60.75 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Liberian(s) - adjective: Liberian - - Ethnic divisions: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, - Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, - and Bella), Americo-Liberians 5% (descendants of former slaves) - - Religions: traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10% - - Languages: English 20% (official), Niger-Congo language group about 20 - local languages come from this group - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 40% - male: 50% - female: 29% - - Labor force: 510,000 including 220,000 in the monetary economy - by occupation: agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and - commerce 4.5%, other 14.2% - note: non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level - management and engineering jobs - -@Liberia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Liberia - conventional short form: Liberia - - Digraph: LI - - Type: republic - - Capital: Monrovia - - Administrative divisions: 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Grand - Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, - Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe - - Independence: 26 July 1847 - - National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1847) - - Constitution: 6 January 1986 - - Legal system: dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American - common law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten - tribal practices for indigenous sector - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Chairman of the Council of - State David KPOMAKPOR (since March 1994); election last held on 15 - October 1985; results - Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, - Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7% - note: constitutional government ended in September 1990 when President - Samuel Kanyon DOE was killed by rebel forces; civil war ensued and in - July 1993 the Cotonou Peace Treaty was negotiated by the major warring - factions under UN auspices; a transitional coalition government under - David KROMAKPOR was formed in March 1994 but has been largely - ineffective and unable to implement the provisions of the peace - treaty; Ghanaian-led negotiations are now underway to seat a new - interim government that would oversee elections proposed for late 1995 - - cabinet: Cabinet; selected by the leaders of the major factions in the - civil war - - Legislative branch: unicameral Transitional Legislative Assembly, the - members of which are appointed by the leaders of the major factions in - the civil war - note: the former bicameral legislature no longer exists and there is - no assurance that it will be reconstituted very soon - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Party of Liberia - (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; Liberian Action Party (LAP), - Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), Joseph KOFA, chairman; - United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus MATTHEWS, chairman; - National Patriotic Party (NPP), Charles TAYLOR, chairman; Liberian - Peoples Party (LPP), Dusty WOLOKOLLIE, chairman - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Konah K. BLACKETT - chancery: 5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: [1] (202) 723-0437 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d' Affaires William P. TWADDELL - embassy: 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia - mailing address: P. O. Box 100098, Mamba Point, Monrovia - telephone: [231] 222991 through 222994 - FAX: [231] 223710 - - Flag: 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating - with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the - upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag - -@Liberia:Economy - - Overview: Civil war since 1990 has destroyed much of Liberia's - economy, especially the infrastructure in and around Monrovia. - Businessmen have fled the country, taking capital and expertise with - them. Many will not return. Richly endowed with water, mineral - resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture, Liberia - had been a producer and exporter of basic products, while local - manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. - Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction - and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who have fled to - neighboring countries. The political impasse between the interim - government and rebel leader Charles TAYLOR has prevented restoration - of normal economic life, including the re-establishment of a strong - central government with effective economic development programs. The - economy deteriorated further in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $770 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $242.1 million - expenditures: $435.4 million, including capital expenditures of $29.5 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee - partners: US, EC, Netherlands - - Imports: $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) - commodities: mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation - equipment, rice and other foodstuffs - partners: US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS - - External debt: $2.1 billion (September 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% (1993-94); much industrial - damage caused by factional warfare - - Electricity: - capacity: 330,000 kW - production: 440 million kWh - consumption per capita: 143 kWh (1993) - - Industries: rubber processing, food processing, construction - materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds) - - Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and - forestry); principal products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, - cassava, palm oil, sugarcane, bananas, sheep, goats; not - self-sufficient in food, imports 25% of rice consumption - - Illicit drugs: increasingly a transshipment point for heroin and - cocaine - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $77 million - - Currency: 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (officially - fixed rate since 1940); unofficial parallel exchange rate of US$1 - - L$7 (January 1992), unofficial rate floats against the US dollar - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Liberia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 490 km (single track); note - three rail systems owned and - operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction with - Liberian Government; one of these, the Lamco Railroad, closed in 1989 - after iron ore production ceased; the other two have been shut down by - the civil war - standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 145 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 10,087 km - paved: 603 km - unpaved: gravel 5,171 km (includes 2,323 km of private roads of rubber - and timber firms, open to the public); earth 4,313 km - - Ports: Buchanan, Greenville, Harper, Monrovia - - Merchant marine: - total: 1,549 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,709,634 - GRT/97,038,680 DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 3, bulk 392, cargo 121, chemical tanker - 114, combination bulk 33, combination ore/oil 57, container 124, - liquefied gas tanker 75, oil tanker 459, passenger 32, passenger-cargo - 1, refrigerated cargo 58, roll-on/roll-off cargo 18, short-sea - passenger 1, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 54 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 53 countries; the 10 - major fleet flags are: United States 232 ships, Japan 190, Norway 166, - Greece 125, Germany 125, United Kingdom 102, Hong Kong 95, China 45, - Russia 41, and the Netherlands 34 - - Airports: - total: 59 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 43 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11 - -@Liberia:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; telephone and telegraph service via - radio relay network; main center is Monrovia; most telecommunications - services inoperable due to insurgency movement - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 - televisions: NA - -@Liberia:Defense Forces - - Branches: NA; the ultimate structure of the Liberian military force - will depend on who is the victor in the ongoing civil war - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 732,063; males fit for military - service 390,849 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $30 million, 2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LIBYA - -@Libya:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between - Egypt and Tunisia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1,759,540 sq km - land area: 1,759,540 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska - - Land boundaries: total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt - 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km - - Coastline: 1,770 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32 degrees 30 minutes north - - International disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled - in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and - Libya belongs to Chad, and that Libya must withdraw from it by 31 May - 1994; Libya has withdrawn some its forces in response to the ICJ - ruling, but still maintains an airfield in the disputed area; maritime - boundary dispute with Tunisia; claims part of northern Niger and part - of southeastern Algeria - - Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior - - Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, - depressions - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 8% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 90% - - Irrigated land: 2,420 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: desertification; very limited natural fresh water - resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water - development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from - large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities - natural hazards: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind - lasting one to four days in spring and fall; duststorms, sandstorms - international agreements: party to - Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea - -@Libya:People - - Population: 5,248,401 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 1,226,851; male 1,269,813) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 1,261,424; male 1,331,093) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 76,017; male 83,203) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.7% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.89 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 61.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 64.29 years - male: 62.12 years - female: 66.57 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.32 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Libyan(s) - adjective: Libyan - - Ethnic divisions: Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, - Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 97% - - Languages: Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the - major cities - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1984) - total population: 60% - male: 77% - female: 42% - - Labor force: 1 million (includes about 280,000 resident foreigners) - by occupation: industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture - 18% - -@Libya:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - conventional short form: Libya - local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al - Ishirakiyah - local short form: none - - Digraph: LY - - Type: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the - populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship - - Capital: Tripoli - - Administrative divisions: 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - - baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al - Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az - Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, - Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan - - Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy) - - National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) - - Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977 - - Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; - separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial - review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar - al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969) - head of government: Chairman of the General People's Committee - (Premier) Abd al Majid al-Qa'ud (since 29 January 1994) - cabinet: General People's Committee; established by the General - People's Congress - note: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' - committees - - Legislative branch: unicameral - General People's Congress: national elections are indirect through a - hierarchy of peoples' committees - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements - with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, - as well as some Islamic elements - - Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, - G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none - - US diplomatic representation: none - - Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state - religion) - -@Libya:Economy - - Overview: The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon - revenues from the oil sector, which contributes practically all export - earnings and about one-third of GDP. In 1990 per capita GDP was the - highest in Africa at $5,410, but GDP growth rates have slowed and - fluctuated sharply in response to changes in the world oil market. - Import restrictions and inefficient resource allocations have led to - periodic shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs. Windfall revenues - from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 improved the foreign - payments position and resulted in a current account surplus through - 1992. The nonoil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account - for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly - agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron, steel, and - aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it employs - 18% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely - limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food - requirements. The UN sanctions imposed in April 1992 have not yet had - a major impact on the economy because Libya's oil revenues generate - sufficient foreign exchange which sustains imports of food, consumer - goods, and equipment for the oil industry and ongoing development - projects. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $32.9 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -0.9% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $6,510 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $8.1 billion - expenditures: $9.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 - billion (1989 est.) - - Exports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas - partners: Italy, Germany, Spain, France, UK, Turkey, Greece, Egypt - - Imports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods - partners: Italy, Germany, UK, France, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia, Eastern - Europe - - External debt: $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 10.5% (1990) - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,600,000 kW - production: 16.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,078 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement - - Agriculture: 5% of GDP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, - citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-87), $242 million - note: no longer a recipient - - Currency: 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams - - Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.3555 (January 1995), - 0.3596 (1994), 0.3250 (1993), 0.3013 (1992), 0.2684 (1991), 0.2699 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Libya:Transportation - - Railroads: - note: Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous - systems having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a - 1.435-m standard gauge line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and - Misratah, then inland to Sabha, center of a mineral-rich area, but - there has been no progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would - establish a rail line from As Sallum, Egypt, to Tobruk with completion - set for mid-1994; no progress has been reported - - Highways: - total: 19,300 km - paved: bituminous 10,800 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 8,500 km - - Inland waterways: none - - Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes - liquified petroleum gas 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km - - Ports: Al Khums, Banghazi, Darnah, Marsa al Burayqah, Misratah, Ra's - Lanuf, Tobruk, Tripoli, Zuwarah - - Merchant marine: - total: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 686,136 GRT/1,208,194 DWT - - ships by type: cargo 10, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas tanker 2, - oil tanker 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, short-sea passenger 4 - - Airports: - total: 146 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 24 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 22 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - with paved runways under 914 m: 21 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 17 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 44 - -@Libya:Communications - - Telephone system: 370,000 telephones; modern telecommunications system - - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, - and 14 domestic satellites - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) - satellite earth stations; submarine cables to France and Italy; - microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to - Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 12 - televisions: NA - -@Libya:Defense Forces - - Branches: Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (includes Army, - Navy, and Air and Air Defense Command), Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,131,175; males fit for - military service 672,571; males reach military age (17) annually - 54,676 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, 6.1% of - GDP (1994 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LIECHTENSTEIN - -@Liechtenstein:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 160 sq km - land area: 160 sq km - comparative area: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: total 78 km, Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: claims 1,600 square kilometers of Czech - territory confiscated from its royal family in 1918; the Czech - Republic insists that restitution does not go back before February - 1948, when the Communists seized power - - Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; - cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers - - Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third - - Natural resources: hydroelectric potential - - Land use: - arable land: 25% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 38% - forest and woodland: 19% - other: 18% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, - but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Law of the - Sea - - Note: landlocked; variety of microclimatic variations based on - elevation - -@Liechtenstein:People - - Population: 30,654 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 2,897; male 2,974) - 15-64 years: 71% (female 10,853; male 10,777) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 1,930; male 1,223) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.2% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.95 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 5.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.52 years - male: 73.86 years - female: 81.17 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Liechtensteiner(s) - adjective: Liechtenstein - - Ethnic divisions: Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other - 2.8% (1988) - - Languages: German (official), Alemannic dialect - - Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: 100% - male: 100% - female: 100% - - Labor force: 19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from - Austria and Switzerland to work each day - by occupation: industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, - agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) - -@Liechtenstein:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein - conventional short form: Liechtenstein - local long form: Furstentum Liechtenstein - local short form: Liechtenstein - - Digraph: LS - - Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Vaduz - - Administrative divisions: 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, - Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz - - Independence: 23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein - established) - - National holiday: Assumption Day, 15 August - - Constitution: 5 October 1921 - - Legal system: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed - executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und - zu Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968) - head of government: Mario FRICK (since 15 December 1993); Deputy Head - of Government Dr. Thomas BUECHEL (since 15 December 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; elected by the Diet; confirmed by the sovereign - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Diet (Landtag): elections last held on 24 October 1993 (next to be - held by March 1997); results - VU 50.1%, FBP 41.3%, FL 8.5%; seats - - (25 total) VU 13, FBP 11, FL 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal - cases, Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases - - Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Oswald - KRANTZ; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Otmar HASLER; The Free List - (FL) - - Member of: CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, GATT, IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO - - Diplomatic representation in US: in routine diplomatic matters, - Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the Swiss Embassy - - US diplomatic representation: the US has no diplomatic or consular - mission in Liechtenstein, but the US Consul General at Zurich - (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold - crown on the hoist side of the blue band - -@Liechtenstein:Economy - - Overview: Despite its small size and limited natural resources, - Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, - free-enterprise economy with a vital service sector and living - standards on par with its large European neighbors. Low business taxes - - the maximum tax rate is 20% - and easy incorporation rules have - induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to - establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state - revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland - and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. Liechtenstein plans - to join the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a - bridge between EFTA and EU) in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $630 million (1990 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $22,300 (1990 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1990) - - Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $259 million - expenditures: $292 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1990 est.) - - Exports: $NA - commodities: small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, - hardware, pottery - partners: EC countries 42.7%, EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland - 15.4%), other 36.4% (1990) - - Imports: $NA - commodities: machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor - vehicles - partners: NA - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 23,000 kW - production: 150 million kWh - consumption per capita: 5,230 kWh (1992) - - Industries: electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, - pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism - - Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, - rappen, or centesimi - - Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - - 1.2880 (January 1995), 1.3677 (1994), 1.4776 (1993), 1.4062 (1992), - 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Liechtenstein:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 18.5 km; note - owned, operated, and included in statistics of - Austrian Federal Railways - standard gauge: 18.5 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified) - - Highways: - total: 322.93 km - paved: 322.93 km - - Ports: none - - Airports: none - -@Liechtenstein:Communications - - Telephone system: 25,400 telephones; limited, but sufficient automatic - telephone system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - note: linked to Swiss networks - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - note: linked to Swiss networks - -@Liechtenstein:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is responsibility of Switzerland - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LITHUANIA - -@Lithuania:Geography - - Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia and - Russia - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 65,200 sq km - land area: 65,200 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia - - Land boundaries: total 1,273 km, Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland - 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 227 km - - Coastline: 108 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over - the position of the Nemunas (Nemen) River border presently located on - the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as by international standards - - Climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters and summers - - Terrain: lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil - - Natural resources: peat - - Land use: - arable land: 49.1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 22.2% - forest and woodland: 16.3% - other: 12.4% - - Irrigated land: 430 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum - products and chemicals at military bases - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate - Change - -@Lithuania:People - - Population: 3,876,396 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 426,616; male 444,556) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 1,299,052; male 1,227,420) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 313,217; male 165,535) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.71% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.95 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 16.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.37 years - male: 66.68 years - female: 76.3 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Lithuanian(s) - adjective: Lithuanian - - Ethnic divisions: Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Polish 7.7%, - Byelorussian 1.5%, other 2.1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, other - - Languages: Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 98% - male: 99% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 1.836 million - by occupation: industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry - 18%, other 40% (1990) - -@Lithuania:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Lithuania - conventional short form: Lithuania - local long form: Lietuvos Respublika - local short form: Lietuva - former: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: LH - - Type: republic - - Capital: Vilnius - - Administrative divisions: 44 regions (rajonai, singular - rajonas) and - 11 municipalities*: Akmenes Rajonas, Alytaus Rajonas, Alytus*, - Anyksciu Rajonas, Birsionas*, Birzu Rajonas, Druskininkai*, Ignalinos - Rajonas, Jonavos Rajonas, Joniskio Rajonas, Jurbarko Rajonas, - Kaisiadoriu Rajonas, Marijampoles Rajonas, Kaunas*, Kauno Rajonas, - Kedainiu Rajonas, Kelmes Rajonas, Klaipeda*, Klaipedos Rajonas, - Kretingos Rajonas, Kupiskio Rajonas, Lazdiju Rajonas, Marijampole*, - Mazeikiu Rajonas, Moletu Rajonas, Neringa* Pakruojo Rajonas, Palanga*, - Panevezio Rajonas, Panevezys*, Pasvalio Rajonas, Plunges Rajonas, - Prienu Rajonas, Radviliskio Rajonas, Raseiniu Rajonas, Rokiskio - Rajonas, Sakiu Rajonas, Salcininky Rajonas, Siauliai*, Siauliu - Rajonas, Silales Rajonas, Siltues Rajonas, Sirvinty Rajonas, Skuodo - Rajonas, Svencioniu Rajonas, Taurages Rajonas, Telsiu Rajonas, Traky - Rajonas, Ukmerges Rajonas, Utenos Rajonas, Varenos Rajonas, - Vilkaviskio Rajonas, Vilniaus Rajonas, Vilnius*, Zarasu Rajonas - - Independence: 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 16 February (1918) - - Constitution: adopted 25 October 1992 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of - legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 25 - November 1992; elected acting president by Parliament 25 November 1992 - and elected by direct vote 15 February 1993); election last held 14 - February 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results - Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS - was elected; note - on 25 November 1992 BRAZAUSKAS was elected - chairman of Parliament and, as such, acting president of the Republic; - he was confirmed in office by direct balloting 15 February 1993 - head of government: Premier Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS (since 10 March 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the - nomination of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Seimas (parliament): elections last held 26 October and 25 November - 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - LDDP 51%; seats - (141 - total) LDDP 73, Conservative Party 30, LKDP 17, LTS 8, Farmers' Union - 4, LLS 4, Center Union 2, others 3 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeals - - Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (LKDP), - Povilas KATILIUS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party of Lithuania - (LDDP), Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union - (LTS), Rimantas SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party - (LSDP), Aloyzas SAKALAS, chairman; Farmers' Union, Jonas CIULEVICIUS, - chairman; Center Union, Romualdas OZOLAS, chairman; Conservative - Party, Vytautas LANDSBERGIS, chairman; Lithuanian Polish Union (LLS), - Rytardas MACIKIANEC, chairman - - Other political or pressure groups: Homeland Union; Lithuanian Future - Forum; Farmers Union - - Member of: BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alfonsas EIDINTAS - chancery: 2622 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-5860, 2639 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-0466 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador James W. SWIHART, Jr. - embassy: Akmenu 6, Vilnius 2600 - mailing address: APO AE 09723 - telephone: [370] (2) 223-031 - FAX: [370] (2) 222-779 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red - -@Lithuania:Economy - - Overview: Since independence in September 1991, Lithuania has made - steady progress in developing a market economy. Almost 50% of state - property has been privatized and trade is diversifying with a gradual - shift away from the former Soviet Union to Western markets. In - addition, the Lithuanian government has adhered to a disciplined - budgetary and financial policy which has brought inflation down from a - monthly average of around 14% in first half 1993 to an average of 3.1% - in 1994. Nevertheless, the process has been painful with industrial - output in 1993 less than half the 1991 level. The economy appeared to - have bottomed out in 1994, and Vilnius's policies have laid the - groundwork for vigorous recovery over the next few years. Recovery - will build on Lithuanian's strategic location with its ice-free port - at Klaipeda and its rail and highway hub in Vilnius connecting it with - Eastern Europe, Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, and on its agriculture - potential, highly skilled labor force, and diversified industrial - sector. Lacking important natural resources, it will remain dependent - on imports of fuels and raw materials. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $13.5 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -0.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.1% (monthly average 1994) - - Unemployment rate: 4.5% (January 1995) - - Budget: - revenues: $258.5 million - expenditures: $270.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $2.2 billion (1994) - commodities: electronics 18%, petroleum products 5%, food 10%, - chemicals 6% (1989) - partners: Russia, Ukraine, Germany - - Imports: $2.7 billion (1994) - commodities: oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% (1989) - partners: Russia, Germany, Belarus - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate -52% (1992); accounts for 35% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,190,000 kW - production: 18.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,608 kWh (1993) - - Industries: industry's share in the economy has been declining - substantially over the past year, due to the economic crisis and the - growth of services in the economy; among branches which are still - important: metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%, electric motors 4.6%, - television sets 6.2%, refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other branches: - petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, - textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, - optical equipment, electronic components, computers, and amber - - Agriculture: employs around 18% of labor force; accounts for 25% of - GDP; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables, meat, milk, - dairy products, eggs, fish; most developed are the livestock and dairy - branches, which depend on imported grain; net exporter of meat, milk, - and eggs - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and - Southwest Asia and Latin America to Western Europe; limited producer - of illicit opium; mostly for domestic consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-86), $NA million; Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million - - Currency: introduced the convertible litas in June 1993 - - Exchange rates: litai per US$1 - 4 (fixed rate 1 May 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Lithuania:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,010 km - broad gauge: 2,010 km 1.524-m gauge (120 km electrified) (1990) - - Highways: - total: 44,200 km - paved: 35,500 km - unpaved: earth 8,700 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 600 km perennially navigable - - Pipelines: crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992) - - Ports: Kaunas, Klaipeda - - Merchant marine: - total: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 275,893 GRT/321,440 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 28, combination bulk 11, railcar carrier - 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 96 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 63 - -@Lithuania:Communications - - Telephone system: 900,000 telephones; 240 telephones/1,000 persons; - telecommunications system ranks among the most modern of the former - Soviet republics - local: NA - intercity: land lines and microwave radio relay - international: international connections no longer depend on the - Moscow gateway switch, but are established by satellite through Oslo - from Vilnius and through Copenhagen from Kaunas; 1 EUTELSAT and 1 - INTELSAT earth station; an NMT-450 analog cellular network operates in - Vilnius and other cities and is linked internationally through - Copenhagen by EUTELSAT; international electronic mail is available; - land lines or microwave to former USSR republics - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 13, FM 26, shortwave 1, longwave 1 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 - televisions: NA - -@Lithuania:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Security - Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard (Skat) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 949,663; males fit for military - service 750,386; males reach military age (18) annually 27,630 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $30 million, 2% of - GDP (1994); note - for 1995 defense expenditures were $54 million at - exchange rate conversion - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -LUXEMBOURG - -@Luxembourg:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, between France and Germany - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 2,586 sq km - land area: 2,586 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island - - Land boundaries: total 359 km, Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany - 138 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers - - Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; - uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to - Moselle floodplain in the southeast - - Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited) - - Land use: - arable land: 24% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 21% - other: 34% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; air and water pollution in urban areas - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83; - signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked - -@Luxembourg:People - - Population: 404,660 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 35,372; male 36,645) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 136,960; male 137,792) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 35,774; male 22,117) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.57% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.61 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.42 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.95 years - male: 73.31 years - female: 80.75 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Luxembourger(s) - adjective: Luxembourg - - Ethnic divisions: Celtic base (with French and German blend), - Portuguese, Italian, and European (guest and worker residents) - - Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3% - - Languages: Luxembourgisch, German, French, English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 100% - male: 100% - female: 100% - - Labor force: 177,300 (one-third of labor force is foreign workers, - mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany) - by occupation: services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988) - -@Luxembourg:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - conventional short form: Luxembourg - local long form: Grand-Duche de Luxembourg - local short form: Luxembourg - - Digraph: LU - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Luxembourg - - Administrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, - Luxembourg - - Independence: 1839 - - National holiday: National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of - the Grand Duke's birthday) - - Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions - - Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir - Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke JEAN, born 16 April 1955) - head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNKER (since 1 January - 1994); Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the sovereign - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes): elections last held on 12 - June 1994 (next to be held by June 1999); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (60 total) CSV 21, LSAP 17, DP 12, Action Committee - for Democracy and Pension Rights 5, Greens 5 - note: the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose - views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies - - Judicial branch: Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de - Justice) - - Political parties and leaders: Christian Social People's Party (CSV), - Erna HENNICOT-SCHOEPGES; Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Ben FAYOT; - Democratic Party (DP), Henri GRETHEN; Action Committee for Democracy - and Pension Rights, Roby MEHLEN; other minor parties - - Other political or pressure groups: group of steel companies - representing iron and steel industry; Centrale Paysanne representing - agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions; - Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation - - Member of: ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, EBRD, EC, ECE, - EIB, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, - IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, MTCR, - NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alphonse BERNS - chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270 - consulate(s) general: New York and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Clay CONSTANTINOU - embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City - mailing address: PSC 11, Luxembourg City; APO AE 09132-5380 - telephone: [352] 46 01 23 - FAX: [352] 46 14 01 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light - blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue - and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France - -@Luxembourg:Economy - - Overview: The stable, prosperous economy features moderate growth, low - inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small - but highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until - recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified, - particularly toward high-technology firms. During the past decade, - growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the - decline in steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing - proportion of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic - union with Belgium on trade and most financial matters, is also - closely connected economically to the Netherlands, and as a member of - the 15-member European Union enjoys the advantages of the open - European market. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $22,830 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: 2.4% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $4 billion - expenditures: $4.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, - glass, aluminum, other industrial products - partners: EC 76%, US 5% - - Imports: $8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods - partners: Belgium 37%, Germany 31%, France 12%, US 2% - - External debt: $800 million (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,238,750 kW - production: 1.374 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,395 kWh (1993) - - Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal - products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum - - Agriculture: accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); - principal products - barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine - grapes; cattle raising widespread - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 31.549 (January - 1995), 33,456 (1994), 34.597 (1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 (1991), - 33.418 (1990); note - the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian - franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Luxembourg:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 271 km - standard gauge: 271 km 1.435-m gauge (243 km electrified; 178 km - double track) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 5,108 km - paved: 5,062 km (95 km of limited access divided highway) - unpaved: 46 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River - - Pipelines: petroleum products 48 km - - Ports: Mertert - - Merchant marine: - total: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,129,466 GRT/1,790,988 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 2, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 6, - container 2, liquefied gas tanker 8, oil tanker 7, passenger 2, - refrigerated cargo 6, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2 - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Luxembourg:Communications - - Telephone system: 230,000 telephones; highly developed, completely - automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables; nationwide - mobile phone system - local: NA - intercity: buried cable - international: 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 and 1 direct-broadcast satellite link - televisions: NA - -@Luxembourg:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, National Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 103,990; males fit for military - service 85,912; males reach military age (19) annually 2,190 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $129 million, 1.2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MACAU - - (overseas territory of Portugal) - -@Macau:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 16 sq km - land area: 16 sq km - comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: total 0.34 km, China 0.34 km - - Coastline: 40 km - - Maritime claims: not specified - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers - - Terrain: generally flat - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Ozone Layer Protection (extended - from Portugal) - - Note: essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two - islands to the peninsula on mainland - -@Macau:People - - Population: 490,901 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 56,991; male 60,944) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 167,366; male 165,168) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 23,537; male 16,895) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.25% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.5 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.21 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 79.86 years - male: 77.41 years - female: 82.43 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.49 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Macanese (singular and plural) - adjective: Macau - - Ethnic divisions: Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2% - - Religions: Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, - other 1.2% (1981) - - Languages: Portuguese (official), Cantonese is the language of - commerce - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: 90% - male: 93% - female: 86% - - Labor force: 180,000 (1986) - by occupation: NA - -@Macau:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Macau - local long form: none - local short form: Ilha de Macau - - Digraph: MC - - Type: overseas territory of Portugal scheduled to revert to China in - 1999 - - Capital: Macau - - Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular - - concelho); Ilhas, Macau - - Independence: none (territory of Portugal; Portugal signed an - agreement with China on 13 April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 - December 1999; in the joint declaration, China promises to respect - Macau's existing social and economic systems and lifestyle for 50 year - after transition) - - National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June (1580) - - Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law - drafted primarily by Beijing awaiting final approval - - Legal system: Portuguese civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 - March 1986) - head of government: Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 - March 1991) - cabinet: Consultative Council; consists of five members appointed by - the governor, two nominated by the governor, five members elected for - a four-year term (2 represent administrative bodies, 1 represents - moral, cultural, and welfare interests, and 2 economic interests), and - three statuatory members - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly: elections last held on 10 March 1991 (next to be - held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (23 total, 8 - elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 appointed - by the governor) number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of - Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group to Study the Development of - Macau; Macau Independent Group - - Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese - representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants - representing China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government - acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over - administration - - Member of: CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, IMO (associate), INTERPOL - (subbureau), WTO (associate) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (Chinese territory under - Portuguese administration) - - US diplomatic representation: the US has no offices in Macau, and US - interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong - - Flag: the flag of Portugal is used - -@Macau:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) - and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have - spawned other small industries - toys, artificial flowers, and - electronics. The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, - and the clothing industry has provided about two-thirds of export - earnings; the gambling industry represented well over 40% of GDP in - 1992. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, and - energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw - materials and capital goods. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.8 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.7% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 2% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $305 million - expenditures: $298 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1989 est.) - - Exports: $1.8 billion (1992 est.) - commodities: textiles, clothing, toys - partners: US 35%, Hong Kong 12.5%, Germany 12%, China 9.9%, France 8% - (1992 est.) - - Imports: $2 billion (1992 est.) - commodities: raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods - partners: Hong Kong 33%, China 20%, Japan 18% (1992 est.) - - External debt: $91 million (1985) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 258,000 kW - production: 950 million kWh - consumption per capita: 2,093 kWh (1993) - - Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, - tourism - - Agriculture: rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, - meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos - - Exchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991-94), 8.024 (1990), - 8.030 (1989); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of - 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Macau:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 42 km - paved: 42 km - - Ports: Macau - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: none usable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station - -@Macau:Communications - - Telephone system: 52,000 telephones; fairly modern communication - facilities maintained for domestic and international services - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: high-frequency radio communication facility; access to - international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and - China; 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: 115,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0; note - TV programs received from Hong Kong - televisions: NA - -@Macau:Defense Forces - - Branches: NA - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 141,160; males fit for military - service 78,578 (1995 est.) - - Note: defense is responsibility of Portugal - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 25,333 sq km - land area: 24,856 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Vermont - - Land boundaries: total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece - 228 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia) - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: dispute with Greece over name, symbols, and - certain constitutional provisions - - Climate: hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with - heavy snowfall - - Terrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; - there are three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country - bisected by the Vardar River - - Natural resources: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, - low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulphur, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 5% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 30% - other: 40% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants - natural hazards: high seismic risks - international agreements: party to - Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer - Protection - - Note: landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and - Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:People - - Population: 2,159,503 (July 1995 est.) - note: the Macedonian government census of July 1994 put the population - at 1.94 million, but ethnic allocations were likely undercounted - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 25% (female 257,876; male 277,314) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 711,810; male 733,903) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 97,475; male 81,125) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.9% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.82 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74 years - male: 71.87 years - female: 76.3 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.02 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Macedonian(s) - adjective: Macedonian - - Ethnic divisions: Macedonian 65%, Albanian 22%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, - Gypsies 3%, other 4% - - Religions: Eastern Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3% - - Languages: Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian - 3%, other 3% - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 591,773 (June 1994) - by occupation: manufacturing and mining 40% (1992) - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - conventional short form: none - local long form: Republika Makedonija - local short form: Makedonija - - Abbreviation: F.Y.R.O.M. - - Digraph: MK - - Type: emerging democracy - - Capital: Skopje - - Administrative divisions: 34 counties (opstinas, singular - opstina) - Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar, Delcevo, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, - Kicevo, Kocani, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Murgasevo, - Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, - Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos, Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, - Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, - Vinica - - Independence: 17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia) - - National holiday: 8 September - - Constitution: adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991); - election last held 16 October 1994 (next to be held NA 1997); results - - Kiro GLIGOROV was elected by the Assembly in 1991; reelected by - popular vote in 1994 - head of government: Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 4 - September 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; elected by the majority vote of all the - deputies in the Sobranje - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Assembly (Sobranje): elections last held 16 and 30 October 1994 (next - to be held November 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (120 total) seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic - - Political parties and leaders: Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia - (SDSM; former Communist Party), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party - for Democratic Prosperity (PDP); note - two factions competing for - party name; one faction is led by Abdurahman HALITI and the other - faction is led by Arber XHAFFERI; National Democratic Party (NDP), - Ilijas HALINI, president; Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia - - Liberal Party (SRSM-LP), Stojan ANDOV, president; Socialist Party of - Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president; Internal Macedonian - Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National - Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, president; Party of Yugoslavs - in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, president; Democratic Party (DP), - Petar GOSEV, president - - Other political or pressure groups: Movement for All Macedonian Action - (MAAK); Democratic Party of Serbs; Democratic Party of Turks; Party - for Democratic Action (Slavic Muslim) - - Member of: CCC, CE (guest), CEI, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, OSCE (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: the US recognized The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia on 8 February 1994 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Victor D. COMRAS - liaison office: ul. 27 Mart No. 5, 9100 Skopje - mailing address: USLO Skopje, Department of State, Washington, DC - 20521-7120 (pouch) - telephone: [389] (91) 116-180 - FAX: [389] (91) 117-103 - - Flag: 16-point gold sun (Vergina, Sun) centered on a red field - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:Economy - - Overview: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although the - poorest republic in the former Yugoslav federation, can meet basic - food and energy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. - Its economic decline will continue unless ties are reforged or - enlarged with its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, - and Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its - oil and gas and most of its modern machinery and parts. An important - supplement of GDP is the remittances from thousands of Macedonians - working in Germany and other West European nations. Continued - political turmoil, both internally and in the region as a whole, - prevents any swift readjustments of trade patterns and economic - programs. The country's industrial output and GDP are expected to - decline further in 1995. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's - geographical isolation, technological backwardness, and potential - political instability place it far down the list of countries of - interest to Western investors. Resolution of the dispute with Greece - and an internal commitment to economic reform would encourage foreign - investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the worst - scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its - borders. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.9 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -15% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $900 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 54% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 30% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $1.06 billion (1993) - commodities: manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment - 14%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food - (rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals - 4.7% (1990) - partners: principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former - Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, Albania - - Imports: $1.2 billion (1993) - commodities: fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, - machinery and transport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, - chemicals 11.4%, raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured - articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% (1990) - partners: other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, - Bulgaria - - External debt: $840 million (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate -14% (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,600,000 kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993) - - Industries: low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil - refining by distillation only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, - metallic chromium, lead, zinc, and ferronickel; light industry - produces basic textiles, wood products, and tobacco - - Agriculture: meets the basic needs for food; principal crops are rice, - tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, sesame, - mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; agricultural production - is highly labor intensive - - Illicit drugs: limited illicit opium cultivation; transshipment point - for Southwest Asian heroin - - Economic aid: - recipient: US $10 million (for humanitarian and technical assistance) - EC promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package (1993) - - Currency: the denar, which was adopted by the Macedonian legislature - 26 April 1992, was initially issued in the form of a coupon pegged to - the German mark; subsequently repegged to a basket of seven currencies - - Exchange rates: denar per US$1 - 39 (November 1994), 865 (October - 1992) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 922 km - standard gauge: 922 km 1.435-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 10,591 km - paved: 5,091 km - unpaved: gravel 1,404 km; earth 4,096 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: none, lake transport only - - Pipelines: none - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 16 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 11 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:Communications - - Telephone system: 125,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: no satellite links - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: 370,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 (relays 2) - televisions: 325,000 - -@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 585,403; males fit for military - service 474,467; males reach military age (19) annually 19,693 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: 7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the prevailing - exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MADAGASCAR - -@Madagascar:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of - Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 587,040 sq km - land area: 581,540 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Arizona - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 4,828 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, - Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island (all - administered by France) - - Climate: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south - - Terrain: narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center - - Natural resources: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, - tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 58% - forest and woodland: 26% - other: 11% - - Irrigated land: 9,000 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion results from deforestation and - overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw - sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna - unique to the island are endangered - natural hazards: periodic cyclones - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Marine Life - Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along - Mozambique Channel - -@Madagascar:People - - Population: 13,862,325 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 47% (female 3,231,647; male 3,265,715) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 3,511,699; male 3,413,564) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 225,205; male 214,495) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.18% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.82 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.99 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 86.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 54.45 years - male: 52.47 years - female: 56.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.62 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Malagasy (singular and plural) - adjective: Malagasy - - Ethnic divisions: Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), - Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, - Creole, Comoran - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7% - - Languages: French (official), Malagasy (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 80% - male: 88% - female: 73% - - Labor force: - total workers: 4.9 million - workers not receiving money wages: 4.7 million (96% of total labor - force); note - 4.3 million workers are in subsistence agriculture - wage earners: 175,000 (3.6% of total work force) - wage earners by occupation: agriculture 45,500, domestic service - 29,750, industry 26,250, commerce 24,500, construction 19,250, service - 15,750, transportation 10,500, other 3,500 (1985 est.) - -@Madagascar:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar - conventional short form: Madagascar - local long form: Republique de Madagascar - local short form: Madagascar - former: Malagasy Republic - - Digraph: MA - - Type: republic - - Capital: Antananarivo - - Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Antananarivo, Antsiranana, - Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliary - - Independence: 26 June 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June (1960) - - Constitution: 19 August 1992 by national referendum - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional - Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Albert ZAFY (since 9 March 1993); election - last held on 10 February 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - Albert - ZAFY (UNDD), 67%; Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA), 33% - head of government: Prime Minister Francisque RAVONY (since 9 August - 1993) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate (Senat): two-thirds of upper house seats are to be filled from - popularly elected regional assemblies; the remaining third is to be - filled by presidential appointment; decentralization and formation of - regional assemblies is not expected before 1997 - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held on 16 - June 1993 (next to be held June 1997); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (138 total) CFV coalition 76, PMDM/MFM 16, CSCD 11, - Famima 10, RPSD 7, various pro-Ratsiraka groups 10, others 8 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional - Court (Haute Cour Constitutionnelle) - - Political parties and leaders: Committee of Living Forces (CFV), an - alliance of National Union for Development and Democracy (UNDD), - Support Group for Democracy and Development in Madagascar (CSDDM), - Action and Reflection Group for the Development of Madagascar (GRAD), - Congress Party for Madagascar Independence - Renewal - (AKFM-Fanavaozana), and some 12 other parties, trade unions, and - religious groups; Militant Party for the Development of Madagascar - (PMDM/MFM), formerly the Movement for Proletarian Power, Manandafy - RAKOTONIRINA; Confederation of Civil Societies for Development (CSCD), - Guy Willy RAZANAMASY; Association of United Malagasys (Famima); Rally - for Social Democracy (RPSD), Pierre TSIRANANA - - Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Christian - Churches (FFKM); Federalist Movement - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO - chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525, 5526 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis P. BARRETT - embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo - mailing address: B. P. 620, Antananarivo - telephone: [261] (2) 212-57, 200-89, 207-18 - FAX: [261] (2) 345-39 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a - vertical white band of the same width on hoist side - -@Madagascar:Economy - - Overview: Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world, - suffering from chronic malnutrition, underfunded health and education - facilities, a 3% annual population growth rate, and severe loss of - forest cover, accompanied by erosion. Agriculture, including fishing - and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting for over 30% - of GDP and contributing more than 70% of total export earnings. - Industry is largely confined to the processing of agricultural - products and textile manufacturing; in 1991 it accounted for only 13% - of GDP. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year development plan - that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by 1990, - increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports. - Subsequently, growth in output has been held back because of - protracted antigovernment strikes and demonstrations for political - reform. Since 1993, corruption and political instability have caused - the economy and infrastructure to decay further. Since April 1994, the - government commitment to economic reforms has been erratic. Enormous - obstacles stand in the way of Madagascar's realizing its considerable - growth potential. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $790 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $250 million - expenditures: $265 million, including capital expenditures of $180 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $240 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: coffee 45%, vanilla 20%, cloves 11%, shellfish, sugar, - petroleum products - partners: France, US, Germany, Japan, Russia - - Imports: $510 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, - petroleum 15%, consumer goods 14%, food 13% - partners: France, Germany, Japan, UK, Italy, Netherlands - - External debt: $4.3 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.8% (1993 est.); accounts for 13% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 220,000 kW - production: 560 million kWh - consumption per capita: 40 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, - breweries, tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods - industries (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, - paper, petroleum - - Agriculture: accounts for 31% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, - sugarcane, cloves, cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, - peanuts; cattle raising widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild - varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.125 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million - - Currency: 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 3,718.0 (November - 1994), 1,913.8 (1993), 1,864.0 (1992), 1,835.4 (1991), 1,454.6 - (December 1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Madagascar:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,020 km - narrow gauge: 1,020 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 40,000 km - paved: 4,694 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 811 km; other earth - 34,495 km (est.) - - Inland waterways: of local importance only; isolated streams and small - portions of Canal des Pangalanes - - Ports: Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Port Saint-Louis, Toamasina, Toliaria - - Merchant marine: - total: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,261 GRT/28,193 DWT - ships by type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil - tanker 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2 - - Airports: - total: 138 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - with paved runways under 914 m: 42 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 64 - -@Madagascar:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; above average system - local: NA - intercity: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and - tropospheric scatter links - international: submarine cable to Bahrain; 1 earth station for Indian - Ocean INTELSAT - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 36) - televisions: NA - -@Madagascar:Defense Forces - - Branches: Popular Armed Forces (includes Intervention Forces, - Development Forces, Aeronaval Forces - includes Navy and Air Force), - Gendarmerie, Presidential Security Regiment - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,027,156; males fit for - military service 1,800,127; males reach military age (20) annually - 130,071 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $35 million, 1.3% of - GDP (1991) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MALAWI - -@Malawi:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, east of Zambia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 118,480 sq km - land area: 94,080 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Pennsylvania - - Land boundaries: total 2,881 km, Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, - Zambia 837 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in - Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) - - Climate: tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to - November) - - Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, - some mountains - - Natural resources: limestone, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, - and bauxite - - Land use: - arable land: 25% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 50% - other: 5% - - Irrigated land: 200 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from - agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning - grounds endangers fish population - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; - signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked - -@Malawi:People - - Population: 9,808,384 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 2,361,309; male 2,384,679) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 2,479,108; male 2,335,729) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 139,632; male 107,927) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.63% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 49.81 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 23.53 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: the return of refugees to Mozambique is much reduced compared - with 1994 - - Infant mortality rate: 140.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 39.01 years - male: 38.28 years - female: 39.76 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.36 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Malawian(s) - adjective: Malawian - - Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, - Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European - - Religions: Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, traditional - indigenous beliefs - - Languages: English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages - important regionally - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987) - total population: 48% - male: 65% - female: 34% - - Labor force: 428,000 wage earners - by occupation: agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services - 15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other - permanently employed 6% (1986) - -@Malawi:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Malawi - conventional short form: Malawi - former: Nyasaland - - Digraph: MI - - Type: multiparty democracy following a referendum on 14 June 1993; - formerly a one-party republic - - Capital: Lilongwe - - Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, - Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga - (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata - Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba - - Independence: 6 July 1964 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1964) - - Constitution: 6 July 1966; republished as amended January 1974 - - Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial - review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since - 21 May 1994), leader of the United Democratic Front - cabinet: Cabinet; named by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held 17 May 1994 (next to be held - 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (177 total) UDF - 84, AFORD 33, MCP 55, others 5 - - Judicial branch: High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: United Democratic Front (UDF), Bakili MULUZI - opposition groups: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Gwanda CHAKUAMBA - Phiri, secretary general (top party position); Alliance for Democracy - (AFORD), Chakufwa CHIHANA; Socialist League of Malawi (Lesoma), Kapote - MWAKUSULA, secretary general; Malawi Democratic Union (MDU), Harry - BWANAUSI; Congress for the Second Republic (CSR), Kanyama CHIUME; - Malawi Socialist Labor Party (MSLP), Stanford SAMBANEMANJA - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Patrick - NYASULU (since 14 October 1994) - chancery: 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 797-1007 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Peter R. CHAVEAS - embassy: address NA, in new capital city development area in Lilongwe - mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi - telephone: [265] 783 166 - FAX: [265] 780 471 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with - a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the - flag of Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms - superimposed on the hoist side of the black and red bands - -@Malawi:Economy - - Overview: Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed - countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% - of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% - of GDP and 90% of export revenues. After two years of weak - performance, economic growth improved significantly in 1988-91 as a - result of good weather and a broadly based economic adjustment effort - by the government. Drought cut overall output sharply in 1992, but the - lost ground was recovered in 1993. The economy depends on substantial - inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and - individual donor nations. The new government faces strong challenges, - e.g., to spur exports, to improve educational and health facilities, - and to deal with environmental problems of deforestation and erosion. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 9.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $750 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $416 million - expenditures: $498 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $311 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, wood products - partners: US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany - - Imports: $308 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer - goods, transportation equipment - partners: South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe - - External debt: $1.8 billion (December 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% accounts for about 15% of GDP - (1992 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 190,000 kW - production: 820 million kWh - consumption per capita: 77 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, - cement, consumer goods - - Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, - cotton, tea, and corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, - pulses; livestock - cattle, goats - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2.15 billion - - Currency: 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala - - Exchange rates: Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 7.8358 (August 1994), - 4.4028 (1993), 3.6033 (1992), 2.8033 (1991), 2.7289 (1990), 2.7595 - (1989) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Malawi:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 789 km - narrow gauge: 789 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 13,135 km - paved: 2,364 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 251 km; earth, - improved earth 10,520 km - - Inland waterways: Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km - - Ports: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkotakota - - Airports: - total: 47 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 25 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 15 - -@Malawi:Communications - - Telephone system: 42,250 telephones - local: NA - intercity: fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and - radio communications stations - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean ) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 17, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Malawi:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police - (includes paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young - Pioneers - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,069,302; males fit for - military service 1,056,372 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $13 million, 0.7% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MALAYSIA - -@Malaysia:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, peninsula and northern one-third of the - island of Borneo bordering the Java Sea and the South China Sea, south - of Vietnam - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 329,750 sq km - land area: 328,550 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 2,669 km, Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, - Thailand 506 km - - Coastline: 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 - km) - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation; specified - boundary in the South China Sea - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly - Islands with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; - State of Sabah claimed by the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase - the Malaysian salient that divides Brunei into two parts; two islands - in dispute with Singapore; two islands in dispute with Indonesia - - Climate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast - (October to February) monsoons - - Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains - - Natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural - gas, bauxite - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 10% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 63% - other: 24% - - Irrigated land: 3,420 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; - water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation - natural hazards: flooding - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83; signed, - but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South - China Sea - -@Malaysia:People - - Population: 19,723,587 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 37% (female 3,559,434; male 3,690,310) - 15-64 years: 59% (female 5,871,131; male 5,844,568) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 423,539; male 334,605) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.24% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 27.95 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.56 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.48 years - male: 66.55 years - female: 72.56 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.47 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Malaysian(s) - adjective: Malaysian - - Ethnic divisions: Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian - 9% - - Religions: - Peninsular Malaysia: Muslim (Malays), Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu - (Indians) - Sabah: Muslim 38%, Christian 17%, other 45% - Sarawak: tribal religion 35%, Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim - 20%, Christian 16%, other 5% - - Languages: - Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official), English, Chinese dialects, - Tamil - Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin and - Hakka dialects predominate) - Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages *** No - data for this item *** - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 78% - male: 86% - female: 70% - - Labor force: 7.627 million (1993) - -@Malaysia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Malaysia - former: Malayan Union - - Digraph: MY - - Type: constitutional monarchy - note: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by - the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular - Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where - governors are appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers - of state governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with - foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers - delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing state, holds - 27 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, - internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government - - Capital: Kuala Lumpur - - Administrative divisions: 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) - and 2 federal territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri - Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, - Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan* - - Independence: 31 August 1957 (from UK) - - National holiday: National Day, 31 August (1957) - - Constitution: 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 - - Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of - the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 - April 1994); Deputy Paramount Ruler SALAHUDDIN ibni Hisammuddin Alam - Shah (since 26 April 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 - July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister ANWAR bin Ibrahim (since 1 December - 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the Paramount Ruler from members of - parliament - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) - Senate (Dewan Negara): consists of 58 members, 32 appointed by the - paramount ruler and 26 elected by the state legislatures (2 from each - state) for six-year terms; elections last held NA (next to be held - NA); results - NA - House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat): consists of 180 members, - elected for five-year terms; elections last held 21 October 1990 (next - to be held by December 1995); results - National Front 52%, other 48%; - seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP 20, PAS 7, independents 4, - other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO won 71 seats and MCA - won 18 seats - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation of 13 political - parties dominated by United Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO - Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING - Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian - Congress (MIC), S. Samy VELLU - Sabah: National Front, SALLEH Said Keruak, Sabah Chief Minister, - Sakaran DANDAI, head of Sabah State; United Sabah National Organizaton - (USNO), leader NA - Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka - Bumiputra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; - Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; - Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa - Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are - Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic - Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR - - Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, - OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, - UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Abdul MAJID bin Mohamed - chancery: 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 328-2700 - FAX: [1] (202) 483-7661 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John S. WOLF - embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur - mailing address: P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur; APO AP - 96535-8152 - telephone: [60] (3) 2489011 - FAX: [60] (3) 2422207 - - Flag: fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with - white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side - corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; - the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design - was based on the flag of the US - -@Malaysia:Economy - - Overview: The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private enterprise and a - soundly managed public sector, has posted a remarkable record of 9% - average annual growth in 1988-94. The official growth target for 1995 - is 8.5%. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in - poverty and a marked rise in real wages. Manufactured goods exports - expanded rapidly, and foreign investors continued to commit large sums - in the economy. The government is aware of the inflationary potential - of this rapid development and is closely monitoring fiscal and - monetary policies. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $166.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.7% (1994) - - National product per capita: $8,650 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 2.9% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $18.7 billion - expenditures: $19.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.8 - billion (1994) - - Exports: $56.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: electronic equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, - palm oil, wood and wood products, rubber, textiles - partners: Singapore 22%, US 20%, Japan 13%, UK 4%, Germany 4%, - Thailand 4% (1993) - - Imports: $55.2 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, food, petroleum - products - partners: Japan 27%, US 17%, Singapore 15%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4%, UK - 3%, South Korea 3% (1993) - - External debt: $35.5 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 12% (1994); accounts for 38% of GDP - (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,700,000 kW - production: 31 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,528 kWh (1993) - - Industries: - Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, - light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, - logging and processing timber - Sabah: logging, petroleum production - Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, - logging - - Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP (1993 est.) - Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, palm oil, rice - Sabah: mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice - Sarawak: rubber, timber, pepper; deficit of rice in all areas - - Illicit drugs: transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the - US, Western Europe, and the Third World despite severe penalties for - drug trafficking; increasing indigenous abuse of methamphetamine - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million - - Currency: 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen - - Exchange rates: ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.5542 (January 1995), 2.6242 - (1994), 2.5741 (1993), 2.5474 (1992), 2.7501 (1991), 1.7048 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Malaysia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,801 km (Peninsular Malaysia 1,665 km; Sabah 136 km; Sarawak 0 - km) - narrow gauge: 1,801 km 1.000-m gauge (Peninsular Malaysia 1,665 km; - Sabah 136 km) - - Highways: - total: 29,028 km (Peninsular Malaysia 23,602 km, Sabah 3,782 km, - Sarawak 1,644 km) - paved: NA (Peninsular Malaysia 19,354 km mostly bituminous treated) - unpaved: NA (Peninsular Malaysia 4,248 km) - - Inland waterways: - Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km - Sabah: 1,569 km - Sarawak: 2,518 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km - - Ports: Kota Kinabalu, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Lahad Datu, Labuan, - Lumut, Miri, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Dickson, Port Kelang, - Sandakan, Sibu, Tanjong Berhala, Tanjong Kidurong, Tawau - - Merchant marine: - total: 213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,410,823 GRT/3,635,966 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 34, cargo 73, chemical tanker 11, container 27, - liquefied gas tanker 9, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 50, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 4, short-sea passenger 1, vehicle carrier 3 - - Airports: - total: 115 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - with paved runways under 914 m: 82 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Malaysia:Communications - - Telephone system: 994,860 telephones (1984); international service - good - local: NA - intercity: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia - mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio - relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; 2 domestic - satellite links - international: submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM - submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth - stations - 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 28, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 33 - televisions: NA - -@Malaysia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air - Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border - Scouts - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,041,003; males fit for - military service 3,058,445; males reach military age (21) annually - 183,760 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 2.9% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MALDIVES - -@Maldives:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, - south-southwest of India - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 300 sq km - land area: 300 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 644 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 35-310 nm as defined by geographic - coordinates; segment of zone coincides with maritime boundary with - India - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to - March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) - - Terrain: flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 84% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water - supplies - natural hazards: low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea - level rise - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - - Law of the Sea - - Note: 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls; archipelago of - strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean - -@Maldives:People - - Population: 261,310 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 47% (female 60,038; male 63,042) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 63,526; male 67,020) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 3,537; male 4,147) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 42.8 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.49 years - male: 63.99 years - female: 67.07 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.17 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Maldivian(s) - adjective: Maldivian - - Ethnic divisions: Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, African - - Religions: Sunni Muslim - - Languages: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic), - English spoken by most government officials - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: 91% - male: 91% - female: 92% - - Labor force: 66,000 (est.) - by occupation: fishing industry 25% - -@Maldives:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Maldives - conventional short form: Maldives - - Digraph: MV - - Type: republic - - Capital: Male - - Administrative divisions: 19 districts (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, - Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, - Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu - - Independence: 26 July 1965 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1965) - - Constitution: 4 June 1968 - - Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common - law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM - (since 11 November 1978); election last held 1 October 1993 (next to - be held 1998); results - President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM was reelected - with 92.76% of the vote - cabinet: Ministry of Atolls; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Citizens' Council (Majlis): elections last held 2 December 1994 (next - to be held NA December 1999); results - percent of vote NA; seats - - (48 total, 40 elected, 8 appointed by the president) independents 40 - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: although political parties are not - banned, none exist; country governed by the Didi clan for the past - eight centuries - - Member of: AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Maldives has no embassy in the US, - but does have a UN mission in New York; Permanent Representative to - the UN Ahmed ZAKI - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to - Maldives and makes periodic visits there - consular agency: Midhath Hilmy, Male - telephone: 322581 - - Flag: red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a - vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the - hoist side of the flag - -@Maldives:Economy - - Overview: Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the work - force and accounting for over 60% of exports. Over 90% of government - tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism-related taxes. During - the 1980s tourism became one of the most important and highest growth - sectors of the economy. In 1993, tourism accounted for 17% of GDP and - more than 60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts. The - Maldivian government initiated an economic reform program in 1989 - initially by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the - private sector. Subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to allow - more foreign investment. Agriculture and manufacturing continue to - play a minor role in the economy, constrained by the limited - availability of cultivatable land and the shortage of domestic labor. - Most staple foods must be imported. In 1993, industry which consisted - mainly of garment production, boat building, and handicrafts accounted - for about 6% of GDP. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $360 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.4% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,500 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: NEGL% - - Budget: - revenues: $95 million (excluding foreign transfers) - expenditures: $143 million, including capital expenditures of $71 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $38.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: fish, clothing - partners: US, UK, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Germany - - Imports: $177.8 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: consumer goods, intermediate and capital goods, petroleum - products - partners: Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India, Japan - - External debt: $130 million (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 24% (1990); accounts for 6% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 5,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 123 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat - building, some coconut processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), - handicrafts - - Agriculture: fishing, coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million - - Currency: 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laari - - Exchange rates: rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 11.770 (January 1995), 11.586 - (1994), 10.957 (1993), 10.569 (1992), 10.253 (1991), 9.509 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Maldives:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA (Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city) - - Ports: Gan, Male - - Merchant marine: - total: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 50,384 GRT/77,771 DWT - ships by type: cargo 14, container 1, oil tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - -@Maldives:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,804 telephones; minimal domestic and international - facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Maldives:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Security Service (paramilitary police force) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 57,172; males fit for military - service 31,911 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MALI - -@Mali:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, southwest of Algeria - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1.24 million sq km - land area: 1.22 million sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 7,243 km, Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, - Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 - km, Senegal 419 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: the disputed international boundary between - Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice - (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December - 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; Burkina and Mali are - proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with - Niger - - Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, - humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February - - Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; - savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast - - Natural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, - bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but - not exploited - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 25% - forest and woodland: 7% - other: 66% - - Irrigated land: 50 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; - inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching - natural hazards: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry - seasons; recurring droughts - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Desertification, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: landlocked - -@Mali:People - - Population: 9,375,132 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 2,240,565; male 2,242,373) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 2,416,952; male 2,165,043) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 162,234; male 147,965) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.89% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 51.88 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 19.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 104.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 46.37 years - male: 44.7 years - female: 48.09 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.33 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Malian(s) - adjective: Malian - - Ethnic divisions: Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), Peul 17%, - Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5% - - Religions: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% - - Languages: French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages - - Literacy: age 6 and over can read and write (1988) - total population: 19% - male: 27% - female: 12% - - Labor force: 2.666 million (1986 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% - (1981) - -@Mali:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Mali - conventional short form: Mali - local long form: Republique de Mali - local short form: Mali - former: French Sudan - - Digraph: ML - - Type: republic - - Capital: Bamako - - Administrative divisions: 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, - Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou - - Independence: 22 September 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 - September (1960) - - Constitution: adopted 12 January 1992 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; - judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was - formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992); - election last held in April 1992 (next to be held April 1997); Alpha - KONARE was elected in runoff race against Montaga TALL - head of government: Prime Minister Ibrahima Boubacar KEITA (since - March 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be - held February 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (116 total) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement for the - Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, - UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Association for Democracy (Adema), - Ibrahim Baubacar KEITA; National Congress for Democratic Initiative - (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally - (US/RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA; Popular Movement for the Development - of the Republic of West Africa; Rally for Democracy and Progress - (RDP), Almamy SYLLA; Union for Democracy and Development (UDD), Moussa - Balla COULIBALY; Rally for Democracy and Labor (RDT); Union of - Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Dembo DIALLO; Party for - Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE; Malian Union for - Democracy and Development (UMDD) - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahim Siragatou CISSE - chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant) (Ambassador William H. DAMERON III retired - March 1995) - embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako - mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako - telephone: [223] 22 54 70 - FAX: [223] 22 37 12 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and - red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -@Mali:Economy - - Overview: Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% - of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely - confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the - population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in - agriculture and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on - processing farm commodities. The economy is beginning to turn around - after contracting through 1992-93, largely because of enhanced exports - and import substitute production in the wake of the 50% devaluation of - January 1994. Post-devaluation inflation appears to have peaked at 35% - in 1994 and the government appears to be keeping on track with its IMF - structural adjustment program. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $5.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $600 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $376 million - expenditures: $697 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $415 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: cotton, livestock, gold - partners: mostly franc zone and Western Europe - - Imports: $842 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, construction - materials, petroleum, textiles - partners: mostly franc zone and Western Europe - - External debt: $2.6 billion (1991 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -1.4% (1992 est.); accounts for - 13.0% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 90,000 kW - production: 310 million kWh - consumption per capita: 33 kWh (1993) - - Industries: minor local consumer goods production and food processing, - construction, phosphate and gold mining - - Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; - cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other - crops - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, - sheep, goats - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.02 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $190 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF - 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since - 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Mali:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 642 km; note - linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes - narrow gauge: 642 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 15,700 km - paved: 1,670 km - unpaved: gravel, improved earth 3,670 km; unimproved earth 10,360 km - - Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable - - Ports: Koulikoro - - Airports: - total: 33 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 10 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 12 - -@Mali:Communications - - Telephone system: 11,000 telephones; domestic system poor but - improving; provides only minimal service - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communications - stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Mali:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National - Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,861,977; males fit for - military service 1,062,916 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 2.2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MALTA - -@Malta:Geography - - Location: Southern Europe, islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of - Sicily (Italy) - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 320 sq km - land area: 320 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 140 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Malta and Tunisia are discussing the - commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their - countries, particularly for oil exploration - - Climate: Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers - - Terrain: mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal - cliffs - - Natural resources: limestone, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 38% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 59% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing - reliance on desalination - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Desertification - - Note: the country comprises an archipelago, with only the 3 largest - islands (Malta, Gozo, and Comino) being inhabited; numerous bays - provide good harbors - -@Malta:People - - Population: 369,609 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 39,199; male 41,581) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 123,665; male 124,167) - 65 years and over: 11% (female 23,597; male 17,400) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.75% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.22 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.43 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.02 years - male: 74.75 years - female: 79.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.92 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Maltese (singular and plural) - adjective: Maltese - - Ethnic divisions: Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English - - Religions: Roman Catholic 98% - - Languages: Maltese (official), English (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: 84% - male: 86% - female: 82% - - Labor force: 127,200 - by occupation: government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, - manufacturing 22%, training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture - 2% (1990) - -@Malta:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Malta - conventional short form: Malta - - Digraph: MT - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Valletta - - Administrative divisions: none (administration directly from Valletta) - - Independence: 21 September 1964 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 21 September (1964) - - Constitution: 1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December - 1974 - - Legal system: based on English common law and Roman civil law; has - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ugo MIFSUD BONNICI (since 4 April 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Dr. Edward - (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. - Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on advice of the prime - minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Representatives: elections last held 22 February 1992 (next - to be held by February 1997); results - NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - additional seats are given to - the party with the largest popular vote to ensure a legislative - majority; current total: 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after adjustment) - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH - ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred SANT - - Member of: C, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Albert Borg Olivier DE PUGET - chancery: 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-3611, 3612 - FAX: [1] (202) 387-5470 - consulate(s): New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph R. PAOLINO, Jr. - embassy: 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana, - Malta - mailing address: P. O. Box 535, Valletta - telephone: [356] 235960 - FAX: [356] 243229 - - Flag: two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the - upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged - in red - -@Malta:Economy - - Overview: Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic - location, and a productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% - of its food needs, has limited freshwater supplies, and has no - domestic energy sources. Consequently, the economy is highly dependent - on foreign trade and services. Manufacturing and tourism are the - largest contributors to the economy. Manufacturing accounts for about - 24% of GDP, with the electronics and textile industries major - contributors and with the state-owned Malta drydocks employing about - 4,300 people. In 1994, over 1,000,000 tourists visited the island. Per - capita GDP of $10,760 places Malta in the range of the less affluent - EU countries. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.9 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $10,760 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 4.5% (March 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.4 billion - expenditures: $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $215 - million (FY94/95 est.) - - Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, clothing and footware, - printed matter - partners: Italy 32%, Germany 16%, UK 8% - - Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods - partners: Italy 27%, Germany 14%, UK 13%, US 9% - - External debt: $603 million (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.4% (1992); accounts for 27% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 250,000 kW - production: 1.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,749 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, electronics, ship repairyard, construction, food - manufacturing, textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco - - Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP and 2% of the work force (1992); - overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products - potatoes, cauliflower, - grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, - hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of vegetables, - poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, - animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to - Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; - Communist countries (1970-88), $48 million - - Currency: 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3656 (January 1995), - 0.3776 (1994), 0.3821 (1993), 0.3178 (1992), 0.3226 (1991), 0.3172 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Malta:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,291 km - paved: asphalt 1,179 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 77 km; earth 35 km - - Ports: Marsaxlokk, Valletta - - Merchant marine: - total: 964 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,518,359 - GRT/26,604,739 DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 3, bulk 272, cargo 300, chemical tanker - 30, combination bulk 26, combination ore/oil 16, container 33, - liquefied gas tanker 3, multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker - 191, passenger 7, passenger-cargo 3, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated - cargo 14, roll-on/roll-off cargo 26, short-sea passenger 20, - specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 11 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 49 countries; the 10 - major fleet flags are: Greece 351 ships, Russia 66, Croatia 63, - Switzerland 31, Montenegro 29, Italy 27, Germany 23, Monaco 20, UK 20, - and Georgia 10 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - -@Malta:Communications - - Telephone system: 153,000 telephones; automatic system satisfies - normal requirements - local: NA - intercity: submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands - international: 1 submarine cable and 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Malta:Defense Forces - - Branches: Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 98,525; males fit for military - service 78,305 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $21.4 million, about - 0.9% of GDP (FY92/93) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MAN, ISLE OF - - (British crown dependency) - -@Man, Isle Of:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, island in the Irish Sea, between Great - Britain and Ireland - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 588 sq km - land area: 588 sq km - comparative area: nearly 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 113 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the - time - - Terrain: hills in north and south bisected by central valley - - Natural resources: lead, iron ore - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% (extensive arable land and forests) - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is - a bird sanctuary - -@Man, Isle Of:People - - Population: 72,751 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 6,462; male 6,833) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 23,219; male 23,348) - 65 years and over: 18% (female 7,759; male 5,130) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.99% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.73 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 8.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.53 years - male: 73.78 years - female: 79.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Manxman, Manxwoman - adjective: Manx - - Ethnic divisions: Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton - - Religions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, - Society of Friends - - Languages: English, Manx Gaelic - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 25,864 (1981) - by occupation: NA - -@Man, Isle Of:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Isle of Man - - Digraph: IM - - Type: British crown dependency - - Capital: Douglas - - Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency) - - Independence: none (British crown dependency) - - National holiday: Tynwald Day, 5 July - - Constitution: 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act - - Legal system: English law and local statute - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February - 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence - JONES (since NA 1990) - head of government: President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles - KERRUISH (since NA 1990) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: bicameral Tynwald - Legislative Council: consists of a 10-member body composed of the Lord - Bishop of Sodor and Man, a nonvoting attorney general, and 8 others - named by the House of Keys - House of Keys: elections last held NA 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); - results - percent of vote NA; seats - (24 total) independents 24 - - Judicial branch: Court of Tynwald - - Political parties and leaders: there is no party system and members - sit as independents - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (British crown dependency) - - US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency) - - Flag: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the - center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; - in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the - flag, a two-sided emblem is used - -@Man, Isle Of:Economy - - Overview: Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors - of the economy. The government's policy of offering incentives to - high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the - island has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in - high-income industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once the - mainstays of the economy, have declined in their shares of GDP. - Banking now contributes about 45% to GDP. Trade is mostly with the UK. - The Isle of Man enjoys free access to European Union markets. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $780 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $10,800 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 1% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $130.4 million - expenditures: $114.4 million, including capital expenditures of $18.1 - million (1985 est.) - - Exports: $NA - commodities: tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb - partners: UK - - Imports: $NA - commodities: timber, fertilizers, fish - partners: UK - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 61,000 kW - production: 190 million kWh - consumption per capita: 2,965 kWh (1992) - - Industries: financial services, light manufacturing, tourism - - Agriculture: cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.6350 (January 1995), - 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990); the Manx pound is at par with the British pound - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Man, Isle Of:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 60 km (36 km electrified) - - Highways: - total: 640 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Castletown, Douglas, Peel, Ramsey - - Merchant marine: - total: 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,810,355 GRT/3,183,773 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 10, chemical tanker 4, container 9, - liquefied gas tanker 8, oil tanker 15, roll-on/roll-off cargo 9, - vehicle carrier 2 - note: a flag of convenience registry; UK owns 9 ships, Switzerland 2, - Denmark 1, Netherlands 1 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Man, Isle Of:Communications - - Telephone system: 24,435 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 - televisions: NA - -@Man, Isle Of:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MARSHALL ISLANDS - -@Marshall Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of atolls and reefs in the North Pacific - Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Papua New Guinea - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 181.3 sq km - land area: 181.3 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetak, and Kwajalein - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 370.4 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims US territory of Wake Island - - Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border - typhoon belt - - Terrain: low coral limestone and sand islands - - Natural resources: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed - minerals - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 60% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 40% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water - natural hazards: occasional typhoons - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law - of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution - - Note: two archipelagic island chains of 30 atolls and 1,152 islands; - Bikini and Eniwetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the - famous World War II battleground, is now used as a US missile test - range - -@Marshall Islands:People - - Population: 56,157 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 51% (female 13,950; male 14,547) - 15-64 years: 47% (female 12,801; male 13,470) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 740; male 649) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.86% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 46.03 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 63.49 years - male: 61.94 years - female: 65.11 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.89 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Marshallese (singular and plural) - adjective: Marshallese - - Ethnic divisions: Micronesian - - Religions: Christian (mostly Protestant) - - Languages: English (universally spoken and is the official language), - two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, - Japanese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 93% - male: 100% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 4,800 (1986) - by occupation: NA - -@Marshall Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of the Marshall Islands - conventional short form: Marshall Islands - former: Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific - Islands) - - Digraph: RM - - Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the - Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 - - Capital: Majuro - - Administrative divisions: none - - Independence: 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN - trusteeship) - - National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall - Islands, 1 May (1979) - - Constitution: 1 May 1979 - - Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the - legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Amata KABUA (since - 1979); election last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA); results - - President Amata KABUA was reelected - cabinet: Cabinet; president selects from the parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Nitijela): elections last held 18 November 1991 (next to - be held November 1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (33 - total) independents 33 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: no formal parties; President KABUA is - chief political (and traditional) leader - - Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL - chancery: 2433 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-5414 - FAX: [1] (202) 232-3236 - consulate(s) general: Honolulu and Los Angeles - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador David C. FIELDS - embassy: address NA, Majuro - mailing address: P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall - Islands 96960-1379 - telephone: [692] 247-4011 - FAX: [692] 247-4012 - - Flag: blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - - orange (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays - and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the two stripes - -@Marshall Islands:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. - Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms, and the most - important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and - breadfruit. A few cattle ranches supply the domestic meat market. - Small-scale industry is limited to handicrafts, fish processing, and - copra. The tourist industry is the primary source of foreign exchange - and employs about 10% of the labor force. The islands have few natural - resources, and imports far exceed exports. The US Government provides - about 70% of the budget. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $75 million (1992 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6% (1992) - - National product per capita: $1,500 (1992 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1991 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $106 million - expenditures: $128.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993) - - Exports: $3.9 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: coconut oil, fish, live animals, trichus shells - partners: US, Japan, Australia - - Imports: $62.9 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, beverages and - tobacco, fuels - partners: US, Japan, Australia - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 42,000 kW - production: 80 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,840 kWh (1990) - - Industries: copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and - pearls; offshore banking (embryonic) - - Agriculture: coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, pigs, chickens - - Economic aid: - recipient: under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US - is to provide approximately $40 million in aid annually - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Marshall Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - note: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise - stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks - - Ports: Majuro - - Merchant marine: - total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,205,275 GRT/4,263,247 - DWT - ships by type: bulk carrier 23, cargo 1, combination ore/oil 1, oil - tanker 12 - - Airports: - total: 16 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - -@Marshall Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 570 telephones (Majuro) and 186 telephones (Ebeye); - telex services - local: NA - intercity: islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for - government purposes) - international: 2 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth stations; US - Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Marshall Islands:Defense Forces - - Branches: no regular military forces; Police - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MARTINIQUE - - (overseas department of France) - -@Martinique:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad - and Tobago - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 1,100 sq km - land area: 1,060 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than six times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 290 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to - October) - - Terrain: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano - - Natural resources: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 8% - meadows and pastures: 30% - forest and woodland: 26% - other: 26% - - Irrigated land: 60 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an - average of one major natural disaster every five years) - international agreements: NA - -@Martinique:People - - Population: 394,787 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 44,960; male 46,512) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 134,439; male 130,642) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 22,058; male 16,176) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.1% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 16.92 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.67 years - male: 75.94 years - female: 81.53 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Martiniquais (singular and plural) - adjective: Martiniquais - - Ethnic divisions: African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, - Caucasian 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% - - Languages: French, Creole patois - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 93% - male: 92% - female: 93% - - Labor force: 100,000 - by occupation: service industry 31.7%, construction and public works - 29.4%, agriculture 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% - -@Martinique:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Department of Martinique - conventional short form: Martinique - local long form: Departement de la Martinique - local short form: Martinique - - Digraph: MB - - Type: overseas department of France - - Capital: Fort-de-France - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France) - - Independence: none (overseas department of France) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French legal system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: Prefect Michel MORIN (since NA); President of the - General Council Claude LISE (since 22 March 1992); President of the - Regional Council Emile CAPGRAS (since 22 March 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and a unicameral - Regional Assembly - General Council: elections last held 25 September and 8 October 1988 - (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (44 total) number of seats by party NA; note - a leftist coalition - obtained a one-seat margin - Regional Assembly: elections last held on 22 March 1992 (next to be - held by March 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (41 total) RPR-UDF 16, MIM 9, PPM 9, PCM 5, independents 2 - French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, - PPM 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held NA June 1993 (next to be - held NA June 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 - total) RPR 3, FSM 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Stephen - BAGOE; Union for a Martinique of Progress (UMP); Martinique - Progressive Party (PPM), Aime CESAIRE; Socialist Federation of - Martinique (FSM), Michel YOYO; Martinique Communist Party (PCM); - Martinique Patriots (PM); Union for French Democracy (UDF), Jean - MARAN; Martinique Independence Movement (MIM), Alfred MARIE-JEANNE; - Republican Party (PR), Jean BAILLY - - Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP); - Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution Group (GRS); Caribbean - Revolutionary Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers - (CSTM), Marc PULVAR; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and - Peasants; Parti Martiniquais Socialiste (PMS); Association for the - Protection of Martinique's Heritage (ecologist) - - Member of: FZ, WCL, WFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas department of France) - - US diplomatic representation: the post closed in August 1993 (overseas - department of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@Martinique:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and - light industry. Agriculture accounts for about 10% of GDP and the - small industrial sector for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with - most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana - exports are increasing, going mostly to France. The bulk of meat, - vegetable, and grain requirements must be imported, contributing to a - chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from - France. Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as - a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the work force is - employed in the service sector and in administration. Banana workers - launched protests late in 1992 because of falling banana prices and - fears of greater competition in the European market from other - producers. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.9 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1990) - - Unemployment rate: 32.1% (1990) - - Budget: - revenues: $610 million - expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1991) - - Exports: $247 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples - partners: France 57%, Guadeloupe 31%, French Guiana (1991) - - Imports: $1.75 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction - materials, vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods - partners: France 62%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1991) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 113,100 kW - production: 700 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,677 kWh (1993) - - Industries: construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism - - Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 10% of - GDP; principal crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, - vegetables, sugarcane for rum; dependent on imported food, - particularly meat and vegetables - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for - the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), - 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Martinique:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,680 km - paved: 1,300 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 380 km - - Ports: Fort-de-France, La Trinite - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Martinique:Communications - - Telephone system: 68,900 telephones; domestic facilities are adequate - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: interisland microwave radio relay links to Guadeloupe, - Dominica, and Saint Lucia; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 10 - televisions: NA - -@Martinique:Defense Forces - - Branches: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MAURITANIA - -@Mauritania:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Senegal and Western Sahara - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1,030,700 sq km - land area: 1,030,400 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than three times the size of New - Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 5,074 km, Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, - Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km - - Coastline: 754 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: boundary with Senegal in dispute - - Climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty - - Terrain: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills - - Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 38% - forest and woodland: 5% - other: 56% - - Irrigated land: 120 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion - aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; very - limited natural fresh water resources away from the Senegal which is - the only perennial river - natural hazards: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows - primarily in March and April; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: most of the population concentrated along the Senegal River in - the southern part of the country - -@Mauritania:People - - Population: 2,263,202 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 544,674; male 551,099) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 574,282; male 542,762) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 28,955; male 21,430) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.17% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 47.32 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.66 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 83.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 48.54 years - male: 45.66 years - female: 51.54 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.92 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mauritanian(s) - adjective: Mauritanian - - Ethnic divisions: mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30% - - Religions: Muslim 100% - - Languages: Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof - (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988) - total population: 35% - male: 46% - female: 25% - - Labor force: 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980) - by occupation: agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce - 14%, government 10% - -@Mauritania:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania - conventional short form: Mauritania - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah - local short form: Muritaniyah - - Digraph: MR - - Type: republic - - Capital: Nouakchott - - Administrative divisions: 12 regions (regions, singular - region); - Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech - Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza - note: there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott - - Independence: 28 November 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1960) - - Constitution: 12 July 1991 - - Legal system: three-tier system: Islamic (Shari'a) courts, special - courts, state security courts (in the process of being eliminated) - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Col. Maaouya Ould - Sid'Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984); election last held NA January - 1992 (next to be held NA January 1998); results - President Col. - Maaouya Ould Sid 'Ahmed TAYA elected - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: bicameral legislature - Senate (Majlis al-Shuyukh): elections last held 15 April 1994 (nex to - be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats (56 - total, with 17 up for election every two years) PRDS 16, UFD/NE 1 - National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani): elections last held 6 and 13 - March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (79 total) UFD/NE 67, PMR 1, RDU 1, independents - 10 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: legalized by constitution passed 12 - July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based; emerging - parties include Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRDS), led by - President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA; Union of Democratic - Forces-New Era (UFD/NE), headed by Ahmed Ould DADDAH; Assembly for - Democracy and Unity (RDU), Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA; Popular Social and - Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; Mauritanian Party - for Renewal (PMR), Hameida BOUCHRAYA; National Avant-Garde Party - (PAN), Khattry Ould JIDDOU; Mauritanian Party of the Democratic Center - (PCDM), Bamba Ould SIDI BADI - - Other political or pressure groups: Mauritanian Workers Union (UTM) - - Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, - CAEU, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ismail Ould IYAHI (since 22 September - 1994) - chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dorothy Myers SAMPAS - embassy: address NA, Nouakchott - mailing address: B. P. 222, Nouakchott - telephone: [222] (2) 526-60, 526-63 - FAX: [222] (2) 515-92 - - Flag: green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal - crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, - and color green are traditional symbols of Islam - -@Mauritania:Economy - - Overview: A majority of the population still depends on agriculture - and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and - many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent - droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of - iron ore, which account for almost 50% of total exports. The decline - in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in - production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing - areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this - key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near - Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, drought and economic - mismanagement have resulted in a substantial buildup of foreign debt. - The government has begun the second stage of an economic reform - program in consultation with the World Bank, the IMF, and major donor - countries. Short-term growth prospects are gloomy because of the heavy - debt service burden, rapid population growth, and vulnerability to - climatic conditions. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.4 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,110 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 20% (1991 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $280 million - expenditures: $346 million, including capital expenditures of $61 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $401 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: iron ore, fish and fish products - partners: Japan 27%, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg - - Imports: $378 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital - goods - partners: Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3%, France, Germany, Spain, Italy - - External debt: $1.9 billion (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for almost 30% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 110,000 kW - production: 135 million kWh - consumption per capita: 61 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum - - Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP (including fishing); largely - subsistence farming and nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in - Senegal river valley; crops - dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish - products number-one export; large food deficit in years of drought - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $277 million; Arab Development Bank - (1991), $20 million - - Currency: 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums - - Exchange rates: ouguiyas (UM) per US$1 - 125.910 (January 1995), - 123.575 (1994), 120.806 (1993),87.027 (1992), 81.946 (1991), 80.609 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Mauritania:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 690 km (single track); note - owned and operated by government - mining company - standard gauge: 690 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 7,525 km - paved: 1,685 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, otherwise improved 1,040 km; - unimproved earth 4,800 km (roads, trails, tracks) - - Inland waterways: mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River - - Ports: Bogue, Kaedi, Nouadhibou, Nouakchott, Rosso - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 28 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - -@Mauritania:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; poor system of cable and open-wire - lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radio communications - stations (improvements being made) - local: NA - intercity: mostly cable and open wire lines - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 ARABSAT earth - stations, with six planned - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Mauritania:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, - National Police, Presidential Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 483,916; males fit for military - service 236,323 - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $36 million, 2.7% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MAURITIUS - -@Mauritius:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of - Madagascar - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 1,860 sq km - land area: 1,850 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 10.5 times the size of - Washington, DC - note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint - Brandon), and Rodrigues - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 177 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, - which includes the island of Diego Garcia in UK-administered British - Indian Ocean Territory; claims French-administered Tromelin Island - - Climate: tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter - (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) - - Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains - encircling central plateau - - Natural resources: arable land, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 54% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 170 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution - natural hazards: cyclones (November to April); almost completely - surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law - of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection - -@Mauritius:People - - Population: 1,127,068 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 28% (female 152,892; male 158,891) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 376,049; male 372,910) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 39,088; male 27,238) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.89% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.91 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 17.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.84 years - male: 66.9 years - female: 74.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mauritian(s) - adjective: Mauritian - - Ethnic divisions: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, - Franco-Mauritian 2% - - Religions: Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant - 2.3%), Muslim 16.6%, other 3.1% - - Languages: English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, - Bojpoori - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 80% - male: 85% - female: 75% - - Labor force: 335,000 - by occupation: government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, - manufacturing 22%, other 22% - -@Mauritius:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius - conventional short form: Mauritius - - Digraph: MP - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Port Louis - - Administrative divisions: 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega - Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, - Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, - Rodrigues*, Savanne - - Independence: 12 March 1968 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March (1968) - - Constitution: 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of - English common law in certain areas - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992); Vice - President Rabindranath GHURBURRON (since 1 July 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June - 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly: elections last held on 15 September 1991 (next - to be held by 15 September 1996); results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; - seats - (66 total) MSM/MMM alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2), - MLP/PMSD 4 (MLP 3, PMSD 1); note - the Supreme Court denied the - assignment of 3 seats to the MSM - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - government coalition: Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH; - Mauritian Militant Resurgence (RMM), Prem NABABSING (less 10 - legislators under the leadership of Paul BERENGER, now voting with the - opposition); Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), X. DUVAL; - Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; - Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO - opposition: Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN; - MMM-Berenger Faction, Paul BERENGER; Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio - MICHEL - - Other political or pressure groups: various labor unions - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Anund Priyay NEEWOOR - chancery: Suite 441, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 244-1491, 1492 - FAX: [1] (202) 966-0983 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Leslie M. ALEXANDER - embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [230] 208-9763 through 9767 - FAX: [230] 208-9534 - - Flag: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and - green - -@Mauritius:Economy - - Overview: Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a - low income, agriculturally based economy to middle income diversified - economy with growing industrial and tourist sectors. For most of the - period annual growth has been of the order of 5% to 6%. This - remarkable achievement has been reflected in increased life - expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much improved - infrastructure. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land - area and accounts for 40% of export earnings. The government's - development strategy centers on industrialization (with a view to - modernization and to exports), agricultural diversification, and - tourism. Economic performance in 1991-93 continued strong with solid - real growth and low unemployment. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.3 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.7% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $8,600 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.4% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 2.4% (1991 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $653 million - expenditures: $567 million, including capital expenditures of $143 - million (FY92/93 est.) - - Exports: $1.32 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% - partners: EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15% - - Imports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs - 13%, petroleum products 8%, chemicals 7% - partners: EC, US, South Africa, Japan - - External debt: $996.8 million (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1992); accounts for 25% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 340,000 kW - production: 920 million kWh - consumption per capita: 777 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing - apparel, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical - machinery, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in - sugarcane; other products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, - cattle, goats, fish; net food importer, especially rice and fish - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug - trade; heroin consumption and transshipment are growing problems - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; - Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist - countries (1970-89), $54 million - - Currency: 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 17.755 (January - 1995), 17.960 (1994), 17.648 (1993), 15.563 (1992), 15.652 (1991), - 14.839 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Mauritius:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,800 km - paved: 1,640 km - unpaved: earth 160 km - - Ports: Port Louis - - Merchant marine: - total: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 191,703 GRT/297,347 DWT - ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 8, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 1, - passenger-cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Mauritius:Communications - - Telephone system: over 48,000 telephones; small system with good - service - local: NA - intercity: utilizes primarily microwave radio relay - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station; new microwave - link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 - televisions: NA - -@Mauritius:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Police Force (includes the paramilitary Special - Mobile Force or SMF, Special Support Units or SSU, and National Coast - Guard) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 321,947; males fit for military - service 163,904 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $11.2 million, 0.4% - of GDP (FY92/93) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MAYOTTE - - (territorial collectivity of France) - -@Mayotte:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about - one-half of the way from northern Madagascar to northern Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 375 sq km - land area: 375 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 185.2 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Comoros - - Climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during - northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to - November) - - Terrain: generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep - ravines - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: cyclones during rainy season - international agreements: NA - - Note: part of Comoro Archipelago - -@Mayotte:People - - Population: 97,088 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 49% (female 23,910; male 24,120) - 15-64 years: 48% (female 22,824; male 23,935) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 1,165; male 1,134) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.8% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 48.44 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.46 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 77.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 58.27 years - male: 56.04 years - female: 60.57 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.71 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mahorais (singular and plural) - adjective: Mahoran - - Ethnic divisions: NA - - Religions: Muslim 99%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) - - Languages: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - -@Mayotte:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte - conventional short form: Mayotte - - Digraph: MF - - Type: territorial collectivity of France - - Capital: Mamoutzou - - Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France) - - Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: Prefect Jean-Jacques DERACQ (since NA); President - of the General Council Younoussa BAMANA (since NA 1976) - - Legislative branch: unicameral - General Council (Conseil General): elections last held NA March 1994 - (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (19 total) MPM 12, RPR 4, independents 3 - French Senate: elections last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be - held NA September 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (1 total) MPM 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 - (next to be held NA 1998); results - UDF-CDS 54.3%, RPR 44.3%; seats - - (1 total) UDF-CDS 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) - - Political parties and leaders: Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), - Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM), - Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic (RPR), Mansour - KAMARDINE; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Maoulida AHMED; Center of - Social Democrats (CDS), - - Member of: FZ - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territorial collectivity of - France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territorial collectivity of - France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@Mayotte:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural - sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not - self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food - requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development - of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance. - Mayotte's remote location is an obstacle to the development of - tourism. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $54 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $600 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1985 est.) - - Exports: $4 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: ylang-ylang, vanilla - partners: France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% - - Imports: $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: building materials, transportation equipment, rice, - clothing, flour - partners: France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: NA kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh - - Industries: newly created lobster and shrimp industry - - Agriculture: most important sector; provides all export earnings; - crops - vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of - food needs - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $402 million - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), - 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Mayotte:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 42 km - paved: bituminous 18 km - unpaved: 24 km - - Ports: Dzaoudzi - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Mayotte:Communications - - Telephone system: 450 telephones; small system administered by French - Department of Posts and Telecommunications - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: radio relay and high-frequency radio communications for - links to Comoros and international communications - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Mayotte:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MEXICO - -@Mexico:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of - Mexico, between Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific - Ocean, between Guatamala and the US - - Map references: North America - - Area: - total area: 1,972,550 sq km - land area: 1,923,040 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US - 3,326 km - - Coastline: 9,330 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims Clipperton Island (French possession) - - Climate: varies from tropical to desert - - Terrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, - and desert - - Natural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, - natural gas, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 12% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 39% - forest and woodland: 24% - other: 24% - - Irrigated land: 51,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in - north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; - raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; - deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air - pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico - border - natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, destructive - earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf and - Caribbean coasts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, - Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification - - Note: strategic location on southern border of US - -@Mexico:People - - Population: 93,985,848 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 37% (female 17,028,091; male 17,631,110) - 15-64 years: 59% (female 28,429,663; male 26,866,886) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 2,184,998; male 1,845,100) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.9% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 26.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.64 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.34 years - male: 69.74 years - female: 77.11 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.09 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mexican(s) - adjective: Mexican - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or - predominantly Amerindian 30%, Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, - other 1% - - Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% - - Languages: Spanish, various Mayan dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 88% - male: 90% - female: 85% - - Labor force: 26.2 million (1990) - by occupation: services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and - fishing 28%, commerce 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, - transportation 4.7%, mining and quarrying 1.5% - -@Mexico:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: United Mexican States - conventional short form: Mexico - local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos - local short form: Mexico - - Digraph: MX - - Type: federal republic operating under a centralized government - - Capital: Mexico - - Administrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 - federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, - Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de - Zaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, - Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo - Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro de Arteaga, Quintana Roo, San Luis - Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, - Veracruz-Llave, Yucatan, Zacatecas - - Independence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810) - - Constitution: 5 February 1917 - - Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law - system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced) - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Ernesto ZEDILLO Ponce - de Leon (since 1 December 1994); election last held on 21 August 1994 - (next to be held NA); results - Ernesto ZEDILLO Ponce de Leon (PRI) - 50.18%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 17.08%, Diego FERNANDEZ de - Cevallos (PAN) 26.69%; other 6.049% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) - - Senate (Camara de Senadores): elections last held on 21 August 1994 - (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats in - full Senate - (128 total; Senate expanded from 64 seats at the last - election) PRI 93, PRD 25, PAN 10 - Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held on 24 - August 1994 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (500 total) PRI 300, PAN 119, PRD 71, PFCRN 10 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) - - Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional - Revolutionary Party (PRI), Maria de los Angeles MORENO; National - Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), - Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), - Porfirio MUNOZ Ledo; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction - Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the - Mexican Revolution (PARM), Rosa Maria MARTINEZ Denagri; Democratic - Forum Party (PFD), Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Green Ecologist Party - (PVEM), Jorge GONZALEZ Torres - - Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church; - Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederation of Industrial - Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce - (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary - Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and - Peasants (CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); - Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); - National Chamber of Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA); - Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE); - Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services (FESEBES) - - Member of: AG (observer), APEC, BCIE, CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, - CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G- 6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, - LAIA, NAM (observer), OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jesus SILVA HERZOG Flores - chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, - Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Antonio, San - Diego, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) - consulate(s): Albuquerque, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), - Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Eagle - Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Loredo, McAllen (Texas), Midland - (Texas), Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California), Philadelphia, - Phoenix, Sacramento, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San - Jose, Santa Ana, Seattle - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador James R. JONES - embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, - Distrito Federal - mailing address: P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087 - telephone: [52] (5) 211-0042 - FAX: [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373 - consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana - consulate(s): Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nuevo Laredo - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and - red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in - its beak) is centered in the white band - -@Mexico:Economy - - Overview: Mexico, under the guidance of new President Ernesto ZEDILLO, - entered 1995 in the midst of a severe financial crisis. Mexico's - membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the - United States and Canada, its solid record of economic reforms, and - its strong growth in the second and third quarters of 1994 - at an - annual rate of 3.8% and 4.5% respectively - seemed to augur bright - prospects for 1995. However, an overvalued exchange rate and widening - current account deficits created an imbalance that ultimately proved - unsustainable. To finance the trade gap, Mexico City had become - increasingly reliant on volatile portfolio investment. A series of - political shocks in 1994 - an uprising in the southern state of - Chiapas, the assassination of a presidential candidate, several high - profile kidnappings, the killing of a second high-level political - figure, and renewed threats from the Chiapas rebels - combined with - rising international interest rates and concerns of a devaluation to - undermine investor confidence and prompt massive outflows of capital. - The dwindling of foreign exchange reserves, which the central bank had - been using to defend the currency, forced the new administration to - change the exchange rate policy and allow the currency to float freely - in the last days of 1994. The adjustment roiled Mexican financial - markets, leading to a 30% to 40% weakening of the peso relative to the - dollar. ZEDILLO announced an emergency economic program that included - federal budget cuts and plans for more privatizations, but it failed - to restore investor confidence quickly. While the devaluation is - likely to help Mexican exporters, whose products are now cheaper, it - also raises the specter of an inflationary spiral if domestic - producers increase their prices and workers demand wage hikes. - Although strong economic fundamentals bode well for Mexico's - longer-term outlook, prospects for solid growth and low inflation have - deteriorated considerably, at least through 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $728.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $7,900 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.1% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 9.8% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $96.99 billion (1994 est.) - expenditures: $96.51 billion (1994 est.), including capital - expenditures of $NA (1994 est.) - - Exports: $60.8 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.), includes in-bond - industries - commodities: crude oil, oil products, coffee, silver, engines, motor - vehicles, cotton, consumer electronics - partners: US 82%, Japan 1.4%, EC 5% (1993 est.) - - Imports: $79.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.), includes in-bond - industries - commodities: metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural - machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts - for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts - partners: US 74%, Japan 4.7%, EC 11% (1993 est.) - - External debt: $128 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.5% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 28,780,000 kW - production: 122 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,239 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, - petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer - durables, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP; large number of small farms at - subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; cash - crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis - continues in spite of government eradication program; major supplier - of heroin and marijuana to the US market; continues as the primary - transshipment country for US-bound cocaine and marijuana from South - America; increasingly involved in the production and distribution of - methamphetamine - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $7.7 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million - - Currency: 1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 6.736 - (average in March 1995), 5.5133 (January 1995), 3.3751 (1994), 3.1156 - (1993), 3,094.9 (1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990) - note: the new peso replaced the old peso on 1 January 1993; 1 new peso - = 1,000 old pesos - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Mexico:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 24,500 km - standard gauge: 24,410 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 93 km 0.914-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 242,300 km - paved: 84,800 km (including 3,166 km of expressways) - unpaved: gravel and earth 157,500 km - - Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals - - Pipelines: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural - gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km - - Ports: Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, La Paz, - Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, Salina Cruz, Tampico, - Topolobampo, Tuxpan, Veracruz - - Merchant marine: - total: 59 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 949,271 GRT/1,340,595 DWT - - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 2, chemical tanker 4, container 7, - liquefied gas tanker 7, oil tanker 30, refrigerated cargo 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 4 - - Airports: - total: 2,055 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 25 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 82 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 75 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1,262 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 60 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 539 - -@Mexico:Communications - - Telephone system: 6,410,000 telephones; highly developed system with - extensive microwave radio relay links; privatized in December 1990 - local: adequate phone service for business and government, but, at a - density of less than 7 telephones/100 persons, the population is - poorly served - intercity: includes 120 domestic satellite terminals and an extensive - network of microwave radio relay links - international: 5 INTELSAT (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth - stations; connected into Central America Microwave System; launched - Solidarity I satellite in November 1993 - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 679, FM 0, shortwave 22 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 238 - televisions: NA - -@Mexico:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Defense (includes Army and Air Force), Navy - (includes Marines) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 23,354,445; males fit for - military service 17,029,788; males reach military age (18) annually - 1,054,513 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island group in the North Pacific Ocean, about - three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Indonesia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 702 sq km - land area: 702 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of - Washington, DC - note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and Kosrae - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 6,112 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the - eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with - occasional severe damage - - Terrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to - low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk - - Natural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons (June to December) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law - of the Sea - - Note: four major island groups totaling 607 islands - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:People - - Population: 122,950 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 3.35% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 28.12 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 36.52 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 67.81 years - male: 65.84 years - female: 69.81 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.98 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Micronesian(s) - adjective: Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese - - Ethnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups - - Religions: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, other and none 3% - - Languages: English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, - Yapese, Kosrean - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 89% - male: 91% - female: 88% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: two-thirds are government employees - note: 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65 - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia - conventional short form: none - former: Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of - the Pacific Islands) - - Abbreviation: FSM - - Digraph: FM - - Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the - Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 - - Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei) - note: a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the - Palikir valley - - Administrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap - - Independence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN - Trusteeship) - - National holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, - 10 May (1979) - - Constitution: 10 May 1979 - - Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the - legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Bailey OLTER (since - 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since 21 May 1991); election - last held 11 May 1991 (next to be held 7 March 1995); results - Bailey - OLTER elected president; Jacob NENA elected vice-president - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Congress: elections last held 5 March 1991 (next to be held 7 March - 1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total) independents - 14 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: no formal parties - - Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, - SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU - chancery: 1725 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 223-4383 - FAX: [1] (202) 223-4391 - consulate(s) general: Honolulu and Tamuning (Guam) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador March Fong EU - embassy: address NA, Kolonia - mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of - Micronesia 96941 - telephone: [691] 320-2187 - FAX: [691] 320-2186 - - Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the - stars are arranged in a diamond pattern - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming - and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, - except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry - exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate - facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the - primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in - the islands in the 1990s. Geographical isolation and a poorly - developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $160 million (1990 - est.) - note: GDP was supplemented by approximately $100 million in grant aid - in 1990 - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994) - - National product per capita: $1,500 (1990 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 27% (1989) - - Budget: - revenues: $45 million - expenditures: $31 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY94/95 est.) - - Exports: $3.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: fish, copra, bananas, black pepper - partners: Japan, US - - Imports: $91.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: food, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, - beverages - partners: US, Japan, Australia - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 18,000 kW - production: 40 million kWh - consumption per capita: 380 kWh (1990) - - Industries: tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from - shell, wood, and pearls - - Agriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical - fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, - chickens - - Economic aid: - recipient: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will - provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 226 km - paved: 39 km (on major islands) - unpaved: stone, coral, laterite 187 km - - Ports: Colonia (Yap), Kolonia (Pohnpei), Lele, Moen - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Communications - - Telephone system: 960 telephones on Kolonia and Truk - local: NA - intercity: islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for - government purposes - international: 4 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 1, shortwave 1 - radios: 16,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 6 - televisions: 1,125 (1987 est.) - -@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MIDWAY ISLANDS - - (territory of the US) - -@Midway Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third - of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 5.2 sq km - land area: 5.2 sq km - comparative area: about 9 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC - - note: includes Eastern Island and Sand Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 15 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds - - Terrain: low, nearly level - - Natural resources: fish, wildlife - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: a coral atoll; closed to the public - -@Midway Islands:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US - military personnel (July 1995 est.) - -@Midway Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Midway Islands - - Digraph: MQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, - under Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific Division; this - facility has been operationally closed since 10 September 1993 and is - currently being transferred from Pacific Fleet to Naval Facilities - Engineering Command via a Memorandum of Understanding - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - - Flag: the US flag is used - -@Midway Islands:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based on providing support services for US - naval operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured - goods must be imported. - - Electricity: supplied by US Military - -@Midway Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 32 km - paved: NA - - Pipelines: 7.8 km - - Ports: Sand Island - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Midway Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Midway Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MOLDOVA - -@Moldova:Geography - - Location: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States - - Area: - total area: 33,700 sq km - land area: 33,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii - - Land boundaries: total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by - Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was - incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the - Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940 - - Climate: moderate winters, warm summers - - Terrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea - - Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum - - Land use: - arable land: 50% - permanent crops: 13% - meadows and pastures: 9% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 28% - - Irrigated land: 2,920 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned - pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; - extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change - - Note: landlocked - -@Moldova:People - - Population: 4,489,657 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 27% (female 588,155; male 609,372) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 1,487,170; male 1,386,293) - 65 years and over: 9% (female 258,958; male 159,709) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.36% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 29.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.22 years - male: 64.81 years - female: 71.8 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Moldovan(s) - adjective: Moldovan - - Ethnic divisions: Moldavian/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian - 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures) - - note: internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the - Dniester region and Gagauz Turks in the south - - Religions: Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about - 1,000 members) (1991) - note: the large majority of churchgoers are ethnic Moldavian - - Languages: Moldovan (official; virtually the same as the Romanian - language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 96% - male: 99% - female: 94% - - Labor force: 2.03 million (January 1994) - by occupation: agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 - figures) - -@Moldova:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Moldova - conventional short form: Moldova - local long form: Republica Moldova - local short form: none - former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia - - Digraph: MD - - Type: republic - - Capital: Chisinau - - Administrative divisions: previously divided into 40 rayons; new - districts possible under new constitution in 1994 - - Independence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August 1991 - - Constitution: new constitution adopted NA July 1994; replaces old - Soviet constitution of 1979 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of - legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but - accepts many UN and OSCE documents - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990); - election last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - - Mircea SNEGUR ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote; note - President - SNEGUR was named executive president by the Supreme Soviet on 3 - September 1990 and was confirmed by popular election on 8 December - 1991 - head of government: Prime Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992; - reappointed 5 April 1994 after elections for new legislature); First - Deputy Prime Minister Ion GUTU (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held 27 February 1994 (next to be held NA - 1999); results - percent by party NA; seats - (104 total) - Agrarian-Democratic Party 56, Socialist/Yedinstvo Bloc 28, Peasants - and Intellectual Bloc 11, Christian Democratic Popular Front 9 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Popular Front - (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Iurie ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo - Intermovement, Vladimir SOLONARI, chairman; Social Democratic Party, - Oazu NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian-Democratic Party, - Dumitru MOTPAN, chairman; Democratic Party, Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman; - Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman; Reform Party, - Anatol SELARU; Republican Party, Victor PUSCAS; Socialist Party, - Valeriu SENIC, cochairman; Communist Party, Vladimir VORONIN, - cochairman; Peasants and Intellectuals Bloc - - Other political or pressure groups: United Council of Labor - Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Congress of Intellectuals, - Alexandru MOSANU; The Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, - chairman; The Christian Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), - L. LARI, chairman; National Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. - TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples Movement Gagauz - Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of Gagauzia - (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of - Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for Greater - Romania; Stefan the Great Movement; Liberal Convention of Moldova; - Association of Victims of Repression; Christian Democratic Youth - League - - Member of: BSEC, CE (guest), CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, - IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, - NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Nicolae TAU - chancery: Suites 329, 333, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 783-3012 - FAX: [1] (202) 783-3342 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON - embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [373] (2) 23-37-72 - FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44 - - Flag: same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue - (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman - eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a - yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons - and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield - divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, - rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow - -@Moldova:Economy - - Overview: Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has - no major mineral deposits. As a result, Moldova's economy is primarily - based on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. - Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, - and energy shortages have contributed to sharp production declines - since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Moldovan government - is making steady progress on an ambitious economic reform agenda, and - the IMF has called Moldova a model for the region. As part of its - reform efforts, Chisinau has introduced a stable currency, freed all - prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises and - backed their steady privatization, removed export controls, and freed - interest rates. Chisinau appears strongly committed to continuing - these reforms in 1995. Meanwhile, privatization of medium and large - enterprises got underway in mid-1994 and is expected to pick up speed - in 1995. To improve its precarious energy situation, Chisinau reached - an agreement with Moscow in December 1994 on gas deliveries for 1995. - Gazprom, Russia's national gas company, has agreed to reduce prices - for natural gas deliveries to Moldova from the world market price of - $80/thousand cubic meters (tcm) to $58/tcm in return for part - ownership of the Moldovan pipeline system. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $11.9 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -30% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,670 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.6% per month (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 1% (includes only officially registered unemployed; - large numbers of underemployed workers) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - note: budget deficit for 1993 approximately 6% of GDP - - Exports: $144 million to outside the FSU countries (1994); over 70% of - exports go to FSU countries - commodities: foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, - machinery, chemicals (1991) - partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania, Germany - - Imports: $174 million from outside the FSU countries (1994); over 70% - of imports are from FSU countries - commodities: oil, gas, coal, steel, machinery, foodstuffs, - automobiles, and other consumer durables - partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania, Germany - - External debt: $300 million (as of 11 December 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -30% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,000,000 kW - production: 8.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,830 kWh (1994) - - Industries: key products are canned food, agricultural machinery, - foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, - hosiery, refined sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles - - Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP; Moldova's principal - economic activity; products are vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar - beets, sunflower seed, meat, milk, tobacco - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis; mostly - for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western - Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: joint EC-US loan (1993), $127 million; IMF STF credit - (1993), $64 million; IMF stand-by loan (1993), $72 million; US - commitments (1992-93), $61 million in humanitarian aid, $11 million in - technical assistance; World Bank loan (1993), $60 million; Russia - (1993), 50 billion ruble credit; Romania (1993), 20 billion lei credit - - Currency: the leu (plural lei) was introduced in late 1993 - - Exchange rates: lei per US$1 - 4.277 (22 December 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Moldova:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,150 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 1,150 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 20,000 km - paved or graveled: 13,900 km - unpaved: earth 6,100 km (1990) - - Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992) - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 26 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 8 - -@Moldova:Communications - - Telephone system: 577,000 telephones; 134 telephones/1,000 persons; - telecommunication system not well developed; 215,000 unsatisfied - requests for telephone service (1991) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international connections to the other former Soviet - republics by land line and microwave radio relay through Ukraine, and - to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international - gateway switch; 1 EUTELSAT and 1 INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Moldova:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security - Forces (internal and border troops) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,116,912; males fit for - military service 881,642; males reach military age (18) annually - 35,447 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, 2% of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MONACO - -@Monaco:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, on the - southern coast of France, near the border with Italy - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 1.9 sq km - land area: 1.9 sq km - comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in - Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km - - Coastline: 4.1 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers - - Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law of - the Sea - - Note: second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See); - almost entirely urban - -@Monaco:People - - Population: 31,515 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 17% (female 2,691; male 2,740) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 10,233; male 9,645) - 65 years and over: 20% (female 3,939; male 2,267) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.7% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 10.66 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.12 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 8.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.9 years - male: 74.18 years - female: 81.8 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) - adjective: Monacan or Monegasque - - Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95% - - Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - -@Monaco:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Principality of Monaco - conventional short form: Monaco - local long form: Principaute de Monaco - local short form: Monaco - - Digraph: MN - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Monaco - - Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); - Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo - - Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi) - - National holiday: National Day, 19 November - - Constitution: 17 December 1962 - - Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 25 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir - Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) - head of government: Minister of State Paul DIJOUD (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Government; under the authority of the Prince - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Council (Conseil National): elections last held 24 and 31 - January 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (18 total) Campora List 15, Medecin List 2, independent 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND); - Campora List, Anne-Marie CAMPORA; Medecin List, Jean-Louis MEDECIN - - Member of: ACCT, ECE, IAEA, ICAO, ICRM, IFRCS, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - honorary consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New - Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) - honorary consulate(s): Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and - Washington, DC - - US diplomatic representation: no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul - General in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to - the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is - white (top) and red - -@Monaco:Economy - - Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a - popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant - climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into - services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The - state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax - haven both for individuals who have established residence and for - foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% - of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, - banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from - tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to - those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $558 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $18,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NEGL% - - Budget: - revenues: $424 million - expenditures: $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1991 est.) - - Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and - rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system - through customs union with France - - Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and - rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system - through customs union with France - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,000 kW standby; power imported from France - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993) - - Agriculture: none - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9243 (January 1995), - 5.520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Monaco:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1.7 km - standard gauge: 1.7 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: none; city streets - - Ports: Monaco - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: linked to airport in Nice, France, by helicopter service - -@Monaco:Communications - - Telephone system: 38,200 telephones; automatic telephone system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: no satellite links; served by cable into the French - communications system - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 - televisions: NA - -@Monaco:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MONGOLIA - -@Mongolia:Geography - - Location: Northern Asia, north of China - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 1.565 million sq km - land area: 1.565 million sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska - - Land boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature - ranges) - - Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and - southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast - - Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, - phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 79% - forest and woodland: 10% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: 770 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; policies of the - former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial - growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the - environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration of - factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air; - deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to - agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and - rain; desertification - natural hazards: duststorms can occur in the spring - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia - -@Mongolia:People - - Population: 2,493,615 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 495,919; male 511,464) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 693,037; male 693,776) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 54,991; male 44,428) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 32.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.54 years - male: 64.28 years - female: 68.92 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.26 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mongolian(s) - adjective: Mongolian - - Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other - 2% - - Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% - note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist - regime - - Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural - note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including - a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor - -@Mongolia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Mongolia - local long form: none - local short form: Mongol Uls - former: Outer Mongolia - - Digraph: MG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Ulaanbaatar - - Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and - 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, - Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, - Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, - Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs - - Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China) - - National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921) - - Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992 - - Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; - no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September - 1990); election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); - results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with - 57.8% of the vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) - head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August - 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn - PUREVDORJ (since NA) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural - - Legislative branch: unicameral - State Great Hural: elections held for the first time 28 June 1992 - (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of Mongolia 4, MSDP 1 - note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's - and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower - courts - - Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party - (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general; Mongolian - National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman; Mongolian - Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman; United Party of - Mongolia, leader NA - note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990 - - Member of: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAAGIW - chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 - FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON - embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar - mailing address: c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, Big - Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 - telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606 - FAX: [976] (1) 320776 - - Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, - centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem - ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric - representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang - symbol) - -@Mongolia:Economy - - Overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide - expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. - Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the - breeding of livestock. In past years extensive mineral resources had - been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its - height amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, - copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part - of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important - sectors. The Mongolian leadership has been gradually making the - transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy - through privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from - international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy, - however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the - country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships, with - one-fourth of the population below the poverty line. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,800 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) - note: deficit of $67 million - - Exports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, - hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals - partners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992) - - Imports: $361 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial - consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea - partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for - about 42% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 900,000 kW - production: 3.1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,267 kWh (1993) - - Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, - food and beverage, mining (particularly coal) - - Agriculture: accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for - about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily - sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, - barley, potatoes, forage - - Economic aid: NA - - Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos - - Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 415.34 (January 1995), - 412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990) - note: the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 - and was in force to the end of 1992; beginning 27 May 1993 the - exchange rate is the midpoint of the average buying and selling rates - that are freely determined on the basis of market transactions between - commercial banks and the nonbank public - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Mongolia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,750 km - broad gauge: 1,750 km 1.524-m gauge (1988) - - Highways: - total: 46,700 km - paved: 1,000 km - unpaved: 45,700 km (1988) - - Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988) - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 34 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 - -@Mongolia:Communications - - Telephone system: 63,000 telephones (1989) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: at least 1 satellite earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: 220,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 (provincial repeaters - 18) - televisions: 120,000 - -@Mongolia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces - and Frontier Guards), Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 605,633; males fit for military - service 394,433; males reach military age (18) annually 25,862 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million, 1% of - GDP (1992) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MONTSERRAT - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Montserrat:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto - Rico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 100 sq km - land area: 100 sq km - comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 40 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal - lowland - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 10% - forest and woodland: 40% - other: 30% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared - for cultivation - natural hazards: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic - eruptions (there are seven active volcanoes on the island) - international agreements: NA - -@Montserrat:People - - Population: 12,738 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 0.3% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.5 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.81 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 11.69 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.69 years - male: 73.93 years - female: 77.49 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Montserratian(s) - adjective: Montserratian - - Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans - - Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, - Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations - - Languages: English - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 97% - male: 97% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 5,100 - by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%, - construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, - manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other - 14.4% (1983 est.) - -@Montserrat:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Montserrat - - Digraph: MH - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Plymouth - - Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, - Saint Peter's - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second - Saturday of June) - - Constitution: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989 - - Legal system: English common law and statute law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor Frank SAVAGE (since NA February 1993) - head of government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since NA October - 1991) - cabinet: Executive Council; consists of the governor, the chief - minister, three other ministries, the attorney-general, and the - finance secretary - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council: elections last held 8 October 1991; results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP - 1, PLM 1, independent 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben - T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National - Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE - - Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL - (subbureau), OECS, WCL - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the - flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp - with her arm around a black cross - -@Montserrat:Economy - - Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity - centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important - sector and accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts - for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent - on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. - Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $55.6 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,380 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: NA - - Budget: - revenues: $12.1 million - expenditures: $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 - million (1988 est.) - - Exports: $2.8 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, - live plants, cattle - partners: NA - - Imports: $80.6 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, - manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials - partners: NA - - External debt: $2.05 million (1987) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 5,271 kW - production: 17 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,106 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic - appliances - - Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - - tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially - livestock products - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $90 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Montserrat:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 280 km - paved: 200 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 80 km - - Ports: Plymouth - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Montserrat:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Montserrat:Defense Forces - - Branches: Police Force - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MOROCCO - -@Morocco:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the - Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 446,550 sq km - land area: 446,300 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than California - - Land boundaries: total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 - km - - Coastline: 1,835 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but - sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; - the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since - September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de - soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of - Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of - Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas - - Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior - - Terrain: northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areas - of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains - - Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, - salt - - Land use: - arable land: 18% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 28% - forest and woodland: 12% - other: 41% - - Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosion - resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of - vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of - reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters - natural hazards: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject - to earthquakes; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Marine - Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection - - Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar - -@Morocco:People - - Population: 29,168,848 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 38% (female 5,486,176; male 5,659,410) - 15-64 years: 58% (female 8,456,525; male 8,327,560) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 641,236; male 597,941) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.09% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 27.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 45.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.98 years - male: 67.03 years - female: 71.02 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.69 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Moroccan(s) - adjective: Moroccan - - Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% - - Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% - - Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the - language of business, government, and diplomacy - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 50% - male: 61% - female: 38% - - Labor force: 7.4 million - by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% - (1985) - -@Morocco:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco - conventional short form: Morocco - local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah - local short form: Al Maghrib - - Digraph: MO - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Rabat - - Administrative divisions: 36 provinces and 5 wilayas*; Agadir, Al - Hoceima, Assa-Zag, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, - Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Sraghna, Er Rachidia, - Essaouira, Es Smara, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, - Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech*, - Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi - Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, - Tiznit - - Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France) - - National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King - Hassan II's accession to the throne) - - Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992 - - Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law - system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber - of Supreme Court - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) - head of government: Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the King - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab): two-thirds elected by - direct, universal suffrage and one-third by an electoral college of - government, professional, and labor representatives; direct, popular - elections last held 15 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats (333 total, 222 directly elected) - USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS 6, PDI 3, - SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect, special interest elections last held 17 - September 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (333 total, 111 indirectly elected) UC 27, MP 18, - RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura and Istiqlal 6, USFP 4, - PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - opposition: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Mohammad - al-YAZGHI; Istiqlal Party (IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progress - and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA; Organization of Democratic and Popular - Action (OADP), leader NA - pro-government: Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; Popular - Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND), - Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement (MNP), Mahjoubi - AHARDANE - independents: National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; - Democracy and Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA), - Abdullah SENHAJI; Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NA - labor unions and community organizations (indirect elections) only): - Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), Nabir AMAOUI; General Union - of Moroccan Workers (UGTM), Abderrazzak AFILAL; Moroccan Union of - Workers (UTM), leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA - - Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, - EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSA - chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982 - FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG - embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat - mailing address: PSC 74, Box 003, APO AE 09718 - telephone: [212] (7) 76 22 65 - FAX: [212] (7) 76 56 61 - consulate(s) general: Casablanca - - Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as - Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional - color of Islam - -@Morocco:Economy - - Overview: Morocco faces the typical problems of developing countries - - restraining government spending, reducing constraints on private - activity and foreign trade, and keeping inflation within bounds. Since - the early 1980s the government has pursued an economic program toward - these objectives with the support of the IMF, the World Bank, and the - Paris Club of creditors. The economy has substantial assets to draw - on: the world's largest phosphate reserves, diverse agricultural and - fishing resources, a sizable tourist industry, a growing manufacturing - sector, and remittances from Moroccans working abroad. A severe - drought in 1992-93 depressed economic activity and held down exports. - Real GDP contracted by 4.4% in 1992 and 1.1% in 1993. Despite these - setbacks, initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the - banking sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in - 1993-94. Favorable rainfall in 1994 boosted agricultural production by - 40%. Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and vulnerability to - external economic forces remain long-term problems for Morocco. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $87.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,060 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $8.1 billion - expenditures: $8.9 billion (1994 est.) - - Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer - goods 21%, phosphates 17% - partners: EU 70%, Japan 5%, US 4%, Libya 3%, India 2% (1993) - - Imports: $7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials - 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods - 9% - partners: EC 59%, US 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 3%, Russia 2% (1993) - - External debt: $20.5 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 0.1% accounts for 28% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,620,000 kW - production: 9.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 361 kWh (1993) - - Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, - leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of - export value; not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and - livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, - vegetables, olives - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the - increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments - of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; US - commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $123.6 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; - OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries - (1970-89), $2.5 billion - note: $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby - agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991) - - Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 2.892 (January 1995), - 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Morocco:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,893 km - standard gauge: 1,893 km 1.435-m gauge (974 km electrified; 246 km - double track) - - Highways: - total: 59,474 km - paved: 29,440 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, unimproved earth - 30,034 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; - natural gas 241 km - - Ports: Agadir, Al Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, - Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta - and Melilla - - Merchant marine: - total: 38 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 183,951 GRT/273,057 DWT - ships by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 9, container 2, oil tanker 4, - refrigerated cargo 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 74 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 11 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 13 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 24 - -@Morocco:Communications - - Telephone system: 280,000 telephones; 10.5 telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave - radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; - secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan - international: 5 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 - ARABSAT earth station; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and - Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; - microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, - Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 26 (repeaters 26) - televisions: NA - -@Morocco:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air - Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,307,076; males fit for - military service 4,637,453; males reach military age (18) annually - 323,921 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, 3.8% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -MOZAMBIQUE - -@Mozambique:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between - South Africa and Tanzania - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 801,590 sq km - land area: 784,090 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California - - Land boundaries: total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, - Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km - - Coastline: 2,470 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical to subtropical - - Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in - northwest, mountains in west - - Natural resources: coal, titanium - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 56% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: 20% - - Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: civil strife and recurrent drought in the hinterlands - have resulted in increased migration to urban and coastal areas with - adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of - surface and coastal waters - natural hazards: severe droughts and floods occur in central and - southern provinces; devastating cyclones - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Ozone Layer - Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Law of the Sea - -@Mozambique:People - - Population: 18,115,250 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 4,069,117; male 4,078,429) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 4,882,292; male 4,630,193) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 260,057; male 195,162) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.87% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.6 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 15.94 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: by the end of 1994, an estimated 1.6 million Mozambican - refugees, who fled to Malawi, Zimbabwa, and South Africa in earlier - years from the civil war, had returned; an estimated 100,000 refugees - remain to be repatriated from those countries - - Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 48.95 years - male: 47.04 years - female: 50.92 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Mozambican(s) - adjective: Mozambican - - Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, - Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% - - Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 33% - male: 45% - female: 21% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture - -@Mozambique:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique - conventional short form: Mozambique - local long form: Republica Popular de Mocambique - local short form: Mocambique - - Digraph: MZ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Maputo - - Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, - Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia - - Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975) - - Constitution: 30 November 1990 - - Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November - 1986) - head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since December - 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica): draft electoral - law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly elections - note: as called for in the 1992 peace accords, presidential and - legislative elections took place during 27-29 October 1994; fourteen - parties, including the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) - participated; Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO was elected president and his - FRELIMO party gathered a slim majority in the 250 seat legislature - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique - (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; the ruling party since - independence, FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990 - when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty - system - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIO - chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146 - FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis Coleman JETT - embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo - mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo - telephone: [258] (1) 492797 - FAX: [258] (1) 490114 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow - with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band - is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed - star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open - white book - -@Mozambique:Economy - - Overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to - exploit the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, - hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed, national output, - consumption, and investment declined throughout the first half of the - 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government administrative - control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, - attracted by an economic reform policy, resulted in successive years - of economic growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily - since 1989. Agricultural output is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and - grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20%-40% of - capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep - afloat. Peace accords signed in October 1992 improved chances of - foreign investment, aided IMF-supported economic reforms, and - supported continued economic recovery. Elections held in 1994 diverted - government attention from the economy, resulting in slippage and - delays in the economic reform program. Nonetheless, growth in 1994 was - solid and can continue into the late 1990s given continued foreign - help in meeting debt obligations. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $610 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $252 million - expenditures: $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: shrimp 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citrus - partners: Spain, South Africa, US, Portugal, Japan - - Imports: $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum - partners: South Africa, UK, France, Japan, Portugal - - External debt: $5 billion (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,360,000 kW - production: 1.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 58 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), - petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, - glass, asbestos), tobacco - - Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash - crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - - cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $890 million - - Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 5,220.63 (1st quarter 1994), - 3,874.24 (1993), 2,550.40 (1992), 1,763.99 (1991), 1,053.09 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Mozambique:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,288 km - narrow gauge: 3,140 km 1.067-m gauge; 148 km 0.762-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 26,498 km - paved: 4,593 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 829 km; unimproved - earth 21,076 km - - Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes - - Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km - - Ports: Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,533 GRT/8,024 DWT - - Airports: - total: 192 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 112 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 15 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 44 - - Note: - note: highway traffic impeded by land mines not removed at end of - civil war - -@Mozambique:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephone density; fair system of troposcatter, - open-wire lines, and radio relay - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter - international: 5 INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Mozambique:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia; - note - by late 1994, the army and former RENAMO rebels had - demobilized; under UN supervision and training, recruits from both the - army and rebel forces joined an integrated force that is still forming - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,061,109; males fit for - military service 2,331,793 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 7.3% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NAMIBIA - -@Namibia:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between - Angola and South Africa - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 825,418 sq km - land area: 825,418 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska - - Land boundaries: total 3,824 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, - South Africa 855 km, Zambia 233 km - - Coastline: 1,572 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is - indefinite; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in - disagreement; dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili ( - Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in - mid-February 1995 and the parties agreed to refer the matter to the - International Court of Justice; - - Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic - - Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari - Desert in east - - Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, - lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected - deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 64% - forest and woodland: 22% - other: 13% - - Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources; - desertification - natural hazards: prolonged periods of drought - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change - -@Namibia:People - - Population: 1,651,545 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 47% (female 384,885; male 394,216) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 414,283; male 405,938) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 26,783; male 25,440) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.44% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.04 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 59.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 62.1 years - male: 59.37 years - female: 64.9 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.34 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Namibian(s) - adjective: Namibian - - Ethnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% - note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to - the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include (with approximate - share of total population): Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian - 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5% - - Religions: 80%-90% Christian (50% Lutheran; at least 30% other - Christian denominations) - - Languages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of - the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, - indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1960) - total population: 38% - male: 45% - female: 31% - - Labor force: 500,000 - by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services - 8%, government 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.) - -@Namibia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Namibia - conventional short form: Namibia - - Digraph: WA - - Type: republic - - Capital: Windhoek - - Administrative divisions: 13 districts; Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, - Kunene, Caprivi (Liambezi), Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, - Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa - - Independence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 21 March (1990) - - Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990 - - Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 - March 1990); election last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be held - NA); results - Sam NUJOMA elected president by popular vote - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from the National - Assembly - - Legislative branch: bicameral legislature - National Council: elections last held 30 November-3 December 1992 - (next to be held by December 1998); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1 - National Assembly: elections last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be - held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) - SWAPO 53, DTA 15, UDF 2, MAG 1, DCN 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: South West Africa People's Organization - (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia (formerly Democratic Turnhalle - Alliance) (DTA), Mishake MUYONGO; United Democratic Front (UDF), - Justus GAROEB; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Kephics CONRUDIE; - Monitor Action Group (MAG), Kosie PRETORIUS; Workers Revolutionary - Party (WRP); Southwest African National Union (SWANU), Hitjevi VEII; - Democratic Coalition of Namibia (DCN), Moses KATJIUONGA - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, - SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH - chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540 - FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Marshall F. McCALLIE - embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek - mailing address: Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek - telephone: [264] (61) 221601 - FAX: [264] (61) 229792 - - Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper - left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower - right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is - contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders - -@Namibia:Economy - - Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to - extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost - 25% of GDP. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals - in Africa and the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial - diamond deposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a - primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large - quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half - the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence - agriculture) for its livelihood. Namibia must import some of its food. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $5.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,600 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 35% in urban areas (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $941 million - expenditures: $1.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $157 - million (FY93/94) - - Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, - processed fish, karakul skins - partners: Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan - - Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and - equipment - partners: South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland - - External debt: about $385 million (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -14% (1993); accounts for 30% of - GDP, including mining - - Electricity: - capacity: 406,000 kW - production: 1.29 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 658 kWh (1991) - - Industries: meat packing, fish processing, dairy products, mining - (copper, lead, zinc, diamond, uranium) - - Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; livestock raising major source - of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential - of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-87), $47.2 million - - Currency: 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.539 (January - 1995), 3.5489 (1994), 3.2678 (1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 (1991), - 2.5863 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Namibia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,341 km (single track) - narrow gauge: 2,341 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 54,500 km - paved: 4,080 km - unpaved: gravel 2,540 km; earth 47,880 km (roads and tracks) - - Ports: Luderitz, Walvis Bay - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 135 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 20 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 23 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 70 - -@Namibia:Communications - - Telephone system: 62,800 telephones; telephone density - 38/1,000 - persons - local: good urban services - intercity: fair rural service; microwave radio relay links major - towns; connections to other populated places are by open wire - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 40, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 - televisions: NA - -@Namibia:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Defense Force (Army), Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 348,380; males fit for military - service 206,684 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $54 million, 2% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NAURU - -@Nauru:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the - Marshall Islands - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 21 sq km - land area: 21 sq km - comparative area: about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 30 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) - - Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs - with phosphate plateau in center - - Natural resources: phosphates - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage - tanks collect rainwater; phosphate mining threatens limited remaining - land resources - natural hazards: periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Marine Dumping; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the - Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and - Makatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator - -@Nauru:People - - Population: 10,149 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.33% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.03 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.68 years - male: 64.3 years - female: 69.18 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Nauruan(s) - adjective: Nauruan - - Ethnic divisions: Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, - European 8% - - Religions: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) - - Languages: Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), - English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and - commercial purposes - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: - by occupation: NA - -@Nauru:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Nauru - conventional short form: Nauru - former: Pleasant Island - - Digraph: NR - - Type: republic - - Capital: no official capital; government offices in Yaren District - - Administrative divisions: 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, - Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren - - Independence: 31 January 1968 (from the Australia, New Zealand, and - UK-administered UN trusteeship) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 31 January (1968) - - Constitution: 29 January 1968 - - Legal system: own Acts of Parliament and British common law - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Bernard DOWIYOGO - (since 12 December 1989); election last held 19 November 1992 (next to - be held NA November 1995); results - Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by - Parliament - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from the parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held - NA November 1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) - independents 18 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Member of: AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory - user), INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPU - - Diplomatic representation in US: - consulate(s): Agana (Guam) - - US diplomatic representation: the US Ambassador to Fiji is accredited - to Nauru - - Flag: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center - and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; - the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator - (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes - of Nauru - -@Nauru:Economy - - Overview: Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of - which are expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have - given Nauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third - World. Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be - imported, including fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of - mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are serious - long-term problems. Substantial amounts of phosphate income are - invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $100 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 0% - - Budget: - revenues: $69.7 million - expenditures: $51.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1986 est.) - - Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: phosphates - partners: Australia, NZ - - Imports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery - partners: Australia, UK, NZ, Japan - - External debt: $33.3 million - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 14,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,036 kWh (1993) - - Industries: phosphate mining, financial services, coconut products - - Agriculture: coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost - completely dependent on imports for food and water - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million - - Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January - 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2834 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Nauru:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3.9 km; note - used to haul phosphates from the center of the - island to processing facilities on the southwest coast - - Highways: - total: 27 km - paved: 21 km - unpaved: improved earth 6 km - - Ports: Nauru - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Nauru:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,600 telephones; adequate local and international - radio communications provided via Australian facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 4,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Nauru:Defense Forces - - Branches: no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru Police - Force - - Defense expenditures: $NA; note - no formal defense structure - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NAVASSA ISLAND - - (territory of the US) - -@Navassa Island:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, about one-fourth of - the way from Haiti to Jamaica - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 5.2 sq km - land area: 5.2 sq km - comparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 8 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Haiti - - Climate: marine, tropical - - Terrain: raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; - ringed by vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high) - - Natural resources: guano - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 10% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 90% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at - Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to - support goat herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus - -@Navassa Island:People - - Population: uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others - camp on the island - -@Navassa Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Navassa Island - - Digraph: BQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast - Guard - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - -@Navassa Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Navassa Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - -@Navassa Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NEPAL - -@Nepal:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, between China and India - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 140,800 sq km - land area: 136,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Arkansas - - Land boundaries: total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to - subtropical summers and mild winters in south - - Terrain: Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central - hill region, rugged Himalayas in north - - Natural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, - scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore - - Land use: - arable land: 17% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 13% - forest and woodland: 33% - other: 37% - - Irrigated land: 9,430 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: the almost total dependence on wood for fuel and - cutting down trees to expand agricultural land without replanting has - resulted in widespread deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution - (use of contaminated water presents human health risks) - natural hazards: severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, - and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the - summer monsoons - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical - Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, Marine - Dumping, Marine Life Conservation - - Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains - eight of world's 10 highest peaks - -@Nepal:People - - Population: 21,560,869 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 4,479,950; male 4,692,575) - 15-64 years: 55% (female 5,778,107; male 5,994,147) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 305,502; male 310,588) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.44% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 37.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.9 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 81.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 53.09 years - male: 52.86 years - female: 53.34 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.15 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Nepalese (singular and plural) - adjective: Nepalese - - Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, - Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas - - Religions: Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981) - note: only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp - distinction between many Hindu and Buddhist groups - - Languages: Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous - dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 26% - male: 38% - female: 13% - - Labor force: 8.5 million (1991 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2% - note: severe lack of skilled labor - -@Nepal:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepal - conventional short form: Nepal - - Digraph: NP - - Type: parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991 - - Capital: Kathmandu - - Administrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); - Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, - Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti - - Independence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah) - - National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945) - - Constitution: 9 November 1990 - - Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - head of government: Prime Minister Man Mohan ADHIKARI (since 30 - November 1994) - chief of state: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January - 1972, crowned King 24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince - DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the king on recommendation of the prime - minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - National Council: consists of a 60-member body, 50 appointed by House - of Representatives and 10 by the King - House of Representatives: elections last held on 15 November 1994 - (next to be held NA); results - NCP 33%, CPN/UML 31%, NDP 18%, Terai - Rights Sadbhavana Party 3%, NWPP 1%; seats - (205 total) CPN/UML 88, - NCP 83, NDP 20, NWPP 4, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 3, independents - 7; note - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a - multiparty democracy system for the first time in 32 years - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) - - Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist - and Leninist (CPN/UML), Prime Minister Man Mohan ADHIKARI, Deputy - Prime Minister Madhav Kumar NEPAL; Nepali Congress Party (NCP), - president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, former Prime Minister Girija - Prasad KOIRALA, Leader of the Opposition Sher Bahadur DEUBA; National - Democratic Party (NDP), Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana - (Goodwill) Party, Gajendra Narayan SINGH; United People's Front (UPF), - Niranjan Govinda BAIDYA; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party (NWPP), - Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE; Communist Party of Nepal - (Democratic-Manandhar), B. B. MANANDHAR - - Other political or pressure groups: numerous small, left-leaning - student groups in the capital; several small, radical Nepalese - antimonarchist groups - - Member of: AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, - UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Pradeep - KHATIWADA - chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sandra L. VOGELGESANG - embassy: Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [977] (1) 411179 - FAX: [977] (1) 419963 - - Flag: red with a blue border around the unique shape of two - overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white - stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed - sun - -@Nepal:Economy - - Overview: Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in - the world. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a - livelihood for over 90% of the population and accounting for half of - GDP. Industrial activity is limited, mainly involving the processing - of agricultural produce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). - Production of textiles and carpets has expanded recently and accounted - for 85% of foreign exchange earnings in FY93/94. Apart from - agricultural land and forests, exploitable natural resources are mica, - hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in the late 1980s - grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of 2.6%. - More than 40% of the population is undernourished. Since May 1991, the - government has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by - eliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order - to simplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has - been cutting public expenditures by reducing subsidies, privatizing - state industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign - trade and investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the - small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its - remoteness, and susceptibility to natural disaster. The international - community provides funding for 70% of Nepal's developmental budget and - for 30% of total budgetary expenditures. The government, realizing - that attempts to reverse three years of liberalization would - jeopardize this vital support, almost certainly will move ahead with - its reform program in 1995-96. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $22.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,060 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (June 1994) - - Unemployment rate: NA%; note - there is substantial underemployment - (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $455 million - expenditures: $854 million, including capital expenditures of $427 - million (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $593 million (f.o.b., 1993) but does not include unrecorded - border trade with India - commodities: carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain - partners: India, US, Germany, UK - - Imports: $899 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% - partners: India, Singapore, Japan, Germany - - External debt: $2 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: NA - - Electricity: - capacity: 280,000 kW - production: 920 million kWh - consumption per capita: 41 kWh (1993) - - Industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, - textile, carpet, cement, and brick production; tourism - - Agriculture: rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo - meat; not self-sufficient in food, particularly in drought years - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and - international drug markets; transit point for heroin from Southeast - Asia to the West - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1980-89), $2.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $286 million - - Currency: 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa - - Exchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 49.884 (January - 1995), 49.398 (1994), 48.607 (1993), 42.742 (1992), 37.255 (1991), - 29.370 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July - -@Nepal:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 101 km; note - all in Terai close to Indian border - narrow gauge: 101 km 0.762-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 7,400 km - paved: 3,000 km - unpaved: 4,400 km - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 44 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 28 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - -@Nepal:Communications - - Telephone system: 50,000 telephones (1990); poor telephone and - telegraph service; fair radio communication service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: international radio communication service is fair; 1 - INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 88, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Nepal:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, - Nepalese Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,163,703; males fit for - military service 2,682,284; males reach military age (17) annually - 247,978 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $36 million, 1.2% of - GDP (FY92/93) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NETHERLANDS - -@Netherlands:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and - Germany - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 37,330 sq km - land area: 33,920 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey - - Land boundaries: total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km - - Coastline: 451 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters - - Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some - hills in southeast - - Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil - - Land use: - arable land: 26% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 32% - forest and woodland: 9% - other: 32% - - Irrigated land: 5,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic - compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air - pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain - natural hazards: the extensive system of dikes and dams, protects - nearly one-half of the total area from being flooded - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, - Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Desertification, - Law of the Sea - - Note: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or - Meuse, and Schelde) - -@Netherlands:People - - Population: 15,452,903 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 1,382,057; male 1,445,451) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 5,184,224; male 5,369,018) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 1,238,336; male 833,817) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.52% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.95 years - male: 74.9 years - female: 81.17 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.56 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) - adjective: Dutch - - Ethnic divisions: Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) - - Religions: Roman Catholic 34%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 3%, other 2%, - unaffiliated 36% (1991) - - Languages: Dutch - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 6.4 million (1993) - by occupation: services 71.4%, manufacturing and construction 24.6%, - agriculture 4.0% (1992) - -@Netherlands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands - conventional short form: Netherlands - local long form: Koninkrijk de Nederlanden - local short form: Nederland - - Digraph: NL - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government - - Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (provincien, singular - - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, - Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, - Zuid-Holland - - Dependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles - - Independence: 1579 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) - - Constitution: 17 February 1983 - - Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; - judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order - rather than Acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April - 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen - Beatrix (born 27 April 1967) - head of government: Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 22 August - 1994); Vice Prime Minister Hans DIJKSTAL and Hans VAN MIERLO (since 22 - August 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) - First Chamber (Eerste Kamer): members indirectly elected by the - country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms; elections last - held 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (75 total) number of seats by party NA - Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer): members directly elected for four-year - terms; elections last held on 3 May 1994 (next to be held in May - 1999); results - PvdA 24.3%, CDA 22.3%, VVD 20.4%, D'66 16.5%, other - 16.5%; seats - (150 total) PvdA 37, CDA 34, VVD 31, D'66 24, other 24 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) - - Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Hans - HELGERS; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; Liberal (VVD - People's Party for - Freedom and Democracy), Frits BOLKESTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans - van MIERLO; a host of minor parties - - Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; - Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist - and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of - Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the nondenominational - Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch Peace Council - (IKV) - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, - CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, - NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, - UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, - UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Adriaan JACOBOVITS DE SZEGED - chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300 - FAX: [1] (202) 362-3430 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kirk Terry DORNBUSH - embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ The Hague - mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, the Hague; APO AE 09715 - telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209 - FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688 - consulate(s) general: Amsterdam - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; - similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is - longer - -@Netherlands:Economy - - Overview: This highly developed and affluent economy is based on - private enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however, - through many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs - affecting most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial - services sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity - provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the food-processing, - oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly mechanized - agricultural sector employs only 4% of the labor force, but provides - large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing industry. - Indeed the Netherlands ranks third worldwide in value of agricultural - exports, behind the US and France. High unemployment and a sizable - budget deficit are currently the most serious economic problems. Many - of the economic issues of the 1990s will reflect the course of - European economic integration. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $275.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $17,940 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (December 1994) - - Unemployment rate: 8.8% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $109.9 billion - expenditures: $122.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $153 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: metal products, chemicals, processed food and tobacco, - agricultural products - partners: EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), - Central and Eastern Europe 10%, US 4% (1991) - - Imports: $137 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, - transportation equipment, crude oil, food products - partners: EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% - (1991) - - External debt: $0 - - Industrial production: growth rate -1.5% (1993 est.); accounts for 25% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 17,520,000 kW - production: 72.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,100 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical - machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, - microelectronics - - Agriculture: accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; - crops - grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages - of grain, fats, and oils - - Illicit drugs: important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish - entering Europe; European producer of illicit amphetamines and other - synthetic drugs - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion - - Currency: 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - - 1.7178 (January 1995), 1.8200 (1994), 1.8573 (1993), 1.7585 (1992), - 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Netherlands:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,757 km - standard gauge: 2,757 km km 1.435-m gauge (1,991 km electrified; 1,800 - km double track) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 104,831 km - paved: 92,251 km (2,118 km of expressway) - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 12,580 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 - metric ton capacity or larger - - Pipelines: crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas - 10,230 km - - Ports: Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Groningen, Haarlem, - Ijmuiden, Maastricht, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Utrecht - - Merchant marine: - total: 343 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,629,578 GRT/3,337,307 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 195, chemical tanker 21, combination bulk - 3, container 33, liquefied gas tanker 12, livestock carrier 1, - multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 37, railcar carrier 1, - refrigerated cargo 18, roll-on/roll-off cargo 14, short-sea passenger - 3, specialized tanker 2 - note: many Dutch-owned ships are also registered on the Netherlands - Antilles register - - Airports: - total: 29 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Netherlands:Communications - - Telephone system: 9,418,000 telephones; highly developed, well - maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant system of - multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay links - local: nationwide mobile phone system - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 5 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 - Atlantic Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3 (relays 3), FM 12 (repeaters 39), shortwave 0 - - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 8 (repeaters 7) - televisions: NA - -@Netherlands:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes - Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, - Royal Constabulary - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,177,555; males fit for - military service 3,656,529; males reach military age (20) annually - 94,771 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NETHERLANDS ANTILLES - - (part of the Dutch realm) - -@Netherlands Antilles:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the Caribbean Sea - one - includes Curacao and Bonaire north of Venezuela and the other is east - of the Virgin Islands - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 960 sq km - land area: 960 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - note: includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint - Maarten (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin) - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 364 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds - - Terrain: generally hilly, volcanic interiors - - Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 92% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane - belt, so rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are - subject to hurricanes from July to October - international agreements: party to - Whaling (extended from - Netherlands) - -@Netherlands Antilles:People - - Population: 203,505 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 26% (female 25,349; male 26,577) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 69,273; male 67,485) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 8,599; male 6,222) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.06% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 16.23 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.26 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.94 years - male: 74.67 years - female: 79.33 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Netherlands Antillean(s) - adjective: Netherlands Antillean - - Ethnic divisions: mixed African 85%, Carib Indian, European, Latin, - Oriental - - Religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist - - Languages: Dutch (official), Papiamento a - Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predominates, English widely - spoken, Spanish - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: 98% - male: 98% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 89,000 - by occupation: government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) - -@Netherlands Antilles:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles - local long form: none - local short form: Nederlandse Antillen - - Digraph: NT - - Type: part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs - granted in 1954 - - Capital: Willemstad - - Administrative divisions: none (part of the Dutch realm) - - Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm) - - National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) - - Constitution: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the - Netherlands, as amended - - Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English - common law influence - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April - 1980), represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October - 1989) - head of government: Prime Minister Miguel POURIER (since 25 February - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed with the advice and approval - of the unicameral legislature - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Staten: elections last held on 25 February 1994 (next to be held March - 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (23 total) PAR - 8, PNP 3, SPA 2, PDB 2, UPB 1, MAN 2, DP 1, WIPM 1, DP-St.E 1, DP-St.M - 1, Nos Patria 1 - note: the government of Prime Minister Miguel POURIER is a coalition - of several parties - - Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Justice - - Political parties and leaders: political parties are indigenous to - each island - Bonaire: Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic - Party of Bonaire (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN - Curacao: Antillean Restructuring Party (PAR), Miguel POURIER; National - People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement - (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), - Wilson (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and - Nelson MONTE; Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos - Patria, Chin BEHILIA - Saba: Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; - Saba Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, - Carmen SIMMONDS - Sint Eustatius: Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van - PUTTEN; Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius - Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL - Sint Maarten: Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude - WATHEY; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES - - Member of: CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, - IOC, UNESCO (associate), UPU, WMO, WTO (associate) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing part of the - Netherlands) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Consul General Bernard J. WOERZ - consulate(s) general: Saint Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao - mailing address: P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao - telephone: [599] (9) 61-3066 - FAX: [599] (9) 61-6489 - - Flag: white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed - on a vertical red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars - are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the - five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, - Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten - -@Netherlands Antilles:Economy - - Overview: Tourism and offshore finance are the mainstays of the - economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a - well-developed infrastructure as compared with other countries in the - region. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with - Venezuela and the US being the major suppliers. Poor soils and - inadequate water supplies hamper the development of agriculture. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.85 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 13.4% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $209 million - expenditures: $232 million, including capital expenditures of $8 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $240 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: petroleum products 98% - partners: US 39%, Brazil 9%, Colombia 6% - - Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures - partners: Venezuela 26%, US 18%, Colombia 6%, Netherlands 6%, Japan 5% - - External debt: $672 million (December 1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 200,000 kW - production: 810 million kWh - consumption per capita: 4,054 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining - (Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), - light manufacturing (Curacao) - - Agriculture: chief products - aloes, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, - tropical fruit - - Illicit drugs: money-laundering center; transshipment point for South - American cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $513 million - - Currency: 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = - 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins - (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate - 1971-88) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Netherlands Antilles:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 950 km - paved: 300 km - unpaved: gravel, earth 650 km - - Ports: Kralendijk, Philipsburg, Willemstad - - Merchant marine: - total: 110 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,044,553 GRT/1,343,842 - DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 2, cargo 36, chemical tanker 6, - combination ore/oil 1, liquefied gas tanker 4, multifunction - large-load carrier 20, oil tanker 2, passenger 4, refrigerated cargo - 27, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7 - - Airports: - total: 5 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Netherlands Antilles:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; generally adequate facilities - local: NA - intercity: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links - international: 2 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Netherlands Antilles:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air - Force, National Guard, Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 56,058; males fit for military - service 31,558; males reach military age (20) annually 1,734 (1995 - est.) - - Note: defense is responsibility of the Netherlands - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NEW CALEDONIA - - (overseas territory of France) - -@New Caledonia:Geography - - Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of - Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 19,060 sq km - land area: 18,760 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 2,254 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid - - Terrain: coastal plains with interior mountains - - Natural resources: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, - gold, lead, copper - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 14% - forest and woodland: 51% - other: 35% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons most frequent from November to March - international agreements: NA - -@New Caledonia:People - - Population: 184,552 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 31% (female 27,712; male 28,677) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 58,462; male 60,169) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 4,997; male 4,535) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.75% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.04 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.9 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 14.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.02 years - male: 70.73 years - female: 77.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.57 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: New Caledonian(s) - adjective: New Caledonian - - Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, - Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% - - Languages: French, 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: 91% - male: 92% - female: 90% - - Labor force: 50,469 foreign workers for plantations and mines from - Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) - by occupation: NA - -@New Caledonia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies - conventional short form: New Caledonia - local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances - local short form: Nouvelle-Caledonie - - Digraph: NC - - Type: overseas territory of France since 1956 - - Capital: Noumea - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France); there - are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 3 provinces named Iles Loyaute, Nord, and - Sud - - Independence: none (overseas territory of France; a referendum on - independence will be held in 1998) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to - the islands; formerly under French law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: High Commissioner and President of the Council of - Government Didier CULTIAUX (since NA July 1994; appointed by the - French Ministry of the Interior); President of the Territorial - Congress Simon LOUECKHOTE (since 26 June 1989) - cabinet: Consultative Committee - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Territorial Assembly: elections last held 11 June 1989 (next to be - held July 1995); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO - 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, FN 3, other 5; - note - election boycotted by FULK - French Senate: elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held - September 2001); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 - total) RPCR 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 March 1993 (next to - be held 21 and 28 March 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: white-dominated Rassemblement pour la - Caledonie dans la Republique (RPCR), conservative, Jacques LAFLEUR, - president - affiliated to France's Rassemblement pour la Republique - (RPR; also called South Province Party); Melanesian proindependence - Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS), Paul NEAOUTYINE; - Melanesian moderate Kanak Socialist Liberation (LKS), Nidoish - NAISSELINE; National Front (FN), extreme right, Guy GEORGE; Caledonie - Demain (CD), right-wing, Bernard MARANT; Union Oceanienne (UO), - conservative, Michel HEMA; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak (FULK), - proindependence, Clarence UREGEI; Union Caledonian (UC), Francois - BURCK, president; "1999" (new party calling for an autonomous state), - Philippe PENTECOST - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WFTU, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas territory of France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@New Caledonia:Economy - - Overview: New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel - resources. In recent years the economy has suffered because of - depressed international demand for nickel, the principal source of - export earnings. Only a negligible amount of the land is suitable for - cultivation, and food accounts for about 25% of imports. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1991 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1988) - - National product per capita: $6,000 (1991 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1990) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1989) - - Budget: - revenues: $224 million - expenditures: $211 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1985 est.) - - Exports: $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: nickel metal 87%, nickel ore - partners: France 32%, Japan 23.5%, US 3.6% - - Imports: $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment - partners: France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 250,000 kW - production: 1.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,178 kWh (1993) - - Industries: nickel mining and smelting - - Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, - wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef - - Illicit drugs: illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal - source of income for some families - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $4.185 billion - - Currency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - - 96.25 (January 1995), 100.93 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992), - 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the - French franc - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@New Caledonia:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 6,340 km - paved: 634 km - unpaved: 5,706 km (1987) - - Ports: Mueo, Noumea, Thio - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,079 - GRT/724 DWT - - Airports: - total: 36 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 19 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13 - -@New Caledonia:Communications - - Telephone system: 32,578 telephones (1987) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) satellite link - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 7 - televisions: NA - -@New Caledonia:Defense Forces - - Branches: French Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie); - Police Force - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NEW ZEALAND - -@New Zealand:Geography - - Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of - Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 268,680 sq km - land area: 268,670 sq km - comparative area: about the size of Colorado - note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, - Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 15,134 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross - Dependency) - - Climate: temperate with sharp regional contrasts - - Terrain: predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains - - Natural resources: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, - hydropower, gold, limestone - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 53% - forest and woodland: 38% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 2,800 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna - hard-hit by species introduced from outside - natural hazards: earthquakes are common, though usually not severe - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, - Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, Marine Life - Conservation - - Note: about 80% of the population lives in cities - -@New Zealand:People - - Population: 3,407,277 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 381,027; male 401,285) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 1,109,402; male 1,111,079) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 234,339; male 170,145) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.52% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.14 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.03 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.65 years - male: 73.08 years - female: 80.42 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: New Zealander(s) - adjective: New Zealand - - Ethnic divisions: European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, - other 0.2% - - Religions: Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, - Methodist 5%, Baptist 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 33% - (1986) - - Languages: English (official), Maori - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 1,603,500 (June 1991) - by occupation: services 66.6%, industry 22.6%, agriculture 10.8% - (1992) - -@New Zealand:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: New Zealand - - Abbreviation: NZ - - Digraph: NZ - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Wellington - - Administrative divisions: 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town - districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, - Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, - Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, Franklin, Golden Bay, - Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, Hawke's Bay, - Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, Hutt, - Inangahua, Inglewood, Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, - Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, - Masterton, Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, - Otamatea, Otorohanga*, Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako, - Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, - Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, Stewart Island, Stratford, - Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, Tauranga, - Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, - Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, - Waipa, Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, - Waitaki, Waitomo*, Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, - Whakatane*, Whangarei, Whangaroa, Woodville - note: there may be a new administrative structure of 16 regions - (Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, - Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman, - Waikato, Wanganui-Manawatu, Wellington, West Coast) that are - subdivided into 57 districts and 16 cities* (Ashburton, Auckland*, - Banks Peninsula, Buller, Carterton, Central Hawke's Bay, Central - Otago, Christchurch*, Clutha, Dunedin*, Far North, Franklin, Gisborne, - Gore, Grey, Hamilton*, Hastings, Hauraki, Horowhenua, Hurunui, Hutt*, - Invercargill*, Kaikoura, Kaipara, Kapiti Coast, Kawerau, Mackenzie, - Manawatu, Manukau*, Marlborough, Masterton, Matamata Piako, Napier*, - Nelson*, New Plymouth, North Shore*, Opotiki, Otorohanga, Palmerston - North*, Papakura*, Porirua*, Queenstown Lakes, Rangitikei, Rodney, - Rotorua, Ruapehu, Selwyn, Southland, South Taranaki, South Waikato, - South Wairarapa, Stratford, Tararua, Tasman, Taupo, Tauranga, Thames - Coromandel, Timaru, Upper Hutt*, Waikato, Waimakariri, Waimate, Waipa, - Wairoa, Waitakere*, Waitaki, Waitomo, Wanganui, Wellington*, Western - Bay of Plenty, Westland, Whakatane, Whangarei) - - Dependent areas: Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau - - Independence: 26 September 1907 (from UK) - - National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi - established British sovereignty) - - Constitution: no formal, written constitution; consists of various - documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand - Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 was to have come into force 1 - January 1987, but has not been enacted - - Legal system: based on English law, with special land legislation and - land courts for Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 - December 1990) - head of government: Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October - 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990) - cabinet: Executive Council; appointed by the governor general on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Representatives: (commonly called Parliament) elections last - held 6 November 1993 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - NP - 35.2%, NZLP 34.7%, Alliance 18.3%, New Zealand First 8.3%; seats - (99 - total) NP 50, NZLP 45, Alliance 2, New Zealand First Party 2 - - Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: National Party (NP, government), James - BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party (NZLP, opposition), Helen CLARK; - Alliance, Sandra LEE; Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal - Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official - leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP, - pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS; New Zealand First, Winston PETERS - note: the New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a - coalition called the Alliance Party, Sandra LEE, president, in - September 1991; the Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992 - - Member of: ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August - 1986), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, - MTCR, NAM (guest), OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNAVEM II, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Lionel John WOOD - chancery: 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 328-4800 - consulate(s) general: Apia (Western Samoa), Los Angeles - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Josiah Horton BEEMAN - embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington - mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, FPO AP - 96531-1001 - telephone: [64] (4) 472-2068 - FAX: [64] (4) 472-3537 - consulate(s) general: Auckland - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer - half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation - -@New Zealand:Economy - - Overview: Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian - economy dependent on a guaranteed British market to a more - industrialized, open free market economy that can compete on the - global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth would boost - real incomes, broaden and deepen the technological capabilities of the - industrial sector, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the - expansion of welfare benefits. The initial results were mixed: - inflation is down from double-digit levels, but growth was sluggish in - 1988-91. In 1992-93, growth picked up to 3% annually, a sign that the - new economic approach was beginning to pay off. Business confidence - strengthened in 1994, and export demand picked up in the Asia-Pacific - region, resulting in 6.2% growth. Inflation remains among the lowest - in the industrial world. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $56.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6.2% (1994) - - National product per capita: $16,640 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (FY93/94) - - Unemployment rate: 7.5% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $18.94 billion - expenditures: $18.82 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY94/95) - note: surplus $120 million (FY94/95) - - Exports: $11.2 billion (1994) - commodities: wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fish, cheese, chemicals, - forestry products, fruits and vegetables, manufactures - partners: Australia 20%, Japan 15%, US 12%, UK 6% - - Imports: $10.4 billion (1994) - commodities: machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft, - petroleum, consumer goods - partners: Australia 21%, US 18%, Japan 16%, UK 6% - - External debt: $38.5 billion (September 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 7,520,000 kW - production: 30.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 8,401 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, - machinery, transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, - mining - - Agriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP and about 11% of the work - force; livestock predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export - earners; crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; - surplus producer of farm products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 - metric tons in 1988 - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million - - Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5601 (January - 1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@New Zealand:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,716 km - narrow gauge: 4,716 km 1.067-m gauge (113 km electrified; 274 km - double track) - - Highways: - total: 92,648 km - paved: 49,547 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 43,101 km - - Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation - - Pipelines: petroleum products 160 km; natural gas 1,000 km; condensate - (liquified petroleum gas - LPG) 150 km - - Ports: Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Tauranga, Wellington - - Merchant marine: - total: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 165,504 GRT/218,699 DWT - ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 2, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 3, - railcar carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 5 - - Airports: - total: 102 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 28 - with paved runways under 914 m: 41 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - -@New Zealand:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,110,000 telephones; excellent international and - domestic systems - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: submarine cables extend to Australia and Fiji; 2 - INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 64, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 14 - televisions: NA - -@New Zealand:Defense Forces - - Branches: New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand - Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 883,668; males fit for military - service 742,871; males reach military age (20) annually 27,162 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of - GDP (FY90/91) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NICARAGUA - -@Nicaragua:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the - North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 129,494 sq km - land area: 120,254 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New York State - - Land boundaries: total 1,231 km, Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km - - Coastline: 910 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 25-nm security zone - continental shelf: natural prolongation - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: territorial disputes with Colombia over the - Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; with - respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the - International Court of Justice (ICJ) referred the disputants to an - earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite - resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be - required - - Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands - - Terrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior - mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes - - Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, - fish - - Land use: - arable land: 9% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 43% - forest and woodland: 35% - other: 12% - - Irrigated land: 850 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution - natural hazards: destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and - occasionally severe hurricanes - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea - -@Nicaragua:People - - Population: 4,206,353 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 921,356; male 930,594) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,146,485; male 1,097,811) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 62,607; male 47,500) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.61% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 33.73 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 50.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 64.54 years - male: 61.67 years - female: 67.53 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.17 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Nicaraguan(s) - adjective: Nicaraguan - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and Caucasian) 69%, white - 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% - - Languages: Spanish (official) - note: English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: 57% - male: 57% - female: 57% - - Labor force: 1.086 million - by occupation: services 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) - -@Nicaragua:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua - conventional short form: Nicaragua - local long form: Republica de Nicaragua - local short form: Nicaragua - - Digraph: NU - - Type: republic - - Capital: Managua - - Administrative divisions: 16 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, - Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio - San Juan, Rivas, Zelaya - - Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821) - - Constitution: 9 January 1987 - - Legal system: civil law system; Supreme Court may review - administrative acts - - Suffrage: 16 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Violeta Barrios de - CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President Virgilio GODOY Reyes - (since 25 April 1990); election last held 25 February 1990 (next to be - held November 1996); results - Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) - 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 40.8%, other 4.5% - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional): elections last held 25 February - 1990 (next to be held November 1996); results - UNO 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, - PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 41, FSLN 39, "Centrist" - (Dissident UNO) 12 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - - Political parties and leaders: - far right: Liberal Constitutionalist Party* (PLC), Arnold ALEMAN; - Conservative Popular Alliance Party (APC), Myriam ARGUELLO; Central - American Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS Echaverry; Independent - Liberal Party for National Unity (PLUIN), Alfonso MOCADO Guillen; - Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCN - formed in 1992 by the merger of - the Conservative Social Party (PSC) with the Democratic Conservative - Party (PCD) and PCL, the Conservative party of Labor), Fernando - AGUERO; National Justice Party (PJN), Jorge DIAZ Cruz; National - Conservative Party* (PNC), Adolfo CALERO - center right: Neoliberal Party* (PALI), Adolfo GARCIA Esquivel; - National Action Party* (PAN), Delvis MONTIEL; Independent Liberal - Party* (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO - center left: Christian Democratic Union (UDC), Luis Humberto GUZMAN; - Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; Social Democratic - Party (PSD), Adolfo JARQUIN; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), - Pablo HERNANDEZ; Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS), Sergio RAMIREZ; - Democratic Action Movement (MAD), Eden PASTORA; Communist Party of - Nicaragua* (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO Perez - far left: Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; - Revolutionary Workers' Party (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Popular Action - Movement-Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; Nicaraguan - Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA; Unidad Nicaraguense de - Obreros, Campesinos, y Profesionales (UNOCP), Rosalio GONZALEZ Urbina - note: parties marked with an asterisk belong to the National - Opposition Union (UNO), an alliance of moderate parties, which, - however, does not always follow a unified political agenda - - Other political or pressure groups: National Workers Front (FNT) is a - Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions: Sandinista Workers' - Central (CST); Farm Workers Association (ATC); Health Workers - Federation (FETASALUD); National Union of Employees (UNE); National - Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN); Union of Journalists of - Nicaragua (UPN); Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional - Associations (CONAPRO); and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers - (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of - four non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification - (CUS); Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A); Independent - General Confederation of Labor (CGT-I); and Labor Action and Unity - Central (CAUS); Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent - labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a - confederation of business groups - - Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto Genaro MAYORGA Cortes - chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-6570 - consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New - York, San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John F. MAISTO - embassy: Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., Managua - mailing address: APO AA 34021 - telephone: [505] (2) 666010, 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, - 666027, 666032 through 34 - FAX: [505] (2) 666046 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with - the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms - features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on - the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El - Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words - REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white - band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars - arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band - -@Nicaragua:Economy - - Overview: Since March 1991, when President CHAMORRO began an ambitious - economic stabilization program, Nicaragua has had considerable success - in reducing inflation and obtaining substantial economic aid from - abroad. Annual inflation fell from more than 750% in 1991 to less than - 5% in 1992. Inflation rose again to an estimated 20% in 1993, although - this increase was due almost entirely to a large currency devaluation - in January. As of early 1994, the government was close to finalizing - an enhanced structural adjustment facility with the IMF, after the - previous standby facility expired in early 1993. Despite these - successes, achieving overall economic growth in an economy scarred by - misguided economic values and civil war during the 1980s has proved - elusive. Economic growth was flat in 1992 and slightly negative in - 1993. Nicaragua's per capita foreign debt is one of the highest in the - world; nonetheless, as of late 1993, Nicaragua was current on its - post-1988 debt as well as on payments to the international financial - institutions. Definition of property rights remains a problem; - ownership disputes over large tracts of land, businesses, and homes - confiscated by the previous government have yet to be resolved. A rise - in exports of coffee and other products led growth in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,570 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 19.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 21.8%; underemployment 50% (1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $375 million (1992) - expenditures: $410 million (1992), including capital expenditures of - $115 million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $329 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: meat, coffee, cotton, sugar, seafood, gold, bananas - partners: US, Central America, Canada, Germany - - Imports: $786 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: consumer goods, machinery and equipment, petroleum - products - partners: Central America, US, Venezuela, Japan - - External debt: $11 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate -0.8% (1993 est.); accounts for 26% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 460,000 kW - production: 1.6 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 376 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, - clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear - - Agriculture: crops account for about 15% of GDP; export crops - - coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, - citrus fruit, beans; also produces a variety of animal products - - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products; normally self-sufficient in - food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-92), $620 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.381 billion - - Currency: 1 gold cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: gold cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 7.08 (December 1994), - 6.72 (1994), 5.62 (1993), 5.00 (1992); note - gold cordoba replaced - cordoba as Nicaragua's currency in 1991 (exchange rate of old cordoba - had reached per US$1 - 25,000,000 by March 1992) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Nicaragua:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 376 km; note - majority of system is nonoperational - standard gauge: 3 km 1.435-m gauge line at Puerto Cabezas; note - does - not connect with mainline - narrow gauge: 373 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 15,286 km - paved: 1,598 km - unpaved: 13,688 km - note: there is a 368.5 km portion of the Pan-American Highway which is - not in the total - - Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes - - Pipelines: crude oil 56 km - - Ports: Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, - Rama, San Juan del Sur - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 198 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 149 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 39 - -@Nicaragua:Communications - - Telephone system: 60,000 telephones; low-capacity radio relay and wire - system being expanded; connection into Central American Microwave - System - local: NA - intercity: wire and radio relay - international: 1 Intersputnik and 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 45, FM 0, shortwave 3 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 7 - televisions: NA - -@Nicaragua:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force - note: total strength of all branches - 14,500 - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 982,345; males fit for military - service 604,721; males reach military age (18) annually 47,064 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $32 million, 1.7% of - GDP (1994), 8.1% of government budget - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NIGER - -@Niger:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, southeast of Algeria - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1.267 million sq km - land area: 1,266,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,697 km, Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina - 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 sq km in northern - Niger; demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack - of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and - awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina - and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the - tripoint with Niger - - Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south - - Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling - plains in south; hills in north - - Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 2% - other: 88% - - Irrigated land: 320 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; - desertification; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, - and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction - natural hazards: recurring droughts - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked - -@Niger:People - - Population: 9,280,208 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 49% (female 2,275,338; male 2,275,999) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 2,314,857; male 2,188,938) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 107,432; male 117,644) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.4% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 54.8 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 20.8 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 109.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 45.07 years - male: 43.42 years - female: 46.77 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.35 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Nigerien(s) - adjective: Nigerien - - Ethnic divisions: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri - Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 4,000 - French expatriates - - Religions: Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians - - Languages: French (official), Hausa, Djerma - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988) - total population: 11% - male: 17% - female: 5% - - Labor force: 2.5 million wage earners (1982) - by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government - 4% - -@Niger:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Niger - conventional short form: Niger - local long form: Republique du Niger - local short form: Niger - - Digraph: NG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Niamey - - Administrative divisions: 7 departments (departements, singular - - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder - - Independence: 3 August 1960 (from France) - - National holiday: Republic Day, 18 December (1958) - - Constitution: approved by national referendum 16 December 1992; - promulgated January 1993 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Mahamane OUSMANE (since 16 April 1993); - election last held 17 March 1993 (next to be held NA February 1998) - head of government: Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 21 February - 1995) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elected by proportional representation for 5 year - terms; elections last held 12 January 1995 (next to be held NA); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (83 total) MNSD-NASSARA - 29, CDS 24, PNDS 12, ANDP-Z 9, UDFP 3, UDPS 2, PADN 2, PPN-RDA 1, UPDP - 1 - - Judicial branch: State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour - d'Apel) - - Political parties and leaders: National Movement of the Development - Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Mamadou TANDJA, chairman; Democratic and - Social Convention (CDS), Jacoub SANOUSSI; Nigerien Party for Democracy - and Socialism (PNDS), Mahamadou ISSOUFOU; Nigerien Alliance for - Democracy and Progress-Zamanlahia (ANDP-Z), Moumouni Adamou - DJERMAKOYE; Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress-Sawaba - (UDFP), Djibo BAKARY, chairman; Union for Democracy and Social - Progress (UDPS), Akoli DAOUEL; Niger Social Democrat Party (PADN), - Malam Adji WAZIRI; Niger Progressive Party-African Democratic Rally - (PPN-RDA), Dori ABDOULAI, chairman; Union of Patriots, Democrats, and - Progressives (UPDP), Professor Andre SALIFOU, chairman - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Adamou SEYDOU - chancery: 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-4224 through 4227 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John S. DAVISON - embassy: Rue Des Ambassades, Niamey - mailing address: B. P. 11201, Niamey - telephone: [227] 72 26 61 through 72 26 64 - FAX: [227] 73 31 67 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green - with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white - band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel - centered in the white band - -@Niger:Economy - - Overview: Niger is one of the world's poorest countries, with GDP - growth lagging behind the rapid growth of population. The economy is - centered on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry, and reexport - trade, and increasingly less on uranium, its major export throughout - the 1970s and 1980s. Uranium revenues dropped by almost 50% between - 1983 and 1990 with the end of the uranium boom. Terms of trade with - Nigeria, Niger's largest regional trade partner, have improved - dramatically since the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January - 1994; this devaluation boosted exports of livestock, peas, onions, and - the products of Niger's small cotton industry. The government relies - on bilateral and multilateral aid for operating expenses and public - investment and is strongly induced to adhere to structural adjustment - programs designed by the IMF and the World Bank. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.6 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.4% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $550 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $188 million - expenditures: $400 million, including capital expenditures of $125 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $246 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: uranium ore 67%, livestock products 20%, cowpeas, onions - partners: France 77%, Nigeria 8%, Cote d'Ivoire, Italy - - Imports: $286 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: consumer goods, primary materials, machinery, vehicles - and parts, petroleum, cereals - partners: France 23%, Cote d'Ivoire, Germany, Italy, Japan - - External debt: $1.2 billion (December 1991 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -2.7% (1992 est.); accounts for 15% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 60,000 kW - production: 200 million kWh - consumption per capita: 42 kWh (1992) - - Industries: cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, - slaughterhouses, and a few other small light industries; uranium - mining began in 1971 - - Agriculture: accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; - cash crops - cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, - cassava, rice; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in - food except in drought years - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.165 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $61 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning - 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French - franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Niger:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 39,970 km - paved: bituminous 3,170 km - unpaved: gravel, laterite 10,330 km; earth 3,470 km; tracks 23,000 km - - Inland waterways: Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya - on the Benin frontier from mid-December through March - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 29 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 16 - -@Niger:Communications - - Telephone system: 14,260 telephones; small system of wire, - radiocommunications, and radio relay links concentrated in - southwestern area - local: NA - intercity: wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay; 3 domestic - satellite links, with 1 planned - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 5, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: NA - -@Niger:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, - National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,908,767; males fit for - military service 1,029,384; males reach military age (18) annually - 94,506 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $32 million, 1.3% of - GDP (FY92/93) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NIGERIA - -@Nigeria:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Benin and Cameroon - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 923,770 sq km - land area: 910,770 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California - - Land boundaries: total 4,047 km, Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad - 87 km, Niger 1,497 km - - Coastline: 853 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 30 nm - - International disputes: demarcation of international boundaries in - Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, is - completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and - Nigeria; dispute with Cameroon over land and maritime boundaries in - the vicinity of the Bakasi Peninsula has been referred to the - International Court of Justice - - Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in - north - - Terrain: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; - mountains in southeast, plains in north - - Natural resources: petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, - limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 31% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 23% - forest and woodland: 15% - other: 28% - - Irrigated land: 8,650 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil degradation; rapid deforestation; - desertification; recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal - agricultural activities - natural hazards: periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection - -@Nigeria:People - - Population: 101,232,251 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 22,643,026; male 22,850,322) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 25,842,286; male 26,978,906) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 1,438,392; male 1,479,319) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.16% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.26 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 72.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 55.98 years - male: 54.69 years - female: 57.3 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.31 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Nigerian(s) - adjective: Nigerian - - Ethnic divisions: - north: Hausa and Fulani - southwest: Yoruba - southeast: Ibos non-Africans 27,000 - note: Hausa and Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibos together make up 65% of - population - - Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% - - Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 51% - male: 62% - female: 40% - - Labor force: 42.844 million - by occupation: agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, - government 15% - -@Nigeria:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria - conventional short form: Nigeria - - Digraph: NI - - Type: military government since 31 December 1983; plans to institute a - constitutional conference to prepare for a new transition to civilian - rule after plans for a transition in 1993 were negated by General - BABANGIDA - - Capital: Abuja - note: on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from Lagos - to Abuja; many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion - of facilities in Abuja - - Administrative divisions: 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja - Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, - Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, - Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, - Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe - - Independence: 1 October 1960 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960) - - Constitution: 1979 constitution still in force; plan for 1989 - constitution to take effect in 1993 was not implemented - - Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Chairman of the Provisional - Ruling Council and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces and Defense - Minister Gen. Sani ABACHA (since 17 November 1993); Vice-Chairman of - the Provisional Ruling Council Oladipo DIYA (since 17 November 1993) - cabinet: Federal Executive Council - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly - Senate: suspended after coup of 17 November 1993 - House of Representatives: suspended after coup of 17 November 1993 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: - note: two political party system suspended after the coup of 17 - November 1993 - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, - OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE - chancery: 1333 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 986-8400 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Walter C. CARRINGTON - embassy: 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos - mailing address: P. O. Box 554, Lagos - telephone: [234] (1) 261-0097 - FAX: [234] (1) 261-0257 - branch office: Abuja - consulate(s) general: Kaduna - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and - green - -@Nigeria:Economy - - Overview: The oil-rich Nigerian economy continues to be hobbled by - political instability and poor macroeconomic management. Nigeria's - unpopular military rulers show no sign of wanting to restore - democratic civilian rule in the near future and appear divided on how - to redress fundamental economic imbalances that cause troublesome - inflation and the steady depreciation of the naira. The government's - domestic and international arrears continue to limit economic growth - - even in the oil sector - and prevent an agreement with the IMF and - bilateral creditors on debt relief. The inefficient (largely - subsistence) agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid - population growth, and Nigeria, once a large net exporter of food, now - must import food. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $122.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -0.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,250 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 53% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 28% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $9 billion - expenditures: $10.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: $11.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: oil 95%, cocoa, rubber - partners: US 54%, EC 23% - - Imports: $8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: machinery and equipment, manufactured goods, food and - animals - partners: EC 64%, US 10%, Japan 7% - - External debt: $29.5 billion (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 7.7% (1991); accounts for 43% of - GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,570,000 kW - production: 11.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 109 kWh (1993) - - Industries: crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary - processing industries - palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides - and skins; manufacturing industries - textiles, cement, building - materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics, - steel - - Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GDP and half of labor force; cash - crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, - sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, - pigs; fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited - - Illicit drugs: passenger and cargo air hub for West Africa; - facilitates movement of heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest - Asia to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit route - for cocaine from South America intended for West European, East Asian, - and North American markets - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion - - Currency: 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo - - Exchange rates: naira (N) per US$1 - 21.996 (January 1995), 21.996 - (1994), 22.065 (1993), 17.298 (1992), 9.909 (1991), 8.038 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Nigeria:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,567 km - narrow gauge: 3,505 km 1.067-m gauge - standard gauge: 62 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 107,990 km - paved: mostly bituminous-surface treatment 30,019 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 25,411 km; unimproved - earth 52,560 km - - Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and - smaller rivers and creeks - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural - gas 500 km - - Ports: Calabar, Lagos, Onne, Port Harcourt, Sapele, Warri - - Merchant marine: - total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 404,064 GRT/661,850 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 14, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas - tanker 1, oil tanker 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 80 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with paved runways under 914 m: 25 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - -@Nigeria:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; above-average system limited by poor - maintenance; major expansion in progress - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and 20 domestic - satellite earth stations carry intercity traffic - international: 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 - Indian Ocean) and 1 coaxial submarine cable carry international - traffic - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 35, FM 17, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 28 - televisions: NA - -@Nigeria:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 23,167,009; males fit for - military service 13,246,223; males reach military age (18) annually - 1,024,059 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $172 million, about - 1% of GDP (1992) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NIUE - - (free association with New Zealand) - -@Niue:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 260 sq km - land area: 260 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 64 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds - - Terrain: steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau - - Natural resources: fish, arable land - - Land use: - arable land: 61% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 19% - other: 12% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: traditional methods of burning brush and trees to - clear land for agriculture have threatened soil supplies which - naturally are not very abundant - natural hazards: typhoons - international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: one of world's largest coral islands - -@Niue:People - - Population: 1,837 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: -3.66% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA - - Death rate: NA - - Net migration rate: NA - - Infant mortality rate: NA - - Life expectancy at birth: NA - - Total fertility rate: NA - - Nationality: - noun: Niuean(s) - adjective: Niuean - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and - Tongans) - - Religions: Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) 75% - a Protestant church - closely related to the London Missionary Society, Morman 10%, other - 15% (mostly Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day - Adventist) - - Languages: Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English - - Labor force: 1,000 (1981 est.) - by occupation: most work on family plantations; paid work exists only - in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board - -@Niue:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Niue - - Digraph: NE - - Type: self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; - Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains - responsibility for external affairs - - Capital: Alofi - - Administrative divisions: none - - Independence: 19 October 1974 (became a self-governing territory in - free association with New Zealand on 19 October 1974) - - National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi - established British sovereignty) - - Constitution: 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act) - - Legal system: English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by New Zealand Representative Kurt MEYER (since NA) - head of government: Premier Frank F. LUI (since 12 March 1993; Acting - Premier since December 1992) - cabinet: Cabinet; consists of the premier and three other ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly: elections last held 6 March 1993 (next to be - held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 - elected) - - Judicial branch: Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court - - Political parties and leaders: Niue Peoples Party (NPP), Young VIVIAN - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), SPARTECA, - SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing territory in - free association with New Zealand) - - US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing territory in free - association with New Zealand) - - Flag: yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; - the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one - on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold - red cross - -@Niue:Economy - - Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. - Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall - made up by grants from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages - to public employees. The agricultural sector consists mainly of - subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. - Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion - fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps - to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in - recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of - migration of Niueans to New Zealand. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.4 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $1,200 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1992) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $5.5 million - expenditures: $6.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1985 est.) - - Exports: $117,500 (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit - products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts - partners: NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia - - Imports: $4.1 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, - lubricants, chemicals, drugs - partners: NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,500 kW - production: 2.7 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,490 kWh (1992) - - Industries: tourism, handicrafts, food processing - - Agriculture: coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - - taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef - cattle - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $62 million - - Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5601 (January - 1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Niue:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 229 km - unpaved: all-weather 123 km; plantation access 106 km - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Niue:Communications - - Telephone system: 383 telephones - local: NA - intercity: single-line telephone system connects all villages on - island - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1,000, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1987 est.) - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Niue:Defense Forces - - Branches: Police Force - - Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NORFOLK ISLAND - - (territory of Australia) - -@Norfolk Island:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of - Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 34.6 sq km - land area: 34.6 sq km - comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 32 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 25% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 75% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons (especially May to July) - international agreements: NA - -@Norfolk Island:People - - Population: 2,756 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.69% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA - - Death rate: NA - - Net migration rate: NA - - Infant mortality rate: NA - - Life expectancy at birth: NA - - Total fertility rate: NA - - Nationality: - noun: Norfolk Islander(s) - adjective: Norfolk Islander(s) - - Ethnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New - Zealander - - Religions: Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in - Australia 16.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, - other 2.4% (1986) - - Languages: English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century - English and ancient Tahitian - - Labor force: NA - -@Norfolk Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of Norfolk Island - conventional short form: Norfolk Island - - Digraph: NF - - Type: territory of Australia - - Capital: Kingston (administrative center); Burnt Pine (commercial - center) - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia) - - Independence: none (territory of Australia) - - National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856) - - Constitution: Norfolk Island Act of 1979 - - Legal system: wide legislative and executive responsibility under the - Norfolk Island Act of 1979; Supreme Court - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Administrator Alan Gardner KERR (since NA April 1992), - who is appointed by the Governor General of Australia - head of government: Assembly President David Ernest BUFFETT (since NA - May 1992) - cabinet: Executive Council - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly: elections last held 20 May 1992 (next to be held - NA May 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) - independents 9 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: NA - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia) - - Flag: three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green - with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly - wider white band - -@Norfolk Island:Economy - - Overview: The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought - a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific - islands. The number of visitors has increased steadily over the years - and reached 29,000 in FY88/89. Revenues from tourism have given the - island a favorable balance of trade and helped the agricultural sector - to become self-sufficient in the production of beef, poultry, and - eggs. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of $400,000 - (1989 est.) - - Exports: $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY85/86) - commodities: postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and - Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados - partners: Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe - - Imports: $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY85/86) - commodities: NA - partners: Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 7,000 kW - production: 8 million kWh - consumption per capita: 3,160 kWh (1990) - - Industries: tourism - - Agriculture: Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, - vegetables, fruit, cattle, poultry - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January - 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Norfolk Island:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 80 km - paved: 53 km - unpaved: earth, coral 27 km - - Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - -@Norfolk Island:Communications - - Telephone system: 987 telephones (1983) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: radio link service with Sydney - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 1,000 (1987 est.) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Norfolk Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS - - (commonwealth in political union with the US) - -@Northern Mariana Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about - three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 477 sq km - land area: 477 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - note: includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,482 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little - seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy - season July to October - - Terrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and - fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation - is 471 m (Mt. Okso' Takpochao on Saipan) - - Natural resources: arable land, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 5% on Saipan - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: 19% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: contamination of groundwater on Saipan by raw sewage - contributes to disease - natural hazards: active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons - (especially August to November) - international agreements: NA - - Note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean - -@Northern Mariana Islands:People - - Population: 51,033 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 3.04% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 33.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 67.43 years - male: 65.53 years - female: 69.48 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.69 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: NA - adjective: NA - - Ethnic divisions: Chamorro, Carolinians and other Micronesians, - Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean - - Religions: Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional - beliefs and taboos may still be found) - - Languages: English, Chamorro, Carolinian - note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 97% - male: 97% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 7,476 total indigenous labor force, 2,699 unemployed; - 21,188 foreign workers (1990) - by occupation: NA - -@Northern Mariana Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - conventional short form: Northern Mariana Islands - - Digraph: CQ - - Type: commonwealth in political union with the US; self-governing with - locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature; - federal funds to the Commonwealth administered by the US Department of - the Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs - - Capital: Saipan - - Administrative divisions: none - - Independence: none (commonwealth in political union with the US) - - National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) - - Constitution: Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 and the - Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - - Legal system: based on US system except for customs, wages, - immigration laws, and taxation - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US - citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January - 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - head of government: Governor Froilan C. TENORIO (since January 1994); - Lieutenant Governor Jesus C. BORJA (since January 1994); election last - held in NA November 1993 (next to be held NA November 1997); results - - Froilan C. TENORIO (Democrat) was elected governor with 56% of the - vote - - Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature - Senate: elections last held NA November 1993 (next to be held NA - November 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 - total) Republicans retained a majority of the seats - House of Representatives: elections last held NA November 1993 (next - to be held NA November 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (18 total) Republicans retained a majority of the seats - US House of Representatives: the Commonwealth does not have a - nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it has an elected official - "resident representative" located in Washington, DC; seats - (1 total) - Juan N. BABAUTA (Republican) - - Judicial branch: Commonwealth Supreme Court, Superior Court, Federal - District Court - - Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Benigno R. FITIAL, - Leader; Democratic Party, Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO, Chairman - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), SPC - - Flag: blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray - silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in - building) in the center - -@Northern Mariana Islands:Economy - - Overview: The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance - from the US. The rate of funding has declined as locally generated - government revenues have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to - 1992 entitled the islands to $228 million for capital development, - government operations, and special programs. A rapidly growing major - source of income is the tourist industry, which now employs about 50% - of the work force. Japanese tourists predominate. The agricultural - sector is of minor importance and is made up of cattle ranches and - small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. - Industry is small scale, mostly handicrafts, light manufacturing, and - garment production. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $524 million (1994 - est.) - note: GDP numbers reflect US spending - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $10,500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $190.4 million - expenditures: $190.4 million, including capital expenditures of $19.1 - million (FY94/95) - - Exports: $263.4 million (f.o.b. 1991 est.) - commodities: garments - partners: NA - - Imports: $392.4 million (c.i.f. 1991 est.) - commodities: food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum - products - partners: US, Japan - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 105,000 kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh - - Industries: tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts - - Agriculture: coconuts, fruits, cattle, vegetables; food is a major - import - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Northern Mariana Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 381.5 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - undifferentiated: primary 134.5 km; secondary 55 km; local 192 km - (1991) - - Inland waterways: none - - Ports: Saipan, Tinian - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 8 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - -@Northern Mariana Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1984) - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1; note - there are 2 cable TV stations - televisions: NA - -@Northern Mariana Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -NORWAY - -@Norway:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 324,220 sq km - land area: 307,860 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 2,515 km, Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, - Russia 167 km - - Coastline: 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 - km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 - km) - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 10 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 4 nm - - International disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud - Land); maritime boundary dispute with Russia over portion of Barents - Sea - - Climate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; - colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast - - Terrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken - by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented - by fjords; arctic tundra in north - - Natural resources: petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, - iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 27% - other: 70% - - Irrigated land: 950 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and - adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from - vehicle emissions - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical - Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Tropical Timber - 94 - - Note: about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much - indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air - routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in - world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land boundary with - Russia - -@Norway:People - - Population: 4,330,951 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 390,344; male 444,570) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 1,375,493; male 1,424,027) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 408,675; male 287,842) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.37% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.86 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.35 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.61 years - male: 74.26 years - female: 81.15 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.76 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Norwegian(s) - adjective: Norwegian - - Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Lapps (Sami) - 20,000 - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 87.8% (state church), other Protestant - and Roman Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980) - - Languages: Norwegian (official) - note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 2.13 million - by occupation: services 71%, industry 23%, agriculture, forestry, and - fishing 6% (1992) - -@Norway:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway - conventional short form: Norway - local long form: Kongeriket Norge - local short form: Norge - - Digraph: NO - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Oslo - - Administrative divisions: 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); - Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og - Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, - Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold - - Dependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard - - Independence: 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) - - National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) - - Constitution: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 - - Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common - law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature - when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent - Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) - head of government: Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 - November 1990) - cabinet: State Council; appointed by the king in accordance with the - will of the Storting - - Legislative branch: modified unicameral Parliament (Storting) which, - for certain purposes, divides itself into two chambers - Storting: elections last held 13 September 1993 (next to be held - September 1997); results - Labor 37.1%, Center Party 18.5%, - Conservatives 15.6%, Christian People's 8.4%, Socialist Left 7.9%, - Progress 6%, Left Party 3.6%, Red Electoral Alliance 1.2%; seats - - (165 total) Labor 67, Center Party 32, Consevatives 18, Christian - People's 13, Socialist Left 13, Progress 10, Left Party 1, Red - Electoral Alliance 1, unawarded 10 - note: for certain purposes, the Storting divides itself into two - chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership to an upper house or - Lagting - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hoyesterett) - - Political parties and leaders: Labor Party, Thorbjorn JAGLUND; - Conservative Party, Jan PETERSEN; Center Party, Anne ENGER LAHNSTEIN; - Christian People's Party, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK; Socialist Left, - Kjellbjorg LUNDE; Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN; Progress - Party, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Left Party; Red - Electoral Alliance, Erling FOLKVORD - - Member of: AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, - EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, - NIB, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, - WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kjeld VIBE - chancery: 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 333-6000 - FAX: [1] (202) 337-0870 - consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and - San Francisco - consulate(s): Miami - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas A. LOFTUS - embassy: Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo - mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707 - telephone: [47] 22 44 85 50 - FAX: [47] 22 44 33 63 - - Flag: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the - edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the - hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -@Norway:Economy - - Overview: Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free - market activity and government intervention. The government controls - key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector (through large-scale - state enterprises) and extensively subsidizes agriculture, fishing, - and areas with sparse resources. Norway also maintains an extensive - welfare system that helps propel public sector expenditures to - slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the highest - average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high - dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of - raw materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and - medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations. - The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, - hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on - its oil sector to keep its economy afloat. Norway imports more than - half its food needs. Although one of the government's main priorities - is to reduce this dependency, this situation is not likely to improve - for years to come. The government also hopes to reduce unemployment - and strengthen and diversify the economy through tax reform and a - series of expansionary budgets. The budget deficit is expected to hit - a record 8% of GDP because of welfare spending and bail-outs of the - banking system. Unemployment is currently running at 8.4% - including - those in job programs - because of the weakness of the economy outside - the oil sector. Economic growth, only 1.6% in 1993, moved up to 5.5% - in 1994. Oslo opted to stay out of the EU during a referendum in - November 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $95.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $22,170 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 8.4% (including people in job-training programs; - 1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $50.9 billion - expenditures: $55.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $36.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 40%, metals and products - 10.6%, fish and fish products 6.9%, chemicals 6.4%, natural gas 6.0%, - ships 5.4% - partners: EC 66.3%, Nordic countries 16.3%, developing countries 8.4%, - US 6.0%, Japan 1.8% (1993) - - Imports: $29.3 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery and equipment 38.9%, chemicals and other - industrial inputs 26.6%, manufactured consumer goods 17.8%, foodstuffs - 6.4% - partners: EC 48.6%, Nordic countries 25.1%, developing countries 9.6%, - US 8.1%, Japan 8.0% (1993) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.6% (1994); accounts for 14% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 27,280,000 kW - production: 118 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 23,735 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and - paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing - - Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP and about 6% of labor force; among - world's top 10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of - crops; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989 - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for drugs shipped via the CIS and - Baltic states for the European market - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion - - Currency: 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere - - Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.7014 (January - 1995), 7.0469 (1994), 7.0941 (1993), 6.2145 (1992), 6.4829 (1991), - 6.2597 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Norway:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,026 km - standard gauge: 4,026 km 1.435-m gauge (2,422 km electrified; 96 km - double track) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 88,922 km - paved: 61,356 km (75 km of expressway) - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 27,566 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels - maximum - - Pipelines: refined products 53 km - - Ports: Bergen, Drammen, Flora, Hammerfest, Harstad, Haugesund, - Kristiansand, Larvik, Narvik, Oslo, Porsgrunn, Stavanger, Tromso, - Trondheim - - Merchant marine: - total: 764 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,793,968 - GRT/35,409,472 DWT - ships by type: bulk 159, cargo 92, chemical tanker 85, combination - bulk 8, combination ore/oil 28, container 17, liquefied gas tanker 81, - oil tanker 162, passenger 13, passenger-cargo 2, railcar carrier 1, - refrigerated cargo 13, roll-on/roll-off cargo 54, short-sea passenger - 21, vehicle carrier 28 - note: the government has created a captive register, the Norwegian - International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian - register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience - and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians - - Airports: - total: 104 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - with paved runways under 914 m: 62 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - -@Norway:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,102,000 telephones; high-quality domestic and - international telephone, telegraph, and telex services - local: NA - intercity: domestic earth stations - international: 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4 coaxial submarine - cables; EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean), and MARISAT earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 46, FM 493 (350 private and 143 government), - shortwave 0 - radios: 3.3 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 54 (repeaters 2,100) - televisions: 1.5 million - -@Norway:Defense Forces - - Branches: Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air - Force, Home Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,116,130; males fit for - military service 928,774; males reach military age (20) annually - 29,123 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion, 3.2% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -OMAN - -@Oman:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and - Persian Gulf, between Yemen and the United Arab Emirates - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 212,460 sq km - land area: 212,460 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Kansas - - Land boundaries: total 1,374 km, Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, - Yemen 288 km - - Coastline: 2,092 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: no defined boundary with most of UAE; - Administrative Line with UAE in far north - - Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong - southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south - - Terrain: vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and - south - - Natural resources: petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, - limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: less than 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 93% - - Irrigated land: 410 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; - very limited natural fresh water resources - natural hazards: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and - duststorms in interior; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change - - Note: strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula - controlling Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude - oil - -@Oman:People - - Population: 2,125,089 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 480,974; male 498,619) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 493,685; male 593,740) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 31,826; male 26,245) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.71% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 38.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 4.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 34.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.25 years - male: 68.31 years - female: 72.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.16 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Omani(s) - adjective: Omani - - Ethnic divisions: Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri - Lankan, Bangladeshi) - - Religions: Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu - - Languages: Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 430,000 (est.) - by occupation: agriculture 40% (est.) - -@Oman:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman - conventional short form: Oman - local long form: Saltanat Uman - local short form: Uman - - Digraph: MU - - Type: monarchy - - Capital: Muscat - - Administrative divisions: 6 regions (mintaqah, singular - mintaqat) - and 2 governorates* (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat) Ad Dakhiliyah, - Al Batinah, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Az Zahirah, Masqat, Musandam*, - Zufar* - - Independence: 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese) - - National holiday: National Day, 18 November (1940) - - Constitution: none - - Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate - appeal to the sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister - QABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970) - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral Consultative Council - - Judicial branch: none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil - court system - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Abdallah bin Muhammad bin Aqil al-DHAHAB - chancery: 2535 Belmont Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980 through 1982 - FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador David J. DUNFORD - embassy: address NA, Muscat - mailing address: P. O. Box 202, Code No. 115, Muscat - telephone: [968] 698989 - FAX: [968] 699779 - - Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and - green (double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist - side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed - on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of - the vertical band - -@Oman:Economy - - Overview: Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the - oil industry, including trends in international oil prices and the - ability of OPEC producers to agree on output quotas. Petroleum - accounts for more than 85% of export earnings, about 80% of government - revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of 4 - billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current - rate of extraction. Agriculture is carried on at a subsistence level - and the general population depends on imported food. The government is - encouraging private investment, both domestic and foreign, as a prime - force for further economic development. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $17 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $10,020 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $4.4 billion - expenditures: $5.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $1 - billion (1994 est.) - - Exports: $4.8 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum 87%, re-exports, fish, processed copper, - textiles - partners: UAE 33%, Japan 20%, South Korea 14%, China 7% (1993) - - Imports: $4.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, - food, livestock, lubricants - partners: UAE 24% (largely re-exports), Japan 21%, UK 12%, US 7%, - France 6% (1993) - - External debt: $3 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8.6% (1991); accounts for almost - 60% of GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,540,000 kW - production: 6 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,407 kWh (1993) - - Industries: crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, - construction, cement, copper - - Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP and 40% of the labor force - (including fishing); less than 2% of land cultivated; largely - subsistence farming (dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, - camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; annual fish catch - averages 100,000 metric tons - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million - - Currency: 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza - - Exchange rates: Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since - 1986) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Oman:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 26,000 km - paved: 5,000 km - unpaved: 21,000 km (1992 est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km - - Ports: Mina' al Fahl, Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 - DWT - - Airports: - total: 140 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 36 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 61 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 31 - -@Oman:Communications - - Telephone system: 50,000 telephones; modern system consisting of - open-wire, microwave, and radio communications stations; limited - coaxial cable - local: NA - intercity: open wire, microwave, radio communications, and 8 domestic - satellite links - international: 2 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) and 1 ARABSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 7 - televisions: NA - -@Oman:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 520,428; males fit for military - service 294,993; males reach military age (14) annually 26,065 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 14.2% - of GDP (1995 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PACIFIC OCEAN - -@Pacific Ocean:Geography - - Location: body of water between Antarctica, Asia, Australia, and the - Western Hemisphere - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 165.384 million sq km - comparative area: about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean - (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic - Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the - total land area of the world - note: includes Bali Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering - Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of - Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, - Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other - tributary water bodies - - Coastline: 135,663 km - - International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states) - - Climate: the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs - during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the - ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when - dry winds blow from the Asian land mass back to the ocean - - Terrain: surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a - clockwise, warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in - the southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the - northern Pacific sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in - winter; in the southern Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its - northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific - is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is - dissected by deep trenches, including the world's deepest, the 10,924 - meter Marianas Trench - - Natural resources: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and - gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish - - Environment: - current issues: endangered marine species include the dugong, sea - lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in - Philippine Sea and South China Sea - natural hazards: surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and - earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire; - subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia - from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical - cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central - America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and - September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from - Antarctica; occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru - when the trade winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent - moves south, killing the plankton that is the primary food source for - anchovies; consequently, the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, - causing resident marine birds to starve by the thousands because of - their lost food source; ships subject to superstructure icing in - extreme north from October to May and in extreme south from May to - October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime - hazard from June to December - international agreements: NA - - Note: the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, - Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the - Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific - Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in - the southwestern Pacific Ocean - -@Pacific Ocean:Government - - Digraph: ZN - -@Pacific Ocean:Economy - - Overview: The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world - economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. - It provides low-cost sea transportation between East and West, - extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and - sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) - of the world's fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the - only ocean where the fish catch has increased every year since 1978. - Exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an - ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of Australia, NZ, China, - US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, - combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has - slowed but not stopped new drillings. - - Industries: fishing, oil and gas production - -@Pacific Ocean:Transportation - - Ports: Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila - (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), - Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), - Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan) - -@Pacific Ocean:Communications - - Telephone system: - international: several submarine cables with network nodal points on - Guam and Hawaii - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PAKISTAN - -@Pakistan:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India and - Iran - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 803,940 sq km - land area: 778,720 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California - - Land boundaries: total 6,774 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, - India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km - - Coastline: 1,046 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: status of Kashmir with India; border question - with Afghanistan (Durand Line); water-sharing problems (Wular Barrage) - over the Indus with upstream riparian India - - Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in - north - - Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; - Balochistan plateau in west - - Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited - petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone - - Land use: - arable land: 23% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 67% (1993) - - Irrigated land: 170,000 sq km (1992) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, - and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a - majority of the population does not have access to potable water; - deforestation; soil erosion; desertification - natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially - in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July - and August) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine - Life Conservation - - Note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes - between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent - -@Pakistan:People - - Population: 131,541,920 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 28,033,354; male 29,777,818) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 33,456,410; male 35,109,482) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 2,556,846; male 2,608,010) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.28% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 41.8 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.07 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -16.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 99.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 57.86 years - male: 57.18 years - female: 58.56 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.35 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Pakistani(s) - adjective: Pakistani - - Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir - (immigrants from India and their descendents) - - Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and - other 3% - - Languages: Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of - Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi - 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 35% - male: 47% - female: 21% - - Labor force: 36 million - by occupation: agriculture 46%, mining and manufacturing 18%, services - 17%, other 19% - note: extensive export of labor - -@Pakistan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan - conventional short form: Pakistan - former: West Pakistan - - Digraph: PK - - Type: republic - - Capital: Islamabad - - Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital - territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, - Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh - note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and - Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas - - Independence: 14 August 1947 (from UK) - - National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the - republic) - - Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with - amendments 30 December 1985 - - Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to - accommodate Pakistan's stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and - reserved parliamentary seats for non-Muslims - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Sardar Farooq LEGHARI; election last held 13 - November 1993 (next to be held no later than 14 October 1998); results - - LEGHARI was elected by Parliament and the four provincial assemblies - - head of government: Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO - cabinet: Cabinet - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) - Senate: elections last held NA March 1994 (next to be held NA March - 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (87 total) PPP - 22, PML/N 17; Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, ANP 6, PML/J - 5, JWP 5, MQM/A 5, JUI/F 2, PKMAP 2, JI 2, NPP 2, BNM/H 1, BNM/M 1, - JUP/NI 1, JUP/NO 1, JAH 1, JUI/S 1, PML/F 1, PNP 1, independents 2, - vacant 1 - National Assembly: elections last held 6 October 1993 (next to be held - by October 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 - total) PPP 92, PML/N 75, PML/J 6, IJM-Islamic Democratic Front 4, ANP - 3, PKMAP 4, PIF 3, JWP 2, MDM 2, BNM/H 1, BNM/M 1, NDA 1, NPP 1, PKQP - 1, Religious minorities 10 reserved seats, independents 9, results - pending 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) Court - - Political parties and leaders: - government: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; Pakistan - Muslim League, Junejo faction (PML/J), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; National - People's Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami - Party (PKMAP), Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI; Balochistan National Movement, - Hayee Group (BNM/H), Dr. HAYEE Baluch; National Democratic Alliance - (NDA), Maulana Kausar NIAZI; Pakhtun Quami Party (PKQP), Mohammed - AFZAL Khan; Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Akbar Khan BUGTI - opposition: Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N), - Nawaz SHARIF; Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI KHAN; - Pakistan Islamic Front (PIF), Qazi Hussain AHMED; Balochistan National - Movement, Mengal Group (BNM/M), Sardar Akhtar MENGAL; Mohajir Quami - Movement, Altaf faction (MQM/A), Altaf HUSSAIN; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), - Qazi Hussain AHMED; Jamiat-al-Hadith (JAH) - frequently shifting: Mutaheda Deeni Mahaz (MDM), Maulana Sami-ul-HAQ, - the MDM includes Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction (JUP/NI) and - Anjuman Sepah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (ASSP); Islami-Jamhoori-Mahaz - (IJM-Islamic Democratic Party), the IJM includes Jamiat - Ulema-i-Islami, Fazlur Rehman group (JUI/F); Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, - Noorani faction (JUP/NO); Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction - (JUI/S); Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group (PML/F); Pakistan - National Party (PNP) - note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently - - Other political or pressure groups: military remains important - political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small - merchants also influential - - Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, - NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNOMIL, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Maleeha LODHI - chancery: 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-6200 - FAX: [1] (202) 387-0484 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John C. MONJO - embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad - mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Unit 6220, - Islamabad; APO AE 09812-2000 - telephone: [92] (51) 826161 through 826179 - FAX: [92] (51) 214222 - consulate(s) general: Karachi, Lahore - consulate(s): Peshawar - - Flag: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of - religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and - star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color - green are traditional symbols of Islam - -@Pakistan:Economy - - Overview: The Pakistani economy has made progress in several key areas - since Benazir BHUTTO became Prime Minister in October 1993. She has - been under pressure from international donors and the IMF - which gave - Pakistan a $1.3 billion structural adjustment credit in February 1994 - - to continue the economic reforms and austerity measures begun by her - predecessor, caretaker Prime Minister Moeen QURESHI (July-October - 1993). Foreign exchange reserves climbed to more than $3 billion in - 1994, and the budget deficit was substantially reduced. Real GDP - growth was 4% in FY93/94, up from 2.3% in FY92/93. Foreign direct and - portfolio investment also have increased. Privatization of large - public sector utilities began in 1994 with the sale of 12% of the - Pakistan Telecommunications Corporation (PTC) and the Water and Power - Development Authority (WAPDA); the sale of state-owned banks and other - large units are planned for 1995. Still, the government must cope with - long-standing economic vulnerabilities - high levels of debt service - and defense spending, a small tax base, a huge population, and - dependence on cotton-based exports - which hamper its ability to - create a stable economic environment. In addition, Pakistan's - infrastructure is inadequate and deteriorating, low levels of literacy - constrain industrial growth, and increasing sectarian, ethnic, and - tribal violence disrupt production. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $248.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,930 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (FY93/94) - - Unemployment rate: 10% (FY90/91 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $10.5 billion - expenditures: $11.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 - billion (FY93/94) - - Exports: $6.7 billion (1993) - commodities: cotton, textiles, clothing, rice, leather, carpets - partners: US, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, UK, UAE, France - - Imports: $9.5 billion (1993) - commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation - equipment, vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals - partners: Japan, US, Germany, UK, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, South Korea - - External debt: $24 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (FY93/94); accounts for 18% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,800,000 kW (1994) - production: 52.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 389 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, construction - materials, clothing, paper products, shrimp - - Agriculture: 24% of GDP; world's largest contiguous irrigation system; - major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; - livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs - - Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of opium and hashish for the - international drug trade; remains world's third largest opium producer - (160 metric tons in 1994); major center for processing Afghan heroin - and key transit area for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western - market - - Economic aid: - recipient: $2.5 billion (FY91/92); $2.5 billion (FY92/93); $2.5 - billion (FY93/94); no US commitments, includes bi- and multilateral - aid - - Currency: 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa - - Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 30.860 (January - 1995), 30.570 (1994), 28.107 (1993), 25.083 (1992), 23.801 (1991), - 21.707 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Pakistan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 8,773 km - broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (286 km electrified; 1,037 double - track) - narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge; 610 km less than 1.000-m gauge - (1985) - - Highways: - total: 177,410 km - paved: 94,027 km - unpaved: 83,383 km (1991 est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas - 4,044 km (1987) - - Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Ormaro (under construction), Port Muhammad bin - Qasim - - Merchant marine: - total: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 352,189 GRT/532,782 DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 25, oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 3 - - Airports: - total: 119 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 12 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 33 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - with paved runways under 914 m: 24 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - -@Pakistan:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; about 7 telephones/1,000 persons; the - domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government and - business use; the system for international traffic is better - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay - international: 3 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) earth - stations; microwave radio relay - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 19, FM 8, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 29 - televisions: NA - -@Pakistan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard, - paramilitary/security forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 30,219,551; males fit for - military service 18,544,008; males reach military age (17) annually - 1,429,719 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 5.6% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PALAU - -@Palau:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, - southeast of the Philippines - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 458 sq km - land area: 458 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,519 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid - - Terrain: about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, - mountainous main island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually - fringed by large barrier reefs - - Natural resources: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine - products, deep-seabed minerals - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; - threats to the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging and - illegal fishing practices that involve the use of dynamite - natural hazards: typhoons (June to December) - international agreements: NA - - Note: includes World War II battleground of Beliliou (Peleliu) and - world-famous rock islands; archipelago of six island groups totaling - over 200 islands in the Caroline chain - -@Palau:People - - Population: 16,661 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.76% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.11 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 25.07 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.01 years - male: 69.14 years - female: 73.02 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.85 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Palauan(s) - adjective: Palauan - - Ethnic divisions: Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and - Melanesian races - - Religions: Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's - Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and Latter-Day - Saints), Modekngei religion (one-third of the population observes this - religion which is indigenous to Palau) - - Languages: English (official in all of Palau's 16 states), Sonsorolese - (official in the state of Sonsoral), Angaur and Japanese (in the state - of Anguar), Tobi (in the state of Tobi), Palauan (in the other 13 - states) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 92% - male: 93% - female: 90% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: NA - -@Palau:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Palau - conventional short form: Palau - former: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands - - Digraph: PS - - Type: self-governing territory in free association with the US - pursuant to Compact of Free Association which entered into force 1 - October 1994; Palau is fully responsible for internal affairs; US - retains responsibility for external affairs - - Capital: Koror - note: a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern - Babelthuap - - Administrative divisions: there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 16 states: - Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, - Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, - Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi - - Independence: 1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship) - - National holiday: Constitution Day, 9 July (1979) - - Constitution: 1 January 1981 - - Legal system: based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, - municipal, common, and customary laws - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Kuniwo NAKAMURA - (since 1 January 1993), Vice-President Tommy E. REMENGESAU Jr. (since - 1 January 1993); election last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held - NA November 1996); results - Kuniwo NAKAMURA 50.7%, Johnson TORIBIONG - 49.3% - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) - Senate: elections last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA - November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 - total) number of seats by party NA - House of Delegates: elections last held 4 November 1992 (next to be - held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (16 total) number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, National Court, Court of Common Pleas - - Member of: ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer), UN - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Liaison Officer NA - liaison office: 444 North Capital Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: (202) 624-7793 - FAX: NA - note: relationship of free association with the US pursuant to compact - of free association which entered into force 1 October 1994 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Liaison Officer Lloyd W. MOSS - liaison office: Erenguul Street, Koror, Republic of Palau - mailing address: P.O. Box 6028, Republic of Palau 96940 - telephone: [680] 488-2920 - FAX: [680] 488-2911 - note: relationship of free association with the US pursuant to compact - of free association which entered into force 1 October 1994 - - Flag: light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) - shifted slightly to the hoist side - -@Palau:Economy - - Overview: The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture - and fishing. The government is the major employer of the work force, - relying heavily on financial assistance from the US. The compact of - "free association" with the United States, entered into after the end - of the UN trusteeship on 1 October 1994, provides Palau with $500 - million in US aid over 15 years in return for furnishing some military - facilities. The population, in effect, enjoys a per capita income of - $5,000, twice that of the Philippines and much of Micronesia. Long-run - prospects for the tourist sector have been greatly bolstered by the - expansion of air travel in the Pacific and the rapidly rising - prosperity of leading East Asian countries. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $81.8 million (1994 - est.) - note: GDP numbers reflect US spending - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $5,000 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 20% (1986) - - Budget: - revenues: $6 million - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986 est.) - - Exports: $600,000 (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: trochus (type of shellfish), tuna, copra, handicrafts - partners: US, Japan - - Imports: $24.6 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: NA - partners: US - - External debt: about $100 million (1989) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 16,000 kW - production: 22 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,540 kWh (1990) - - Industries: tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial - fishing and agriculture - - Agriculture: subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, - sweet potatoes - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.56 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $92 million - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Palau:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 61 km - paved: 36 km - unpaved: gravel 25 km - - Ports: Koror - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - -@Palau:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Palau:Defense Forces - - Branches: NA - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US pursuant to Compact of - Free Association which entered into force 1 October 1994 - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PALMYRA ATOLL - - (territory of the US) - -@Palmyra Atoll:Geography - - Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of - the way from Hawaii to American Samoa - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 11.9 sq km - land area: 11.9 sq km - comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 14.5 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: equatorial, hot, and very rainy - - Terrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 100% - other: 0% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, - and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall - -@Palmyra Atoll:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Palmyra Atoll:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Palmyra Atoll - - Digraph: LQ - - Type: incorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but - administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, - US Department of the Interior - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - -@Palmyra Atoll:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Palmyra Atoll:Transportation - - Highways: much of the road and many causeways built during the war are - unserviceable and overgrown - - Ports: West Lagoon - - Airports: - total: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - -@Palmyra Atoll:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PANAMA - -@Panama:Geography - - Location: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the - North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 78,200 sq km - land area: 75,990 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina - - Land boundaries: total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km - - Coastline: 2,490 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to - January), short dry season (January to May) - - Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland - plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills - - Natural resources: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: 54% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: 320 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens - fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land - degradation - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but - not ratified - Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Marine Life - Conservation, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge - connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links - North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean - -@Panama:People - - Population: 2,680,903 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 34% (female 439,491; male 458,817) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 812,876; male 823,124) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 74,672; male 71,923) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.9% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.12 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.79 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 15.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.2 years - male: 72.57 years - female: 77.97 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Panamanian(s) - adjective: Panamanian - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, - West Indian 14%, white 10%, Indian 6% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15% - - Languages: Spanish (official), English 14% - note: many Panamanians bilingual - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 89% - male: 89% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 979,000 (1994 est.) - by occupation: government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, - hunting, and fishing 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, - manufacturing and mining 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and - communications 6.2%, finance, insurance, and real estate 4.3% - note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor - -@Panama:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Panama - conventional short form: Panama - local long form: Republica de Panama - local short form: Panama - - Digraph: PM - - Type: constitutional republic - - Capital: Panama - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (provincias, singular - - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, - Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, Veraguas - - Independence: 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from - Spain 28 November 1821) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1903) - - Constitution: 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Ernesto PEREZ - BALLADARES Gonzalez Revilla (since 1 September 1994, elected 8 May - 1994); First Vice President Tomas Gabriel ALTAMIRANO DUQUE (since 1 - September 1994); Second Vice President Felipe Alejandro VIRZI Lopez - (since 1 September 1994 election last held 8 May 1994 (next to be held - 9 May 1999); results - Ernesto PEREZ BALLADARES (PRD) 33%, Mireya - MOSCOSO DE GRUBER (PA) 29%, Ruben BLADES (MPE) 17%, Ruben Dario CARLES - (MOLIRENA) 16% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa): legislators from outlying - rural districts are chosen on a plurality basis while districts - located in more populous towns and cities elect multiple legislators - by means of a proportion-based formula; elections last held 8 May 1994 - (next to be held 9 May 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA ; - seats - (72 total) PRD 32, PS 4, PALA 1, PA 14, MPE 6, MOLIRENA 4, PLA - 3, PRC 3, PL 2, PDC 1, UDI 1, MORENA 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), - 5 superior courts, 3 courts of appeal - - Political parties and leaders: - governing coalition: Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo - GONZALEZ; Solidarity Party (PS), Samuel LEWIS GALINDO; Liberal - Republican Party (PLR), Rodolfo CHIARI; Labor Party (PALA), Carlos - Lopez GUEVARA - other parties: Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), - Alfredo RAMIREZ; Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; - Arnulfista Party (PA), Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER; Christian Democratic - Party (PDC), Raul OSSA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; - Papa Egoro Movement (MPE), Ruben BLADES; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), - Tomas HERRERA; National Unity Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel - PAREDES; Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Jacinto CARDENAS; - National Renovation Movement (MORENA), Pedro VALLERINO - - Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Organized - Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP); - Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); National Civic - Crusade; Chamber of Commerce; Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); - Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama (CTRP) - - Member of: AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, - OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ricardo Alberto ARIAS - chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, - San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Tampa - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Oliver P. GARZA - embassy: Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 - mailing address: American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945; APO AA 34002 - telephone: [507] 27-1777 - FAX: [507] 27-1964 - - Flag: divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white - (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain - red, the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a - red five-pointed star in the center - -@Panama:Economy - - Overview: Because of its key geographic location, Panama's economy is - service-based, heavily weighted toward banking, commerce, and tourism. - Trade and financial ties with the US are especially close. GDP grew at - 3.6% in 1994, a respectable rate, yet below the 7.1% average of the - early 1990s. Banking and financial services and trade through the - Colon Free Zone continued to expand rapidly, with the industrial and - agricultural sectors experiencing little growth. The new - administration, inaugurated 1 September 1994, has launched an economic - plan designed to reverse rising unemployment, attract foreign - investment, cut back the size of government, and modernize the - economy. The success of the plan in meeting its goals for 1995 and - beyond depends largely on the success of the administration in - reforming the labor code and instituting the reforms necessary to join - the GATT. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,670 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.8% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 12.9% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.93 billion - expenditures: $1.93 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $520 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2% - - partners: US 45%, EU, Central America and Caribbean - - Imports: $2.205 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer - goods, chemicals - partners: US 40%, EU, Central America and Caribbean, Japan - - External debt: $6.7 billion (yearend 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.8% (1994 est.); accounts for - about 9% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 960,000 kW - production: 2.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,047 kWh (1993) - - Industries: manufacturing and construction, petroleum refining, - brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling - - Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (1992 est.); crops - bananas, - rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food - grain, vegetables - - Illicit drugs: major cocaine transshipment point and drug money - laundering center - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $582 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million - - Currency: 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos - - Exchange rates: balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Panama:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 238 km - broad gauge: 78 km 1.524-m gauge - narrow gauge: 160 km 0.914-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 8,530 km - paved: 2,745 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 3,270 km; improved, unimproved earth - 2,515 km - - Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km - Panama Canal - - Pipelines: crude oil 130 km - - Ports: Bahia de las Minas, Balboa, Colon, Cristobal, Panama - - Merchant marine: - total: 3,526 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,748,525 - GRT/95,102,552 DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 787, cargo 1,070, chemical tanker - 175, combination bulk 33, combination ore/oil 25, container 259, - liquefied gas tanker 125, livestock carrier 8, multifunction - large-load carrier 6, oil tanker 465, passenger 24, passenger-cargo 3, - refrigerated cargo 284, roll-on/roll-off cargo 81, short-sea passenger - 34, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 137 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 93 countries; the 10 - major fleet flags are: Japan 1,171 ships, Greece 323, Hong Kong 276, - US 212, Taiwan 184, Singapore 181, South Korea 172, China 145 ships, - UK 102, and Norway 70 - - Airports: - total: 115 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - with paved runways under 914 m: 74 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 20 - -@Panama:Communications - - Telephone system: 220,000 telephones; domestic and international - facilities well developed - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth stations; connected to the Central American Microwave System - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 91, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 23 - televisions: NA - -@Panama:Defense Forces - - Branches: Panamanian Public Forces (PPF; includes the National Police - or PNP, Maritime Service, National Air Service, and Institutional - Protective Service); Judicial Branch Technical Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 701,691; males fit for military - service 481,927 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: expenditures for the Panamanian security forces - amounted to $105 million, 1.0% of GDP (1993 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PAPUA NEW GUINEA - -@Papua New Guinea:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, group of islands including the eastern - half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South - Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 461,690 sq km - land area: 451,710 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than California - - Land boundaries: total 820 km, Indonesia 820 km - - Coastline: 5,152 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast - monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills - - Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil - potential - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 71% - other: 28% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of - growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining - projects - natural hazards: active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Rim of - Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe - earthquakes; mudslides - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine - Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea - - Note: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world's - largest swamps along southwest coast - -@Papua New Guinea:People - - Population: 4,294,750 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 41% (female 847,208; male 892,718) - 15-64 years: 57% (female 1,161,961; male 1,268,266) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 66,759; male 57,838) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.3% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 33.2 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.18 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 61.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 56.85 years - male: 56.01 years - female: 57.74 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.55 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Papua New Guinean(s) - adjective: Papua New Guinean - - Ethnic divisions: Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian - - Religions: Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, - Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%, - Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant - sects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34% - - Languages: English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu - spoken in Papua region - note: 715 indigenous languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 52% - male: 65% - female: 38% - - Labor force: NA - -@Papua New Guinea:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guinea - conventional short form: Papua New Guinea - - Digraph: PP - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Port Moresby - - Administrative divisions: 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern - Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, - Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, North - Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, - West New Britain - - Independence: 16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered UN - trusteeship) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975) - - Constitution: 16 September 1975 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) - head of government: Prime Minister Sir Julius CHAN (since 30 August - 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Chris HAIVETA (since 7 September 1994) - cabinet: National Executive Council; appointed by the governor on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Parliament: (sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly) - elections last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM - 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, independents 30, others 18; note - association - with political parties is fluid - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu - Party), Jack GENIA; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; - People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), - Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul TORATO; Papua Party (PP), - Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; Melanesian Alliance - (MA), Fr. John MOMIS - - Member of: ACP, APEC, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, NAM - (observer), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kepas Isimel WATANGIA - chancery: 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 745-3680 - FAX: [1] (202) 745-3679 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Richard W. TEARE - embassy: Armit Street, Port Moresby - mailing address: P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553 - telephone: [675] 211455, 211594, 211654 - FAX: [675] 213423 - - Flag: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper - triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the - lower triangle is black with five white five-pointed stars of the - Southern Cross constellation centered - -@Papua New Guinea:Economy - - Overview: Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, - but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high - cost of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a - subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. Mining of numerous - deposits, including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of export - earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and development aid under - World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. Robust growth in - 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large new gold - mine helped the advance. At the start of 1995, Port Moresby is looking - primarily to the exploitation of mineral and petroleum resources to - drive economic development but new prospecting in Papua New Guinea has - slumped as other mineral-rich countries have stepped up their - competition for international investment. Output from current projects - will probably begin to taper off in 1996, but no new large ventures - are being developed to succeed them. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6.1% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $1.33 billion - expenditures: $1.36 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1995 est.) - - Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: gold, copper ore, oil, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, - lobster - partners: Australia, Japan, US, Singapore, New Zealand - - Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, - food, fuels, chemicals - partners: Australia, Japan, UK, New Zealand, Netherlands - - External debt: $3.2 billion (1992) - - Industrial production: accounts for 32% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 490,000 kW - production: 1.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 390 kWh (1993) - - Industries: copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, - wood chip production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, - construction, tourism - - Agriculture: Accounts for 25% of GDP; livelihood for 85% of - population; fertile soils and favorable climate permits cultivating a - wide variety of crops; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm - kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, - vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban centers - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million - - Currency: 1 kina (K) = 100 toea - - Exchange rates: kina (K) per US$1 - 0.8565 (December 1994), 0.9950 - (1994), 1.0221 (1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991), 1.0467 (1990); - note - the government floated the kina on 10 October 1994 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Papua New Guinea:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 19,200 km - paved: 640 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 10,960 km; unimproved - earth 7,600 km - - Inland waterways: 10,940 km - - Ports: Kieta, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul - - Merchant marine: - total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,565 GRT/27,071 DWT - ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 3, combination ore/oil 5, container 1, - roll-on/roll-off 1 - - Airports: - total: 505 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 411 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 12 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 63 - -@Papua New Guinea:Communications - - Telephone system: more than 70,000 telephones (1987); services are - adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, - radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and - international radiocommunication services - local: NA - intercity: mostly radio telephone - international: submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; 1 - INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station; international radio - communication service - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 31, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 (1987) - televisions: NA - -@Papua New Guinea:Defense Forces - - Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force (includes Army, Navy, and Air - Force) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,111,661; males fit for - military service 618,696 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of - GDP (1993 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PARACEL ISLANDS - -@Paracel Islands:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the - South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to - the northern Philippines - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: NA sq km - land area: NA sq km - comparative area: NA - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 518 km - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and - Vietnam - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: NA - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons - international agreements: NA - -@Paracel Islands:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered - Chinese garrisons - -@Paracel Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Paracel Islands - - Digraph: PF - -@Paracel Islands:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Paracel Islands:Transportation - - Ports: small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island - being expanded - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (on Woody Island) - -@Paracel Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM, FM, shortwave - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Paracel Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: occupied by China - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PARAGUAY - -@Paraguay:Geography - - Location: Central South America, northeast of Argentina - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 406,750 sq km - land area: 397,300 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than California - - Land boundaries: total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, - Brazil 1,290 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: short section of the boundary with Brazil, - just west of Salto del Guaira (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, has - not been determined - - Climate: varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west - - Terrain: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran - Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the - river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere - - Natural resources: hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 39% - forest and woodland: 35% - other: 5% - - Irrigated land: 670 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation (an estimated 2 million hectares of - forest land have been lost from 1958-1985); water pollution; - inadequate means for waste disposal present health risks for many - urban residents - natural hazards: local flooding in southeast (early September to - June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, - but not ratified - Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil - -@Paraguay:People - - Population: 5,358,198 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 41% (female 1,077,284; male 1,123,776) - 15-64 years: 55% (female 1,465,147; male 1,468,642) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 120,776; male 102,573) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.71% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 31.48 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.38 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.58 years - male: 72.06 years - female: 75.18 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.22 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Paraguayan(s) - adjective: Paraguayan - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Spanish and Indian) 95%, Caucasians - plus Amerindians 5% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant - denominations - - Languages: Spanish (official), Guarani - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 90% - male: 92% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 1.692 million (1993 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 45% - -@Paraguay:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay - conventional short form: Paraguay - local long form: Republica del Paraguay - local short form: Paraguay - - Digraph: PA - - Type: republic - - Capital: Asuncion - - Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, - Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera, - Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari, - Presidente Hayes, San Pedro - - Independence: 14 May 1811 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811) - - Constitution: promulgated 20 June 1992 - - Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; - judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does - not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60 - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Juan Carlos WASMOSY - (since 15 August 1993); Vice President Roberto Angel SEIFART (since 15 - August 1993); election last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held May - 1998); results - Juan Carlos WASMOSY 40.09%, Domingo LAINO 32.06%, - Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS 23.04% - cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) - Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 9 May - 1993 (next to be held May 1998); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (45 total) Colorado Party 20, PLRA 17, EN 8 - Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held on 9 - May 1993 (next to be held by May 1998); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (80 total) Colorado Party 38, PLRA 33, EN 9 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) - - Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Eugenio SANABRIA - CANTERO, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Domingo - LAINO; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS (the EN - party includes the following minor parties: Christian Democratic Party - (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), - Euclides ACEVEDO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER) - - Other political or pressure groups: Confederation of Workers (CUT); - Roman Catholic Church - - Member of: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, - PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jorge Genaro Andres PRIETO CONTI - chancery: 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-6960 through 6962 - FAX: [1] (202) 234-4508 - consulate(s) general: Miami, New Orleans, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Robert SERVICE - embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion - mailing address: C. P. 402, Asuncion; Unit 4711, APO AA 34036-0001 - telephone: [595] (21) 213-715 - FAX: [595] (21) 213-728 - - Flag: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with - an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem - is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears - the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green - wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two - circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the - treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y - Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL - PARAGUAY, all within two circles) - -@Paraguay:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of - GDP, employs about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of - exports, in which soybeans and cotton are the most important. Paraguay - lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but possesses a large - hydropower potential. In a major step to increase its economic - activity in the region, Paraguay in March 1991 joined the Southern - Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes Brazil, Argentina, and - Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an unorthodox approach, - reduced external debt with both commercial and official creditors by - purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt in the - secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid - 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, - and Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the - long run, the government must press forward with general, - market-oriented economic reforms. Growth of 3.5% in 1993 was spurred - by higher-than-expected agricultural output and rising international - commodity prices. Inflation picked up steam in fourth quarter 1993 - because of rises in public sector salaries and utility rates. GDP - growth continued in 1994 at 3.5%. Although inflation declined a bit - over 1993, increases in food prices, and crop and infrastructure - damage from heavy rains at the end of the year, forced inflation to - 18%, above the government's target of 15%. Paraguay reaffirmed its - commitment to MERCOSUR on 1 January 1995 by implementing the - organization's common external tariff. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $15.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,950 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 11.2% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.2 billion - expenditures: $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $487 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $728 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: cotton, soybeans, timber, vegetable oils, meat products, - coffee, tung oil - partners: EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% - - Imports: $1.38 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, raw materials, - fuels - partners: Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% - - External debt: $1.4 billion (yearend 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1993 est.); accounts for 20% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,530,000 kW - production: 26.5 billion kWh (1992) - consumption per capita: NA - note: much of the electricity produced in Paraguay is exported to - Brazil and domestic consumption cannot be determined - - Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, - textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction - - Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP; cash crops - cotton, sugarcane, - soybeans; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava, fruits, - vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer - of timber; self-sufficient in most foods - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug - trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for - the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.1 billion - - Currency: 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos - - Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,949.6 (January 1995), - 1,911.5 (1994), 1,744.3 (1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 1,325.2 (1991), - 1,229.8 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Paraguay:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 970 km - standard gauge: 440 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 60 km 1.000-m gauge - other: 470 km various gauges (privately owned) - - Highways: - total: 28,300 km - paved: 2,600 km - unpaved: gravel 500 km; earth 25,200 km - - Inland waterways: 3,100 km - - Ports: Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion - - Merchant marine: - total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,513 DWT - ships by type: cargo 11, oil tanker 2 - note: in addition, 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commercially - - Airports: - total: 929 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 578 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 27 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 314 - -@Paraguay:Communications - - Telephone system: 78,300 telephones; 16 telephones/1,000 persons; - meager telephone service; principal switching center in Asuncion - local: NA - intercity: fair microwave radio relay network - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 40, FM 0, shortwave 7 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 - televisions: NA - -@Paraguay:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air and Marines), Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,290,894; males fit for - military service 937,054; males reach military age (17) annually - 55,551 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.6% of - GDP (1994 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PERU - -@Peru:Geography - - Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, - between Chile and Ecuador - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 1,285,220 sq km - land area: 1.28 million sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska - - Land boundaries: total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, - Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km - - Coastline: 2,414 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: three sections of the boundary with Ecuador - are in dispute - - Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west - - Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in - center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) - - Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron - ore, coal, phosphate, potash - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 21% - forest and woodland: 55% - other: 21% - - Irrigated land: 12,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of the slopes of the costa - and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in - Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining - wastes - natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild - volcanic activity - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Desertification, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, - with Bolivia - -@Peru:People - - Population: 24,087,372 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 4,152,520; male 4,296,293) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 7,280,287; male 7,378,227) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 535,156; male 444,889) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.8% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.88 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.84 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.07 years - male: 63.86 years - female: 68.38 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Peruvian(s) - adjective: Peruvian - - Ethnic divisions: Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European - ancestry) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% - - Religions: Roman Catholic - - Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 82% - male: 92% - female: 74% - - Labor force: 8 million (1992) - by occupation: government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, - industry 19% (1988 est.) - -@Peru:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Peru - conventional short form: Peru - local long form: Republica del Peru - local short form: Peru - - Digraph: PE - - Type: republic - - Capital: Lima - - Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia - constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, - Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La - Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, - Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali - note: the 1979 Constitution mandated the creation of regions - (regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous - economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been - constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), - Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from - Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from - Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los - Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui - (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from - Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), - Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed - by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge - with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the - central government and organizational and political difficulties, the - regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 - Constitution retains the regions but limits their authority; the 1993 - Constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal - governments. - - Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821) - - Constitution: 31 December 1993 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Alberto Kenyo - FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990); election last held 9 April - 1995 (next to be held NA 2000); results - Alberto FUJIMORI 64.42%, - Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR 21.80%, Mercedes CABANILLAS 4.11%, other 9.67% - - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - note: Prime Minister Efrain GOLDENBERG Schreiber (since NA February - 1994) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of - the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Congress: elections last held 9 April 1995 (next to be held NA 2000); - results - C90/NM 52.1% of the total vote, UPP 14%, eleven other - parties 33.9%; seats - (120 total, when installed on 28 July 1995) - C90/NM 67, UPP 17, APRA 8, FIM 6, (CODE)-Pais Posible 5, AP 4, PPC 3, - Renovacion 3, IU 2, OBRAS 2, MIA 1, FRENATRACA 1, (FREPAP) 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) - - Political parties and leaders: Change 90-New Majority (C90/NM), - Alberto FUJIMORI; Union for Peru (UPP), Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR; - American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Agustin MANTILLA - Campos; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; - Democratic Coordinator (CODE) - Pais Posible, Jose BARBA Caballero and - Alejandro TOLEDO; Popular Action Party (AP), Raul DIEZ CANSECO; - Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Renovacion, Rafael - REY Rey; Civic Works Movement (OBRAS), Ricardo BELMONT; United Left - (IU), Agustin HAYA de la TORRE; Independent Agrarian Movement (MIA), - Rolando SALVATERRIE; Peru 2000-National Front of Workers and Peasants - (FRENATRACA), Roger CACARES; Popular Agricultural Front (FREPAP), - Ezequiel ATAUCUSI - - Other political or pressure groups: leftist guerrilla groups include - Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned); Tupac Amaru - Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY (imprisoned) - - Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ricardo V. LUNA Mendoza - chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 - FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - Paterson (New Jersey), and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr. - embassy: corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida - Espana, Lima - mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO - AA 34031 - telephone: [51] (14) 338000 - FAX: [51] (14) 316682 - - Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red - with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms - features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of - quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed - by a green wreath - -@Peru:Economy - - Overview: The Peruvian economy has become increasingly - market-oriented, with major privatizations completed in 1994 in the - mining and telecommunications industries. In the 1980s the economy - suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and - mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank - support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An - austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government - took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly - contraction of economic activity, but the slide came to a halt late - that year, and in 1991 output rose 2.4%. After a burst of inflation as - the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly - price increases eased to the single-digit level and by December 1991 - dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima obtained a - financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, - although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By - working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and - arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March - 1993. In 1992, GDP had fallen by 2.8%, in part because a - warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish - catch, but the economy rebounded as strong foreign investment helped - push growth to 6% in 1993 and 8.6% in 1994. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $73.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,110 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15%; extensive underemployment (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $2 billion - expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: copper, zinc, fishmeal, crude petroleum and byproducts, - lead, refined silver, coffee, cotton - partners: US 19%, Japan 9%, Italy, Germany - - Imports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, - iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals - partners: US 21%, Colombia, Argentina, Japan, Germany, Brazil - - External debt: $22.4 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: NA - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,190,000 kW - production: 11.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 448 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, - food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal - fabrication - - Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; - commercial crops - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, - wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products - poultry, red - meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; - fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) - - Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 108,600 - hectares under cultivation in 1994; source of supply for most of the - world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca cultivation - is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to - Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the - international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are - increasing - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million - - Currency: 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos - - Exchange rates: nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.20 (February 1995), 2.195 - (1994),1.988 (1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Peru:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,801 km - standard gauge: 1,501 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 300 km 0.914-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 69,942 km - paved: 7,459 km - unpaved: improved earth 13,538 km; unimproved earth 48,945 km - - Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system - and 208 km of Lago Titicaca - - Pipelines: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km - - Ports: Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, - Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Yurimaguas - note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches - of the Amazon and its tributaries - - Merchant marine: - total: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 90,501 GRT/144,913 DWT - ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 6, refrigerated cargo 1 - note: in addition, 4 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes - used commercially - - Airports: - total: 236 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 97 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 21 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 77 - -@Peru:Communications - - Telephone system: 544,000 telephones; fairly adequate for most - requirements - local: NA - intercity: nationwide microwave radio relay system and 12 domestic - satellite links - international: 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 273, FM 0, shortwave 144 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 140 - televisions: NA - -@Peru:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), - Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,369,157; males fit for - military service 4,300,772; males reach military age (20) annually - 251,798 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $810 million, about - 2.7% of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PHILIPPINES - -@Philippines:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea - and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 300,000 sq km - land area: 298,170 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 36,289 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - continental shelf: to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from - coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed - polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth - - International disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly - Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; - claims Malaysian state of Sabah - - Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); - southwest monsoon (May to October) - - Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands - - Natural resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, - salt, copper - - Land use: - arable land: 26% - permanent crops: 11% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 40% - other: 19% - - Irrigated land: 16,200 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil - erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of - coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds - natural hazards: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and - struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides, active - volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunamis - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands - -@Philippines:People - - Population: 73,265,584 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 38% (female 13,841,552; male 14,214,234) - 15-64 years: 58% (female 21,603,818; male 20,923,307) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 1,425,706; male 1,256,967) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.23% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 30.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.97 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 49.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.65 years - male: 63.16 years - female: 68.25 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Filipino(s) - adjective: Philippine - - Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese - 1.5%, other 3% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and - other 3% - - Languages: Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 94% - male: 94% - female: 93% - - Labor force: 24.12 million - by occupation: agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services - 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989) - -@Philippines:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines - conventional short form: Philippines - local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas - local short form: Pilipinas - - Digraph: RP - - Type: republic - - Capital: Manila - - Administrative divisions: 72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, - Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, - Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, - Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, - Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, - Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, - Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, - Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del - Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General - Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, - Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, - Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, - Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, - Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, - Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros - Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva - Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, - Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto - Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, - Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in - Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South - Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del - Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, - Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, - Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur - - Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain) - - Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 - - Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 15 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Fidel Valdes RAMOS - (since 30 June 1992); Vice President Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 - June 1992); election last held 11 May 1992 (next to be held NA May - 1998); results - Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of the vote, a narrow - plurality - cabinet: Executive Secretary; appointed by the president with the - consent of the Commission of Appointments - - Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso) - Senate (Senado): elections last held 11 May 1992 (next to be held NA - May 1995); results - LDP 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas/NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; - seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5, Lakas/NUCD 2, Liberal 1, independent - 1 - House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan): elections last - held 11 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP 43.5%; - Lakas/NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total) LDP - 87, NPC 45, Lakas/NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, independents 3 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng - Demokratikong Pilipinas, LDP), Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National - Union of Christian Democrats (Lakas ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas - Tao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, President of the Republic, Raul - MANGLAPUS, Jose DE VENECIA, secretary general; Nationalist People's - Coalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA; - People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New Society - Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; Nacionalista - Party (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, president - - Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Raul Chaves RABE - chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-7614 - consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los - Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle - consulate(s): San Diego and San Jose (Saipan) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE - embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita Manila 1000 - mailing address: APO AP 96440 - telephone: [63] (2) 521-71-16 - FAX: [63] (2) 522-43-61 - consulate(s): Cebu - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white - equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the - triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing - three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small - yellow five-pointed star - -@Philippines:Economy - - Overview: Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy - failed to grow in 1992 and rose only slightly in 1993. Drought and - power supply problems hampered production, while inadequate revenues - prevented government pump priming. Worker remittances helped to - supplement GDP. A marked increase in capital goods imports, - particularly power generating equipment, telecommunications equipment, - and electronic data processors, contributed to 20% annual import - growth in 1992-94. Provided the government can cope with the - substantial trade deficit and meet the fiscal targets agreed to with - the IMF, the Philippines should duplicate the strong growth - performance of 1994 in 1995-96. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $161.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,310 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.1% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 9% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $14 billion - expenditures: $15.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY94/95 est.) - - Exports: $13.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: electronics, textiles, coconut products, copper, fish - partners: US 39%, Japan 16%, Germany 5%, Hong Kong 5%, UK 4% (1993) - - Imports: $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: raw materials 40%, capital goods 25%, petroleum products - 10% - partners: Japan 23%, US 20%, Taiwan 6%, Singapore 5%, South Korea 5% - (1993) - - External debt: $40 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.4% (1993); accounts for 28% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,770,000 kW - production: 20.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 278 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food - processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing - - Agriculture: accounts for 22% of GDP and about 45% of labor force; - major crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, - mangos; animal products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm - products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug - trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite - government eradication efforts; transit point for Southwest Asian - heroin bound for the US - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; - Communist countries (1975-89), $123 million - - Currency: 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 24.622 (January 1995), - 26.417 (1994), 22.120 (1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Philippines:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 800 km (est.); note - including about 390 km in Luzon - narrow gauge: 800 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 160,700 km - paved: 29,000 km - unpaved: 131,700 km - - Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) - vessels - - Pipelines: petroleum products 357 km - - Ports: Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iligan, - Iloilo, Jolo, Legaspi, Manila, Masao, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, - Subic Bay, Zamboanga - - Merchant marine: - total: 552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,748,083 GRT/14,373,730 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 237, cargo 134, chemical tanker 4, combination - bulk 10, combination ore/oil 1, container 10, liquefied gas tanker 6, - livestock carrier 9, oil tanker 46, passenger 1, passenger-cargo 11, - refrigerated cargo 24, roll-on/roll-off cargo 13, short-sea passenger - 17, vehicle carrier 29 - note: a flag of convenience registry; Japan owns 13 ships, Norway 2, - Switzerland 1, Taiwan 1, and South Korea 1 - - Airports: - total: 269 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32 - with paved runways under 914 m: 133 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 67 - -@Philippines:Communications - - Telephone system: 872,900 telephones; good international radio and - submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate - local: NA - intercity: 11 domestic satellite links - international: submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, - Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; 3 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific - Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 267 (including 6 US), FM 55, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 33 (including 4 US) - televisions: NA - -@Philippines:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air - Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 18,238,568; males fit for - military service 12,876,771; males reach military age (20) annually - 752,622 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $731 million, 1.4% of - GNP (1992) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PITCAIRN ISLANDS - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Pitcairn Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half - of the way from Peru to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 47 sq km - land area: 47 sq km - comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 51 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; - rainy season (November to March) - - Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs - - Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation (only a small portion of the original - forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement) - natural hazards: typhoons (especially November to March) - international agreements: NA - -@Pitcairn Islands:People - - Population: 73 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 2.8% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population - - Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population - - Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: NA years - male: NA years - female: NA years - - Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman - - Nationality: - noun: Pitcairn Islander(s) - adjective: Pitcairn Islander - - Ethnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutineers - - Religions: Seventh-Day Adventist 100% - - Languages: English (official), Tahitian/English dialect - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: no business community in the usual sense; some public - works; subsistence farming and fishing - -@Pitcairn Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands - conventional short form: Pitcairn Islands - - Digraph: PC - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Adamstown - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second - Saturday in June) - - Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964 - - Legal system: local island by-laws - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal with three years residency - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor - (non-resident) of the Pitcairn Islands Robert John ALSTON (since NA); - Commissioner (non-resident) G.D. HARRAWAY (since NA; is the liaison - person between the governor and the Island Council) - head of government: Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island - Council Jay WARREN (since NA) - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Island Council: elections take place each December; last held NA - December 1994 (next to be held NA December 1995); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (11 total, 5 elected) all independents - - Judicial branch: Island Court - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: SPC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of - the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a - shield featuring a yellow anchor - -@Pitcairn Islands:Economy - - Overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. - The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and - vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, - and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major - sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and - the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $430,000 - expenditures: $429,000, including capital expenditures of $NA (1987 - est.) - - Exports: $NA - commodities: fruits, vegetables, curios - partners: NA - - Imports: $NA - commodities: fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, - other foodstuffs - partners: NA - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 110 kW - production: 300,000 kWh - consumption per capita: 5,360 kWh (1990) - - Industries: postage stamps, handicrafts - - Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of - fruits and vegetables; must import grain products - - Economic aid: - recipient: ODA bilateral commitments (1992-93), $84,000 - - Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5601 (January - 1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Pitcairn Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 6.4 km - unpaved: earth 6.4 km - - Ports: Bounty Bay - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: none - -@Pitcairn Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the - island - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Pitcairn Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -POLAND - -@Poland:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, east of Germany - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 312,680 sq km - land area: 304,510 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 - km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 - km, Slovakia 444 km, Ukraine 428 km - - Coastline: 491 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with - frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and - thundershowers - - Terrain: mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border - - Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, - salt - - Land use: - arable land: 46% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 13% - forest and woodland: 28% - other: 12% - - Irrigated land: 1,000 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: forest damage due to air pollution and resulting acid - rain; improper means for disposal of large amounts of hazardous and - industrial waste; severe water pollution from industrial and municipal - sources; severe air pollution results from emissions of sulfur dioxide - from coal-fired power plants, which also drifts into Germany and the - Netherlands - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea - - Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and - the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain - -@Poland:People - - Population: 38,792,442 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 4,349,467; male 4,559,536) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 12,849,300; male 12,698,179) - 65 years and over: 11% (female 2,693,407; male 1,642,553) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.36% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.34 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 12.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.13 years - male: 69.15 years - female: 77.33 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.92 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Pole(s) - adjective: Polish - - Ethnic divisions: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, - Byelorussian 0.5% (1990 est.) - - Religions: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern - Orthodox, Protestant, and other 5% - - Languages: Polish - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 17.321 million (1993 annual average) - by occupation: industry and construction 32.0%, agriculture 27.6%, - trade, transport, and communications 14.7%, government and other 25.7% - (1992) - -@Poland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Poland - conventional short form: Poland - local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska - local short form: Polska - - Digraph: PL - - Type: democratic state - - Capital: Warsaw - - Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, - Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, - Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, - Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, - Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, - Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, - Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora - - Independence: 11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed) - - National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791) - - Constitution: interim "small constitution" came into effect in - December 1992 replacing the Communist-imposed constitution of 22 July - 1952; new democratic constitution being drafted - - Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and - holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as - part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of - legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990); - election first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 - December 1990 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - second - round Lech WALESA 74.7%, Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% - head of government: Prime Minister Jozef OLEKSY (since 6 March 1995); - Deputy Prime Ministers Roman JAGIELINSKI, Grzegorz KOLODKO, and - Aleksander LUCZAK (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; responsible to the president and the - Sejm - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie - Narodowe) - Senate (Senat): elections last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held - no later than NA October 1997); seats - (100 total) Communist origin - or linked (PSL 34, SLD 37), post-Solidarity parties (UW 6, NSZZ 12, - BBWR 2), non-Communist, non-Solidarity (independents 7, unaffiliated - 1, vacant 1) - Diet (Sejm): elections last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held no - later than NA October 1997); seats - (460 total) Communist origin or - linked (SLD 171, PSL 132), post-Solidarity parties (UW 74, UP 41, BBWR - 16), non-Communist, non-Solidarity (KPN 22) - note: 4 seats are constitutionally assigned to ethnic German parties - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - post-Solidarity parties: Freedom Union (UW; Democratic Union and - Liberal Democratic Congress merged to form Freedom Union), Leszek - BALCEROWICZ; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), Ryszard CZARNECKI; - Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel - JANOWSKI; Solidarity Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of - Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel - LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party, Alexander HALL; Nonparty Bloc for the - Support of the Reforms (BBWR) - non-Communist, non-Solidarity: Confederation for an Independent Poland - (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Polish Economic Program (PPG), Janusz - REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej OWSINSKI; German Minority - (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; - Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ - Communist origin: Polish Peasant Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAK; - Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI - - Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church; - Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ), - populist program - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, - CERN, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS - (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jerzy KOZMINSKI - chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802 - FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Nicholas Andrew REY - embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw - mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 1340, APO AE - 09213-1340 - telephone: [48] (2) 628-30-41 - FAX: [48] (2) 628-82-98 - consulate(s) general: Krakow, Poznan - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to - the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white - -@Poland:Economy - - Overview: Poland continues to make good progress in the difficult - transition to a market economy that began on 1 January 1990, when the - new democratic government instituted "shock therapy" by decontrolling - prices, slashing subsidies, and drastically reducing import barriers. - Real GDP fell sharply in 1990 and 1991, but in 1992 Poland became the - first country in the region to resume economic growth with a 2.6% - increase. Growth increased to 3.8% in 1993 and 5.5% in 1994 - the - highest rate in Europe except for Albania. All of the growth since - 1991 has come from the booming private sector, which now accounts for - at least 55% of GDP, even though privatization of the state-owned - enterprises is proceeding slowly and most industry remains in state - hands. Industrial production increased 12% in 1994 - led by 50% jumps - in the output of motor vehicles, radios and televisions, and pulp and - paper - and is now well above the 1990 level. Inflation, which had - approached 1,200% annually in early 1990, was down to about 30% in - 1994, as the government held the budget deficit to 1.5% of GDP. After - five years of steady increases, unemployment has leveled off at about - 16% nationwide, although it approaches 30% in some regions. The trade - deficit was sharply reduced in 1994, due mainly to increased exports - to Western Europe, Poland's main customer. The leftist government - elected in September 1993 gets generally good marks from foreign - observers for its management of the budget but is often criticized for - not moving faster on privatization. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $191.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,920 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 16.1% (November 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $27.1 billion - expenditures: $30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 - est.) - - Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: intermediate goods 26.5%, machinery and transport - equipment 18.1%, miscellaneous manufactures 16.7%, foodstuffs 9.4%, - fuels 8.4% (1993) - partners: Germany 33.4%, Russia 10.2%, Italy 5.3%, UK 4.3% (1993) - - Imports: $18.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29.6%, intermediate - goods 18.5%, chemicals 13.3%, fuels 12.5%, miscellaneous manufactures - 10.1% - partners: Germany 35.8%, Italy 9.2%, Russia 8.5%, UK 6.6% (1993) - - External debt: $47 billion (1993); note - Poland's Western government - creditors promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's $35 billion - official debt immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994; foreign - banks agreed in early 1994 to forgive 45% of their $12 billion debt - claim - - Industrial production: growth rate 12% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 31,120,000 kW - production: 124 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,908 kWh (1993) - - Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, - chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles - - Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP; 75% of output from private farms, - 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; - leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety - of other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; - normally self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium for domestic consumption and - amphetamines for the international market; transshipment point for - Asian and Latin American illicit drugs to Western Europe; producer of - precursor chemicals - - Economic aid: - donor: bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries - (1954-89), $2.2 billion - recipient: Western governments and institutions have pledged $8 - billion in grants and loans since 1989, but most of the money has not - been disbursed - - Currency: 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy - - Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 2.45 (January 1995; a currency - reform on 1 January 1995 replaced 10,000 old zlotys with 1 new zloty), - 22,723 (1994), 18,115 (1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Poland:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 25,528 km - broad gauge: 659 km 1.520-m gauge - standard gauge: 23,014 km 1.435-m gauge (11,496 km electrified; 8,978 - km double track) - narrow gauge: 1,855 km various gauges including 1.000-m, 0.785-m, - 0.750-m, and 0.600-m (1994) - - Highways: - total: 367,000 km (excluding farm, factory and forest roads) - paved: 235,247 km (257 km of which are limited access expressways) - unpaved: 131,753 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991) - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,986 km; petroleum products 360 km; natural gas - 4,600 km (1992) - - Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Gliwice, Kolobrzeg, Szczecin, Swinoujscie, - Ustka, Warsaw, Wrocaw - - Merchant marine: - total: 152 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,186,405 GRT/3,270,914 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 89, cargo 38, chemical tanker 4, container 7, oil - tanker 1, passenger 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 8, short-sea passenger 4 - - note: in addition, Poland owns 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling - 76,501 DWT that operate under Bahamian, Liberian, Saint Vincent and - the Grenadines, Vanuatu, Panamanian, and Cypriot registry - - Airports: - total: 134 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 27 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 18 - -@Poland:Communications - - Telephone system: 4.9 million telephones; 12.7 phones/100 residents - (1994); severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; exchanges are 86% - automatic (1991) - local: NA - intercity: cable, open wire, and microwave - international: INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 27, FM 27, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 40 (Russian repeaters 5) - televisions: 9.6 million - -@Poland:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 10,181,069; males fit for - military service 7,940,634; males reach military age (19) annually - 323,133 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 50.7 billion zlotych, NA% of GNP (1994 est.); - note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the - current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PORTUGAL - -@Portugal:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, - west of Spain - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 92,080 sq km - land area: 91,640 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana - note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands - - Land boundaries: total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 km - - Coastline: 1,793 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor - Province) disputed with Indonesia - - Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier - in south - - Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south - - Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium - ore, marble - - Land use: - arable land: 32% - permanent crops: 6% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 40% - other: 16% - - Irrigated land: 6,340 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and - vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas - natural hazards: Azores subject to severe earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, - Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Desertification, Environmental - Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along - western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar - -@Portugal:People - - Population: 10,562,388 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 18% (female 943,412; male 1,000,971) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 3,625,086; male 3,499,176) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 889,142; male 604,601) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.36% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.72 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.65 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 1.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.53 years - male: 72.11 years - female: 79.16 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Portuguese (singular and plural) - adjective: Portuguese - - Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, - Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to - mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000 - - Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% - - Languages: Portuguese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 85% - male: 89% - female: 82% - - Labor force: 4.24 million (1994 est.) - by occupation: services 54.5%, manufacturing 24.4%, agriculture, - forestry, fisheries 11.2%, construction 8.3%, utilites 1.0%, mining - 0.5% (1992) - -@Portugal:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Portuguese Republic - conventional short form: Portugal - local long form: Republica Portuguesa - local short form: Portugal - - Digraph: PO - - Type: republic - - Capital: Lisbon - - Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular - - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, - Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, - Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila - Real, Viseu - - Dependent areas: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative - Region of China on 20 December 1999) - - Independence: 1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910) - - National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June (1580) - - Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 - - Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews - the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since - 9 March 1986); election last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA - February 1996); results - Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA - 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3%; note - SOARES is - finishing his second term and by law cannot run for a third - consecutive term - head of government: Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 - November 1985); note - will be replaced in the October 1995 elections - Council of State: acts as a consultative body to the president - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on - recommendation of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica): elections last - held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD - 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, CDS 4.4%, PSN 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; - seats - (230 total) PSD 136, PS 71, CDU 17, CDS 5, PSN 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de - Justica) - - Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Fernando - NOGUEIRA; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of - Democratic Renewal (PRD), Pedro CANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party - (PCP), Carlos CARVALHAS; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Manuel - MONTEIRO; National Solidarity Party (PSN), Manuel SERGIO; Center - Democratic Party (CDS); United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) - - Member of: AfDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, - ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, - IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, - NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI - chancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610 - FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726 - consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San - Francisco - consulate(s): Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence - (Rhode Island), and Washington, DC - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Elizabeth Frawley BAGLEY - embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon - mailing address: PSC 83, Lisbon; APO AE 09726 - telephone: [351] (1) 7266600, 7266659, 7268670, 7268880 - FAX: [351] (1) 7269109 - consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores) - - Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red - (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the - dividing line - -@Portugal:Economy - - Overview: Portugal's economy contracted 0.4% in 1993 but registered a - 1.4% growth in 1994, with 3% growth expected in 1995 and 1996. This - comeback rests on high levels of public investment, continuing strong - export growth, and a gradual recovery in consumer spending. The - government's long-run economic goal is the modernization of Portuguese - markets, industry, infrastructure, and work force in order to catch up - with productivity and income levels of the more advanced EU countries. - Per capita income now equals only 55% of the EU average. Economic - policy in 1994 focused on reducing inflationary pressures by lowering - the fiscal deficit, maintaining a stable escudo, moderating wage - increases, and encouraging increased competition. The government's - medium-term objective is to be in the first tier of the EU countries - eligible to join the economic and monetary union (EMU) as early as - 1997. To this end, the 1995 budget posits a cut in total deficit to - 5.8% of GDP. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $107.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $10,190 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (May 1994) - - Unemployment rate: 6.7% (May 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $31 billion - expenditures: $41 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $15.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: clothing and footwear, machinery, cork and paper - products, hides and skins - partners: EU 75.5%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 4.3% (1994) - - Imports: $24.3 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, - chemicals, petroleum, textiles - partners: EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9%, less developed - countries 12.9%, US 3.4% - - External debt: $20 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% (1994 est.); accounts for - 30.6% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 8,220,000 kW - production: 29.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,642 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; - metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP; small, inefficient farms; imports - more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives, - grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy - products - - Illicit drugs: increasingly important gateway country for Latin - American cocaine entering the European market; transshipment point for - hashish from North Africa to Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.2 billion - - Currency: 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos - - Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 158.02 (January - 1995), 165.99 (1994), 160.80 (1993), 135.00 (1992), 144.48 (1991), - 142.55 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Portugal:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,068 km - broad gauge: 2,761 km 1.668-m gauge (439 km electrified; 426 km double - track) - narrow gauge: 307 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 70,176 km - paved and graveled: 60,351 km (519 km of expressways) - unpaved: earth 9,825 km - - Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national - economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300 metric-ton cargo - capacity - - Pipelines: crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km - - Ports: Aveiro, Funchal (Madeira Islands), Horta (Azores), Leixoes, - Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Praia da Vitoria (Azores), - Setubal, Viana do Castelo - - Merchant marine: - total: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 852,785 GRT/1,545,804 DWT - - ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 28, chemical tanker 5, container 4, - liquefied gas tanker 2, oil tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-sea passenger 1 - note: Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira for - Portuguese-owned ships; ships on the Madeira Register (MAR) will have - taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; in addition, - Portugal owns 25 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 155,776 DWT that - operate under Panamanian and Maltese registry - - Airports: - total: 65 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 18 - with paved runways under 914 m: 29 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Portugal:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,690,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, - open wire and microwave radio relay, domestic satellite earth stations - - international: 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 - Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT earth stations; tropospheric link to Azores - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 57, FM 66 (repeaters 22), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 66 (repeaters 23) - televisions: NA - -@Portugal:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, National - Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,747,357; males fit for - military service 2,223,299; males reach military age (20) annually - 90,402 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -PUERTO RICO - - (commonwealth associated with the US) - -@Puerto Rico:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 9,104 sq km - land area: 8,959 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode - Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 501 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation - - Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains - precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal - areas - - Natural resources: some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and - offshore crude oil - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 9% - meadows and pastures: 41% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: 22% - - Irrigated land: 390 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: the recent drought has caused water levels in - reservoirs to drop and prompted water rationing for more than one-half - of the population - natural hazards: periodic droughts - international agreements: NA - - Note: important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane - to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural - harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains - ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile - coastal plain belt in north - -@Puerto Rico:People - - Population: 3,812,569 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 25% (female 466,596; male 489,127) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 1,274,765; male 1,195,785) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 213,716; male 172,580) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.16% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.92 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.47 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 12.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.1 years - male: 70.78 years - female: 79.66 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.98 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens) - adjective: Puerto Rican - - Ethnic divisions: Hispanic - - Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% - - Languages: Spanish, English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 89% - male: 90% - female: 88% - - Labor force: 1.2 million (1993) - by occupation: government 22%, manufacturing 17%, trade 20%, - construction 6%, communications and transportation 5%, other 30% - (1993) - -@Puerto Rico:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - conventional short form: Puerto Rico - - Digraph: RQ - - Type: commonwealth associated with the US - - Capital: San Juan - - Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US); - note - there are 78 municipalities - - Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US) - - National holiday: US Independence Day, 4 July (1776) - - Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July - 1952; effective 25 July 1952 - - Legal system: based on Spanish civil code - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US - citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January - 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - head of government: Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since 2 January 1993); - election last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); - results - Pedro ROSSELLO (PNP) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando - MARTIN (PIP) 4% - - Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly - Senate: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 - November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (29 - total) PNP 20, PPD 8, PIP 1 - House of Representatives: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to - be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (53 total) PNP 36, PPD 16, PIP 1 - US House of Representatives: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next - to be held 5 November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (1 total) PNP 1 (Carlos Romero BARCELO); note - Puerto Rico - elects one representative to the US House of Representatives - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Municipal Courts - - Political parties and leaders: National Republican Party of Puerto - Rico, Luis FERRE; Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Hector ACEVEDO; New - Progressive Party (PNP), Pedro ROSSELLO; Puerto Rican Socialist Party - (PSP) has been disbanded (1994); Puerto Rican Independence Party - (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), - leader(s) unknown - - Other political or pressure groups: Armed Forces for National - Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua - Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular - Resistance - - Member of: CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), - ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, WCL, WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO - (associate) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (commonwealth associated with - the US) - - US diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the - US) - - Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating - with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a - large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US - flag - -@Puerto Rico:Economy - - Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the - Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary - sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access - to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in - Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wage laws apply. Important - industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, - petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to - dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of - income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an - important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of - nearly 3.9 million tourists in 1993. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $26.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $7,050 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 16% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $5.1 billion - expenditures: $5.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY94/95) - - Exports: $21.8 billion (1994) - commodities: pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, - beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments - partners: US 86.2% (1993) - - Imports: $16.7 billion (1994) - commodities: chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products - partners: US 69.2% (1993) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 4.230,000 kW - production: 15.6 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,819 kWh (1993) - - Industries: manufacturing accounts for 39.4% of GDP; manufacturing of - pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; - tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for only 3% of labor force and just over 1% of - GDP; crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; - livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs - (1993) - - Economic aid: none - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Puerto Rico:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; note - - no passenger railroads - - Highways: - total: 13,762 km - paved: 13,762 km (1982) - - Ports: Guanica, Guayanilla, Guayama, Playa de Ponce, San Juan - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 31 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - with paved runways under 914 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Puerto Rico:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; modern system, integrated with that - of the US by high capacity submarine cable and INTELSAT with - high-speed data capability; digital telephone system with about 1 - million lines; cellular telephone service (1990) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT earth station and submarine cable - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 50, FM 63, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9; note - cable television available with US - programs (1990) - televisions: NA - -@Puerto Rico:Defense Forces - - Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -QATAR - -@Qatar:Geography - - Location: Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi - Arabia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 11,000 sq km - land area: 11,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut - - Land boundaries: total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 km - - Coastline: 563 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: territorial dispute with Bahrain over the - Hawar Islands; maritime boundary with Bahrain - - Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer - - Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and - gravel - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 95% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources are increasing - dependence on large-scale desalination facilities - natural hazards: haze, dust storms, sandstorms common - international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law - of the Sea - - Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum - deposits - -@Qatar:People - - Population: 533,916 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 30% (female 81,443; male 80,591) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 104,921; male 258,135) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 2,941; male 5,885) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.74% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.72 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 3.59 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 8.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 20.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.03 years - male: 70.45 years - female: 75.5 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.63 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Qatari(s) - adjective: Qatari - - Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, - other 14% - - Religions: Muslim 95% - - Languages: Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second - language - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) - total population: 76% - male: 77% - female: 72% - - Labor force: NA - -@Qatar:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: State of Qatar - conventional short form: Qatar - local long form: Dawlat Qatar - local short form: Qatar - - Digraph: QA - - Type: traditional monarchy - - Capital: Doha - - Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al - Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Jarayan al Batinah, Madinat ash Shamal, Umm Salal - - Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971) - - Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 - - Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, - although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant - in personal matters - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA - bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); Crown Prince HAMAD bin - Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir and Minister of - Defense) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the amir - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura): constitution calls for elections - for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; - seats - (30 total) - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, - OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador ABD AL-RAHMAN bin Saud bin Fahd Al Thani - chancery: Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20037 - telephone: [1] (202) 338-0111 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH - embassy: 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the - television station), Doha - mailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Doha - telephone: [974] 864701 through 864703 - FAX: [974] 861669 - - Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on - the hoist side - -@Qatar:Economy - - Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more - than 30% of GDP, roughly 75% of export earnings, and 70% of government - revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure - continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given - Qatar a per capita GDP comparable to the leading West European - industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas are - becoming increasingly important. Long-term goals feature the - development of off-shore oil and the diversification of the economy. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -1% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $20,820 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $2.5 billion - expenditures: $3 billion, including capital expenditures of $440 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $3.13 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: petroleum products 75%, steel, fertilizers - partners: Japan 57%, South Korea 9%, Brazil 4%, UAE 4%, Singapore 3% - (1992) - - Imports: $1.75 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals - partners: Japan 16%, UK 11%, US 11%, Germany 7%, France 5% (1992) - - External debt: $1.5 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: accounts for 50% of GDP, including oil - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,520,000 kW - production: 4.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 8,415 kWh (1993) - - Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, - petrochemicals, steel (rolls reinforcing bars for concrete - construction), cement - - Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; - agricultural area is small and government-owned; commercial fishing - increasing in importance; most food imported - - Economic aid: - donor: pledged in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88), $2.7 - billion - - Currency: 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams - - Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed - rate) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Qatar:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,190 km - paved: 1,030 km - unpaved: 160 km (1988 est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km - - Ports: Doha, Halul Island, Umm Sa'id - - Merchant marine: - total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 463,227 GRT/763,507 DWT - ships by type: combination ore/oil 1, container 3, cargo 11, oil - tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 6 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - -@Qatar:Communications - - Telephone system: 110,000 telephones; modern system centered in Doha - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay - to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; 2 - INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 ARABSAT earth - station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 - televisions: NA - -@Qatar:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 219,442; males fit for military - service 115,103; males reach military age (18) annually 3,915 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA%, of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -REUNION - - (overseas department of France) - -@Reunion:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of - Madagascar - - Map references: World - - Area: - total area: 2,510 sq km - land area: 2,500 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 201 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May - to November, hot and rainy from November to April - - Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast - - Natural resources: fish, arable land - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 35% - other: 39% - - Irrigated land: 60 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); - Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano - international agreements: NA - -@Reunion:People - - Population: 666,067 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 104,924; male 109,972) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 210,762; male 203,774) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 21,606; male 15,029) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.98% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.59 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.79 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.46 years - male: 71.39 years - female: 77.67 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.75 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Reunionese (singular and plural) - adjective: Reunionese - - Ethnic divisions: French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, - Indian - - Religions: Roman Catholic 94% - - Languages: French (official), Creole widely used - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 79% - male: 76% - female: 80% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981) - -@Reunion:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Department of Reunion - conventional short form: Reunion - local long form: none - local short form: Ile de la Reunion - - Digraph: RE - - Type: overseas department of France - - Capital: Saint-Denis - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France) - - Independence: none (overseas department of France) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: Prefect of Reunion Island Hubert FOURNIER (since - NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional - Council - General Council: elections last held March 1994 (next to be held NA); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) PCR 12, PS - 12, UDF 11, RPR 5, others 7 - Regional Council: elections last held 25 June 1993 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total) UPF 17, - Free-Dom Movement 13, PCR 9, PS 6 - French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1992 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR 1, - FRA 1, independent 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 - (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (5 total) PS 1, PCR 1, UPF 1, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) - - Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Alain - DEFAUD; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist - Party of Reunion (PCR), Elie HOARAU;; France-Reunion Future (FRA), - Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social - Democrats (CDS), leader NA; Union for France (UPF - including RPR and - UDF); Free-Dom Movement, Marguerite SUDRE - - Member of: FZ, WFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas department of France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@Reunion:Economy - - Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. - Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in - some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been - pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high - unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. - The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary - and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian - communities are substantially better off than other segments of the - population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous - groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer - nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in - February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. - The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued - financial assistance from France. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.5 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $3,900 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991) - - Budget: - revenues: $358 million - expenditures: $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1986 est.) - - Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, - lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1% - partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy - - Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery - and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products - partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 180,000 kW - production: 1 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,454 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing - handicraft items - - Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of - economy; cash crops - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $14.8 billion - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), - 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Reunion:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,800 km - paved: 2,200 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 600 km - - Ports: Le Port, Pointe des Galets - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Reunion:Communications - - Telephone system: 85,900 telephones; adequate system; principal center - Saint-Denis - local: NA - intercity: modern open-wire and microwave network - international: radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new - microwave route to Mauritius; 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 13, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 18) - televisions: NA - -@Reunion:Defense Forces - - Branches: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 173,693; males fit for military - service 89,438; males reach military age (18) annually 5,781 (1995 - est.) - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ROMANIA - -@Romania:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between - Bulgaria and Ukraine - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 237,500 sq km - land area: 230,340 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon - - Land boundaries: total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, - Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), - Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km - - Coastline: 225 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by - Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was - incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the - Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940 - - Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; - sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms - - Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of - Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from - the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps - - Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural - gas, coal, iron ore, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 43% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 19% - forest and woodland: 28% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 34,500 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air - pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube - delta wetlands - natural hazards: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; - geologic structure and climate promote landslides - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea - - Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, - Moldova, and Ukraine - -@Romania:People - - Population: 23,198,330 (July 1995 est.) - note: the Romanian census of January 1992 gives the population for - that date as 22.749 million; the government estimates that population - declined in 1993 by 0.3% - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 21% (female 2,413,933; male 2,534,019) - 15-64 years: 67% (female 7,737,531; male 7,732,038) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 1,604,210; male 1,176,599) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.09% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.71 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.24 years - male: 69.31 years - female: 75.35 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Romanian(s) - adjective: Romanian - - Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, - Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% - - Religions: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are - Uniate), Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18% - - Languages: Romanian, Hungarian, German - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) - total population: 97% - male: 98% - female: 95% - - Labor force: 11.3 million (1992) - by occupation: industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) - -@Romania:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Romania - local long form: none - local short form: Romania - - Digraph: RO - - Type: republic - - Capital: Bucharest - - Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 - municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, - Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, - Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, - Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, - Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, - Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea - - Independence: 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) - - National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) - - Constitution: 8 December 1991 - - Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal - theory; is now based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously - President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December - 1989); election last held 27 September 1992, with runoff between top - two candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6% - head of government: Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November - 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate (Senat): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held - NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.3%, CDR 18.2%, DP-FSN 12.6%, others 34.9%; - seats - (143 total) PSDR 49, CDR 26, DP-FSN 18, PUNR 13, UDMR 12, PRM - 6, PAC 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5, PL-93 2 other 1 - House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor): elections last held 27 - September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.0%, CDR - 16,4%, DP-FSN 12.3%, others 37.3%; seats - (341 total) PSDR 116, CDR - 56, DP-FSN 42, PUNR 29, UDMR 27, PL-93 19, PRM 15, PSM 13, PAC 5, - other 19 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party (DP-FSN), Petre ROMAN; - Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), Adrian NASTASE; Democratic - Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), Bela MARKO; National Liberal - Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' Christian and - Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National Unity - Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie - VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The - Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party - (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR; Civic Alliance Party (PAC), Nicolae - MANOLESCU, chairman - note: numerous other small parties exist but almost all failed to gain - representation in the most recent election - - Other political or pressure groups: various human rights and - professional associations - - Member of: ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI (associate members), EBRD, - ECE, FAO, G- 9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OSCE, - PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WEU - (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mihai Horia BOTEZ - chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851 - FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Alfred H. MOSES - embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest - mailing address: American Consulate General (Bucharest), Unit 1315, - Bucharest; APO AE 09213-1315 - telephone: [40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42 - FAX: [40] (1) 210 03 95 - branch office: Cluj-Napoca - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and - red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow - band has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad - -@Romania:Economy - - Overview: Despite the continuing difficulties in moving away from the - former command system, the Romanian economy seems to have bottomed out - in 1993-94. Market oriented reforms have been introduced fitfully - since the downfall of CEAUSESCU in December 1989, with the result a - growing private sector, especially in services. The slow pace of - structural reform, however, has exacerbated Romania's high inflation - rate and eroded real wages. Agricultural production rebounded in 1993 - from the drought-reduced harvest of 1992. The economy continued its - recovery in 1994, further gains being realized in agriculture, - construction, services, and trade. Food supplies are adequate but - expensive. Romania's infrastructure had deteriorated over the last - five years due to reduced levels of public investment. Residents of - the capital reported frequent disruptions of heating and water - services. The slow and painful process of conversion to a more open - economy will continue in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $64.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,790 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 62% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 10.9% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $8.3 billion - expenditures: $9.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1995 est.) - - Exports: $6 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: metals and metal products 17.6%, mineral products 11.9%, - textiles 18.5%, electric machines and equipment 8.4%, transport - materials 6.5% (1994) - partners: EC 36.1%, developing countries 27.4%, East and Central - Europe 14.9%, EFTA 5.1%, Russia 5%, Japan 1.4%, US 1.3% (1993) - - Imports: $6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: minerals 21.1%, machinery and equipment 19.7%, textiles - 11.5%, agricultural goods 9.2% (1994) - partners: EC 45.8%, East and Central Europe 8.6%, developing countries - 22.6%, Russia 11%, EFTA 6.2%, US 5.0%, Japan 0.8% (1993) - - External debt: $4.4 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1993 est.); accounts for 45% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 22,180,000 kW - production: 50.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,076 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, - chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production and - refining - - Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major - wheat and corn producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, - potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin and - Latin American cocaine transiting the Balkan route - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 bani - - Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1 - 1,776.00 (January 1995), 1,655.09 - (1994), 760.05 (1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Romania:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 11,365 km - broad gauge: 45 km 1.524-m gauge - standard gauge: 10,893 km 1.435-m gauge (3,723 km electrified; 3,060 - km double track) - narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 461,880 km - paved: 235,559 km (113 km of expressways) - unpaved: 226,321 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984) - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural - gas 6,400 km (1992) - - Ports: Braila, Constanta, Galatz, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea - - Merchant marine: - total: 238 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,528,971 GRT/3,849,943 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 46, cargo 167, container 2, oil tanker 14, - passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7 - note: in addition, Romania owns 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling - 1,207,388 DWT that operate under Liberian, Maltese, Cypriot, and - Bahamian registry - - Airports: - total: 156 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 108 - -@Romania:Communications - - Telephone system: about 2.3 million telephones; 99 telephones/1,000 - persons; 89% of phone network is automatic; poor service; cable and - open wire - local: NA - intercity: trunk network is microwave; roughly 3,300 villages with no - service (February 1990) - international: 1 INTELSAT earth station; new digital international - direct dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 13 (1990) - televisions: NA - -@Romania:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, - Civil Defense - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,934,524; males fit for - military service 5,002,287; males reach military age (20) annually - 196,587 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 1,260 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1994); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -RUSSIA - -@Russia:Geography - - Location: Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes - included with Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and - the North Pacific Ocean - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 17,075,200 sq km - land area: 16,995,800 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US - - Land boundaries: total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, - China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, - Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 - km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia - 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine - 1,576 km - - Coastline: 37,653 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: inherited disputes from former USSR including: - sections of the boundary with China; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, - and Shikotan and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in - 1945, administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with - Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; Caspian Sea boundaries are not - yet determined; potential dispute with Ukraine over Crimea; Estonia - claims over 2,000 sq km of Russian territory in the Narva and Pechora - regions; the Abrene section of the border ceded by the Latvian Soviet - Socialist Republic to Russia in 1944; has made no territorial claim in - Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not - recognize the claims of any other nation - - Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in - much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the - polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in - Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic - coast - - Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous - forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern - border regions - - Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits - of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber - note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder - exploitation of natural resources - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: NEGL% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 45% - other: 42% - - Irrigated land: 56,000 sq km (1992) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of - coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; - industrial and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea - coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper - application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes - intense radioactive contamination - natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment - to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and - earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; - signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea - - Note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably - located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, - much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold - or too dry) for agriculture - -@Russia:People - - Population: 149,909,089 (July 1995 est.) - note: official Russian statistics put the population at 148,200,000 - for 1994 - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 16,208,640; male 16,784,017) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 50,711,209; male 48,247,101) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 12,557,447; male 5,400,675) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.2% (1995 est.) - note: official Russian statistics put the population growth rate at - -6.0% for 1994 - - Birth rate: 12.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: official Russian statistics put the birth rate at 9.5 births per - l,000 population for 1994 - - Death rate: 11.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: official Russian statistics put the death rate at 15.5 deaths - per l,000 population in 1994 - - Net migration rate: 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - note: official Russian statistics put the infant mortality rate at - 19.9 deaths per l,000 live births in 1994 - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.1 years - male: 64.1 years - female: 74.35 years (1995 est.) - note: official Russian statistics put life expectancy at birth as 64 - years for total population in 1994 - - Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Russian(s) - adjective: Russian - - Ethnic divisions: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash - 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% - - Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other - - Languages: Russian, other - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 98% - male: 100% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 85 million (1993) - by occupation: production and economic services 83.9%, government - 16.1% - -@Russia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Russian Federation - conventional short form: Russia - local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya - local short form: Rossiya - former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic - - Digraph: RS - - Type: federation - - Capital: Moscow - - Administrative divisions: 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh - respublik, singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop), - Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), - Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay - (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia (Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), - Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia - (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El - (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordovia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), - Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia - also - known as Sakha (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); - Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, - Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka - (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, - Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, - Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, - Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, - Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, - Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, - Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), - Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), - Stavropol'; 10 autonomous okrugs; Aga (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'), - Evenkia (Tura), Khantia-Mansia (Khanty-Mansiysk), Koryakia (Palana), - Nenetsia (Nar'yan-Mar), Permyakia (Kudymkar), Taymyria (Dudinka), - Ust'-Onda (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalia (Salekhard); 1 autonomous oblast - (avtomnykh oblast'); Birobijan - note: the autonomous republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia were - formerly the autonomous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary - between Chechenia and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities - of Moscow and St. Petersburg are federal cities; an administrative - division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions - have the administrative center name following in parentheses) - - Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, June 12 (1990) - - Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June - 1991); election last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); - results - percent of vote by party NA; note - no vice president; if - the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of - ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the - premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election - is held, which must be within three months - head of government: Premier and Chairman of the Council of Ministers - Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992); First Deputy - Chairmen of the Council of Ministers Oleg SOSKOVETS (since 30 April - 1993) and Anatoliy CHUBAYS (since 5 November 1994) - Security Council: originally established as a presidential advisory - body in June 1991, but restructured in March 1992 with responsibility - for managing individual and state security - Presidential Administration: drafts presidential edicts and provides - staff and policy support to the entire executive branch - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - Group of Assistants: schedules president's appointments, processes - presidential edicts and other official documents, and houses the - president's press service and primary speechwriters - Council of Heads of Republics: includes the leaders of the 21 - ethnic-based Republics - Council of Heads of Administrations: includes the leaders of the 66 - autonomous territories and regions, and the mayors of Moscow and St. - Petersburg - Presidential Council: prepares policy papers for the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly - Federation Council: elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be - held NA); results - two members elected from each of Russia's 89 - territorial units for a total of 176 deputies; 2 seats unfilled as of - 15 May 1994 (Chechnya did not participate in the election); Speaker - Vladimir SHUMEYKO (Russia's Democratic Choice) - State Duma: elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA - December 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 - total) Russia's Democratic Choice 78, New Regional Policy 66, Liberal - Democrats 63, Agrarian Party 55, Communist Party of the Russian - Federation 45, Unity and Accord 30, Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc - (Yabloko) 27, Women of Russia 23, Democratic Party of Russia 15, - Russia's Path 12, other parties 23, affiliation unknown 12, unfilled - (as of 13 March 1994; Chechnya did not participate in the election) 1; - Speaker Ivan RYBKIN (Agrarian Party); note - as of 11 April 1995, - seats were as follows: Russia's Democratic Choice 54, New Regional - Policy 32, Liberal Democrats 54, Agrarian Party 51, Communist Party of - the Russian Federation 45, Unity and Accord 25, - Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc (Yabloko) 28, Liberal Democratic Union - of 12 December 9, Women of Russia 22, Democratic Party of Russia 10, - Russia's Path 12, Duma 96 23, Russia 35, Stability 36, affiliation - unknown 14 - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (highest court - for criminal, civil, and administrative cases), Superior Court of - Arbitration (highest court that resolves economic disputes) - - Political parties and leaders: - pro-market democrats: Party of Russian Unity and Accord, Sergey - SHAKHRAY; Russia's Democratic Choice Party, Yegor GAYDAR; Russian - Movement for Democratic Reforms, Anatoliy SOBCHAK; - Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc (Yabloko), Grigoriy YAVLINSKIY; Liberal - Democratic Union of 12 December, Boris FEDOROV - centrists/special interest parties: Civic Union for Stability, - Justice, and Progress, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY; Democratic Party of Russia, - Sergey GLAZ'YEV; Women of Russia, Alevtina FEDULOVA; Social Democratic - Peoples' Party, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; New Regional Policy (NRP), Vladimir - MEDVEDEV - anti-market and/or ultranationalist parties: Agrarian Party, Mikhail - LAPSHIN; Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; - Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY; Derzhava, - Aleksandr RUTSKOY - note: more than 20 political parties and associations tried to gather - enough signatures to run slates of candidates in the 12 December 1993 - legislative elections, but only 13 succeeded - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE (guest), CERN (observer), CIS, EBRD, - ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO, - NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council, - UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMOZ, - UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey LAVROV - chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700 through 5704 - FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735 - consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco, and Seattle - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING - embassy: Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, Moscow - mailing address: APO AE 09721 - telephone: [7] (095) 252-24-51 through 59 - FAX: [7] (095) 956-42-61 - consulate(s) general: St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red - -@Russia:Economy - - Overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a - well-educated population, and a diverse industrial base, continues to - experience formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally - planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's - government has made substantial strides in converting to a market - economy since launching its economic reform program in January 1992 by - freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending, eliminating the - old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious voucher - privatization program, establishing private financial institutions, - and decentralizing foreign trade. Russia, however, has made little - progress in a number of key areas that are needed to provide a solid - foundation for the transition to a market economy. Financial - stabilization has remained elusive, with wide swings in monthly - inflation rates. Only limited restructuring of industry has occurred - so far because of a scarcity of investment funds and the failure of - enterprise managers to make hard cost-cutting decisions. In addition, - Moscow has yet to develop a social safety net that would allow faster - restructuring by relieving enterprises of the burden of providing - social benefits for their workers and has been slow to develop the - legal framework necessary to fully support a market economy and to - encourage foreign investment. As a result, output has continued to - fall. According to Russian official data, which probably overstate the - fall, GDP declined by 15% in 1994 compared with a 12% decline in 1993. - Industrial output in 1994 fell 21% with all major sectors taking a - hit. Agricultural production in 1994 was down 9%. The grain harvest - totaled 81 million tons, some 15 million tons less than in 1993. - Unemployment climbed to an estimated 6.6 million or about 7% of the - work force by yearend 1994. Floundering Russian firms have already had - to put another 4.8 million workers on involuntary, unpaid leave or - shortened workweeks. Government fears of large-scale unemployment - continued to hamper industrial restructuring efforts. According to - official Russian data, real per capita income was up nearly 18% in - 1994 compared with 1993, in part because many Russians are working - second jobs. Most Russians perceive that they are worse off now - because of growing crime and health problems and mounting wage - arrears. Russia has made significant headway in privatizing state - assets, completing its voucher privatization program at midyear 1994. - At least a portion of about 110,000 state enterprises were transferred - to private hands by the end of 1994. Including partially privatized - firms, the private sector accounted for roughly half of GDP in 1994. - Financial stabilization continued to remain a challenge for the - government. Moscow tightened financial policies in late 1993 and early - 1994, including postponing planned budget spending, and succeeded in - reducing monthly inflation from 18% in January to about 5% in July and - August. At midyear, however, the government relaxed austerity measures - in the face of mounting pressure from industry and agriculture, - sparking a new round of inflation; the monthly inflation rate jumped - to roughly 15% per month during the fourth quarter. In response, - Moscow announced a fairly tight government budget for 1995 designed to - bring monthly inflation down to around 1% by the end of 1995. - According to official statistics, Russia's 1994 trade with nations - outside the former Soviet Union produced a $12.3 billion surplus, up - from $11.3 billion in 1993. Foreign sales - comprised largely of oil, - natural gas, and other raw materials - grew more than 8%. Imports also - were up 8% as demand for food and other consumer goods surged. Russian - trade with other former Soviet republics continued to decline. At the - same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the roughly $20 billion in - debt that came due in 1994, and by the end of the year, Russia's hard - currency foreign debt had risen to nearly $100 billion. Moscow reached - agreement to restructure debts with Paris Club official creditors in - mid-1994 and concluded a preliminary deal with its commercial bank - creditors late in the year to reschedule debts owed them in early - 1995. Capital flight continued to be a serious problem in 1994, with - billions of additional dollars in assets being moved abroad, primarily - to bank accounts in Europe. Russia's physical plant continues to - deteriorate because of insufficient maintenance and new construction. - Plant and equipment on average are twice the age of the West's. Many - years will pass before Russia can take full advantage of its natural - resources and its human assets. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $721.2 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -15% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,820 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% per month (average 1994) - - Unemployment rate: 7.1% (December 1994) with considerable additional - underemployment - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $48 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and - wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and - military manufactures - partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba - - Imports: $35.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, - grain, sugar, semifinished metal products - partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba - - External debt: $95 billion-$100 billion (yearend 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -21% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 213,100,000 KW - production: 876 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,800 kWh (1994) - - Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries - producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine - building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space - vehicles; ship- building; road and rail transportation equipment; - communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and - construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting - equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables - - Agriculture: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, - vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location does not grow - citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for domestic consumption; government has active eradication program; - used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin American illicit drugs - to Western Europe and Latin America - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-94), $15 billion; - other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1990-93), $120 - billion - - Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks - - Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 3,550 (29 December 1994), 1,247 (27 - December 1993); nominal exchange rate still deteriorating but real - exchange rate holding steady - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Russia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service (49,000 - km diesel; and 38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific - industries and are not available for common carrier use - broad gauge: 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994) - - Highways: - total: 934,000 km (445,000 km serve specific industries or farms and - are not available for common carrier use) - paved and graveled: 725,000 km - unpaved: 209,000 km (1 January 1994) - - Inland waterways: total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km; - routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900 - km; of which routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made - navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994) - - Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural - gas 140,000 km (30 June 1993) - - Ports: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk, - Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk, - Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse, - Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg - - Merchant marine: - total: 800 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,295,109 GRT/10,128,579 - DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk cargo 26, cargo 424, chemical - tanker 7, combination bulk 22, combination ore/oil 16, container 81, - multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 111, passenger 4, - passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 62, - short-sea passenger 16, specialized tanker 2 - note: in addition, Russia owns 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling - 5,084,439 DWT that operate under Maltese, Cypriot, Liberian, - Panamanian, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Honduran, Marshall - Islands, Bahamian, and Vanuatu registry - - Airports: - total: 2,517 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 54 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 202 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 108 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 115 - with paved runways under 914 m: 151 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 25 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 45 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 134 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 291 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,392 - -@Russia:Communications - - Telephone system: 24,400,000 telephones; 20,900,000 telephones in - urban areas and 3,500,000 telephones in rural areas; of these, total - installed in homes 15,400,000; total pay phones for long distant calls - 34,100; about 164 telephones/1,000 persons; Russia is enlisting - foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed up the - modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only 661,000 - new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991, and in - 1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones reached - 11,000,000; expanded access to international E-mail service available - via Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a - severe handicap to the economy, especially with respect to - international connections - local: NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational and - growing in Moscow and St. Petersburg - intercity: intercity fiberoptic cable installation remains limited - international: international traffic is handled by an inadequate - system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and outdated - submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international - gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international - traffic for the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent - States; a new Russian Raduga satellite will link Moscow and St. - Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be relayed to destinations - in Europe and overseas; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT, - Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow), INMARSAT, Orbita - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1,050, FM 1,050, shortwave 1,050 - radios: 48.8 million (radio receivers with multiple speaker systems - for program diffusion 74,300,000) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 7,183 - televisions: 54.2 million - -@Russia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, - Strategic Rocket Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 38,264,699; males fit for - military service 29,951,977; males reach military age (18) annually - 1,106,176 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - note: the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in - Russia fell about 15% in real terms in 1994, reducing Russian defense - outlays to about one-fourth of peak Soviet levels in the late 1980s; - although Russia may still spend as much as 10% of its GDP on defense, - this is significantly below the 15% to 17% burden the former USSR - carried during much of the 1980s; conversion of military expenditures - into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -RWANDA - -@Rwanda:Geography - - Location: Central Africa, east of Zaire - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 26,340 sq km - land area: 24,950 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland - - Land boundaries: total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda - 169 km, Zaire 217 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to - January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible - - Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with - altitude declining from west to east - - Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten - ore), natural gas, hydropower - - Land use: - arable land: 29% - permanent crops: 11% - meadows and pastures: 18% - forest and woodland: 10% - other: 32% - - Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of - trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion - natural hazards: periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are - in the northwest along the border with Zaire - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test - Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of - the Sea - - Note: landlocked; predominantly rural population - -@Rwanda:People - - Population: 8,605,307 (July 1995 est.) - note: the demographic estimates were prepared before civil strife, - starting in April 1994, set in motion substantial and continuing - population changes - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 51% (female 2,184,549; male 2,201,049) - 15-64 years: 47% (female 2,034,278; male 1,968,298) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 126,255; male 90,878) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.67% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 48.52 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 21.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: since April 1994, more than one million refugees have fled the - civil strife between the Hutu and Tutsi factions in Rwanda and crossed - into Zaire, Burundi, and Tanzania; close to 350,000 Rwandan Tutsis who - fled civil strife in earlier years are returning to Rwanda and a few - of the recent Hutu refugees are going home despite the danger of doing - so; the ethnic violence continues and in 1995 could produce further - refugee flows as well as deter returns - - Infant mortality rate: 118.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 39.33 years - male: 38.5 years - female: 40.19 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 8.12 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Rwandan(s) - adjective: Rwandan - - Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous - beliefs and other 25% - - Languages: Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used - in commercial centers - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 50% - male: 64% - female: 37% - - Labor force: 3.6 million - by occupation: agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry - and commerce 2% - -@Rwanda:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda - conventional short form: Rwanda - local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda - local short form: Rwanda - - Digraph: RW - - Type: republic; presidential system - note: after genocide and civil war in April 1994, the Tutsi Rwandan - Patriotic Front, in July 1994, took power and formed a new government - - Capital: Kigali - - Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - - prefecture in French; plural - NA, singular - prefegitura in - Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, - Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri - - Independence: 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962) - - Constitution: 18 June 1991 - - Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and - customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme - Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Pasteur BIZIMUNGU (since 19 July 1994); took - office following the siezure of the government by the Tutsi Rwandan - Patriotic Front and the exiling of interim President Dr. Theodore - SINDIKUBWABO; no future election dates have been set - head of government: Prime Minister Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU (since the - siezure of power by the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front in July 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Development Council: (Conseil National de Developpement) - elections last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA 1995); - results - MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 - - Judicial branch: Constitutional Court consists of the Court of - Cassation and the Council of State in joint session - - Political parties and leaders: Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), Alexis - KANYARENGWE, Chairman; National Revolutionary Movement for Democracy - and Development (MRND); significant independent parties include: - Democratic Republican Movement (MDR); Liberal Party (PL); Democratic - and Socialist Party (PSD); Coalition for the Defense of the Republic - (CDR); Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER); Christian Democratic - Party (PDL) - note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties - in mid-1991 - - Other political or pressure groups: Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA), the - RPF military wing, Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander; - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Joseph W. - MUTABOBA - chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 - FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544 - - US diplomatic representation: - note: US Embassy closed indefinitely - chief of mission: Ambassador David P. RAWSON - embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali - mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali - telephone: [250] 756 01 through 03 - FAX: [250] 721 28 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and - green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses - the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of - Guinea, which has a plain yellow band - -@Rwanda:Economy - - Overview: Rwanda is a poor African nation suffering bitterly from - ethnic-based civil war. Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural - sector; coffee and tea make up 80%-90% of total exports. The amount of - fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion - continue to create problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, - contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the - processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains - dependent on coffee/tea exports and foreign aid. Weak international - prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita - GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank - began in October 1990. Ethnic-based insurgency since 1990 has - devastated wide areas, especially in the north, and displaced hundreds - of thousands of people. A peace accord in mid-1993 temporarily ended - most of the fighting, but massive resumption of civil warfare in April - 1994 in the capital city Kigali and elsewhere has been taking - thousands of lives and severely affecting short-term economic - prospects. The economy suffers massively from failure to maintain the - infrastructure, looting, neglect of important cash crops, and lack of - health care facilities. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.9 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -8% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $950 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $350 million - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) - - Exports: $44 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: coffee 63%, tea, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum - partners: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US - - Imports: $250 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital - goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material - partners: US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan - - External debt: $873 million (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -2.2% (1991); accounts for 17% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 60,000 kW - production: 190 million kWh - consumption per capita: 23 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten - ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage - production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, - cigarettes - - Agriculture: cash crops - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made - from chrysanthemums); main food crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, - potatoes; stock raising - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million - note: in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment Program - with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and - the US $25 million in support of this program (1993) - - Currency: 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 144.3 (3rd quarter - 1994), 144.25 (1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Rwanda:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 4,885 km - paved: 880 km - unpaved: gravel, sand and gravel 1,305 km; unimproved earth 2,700 km - - Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and - native craft - - Ports: Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye - - Airports: - total: 7 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Rwanda:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; telephone system does not provide - service to the general public but is intended for business and - government use - local: NA - intercity: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the - prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network - depends on wire and high frequency radio - international: international connections employ microwave radio relay - to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant - countries; 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) and 1 SYMPHONIE earth station in - Kigali (includes telex and telefax service) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Rwanda:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,792,326; males fit for - military service 913,711 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $112.5 million, 7% of - GDP (1992) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAINT HELENA - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Saint Helena:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the South Atlantic Ocean, west of - Angola, about two-thirds of the way from South America to Africa - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 410 sq km - land area: 410 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, - DC - note: includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, - Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 60 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds - - Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains - - Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea - turtles and sooty terns, no minerals - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 83% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha - international agreements: NA - - Note: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial (the remains were - taken to Paris in 1840); harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown - anywhere else in the world - -@Saint Helena:People - - Population: 6,762 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 0.31% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 9.5 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.43 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 36.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.07 years - male: 73.01 years - female: 76.89 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.13 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Saint Helenian(s) - adjective: Saint Helenian - - Ethnic divisions: NA - - Religions: Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman - Catholic - - Languages: English - - Literacy: age 20 and over can read and write (1987) - total population: 97% - male: 97% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 2,516 - by occupation: professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, - managerial, administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, - farmer, fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process - workers 14.7%, others 50.3% (1987) - -@Saint Helena:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Saint Helena - - Digraph: SH - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Jamestown - - Administrative divisions: 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; - Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha* - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June - 1989 (second Saturday in June) - - Constitution: 1 January 1989 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: NA - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - head of government: Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA 1991) - cabinet: Executive Council - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council: elections last held July 1993 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) - independents 15 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Member of: ICFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; - the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship - -@Saint Helena:Economy - - Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from - the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the - raising of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few - jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment - overseas. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): -1.1% (1986) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $11.2 million - expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY92/93) - - Exports: $27,400 (f.o.b., FY92/93) - commodities: fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts - partners: South Africa, UK - - Imports: $9.8 million (c.i.f., FY92/93) - commodities: food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, - building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts - partners: UK, South Africa - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 9,800 kW - production: 10 million kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993) - - Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing - - Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being - developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1992-93), $13.5 million - - Currency: 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6350 (January - 1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6033 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), - 0.5603 (1990); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the - British pound - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Saint Helena:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA (mainland 107 km, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA) - paved: 169.7 km (mainland 87 km, Ascension 80 km, Tristan da Cunha - 2.70 km) - unpaved: NA (mainland 20 km earth roads, Ascension NA, Tristan da - Cunha NA) - - Ports: Georgetown, Jamestown - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - -@Saint Helena:Communications - - Telephone system: 550 telephones; automatic network - local: NA - intercity: HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine - cable and satellite networks - international: major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South - Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 1,500 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Saint Helena:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, about one-third of - the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 269 sq km - land area: 269 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 135 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental - margin - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal - temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) - - Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 22% - permanent crops: 17% - meadows and pastures: 3% - forest and woodland: 17% - other: 41% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: hurricanes (July to October) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer - Protection, Whaling - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:People - - Population: 40,992 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 7,072; male 7,430) - 15-64 years: 57% (female 11,784; male 11,756) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 1,729; male 1,221) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.85% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 23.49 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -5.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 19.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.51 years - male: 63.51 years - female: 69.69 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.56 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s) - adjective: Kittsian, Nevisian - - Ethnic divisions: black African - - Religions: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic - - Languages: English - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1980) - total population: 97% - male: 97% - female: 98% - - Labor force: 20,000 (1981) - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis - conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis - former: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis - - Digraph: SC - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Basseterre - - Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, - Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George - Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John - Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul - Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint - Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point - - Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983) - - Constitution: 19 September 1983 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since - 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of theWest Indies - Associated States since NA November 1981) - head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS - (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the West Indies - Associated States since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Hugh - HEYLIGER (since November 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general in consultation - with the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Assembly: elections last held 29 November 1993 (next to be - held by 15 November 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 4, SKNLP 4, NRP 1, CCM 2 - - Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint - Lucia) - - Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. - Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. - Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; - Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS (associate), IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, OAS, OECS, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Erstein Mallet EDWARDS - chancery: Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: [1] (202) 833-3550 - FAX: [1] (202) 833-3553 - - US diplomatic representation: no official presence; covered by embassy - in Bridgetown, Barbados - - Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black - band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in - yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:Economy - - Overview: The economy has traditionally depended on the growing and - processing of sugarcane; decreasing world prices have hurt the - industry in recent years. Tourism and export-oriented manufacturing - have begun to assume larger roles, although they still only account - for 7% and 4% of GDP respectively. Growth in the construction and - tourism sectors spurred the economic expansion in 1994. Most food is - imported. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $210 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,300 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 12.2% (1990) - - Budget: - revenues: $103.2 million - expenditures: $102.6 million, including capital expenditures of $50.1 - million (1995 est.) - - Exports: $32.4 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: machinery, food, electronics, beverages and tobacco - partners: US 50%, UK 30%, CARICOM nations 11% (1992) - - Imports: $100 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: machinery, manufactures, food, fuels - partners: US 43%, CARICOM nations 18%, UK 12%, Canada 4%, Japan 4%, - OECS 4% (1992) - - External debt: $43.3 million (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.9% (1992 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 15,800 kW - production: 45 million kWh - consumption per capita: 990 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, - footwear, beverages - - Agriculture: accounts for 17% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; - subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential - not fully exploited - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined - for the US - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $67 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 58 km on Saint Kitts for sugarcane - narrow gauge: 58 km 0.760-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 300 km - paved: 125 km - unpaved: otherwise improved 125 km; unimproved earth 50 km - - Ports: Basseterre, Charlestown - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,400 telephones; good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio - connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint - Martin - local: NA - intercity: interisland links are handled by VHF/UHF/SHF radio; within - the islands all calls are local - international: international calls are carried by radio to Antigua and - Barbuda and there switched to submarine cable or to INTELSAT, or - carried to Saint Martin by radio and switched to INTELSAT - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 - televisions: NA - -@Saint Kitts And Nevis:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAINT LUCIA - -@Saint Lucia:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad - and Tobago - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 620 sq km - land area: 610 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 158 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental - margin - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from - January to April, rainy season from May to August - - Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys - - Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral - springs, geothermal potential - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 20% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 13% - other: 54% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the - northern region - natural hazards: hurricanes and volcanic activity - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law - of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling - -@Saint Lucia:People - - Population: 156,050 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 26,710; male 27,255) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 47,584; male 46,326) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 5,040; male 3,135) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.17% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.48 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.1 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -4.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.88 years - male: 66.33 years - female: 73.67 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.37 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Saint Lucian(s) - adjective: Saint Lucian - - Ethnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, - Caucasian 0.8% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% - - Languages: English (official), French patois - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1980) - total population: 67% - male: 65% - female: 69% - - Labor force: 43,800 - by occupation: agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and - commerce 17.7% (1983 est.) - -@Saint Lucia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Saint Lucia - - Digraph: ST - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Castries - - Administrative divisions: 11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, - Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, - Soufriere, Vieux Fort - - Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979) - - Constitution: 22 February 1979 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 - October 1988) - head of government: Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 - May 1982) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: consists of an 11-member body, 6 appointed on the advice of - the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, - and 2 after consultation with religious, economic, and social groups - House of Assembly: elections last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held - by April 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 - total) UWP 11, SLP 6 - - Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: United Workers' Party (UWP), John - COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian HUNTE; Progressive - Labor Party (PLP), Jon ODLUM - - Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, - GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (subscriber), NAM, - OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS - chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 - telephone: [1] (202) 364-6792 through 6795 - FAX: [1] (202) 364-6728 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the - Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) - - Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the - upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border - -@Saint Lucia:Economy - - Overview: Though foreign investment in manufacturing and information - processing in recent years has increased Saint Lucia's industrial - base, the economy remains vulnerable due to its heavy dependence on - banana production, which is subject to periodic droughts and tropical - storms. Indeed, the destructive effect of Tropical Storm Debbie in - mid-1994 caused the loss of 60% of the year's banana crop. Increased - competition from Latin American bananas will probably further reduce - market prices, exacerbating Saint Lucia's need to diversify its - economy in coming years, e.g., by expanding tourism, manufacturing, - and construction - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $610 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.8% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 25% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $121 million - expenditures: $127 million, including capital expenditures of $104 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $122.8 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: bananas 60%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut - oil - partners: UK 56%, US 22%, CARICOM 19% (1991) - - Imports: $276 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation - equipment 21%, food and live animals, chemicals, fuels - partners: US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4% (1991) - - External debt: $96.4 million (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 20,000 kW - production: 112 million kWh - consumption per capita: 693 kWh (1993) - - Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, - corrugated cardboard boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut - processing - - Agriculture: accounts for 14% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - - bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; - imports food for the tourist industry - - Illicit drugs: transit country for South American drugs destined for - the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $120 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Saint Lucia:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 760 km - paved: 500 km - unpaved: otherwise improved 260 km - - Ports: Castries, Vieux Fort - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Saint Lucia:Communications - - Telephone system: 9,500 telephones - local: low density (6 telephones/100 persons) but the system is - automatically switched - intercity: no intercity traffic - international: direct microwave link with Martinique and Saint Vincent - and the Grenadines; interisland troposcatter link to Barbados - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 cable - televisions: NA - -@Saint Lucia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON - - (territorial collectivity of France) - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:Geography - - Location: Northern North America, islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, - south of Newfoundland (Canada) - - Map references: North America - - Area: - total area: 242 sq km - land area: 242 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the - Miquelon groups - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 120 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between - Canada and France - - Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are - windy - - Terrain: mostly barren rock - - Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports - - Land use: - arable land: 13% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 83% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime - hazard - international agreements: NA - - Note: vegetation scanty - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:People - - Population: 6,757 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 0.78% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.83 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 10.77 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76 years - male: 74.4 years - female: 77.92 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.67 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) - adjective: French - - Ethnic divisions: Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) - - Religions: Roman Catholic 98% - - Languages: French - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 99% - male: 99% - female: 99% - - Labor force: 2,850 (1988) - by occupation: NA - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and - Miquelon - conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon - local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon - local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon - - Digraph: SB - - Type: territorial collectivity of France - - Capital: Saint-Pierre - - Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France) - - Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under - French control since 1763) - - National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: Commissioner of the Republic Yves HENRY (since NA - December 1993); President of the General Council Gerard GRIGNON (since - NA April 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - General Council: elections last held NA April 1994 (next to be held NA - April 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) - seats by party NA - French Senate: elections last held NA September 1986 (next to be held - NA September 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 - total) PS 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 - (next to be held NA June 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (1 total) UDF 1 - - Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur - d'Appel) - - Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union - for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON - - Member of: FZ, WFTU - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territorial collectivity of - France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territorial collectivity of - France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:Economy - - Overview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood - by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of - Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the - number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the - years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish - quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and - Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a - longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a - halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come - primarily from Canada and France. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $66 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 9.6% (1990) - - Budget: - revenues: $18.3 million - expenditures: $18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts - partners: US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal (1990) - - Imports: $82 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, - building materials - partners: Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,000 kW - production: 50 million kWh - consumption per capita: 6,013 kWh (1993) - - Industries: fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; - tourism - - Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; - fish catch of 20,500 metric tons (1989) - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $500 million - - Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), - 5.520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 120 km - paved: 60 km - unpaved: earth 60 km (1985) - - Ports: Saint Pierre - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,601 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: radio communication with most countries in the world; 1 - satellite link in French domestic satellite system - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Saint Pierre And Miquelon:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad - and Tobago - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 340 sq km - land area: 340 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 84 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season - (May to November) - - Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of - Saint Vincent - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 38% - permanent crops: 12% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 41% - other: 3% - - Irrigated land: 10 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from - discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas - pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive - natural hazards: hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification - - Note: the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is - divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:People - - Population: 117,344 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 34% (female 19,551; male 20,185) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 35,565; male 35,573) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 3,793; male 2,677) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.65% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 19.62 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.46 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -7.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.66 years - male: 71.15 years - female: 74.21 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) - adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian - - Ethnic divisions: African descent, Caucasian, East Indian, Carib - Indian - - Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist - - Languages: English, French patois - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 96% - male: 96% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.) - by occupation: NA - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - Digraph: VC - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Kingstown - - Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint - Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick - - Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979) - - Constitution: 27 October 1979 - - Legal system: based on English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 September 1989) - head of government: Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July - 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Parnel CAMPBELL (since NA February 1994); - note - governor general appoints leader of the majority party to - position of prime minister - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on the advice of - the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Assembly: elections last held 21 February 1994 (next to be - held NA July 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 - total, 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 12, - ULP 3 - - Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint - Lucia) - - Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James - MITCHELL (son of Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL); United People's - Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel - MIGUEL; Unity Labor Party (ULP),Vincent BEACHE - formed by the - coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party (SVLP) and the Movement for - National Unity (MNU) - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kingsley C.A. LAYNE - chancery: 1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC - 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-7806, 7846 - FAX: [1] (202) 462-7807 - - US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the - Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) - - Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), - and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V - pattern - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most - important sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on - a growing tourist industry, is also important. In 1993, economic - growth slowed to 1.4%, reflecting a sharp decline in agricultural - production caused by drought. The government has been relatively - unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and high unemployment - rates of 35%-40% continue. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $235 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,000 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 35%-40% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $66.2 - expenditures: $77.3 million, including capital expenditures of $23 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $57.1 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, - tennis racquets - partners: UK 54%, CARICOM 34%, US 10% - - Imports: $134.6 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and - fertilizers, minerals and fuels - partners: US 36%, CARICOM 21%, UK 18%, Trinidad and Tobago 13% - - External debt: $74.9 million (1993) - - Industrial production: NA - - Electricity: - capacity: 16,600 kW - production: 50 million kWh - consumption per capita: 436 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch - - Agriculture: accounts for 14% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides - bulk of exports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; - small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used - locally - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined - for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $81 million - - Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed - rate since 1976) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,000 km - paved: 300 km - unpaved: improved earth 400 km; unimproved earth 300 km - - Ports: Kingstown - - Merchant marine: - total: 580 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,212,812 GRT/8,530,725 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 106, cargo 289, chemical tanker 15, combination - bulk 10, combination ore/oil 3, container 36, liquefied gas tanker 5, - livestock carrier 2, oil tanker 53, passenger 2, passenger-cargo 1, - refrigerated cargo 30, roll-on/roll-off cargo 25, short-sea passenger - 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 16 countries among - which are Croatia 49 ships, Russia 23, Slovenia 11, China 8, Germany - 3, Serbia 2, Latvia 1, Montenegro 1, Georgia 1, UAR 1 - - Airports: - total: 6 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 4 - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:Communications - - Telephone system: 6,500 telephones; islandwide fully automatic - telephone system - local: NA - intercity: VHF/UHF interisland links from Saint Vincent to the other - islands of the Grenadines - international: VHF/UHF interisland links from Saint Vincent to - Barbados; new SHF links to Grenada and to Saint Lucia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 cable - televisions: NA - -@Saint Vincent And The Grenadines:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast - Guard - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAN MARINO - -@San Marino:Geography - - Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 60 sq km - land area: 60 sq km - comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: total 39 km, Italy 39 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers - - Terrain: rugged mountains - - Natural resources: building stone - - Land use: - arable land: 17% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 83% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - international agreements: NA - current issues: NA - natural hazards: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test - Ban; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution - - Note: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy - See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines - -@San Marino:People - - Population: 24,313 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 16% (female 1,944; male 1,962) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 8,243; male 8,354) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 2,198; male 1,612) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.88% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 10.98 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 5.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 81.27 years - male: 77.26 years - female: 85.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.52 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) - adjective: Sammarinese - - Ethnic divisions: Sammarinese, Italian - - Religions: Roman Catholic - - Languages: Italian - - Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: 96% - male: 97% - female: 95% - - Labor force: 4,300 (est.) - by occupation: industry 42%, agriculture 3% - -@San Marino:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of San Marino - conventional short form: San Marino - local long form: Repubblica di San Marino - local short form: San Marino - - Digraph: SM - - Type: republic - - Capital: San Marino - - Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, - Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle - - Independence: 301 AD (by tradition) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 - September - - Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the - functions of a constitution - - Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - co-chiefs of state: Captain Regent Marino BOLLINI and Captain Regent - Settimio LONFERNINI (for the period 1 April 1995-30 September 1995) - head of government: Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July - 1986) - cabinet: Congress of State - note: the popularly elected parliament (Great and General Council) - selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (Co-Chiefs - of State) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the - Great and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State) which - has ten other members, all selected by the Great and General Council; - assisting the Captains Regent are three Secretaries of State - Foreign - Affairs, Internal Affairs, and Finance - and several additional - secretaries; the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs has come to - assume many of the prerogatives of a prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Great and General Council: (Consiglio Grande e Generale) elections - last held 30 May 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1998); results - PDCS - 41.4%, PSS 23.7%, PDP 18.6%, ADP 7.7%, MD 5.3%, RC 3.3%; seats - (60 - total) PDCS 26, PSS 14, PDP 11, ADP 4, MD 3, RC 2 - - Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) - - Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDCS), - Cesare GASPERONI, secretary general; Democratic Progressive Party (PDP - - formerly San Marino Communist Party (PSS)), Stefano MACINA, - secretary general; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Maurizio RATTINI, - secretary general; Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; - Popular Democratic Alliance (ADP); Communist Refoundation (RC), - Guiseppe AMICHI, Renato FABBRI; Moderate Group, Alvaro SELVA; Social - Democratic Party - - Member of: CE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM - (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - honorary consulate(s) general: Washington and New York - honorary consulate(s): Detroit - - US diplomatic representation: no mission in San Marino, but the Consul - General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with - the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms - has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a - wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS - (Liberty) - -@San Marino:Economy - - Overview: The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1993 more - than 3 million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries are - banking, wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural - products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and - standard of living are comparable to those of Italy, which supplies - much of its food. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $380 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $15,800 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.5% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 4.9% (December 1993) - - Budget: - revenues: $275 million - expenditures: $275 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1992 est.) - - Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; - commodities: building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked - goods, hides, and ceramics - - Imports: wide variety of consumer manufactures, food - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of labor - force - - Electricity: supplied by Italy - - Industries: tourism, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine - - Agriculture: employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, - maize, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, - horses - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 Italian lire (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note - also mints its - own coins - - Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,609.5 (January 1995), - 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), - 1,198.1 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@San Marino:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 104 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: none - - Airports: none - -@San Marino:Communications - - Telephone system: 11,700 telephones; automatic telephone system - completely integrated into Italian system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: microwave and cable links into Italian networks; no - communication satellite facilities - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA; note - receives broadcasts from Italy - televisions: NA - -@San Marino:Defense Forces - - Branches: public security or police force - - Defense expenditures: $3.7 million (1992 est.), 1% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE - -@Sao Tome And Principe:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, island in the Atlantic Ocean, straddling the - equator, west of Gabon - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 960 sq km - land area: 960 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 209 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) - - Terrain: volcanic, mountainous - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 20% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 75% - other: 3% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Law - of the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change - -@Sao Tome And Principe:People - - Population: 140,423 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 27,995; male 28,452) - 15-64 years: 55% (female 38,846; male 38,619) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 3,615; male 2,896) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.62% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 34.94 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 63.65 years - male: 61.76 years - female: 65.59 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.44 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Sao Tomean(s) - adjective: Sao Tomean - - Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), - forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers - from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of - servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese) - - Religions: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day - Adventist - - Languages: Portuguese (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 73% - male: 85% - female: 62% - - Labor force: most of population mainly engaged in subsistence - agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled - workers - -@Sao Tome And Principe:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe - conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe - local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe - local short form: Sao Tome e Principe - - Digraph: TP - - Type: republic - - Capital: Sao Tome - - Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular - - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome - - Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975) - - Constitution: approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990 - - Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991); - election last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); - results - Miguel TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's - first multiparty presidential election - head of government: Prime Minister Carlos da GRACA (since 25 October - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the - proposal of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National People's Assembly: (Assembleia Popular Nacional) parliament - dissolved by President TROVOADA in July 1994; early elections held 2 - October 1994; results - MLSTP 27%, PCD-GR 25.5%, ADI 25.5%; seats - - (55 total) MLSTP 27, PCD-GR 14, ADI 14 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Party for Democratic - Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, - secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and - Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), - Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader - NA; Independent Democratic Action (ADI), Gabriel COSTA; other small - parties - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, - IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Sao Tome and Principe has no embassy - in the US, but does have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by - First Secretary Domingos AUGUSTO Ferreira, located at 122 East 42nd - Street, Suite 1604, New York, NY 10168, telephone [1] (212) 697-4211 - - US diplomatic representation: ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao - Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to - the islands - - Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), - and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the - center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the - hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -@Sao Tome And Principe:Economy - - Overview: This small poor island economy has remained dependent on - cocoa since independence 20 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa - production has gradually declined because of drought and - mismanagement, so that by 1987 annual output had fallen from 10,000 - tons to 3,900 tons. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has - created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less - important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also - declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a - ratio of 4:1 or more. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense - of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food - needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. - Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt - and has had to depend on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. - Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, - and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent - years. The government also has attempted to reduce price controls and - subsidies and to encourage market-based mechanisms, e. g., to - facilitate the distribution of imported food. Annual GDP growth is - estimated in the 3%-4% range for 1994-96. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $133 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $10.2 million - expenditures: $36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: cocoa 78%, copra, coffee, palm oil (1992) - partners: Netherlands, Germany, China, Portugal - - Imports: $31.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and electrical equipment 44%, food products - 18%, petroleum 11% (1992) - partners: Portugal, Japan, Spain, France, Angola - - External debt: $237 million (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1991); accounts for 7% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 5,000 kW - production: 17 million kWh - consumption per capita: 105 kWh (1993) - - Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp - processing - - Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP; dominant sector of economy, - primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, - coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not - self-sufficient in food grain and meat - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $89 million - - Currency: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos - - Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1 - 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 - (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Sao Tome And Principe:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 300 km - paved: 200 km - unpaved: 100 km - note: roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair - - Ports: Santo Antonio, Sao Tome - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Sao Tome And Principe:Communications - - Telephone system: NA; minimal system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Sao Tome And Principe:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, National Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 33,789; males fit for military - service 17,752 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SAUDI ARABIA - -@Saudi Arabia:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, - north of Yemen - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 1,960,582 sq km - land area: 1,960,582 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US - - Land boundaries: total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait - 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km - - Coastline: 2,640 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 18 nm - continental shelf: not specified - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: large section of boundary with Yemen not - defined; status of boundary with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of - Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia - - Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature - - Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 39% - forest and woodland: 1% - other: 59% - - Irrigated land: 4,350 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: desertification; depletion of underground water - resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has - prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination - facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills - natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, - Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - - Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great - leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and - Suez Canal - -@Saudi Arabia:People - - Population: 18,729,576 (July 1995 est.) - note: a 1992 census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 - and the number of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459 - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 3,952,573; male 4,065,224) - 15-64 years: 55% (female 4,078,001; male 6,219,737) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 203,372; male 210,669) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.68% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 38.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 48.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.5 years - male: 66.79 years - female: 70.3 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.48 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Saudi(s) - adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian - - Ethnic divisions: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% - - Religions: Muslim 100% - - Languages: Arabic - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 62% - male: 73% - female: 48% - - Labor force: 5 million-6 million - by occupation: government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, - agriculture 16% - -@Saudi Arabia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - conventional short form: Saudi Arabia - local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah - local short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah - - Digraph: SA - - Type: monarchy - - Capital: Riyadh - - Administrative divisions: 13 provinces (mintaqah, singular - - mintaqat); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al - Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, - Tabuk - - Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification) - - National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) - - Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law) - - Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been - introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD - bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First - Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother - to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; dominated by royal family members - appointed by the king - - Legislative branch: a consultative council comprised of 60 members and - a chairman who are appointed by the King for a term of four years - - Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice - - Political parties and leaders: none allowed - - Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, - GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS - (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saud - chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800 - consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond E. MABUS, Jr. - embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh - mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International - Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; APO AE 09803-1307 - telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 - FAX: [966] (1) 482-4364 - consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah) - - Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as - There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a - white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is - the traditional color of Islam - -@Saudi Arabia:Economy - - Overview: This is a well-to-do oil-based economy with strong - government controls over major economic activities. About 46% of GDP - comes from the private sector. Economic (as well as political) ties - with the US are especially strong. The petroleum sector accounts for - roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of GDP, and almost all export - earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the - world (26% of the proved total), ranks as the largest exporter of - petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the - government intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficit - since 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economic - activity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important role - in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. For - about a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays have - outstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreign - assistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs. For 1995, - the country looks for improvement in oil prices and will continue its - policies of restraining public spending and encouraging non-oil - exports. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $173.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $9,510 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $39 billion - expenditures: $50 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5 - billion (1993 est.) - - Exports: $39.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 92% - partners: US 20%, Japan 18%, Singapore 5%, France 5%, South Korea 5% - (1992) - - Imports: $28.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motor - vehicles, textiles - partners: US 21%, Japan 14%, UK 11%, Germany 8%, Italy 6%, France 5% - (1992) - - External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includes short-term - trade credits) - - Industrial production: growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% - of GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 17,550,000 kW - production: 46 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,430 kWh (1993) - - Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic - petrochemicals, cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, - fertilizer, plastics - - Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; - subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, - dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching - self-sufficiency in food - - Illicit drugs: death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption - of heroin and cocaine - - Economic aid: - donor: pledged bilateral aid (1979-89), $64.7 billion; pledged $100 - million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon - - Currency: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah - - Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since - late 1986), 3.7033 (1986) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Saudi Arabia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,390 km - standard gauge: 1,390 km 1.435-m gauge (448 km double track) - - Highways: - total: 151,530 km - paved: 60,610 km - unpaved: 90,920 km (1992 est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas - 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km) - - Ports: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ras al - Khafji, Ras al Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah - - Merchant marine: - total: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 855,452 GRT/1,233,477 DWT - - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 12, chemical tanker 5, container 3, - liquefied gas tanker 1, livestock carrier 4, oil tanker 22, passenger - 1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea - passenger 7 - - Airports: - total: 211 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 30 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 22 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 21 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 73 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 43 - -@Saudi Arabia:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,624,000 telephones; modern system - local: NA - intercity: extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable - systems - international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, - Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; - submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 5 - INTELSAT (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 ARABSAT, and 1 - INMARSAT - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 43, FM 13, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 80 - televisions: NA - -@Saudi Arabia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, - National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, - Public Security Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,303,679; males fit for - military service 2,949,842; males reach military age (17) annually - 164,220 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $17.2 billion, 13.8% - of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SENEGAL - -@Senegal:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 196,190 sq km - land area: 192,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota - - Land boundaries: total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, - Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km - - Coastline: 531 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia - is indefinite; boundary with Mauritania in dispute; - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has - strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, - dry harmattan wind - - Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in - southeast - - Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore - - Land use: - arable land: 27% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 30% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: 12% - - Irrigated land: 1,800 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing - - natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life - Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, - Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Dumping - - Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal - -@Senegal:People - - Population: 9,007,080 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 2,004,514; male 2,021,251) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 2,398,609; male 2,301,236) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 140,128; male 141,342) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.12% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 42.87 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.64 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 73.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 57.16 years - male: 55.65 years - female: 58.71 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.03 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) - adjective: Senegalese - - Ethnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, - Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% - - Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly - Roman Catholic) - - Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988) - total population: 27% - male: 37% - female: 18% - - Labor force: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; - 175,000 wage earners) - by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60% - -@Senegal:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Senegal - conventional short form: Senegal - local long form: Republique du Senegal - local short form: Senegal - - Digraph: SG - - Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule - - Capital: Dakar - - Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region); - Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, - Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor - - Independence: 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal - signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation - of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement - was dissolved on 30 September 1989) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960) - - Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's - accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981); election - last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 2000); results - - Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57% - head of government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister in - consultation with the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 9 May - 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results - PS 70%, PDS 23%, other - 7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT 3, Let Us Unite Senegal - 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou - DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; Democratic - League-Labor Party Movement (LD-MPT), Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY; - Independent Labor Party (PIT), Amath DANSOKHO; Senegalese Democratic - Union-Renewal (UDS-R), Mamadou Puritain FALL; Let Us Unite Senegal - (coalition of African Party for Democracy and Socialism and National - Democratic Rally); other small uninfluential parties - - Other political or pressure groups: students; teachers; labor; Muslim - Brotherhoods - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNOMUR, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK - chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540, 0541 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mark JOHNSON - embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar - mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar - telephone: [221] 23 42 96, 23 34 24 - FAX: [221] 22 29 91 - - Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and - red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; - uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -@Senegal:Economy - - Overview: In 1994 Senegal embarked on its most concerted structural - adjustment effort yet to exploit the 50% devaluation of the currencies - of the 14 Francophone African nations on 12 January. After years of - foot-dragging, the government finally passed a liberalized labor code - which should significantly help lower the cost of labor and improve - the manufacturing sector's competitiveness. Inroads also have been - made in closing tax loopholes and eliminating monopoly power in - several sectors. At the same time the government is holding the line - on current fiscal expenditure under the watchful eyes of international - organizations on which it depends for substantial support. A bumper - peanut crop - Senegal's main source of foreign exchange - coincided - with an improvement of international prices and probably resulted in a - doubling of earnings in 1994 over 1993. The country's narrow resource - base, environmental degradation, and untamed population growth will - continue to hold back growth in living standards over the medium term. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -2% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,450 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): -1.8% (1991 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $1.2 billion - expenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $269 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products, - phosphates, cotton - partners: France, other EC countries, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali - - Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods, - petroleum - partners: France, other EC countries, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, - China, Japan - - External debt: $2.9 billion (1990) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1991); accounts for 15% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 230,000 kW - production: 720 million kWh - consumption per capita: 79 kWh (1993) - - Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, - petroleum refining, building materials - - Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP; major products - peanuts (cash - crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green - vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch - of 354,000 metric tons in 1990 - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian - heroin moving to Europe and North America - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $295 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning - 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French - franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Senegal:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 905 km - narrow gauge: 905 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track) - - Highways: - total: 14,007 km - paved: 3,777 km - unpaved: crushed stone, improved earth 10,230 km - - Inland waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the - Saloum - - Ports: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll, Saint-Louis, - Ziguinchor - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT - - Airports: - total: 24 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Senegal:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; above-average urban system - local: NA - intercity: microwave and cable - international: 3 submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Senegal:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police - (Surete Nationale) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,021,019; males fit for - military service 1,054,855; males reach military age (18) annually - 96,589 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $134 million, 2.1% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO - - Note--Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint - independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as - a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic - of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor - republics represents its continuation - -@Serbia And Montenegro:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between - Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 102,350 sq km - land area: 102,136 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky - note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making - it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 - sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than - Connecticut - - Land boundaries: total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; - 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with - Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 - km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km - note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km - - Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km) - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro - and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with - Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; - Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic - - Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid - summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental - and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the - coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with - heavy snowfall inland - - Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the - east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain - and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands - off the coast - - Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, - nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome - - Land use: - arable land: 30% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 25% - other: 20% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, - especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution - around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from - industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube - natural hazards: destructive earthquakes - international agreements: NA - - Note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to - Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast - -@Serbia And Montenegro:People - - Population: - total population: 11,101,833 (July 1995 est.) - Montenegro: 708,248 (July 1995 est.) - Serbia: 10,393,585 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - Montenegro: *** No data for this item *** - 0-14 years: 22% (female 77,498; male 82,005) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 236,987; male 241,397) - 65 years and over: 10% (female 41,625; male 28,736) (July 1995 est.) - Serbia: *** No data for this item *** - 0-14 years: 22% (female 1,095,121; male 1,173,224) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 3,431,823; male 3,483,066) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 699,488; male 510,863) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: - Montenegro: 0.79% (1995 est.) - Serbia: 0.51% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: - Montenegro: 14.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - Serbia: 14.15 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: - Montenegro: 5.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - Serbia: 8.72 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: - Montenegro: -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - Serbia: -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: - Montenegro: 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - Serbia: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - Montenegro: *** No data for this item *** - total population: 79.56 years - male: 76.69 years - female: 82.61 years (1995 est.) - Serbia: *** No data for this item *** - total population: 73.94 years - male: 71.4 years - female: 76.68 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: - Montenegro: 1.79 children born/woman (1995 est.) - Serbia: 2 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) - adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin - - Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, - Hungarians 4%, other 13% - - Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, - other 11% - - Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5% - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 2,640,909 - by occupation: industry, mining 40% (1990) - -@Serbia And Montenegro:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro - local long form: none - local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora - - Digraph: - Serbia: SR - Montenegro: MW - - Type: republic - - Capital: Belgrade - - Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); - and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, - Vojvodina* - - Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as - self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of - Yugoslavia - SFRY) - - National holiday: NA - - Constitution: 27 April 1992 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); - Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); - Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 - head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December - 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros - KLIKOVAC (since 15 September 1994), Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 - September 1995) - cabinet: Federal Executive Council - - Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly - Chamber of Republics: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be - held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 - total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA - Chamber of Citizens: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be - held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 - total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG - 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3 - - Judicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, former - Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), - Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, - president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of - Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists of - Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party of - Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko - PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras - AGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan - ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, - president; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic - Alliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party of - Montenegro (SP), leader NA - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Diplomatic representation in US: US and Serbia and Montenegro do not - maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the - US - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA - embassy: address NA, Belgrade - mailing address: Box 5070, Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310 - telephone: [381] (11) 645655 - FAX: [381] (11) 645221 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red - -@Serbia And Montenegro:Economy - - Overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has - been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of - republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade - flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has - dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. First, like the other former - Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large - amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide - differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology - among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the - communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small - number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the - sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, - and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have - contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One - singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is - the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily - interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A - further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN - in 1992. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency - unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994. Reliable - statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $1,000 per capita - in 1994 is extremely rough. Output in 1994 seems to have leveled off - after the plunge in 1993. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $1,000 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (January-November 1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: more than 40% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $NA - commodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia - exported machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, - chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials - partners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were - the other former Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU - countries, East European countries, US - - Imports: $NA - commodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia - imported machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, - manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials - including coking coal for the steel industry - partners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were - the other former Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, EC countries - (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US - - External debt: $4.2 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 10,400,000 kW - production: 34 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1994 est.) - - Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; - armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural - machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, - antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, - iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, - appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and - pharmaceuticals - - Agriculture: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal - production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, - and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive - beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a - well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, - grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and - cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, - tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of - Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has - only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a - Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, - and rice - - Illicit drugs: NA - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras - - Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 102.6 (February - 1995 black market rate) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Serbia And Montenegro:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,960 km - standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (partially electrified) (1992) - - Highways: - total: 46,019 km - paved: 26,949 km - unpaved: gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: NA km - - Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas - 2,110 km - - Ports: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat - - Merchant marine: - Montenegro: total 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 543,511 - GRT/891,664 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners) - ships by type: bulk 15, cargo 14, container 5, short-sea passenger - ferry 1 - note: under Maltese and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flags; no - ships remain under Yugoslav flag - Serbia: total 2 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 113,471 GRT/212,742 DWT - (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners) - ships by type: bulk 2 - note: all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships - remain under Yugoslav flag - - Airports: - total: 54 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 24 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - -@Serbia And Montenegro:Communications - - Telephone system: 700,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0 - radios: 2.015 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: 1 million - -@Serbia And Montenegro:Defense Forces - - Branches: People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and - border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil - Defense - - Manpower availability: - Montenegro: males age 15-49 194,154; males fit for military service - 157,611; males reach military age (19) annually 5,498 (1995 est.) - Serbia: males age 15-49 2,652,224; males fit for military service - 2,131,894 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); - note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the - current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SEYCHELLES - -@Seychelles:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, - northeast of Madagascar - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 455 sq km - land area: 455 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 491 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims Tromelin Island - - Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast - monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest - monsoon (March to May) - - Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; - others are coral, flat, elevated reefs - - Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 18% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 18% - other: 60% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: no natural fresh water resources, catchments collect - rain water - natural hazards: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are - rare; short droughts possible - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; - signed, but not ratified - Desertification - - Note: 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands - -@Seychelles:People - - Population: 72,709 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 32% (female 11,630; male 11,811) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 23,229; male 21,679) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 2,875; male 1,485) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.81% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 21.35 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 11.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.08 years - male: 66.54 years - female: 73.73 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Seychellois (singular and plural) - adjective: Seychelles - - Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) - - Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% - - Languages: English (official), French (official), Creole - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: 58% - male: 56% - female: 60% - - Labor force: 27,700 (1985) - by occupation: industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government - 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985) - -@Seychelles:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles - conventional short form: Seychelles - - Digraph: SE - - Type: republic - - Capital: Victoria - - Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, - Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie - Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' - Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, La - Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, - Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka - - Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK) - - National holiday: National Day, 18 June (1993) (adoption of new - constitution) - - Constitution: 18 June 1993 - - Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and - customary law - - Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President France Albert RENE - (since 5 June 1977); election last held 20-23 July 1993 (next to be - held NA); results - President France Albert RENE (SPPF) reelected with - 59.5% of the vote, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 36.72% - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple): elections last held 20-23 - July 1993 (next to be held NA); results - SPPF 82%, DP 15%, UO 3%; - seats - (33 total, 22 elected, 11 awarded) seats elected - SPPF 21, DP - 1; seats awarded - SPPF 6, DP 4, UO 1; total seats by party - SPPF 27, - DP 5, UO 1 - note: the 11 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share of - each party in the total vote - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: ruling party - Seychelles People's - Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP), - Sir James MANCHAM; United Opposition (UO), Annette GEORGES - a - coalition of the following parties: Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel - RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL; - Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS;; - - Other political or pressure groups: trade unions; Roman Catholic - Church - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Marc R. MARENGO - chancery: (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY - 10017 - telephone: [1] (212) 687-9766, 9767 - FAX: [1] (212) 922-9177 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Carl Burton STOKES - embassy: 4th Floor, Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe - mailing address: Box 148, Unit 62501, Victoria, Seychelles; APO AE - 09815-2501 - telephone: [248] 225256 - FAX: [248] 225189 - - Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; - the white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest - -@Seychelles:Economy - - Overview: Since independence in 1976, per capita output has grown to - roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level, led by the tourist - sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more - than 70% of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has - encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other - services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the - high dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, - fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The vulnerability of the - tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-92 due - largely to the Gulf war. Although the industry has rebounded, the - government recognizes the continuing need for upgrading the sector in - the face of stiff international competition. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $430 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -2% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $6,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 9% (1987) - - Budget: - revenues: $227.4 million - expenditures: $263 million, including capital expenditures of $54 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $50 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products - (re-exports) - partners: France 43%, UK 22%, Reunion 11%, (1992) - - Imports: $261 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: manufactured goods, food, petroleum products, tobacco, - beverages, machinery and transportation equipment - partners: Singapore 16%, Bahrain 16%, South Africa, 14%, UK 13% (1992) - - External debt: $181 million (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1992); accounts for 12% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 30,000 kW - production: 110 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,399 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir - rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage - - Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash - crops - coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, - cassava, bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs - imported; expansion of tuna fishing under way - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $60 million - - Currency: 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 4.9371 (January - 1995), 5.0559 (1994), 5.1815 (1993), 5.1220 (1992), 5.2893 (1991), - 5.3369 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Seychelles:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 260 km - paved: 160 km - unpaved: crushed stone, earth 100 km - - Ports: Victoria - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 14 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Seychelles:Communications - - Telephone system: 13,000 telephones; direct radio communications with - adjacent islands and African coastal countries - local: NA - intercity: radio communications - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Seychelles:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Coast Guard, Marines, National Guard, Presidential - Protection Unit, Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 19,829; males fit for military - service 10,099 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of - GDP (1990 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SIERRA LEONE - -@Sierra Leone:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Guinea and Liberia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 71,740 sq km - land area: 71,620 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina - - Land boundaries: total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km - - Coastline: 402 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); - winter dry season (December to April) - - Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland - plateau, mountains in east - - Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, - chromite - - Land use: - arable land: 25% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 31% - forest and woodland: 29% - other: 13% - - Irrigated land: 340 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: rapid population growth pressuring the environment; - overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and - slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil - exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing - natural hazards: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara - (November to May); sandstorms, dust storms - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, - Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, - but not ratified - Climate Change, Environmental Modification - -@Sierra Leone:People - - Population: 4,753,120 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 44% (female 1,054,826; male 1,020,943) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,310,506; male 1,216,510) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 72,982; male 77,353) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.63% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.38 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: thousands of refugees, fleeing the civil strife in Sierra Leone, - are taking refuge in Guinea - - Infant mortality rate: 138.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 46.94 years - male: 44.07 years - female: 49.89 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.9 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Sierra Leonean(s) - adjective: Sierra Leonean - - Ethnic divisions: 13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, - other 39%), Creole, European, Lebanese, and Asian 1% - - Religions: Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10% - - Languages: English (official; regular use limited to literate - minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal - vernacular in the north), Krio (the language of the re-settled - ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or - Arabic (1990 est.) - total population: 21% - male: 31% - female: 11% - - Labor force: 1.369 million (1981 est.) - by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.) - - note: only about 65,000 wage earners (1985) - -@Sierra Leone:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone - conventional short form: Sierra Leone - - Digraph: SL - - Type: military government - - Capital: Freetown - - Administrative divisions: 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, - Southern, Western* - - Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK) - - National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961) - - Constitution: 1 October 1991; suspended following 19 April 1992 coup - - Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to - local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Chairman of the Supreme Council - of State Capt. Valentine E. M. STRASSER (since 29 April 1992) - cabinet: Council of Secretaries; responsible to the Supreme Council of - State (SCS) - - Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (suspended - after coup of 29 April 1992); Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party - elections sometime in 1995 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) - - Political parties and leaders: status of existing political parties is - unknown following 29 April 1992 coup - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas Kahota KARGBO - chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS - embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [232] (22) 226481 trough 226485 - FAX: [232] (22) 225471 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and - light blue - -@Sierra Leone:Economy - - Overview: Sierra Leone has substantial mineral, agricultural, and - fishery resources, but the economic and social infrastructure is not - well developed. Agriculture generates about 40% of GDP and employs - about two-thirds of the working population, with subsistence - agriculture dominating the sector. Manufacturing, which accounts for - roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw materials - and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining - provides an important source of hard currency. Since 1990, the - government has been able to meet its IMF- and World Bank-mandated - stabilization targets, holding down fiscal deficits, increasing - foreign exchange reserves, and retiring much of its domestic debt - - but at a steep cost in terms of capital investments and social - spending. Moreover, the economic infrastructure has nearly collapsed - due to neglect and war-related disruptions in the mining and - agricultural export sectors. The continuing civil war in Liberia has - led to a large influx of refugees, who place additional burdens on - Sierra Leon's fragile economy. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.5 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 0.7% (1993 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $68 million - expenditures: $118 million, including capital expenditures of $28 - million (1992 est.) - - Exports: $149 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: rutile 48%, bauxite 25%, diamonds 16%, coffee, cocoa, - fish - partners: US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe - - Imports: $149 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: foodstuffs 48%, machinery and equipment 32%, fuels 9% - partners: US, EC countries, Japan, China, Nigeria - - External debt: $1.15 billion (yearend 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate -1.5% (FY91/92); accounts for 11% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 130,000 kW - production: 220 million kWh - consumption per capita: 44 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale - manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum - refinery - - Agriculture: largely subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, - palm kernels; harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic - needs; annual fish catch averages 53,000 metric tons - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $101 million - - Currency: 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: leones (Le) per US$1 - 617.67 (January 1995), 586.74 - (1994), 567.46 (1993), 499.44 (1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Sierra Leone:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 84 km mineral line is used on a limited basis because the mine - at Marampa is closed - narrow gauge: 84 km 1.067-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 7,400 km - paved: 1,150 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel 490 km; improved earth 5,760 km - - Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round - - Ports: Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 11 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Sierra Leone:Communications - - Telephone system: 23,650 telephones; telephone density - 5 - telephones/1,000 persons; marginal telephone and telegraph service - local: NA - intercity: national microwave radio relay system made unserviceable by - military activities - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - -@Sierra Leone:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,030,332; males fit for - military service 498,945 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 million, 2.6% of - GDP (FY92/93) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SINGAPORE - -@Singapore:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 632.6 sq km - land area: 622.6 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 193 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined - in treaties and practice - territorial sea: 3 nm - - International disputes: two islands in dispute with Malaysia - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry - seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) - - Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water - catchment area and nature preserve - - Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports - - Land use: - arable land: 4% - permanent crops: 7% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 5% - other: 84% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water - resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, - but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change - - Note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes - -@Singapore:People - - Population: 2,890,468 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 327,417; male 348,345) - 15-64 years: 70% (female 991,015; male 1,030,668) - 65 years and over: 7% (female 105,081; male 87,942) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.06% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.35 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.16 years - male: 73.28 years - female: 79.25 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.87 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Singaporean(s) - adjective: Singapore - - Ethnic divisions: Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% - - Religions: Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, - Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist - - Languages: Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil - (official), English (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 89% - male: 95% - female: 83% - - Labor force: 1.649 million (1994) - by occupation: financial, business, and other services 33.5%, - manufacturing 25.6%, commerce 22.9%, construction 6.6%, other 11.4% - (1994) - -@Singapore:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Singapore - conventional short form: Singapore - - Digraph: SN - - Type: republic within Commonwealth - - Capital: Singapore - - Administrative divisions: none - - Independence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) - - National holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965) - - Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence - State of Singapore Constitution) - - Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President ONG Teng Cheong (since 1 September 1993); - election last held 28 August 1993 (next to be held NA August 1997); - results - ONG Teng Cheong was elected with 59% of the vote in the - country's first popular election for president - head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November - 1990); Deputy Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president, responsible to - parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held by 31 - August 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81 - total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: - government: People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary - general - opposition: Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore - Democratic Party (SDP), CHEE Soon Juan; National Solidarity Party - (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA; - Singapore People's Party (SPP), SIN Kek Tong - - Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UPU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sellapan Rama NATHAN - chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100 - FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Timothy A. CHORBA - embassy: 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 - mailing address: FPO AP 96534 - telephone: [65] 3380251 - FAX: [65] 3384550 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the - hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent - (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five - white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle - -@Singapore:Economy - - Overview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong - service and manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading - links derived from its entrepot history. The economy registered 10.1% - growth in 1994, with prospects for 7.5%-8.5% growth in 1995. In 1994, - the manufacturing and financial and business services sectors have led - economic growth. Exports boomed, led by the electronics sector, - particularly US demand for disk drives. Rising labor costs continue to - be a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, but there are indications - that productivity is keeping up. In applied technology, per capita - output, investment, and labor discipline, Singapore has key attributes - of a developed country. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $57 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 10.1% (1994) - - National product per capita: $19,940 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 2.6% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $11.9 billion - expenditures: $10.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.9 - billion (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $96.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum - products, telecommunications equipment - partners: Malaysia 20%, US 19%, Hong Kong 9%, Japan 7%, Thailand 6% - (1994) - - Imports: $102.4 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: Japan 22%, Malaysia 16%, US 15%, Taiwan 4%, Saudi Arabia 4% - (1994) - - External debt: $20 million (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 13% (1994 est.); accounts for 28% - of GDP (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,510,000 kW - production: 17 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,590 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, - rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, - ship repair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnology - - Agriculture: minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in - poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - - rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables - - Illicit drugs: transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the - US, Western Europe, and the Third World; also a major money-laundering - center - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1 billion - - Currency: 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.4524 (January - 1995), 1.5275 (1994), 1.6158 (1993), 1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), - 1.8125 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Singapore:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 38.6 km - narrow gauge: 38.6 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 2,883 km - paved: 2,796 km - unpaved: 87 km (1991 est.) - - Ports: Singapore - - Merchant marine: - total: 563 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,167,596 - GRT/17,845,687 DWT - ships by type: bulk 96, cargo 121, chemical tanker 16, combination - bulk 2, combination ore/oil 7, container 78, liquefied gas tanker 6, - oil tanker 198, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 12, - short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 22 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 20 countries among - which are Japan 35 ships, Denmark 21, Germany 21, Hong Kong 18, - Belgium 14, Thailand 11, Sweden 8, US 7, Indonesia 6, and Norway 5; - Singapore owns 1 ship under Malaysia registry - - Airports: - total: 10 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Singapore:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,110,000 telephones; good domestic facilities; good - international service; good radio and television broadcast coverage - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and - Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; 2 INTELSAT (1 - Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 13, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Singapore:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 860,437; males fit for military - service 629,973 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, 6% of - GDP (1993 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SLOVAKIA - -@Slovakia:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, south of Poland - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 48,845 sq km - land area: 48,800 sq km - comparative area: about twice the size of New Hampshire - - Land boundaries: total 1,355 km, Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, - Hungary 515 km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 90 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved - property issues with Czech Republic over redistribution of former - Czechoslovak federal property - - Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters - - Terrain: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and - lowlands in the south - - Natural resources: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, - copper and manganese ore; salt - - Land use: - arable land: NA% - permanent crops: NA% - meadows and pastures: NA% - forest and woodland: NA% - other: NA% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human - health risks; acid rain damaging forests - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental - Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked - -@Slovakia:People - - Population: 5,432,383 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 23% (female 609,795; male 638,346) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 1,807,312; male 1,778,712) - 65 years and over: 11% (female 364,610; male 233,608) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.54% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 14.51 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.12 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.24 years - male: 69.15 years - female: 77.57 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.93 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Slovak(s) - adjective: Slovak - - Ethnic divisions: Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.7%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 - census figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could - reach 500,000 or more), Czech 1%, Ruthenian 0.3%, Ukrainian 0.3%, - German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.3% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, - Orthodox 4.1%, other 17.5% - - Languages: Slovak (official), Hungarian - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 2.484 million - by occupation: industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, - communication and other 44.3% (1990) - -@Slovakia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Slovak Republic - conventional short form: Slovakia - local long form: Slovenska Republika - local short form: Slovensko - - Digraph: LO - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Bratislava - - Administrative divisions: 4 departments (kraje, singular - kraj) - Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky - - Independence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia) - - National holiday: Anniversary of Slovak National Uprising, August 29 - (1944) - - Constitution: ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January - 1993 - - Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to - comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and - Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal - theory - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993); - election last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - - Michal KOVAC elected by the National Council - head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since 12 December - 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Council (Narodni Rada): elections last held 30 September-1 - October 1994 (next to be held by October 1998); results - HZDS 35%, - SDL 10.4%, Hungarian coalition (Hungarian Christian Democrats, - Hungarian Civic Party, Coexistence) 10.2%, KDH 10.1%, DU 8.6%, ZRS - 7.3%, SNS 5.4%; seats - (150 total) governing coalition 83 (HZDS 61, - ZRS 13, SNS 9), opposition 67 (SDL 18, Hungarian coalition 17, KDH 17, - DU 15) - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Movement for a Democratic Slovakia - (HZDS), Vladimir MECIAR, chairman; Common Choice/Party of the - Democratic Left (SDL), Peter WEISS, chairman; Hungarian Christian - Democrats, Vojtech BUGAR; Hungarian Civic Party; Coexistence, Miklos - DURAY, chairman; Christian Democratic Movement (KDH), Jan CARNOGURSKY; - Democratic Union (DU), Jozef MORAVCIK, chairman; Association of Slovak - Workers (ZRS), Jan LUPTAK, chairman; Slovak National Party (SNS), Jan - SLOTA, chairman - - Other political or pressure groups: Green Party; Social Democratic - Party of Slovakia; Slovak Christian Union - - Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, EBRD, - ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NSG, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM II, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UPU, WEU (associate - partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Branislav LICHARDUS - chancery: (temporary) Suite 380, 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 965-5161 - FAX: [1] (202) 965-5166 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Theodore E. RUSSELL - embassy: Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [42] (7) 330-861, 333-338 - FAX: [42] (7) 330-096 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red - superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist - side; the cross is white centered on a background of red and blue - -@Slovakia:Economy - - Overview: In 1994 macroeconomic performance improved steadily but - privatization progressed only in fits and starts. Most of Slovakia's - IMF-approved targets were met by an interim government that lasted 9 - months. Annual inflation fell from 23% in 1993 to 12%; unemployment at - 14.6% was still well below forecasts of 17%; and the budget deficit - was around half that in 1993. Slovakia's nearly $200 million trade - surplus also compares favorably with a more than $800 million deficit - in 1993. Furthermore, after contracting almost 25% in the three years - following 1990, GDP grew 4.3% in 1994, according to official - statistics. Bratislava in June qualified for a $254 million IMF - stand-by loan and the second $90 million tranche of its Systemic - Transformation Facility and, in December, received approval for a - European Union loan worth about $160 million. By the end of September - 1994, the Central Bank's foreign currency reserves had tripled since - the end of 1993. Slovakia continued to have difficulty attracting - foreign investment, however, because of perceived political - instability and halting progress in privatization. The interim - government prepared property worth nearly $2 billion for the second - wave of coupon privatization and sold participation in the program to - over 80% of Slovakia's eligible citizens. Parties controlling the new - Parliament in November 1994, however, put the second wave of coupon - privatization on hold and suspended sales of 38 firms until the new - government could evaluate the interim government's decisions in early - 1995. The new government's targets for 1995 include GDP growth of 3%, - inflation of 8%-10%, unemployment of 15%, and a budget deficit under - 3% of GDP. Continuing economic recovery in western Europe should boost - Slovak exports and production, but Slovakia's image with foreign - creditors and investors could suffer setbacks in 1995 if progress on - privatization stalls or budget deficits mount beyond IMF-recommended - levels. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $32.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $6,070 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 14.6% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $4.4 billion - expenditures: $4.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $350 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $6.3 billion (f.o.b., January-November 1994) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, - minerals, and metals; agricultural products - partners: Czech Republic 37.7%, Germany 17.1%, Hungary 5.3%, Austria - 5.3%, Italy 4.6%, Russia 4.0%, Poland 2.6%, Ukraine 1.8%, US 1.6% - (January-September 1994) - - Imports: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., January-November 1994) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; - manufactured goods; raw materials; chemicals; agricultural products - partners: Czech Republic 29.9%, Russia 19.0%, Germany 13.2%, Austria - 5.8%, Italy 4.3%, US 2.6%, Poland 2.4%, Ukraine 1.9%, Hungary 1.6% - (January-September 1994) - - External debt: $4.2 billion hard currency indebtedness (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,300,000 kW - production: 20.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,609 kWh (1993) - - Industries: metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, - gas, and water; coking, oil production, and nuclear fuel production; - chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery; paper and printing; - earthenware and ceramics; transport vehicles; textiles; electrical and - optical apparatus; rubber products - - Agriculture: largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified - crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar - beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest - products - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound - for Western Europe - - Economic aid: - donor: the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89) - - Currency: 1 koruna (Sk) = 100 halierov - - Exchange rates: koruny (Sk) per US$1 - 31.14 (September 1994), 32.9 - (December 1993), 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), - 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989); note - values before 1993 reflect - Czechoslovak exchange rate - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Slovakia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,660 km (electrified 635 km) - broad gauge: 102 km 1.520-m gauge - standard gauge: 3,511 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 47 km (35 km 1,000-m gauge; 12 km 0.750-m gauge) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 17,650 km (1990) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Inland waterways: NA km - - Pipelines: petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km - - Ports: Bratislava, Komarno - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,160 GRT/6,163 DWT - - Airports: - total: 37 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 11 - -@Slovakia:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Slovakia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad - Units - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,443,719; males fit for - military service 1,107,453; males reach military age (18) annually - 49,045 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 9.59 billion koruny, 3.1% of GDP (1994 est.); - note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the - current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SLOVENIA - -@Slovenia:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between - Croatia and Italy - - Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe - - Area: - total area: 20,296 sq km - land area: 20,296 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Jersey - - Land boundaries: total 1,045 km, Austria 262 km, Croatia 501 km, Italy - 199 km, Hungary 83 km - - Coastline: 32 km - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in - the Adriatic and over some border areas; the border issue is currently - under negotiation - - Climate: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with - mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to - the east - - Terrain: a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain - region adjacent to Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous - rivers to the east - - Natural resources: lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 45% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial - waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic - chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at - metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain - natural hazards: flooding and earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous Wastes, - Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur - 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change - -@Slovenia:People - - Population: 2,051,522 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 191,318; male 200,957) - 15-64 years: 69% (female 701,082; male 708,482) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 160,662; male 89,021) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.24% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.27 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.73 years - male: 70.91 years - female: 78.76 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.64 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Slovene(s) - adjective: Slovenian - - Ethnic divisions: Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 96% (including 2% Uniate), Muslim 1%, other - 3% - - Languages: Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2% - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 786,036 - by occupation: agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46% - -@Slovenia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia - conventional short form: Slovenia - local long form: Republika Slovenije - local short form: Slovenija - - Digraph: SI - - Type: emerging democracy - - Capital: Ljubljana - - Administrative divisions: 60 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) - Ajdovscina, Brezice, Celje, Cerknica, Crnomelj, Dravograd, Gornja - Radgona, Grosuplje, Hrastnik Lasko, Idrija, Ilirska Bistrica, Izola, - Jesenice, Kamnik, Kocevje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Lenart, Lendava, - Litija, Ljubljana-Bezigrad, Ljubljana-Center, Ljubljana-Moste-Polje, - Ljubljana-Siska, Ljubljana-Vic-Rudnik, Ljutomer, Logatec, Maribor, - Metlika, Mozirje, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ormoz, - Pesnica, Piran, Postojna, Ptuj, Radlje Ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne Na - Koroskem, Ribnica, Ruse, Sentjur Pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skofja - Loka, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje - Pri Jelsah, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Velenje, Vrhnika, - Zagorje Ob Savi, Zalec - - Independence: 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) - - National holiday: Statehood Day, 25 June (1991) - - Constitution: adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed) - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990); election - last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Milan - KUCAN reelected by direct popular vote - head of government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly - State Assembly: elections last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held - NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (90 total) - LDS 22, SKD 15, United List (former Communists and allies) 14, Slovene - National Party 12, SLS 10, Democratic Party 6, ZS 5, SDSS 4, Hungarian - minority 1, Italian minority 1 - State Council: will become operational after next election in 1996; in - the election of 6 December 1992, 40 members were elected to represent - local and socioeconomic interests - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court - - Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic (LDS), Janez - DRNOVSEK, chairman; Slovene Christian Democrats (SKD), Lozje PETERLE, - chairman; Social Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDSS), Janez JANSA, - chairman; Slovene People's National Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; - United List (former Communists and allies), Janez KOCJANCIC, chairman; - Slovene People's Party (SLS), Ivan OMAN, chairman; Democratic Party, - Igor BAVCAR, chairman; Greens of Slovenia (ZS), Dusan PLUT, chairman - note: parties have changed as of the December 1992 elections - - Other political or pressure groups: none - - Member of: CCC, CE, CEI, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, - IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ernest PETRIC - chancery: 1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 667-5363 - FAX: [1] (202) 667-4563 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador E. Allan WENDT - embassy: P.O. Box 254, Prazakova 4, 61000 Ljubljana - mailing address: American Embassy, Ljubljana, Department of State, - Washington, DC 20521-7140 - telephone: [386] (61) 301-427, 472, 485 - FAX: [386] (61) 301-401 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red with - the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white - against a blue background at the center, beneath it are two wavy blue - lines depicting seas and rivers, and around it, there are three - six-sided stars arranged in an inverted triangle); the seal is located - in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue - bands - -@Slovenia:Economy - - Overview: Slovenia appears to be making a solid economic recovery, - fulfilling the promise it showed at the time of Yugoslavia's breakup. - It was by far the most prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics, - with a per capita income more than twice the national average. It also - benefited from strong ties to Western Europe and suffered - comparatively small physical damage in the dismemberment process. The - beginning was difficult, however. Real GDP fell 15% during 1991-92, - while inflation jumped to 247% in 1991 and unemployment topped 8% - - nearly three times the 1989 level. The turning point came in 1993 when - real GDP grew 1%, unemployment leveled off at about 9%, and inflation - slowed dramatically to 23%. In 1994, the rate of growth of GDP rose to - 4%, unemployment remained stable, and inflation dropped to 20%. This - was accomplished, moreover, without balance-of-payments problems. The - government gets generally good economic marks from foreign observers, - particularly with regard to fiscal policy - the budget deficit in 1994 - was only about 1% of GDP, following several years of small surpluses. - Prospects for 1995 appear good, with economic growth expected to - remain strong while unemployment and inflation may decline slightly. - Privatization, sluggish to date, is expected to pick up in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $16 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $8,110 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 9% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $9.9 billion - expenditures: $9.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993) - - Exports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 27%, intermediate - manufactured goods 26%, chemicals 9%, food 4.8%, raw materials 3%, - consumer goods 26% (1993) - partners: Germany 29.5%, former Yugoslavia 15.8%, Italy 12.4%, France - 8.7%, Austria 5.0% (1993) - - Imports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 30%, intermediate - manufactured goods 17.6%, chemicals 11.5%, raw materials 5.3%, fuels - and lubricants 10.8%, food 8.4% (1993) - partners: Germany 25.0%, Italy 16.1%, former Yugoslavia 10.7%, France - 8.0%, Austria 8.5% (1993) - - External debt: $2.1 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1994 est.); accounts for 37% of - GDP (1993) - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,700,000 kW - production: 8.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,470 kWh (1993) - - Industries: ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum - reduction and rolled products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics - (including military electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, - wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools - - Agriculture: accounts for 4.8% of GDP (1993); dominated by stock - breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops - potatoes, - hops, hemp, flax; an export surplus in these commodities; Slovenia - must import many other agricultural products and has a negative - overall trade balance in this sector - - Illicit drugs: NA - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 tolar (SlT) = 100 stotins - - Exchange rates: tolars (SIT) per US$1 - 127 (January 1995), 112 (June - 1993), 28 (January 1992) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Slovenia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,201 km - standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 499 km) (1994) - - Highways: - total: 14,726 km - paved: 11,046 km (187 km expressways) - unpaved: gravel 3,680 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: NA - - Pipelines: crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km - - Ports: Izola, Koper, Piran - - Merchant marine: - total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 265,937 GRT/449,205 DWT - (controlled by Slovenian owners) - ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 6 - note: ships under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, - Singapore, Liberia; no ships remain under the Slovenian flag - - Airports: - total: 14 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Slovenia:Communications - - Telephone system: 130,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 0 - radios: 370,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 7 - televisions: 330,000 - -@Slovenia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Slovene Defense Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 542,815; males fit for military - service 434,302; males reach military age (19) annually 15,350 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: 13.5 billion tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1993 est.); - note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the - current exchange rate could produce misleading results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SOLOMON ISLANDS - -@Solomon Islands:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east - of Papua New Guinea - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 28,450 sq km - land area: 27,540 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 5,313 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - continental shelf: 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather - - Terrain: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls - - Natural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, - zinc, nickel - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 93% - other: 4% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; much of the surrounding - coral reefs are dead or dying - natural hazards: typhoons, but they are rarely destructive; - geologically active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanic - activity - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Environmental - Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer - Protection, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of - the Sea - -@Solomon Islands:People - - Population: 399,206 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 90,293; male 93,695) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 100,183; male 103,374) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 5,738; male 5,923) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.4% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 38.48 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.51 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.84 years - male: 68.38 years - female: 73.41 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.59 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Solomon Islander(s) - adjective: Solomon Islander - - Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%, - European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4% - - Religions: Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%, United - (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, other - Protestant 5%, traditional beliefs 4% - - Languages: Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, - English spoken by 1%-2% of population - note: 120 indigenous languages - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%, services 25%, - construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%, commerce, transport, and - finance 4.7% (1984) - -@Solomon Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Solomon Islands - former: British Solomon Islands - - Digraph: BP - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Honiara - - Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, - Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Temotu, Western - - Independence: 7 July 1978 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 7 July (1978) - - Constitution: 7 July 1978 - - Legal system: common law - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Moses PITAKAKA (since 10 June 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 7 November - 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Dennis LULEI (since 10 November 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice of the - prime minister from members of parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Parliament: elections last held NA November 1994 (next to be - held NA 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 - total) number of seats by party NA - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's Alliance Party (PAP); United - Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands Liberal Party (SILP), - Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress (NFP), Andrew - NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU; National Action Party, leader - NA; Christian Fellowship, leader NA; National Unity Group, Solomon - MAMALONI - - Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, - ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: ambassador traditionally resides in - Honiara (Solomon Islands) - - US diplomatic representation: embassy closed July 1993; the ambassador - to Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands - - Flag: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower - hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five - white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle - is green - -@Solomon Islands:Economy - - Overview: The bulk of the population depend on subsistence - agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of their - livelihood. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be - imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such - as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe - cyclone in mid-1986 that caused widespread damage to the - infrastructure. In 1993, the government was working with the IMF to - develop a structural adjustment program to address the country's - fiscal deficit. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1992 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8% (1992) - - National product per capita: $2,590 (1992 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $48 million - expenditures: $107 million, including capital expenditures of $45 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $84 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: fish 46%, timber 31%, palm oil 5%, cocoa, copra - partners: Japan 39%, UK 23%, Thailand 9%, Australia 5%, US 2% (1991) - - Imports: $110 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: plant and machinery, manufactured goods, food and live - animals, fuel - partners: Australia 34%, Japan 16%, Singapore 14%, NZ 9% - - External debt: $128 million (1988 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -3.8% (1991 est.); accounts for 5% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 21,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 80 kWh (1993) - - Industries: copra, fish (tuna) - - Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for 31% of GDP; - mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm - kernels, timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, - cattle, pigs; not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total - fish catch of 44,500 metric tons was exported (1988) - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1980-89), $250 million - - Currency: 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 3.3113 - (September 1994), 3.1877 (1993), 2.9281 (1992), 2.7148 (1991), 2.5288 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Solomon Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,300 km - paved: 30 km - unpaved: gravel 290 km; earth 980 km - note: in addition, there are 800 km of private logging and plantation - roads of varied construction (1982) - - Ports: Aola Bay, Honiara, Lofung, Noro, Viru Harbor, Yandina - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 31 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 19 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - -@Solomon Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Solomon Islands:Defense Forces - - Branches: no military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police (RSIP) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SOMALIA - -@Somalia:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian - Ocean, east of Ethiopia - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 637,660 sq km - land area: 627,340 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 2,366 km, Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, - Kenya 682 km - - Coastline: 3,025 km - - Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 200 nm - - International disputes: southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a - Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia - over the Ogaden - - Climate: principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, - moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular - rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons - - Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north - - Natural resources: uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron - ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 46% - forest and woodland: 14% - other: 38% - - Irrigated land: 1,600 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human - health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification - natural hazards: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern - plains in summer - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea; signed, but not ratified - Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban - - Note: strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches - to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal - -@Somalia:People - - Population: 7,347,554 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 45% (female 1,653,175; male 1,650,377) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 1,845,886; male 1,932,012) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 138,264; male 127,840) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 15.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 45.53 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 13.3 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 123.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 119.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 55.74 years - male: 55.48 years - female: 56 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.13 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Somali(s) - adjective: Somali - - Ethnic divisions: Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000 - - Religions: Sunni Muslim - - Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 24% - male: 36% - female: 14% - - Labor force: 2.2 million (very few are skilled laborers) - by occupation: pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, - fishing, handicrafts, and other 30% - -@Somalia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Somalia - former: Somali Republic - - Digraph: SO - - Type: none - - Capital: Mogadishu - - Administrative divisions: 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, - Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, - Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed - - Independence: 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which - became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian - Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN - trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic) - - National holiday: NA - - Constitution: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: Somalia has no functioning government; the United - Somali Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD - Barre on 27 January 1991; the present political situation is one of - anarchy, marked by inter-clan fighting and random banditry - - Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly - People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga): not functioning - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (not functioning) - - Political parties and leaders: the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted - the former regime on 27 January 1991; formerly the only party was the - Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), headed by former - President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD - Barre - - Other political or pressure groups: numerous clan and subclan factions - are currently vying for power - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, - ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Somalian Embassy ceased operations on - 8 May 1991 - - US diplomatic representation: - note: the US Embassy in Mogadishu was evacuated and closed - indefinitely in January 1991; Ambassador Daniel SIMPSON, ambassador to - Kenya, represents US interests in Somalia - liaison office: US Embassy, Nairobi, Kenya - address: corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi - mailing address: P.O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi or APO AE 09831 - telephone: [254] (2) 334141 - FAX: [254] (2) 340838 - - Flag: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; - design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust - territory) - -@Somalia:Economy - - Overview: One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, - Somalia has few resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been - devastated by the civil war. Agriculture is the most important sector, - with livestock accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export - earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for - their livelihood make up about 70% of the population. Crop production - generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The - main export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for - the domestic market. The small industrial sector is based on the - processing of agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of - GDP; most facilities have been shut down because of the civil strife. - The greatly increased political turmoil of 1991-93 has resulted in a - substantial drop in agricultural output, with widespread famine. In - 1994 economic conditions stabilized in the countryside but may turn - worse in 1995 if civil strife intensifies after the UN withdrawal. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $500 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $58 million (1990 est.) - commodities: bananas, live animals, fish, hides - partners: Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) - - Imports: $249 million (1990 est.) - commodities: petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials - partners: US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) - - External debt: $1.9 billion (1989) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: prior to the civil war, 75,000 kW, but now almost completely - shut down due to war damage; note - UN and relief organizations use - their own portable power systems - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh - - Industries: a few small industries, including sugar refining, - textiles, petroleum refining (mostly shut down) (1994) - - Agriculture: dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, - goats); crops - bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not - self-sufficient in food; distribution of food disrupted by civil - strife; fishing potential largely unexploited - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $336 million - - Currency: 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - approximately - 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993), 4,200 (December 1992), - 3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7 (1989), - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Somalia:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 22,500 km - paved: 2,700 km - unpaved: gravel 3,000 km; improved, stabilized earth 16,800 km (1992) - - Pipelines: crude oil 15 km - - Ports: Bender Cassim (Boosaaso), Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, - Mogadishu - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,529 GRT/6,892 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 76 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 16 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 33 - -@Somalia:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; the public telecommunications system - was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all - relief organizations depend on their own private systems (1993) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Somalia:Defense Forces - - Branches: no functioning central government military forces; clan - militias continue to battle for control of key economic or political - prizes - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,736,673; males fit for - military service 972,203 (1995 est. - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SOUTH AFRICA - -@South Africa:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of - Africa - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1,219,912 sq km - land area: 1,219,912 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas - note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward - Island) - - Land boundaries: total 4,750 km, Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, - Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 855 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km - - Coastline: 2,798 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Swaziland has asked South Africa to open - negotiations on reincorporating some nearby South African territories - that are populated by ethnic Swazis or that were long ago part of the - Swazi Kingdom; - - Climate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, - cool nights - - Terrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow - coastal plain - - Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, - manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, - copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 65% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 21% - - Irrigated land: 11,280 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires - extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water - usage threatens to outpace supply; pollution of rivers from - agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in - acid rain; soil erosion; desertification - natural hazards: prolonged droughts - international agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Endangered - Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, - Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely - surrounds Swaziland - -@South Africa:People - - Population: - total: 45,095,459 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 8,842,764; male 9,091,722) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 12,825,617; male 12,508,039) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 1,047,285; male 780,032) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: - total: 2.61% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 33.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.42 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 45.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.42 years - male: 62.68 years - female: 68.25 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.35 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: South African(s) - adjective: South African - - Ethnic divisions: black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% - - Religions: Christian (most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of - blacks), Hindu (60% of Indians), Muslim 2% - - Languages: eleven official languages, including Afrikaans, English, - Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 76% - male: 78% - female: 75% - - Labor force: 13.4 million economically active (1990) - by occupation: services 35%, agriculture 30%, industry 20%, mining 9%, - other 6% - -@South Africa:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of South Africa - conventional short form: South Africa - - Abbreviation: RSA - - Digraph: SF - - Type: republic - - Capital: Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); - Bloemfontein (judicial) - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Eastern - Transvaal, KwaZulu/Natal, Northern Cape, Northern Transvaal, - Northwest, Orange Free State, Gauteng, Western Cape - - Independence: 31 May 1910 (from UK) - - National holiday: Freedom Day, 27 April (1994) - - Constitution: 27 April 1994 (interim constitution, replacing the - constitution of 3 September 1984) - - Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Executive President Nelson - MANDELA (since 10 May 1994); Deputy Executive President Thabo MBEKI - (since 10 May 1994); Deputy Executive President Frederik W. DE KLERK - (since 10 May 1994) - note: any political party that wins 20% or more of the National - Assembly votes in a general election is entitled to name a Deputy - Executive President - cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the Executive President - - Legislative branch: bicameral - National Assembly: elections last held 26-29 April 1994 (next to be - held NA); results - ANC 62.6%, NP 20.4%, IFP 10.5%, FF 2.2%, DP 1.7%, - PAC 1.2%, ACDP 0.5%, other 0.9%; seats - (400 total) ANC 252, NP 82, - IFP 43, FF 9, DP 7, PAC 5, ACDP 2 - Senate: the Senate is composed of members who are nominated by the - nine provincial parliaments (which are elected in parallel with the - National Assembly) and has special powers to protect regional - interests, including the right to limited self-determination for - ethnic minorities; seats - (90 total) ANC 61, NP 17, FF 4, IFP 5, DP 3 - - note: when the National Assembly meets in joint session with the - Senate to consider the provisions of the constitution, the combined - group is referred to as the Constitutional Assembly - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: African National Congress (ANC), Nelson - MANDELA, president; National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK, - president; Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, - president; Freedom Front (FF), Constand VILJOEN, president; Democratic - Party (DP); Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), Clarence MAKWETU, - president; African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP), leader NA - note: in addition to these seven parties which received seats in the - National Assembly, twelve other parties won votes in the national - elections in April 1994 - - Other political or pressure groups: NA;; - - Member of: BIS, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, - IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, - ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Franklin SONN - chancery: 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 232-4400 - consulate(s) general: Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, and New - York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Princeton N. LYMAN - embassy: 877 Pretorius St., Arcadia 0083 - mailing address: P.O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001 - telephone: [27] (12) 342-1048 - FAX: [27] (12) 342-2244 - consulate(s) general: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg - - Flag: two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated - by a central green band which splits into a horozontal Y, the arms of - which end at the corners of the hoist side, embracing a black isoceles - triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the - red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by - narrow white stripes - note: prior to 26 April 1994, the flag was actually four flags in one - - three miniature flags reproduced in the center of the white band of - the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three equal horizontal - bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags are a - vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal - flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of - the old Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side - -@South Africa:Economy - - Overview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African - population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health and - educational standards equal to those of Western Europe. In contrast, - most of the remaining population suffers from the poverty patterns of - the Third World, including unemployment and lack of job skills. The - main strength of the economy lies in its rich mineral resources, which - provide two-thirds of exports. Economic developments for the remainder - of the 1990s will be driven largely by the new government's attempts - to improve black living conditions, to set the country on an - aggressive export-led growth path, and to cut back the enormous - numbers of unemployed. The economy in recent years has absorbed less - than 5% of the more than 300,000 workers entering the labor force - annually. Local economists estimate that the economy must grow between - 5% and 6% in real terms annually to absorb all of the new entrants, - much less reduce the accumulated total. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $194.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,420 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 32.6% (1994 est.); an additional 11% - underemployment - - Budget: - revenues: $26.3 billion - expenditures: $34 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.5 - billion (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $25.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: gold 27%, other minerals and metals 20%-25%, food 5%, - chemicals 3% - partners: Italy, Japan, US, Germany, UK, other EU countries, Hong Kong - - Imports: $21.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, - oil, textiles, scientific instruments - partners: Germany, US, Japan, UK, Italy - - External debt: $18 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 39,750,000 kW - production: 163 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,482 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, - chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron - and steel, chemical, fertilizer, foodstuffs - - Agriculture: accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; - diversified agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - - cattle, poultry, sheep, wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, - fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment center for heroin and cocaine; cocaine - consumption on the rise; world's largest market for illicit - methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India through various - east African countries - - Economic aid: many aid packages for the new government are still being - prepared; current aid pledges include US $600 million over 3 years; UK - $150 million over 3 years; Australia $21 million over 3 years; Japan - $1.3 billion over 2 years - - Currency: 1 rand (R) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: rand (R) per US$1 - 3.5389 (January 1995), 3.5490 - (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@South Africa:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 20,638 km - narrow gauge: 20,324 km 1.067-m gauge (substantial electrification); - 314 km 0.610-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 188,309 km - paved: 54,013 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, improved earth 134,296 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 931 km; petroleum products 1,748 km; natural gas - 322 km - - Ports: Cape Town, Durban, East London, Mosselbaai, Port Elizabeth, - Richards Bay, Saldanha - - Merchant marine: - total: 4 container ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 211,276 - GRT/198,602 DWT - - Airports: - total: 853 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 47 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 72 - with paved runways under 914 m: 327 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 39 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 354 - -@South Africa:Communications - - Telephone system: over 4,500,000 telephones; the system is the best - developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity in Africa - local: NA - intercity: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial - cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and - radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, - Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria - international: 1 submarine cable; 3 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 - Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 14, FM 286, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 67 - televisions: NA - -@South Africa:Defense Forces - - Branches: South African National Defence Force (SANDF; includes Army, - Navy, Air Force, and Medical Services), South African Police Service - (SAPS) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 10,830,079; males fit for - military service 6,601,323; males reach military age (18) annually - 439,793 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 2.8% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:Geography - - Location: Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, - east of the tip of South America - - Map references: Antarctic Region - - Area: - total area: 4,066 sq km - land area: 4,066 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island - note: includes Shag Rocks, Clerke Rocks, Bird Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: NA km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina - - Climate: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, - interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as - snow - - Terrain: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged - and mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, - glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic - origin with some active volcanoes - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some - sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather - conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; - they are also subject to active volcanism - international agreements: NA - - Note: the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which - provide good anchorage; reindeer, introduced early in this century, - live on South Georgia - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:People - - Population: no indigenous population; there is a small military - garrison on South Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a - biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are - uninhabited - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - conventional short form: none - - Digraph: SX - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) - - Constitution: 3 October 1985 - - Legal system: English common law - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Commissioner David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992; - resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands) - - Legislative branch: no elections - - Judicial branch: none - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:Economy - - Overview: Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a - potential source of income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The - islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK. - - Budget: - revenues: $291,777 - expenditures: $451,000, including capital expenditures of $NA (1988 - est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 900 kW - production: 2 million kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh (1992) - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:Transportation - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Grytviken - - Airports: none - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; coastal radio station at Grytviken - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SPAIN - -@Spain:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, - Mediterranean Sea, and North Atlantic Ocean, southwest of France - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 504,750 sq km - land area: 499,400 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon - note: includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of - sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - - Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de - Velez de la Gomera - - Land boundaries: total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, - Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km - - Coastline: 4,964 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls - five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast - of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco - contests, as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez - de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas - - Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and - cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy - and cool along coast - - Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; - Pyrenees in north - - Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, - fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, - hydropower - - Land use: - arable land: 31% - permanent crops: 10% - meadows and pastures: 21% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 33,600 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and - effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; air pollution; - deforestation; desertification - natural hazards: periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, - Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur - 94, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar - -@Spain:People - - Population: 39,404,348 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 17% (female 3,214,606; male 3,446,643) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 13,377,839; male 13,457,683) - 65 years and over: 15% (female 3,461,367; male 2,446,210) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.27% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 11.21 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.86 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77.91 years - male: 74.67 years - female: 81.39 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.41 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Spaniard(s) - adjective: Spanish - - Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types - - Religions: Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% - - Languages: Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) - total population: 96% - male: 98% - female: 94% - - Labor force: 14.621 million - by occupation: services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, - construction 9% (1988) - -@Spain:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain - conventional short form: Spain - local short form: Espana - - Digraph: SP - - Type: parliamentary monarchy - - Capital: Madrid - - Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades - autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, - Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, - Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, - La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco - note: there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of - Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and - Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown - - Independence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) - - National holiday: National Day, 12 October - - Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 - - Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; does not - accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) - head of government: Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 - December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 - March 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; designated by the prime minister - Council of State: is the supreme consultative organ of the government - - Legislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly - (Las Cortes Generales) - Senate (Senado): elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held by - June 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (255 total) - PSOE 117, PP 107, CiU 15, PNV 5, IU 2, other 9 - Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados): elections last held - 6 June 1993 (next to be held by June 1997); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (350 total) PSOE 159, PP 141, IU 18, CiU 17, PNV - 5, CC 4, HB 2, other 4 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) - - Political parties and leaders: - principal national parties, from right to left: Popular Party (PP), - Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez; Democratic Social Center (CDS), Rafael CALVO - Ortega; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ - Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo - GARCIA Damborenea; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA - Gonzalez; United Left (IU - a coalition of parties including the PCE, - a branch of the PSOE, and other small parties), Julio ANGUITA Gonzalez - - chief regional parties: Convergence and Union (CiU), Miquel ROCA i - Junyent, secretary general; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier - ARZALLUS Antia and Jose Antonio ARDANZA; Basque United People (HB), - Jon IDIGORAS Guerricabeitia and Inaki ESNAOLA; Canarian Coalition - (CC), a coalition of five parties - - Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque - Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist - Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free - labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the - Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General - Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical - Union (USO); business and landowning interests; the Catholic Church; - Opus Dei; university students - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, - CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G- 8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA - (observer), MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), - OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIH, - UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA Eiseley - chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340 - FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, - New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Richard N. GARDNER - embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid - mailing address: APO AE 09642 - telephone: [34] (1) 577-4000 - FAX: [34] (1) 577-5735 - consulate(s) general: Barcelona - consulate(s): Bilbao - - Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and - red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow - band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars - of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on - either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar - -@Spain:Economy - - Overview: Spain, with a per capita output approximately two-thirds - that of the four leading economies of Western Europe, has shared with - these countries the recession of the early 1990s and the upturn of - their economic fortunes in 1994. But whereas unemployment in these - countries has hovered just above 10%, Spain has been forced to cope - with a 25% unemployment rate. Continued political turmoil has - complicated the establishment of stable government policies toward - budgetary restraint, interest rates, labor law reform, and Spain's - role in the evolving economic integration of Western Europe. Because - the recession has been so deep, the growth in industrial output, - tourism, and other sectors in 1994, while welcome, falls far short of - the growth required to bring unemployment down to, say, 10%. The - recovery in the economies of major trade partners, the comparatively - low inflation rate, lower interest rates, and prospects in the tourist - sector suggest that Spain can make substantial progress in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $515.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $13,120 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 24.5% (yearend 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $97.7 billion - expenditures: $128 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $72.8 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, - foodstuffs, machinery - partners: EC 71.2%, US 4.8%, other developed countries 7.9% (1992) - - Imports: $92.5 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished - goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals - partners: EC 60.7%, US 7.4%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle - East 5.9% (1992) - - External debt: $90 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 43,800,000 kW - production: 148 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,545 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and - beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, - automobiles, machine tools, tourism - - Agriculture: accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; - major products - grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, - citrus fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in - food; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations - - Illicit drugs: key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine - and North African hashish entering the European market; transshipment - point for Southwest Asian heroin - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-79), $545 million - note: not currently a recipient - - Currency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos - - Exchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 132.61 (January 1995), - 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Spain:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 14,400 km - broad gauge: 12,111 km 1.668-m gauge (6,404 km electrified; 2,295 km - double track) - standard gauge: 515 km 1.435-m gauge (515 km electrified) - narrow gauge: 1,774 km (privately owned: 1,727 km 1.000-m gauge, 560 - km electrified; 28 km 0.914-m gauge, 28 km electrified; government - owned: 19 km 1.000-m gauge, all electrified) - - Highways: - total: 331,961 km - paved: 328,641 km (2,700 km of expressways) - unpaved: 3,320 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance - - Pipelines: crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas - 1,666 km - - Ports: Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la - Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Malaga, - Melilla, Pasajes, Puerto de Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary - Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo - - Merchant marine: - total: 157 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 868,326 GRT/1,382,335 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 12, cargo 41, chemical tanker 11, container 9, - liquefied gas tanker 4, oil tanker 25, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo - 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 34, short-sea passenger 5, specialized - tanker 2 - - Airports: - total: 106 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 15 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 12 - with paved runways under 914 m: 34 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 16 - -@Spain:Communications - - Telephone system: 15,350,464 telephones; generally adequate, modern - facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 earth stations for - INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); earth stations for - working the EUTELSAT, INMARSAT, and MARECS satellite communications - systems; microwave tropospheric scatter links to adjacent countries - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 190, FM 406 (repeaters 134), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 100 (repeaters 1,297) - televisions: NA - -@Spain:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National - Police, Coastal Civil Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 10,435,970; males fit for - military service 8,434,460; males reach military age (20) annually - 335,967 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $8 billion, 1.6% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SPRATLY ISLANDS - -@Spratly Islands:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, group of reefs in the South China Sea, - about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern - Philippines - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: NA sq km but less than 5 km2 - land area: less than 5 sq km - comparative area: NA - note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered - over the South China Sea - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 926 km - - Maritime claims: NA - - International disputes: all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by - China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and - the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive economic - zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly claimed the - island - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: flat - - Natural resources: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas - potential - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous - reefs and shoals - international agreements: NA - - Note: strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the - central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, - shoals, and coral reefs - -@Spratly Islands:People - - Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered - garrisons - -@Spratly Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Spratly Islands - - Digraph: PG - -@Spratly Islands:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The - proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests - the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely - unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves; - commercial exploitation has yet to be developed. - - Industries: none - -@Spratly Islands:Transportation - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Spratly Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Spratly Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, - the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SRI LANKA - -@Sri Lanka:Geography - - Location: Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India - - Map references: Asia - - Area: - total area: 65,610 sq km - land area: 64,740 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,340 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); - southwest monsoon (June to October) - - Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central - interior - - Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, - phosphates, clay - - Land use: - arable land: 16% - permanent crops: 17% - meadows and pastures: 7% - forest and woodland: 37% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: 5,600 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations - threatened by poaching; coastal degradation from mining activities and - increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial - wastes and sewage runoff - natural hazards: occasional cyclones and tornadoes - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law - of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Marine Life Conservation - - Note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes - -@Sri Lanka:People - - Population: 18,342,660 (July 1995 est.) - note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and - armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand - Tamil civilians have fled the island; as of late 1992, nearly 115,000 - were housed in refugee camps in south India, another 95,000 lived - outside the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought - political asylum in the West - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 29% (female 2,597,969; male 2,713,696) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 6,042,228; male 5,902,343) - 65 years and over: 6% (female 547,715; male 538,709) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.15% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.13 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.78 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 21.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.14 years - male: 69.58 years - female: 74.82 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Sri Lankan(s) - adjective: Sri Lankan - - Ethnic divisions: Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, - and Vedda 1% - - Religions: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% - - Languages: Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil - (national language) 18% - note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about - 10% of the population - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 88% - male: 93% - female: 84% - - Labor force: 6.6 million - by occupation: agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, - trade and transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) - -@Sri Lanka:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka - conventional short form: Sri Lanka - former: Ceylon - - Digraph: CE - - Type: republic - - Capital: Colombo - - Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Central, North Central, North - Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western - - Independence: 4 February 1948 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) - - Constitution: adopted 16 August 1978 - - Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, - Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Chandrika - Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Sirimavo - BANDARANAIKE is the Prime Minister; in Sri Lanka the president is - considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the - government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of - dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when - both offices exist; election last held 9 November 1994 (next to be - held NA November 2000); results - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA - (People's Alliance) 62%, Srima DISSANAYAKE (United National Party) - 37%, other 1% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president in consultation with the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held 16 August 1994 (next to be held by - August 2000); results - PA 49.0%, UNP 44.0%, SLMC 1.8%, TULF 1.7%, - SLPF 1.1%, EPDP 0.3%, UPF 0.3%, PLOTE 0.1%, other 1.7%; seats - (225 - total) PA 105, UNP 94, EPDP 9, SLMC 7, TULF 5, PLOTE 3, SLPF 1, UPF 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), C. G. - Kumar PONNAMBALAM; Ceylon Workers Congress (CLDC), S. THONDAMAN; - Communist Party, K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. - SHANMUGATHASAN; Democratic People's Liberation Front (DPLF), leader - NA; Democratic United National Front (DUNF), G. M. PREMACHANDRA; Eelam - People's Democratic Party (EPDP), Douglas DEVANANDA; Eelam People's - Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRL), Suresh PREMACHANDRAN; Eelam - Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS), Shankar RAJI; Lanka - Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin - R. DE SILVA; Liberal Party (LP), Chanaka AMARATUNGA; New Socialist - Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; - People's Alliance (PA), Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA; People's - Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), Dharmalingam - SIDARTHAN; People's United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), - Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo - BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. ASHRAFF; Sri - Lanka People's Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie - ABEYGUNASEKERA; Sri Lanka Progressive Front (SLPF), leader NA; Tamil - Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), leader NA; Tamil United - Liberation Front (TULF), M. SIVASITHAMBARAM; United National Party - (UNP), Ranil WICKREMANSINGHE; Upcountry People's Front (UPF), leader - NA; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties, represented in either - parliament or provincial councils - note: the United Socialist Alliance (USA), which was formed in 1987 - and included the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and CP/B, was defunct as of - 1993, following the formation of the People's Alliance Party (PA) - - Other political or pressure groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups; other radical - chauvinist Sinhalese groups; Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay - groups; labor unions - - Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jayantha DHANAPALA - chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 through 4028 - FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181 - consulate(s): New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Teresita C. SCHAFFER - embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 - mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo - telephone: [94] (1) 448007 - FAX: [94] (1) 437345 - - Flag: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two - equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel - is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and - there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as - a border that goes around the entire flag and extends between the two - panels - -@Sri Lanka:Economy - - Overview: Industry - dominated by the fast-growing apparel industry - - has surpassed agriculture as the main source of export earnings and - accounts for over 16% of GDP. The economy has been plagued by high - rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. Economic growth, which has - been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in 1991-94 as domestic - conditions began to improve and conditions for foreign investment - brightened. Currently, however, the new government's emphasis on - populist measures has clouded Sri Lanka's economic prospects. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $57.6 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,190 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 13.6% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $2.3 billion - expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 - billion (1993) - - Exports: $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: garments and textiles, teas, diamonds, other gems, - petroleum products, rubber products, other agricultural products, - marine products, graphite - partners: US 35.2%, Germany, UK, Belgium-Luxembourg, Japan, - Netherlands, France (1993) - - Imports: $4 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: textiles and textile materials, machinery and equipment, - transport equipment, petroleum, building materials - partners: Japan, India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, - China (1993) - - External debt: $7.2 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1993 est.); accounts for 16% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,410,000 kW - production: 3.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 168 kWh (1993) - - Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other - agricultural commodities; clothing, cement, petroleum refining, - textiles, tobacco - - Agriculture: accounts for one-fourth of GDP; field crops - rice, - sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, - rubber, coconuts; animal products - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not - self-sufficient in rice production - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $369 million - - Currency: 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 50.115 (January - 1995), 49.415 (1994), 48.322 (1993), 43.830 (1992), 41.372 (1991), - 40.063 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Sri Lanka:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,948 km - broad gauge: 1,948 km 1.868-m gauge (102 km double track) (1990) - - Highways: - total: 75,263 km - paved: mostly bituminous treated 27,637 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel 32,887 km; improved, unimproved earth - 14,739 km - - Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft - - Pipelines: crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987) - - Ports: Colombo, Galle, Jaffna, Trincomalee - - Merchant marine: - total: 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 289,115 GRT/453,609 DWT - ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 12, container 1, oil tanker 3, - refrigerated cargo 8 - - Airports: - total: 14 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - -@Sri Lanka:Communications - - Telephone system: 114,000 telephones (1982); very inadequate domestic - service, good international service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 - INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 - televisions: NA - -@Sri Lanka:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,990,661; males fit for - military service 3,888,372; males reach military age (18) annually - 178,926 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $412 million, 3.6% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SUDAN - -@Sudan:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and - Eritrea - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 2,505,810 sq km - land area: 2.376 million sq km - comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US - - Land boundaries: total 7,687 km, Central African Republic 1,165 km, - Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, - Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 km - - Coastline: 853 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 18 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: administrative boundary with Kenya does not - coincide with international boundary; administrative boundary with - Egypt does not coincide with international boundary creating the - "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km, tensions over this - disputed area began to escalate in 1992 and remain high - - Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April - to October) - - Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west - - Natural resources: small reserves of petroleum, iron ore, copper, - chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold - - Land use: - arable land: 5% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 24% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: 51% - - Irrigated land: 18,900 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife - populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; - desertification - natural hazards: dust storms - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Desertification - - Note: largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its - tributaries - -@Sudan:People - - Population: 30,120,420 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 6,801,001; male 7,124,892) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 7,706,864; male 7,830,980) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 280,297; male 376,386) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.35% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 41.29 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.74 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: the flow of refugees from the civil war in Sudan into - neighboring countries continues, often at the rate of tens of - thousands annually; Uganda was the main recipient of Sudanese refugees - in the past year; repatriation of Eritrean and Ethiopean refugees in - Sudan continues - - Infant mortality rate: 77.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 54.71 years - male: 53.81 years - female: 55.65 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) - adjective: Sudanese - - Ethnic divisions: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other - 1% - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, - Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum) - - Languages: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of - Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English - note: program of Arabization in process - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1983) - total population: 32% - male: 44% - female: 21% - - Labor force: 6.5 million - by occupation: agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government - 6% - note: labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment - (1983 est.) - -@Sudan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan - conventional short form: Sudan - local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan - local short form: As-Sudan - former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - - Digraph: SU - - Type: ruling military junta - Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) - - dissolved on 16 October 1993 and government civilianized - - Capital: Khartoum - - Administrative divisions: 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or - wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*, Al Istiwa'iyah*, Al Khartum, Ash - Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan - note: on 14 February 1994, the 9 states comprising Sudan were divided - into 26 new states; the new state boundary alignments are undetermined - - Independence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956) - - Constitution: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; - interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 - June 1989 - - Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 - January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed - Islamic law in the northern states; the council is still studying - criminal provisions under Islamic law; Islamic law applies to all - residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some - separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - Chief of State and Head of Government: President Lt. General Umar - Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); prior to 16 October - 1993, BASHIR served concurrently as Chief of State, Chairman of the - RCC, Prime Minister, and Minister of Defence (since 30 June 1989); - First Vice President Major General al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH (since 19 - October 1993); Second Vice President (Police) Maj. General George - KONGOR (since NA February 1994); note - upon its dissolution on 16 - October 1993, the RCC's executive and legislative powers were devolved - to the President and the Transitional National Assembly (TNA), Sudan's - appointed legislative body - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president; note - on 30 October - 1993, President BASHIR announced a new, predominantly civilian - cabinet, consisting of 20 federal ministers, most of whom retained - their previous cabinet positions; on 9 February 1995, he abolished - three ministries and redivided their portfolios to create several new - ministries; these changes increased National Islamic Front presence at - the ministerial level and consolidated its control over the Ministry - of Foreign Affairs; President BASHIR's government is dominated by - members of Sudan's National Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political - organization formed from the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986; front leader - Hasan al-TURABI controls Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign - policies - - Legislative branch: appointed 300-member Transitional National - Assembly; officially assumes all legislative authority for Sudan until - the proposed 1995 resumption of national elections - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts - - Political parties and leaders: none; banned following 30 June 1989 - coup - - Other political or pressure groups: National Islamic Front, Hasan - al-TURABI - - Member of: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, - G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmad SULAYMAN - chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565 through 8570 - FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Donald K. PETTERSON - embassy: Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum - mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829 - telephone: 74700, 74611 (operator assistance required) - FAX: Telex 22619 AMEMSD - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with - a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side - -@Sudan:Economy - - Overview: Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political - instability, adverse weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances - from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies. Governmental - entities account for more than 70% of new investment. The private - sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with most - private industrial investment predating 1980. Agriculture employs 80% - of the work force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. - Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable - largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita - income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages - continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary - Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because - of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. After Sudan backtracked - on promised reforms in 1992-93, the IMF threatened to expel Sudan from - the Fund. To avoid expulsion, Khartoum agreed to make payments on its - arrears to the Fund, liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies. - These measures have been partially implemented. The government's - continued prosecution of the civil war and its growing international - isolation led to a further deterioration of the nonagricultural - sectors of the economy during 1994. Agriculture, on the other hand, - after several disappointing years, enjoyed a bumper fall harvest in - 1994; its strong performance produced an overall growth rate in GDP of - perhaps 7%. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $23.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 7% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $870 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 112% (FY93/94 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 30% (FY92/93 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $493 million - expenditures: $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $225 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $419 million (f.o.b., FY93/94) - commodities: gum arabic 29%, livestock/meat 24%, cotton 13%, sesame, - peanuts - partners: Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, - Japan 9%, US 3% (FY87/88) - - Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., FY93/94) - commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, - machinery and equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles - partners: Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern - Europe 3% (FY87/88) - - External debt: $17 billion (June 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6.8% (FY92/93 est.); accounts for - 11% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 500,000 kW - production: 1.3 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 42 kWh (1993) - - Industries: cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap - distilling, shoes, petroleum refining - - Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GDP; major products - cotton, - oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally - self-sufficient in most foods - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $588 million - - Currency: 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piastres - - Exchange rates: official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 434.8 - (January 1995), 277.8 (1994), 153.8 (1993), 69.4 (1992), 5.4288 - (1991), 4.5004 (1990); note - the commercial rate is 300 Sudanese - pounds per US$1 - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Sudan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 5,516 km - narrow gauge: 4,800 km 1.067-m gauge; 716 km 1.6096-m gauge plantation - line - - Highways: - total: 20,703 km - paved: bituminous treated 2,000 km - unpaved: gravel 4,000 km; improved earth 2,304 km; unimproved earth - 12,399 km - - Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable - - Pipelines: refined products 815 km - - Ports: Juba, Khartoum, Kusti, Malakal, Nimule, Port Sudan, Sawakin - - Merchant marine: - total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 43,024 GRT/122,379 DWT - ships by type: cargo 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2 - - Airports: - total: 70 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 13 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 14 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 33 - -@Sudan:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; large, well-equipped system by - African standards, but barely adequate and poorly maintained by modern - standards - local: NA - intercity: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radio - communications, troposcatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 - stations - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 ARABSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 - televisions: NA - -@Sudan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Force Militia - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,806,588; males fit for - military service 4,185,206; males reach military age (18) annually - 313,958 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $600 million, 7.3% of - GDP (FY93/94 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SURINAME - -@Suriname:Geography - - Location: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, - between French Guiana and Guyana - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 163,270 sq km - land area: 161,470 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia - - Land boundaries: total 1,707 km, Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, - Guyana 600 km - - Coastline: 386 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims area in French Guiana between Litani - Rivier and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa Rivier); - claims area in Guyana between New (Upper Courantyne) and - Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) - - Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds - - Terrain: mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps - - Natural resources: timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, - bauxite, iron ore, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold - - Land use: - arable land: NEGL% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 97% - other: 3% - - Irrigated land: 590 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation as foreign producers obtain timber - concessions - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Marine - Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not - ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna - which for the most part is not threatened because of the lack of - development; relatively small population most of which lives along the - coast - -@Suriname:People - - Population: 429,544 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 34% (female 70,845; male 74,330) - 15-64 years: 61% (female 130,153; male 133,693) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 10,897; male 9,626) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.72 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 30.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.76 years - male: 67.24 years - female: 72.41 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.73 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Surinamer(s) - adjective: Surinamese - - Ethnic divisions: Hindustani (also known locally as "East" Indians; - their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of - the 19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed European and African ancestry) - 31%, Javanese 15.3%, "Bush Black" (also known as "Bush Creole" whose - ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries - as slaves) 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1%, other - 1.1% - - Religions: Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant - 25.2% (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5% - - Languages: Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo - (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles - and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), - Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 95% - male: 95% - female: 95% - - Labor force: NA - -@Suriname:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Suriname - conventional short form: Suriname - local long form: Republiek Suriname - local short form: Suriname - former: Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana - - Digraph: NS - - Type: republic - - Capital: Paramaribo - - Administrative divisions: 10 districts (distrikten, singular - - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, - Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica - - Independence: 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November (1975) - - Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Ronald R. VENETIAAN - (since 16 September 1991); Prime Minister Jules R. AJODHIA (since 16 - September 1991); election last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held - NA May 1996); results - elected by the National Assembly - Ronald - VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 - votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) - cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers; appointed by the president from members - of the National Assembly - note: Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains significant - power - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 25 May - 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 10, DA '91 9, independents 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: The New Front (NF), a coalition of four - parties (NPS, VHP, KTPI, SPA), leader Ronald R. VENETIAAN; Progressive - Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party of Suriname - (NPS), Ronald VENETIAAN; Party of National Unity and Solidarity - (KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; Suriname Labor Party (SPA), Fred DERBY; - Democratic Alternative '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of - four parties (AF, HPP, Pendawa Lima, BEP) formed in January 1991; - Alternative Forum (AF), Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed - Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood and - Unity in Politics (BEP), Caprino ALLENDY; Pendawa Lima, Marsha JAMIN; - National Democratic Party (NDP), Desire BOUTERSE; Progressive Workers' - and Farm Laborers' Union (PALU), Ir Iwan KROLIS, chairman; - - Other political or pressure groups: Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), - Ronnie BRUNSWIJK, Johan "Castro" WALLY; Union for Liberation and - Democracy, Kofi AFONGPONG; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement, - Leendert ADAMS; Tucayana Amazonica, Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO - - Member of: ACP, CARICOM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT - chancery: Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 244-7488, 7490 through 7492 - FAX: [1] (202) 244-5878 - consulate(s) general: Miami - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Roger R. GAMBLE - embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo - mailing address: P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo - telephone: [597] 472900, 477881, 476459 - FAX: [597] 410025 - - Flag: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red - (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a large - yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band - -@Suriname:Economy - - Overview: The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which - accounts for 15% of GDP and about 70% of export earnings. Paramaribo - has failed to initiate the economic reforms necessary to stabilize the - economy or win renewed Dutch aid disbursements. The government - continues to finance deficit spending with monetary emissions. As a - result, high inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market - activity, and hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -0.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,800 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 225% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA - - Budget: - revenues: $300 million - expenditures: $700 million, including capital expenditures of $70 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $443.3 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: alumina, aluminum, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas - partners: Norway 33%, Netherlands 26%, US 13%, Japan 6%, Brazil 6%, UK - 3% (1992) - - Imports: $520.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, - consumer goods - partners: US 42%, Netherlands 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 10%, Brazil 5% - (1992) - - External debt: $180 million (March 1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1992 est.); accounts for 18% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 420,000 kW - production: 1.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,123 kWh (1993) - - Industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, - lumbering, food processing, fishing - - Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 25% of export earnings; paddy - rice planted on 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm - output; other products - bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, - peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of increasing - importance; self-sufficient in most foods - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined - for the US and Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.5 billion - - Currency: 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - - 1.7850 (fixed rate); parallel rate 510 (December 1994), 109 (January - 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Suriname:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 166 km (single track) - standard gauge: 80 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 86 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 8,800 km - paved: 500 km - unpaved: bauxite, gravel, crushed stone 5,400 km; improved and - unimproved earth 2,900 km - - Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most important means of transport; - oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of - the principal waterways - - Ports: Albina, Moengo, Nieuw Nickerie, Paramaribo, Paranam, Wageningen - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,421 GRT/2,990 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, container 1 - - Airports: - total: 46 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 38 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Suriname:Communications - - Telephone system: 27,500 telephones; international facilities good - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay network - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 14, shortwave 1 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 6 - televisions: NA - -@Suriname:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Army (includes small Navy and Air Force elements), - Civil Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 116,456; males fit for military - service 69,011 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SVALBARD - - (territory of Norway) - -@Svalbard:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents - Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway - - Map references: Arctic Region - - Area: - total area: 62,049 sq km - land area: 62,049 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia - note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 3,587 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not - recognized by Russia - territorial sea: 4 nm - - International disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute in the - Barents Sea between Norway and Russia - - Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool - summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and - north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of - the year - - Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west - coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north - coasts - - Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, - fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and - cloudberry) - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (a - transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make - parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic - international agreements: NA - - Note: northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine - main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area - -@Svalbard:People - - Population: 2,914 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: -3.5% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population - - Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population - - Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: NA years - male: NA years - female: NA years - - Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman - - Ethnic divisions: Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) - - Languages: Russian, Norwegian - - Labor force: NA - -@Svalbard:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Svalbard - - Digraph: SV - - Type: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, - Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, - Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to - Norway - - Capital: Longyearbyen - - Independence: none (territory of Norway) - - National holiday: NA - - Legal system: NA - - Executive branch: - Chief of State: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) - Head of Government: Governor Odd BLOMDAL (since NA); Assistant - Governor Jan-Atle HANSEN (since NA September 1993) - - Member of: none - - Flag: the flag of Norway is used - -@Svalbard:Economy - - Overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By - treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have - equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian - regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have - mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and - Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. - The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the - Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, - and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some - trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. - - Budget: - revenues: $13.3 million - expenditures: $13.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1990 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 21,000 kW - production: 45 million kWh - consumption per capita: 13,860 kWh (1992) - - Currency: 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere - - Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.7014 (January - 1995), 7.0469 (1994), 7.0941 (1993), 6.2145 (1992), 6.4829 (1991), - 6.2597 (1990) - -@Svalbard:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - -@Svalbard:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; local telephone service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: satellite communication with Norwegian mainland - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1 (repeaters 2), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1 - televisions: NA - - Note: there are 5 meteorological/radio stations - -@Svalbard:Defense Forces - - Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SWAZILAND - -@Swaziland:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 17,360 sq km - land area: 17,200 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey - - Land boundaries: total 535 km, Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Swaziland has asked South Africa to open - negotiations on reincorporating some nearby South African territories - that are populated by ethnic Swazis or that were long ago part of the - Swazi Kingdom - - Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate - - Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains - - Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, - forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc - - Land use: - arable land: 10.9% - permanent crops: 0.2% - meadows and pastures: 62.2% - forest and woodland: 6.9% - other: 19.8% - - Irrigated land: 640 sq km (1993 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: limited access to potable water; wildlife populations - being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil - degradation; soil erosion - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Nuclear Test Ban, - Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Law - of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa - -@Swaziland:People - - Population: 966,977 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 222,544; male 221,003) - 15-64 years: 52% (female 261,973; male 238,726) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 13,291; male 9,440) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.23% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.06 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.8 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 90.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 56.84 years - male: 52.83 years - female: 60.96 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.1 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Swazi(s) - adjective: Swazi - - Ethnic divisions: African 97%, European 3% - - Religions: Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% - - Languages: English (official; government business conducted in - English), siSwati (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) - total population: 67% - male: 70% - female: 65% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: private sector about 65%, public sector 35% - -@Swaziland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Swaziland - conventional short form: Swaziland - - Digraph: WZ - - Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth - - Capital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) - - Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, - Shiselweni - - Independence: 6 September 1968 (from UK) - - National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) - - Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 - April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but - has not been formally presented to the people - - Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory - courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) - head of government: Prime Minister Prince Jameson Mbilini DLAMINI - (since 12 November 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; designated by the monarch - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament is advisory - Senate: consists of 30 members (10 appointed by the House of Assembly - and 20 appointed by the king) - House of Assembly: elections last held NA October 1993 (next to be - held NA); results - NA; seats - (65 total, 55 directly elected, 10 - appointed by the king) - balloting held on a non-party basis - - Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: - note: political parties are banned by the Constitution promulgated on - 13 October 1978; illegal parties are prohibited from holding large - public gatherings - illegal parties: Peoples' United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO), Kilson - SHONOWE; Swaziland Youth Congress (SWAYCO), Benedict TSABEDZE; - Swaziland Communist Party (SWACOPA), Mphandlana SHONGWE - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Madzandza Mary KHANYA - chancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 362-6683, 6685 - FAX: [1] (202) 244-8059 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John T. SPROTT - embassy: Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane - mailing address: P. O. Box 199, Mbabane - telephone: [268] 46441 through 46445 - FAX: [268] 45959 - - Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and - blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a - large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated - with feather tassels, all placed horizontally - -@Swaziland:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which - occupies more than 60% of the population and contributes nearly 25% to - GDP. Manufacturing, which includes a number of agroprocessing - factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. Mining has declined in - importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits were depleted - by 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for asbestos. Exports of - sugar and forestry products are the main earners of hard currency. - Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, - Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives - 90% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports. - Remittances from Swazi workers in South African mines may supplement - domestically produced income by as much as 20%. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,490 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.3% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 15% (1992 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $342 million - expenditures: $410 million, including capital expenditures of $130 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $632 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: sugar, edible concentrates, wood pulp, cotton yarn, - asbestos - partners: South Africa 50% (est.), EC countries, Canada - - Imports: $734 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum - products, foodstuffs, chemicals - partners: South Africa 90% (est.), Switzerland, UK - - External debt: $240 million (1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.2% (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 120,000 kW - production: 410 million kWh - consumption per capita: 1,003 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar - - Agriculture: accounts for over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence - agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, - citrus fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, - peanuts, cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain - - Economic aid: - recipient: bilateral aid (1991) $35 million of which US disbursements - $12 million, UK disbursements $6 million, and Denmark $2 million; - multilateral aid (1991) $24 million of which EC disbursements $8 - million - - Currency: 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1 -3.5389 (January 1995), 3.5490 - (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990); - note - the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the South African rand - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Swaziland:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 297 km; note - includes 71 km which are not in use - narrow gauge: 297 km 1.067-m gauge (single track) - - Highways: - total: 2,853 km - paved: 510 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 1,230 km; improved - earth 1,113 km - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 18 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - -@Swaziland:Communications - - Telephone system: 17,000 telephones; telephone density is only 17.6 - telephones/1,000 persons - local: NA - intercity: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and - low-capacity radio relay microwave links - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 6, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 10 - televisions: NA - -@Swaziland:Defense Forces - - Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force (Army), Royal Swaziland - Police Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 212,239; males fit for military - service 122,782 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22 million, NA% of - GDP (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SWEDEN - -@Sweden:Geography - - Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, - and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 449,964 sq km - land area: 410,928 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than California - - Land boundaries: total 2,205 km, Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km - - Coastline: 3,218 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly - cloudy summers; subarctic in north - - Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west - - Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, - uranium, hydropower potential - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 2% - forest and woodland: 64% - other: 27% - - Irrigated land: 1,120 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: acid rain damaging soils and lakes; pollution of the - North Sea and the Baltic Sea - natural hazards: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in - the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental - Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical - Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North - Seas - -@Sweden:People - - Population: 8,821,759 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 810,859; male 854,553) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 2,761,060; male 2,856,012) - 65 years and over: 17% (female 887,597; male 651,678) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.46% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.19 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.84 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.43 years - male: 75.64 years - female: 81.39 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.97 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Swede(s) - adjective: Swedish - - Ethnic divisions: white, Lapp (Sami), foreign born or first-generation - immigrants 12% (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks) - - Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal - 1%, other 3.5% (1987) - - Languages: Swedish - note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak - native languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 4.552 million (84% unionized,1992) - by occupation: community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining - and manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, - banking, insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, - agriculture, fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991) - -@Sweden:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden - conventional short form: Sweden - local long form: Konungariket Sverige - local short form: Sverige - - Digraph: SW - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Stockholm - - Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); - Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, - Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, - Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, - Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, - Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, - Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands Lan - - Independence: 6 June 1809 (constitutional monarchy established) - - National holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June - - Constitution: 1 January 1975 - - Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir - Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King - (born 14 July 1977) - head of government: Prime Minister Ingvar CARLSSON (since 6 October - 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mona SAHLIN (since 6 October 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Riksdag): elections last held 18 September 1994 (next to - be held NA September 1998); results - Social Democrats 45.4%, Moderate - Party (Conservatives) 22.3%, Center Party 7.7%, Liberals 7.2%, Left - Party 6.2%, Greens 5.8%, Christian Democrats 4.1%, New Democracy Party - 1.2%; seats - (349 total) Social Democrats 162, Moderate Party - (Conservatives) 80, Center Party 27, Liberals 26, Left Party 22, - Greens 18, Christian Democrats 14; note - the New Democracy Party did - not receive a seat because parties require a minimum of 4.8% of votes - for a seat in parliament - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) - - Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Ingvar - CARLSSON; Moderate Party (conservative), Carl BILDT; Liberal People's - Party, Maria LEISSNER; Center Party, Olof JOHANSSON; Christian - Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; New Democracy Party, Vivianne FRANZEN; - Left Party (VP; Communist), Gudrun SCHYMAN; Communist Workers' Party, - Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader but party spokesperson is - Birger SHLAUG - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, - CE, CERN, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 8, G- 9, G-10, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, - NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, - UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMOGIP, - UNOMIG, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Carl Henrik Sihver LILJEGREN - chancery: 1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600 - FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas L. SIEBERT - embassy: Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [46] (8) 783 53 00 - FAX: [46] (8) 661 19 64 - - Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; - the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -@Sweden:Economy - - Overview: Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World - War I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard - of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive - welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent - internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. - Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an - economy that is heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned - firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the - engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. In 1990, - agriculture accounted for only 1.2% of GDP and 1.9% of the jobs, - Sweden being about 50% sufficient in most products. In the last few - years, however, this extraordinarily favorable picture has been - clouded by inflation, growing unemployment, and a gradual loss of - competitiveness in international markets. Although Prime Minister - BILDT's center-right minority coalition had hoped to charge ahead with - free-market-oriented reforms, a skyrocketing budget deficit - about - 14% of GDP in FY93/94 projections - and record unemployment have - forestalled many of the plans. Unemployment in 1994 is estimated at - around 9% with another 5% in job training. Continued heavy foreign - exchange speculation forced the government to cooperate in late 1992 - with the opposition Social Democrats on two crisis packages - one a - severe austerity pact and the other a program to spur industrial - competitiveness - which basically set economic policy through 1997. In - November 1992, Sweden broke its tie to the EC's ECU, and the krona has - since depreciated about 25% against the dollar. The boost in export - competitiveness from the depreciation helped lift Sweden out of its - 3-year recession. To curb the budget deficit and bolster confidence in - the economy, the new Social Democratic government is proposing cuts in - welfare benefits, subsidies, defense, and foreign aid. Sweden has - harmonized its economic policies with those of the EU, which it joined - at the start of 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $163.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $18,580 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 8.8% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $47.9 billion - expenditures: $70.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY93/94) - - Exports: $59.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, - iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products - partners: EC 55.8% (Germany 15%, UK 9.7%, Denmark 7.2%, France 5.8%), - EFTA 17.4% (Norway 8.4%, Finland 5.1%), US 8.2%, Central and Eastern - Europe 2.5% (1992) - - Imports: $49.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, - motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing - partners: EC 53.6% (Germany 17.9%, UK 6.3%, Denmark 7.5%, France - 4.9%), EFTA (Norway 6.6%, Finland 6%), US 8.4%, Central and Eastern - Europe 3% (1992) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 34,560,000 kW - production: 141 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 14,891 kWh (1993) - - Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and - telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed - foods, motor vehicles - - Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy - products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar - beets, potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes; Sweden - is about 50% self-sufficient in most products - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics shipped via the CIS - and Baltic states for the European market - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion - - Currency: 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oere - - Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 7.4675 (January 1995), - 7.7160 (1994), 7.7834 (1993), 5.8238 (1992), 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Sweden:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 12,000 km (includes 953 km of privately owned railways) - standard gauge: 10,742 km 1.435-m gauge (7,502 km electrified and - 1,152 km double track); 8 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified; privately - owned) - narrow gauge: 61 km 0.891-m gauge (electrified; privately owned) - other: 1,189 km NA-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 135,859 km - paved: 97,818 km (including 936 km of expressways) - unpaved: gravel 38,041 km (1991) - - Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges - - Pipelines: natural gas 84 km - - Ports: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar, - Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall - - Merchant marine: - total: 157 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,872,350 GRT/2,075,722 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 24, chemical tanker 25, combination - ore/oil 1, container 2, oil tanker 31, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated - cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 37, short-sea passenger 8, specialized - tanker 4, vehicle carrier 12 - - Airports: - total: 253 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 84 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 26 - with paved runways under 914 m: 129 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - -@Sweden:Communications - - Telephone system: 8,200,000 telephones; excellent domestic and - international facilities; automatic system - local: NA - intercity: coaxial and multiconductor cable carry most voice traffic; - parallel microwave network carries TV, radio, and some additional - telephone channels - international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - and 1 EUTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 360 (mostly repeaters), shortwave 0 - radios: 7 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 880 (mostly repeaters) - televisions: 3.5 million - -@Sweden:Defense Forces - - Branches: Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,133,420; males fit for - military service 1,864,258; males reach military age (19) annually - 52,937 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion, 2.4% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SWITZERLAND - -@Switzerland:Geography - - Location: Central Europe, east of France - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 41,290 sq km - land area: 39,770 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey - - Land boundaries: total 1,852 km, Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy - 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, - rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with - occasional showers - - Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a - central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes - - Natural resources: hydropower potential, timber, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 40% - forest and woodland: 26% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: 250 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions and open air - burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of agricultural - fertilizers; loss of biodiversity - natural hazards: avalanches, landslides, flash floods - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air - Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, - Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur - 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea - - Note: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along - with southeastern France and northern Italy, contains the highest - elevations in Europe - -@Switzerland:People - - Population: 7,084,984 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 17% (female 594,565; male 622,436) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 2,375,792; male 2,448,213) - 65 years and over: 15% (female 623,136; male 420,842) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.57% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.04 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.16 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 2.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 78.36 years - male: 74.99 years - female: 81.88 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Swiss (singular and plural) - adjective: Swiss - - Ethnic divisions: - total population: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, - other 6% - Swiss nationals: German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, - other 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) - - Languages: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4% - note: figures for Swiss nationals only - German 74%, French 20%, - Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 3.48 million (900,000 foreign workers, mostly Italian) - by occupation: services 50%, industry and crafts 34%, government 10%, - agriculture and forestry 6% (1992) - -@Switzerland:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Swiss Confederation - conventional short form: Switzerland - local long form: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German) - Confederation Suisse (French) Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) - local short form: Schweiz (German) Suisse (French) Svizzera (Italian) - - Digraph: SZ - - Type: federal republic - - Capital: Bern - - Administrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in - French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - - kanton in German); Aargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, - Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, - Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, - Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, - Zug, Zurich - - Independence: 1 August 1291 - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss - Confederation, 1 August (1291) - - Constitution: 29 May 1874 - - Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial - review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of - general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, - with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Kaspar VILLIGER (1995 - calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice President - Jean-Pascal DELAMURAZ (term runs concurrently with that of president) - cabinet: Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - Censeil - Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale); elected by the Federal - Assembly from own members - - Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German - - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee Federale, Italian - Assemblea - Federale) - Council of States: German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, - Italian - Consiglio degli Stati; elections last held throughout 1991 - (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, LdU 1, Ticino - League 1 - National Council: German - Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, - Italian - Consiglio Nazionale; elections last held 20 October 1991 - (next to be held NA October 1995); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP 25, GPS 14, LPS - 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other 2 - - Judicial branch: Federal Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Free Democratic Party (FDP), Franz - STEINEGGER, president; Social Democratic Party (SPS), Peter BODENMANN, - president; Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Anton COTTIER, - president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans UHLMANN, president; Green - Party (GPS), Verena DIENER, president; Freedom Party (FPS), Roland - BORER, president; Liberal Party (LPS), Christoph EYMANN, president; - Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Monica WEBER, president; Ticino - League, Giuliano BIGNASCA, president; and other minor parties - including the Automobile Party (AP), Swiss Democratic Party (SD), - Workers' Party (PdA), and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP); note - - see elections - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, - CERN, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G- 8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM - (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN (observer), - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMIG, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, - UNU, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Carlo JAGMETTI - chancery: 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 745-7900 - FAX: [1] (202) 387-2564 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New - York, Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador M. Larry LAWRENCE - embassy: Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [41] (31) 357 70 11 - FAX: [41] (31) 357 73 44 - branch office: Geneva - consulate(s) general: Zurich - - Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center - that does not extend to the edges of the flag - -@Switzerland:Economy - - Overview: Switzerland's economy - one of the most prosperous and - stable in the world - is nonetheless undergoing a stressful adjustment - after both the inflationary boom of the late 1980s and the - electorate's rejection of membership in the European Economic Area - (EEA) in 1992. So far the decision to remain outside the European - single market structure does not appear to have harmed Swiss - interests. In December 1994, the Swiss began bilateral negotiations - with the EU aimed at establishing closer ties in areas of mutual - interest and progressing toward the free circulation of persons, - goods, capital, and services between the two parties. The Swiss - emerged from a three-year recession in mid-1993 and posted 1.8% GDP - growth in 1994. The Swiss central bank's tight monetary policies - brought inflation down from about 4% in 1992 to just under 1% in 1994. - Unemployment has fallen slightly from 5.1% in 1993 to 4.7% in 1994. - Swiss per capita output, living standards, education, and health care - remain unsurpassed in Europe. The country has few mineral resources, - but its spectacular natural beauty sustains a substantial tourism - industry. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $148.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 1.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $22,080 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 4.7% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $26.7 billion - expenditures: $32 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 - est.) - - Exports: $69.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal - products, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing - partners: Western Europe 63.1% (EU countries 56%, other 7.1%), US - 8.8%, Japan 3.4% - - Imports: $68.2 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: agricultural products, machinery and transportation - equipment, chemicals, textiles, construction materials - partners: Western Europe 79.2% (EU countries 72.3%, other 6.9%), US - 6.4% - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1993 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 15,430,000 kW - production: 58 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 6,699 kWh (1993) - - Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision - instruments - - Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient - in food; must import fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than - butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat - - Illicit drugs: money-laundering center - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion - - Currency: 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, - rappen, or centesimi - - Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - - 1.2880 (January 1995), 1.3677 (1994), 1.4776 (1993), 1.4062 (1992), - 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Switzerland:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 5,763 km (1,432 km double track) - standard gauge: 3,533 km 1.435-m gauge (99% electrified; 560 km - nongovernment owned) - narrow gauge: 1,094 km 1.000-m gauge (99% electrified; 1,020 km - nongovernment owned) - other: 1,136 km NA-m gauge (1994) - - Highways: - total: 71,118 km - paved: 71,118 km (including 1,514 km of expressways) - - Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to - Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes - - Pipelines: crude oil 314 km; natural gas 1,506 km - - Ports: Basel - - Merchant marine: - total: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 374,935 GRT/669,353 DWT - ships by type: bulk 12, cargo 2, chemical tanker 4, oil tanker 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, specialized tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 69 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with paved runways under 914 m: 42 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Switzerland:Communications - - Telephone system: 5,890,000 telephones; excellent domestic, - international, and broadcast services - local: NA - intercity: extensive cable and microwave networks - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 265, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 (repeaters 1,322) - televisions: NA - -@Switzerland:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force and Antiaircraft Command - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,847,639; males fit for - military service 1,582,335; males reach military age (20) annually - 41,831 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4.1 billion, 1.4% of - GDP (1995) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -SYRIA - -@Syria:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between - Lebanon and Turkey - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 185,180 sq km - land area: 184,050 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota - note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory - - Land boundaries: total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 - km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km - - Coastline: 193 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 41 nm - territorial sea: 35 nm - - International disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice - Line; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; - ongoing dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris - and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October - 1976 - - Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and - mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather - with snow or sleet periodically hits Damascus - - Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; - mountains in west - - Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, - asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum - - Land use: - arable land: 28% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: 46% - forest and woodland: 3% - other: 20% - - Irrigated land: 10,000 sq km (1992) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification; water pollution from dumping of raw sewage and wastes - from petroleum refining; inadequate supplies of potable water - natural hazards: dust storms, sandstorms - international agreements: party to - Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Desertification, Environmental Modification - - Note: there are 42 Jewish settlements and civilian land use sites in - the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 1994 est.) - -@Syria:People - - Population: 15,451,917 (July 1995 est.) - note: in addition, there are 31,000 people living in the - Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - 16,500 Arabs (15,000 Druze and 1,500 - Alawites) and 14,500 Jewish settlers (August 1994 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 3,639,776; male 3,826,154) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 3,691,862; male 3,854,989) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 219,251; male 219,885) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.71% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 43.21 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.07 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 41.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 66.81 years - male: 65.67 years - female: 68.01 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.55 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Syrian(s) - adjective: Syrian - - Ethnic divisions: Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects - 16%, Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in - Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo) - - Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, - French widely understood - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 64% - male: 78% - female: 51% - - Labor force: 4.3 million (1994 est.) - by occupation: miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture - 32%, industry and construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor - (1984) - -@Syria:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic - conventional short form: Syria - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah - local short form: Suriyah - former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt) - - Digraph: SY - - Type: republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963 - - Capital: Damascus - - Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As - Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif - Dimashq, Tartus - - Independence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under - French administration) - - National holiday: National Day, 17 April (1946) - - Constitution: 13 March 1973 - - Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special - religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see - note); Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, - and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); election last - held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998); results - - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term - with 99.98% of the vote; note - President ASAD seized power in the - November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and - was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections - head of government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November - 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March - 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); - Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab): elections last held 24-25 August - 1994 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (250 total) National Progressive Front 167, independents 83 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, - Court of Cassation, State Security Courts - - Political parties and leaders: - National Progressive Front includes: the ruling Arab Socialist - Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party, Hafiz al-ASAD, President of the - Republic, Secretary General of the party, and Chairman of the National - Progressive Front; Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), 'Abd al-Ghani - KANNUT; Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Jamal ATASSI; Syrian Communist - Party (SCP), Khalid BAKDASH; Arab Socialist Unionist Movement, Sami - SOUFAN; and Democratic Socialist Union Party, leader NA - - Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties have little - effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; - conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood - - Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Walid MUALEM - chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313 - FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS - embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus - mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus - telephone: [963] (11) 333-2814, 714-108, 333-3788 - FAX: [963] (11) 224-7938 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with - two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in - the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white - band and of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic - inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also - similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in - the white band - -@Syria:Economy - - Overview: In 1990-93 Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy - benefited from the Gulf war, increased oil production, good weather, - and economic deregulation. Economic growth averaged roughly 10%. The - Gulf war provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars - from Arab, European, and Japanese donors. However, the benefits of the - 1990-93 boom were not evenly distributed and the gap between rich and - poor is widening. A nationwide financial scandal and increasing - inflation were accompanied by a decline in GDP growth to 4% in 1994. - For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large number - of poorly performing public sector firms, and industrial productivity - remains to be improved. Oil production is likely to fall off - dramatically by the end of the decade. Unemployment will become a - problem for the government when the more than 60% of the population - under the age of 20 enter the labor force. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $74.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,000 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.3% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1993 est.) - - Budget: NA - - Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum 53%, textiles 22%, cotton, fruits and - vegetables, wheat, barley, chickens - partners: EC 48%, former CEMA countries 24%, Arab countries 18% (1991) - - Imports: $4 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: foodstuffs 21%, metal products 17%, machinery 15% - partners: EC 37%, former CEMA countries 15%, US and Canada 10% (1991) - - External debt: $19.4 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,160,000 kW - production: 13.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 865 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate - rock mining, petroleum - - Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all - major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly - on rain-watered land causing wide swings in production; animal - products - beef, lamb, eggs, poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in - grain or livestock products - - Illicit drugs: a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined - cocaine going to Europe and heroin and hashish bound for regional and - Western markets - - Economic aid: - recipient: no US aid; about $4.2 billion in loans and grants from Arab - and Western donors 1990-92 as a result of Gulf war stance - - Currency: 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piastres - - Exchange rates: Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 11.2 (official fixed - rate), 26.6 (blended rate used by the UN and diplomatic missions), - 42.0 (neighboring country rate - applies to most state enterprise - imports), 46.0 - 53.0 (offshore rate) (yearend 1993) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Syria:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,998 km - broad gauge: 1,766 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 232 km 1.050-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 31,569 km - paved: 24,308 km (including 670 km of expressways) - unpaved: 7,261 km - - Inland waterways: 870 km; minimal economic importance - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km - - Ports: Baniyas, Jablah, Latakia, Tartus - - Merchant marine: - total: 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 233,701 GRT/364,714 DWT - ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 68, vehicle carrier 2 - - Airports: - total: 107 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 67 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 15 - -@Syria:Communications - - Telephone system: 512,600 telephones; 37 telephones/1,000 persons; - fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital - upgrades, including fiber optic technology - local: NA - intercity: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network - international: 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik earth - station; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to - Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 17 - televisions: NA - -@Syria:Defense Forces - - Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, - Syrian Arab Air Defense Forces, Police and Security Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,440,030; males fit for - military service 1,927,930; males reach military age (19) annually - 159,942 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of - GDP (1992) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TAIWAN - -@Taiwan:Geography - - Location: Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, - Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the - Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 35,980 sq km - land area: 32,260 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined - note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 1,448 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly - Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly - Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and - Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu - Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan - - Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June - to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year - - Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently - rolling plains in west - - Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, - marble, and asbestos - - Land use: - arable land: 24% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 5% - forest and woodland: 55% - other: 15% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; - air pollution; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in - endangered species - natural hazards: earthquakes and typhoons - international agreements: signed, but not ratified - Marine Life - Conservation - -@Taiwan:People - - Population: 21,500,583 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 24% (female 2,543,134; male 2,665,878) - 15-64 years: 68% (female 7,191,964; male 7,482,814) - 65 years and over: 8% (female 734,535; male 882,258) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.93% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.33 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.71 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.47 years - male: 72.17 years - female: 78.93 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Chinese (singular and plural) - adjective: Chinese - - Ethnic divisions: Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% - - Religions: mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian - 4.5%, other 2.5% - - Languages: Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka - dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 86% - male: 93% - female: 79% - - Labor force: 7.9 million - by occupation: industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture - 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989) - -@Taiwan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Taiwan - local long form: none - local short form: T'ai-wan - - Digraph: TW - - Type: multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties - legalized in March, 1989 - - Capital: Taipei - - Administrative divisions: some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to - be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the - central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular - and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural) - - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy - and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan - and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced - administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties - (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and - plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and - plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, - Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, - P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, - T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the - provincial capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un - note: Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization - - National holiday: National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the - Revolution) - - Constitution: 1 January 1947, amended in 1992, presently undergoing - revision - - Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice - President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990) - head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN - Chan (since 23 February 1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the - Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh (since 23 February 1993); presidential - election last held 21 March 1990 (next election will probably be a - direct popular election and will be held NA March 1996); results - - President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly; vice - presidential election last held 21 March 1990; results - LI Yuan-zu - was elected by the National Assembly - cabinet: Executive Yuan; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral - National Assembly - Legislative Yuan: elections last held 19 December 1992 (next to be - held NA December 1995); results - KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; - seats - (304 total, 161 elected) KMT 96, DPP 50, independents 15 - National Assembly: first National Assembly elected in November 1946 - with a supplementary election in December 1986; second and present - National Assembly elected in December 1991; seats - (403 total) KMT - 318, DPP 75, other 10; (next election to be held probably in 1996 and - will be a direct popular election) - - Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan - - Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI - Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), SHIH Ming-teh, - chairman; Chinese New Party (CNP); Labor Party (LP) - - Other political or pressure groups: Taiwan independence movement, - various environmental groups - note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the - mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization - and the increased representation of the opposition Democratic - Progressive Party in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on - the island's national identity; advocates of Taiwan independence, both - within the DPP and the ruling Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party's - traditional stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland - China; the aims of the Taiwan independence movement include - establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other - organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United - Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation - Building - - Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on - 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other - charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank - group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain - membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows - IAEA controls over extensive atomic development, APEC, AsDB, BCIE, - ICC, IOC, WCL - - Diplomatic representation in US: none; unofficial commercial and - cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a - private instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural - Representative Office (TECRO) with headquarters in Taipei and field - offices in Washington and 10 other US cities - - US diplomatic representation: unofficial commercial and cultural - relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through a private - institution, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices - in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, telephone [886] - (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, telephone - [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at Room - 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 - Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 - - Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner - bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays - -@Taiwan:Economy - - Overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable - government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial - government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real - growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three - decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the - impetus for industrialization. Inflation and unemployment are - remarkably low. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GDP, down from 35% - in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading - countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being - replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries. - Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the - Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The tightening of labor markets - has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $257 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $12,070 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.2% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 1.6% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $30.3 billion - expenditures: $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1991 est.) - - Exports: $93 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: electrical machinery 19.7%, electronic products 19.6%, - textiles 10.9%, footwear 3.3%, foodstuffs 1.0%, plywood and wood - products 0.9% (1993 est.) - partners: US 27.6%, Hong Kong 21.7%, EC countries 15.2%, Japan 10.5% - (1994 est.) - - Imports: $85.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery and equipment 15.7%, electronic products 15.6%, - chemicals 9.8%, iron and steel 8.5%, crude oil 3.9%, foodstuffs 2.1% - (1993 est.) - partners: Japan 30.1%, US 21.7%, EC countries 17.6% (1993 est.) - - External debt: $620 million (1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 4.5% (1994 est.); accounts for more - than 40% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 21,460,000 kW - production: 108 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 4,789 kWh (1993) - - Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food - processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum - refining - - Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP and 16% of labor force (includes - part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops - - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk; - not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, - reached 1.4 million metric tons in 1988 - - Illicit drugs: an important heroin transit point; also a major drug - money laundering center - - Economic aid: - recipient: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western - (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 - million - - Currency: 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 26.2 (1994), 26.6 - (1993), 25.4 (1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 (1990), 26.407 (1989) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Taiwan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 4,600 km; note - 1,075 km in common carrier service and about - 3,525 km is dedicated to industrial use - narrow gauge: 4,600 km 1.067-m - - Highways: - total: 20,041 km - paved: bituminous, concrete pavement 17,095 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel 2,371 km; graded earth 575 km - - Pipelines: petroleum products 615 km; natural gas 97 km - - Ports: Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Kao-hsiung, Su-ao, T'ai-chung - - Merchant marine: - total: 198 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,635,682 GRT/8,652,111 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 55, cargo 30, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk - 2, combination ore/oil 1, container 78, oil tanker 17, passenger-cargo - 1, refrigerated cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 41 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 8 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6 - with paved runways under 914 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - -@Taiwan:Communications - - Telephone system: 7,800,000 telephones; best developed system in Asia - outside of Japan - local: NA - intercity: extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west - coasts - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earth - stations; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, - Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western - Europe - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 91, FM 23, shortwave 0 - radios: 8.62 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 15 (repeaters 13) - televisions: 6.386 million (color 5,680,000, monochrome 706,000) - -@Taiwan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and - Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Military Police Command - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,293,884; males fit for - military service 4,863,014; males reach military age (19) annually - 201,191 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion, 3.4% of - GDP (FY94/95); $9.77 billion proposed for FY95/96 budget - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TAJIKISTAN - - Note--Tajikistan has experienced three changes of government since it - gained independence in September 1991. The current president, Emomali - RAKHMONOV, was elected to the presidency in November 1994, yet has - been in power since 1992. The country is suffering through its third - year of a civil war, with no clear end in sight. Underlying the - conflict are deeply-rooted regional and clan-based animosities that - pit a government consisting of people primarily from the Kulob - (Kulyab), Khujand (Leninabad), and Hisor (Hissar) regions against a - secular and Islamic-led opposition from the Gharm, Gorno-Badakhshan, - and Qurghonteppa (Kurgan-Tyube) regions. Government and opposition - representatives have held periodic rounds of UN-mediated peace talks - and agreed in September 1994 to a cease-fire. Russian-led peacekeeping - troops are deployed throughout the country, and Russian border guards - are stationed along the Tajik-Afghan border. - -@Tajikistan:Geography - - Location: Central Asia, west of China - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian - States - - Area: - total area: 143,100 sq km - land area: 142,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Wisconsin - - Land boundaries: total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, - Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: boundary with China in dispute; territorial - dispute with Kyrgyzstan on northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; - Afghanistan's and other foreign support to Tajik rebels based in - northern Afghanistan - - Climate: midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid - to polar in Pamir Mountains - - Terrain: Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana - Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest - - Natural resources: significant hydropower potential, some petroleum, - uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 23% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 71% - - Irrigated land: 6,940 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of - soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; part of the - basin of the shrinking Aral Sea which suffers from severe - overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated - pollution - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: landlocked - -@Tajikistan:People - - Population: 6,155,474 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 43% (female 1,303,627; male 1,340,086) - 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,612,429; male 1,624,379) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 157,841; male 117,112) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.6% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 34.06 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.58 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 60.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 69.03 years - male: 66.11 years - female: 72.1 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.55 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Tajik(s) - adjective: Tajik - - Ethnic divisions: Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining - because of emigration), other 6.6% - - Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5% - - Languages: Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and - business - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 98% - male: 99% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 1.95 million (1992) - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, government and services - 24%, industry 14%, trade and communications 11%, construction 8% - (1990) - -@Tajikistan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan - conventional short form: Tajikistan - local long form: Jumhurii Tojikistan - local short form: none - former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: TI - - Type: republic - - Capital: Dushanbe - - Administrative divisions: 2 oblasts (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) - and one autonomous oblast* (viloyati avtonomii); Viloyati Avtonomii - Badakhshoni Kuni* (Khorugh - formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon - (Qurghonteppa - formerly Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobad (Khujand - - formerly Leninabad) - note: the administrative center names are in parentheses - - Independence: 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: National Day, 9 September (1991) - - Constitution: new constitution adopted 6 November 1994 - - Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of - legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Emomili RAKHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; - was Head of State and Assembly Chairman since NA November 1992); - election last held 6 November 1994 (next to be held NA 1998); results - - Emomili RAKHMONOV 58%, Abdumalik ABDULLAJANOV 40% - head of government: Prime Minister Jamshed KARIMOV (since 2 December - 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme Soviet: elections last held 26 February 1994 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; estimated seats - (181 - total) Communist Party and affiliates 100, Popular Party 10, Party of - Political and Economic Progress 1, Party of Popular Unity 6, other 64 - - Judicial branch: Prosecutor General - - Political parties and leaders: Communist Party (People's Party of - Tajikistan - PPT), Abdumalik ABDULAJANOV; Party of Economic Freedom - (PEF), Abdumalik ABDULAJANOV; Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Shodi - SHABDOLOV; Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Abdu-Nabi SATARZADE, - chairman; note - suspended for six months; Islamic Renaissance Party - (IRP), Sayed Abdullo NURI, chairman; Rebirth (Rastokhez), Takhir - ABDUZHABOROV; Lali Badakhshan Society, Atobek AMIRBEK; People's - Democratic Party (PDP), Abdujalil HAMIDOV, chairman; Tajikistan Party - of Economic and Political Renewal (TPEPR), Mukhtor BOBOYEV - note: all the above-listed parties except the Communist Party, the - Party of National Unity, and the People's Party were banned in June - 1993 - - Other political or pressure groups: Tajikistan Opposition Movement - based in northern Afghanistan - - Member of: CIS, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, - IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, - OIC, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: NA - chancery: NA - telephone: NA - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO - embassy: Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii Street, Oktyabrskaya Hotel, - Dushanbe - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (3772) 21-03-56 - - Flag: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, - and green; a crown surmounted by seven five-pointed stars is located - in the center of the white stripe - -@Tajikistan:Economy - - Overview: Tajikistan had the next-to-lowest per capita GDP in the - former USSR, the highest rate of population growth, and an extremely - low standard of living. Agriculture dominates the economy, cotton - being the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited - in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry is - limited to a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small - obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The - Tajik economy has been gravely weakened by three years of civil war - and by the loss of subsidies and markets for its products, which has - left Tajikistan dependent on Russia and Uzbekistan and on - international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic - subsistence needs. Moreover, constant political turmoil and the - continued dominance by former Communist officials have impeded the - introduction of meaningful economic reforms. In the meantime, - Tajikistan's efforts to adopt the Russian ruble as its domestic - currency despite Russia's unwillingness to supply sufficient rubles - left the country in a severe monetary crisis throughout 1994, keeping - inflation low but leaving workers and pensioners unpaid for months at - a time. The government has announced plans to introduce its own - currency in 1995 to help resolve the problem. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $8.5 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -12% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,415 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 1.5% includes only officially registered - unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers and - unregistered unemployed people (September 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $320 million to outside the FSU countries (1994) - commodities: cotton, aluminum, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles - partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan - - Imports: $318 million from outside the FSU countries (1994) - commodities: fuel, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, - textiles, foodstuffs - partners: Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate -31% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 3,800,000 kW - production: 17 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,800 kWh (1994) - - Industries: aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, - vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers - - Agriculture: cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep - and goats - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs - from Southwest Asia to Western Europe and North America - - Economic aid: - recipient: Russia and Uzbekistan reportedly provided substantial - general assistance throughout 1993 and 1994; Western aid and credits - promised through the end of 1993 were $700 million but disbursements - were only $104 million; large scale development loans await IMF - approval of a reform and stabilization plan - - Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks; Tajikistan uses the Russian ruble - as its currency by agreement with Russia; government has plans to - introduce its own currency, the Tajik ruble, in 1995 - - Exchange rates: NA - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Tajikistan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 480 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines (1990) - - Highways: - total: 29,900 km - paved: 21,400 km - unpaved: earth 8,500 km (1990) - - Pipelines: natural gas 400 km (1992) - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 59 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 36 - -@Tajikistan:Communications - - Telephone system: 303,000 telephones (December 1991); about 55 - telephones/1,000 persons (1991); poorly developed and not well - maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network - local: NA - intercity: cable and microwave radio relay - international: linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, - and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; - Dushanbe linked by INTELSAT to international gateway switch in Ankara; - 1 Orbita and 2 INTELSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - note: 1 INTELSAT earth station provides TV receive-only service from - Turkey - -@Tajikistan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces - (internal and border troops) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,410,229; males fit for - military service 1,153,638; males reach military age (18) annually - 57,942 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TANZANIA - -@Tanzania:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya - and Mozambique - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 945,090 sq km - land area: 886,040 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California - note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar - - Land boundaries: total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi - 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km - - Coastline: 1,424 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; - Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be - indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the - Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled - - Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands - - Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, - south - - Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, - coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel - - Land use: - arable land: 5% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 40% - forest and woodland: 47% - other: 7% - - Irrigated land: 1,530 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; - destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts - affected marginal agriculture - natural hazards: the tsetse fly and lack of water limit agriculture; - flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous - Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Desertification - - Note: Mount Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa - -@Tanzania:People - - Population: 28,701,077 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 47% (female 6,724,575; male 6,676,652) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 7,462,615; male 7,027,551) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 425,211; male 384,473) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.55% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 45.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 19.81 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: in February 1995, a fresh influx of refugees from civil strife - in Burundi brought the total number of Burundian refugees in Tanzania - to about 60,000; in addition, since April 1994 more than a half - million refugees from Rwanda have taken refuge in Tanzania to escape - civil strife in Rwanda - - Infant mortality rate: 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 42.53 years - male: 40.88 years - female: 44.22 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.15 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Tanzanian(s) - adjective: Tanzanian - - Ethnic divisions: - mainland: native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes), - Asian, European, and Arab 1% - Zanzibar: NA - - Religions: - mainland: Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20% - Zanzibar: Muslim 99% plus - - Languages: Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for - communication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), - English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, and - higher education) - note: first language of most people is one of the local languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ability to read and write a letter or - message in Kisahili (1988) - total population: 59% - male: 71% - female: 48% - - Labor force: 732,200 wage earners - by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.) - -@Tanzania:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania - conventional short form: Tanzania - former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar - - Digraph: TZ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Dar es Salaam - note: some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which - is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s - - Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, - Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, - Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, - Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, - Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi - - Independence: 26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December - 1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar - became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with - Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and - Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964 - - National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964) - - Constitution: 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984 - - Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of - legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); - First Vice President Cleopa MSUYA (since 5 December 1994); Second Vice - President and President of Zanzibar Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November - 1990) election last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held 29 October - 1995); results - Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition - head of government: Prime Minister Cleopa David MSUYA (since 7 - December 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from the National - Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Bunge): elections last held 28 October 1990 (next - to be held 29 October 1995); results - CCM was the only party; seats - - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court - - Political parties and leaders: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or - Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic United Front (CUF), - James MAPALALA; National Convention for Construction and Reform - (NCCR), Lyatonga (Augustine) MREMA; Union for Multiparty Democracy - (UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo - (CHADEMA), Edwin I. M. MTEI, chairman; Democratic Party - (unregistered), Reverend MTIKLA - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G- 6, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU - chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125 - FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Brady ANDERSON - embassy: 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam - mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam - telephone: [255] (51) 66010 through 66015 - FAX: [255] (51) 66701 - - Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower - hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the - lower triangle is blue - -@Tanzania:Economy - - Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The - economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about - 58% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work - force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated - crops to only 5% of the land area. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and - is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light - consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 - has generated notable increases in agricultural production and - financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, - the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided - funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. - Growth in 1991-94 has featured a pickup in industrial production and a - substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Recent - banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and - investment. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $21 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $750 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $495 million - expenditures: $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 - million (1990 est.) - - Exports: $462 million (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal - partners: Germany, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US - - Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transportation - equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs - partners: Germany, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark - - External debt: $6.7 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 8% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 440,000 kW - production: 880 million kWh - consumption per capita: 30 kWh (1993) - - Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, - cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refining, - shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer - - Agriculture: accounts for about 58% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, - sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), - cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, - cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, - and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production - - Illicit drugs: growing role in transshipment of Southwest Asian heroin - destined for European and US markets - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million - - Currency: 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 523.40 (December - 1994), 509.63 (1994), 405.27 (1993), 297.71 (1992), 219.16 (1991), - 195.06 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Tanzania:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,600 km; note - not a part of Tanzania Railways Corporation is - the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 - km of 1.067-m narrow gauge track between Dar es Salaam and New Kapiri - M'poshi in Zambia; 969 km are in Tanzania and 891 km are in Zambia; - because of the difference in gauge, this system does not connect to - Tanzania Railways - narrow gauge: 2,600 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 81,900 km - paved: 3,600 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 5,600 km; improved, unimproved earth - 72,700 km - - Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa - - Pipelines: crude oil 982 km - - Ports: Bukoba, Dar es Salaam, Kigoma, Lindi, Mkoani, Mtwara, Musoma, - Mwanza, Tanga, Wete, Zanzibar - - Merchant marine: - total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,145 GRT/39,186 DWT - ships by type: cargo 3, oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 2, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 108 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 30 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 16 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 51 - -@Tanzania:Communications - - Telephone system: 103,800 telephones; fair system operating below - capacity - local: NA - intercity: open wire, microwave radio relay, troposcatter - international: 2 satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Tanzania:Defense Forces - - Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; includes Army, Navy, - and Air Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,188,455; males fit for - military service 3,584,912 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $69 million, NA% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -THAILAND - -@Thailand:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of - Thailand, southeast of Burma - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 514,000 sq km - land area: 511,770 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming - - Land boundaries: total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos - 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km - - Coastline: 3,219 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved - maritime boundary with Vietnam; parts of border with Thailand in - dispute; maritime boundary with Thailand not clearly defined - - Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to - September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); - southern isthmus always hot and humid - - Terrain: central plain; Khorat plateau in the east; mountains - elsewhere - - Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, - timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite - - Land use: - arable land: 34% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 30% - other: 31% - - Irrigated land: 42,300 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution - from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife - populations threatened by illegal hunting - natural hazards: land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the - depletion of the water table; droughts - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer - Protection, Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - - Biodiversity, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea - - Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore - -@Thailand:People - - Population: 60,271,300 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 29% (female 8,545,362; male 8,866,271) - 15-64 years: 66% (female 19,733,773; male 20,185,392) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 1,636,426; male 1,304,076) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.24% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.87 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.42 years - male: 64.94 years - female: 72.08 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Thai (singular and plural) - adjective: Thai - - Ethnic divisions: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% - - Religions: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism - 0.1%, other 0.6% (1991) - - Languages: Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic - and regional dialects - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 93% - male: 96% - female: 91% - - Labor force: 30.87 million - by occupation: agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services - (including government) 14% (1989 est.) - -@Thailand:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand - conventional short form: Thailand - - Digraph: TH - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Bangkok - - Administrative divisions: 76 provinces (changwat, singular and - plural); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, - Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, - Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep - Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha - Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon - Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong - Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, - Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, - Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri - Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut - Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, - Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, - Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, - Yala, Yasothon - - Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized) - - National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) - - Constitution: new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 - June 1992 - - Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common - law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in - effect since 23 February 1991 military coup - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir - Apparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) - head of government: Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September - 1992) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - Privy Council: NA - - Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) - Senate (Vuthisatha): consists of a 270-member appointed body - House of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn): elections last - held 13 September 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, - Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's - Party 3, People's Party 1, People's Force Party 0 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarndika) - - Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), CHUAN Likphai; - Thai Nation Party (TNP or Chat Thai Party), Banhan SINLAPA-ACHA; - National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; - New Aspiration Party (NAP), Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham - (Palang Dharma), CHAMLONG Simuang; Social Action Party (SAP), Montri - PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit - URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party - (Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon - Thai), Samak SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; - People's Force Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON - - Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador MANATPHAT Chuto - chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600 - FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON - embassy: 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok - mailing address: APO AP 96546 - telephone: [66] (2) 252-5040 - FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990 - consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai - consulate(s): Udorn (Udon Thani) - - Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), - white, and red - -@Thailand:Economy - - Overview: Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political - unrest in May 1992 to post an impressive 7.5% growth rate for the - year, 7.8% in 1993, and 8% in 1994. One of the more advanced - developing countries in Asia, Thailand depends on exports of - manufactures and the development of the service sector to fuel the - country's rapid growth. Much of Thailand's recent imports have been - for capital equipment, suggesting that the export sector is poised for - further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is working to - increase the generation of domestic capital. Prime Minister CHUAN's - government - Thailand's fifth government in less than three years - is - pledged to continue Bangkok's probusiness policies, and the return of - a democratically elected government has improved business confidence. - Even so, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his ruling coalition to - complete much needed infrastructure development programs if Thailand - is to remain an attractive place for business investment. Over the - longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with - technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue its rapid - economic development. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $355.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,970 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 3.2% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $28.4 billion - expenditures: $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.6 - billion (FY94/95 est.) - - Exports: $46 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and manufactures 83%, agricultural products and - fisheries 16%, others 1% (1994 est.) - partners: US 22%, Japan 17%, Singapore 12%, Hong Kong 5%, Germany 4% - (1993) - - Imports: $52.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: capital goods 44%, intermediate goods and raw materials - 37%, consumer goods 16%, other 3% (1994 est.) - partners: Japan 30%, US 12%, Singapore 6%, Germany 5%, Taiwan 5% - (1993) - - External debt: $64.3 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 11.5% (1993 est.); accounts for - about 26% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 12,810,000 kW - production: 56.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 909 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; - textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, - cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and - components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's - second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer - - Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP and 62% of labor force; leading - producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - - rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, - self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium and marijuana; major illicit - transit point for heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, for the - international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area - of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring - countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication - efforts; also a major drug money laundering center; rapidly growing - role in amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing - indigenous abuse of heroin and cocaine - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million - - Currency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satang - - Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1 - 25.074 (January 1995), 25.150 - (1994), 25.319 (1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Thailand:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,940 km - narrow gauge: 3,940 km 1.000-m gauge (99 km double track) - - Highways: - total: 77,697 km - paved: 35,855 km (including 88 km of expressways) - unpaved: gravel, other stabilization 14,092 km; earth 27,750 km (1988) - - Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with - navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor - waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft - - Pipelines: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km - - Ports: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha, - Songkhla - - Merchant marine: - total: 229 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,231,172 GRT/1,931,117 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 22, cargo 122, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk - 1, container 15, liquefied gas tanker 9, oil tanker 45, passenger 1, - refrigerated cargo 7, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1, - specialized tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 105 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 23 - with paved runways under 914 m: 42 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - -@Thailand:Communications - - Telephone system: 739,500 telephones (1987); service to general public - inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by - multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic - satellite system being developed - international: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth - stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 200 (in government-controlled network), FM 100 - (in government-controlled network), shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 11 (in government-controlled network) - televisions: NA - -@Thailand:Defense Forces - - Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine - Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 17,297,854; males fit for - military service 10,489,564; males reach military age (18) annually - 585,009 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4.0 billion, 2.5% of - GNP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TOGO - -@Togo:Geography - - Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Benin and Ghana - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 56,790 sq km - land area: 54,390 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia - - Land boundaries: total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana - 877 km - - Coastline: 56 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 30 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north - - Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern - plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes - - Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble - - Land use: - arable land: 25% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 28% - other: 42% - - Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn - agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting - agriculture - natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in - north during winter; periodic droughts - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the - Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate - Change, Desertification, Tropical Timber 94 - -@Togo:People - - Population: 4,410,370 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 49% (female 1,069,171; male 1,079,999) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 1,121,685; male 1,043,000) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 51,392; male 45,123) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 46.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 11.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 86.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 57.42 years - male: 55.29 years - female: 59.6 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.83 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Togolese (singular and plural) - adjective: Togolese - - Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, - and Kabye, European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1% - - Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% - - Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and - Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Dagomba and Kabye - (the two major African languages in the north) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 43% - male: 56% - female: 31% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 80% - note: about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and - private sectors - -@Togo:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Togo - conventional short form: Togo - local long form: Republique Togolaise - local short form: none - former: French Togo - - Digraph: TO - - Type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule - - Capital: Lome - - Administrative divisions: 23 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, - singular - circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame - (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango - (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara - (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse - (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, - Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo) - note: the 23 units may now be called prefectures (singular - - prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are - included in parentheses - - Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960) - - Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council - of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September - 1992 - - Legal system: French-based court system - - Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April - 1967); election last held 25 August 1993 (next election to be held NA - 1998); all major opposition parties boycotted the election; Gen. - EYADEMA won 96.5% of the vote - head of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since April 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and the - prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to - be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) - CAR 36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1 - note: the Supreme Court ordered new elections for 3 seats of the - Action Committee for Renewal (CAR) and the Togolese Union for - Democracy (UTD), lowering their total to 34 and 6 seats, respectively; - the remaining 3 seats have not been filled - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour - Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), - President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles - (CFN), Joseph KOFFIGOH; The Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), Edem - KODJO; The Action Committee for Renewal (CAR), Yao AGBOYIBOR; The - Union for Democracy and Solidarity (UDS), Antoine FOLLY; The - Pan-African Sociodemocrats Group (GSP), an alliance of three radical - parties: The Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA), Leopold - GNININVI; The Party for Democracy and Renewal (PDR), Zarifou AYEVA; - The Pan-African Social Party (PSP), Francis AGBAGLI; The Union of - Forces for Change (UFC), Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile); Union of - Justice and Democracy (UJD), Lal TAXPANDJAN - note: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was - the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized - 12 April 1991 - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, - Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, - OAU, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Edem Frederic HEGBE - chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212 - FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG (since September 1994) - embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome - mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome - telephone: [228] 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94 - FAX: [228] 21 79 52 - - Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) - alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red - square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African - colors of Ethiopia - -@Togo:Economy - - Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, - which accounts for about half of GDP and provides employment for 80% - of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, - and cotton, which together generate about 30% of total export - earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests - are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the - most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of - world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves - as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's - decade-long IMF and World Bank supported effort to implement economic - reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in - line with expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including - private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has - jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted - vital economic activity. Although strikes had ended in 1994, political - unrest and lack of funds prevented the government from taking - advantage of the 50% currency devaluation of January 1994. Resumption - of World Bank and IMF flows will depend on implementation of several - controversial moves toward privatization and on downsizing the - military, on which the regime depends to stay in power. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.3 billion (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $800 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.5% (1991 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $284 million - expenditures: $407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1991 est.) - - Exports: $221 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee - partners: EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990) - - Imports: $292 million (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical - products - partners: EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990) - - External debt: $1.3 billion (1991) - - Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 30,000 kW - production: 60 million kWh - consumption per capita: 83 kWh (1993) - - Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, - handicrafts, textiles, beverages - - Agriculture: accounts for 49% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, - cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, - sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch of - 10,000-14,000 tons - - Illicit drugs: increasingly used as transit hub by heroin traffickers - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million - - Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), - 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) - note: the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning - 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French - franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Togo:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 532 km - narrow gauge: 532 km 1.000-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 6,462 km - paved: 1,762 km - unpaved: unimproved earth 4,700 km - - Inland waterways: 50 km Mono River - - Ports: Kpeme, Lome - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - -@Togo:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; fair system based on network of radio - relay routes supplemented by open wire lines - local: NA - intercity: microwave radio relay and open wire lines - international: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 3 (relays 2) - televisions: NA - -@Togo:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 936,270; males fit for military - service 491,578 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $48 million, 2.9% of - GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TOKELAU - - (territory of New Zealand) - -@Tokelau:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about - one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 10 sq km - land area: 10 sq km - comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 101 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) - - Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: very limited natural resources and overcrowding are - contributing to emigration to New Zealand - natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt - international agreements: NA - -@Tokelau:People - - Population: 1,503 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: -1.3% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population - - Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population - - Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: NA years - male: NA years - female: NA years - - Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman - - Nationality: - noun: Tokelauan(s) - adjective: Tokelauan - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian - - Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, - other 2% - note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on - Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the - Congregational Christian Church predominant - - Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English - - Labor force: NA - -@Tokelau:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Tokelau - - Digraph: TL - - Type: territory of New Zealand - - Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand) - - Independence: none (territory of New Zealand) - - National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi - established British sovereignty over New Zealand) - - Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as - amended in 1970 - - Legal system: British and local statutes - - Suffrage: NA - - Executive branch: - Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990; - appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand); Official - Secretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; - Tokelau's governing Council will elect its first head of government - - Legislative branch: unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each - atoll - - Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand - - Political parties and leaders: NA - - Member of: SPC, WHO (associate) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of New Zealand) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand) - - Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used - -@Tokelau:Economy - - Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources - greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the - subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to - maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than - GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, - postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also - remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $430,830 - expenditures: $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37,300 - (1987 est.) - - Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) - commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts - partners: NZ - - Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) - commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel - partners: NZ - - External debt: $0 - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 200 kW - production: 300,000 kWh - consumption per capita: 180 kWh (1990) - - Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, - plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing - - Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, - papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $24 million - - Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5601 (January - 1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@Tokelau:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western - Samoa - -@Tokelau:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: radiotelephone service between islands - international: radiotelephone service to Western Samoa - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Tokelau:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TONGA - -@Tonga:Geography - - Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about - two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 748 sq km - land area: 718 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of - Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 419 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to - May), cool season (May to December) - - Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral - formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base - - Natural resources: fish, fertile soil - - Land use: - arable land: 25% - permanent crops: 55% - meadows and pastures: 6% - forest and woodland: 12% - other: 2% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation results as more and more land is being - cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs - from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; - overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations - natural hazards: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic - activity on Fonuafo'ou - international agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear - Test Ban - - Note: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited) - -@Tonga:People - - Population: 105,600 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 0.78% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.37 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -9.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 20.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.16 years - male: 65.8 years - female: 70.62 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.56 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Tongan(s) - adjective: Tongan - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300 - - Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 - adherents) - - Languages: Tongan, English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write simple message in Tongan - or English (1976) - total population: 100% - male: 100% - female: 100% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining) - -@Tonga:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga - conventional short form: Tonga - former: Friendly Islands - - Digraph: TN - - Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy - - Capital: Nuku'alofa - - Administrative divisions: three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, - Vava'u - - Independence: 4 June 1970 (emancipation from UK protectorate) - - National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) - - Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 - - Legal system: based on English law - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) - head of government: Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); - Deputy Prime Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the king - Privy Council: consists of the king and the cabinet - - Legislative branch: unicameral; consists of twelve cabinet ministers - sitting ex-officio, nine nobles selected by the country's thirty-three - nobles, and nine people's representatives elected by the populace - Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea): elections last held 3-4 February - 1993 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - percent of vote NA; - seats - (30 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Tonga People's Party, Viliami FUKOFUKA - - Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, - IOC, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in - London - consulate(s) general: San Francisco - - US diplomatic representation: the US has no offices in Tonga; the - ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga - - Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper - hoist-side corner - -@Tonga:Economy - - Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% - of the labor force and contributes 40% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, - bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural - exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a - high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The - manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the - primary source of hard currency earnings, but the country also remains - dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to offset its trade - deficit. The economy continued to grow in 1993-94 largely because of a - rise in squash exports, increased aid flows, and several large - construction projects. The government is now turning its attention to - further development of the private sector and the reduction of the - budget deficit. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $214 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,050 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $36.4 million - expenditures: $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $33.2 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $11.3 million (f.o.b., FY92/93) - commodities: squash, vanilla, fish, root crops, coconut oil - partners: Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY90/91) - - Imports: $56 million (c.i.f., FY92/93) - commodities: food products, machinery and transport equipment, - manufactures, fuels, chemicals - partners: NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY90/91) - - External debt: $47.5 million (FY90/91) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% (FY91/92); accounts for 11% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 6,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 231 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, fishing - - Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and - banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $258 million - - Currency: 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti - - Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2653 (January 1995), 1.3202 - (1994), 1.3841 (1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2800 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Tonga:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 366 km - paved: 272 km (198 km on Tongatapu; 74 km on Vava'u) - unpaved: 94 km (usable only in dry weather) - - Ports: Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,440 GRT/8,984 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Tonga:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,529 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 66,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Tonga:Defense Forces - - Branches: Tonga Defense Services, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan - Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Police - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO - -@Trinidad And Tobago:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 5,130 sq km - land area: 5,130 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 362 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental - margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December) - - Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt - - Land use: - arable land: 14% - permanent crops: 17% - meadows and pastures: 2% - forest and woodland: 44% - other: 23% - - Irrigated land: 220 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from agricultural chemicals, - industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; - deforestation; soil erosion - natural hazards: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical - storms - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, - Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity - -@Trinidad And Tobago:People - - Population: 1,271,159 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 31% (female 191,627; male 198,225) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 399,726; male 407,495) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 40,577; male 33,509) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.12% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 16.62 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.88 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -8.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.14 years - male: 67.75 years - female: 72.6 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.01 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) - adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian - - Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian (a local term - primarily - immigrants from northern India) 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, - other 1% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other - Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% - - Languages: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 97% - male: 98% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 463,900 - by occupation: construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, - mining, and quarrying 14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 - est.) - -@Trinidad And Tobago:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago - conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago - - Digraph: TD - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Port-of-Spain - - Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; - Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint - David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria - - Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962) - - Constitution: 1 August 1976 - - Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March - 1987) - head of government: Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING - (since 17 December 1991) - cabinet: Cabinet; responsible to parliament - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - Senate: consists of a 31-member body appointed by the president - House of Representatives: elections last held 16 December 1991 (next - to be held by December 1996); results - PNM 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; - seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM), - Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; - National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Selby WILSON; Movement for - Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; National Joint Action - Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA; Republican Party, Nello MITCHELL; - National Development Party (NDP), Carson CHARLES; Movement for Unity - and Progress (MUP), Hulsie BHAGGAN - - Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Corinne Averille McKNIGHT - chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490 - FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Brian DONNELLY (since September 1994) - embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain - mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain - telephone: [1] (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176 - FAX: [1] (809) 628-5462 - - Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist - side - -@Trinidad And Tobago:Economy - - Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy still enjoys a - high per capita income by Latin American standards, even though output - and living standards are substantially below the boom years of - 1973-82. The country suffers from widespread unemployment, large - foreign-debt payments, and periods of low international oil prices. - The government has begun to make progress in its efforts to diversify - exports and to liberalize its trade regime, making 1994 the first year - of substantial growth since the early 1980s. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $15 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $11,280 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.1% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 18.1% (1994 ) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.6 billion - expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $158 - million (1993 est.) - - Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel - products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers - partners: US 44%, CARICOM 15%, Latin America 9%, EC 5% (1993) - - Imports: $996 million (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, - food, live animals - partners: US 43%, Venezuela 10%, UK 8%, other EC 8% (1993) - - External debt: $2 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1994 est.); accounts for 39% of - GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,150,000 kW - production: 3.9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,740 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, - beverage, cotton textiles - - Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; major crops - cocoa, sugarcane; - sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, - vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; - must import large share of food needs - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined - for the US and Europe and producer of cannabis - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $518 million - - Currency: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 5.8758 - (January 1995), 5.9160 (1994), 5.3511 (1993), 4.2500 (fixed rate - 1989-1992); note - effective 13 April 1993, the exchange rate of the - TT dollar is market-determined as opposed to the prior fixed - relationship to the US dollar - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Trinidad And Tobago:Transportation - - Railroads: - note: minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando - - Highways: - total: 8,000 km - paved: 4,000 km - unpaved: improved earth 1,000 km; unimproved earth 3,000 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas - 904 km - - Ports: Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain, - Scarborough, Tembladora - - Merchant marine: - total: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 - DWT - - Airports: - total: 6 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Trinidad And Tobago:Communications - - Telephone system: 109,000 telephones; excellent international service - via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local - service - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station; linked to - Barbados and Guyana by tropospheric scatter system - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 5 - televisions: NA - -@Trinidad And Tobago:Defense Forces - - Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (includes Ground Forces, - Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 347,841; males fit for military - service 249,904 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $83 million, 1.5% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TROMELIN ISLAND - - (possession of France) - -@Tromelin Island:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of - Madagascar - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 1 sq km - land area: 1 sq km - comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 3.7 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 12 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and - Seychelles - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: sandy - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% (scattered bushes) - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones; - wildlife sanctuary - -@Tromelin Island:People - - Population: uninhabited - -@Tromelin Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Tromelin Island - local long form: none - local short form: Ile Tromelin - - Digraph: TE - - Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, - resident in Reunion - - Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion - - Independence: none (possession of France) - -@Tromelin Island:Economy - - Overview: no economic activity - -@Tromelin Island:Transportation - - Ports: none; offshore anchorage only - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@Tromelin Island:Communications - - Note: important meteorological station - -@Tromelin Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TUNISIA - -@Tunisia:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between - Algeria and Libya - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 163,610 sq km - land area: 155,360 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia - - Land boundaries: total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km - - Coastline: 1,148 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land - boundary dispute with Algeria settled in 1993; Malta and Tunisia are - discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf - between their countries, particularly for oil exploration - - Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry - summers; desert in south - - Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south - merges into the Sahara - - Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 10% - meadows and pastures: 19% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 47% - - Irrigated land: 2,750 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and - presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited - natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil - erosion; desertification - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine - Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, - Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life - Conservation - - Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean - -@Tunisia:People - - Population: 8,879,845 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 1,507,866; male 1,563,411) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 2,665,586; male 2,672,712) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 226,201; male 244,069) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.69% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 22.52 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.86 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.25 years - male: 71.16 years - female: 75.44 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.73 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Tunisian(s) - adjective: Tunisian - - Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% - - Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1% - - Languages: Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), - French (commerce) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 57% - male: 69% - female: 45% - - Labor force: 2.25 million - by occupation: agriculture 32% - note: shortage of skilled labor - -@Tunisia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia - conventional short form: Tunisia - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah - local short form: Tunis - - Digraph: TS - - Type: republic - - Capital: Tunis - - Administrative divisions: 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, - Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, - Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, - Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan - - Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France) - - National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956) - - Constitution: 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988 - - Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some - judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint - session - - Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November - 1987); election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); - results - President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without - opposition - head of government: Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September - 1989) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab): elections last held 20 March - 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - RCD 97.7%, MDS 1.0%, others - 1.3%; seats - (163 total) RCD 144, MDS 10, others 9; note - the - government changed the electoral code to guarantee that the opposition - won seats - - Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) - - Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party - (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of - Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political - parties are legal, including the Communist Party - - Other political or pressure groups: the Islamic fundamentalist party, - An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed - - Member of: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, - IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew from active membership in 1986), OAS - (observer), OAU, OIC, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNITAR, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Azzouz ENNAIFER - chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY - embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [216] (1) 782-566 - FAX: [216] (1) 789-719 - - Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent - nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are - traditional symbols of Islam - -@Tunisia:Economy - - Overview: Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, - mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Detailed - governmental control of economic affairs has gradually lessened over - the past decade, including increasing privatization of trade and - commerce, simplification of the tax structure, and a cautious approach - to debt. Real growth has averaged roughly 5% in 1991-94, and inflation - has been moderate. Growth in tourism and IMF support have been key - elements in this solid record. Further privatization and further - improvements in government administrative efficiency are among the - challenges for the future. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $37.1 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,250 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 16.2% (1993 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $4.3 billion - expenditures: $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $NA - (1993 est.) - - Exports: $4.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and - chemicals - partners: EC countries 75%, Middle East 10%, Algeria 2%, India 2%, US - 1% - - Imports: $6.5 billion (c.i.f., 1993) - commodities: industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, - food 12%, consumer goods - partners: EC countries 70%, US 5%, Middle East 2%, Japan 2%, - Switzerland 1%, Algeria 1% - - External debt: $7.7 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for 22% of GDP, - including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,410,000 kW - production: 5.4 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 595 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), - tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages - - Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; - output subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; - export crops - olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products - - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not - self-sufficient in food - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89) $52 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $410 million - - Currency: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes - - Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9849 (January 1995), - 1.0116 (1994), 1.0037 (1993), 0.8844 (1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Tunisia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,260 km - standard gauge: 492 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 1,758 km 1.000-m gauge - dual gauge: 10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges - - Highways: - total: 29,183 km - paved: bituminous 17,510 km - unpaved: improved, unimproved earth 11,673 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 - km - - Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis - - Merchant marine: - total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 129,035 GRT/168,032 DWT - ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 5, chemical tanker 4, oil tanker 1, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 31 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Tunisia:Communications - - Telephone system: 233,000 telephones; 28 telephones/1,000 persons; the - system is above the African average; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, - Bizerte, and Tunis - local: NA - intercity: facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and - microwave radio relay - international: 5 submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 - ARABSAT earth station with back-up control station; coaxial cable and - microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 8, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 19 - televisions: NA - -@Tunisia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,294,912; males fit for - military service 1,317,642; males reach military age (20) annually - 93,601 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $549 million, 3% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TURKEY - -@Turkey:Geography - - Location: Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is - sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between - Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the - Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 780,580 sq km - land area: 770,760 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, - Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 - km, Syria 822 km - - Coastline: 7,200 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary - agreed upon with the former USSR - territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in the Black Sea and in - the Mediterranean Sea - - International disputes: complex maritime, air and territorial disputes - with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; - ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water - development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - - Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher - in interior - - Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau - (Anatolia) - - Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, - sulphur, iron ore - - Land use: - arable land: 30% - permanent crops: 4% - meadows and pastures: 12% - forest and woodland: 26% - other: 28% - - Irrigated land: 22,200 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: water pollution from dumping of chemicals and - detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation - natural hazards: very severe earthquakes, especially in northern - Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous Wastes, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Desertification, - Environmental Modification - - Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, - Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas - -@Turkey:People - - Population: 63,405,526 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 10,815,288; male 11,203,723) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 18,723,772; male 19,391,037) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 1,764,363; male 1,507,343) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.97% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.33 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.64 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 45.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.48 years - male: 69.11 years - female: 73.96 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.12 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Turk(s) - adjective: Turkish - - Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% - - Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and - Jews) - - Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 79% - male: 90% - female: 68% - - Labor force: 20.4 million - by occupation: agriculture 44%, services 41%, industry 15% - note: between 1.5 million and 1.8 million Turks work abroad (1994) - -@Turkey:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Turkey - conventional short form: Turkey - local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti - local short form: Turkiye - - Digraph: TU - - Type: republican parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Ankara - - Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, - Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, - Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, - Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, - Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, - Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, - Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, - Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, - Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, - Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, - Yozgat, Zonguldak - - Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 - October (1923) - - Constitution: 7 November 1982 - - Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) - head of government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993); - Deputy Prime Minister Hikmet CETIN (since 27 March 1995) - National Security Council: advisory body to the President and the - Cabinet - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on - nomination of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Grand National Assembly of Turkey: (Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi) - elections last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); - results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, - SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, - SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5 - note: seats held by various parties are subject to change due to - defections, creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting - deputies; present seats by party are as follows: DYP 183, ANAP 97, RP - 38, CHP 65, MHP 17, BBP 7, DSP 10, YP 3, MP 2, independents 6, vacant - 22 - - Judicial branch: Court of Cassation - - Political parties and leaders: True Path Party (DYP), Tansu CILLER; - Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Welfare Party (RP), Necmettin - ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist - Action Party (MHP - members also regroup under the name of National - Labor Party or MCP), Alparslan TURKES; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), - Sadun AREN; New Party (YP), Yusuf Bozkurt OZAL; Republican People's - Party (CHP), Hikmet CETIN; note - Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP) - has merged with CHP; Workers Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; Nation Party - (MP), Aykut EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP), Aydin MENDERES; Grand Unity - Party (BBP), Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth Party (YDP), Hasan Celal - GUZEL; People's Democracy Party (HADEP), Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party - (ANAYOL), Gurcan BASER; Democratic Target Party (DHP), Abdulkadir - Yasar TURK; Liberal Party (LP), Besim TIBUK; New Democracy Movement - (YDH), Cem BOYNER; Democracy and Change Party (DDP), Ibrahim AKSOY - - Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor - (TURK-IS), Bayram MERAL; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions - (DISK), Ridvan BUDAK; Moral Rights Workers Union (HAK-IS), Negati - CECIK; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association (TUSIAD), - Halis KOMILI; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity - Exchanges (TOBB), Yalim EREZ; Turkish Confederation of Employers' - Unions (TISK), Refik BAYDUR - - Member of: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), EBRD, ECE, ECO, - FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, - IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, OSCE, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR - chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: [1] (202) 659-8200 - consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Marc GROSSMAN - embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara - mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, Ankara; APO AE 09823 - telephone: [90] (312) 468-6110 through 6128 - FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019 - consulate(s) general: Istanbul - consulate(s): Adana - - Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward - the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the - crescent opening - -@Turkey:Economy - - Overview: In early 1995, after an impressive economic performance - through most of the 1980s, Turkey continues to suffer through its most - damaging economic crisis in the last 15 years. Sparked by the - downgrading in January 1994 of Turkey's international credit rating by - two US credit rating agencies, the crisis stems from years of loose - fiscal and monetary policies that had exacerbated inflation and - allowed the public debt, money supply, and current account deficit to - explode. In April 1994, Prime Minister CILLER introduced an austerity - package aimed at restoring domestic and international confidence in - her fragile coalition government. Three months later the IMF endorsed - the program, paving the way for a $740 million IMF standby loan. - Although the economy showed signs of improvement following the - stabilization measures, CILLER has been unable to overcome the - political obstacles to tough structural reforms necessary for - sustained, longer-term growth. As a consequence, the economy is - suffering the worst of both worlds: at the end of 1994, inflation hit - a record 126% (annual rate), and real GDP dropped an estimated 5% for - the year as a whole, the worst decline in Turkey's post-war history. - At the same time, the government missed key 1994 targets stipulated in - the IMF agreement: the budget deficit is estimated to have overshot - the government's goal by 47%; the total public sector borrowing - requirement likely reached 10%-12% of GDP, rather than 8.5% called for - in the program; and the Turkish lira's value fell 5% to 7% more than - expected. The unprecedented effort by the Kurdistan Workers' Party - (PKK) to raise the economic costs of its insurgency against the - Turkish state is adding to Turkey's economic problems. Attacks against - tourists have jeopardized tourist revenues, which account for about 3% - of GDP, while economic activity in southeastern Turkey, where most of - the violence occurs, has dropped considerably. Turkish officials are - now negotiating a new letter of intent with the IMF that will - stipulate more realistic macroeconomic goals for 1995 and allow the - release of remaining funds of the standby agreement. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $305.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $4,910 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 106% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 12.6% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $28.3 billion - expenditures: $33.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.2 - billion (1995) - - Exports: $15.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: manufactured products 72%, foodstuffs 23%, mining - products 4% (1993) - partners: Germany 24%, Russia 7%, US 7%, UK 6% (1993) - - Imports: $27.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: manufactured products 71%, fuels 14%, foodstuffs 6% - (1993) - partners: Germany 15%, US 11%, Italy 9%, Russia 8% (1993) - - External debt: $66.6 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate 6.7% (1993); accounts for 26% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 18,710,000 kW - production: 71 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,079 kWh (1993) - - Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, - boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper - - Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP; products - tobacco, cotton, - grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal - products; self-sufficient in food most years - - Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and - hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; - major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking - organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert - imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as - well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas - of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion - note: aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), - $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion - - Currency: 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus - - Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 37,444.1 (December - 1994), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 - (1991), 2,608.6 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Turkey:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 10,413 km - standard gauge: 10,413 km 1.435-m gauge (1,033 km electrified) - - Highways: - total: 320,611 km - paved: 29,915 km (including 862 km of expressways) - unpaved: 290,696 km (1992) - - Inland waterways: about 1,200 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural - gas 708 km - - Ports: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin, - Samsun, Trabzon - - Merchant marine: - total: 423 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,014,004 GRT/8,695,636 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 113, cargo 203, chemical tanker 14, combination - bulk 7, combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4, - livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 46, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated - cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 9, short-sea passenger 7, specialized - tanker 2 - - Airports: - total: 116 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 16 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 - with paved runways under 914 m: 34 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11 - -@Turkey:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,400,000 telephones; fair domestic and - international systems - local: NA - intercity: trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire - network - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT earth - station; 1 submarine cable - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 357 - televisions: NA - -@Turkey:Defense Forces - - Branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), - Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 16,519,152; males fit for - military service 10,067,089; males reach military age (20) annually - 625,476 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, 4.1% of - GDP (1993); note - figures do not include about $7 billion for the - government's counterinsurgency efforts against the separatist - Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TURKMENISTAN - -@Turkmenistan:Geography - - Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and - Kazakhstan - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian - States - - Area: - total area: 488,100 sq km - land area: 488,100 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than California - - Land boundaries: total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, - Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km - - Coastline: 0 km - note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined - - Climate: subtropical desert - - Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains - in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian - Sea in west - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 69% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 29% - - Irrigated land: 12,450 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with - agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging of - soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion - of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation - contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; - desertification - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Ozone Layer Protection - - Note: landlocked - -@Turkmenistan:People - - Population: 4,075,316 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 798,620; male 821,550) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 1,155,392; male 1,128,844) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 105,424; male 65,486) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.97% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 29.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 68.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.35 years - male: 61.85 years - female: 69.02 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.72 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Turkmen(s) - adjective: Turkmen - - Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakh 2%, - other 5.9% - - Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% - - Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 98% - male: 99% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 1.642 million (January 1994) - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction - 20%, other 36% (1992) - -@Turkmenistan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Turkmenistan - local long form: none - local short form: Turkmenistan - former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: TX - - Type: republic - - Capital: Ashgabat - - Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal - Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty - (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty - note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name - differs from welayat name - - Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) - - Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 - - Legal system: based on civil law system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990); - election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 - referendum extended NIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 - (99.99% approval) - head of government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers - Orazgeldi AYDOGDIYEV (since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), Khekim - ISHANOV (since NA), Valeriy OTCHERTSOV (since NA), Yagmur OVEZOV - (since NA), Matkarim RAJAPOV (since NA), Abad RIZAYEVA (since NA), - Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA), Batyr - SARJAYEV (since NA) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: under 1992 constitution there are two - parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member - unicameral Assembly (Majlis) - Assembly (Majlis): elections last held 11 December 1994 (next to be - held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50 total) - Democratic Party 45, other 5; note - all 50 preapproved by President - NIYAZOV - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, - Saparmurad NIYAZOV; Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat - HOJA-MUKHAMMED, chairman; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, - Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman - note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small - opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries - - Member of: CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - NACC, OIC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Khalil UGUR - chancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 737-4800 - FAX: [1] (202) 737-1152 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III - embassy: 6 Teheran Street, Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (3632) 24-49-25, 24-49-22 - FAX: [7] (3632) 25-53-79 - - Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with - a claret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, and - orange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) - associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white - stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls - -@Turkmenistan:Economy - - Overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle - raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and - oil resources. Half its irrigated land is planted in cotton making it - the world's tenth largest producer. It also has the world's fifth - largest reserves of natural gas and significant oil resources. Until - the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption - than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost - from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard - currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to - hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the - former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in - industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to - a slight deficit. Furthermore, with an authoritarian ex-Communist - regime in power and a tribally-based social structure, Turkmenistan - has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas - and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. With the onset of - economic hard times, even cautious moves toward economic restructuring - and privatization have slowed down. For 1995, Turkmenistan will face - continuing constraints on its earnings because of its customers' - inability to pay for their gas and a low average cotton crop in 1994. - Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through - Iran and Turkey, but these may take many years to realize. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $13.1 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -24% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,280 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% per month (1994) - - Unemployment rate: NA - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $382 million to states outside the FSU (1994) - commodities: natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, electricity, - textiles, carpets - partners: Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Argentina - - Imports: $304 million from states outside the FSU (1994) - commodities: machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber, - consumer durables, textiles - partners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkey - - External debt: NEGL - - Industrial production: growth rate -25% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,480,000 kW - production: 10.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,600 kWh (1994) - - Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food - processing - - Agriculture: cotton, grain, animal husbandry - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western - Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: Turkmenistan has received about $200 million in bilateral - aid credits - - Currency: Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the manat, on - 1 November 1993 - - Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - multiple rate system: 10 (official) - and 230 (permitted in transactions between the government and - individuals) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Turkmenistan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,120 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 2,120 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 23,000 km - paved and graveled: 18,300 km - unpaved: earth 4,700 km (1990) - - Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km - - Ports: Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk) - - Airports: - total: 64 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 35 - -@Turkmenistan:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; only 7.5 telephones/100 persons - (1991); poorly developed - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics - and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow - international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to - Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches - international traffic through Turkey via INTELSAT; 1 Orbita and 1 - INTELSAT earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Turkmenistan:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and - border troops), Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Air, and - Air Defense) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 993,321; males fit for military - service 810,392; males reach military age (18) annually 40,430 (1995 - est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS - - (dependent territory of the UK) - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean, - southeast of The Bahamas - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 430 sq km - land area: 430 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 389 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and - relatively dry - - Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps - - Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch - - Land use: - arable land: 2% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 98% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, private - cisterns collect rainwater - natural hazards: frequent hurricanes - international agreements: NA - - Note: 30 islands (eight inhabited) - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:People - - Population: 13,941 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 2.41% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.16 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 15.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 12.63 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.37 years - male: 73.44 years - female: 77.04 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: none - adjective: none - - Ethnic divisions: African - - Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day - Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980) - - Languages: English (official) - - Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) - total population: 98% - male: 99% - female: 98% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; - some subsistence agriculture - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands - - Digraph: TK - - Type: dependent territory of the UK - - Capital: Grand Turk - - Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) - - Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, restored - and revised 5 March 1988 - - Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number - adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), - represented by Governor Martin BOURKE (since NA February 1993) - head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January - 1995) - cabinet: Executive Council; consists of three ex-officio members and - five appointed by the governor from the Legislative Council - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Council: elections last held 31 January 1995 (next to be - held by NA 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 - total, 13 elected) PDM 8, PNP 4, independent (Norman SAUNDERS) 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP), - Washington MISSICK; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Derek H. - TAYLOR; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK - - Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau) - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) - - Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant - and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the - shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore - banking. Only subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood - products, must be imported. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $80.8 million (1992 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -1.5% (1992) - - National product per capita: $6,000 (1992 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 12% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $20.3 million - expenditures: $44 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $6.8 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells - partners: US, UK - - Imports: $42.8 million (1993) - commodities: food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, - construction materials - partners: US, UK - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 9,050 kW - production: 11.1 million kWh - consumption per capita: 860 kWh (1992) - - Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services - - Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; - fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American narcotics - destined for the US - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $110 million - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 121 km (including 24 km tarmac) - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Cockburn Harbour, Grand Turk, Providenciales, Salt Cay - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 7 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,446 telephones; fair cable and radio services - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 2 submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth - station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Turks And Caicos Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -TUVALU - -@Tuvalu:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the - South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to - Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 26 sq km - land area: 26 sq km - comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 24 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to - November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) - - Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls - - Natural resources: fish - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - note: Tuvalu's nine coral atolls have enough soil to grow coconuts and - support subsistence agriculture - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater - is not potable, all water needs must be met by catchment systems with - storage facilities; beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for - building materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use - as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the crown of thorns - starfish - natural hazards: severe tropical storms are rare - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered - Species, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; - signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea - -@Tuvalu:People - - Population: 9,991 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 1,787; male 1,852) - 15-64 years: 59% (female 3,105; male 2,764) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 258; male 225) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.58% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24.82 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 27.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 63.15 years - male: 61.87 years - female: 64.34 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Tuvaluans(s) - adjective: Tuvaluan - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 96% - - Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day - Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6% - - Languages: Tuvaluan, English - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: NA - -@Tuvalu:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Tuvalu - former: Ellice Islands - - Digraph: TV - - Type: democracy; began debating republic status in 1992 - - Capital: Funafuti - - Administrative divisions: none - - Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978) - - Constitution: 1 October 1978 - - Legal system: NA - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), - represented by Governor General Tulaga MANUELLA (since NA June 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister Kamuta LATASI (since 10 December - 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Otinielu TAUSI (since 10 December 1993) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on recommendation - of the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament (Palamene): elections last held 25 November 1993 (next to - be held by NA 1997); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) - - Judicial branch: High Court - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Member of: ACP, AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, IFRCS (associate), INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Tuvalu has no mission in the US - - US diplomatic representation: none - - Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side - quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country - with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands - -@Tuvalu:Economy - - Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls - with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few - exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic - activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development - of a tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale - of stamps and coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is - received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 - by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South - Korea. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.8 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $800 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1989) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $4.3 million - expenditures: $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1989 est.) - - Exports: $165,000 (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: copra - partners: Fiji, Australia, NZ - - Imports: $4.4 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured - goods - partners: Fiji, Australia, NZ - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,600 kW - production: 3 million kWh - consumption per capita: 330 kWh (1990) - - Industries: fishing, tourism, copra - - Agriculture: coconuts and fish - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $101 million - - Currency: 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 - cents - - Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per - US$1 - 1.3058 (January 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 - (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990) - - Fiscal year: NA - -@Tuvalu:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 8 km - unpaved: gravel 8 km - - Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau - - Merchant marine: - total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 44,473 GRT/73,652 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, oil tanker 1, - passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - -@Tuvalu:Communications - - Telephone system: 108 telephones; 300 radiotelephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 4,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Tuvalu:Defense Forces - - Branches: no military forces; Police Force - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -UGANDA - -@Uganda:Geography - - Location: Eastern Africa, west of Kenya - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 236,040 sq km - land area: 199,710 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon - - Land boundaries: total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan - 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to - February, June to August); semiarid in northeast - - Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains - - Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt - - Land use: - arable land: 23% - permanent crops: 9% - meadows and pastures: 25% - forest and woodland: 30% - other: 13% - - Irrigated land: 90 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: draining of wetlands for agricultural use; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching is widespread - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Environmental Modification - - Note: landlocked - -@Uganda:People - - Population: 19,573,262 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 49% (female 4,792,164; male 4,834,757) - 15-64 years: 49% (female 4,802,650; male 4,704,159) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 215,648; male 223,884) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.25% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 48.03 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 24.35 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: Uganda is host to refugees from a number of neighboring - countries, including Zaire, Sudan, and Rwanda; probably in excess of - 100,000 southern Sudanese fled to Uganda during the past year; many of - the 8,000 Rwandans who took refuge in Uganda have returned home - - Infant mortality rate: 112.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 36.58 years - male: 36.26 years - female: 36.91 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ugandan(s) - adjective: Ugandan - - Ethnic divisions: Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, - Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, - Batobo 3%, European, Asian, Arab 1%, other 23% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous - beliefs 18% - - Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, - Nilotic languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) - total population: 56% - male: 68% - female: 45% - - Labor force: 4.5 million (est.) - by occupation: agriculture over 80% - -@Uganda:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Uganda - conventional short form: Uganda - - Digraph: UG - - Type: republic - - Capital: Kampala - - Administrative divisions: 39 districts; Apac, Arua, Bundibugyo, - Bushenyi, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kalangala, - Kampala, Kamuli, Kapchorwa, Kasese, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum, - Kotido, Kumi, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto, - Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pallisa, Rakai, - Rukungiri, Sototi, Tororo - - Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962) - - Constitution: 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision - - Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English - common law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 - January 1986); Vice President Dr. Specioza Wandira KAZIBWE (since 18 - November 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister Kintu MUSOKE (since 18 November - 1994) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Resistance Council: elections last held 28 March 1993 (next - to be held end of 1995); results - 284 non-partisan delegates elected - to an interim Constituent Assembly with the principal task of writing - a final draft of a new constitution for Uganda on the basis of which a - regular Constituent Assembly will be elected - note: first free and fair election in 30 years is to be held by end of - 1995 - - Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court - - Political parties and leaders: only party - National Resistance - Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI - note: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic Party - (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Joshua S. - MAYANJA-NKANGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from - conducting public political activities - - Other political or pressure groups: Lord's Resistance Army (LRA); - Ruwenzori Movement - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI - chancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416 - FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador E. Michael SOUTHWICK - embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala - mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala - telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 - FAX: [256] (41) 259794 - - Flag: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, - yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and - depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff - side - -@Uganda:Economy - - Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile - soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and - cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, - employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop - and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the - government - with the support of foreign countries and international - agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by - undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, - increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service - wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation - and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-94, the economy - turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the - rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production - and exports, and gradually improving domestic security. The economy - again prospered in 1994 with rapid growth, low inflation, growing - foreign investment, a trimmed bureaucracy, and the continued return of - exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $16.2 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 6% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $850 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $365 million - expenditures: $545 million, including capital expenditures of $165 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $237 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: coffee 97%, cotton, tea - partners: US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% - - Imports: $696 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, - metals, transportation equipment, food - partners: Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% - - External debt: $2.9 billion (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% (1992); accounts for 5% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 160,000 kW - production: 780 million kWh - consumption per capita: 32 kWh (1993) - - Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement - - Agriculture: mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% - of labor force; cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - - cassava, potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, - goat meat, milk, poultry; self-sufficient in food - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $169 million - - Currency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,195 (December - 1994), 1,195.0 (1993), 1.133.8 (1992), 734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), - 223.1 (1989) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Uganda:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,300 km single track - narrow gauge: 1,300 km 1.000-m-gauge - - Highways: - total: 26,200 km - paved: 1,970 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 5,849 km; earth, tracks 18,381 km - - Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, - Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports - are at Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria - - Ports: Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling - 5,091 GRT/NA DWT - - Airports: - total: 29 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 9 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 6 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9 - -@Uganda:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; fair system - local: NA - intercity: microwave and radio communications stations - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9 - televisions: NA - -@Uganda:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Wing - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,231,019; males fit for - military service 2,298,654 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.7% of - budget (FY93/94) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -UKRAINE - -@Ukraine:Geography - - Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and - Russia - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States - - Area: - total area: 603,700 sq km - land area: 603,700 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, - Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania - (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km - - Coastline: 2,782 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: undefined - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by - Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was - incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the - Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940; potential dispute with Russia over - Crimea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved - the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other - nation - - Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern - Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest - in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from - cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm - across the greater part of the country, hot in the south - - Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and - plateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), - and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south - - Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, - sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, - timber - - Land use: - arable land: 56% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 12% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 30% - - Irrigated land: 26,000 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water - pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast - from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, - Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone - Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Air - Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; - second largest country in Europe - -@Ukraine:People - - Population: 51,867,828 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 21% (female 5,217,850; male 5,407,450) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 17,563,924; male 16,334,299) - 65 years and over: 14% (female 4,976,893; male 2,367,412) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.04% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 12.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 12.67 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 70.11 years - male: 65.59 years - female: 74.87 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ukrainian(s) - adjective: Ukrainian - - Ethnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% - - Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian - Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, - Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish - - Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 98% - male: 100% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 23.55 million (January 1994) - by occupation: industry and construction 33%, agriculture and forestry - 21%, health, education, and culture 16%, trade and distribution 7%, - transport and communication 7%, other 16% (1992) - -@Ukraine:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Ukraine - local long form: none - local short form: Ukrayina - former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: UP - - Type: republic - - Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv) - - Administrative divisions: 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1 - autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalites - (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy), - Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi), - Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k), - Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv), - Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka - (Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), - L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), - Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Rivnens'ka - (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sevastopol'), Ternopil's'ka - (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka - (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr) - note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name - differs from oblast' name - - Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991) - - Constitution: using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new - constitution currently being drafted - - Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of - legislative acts - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994); - election last held 26 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); - results - Leonid KUCHMA 52.15%, Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06% - head of government: Acting Prime Minister Yeuben MARCHUK (since 3 - March 1995); First Deputy Prime Ministers Yevhen MARCHUK and Viktor - PYNZENYK (since 31 October 1994) and six deputy prime ministers - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and approved - by the Supreme Council - National Security Council: originally created in 1992, but - signficantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; members - include the president, prime minister, Ministers of Finance, - Environment, Justice, Internal Affairs, Foreign Economic Relations, - Economic and Foreign Affairs; the NSC staff is tasked with developing - national security policy on domestic and international matters and - advising the president - Presidential Administration: helps draft presidential edicts and - provides policy support to the president - Council of Regions: advisory body created by President KUCHMA in - September 1994; includes the Chairmen of Oblast and Kiev and - Sevastopol City Supreme Councils - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme Council: elections last held 27 March 1994 with repeat - elections continuing through December 1998 to fill empty seats (next - to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 - total) Communists 91, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18, Socialists 15, - Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5, Labor 5, Party - of Democratic Revival 4, Democrats 2, Social Democrats 2, Civil - Congress 2, Conservative Republicans 1, Party of Economic Revival of - Crimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, independents 225; note - 405 deputies - have been elected; run-off elections for the remaining 45 seats to be - held by December 1998 - - Judicial branch: joint commission formed in April 1995 to define a - program of judicial reform by year-end - - Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy - KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine; Liberal Democratic Party of - Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, - Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of - Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, - Serhiy DOVHRAN', chairman; Party of Democratic Rebirth (Revival) of - Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social Democratic Party of - Ukraine, Yuriy VUZDUHAN, chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, - Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, - Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, - Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDYK, - chairman; Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; - Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; - Ukrainian Republican Party, Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian - National Conservative Party, Viktor RADIONOV, chairman; Ukrainian - People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh), Vyacheslav CHORNOVIL, - chairman; Ukrainian Communist Party, Petr SYMONENKO; Agrarian Party; - Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, S. STESTKO; Civil Congress, O. - BAZYLUK; Party of Economic Revival of Crimea; Democratic Party Of - Ukraine, Serhiy DOVMAN', chairman - - Other political or pressure groups: New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina); - Congress of National Democratic Forces - - Member of: BSEC, CCC, CE (guest), CEI (associate members), CIS, EBRD, - ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT - (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, - OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy SHCHERBAK - chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606 - FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817 - consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William Green MILLER - embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53 - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (044) 244-73-49, 244-37-45 - FAX: [7] (044) 244-73-50 - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow - represent grainfields under a blue sky - -@Ukraine:Economy - - Overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the - most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, - producing more than three times the output of the next-ranking - republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of - Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial - quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. - Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw - materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the - former USSR. In early 1992, the Ukrainian government liberalized most - prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread - resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon - stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Loose monetary - and fiscal policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in - late 1993. Greater monetary and fiscal restraint lowered inflation in - 1994, but also contributed to an accelerated decline in industrial - output. Since his election in July 1994, President KUCHMA has - developed - and parliament has approved - a comprehensive economic - reform program, maintained financial discipline, and reduced state - controls over prices, the exchange rate, and foreign trade. - Implementation of KUCHMA's economic agenda will encounter considerable - resistance from parliament, entrenched bureaucrats, and industrial - interests and will contribute to further declines in output and rising - unemployment which will sorely test the government's ability to stay - the course on reform in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $189.2 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -19% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $3,650 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% per month (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 0.4% officially registered; large number of - unregistered or underemployed workers - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $11.8 billion (1994) - commodities: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, - chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat - partners: FSU countries, China, Italy, Switzerland - - Imports: $14.2 billion (1994) - commodities: energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment, - chemicals, textiles - partners: FSU countries, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic - - External debt: $7.5 billion (yearend 1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -28% (1994 est.); accounts for 50% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 54,380,000 kW - production: 182 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,200 kWh (1994) - - Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, - machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing - (especially sugar) - - Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GDP; grain, vegetables, meat, - milk, sugar beets - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe - - Economic aid: $550 million economic aid and $350 million to help - disassemble the atomic weapons from the US in 1994 - - Currency: Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 - November 1992 and declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole - legal tender in Ukrainian markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is - an interim move toward introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - - possibly in mid-1995 - - Exchange rates: karbovantsi per 1$US - 107,900 (end December 1994), - 130,000 (April 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Ukraine:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 23,350 km - broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified) - - Highways: - total: 273,700 km - paved and graveled: 236,400 km - unpaved: earth 37,300 km - - Inland waterways: 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pryp''yat' and - Dnipro Rivers) - - Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km; petroleum products 1,920 km; natural - gas 7,800 km (1992) - - Ports: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev (Kyyiv), - Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Pivdenne, Reni - - Merchant marine: - total: 379 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,799,253 GRT/5,071,175 - DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 7, bulk 55, cargo 221, chemical tanker 2, - container 20, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 10, - passenger 12, passenger-cargo 5, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo - 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 32, short-sea passenger 7 - - Airports: - total: 706 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 14 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 55 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 57 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 16 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 37 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 476 - -@Ukraine:Communications - - Telephone system: 7,886,000 telephone circuits; about 151.4 telephone - circuits/1,000 persons (1991); the telephone system is inadequate both - for business and for personal use; 3.56 million applications for - telephones had not been satisfied as of January 1991; electronic mail - services have been established in Kiev, Odesa, and Luhans'k by Sprint - local: an NMT-450 analog cellular telephone network operates in Kiev - (Kyyiv) and allows direct dialing of international calls through - Kiev's EWSD digital exchange - intercity: NA - international: calls to other CIS countries are carried by land line - or microwave; other international calls to 167 countries are carried - by satellite or by the 150 leased lines through the Moscow gateway - switch; INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: 15 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: 20 million - -@Ukraine:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security - Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 12,324,832; males fit for - military service 9,667,642; males reach military age (18) annually - 359,546 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: 544.3 billion karbovantsi, less than 4% of GDP - (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US - dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading - results - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -UNITED ARAB EMIRATES - -@United Arab Emirates:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian - Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 75,581 sq km - land area: 75,581 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine - - Land boundaries: total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km - - Coastline: 1,318 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: location and status of boundary with Saudi - Arabia is not final; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but - Administrative Line in far north; claims two islands in the Persian - Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and - Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in the Persian - Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa); - in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tunb islands became more - acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third - country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran - subsequently backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support - for the UAE in the region - - Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains - - Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of - vast desert wasteland; mountains in east - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 2% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 98% - - Irrigated land: 50 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by - desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills - natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms - international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous - Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not - ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea - - Note: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of - Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil - -@United Arab Emirates:People - - Population: 2,924,594 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 499,559; male 521,415) - 15-64 years: 64% (female 643,819; male 1,229,730) - 65 years and over: 1% (female 10,296; male 19,775) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 4.55% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 27.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 3.03 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 21.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.51 years - male: 70.42 years - female: 74.71 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.53 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Emirian(s) - adjective: Emirian - - Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other - expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) - note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982) - - Religions: Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4% - - Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write but definition of - literary not available (1985) - total population: 71% - male: 72% - female: 69% - - Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.) - by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, - government 5% - note: 80% of labor force is foreign (est.) - -@United Arab Emirates:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: United Arab Emirates - conventional short form: none - local long form: Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah - local short form: none - former: Trucial States - - Abbreviation: UAE - - Digraph: TC - - Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central - government and other powers reserved to member emirates - - Capital: Abu Dhabi - - Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu - Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Dubai, Ra's al Khaymah, - Sharjah, Umm al Qaywayn - - Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK) - - National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971) - - Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional) - - Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government - and in several member emirates; Islamic law remains influential - - Suffrage: none - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan (since 2 - December 1971), ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh MAKTUM bin - Rashid al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy - head of government: Prime Minister Shaykh MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum - (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister SULTAN - bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990) - Supreme Council of Rulers: composed of the seven emirate rulers, the - council is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE; - establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation, Abu - Dhabi and Dubayy rulers have veto power; council meets four times a - year - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani - Itihad); no elections - - Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: none - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, - GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, - OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn al-SHAALI - chancery: Suite 600, 3000 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 338-6500 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador William A. RUGH - embassy: Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi - mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi; American Embassy Abu - Dhabi, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6010 (pouch) - telephone: [971] (2) 436691, 436692 - FAX: [971] (2) 434771 - consulate(s) general: Dubayy (Dubai) - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black - with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side - -@United Arab Emirates:Economy - - Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest - incomes per capita and with a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth - is based on oil and gas output (about 40% of GDP), and the fortunes of - the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since - 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an - impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state - with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude - oil reserves should last for over 100 years. Although much stronger - economically than most Gulf states, the UAE faces similar problems - with weak international oil prices and the pressures for cuts in OPEC - oil production quotas. The UAE government is encouraging increased - privatization within the economy. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $62.7 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -0.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $22,480 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.1% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1988) - - Budget: - revenues: $4.3 billion - expenditures: $4.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1993 est) - - Exports: $24 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil 66%, natural gas, re-exports, dried fish, dates - - partners: Japan 35%, South Korea 5%, Iran 4%, Oman 4%, Singapore 4% - (1993) - - Imports: $20 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, - food - partners: Japan 12%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 7%, South Korea 5% (1993) - - External debt: $11.6 billion (1994 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 1.7% (1992 est.); accounts for 50% - of GDP, including petroleum - - Electricity: - capacity: 4,760,000 kW - production: 16.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,796 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction - materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling - - Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - - dates; food products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, - fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food - - Illicit drugs: growing role as heroin transshipment and - money-laundering center - - Economic aid: - donor: pledged in bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89) - $9.1 billion - - Currency: 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils - - Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@United Arab Emirates:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,000 km - paved: 1,800 km - unpaved: gravel, graded earth 200 km - - Pipelines: crude oil 830 km; natural gas, including natural gas - liquids, 870 km - - Ports: Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Das Island, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal' Ali, - Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid, Umm al Qiwain - - Merchant marine: - total: 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,128,253 GRT/1,938,770 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 18, chemical tanker 1, container 10, - liquefied gas tanker 1, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 21, - refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3 - - Airports: - total: 41 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 12 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - -@United Arab Emirates:Communications - - Telephone system: 386,600 telephones; modern system consisting of - microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy - local: NA - intercity: microwave and coaxial cable - international: 3 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 - ARABSAT earth station; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and - Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to - Saudi Arabia - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 3, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 12 - televisions: NA - -@United Arab Emirates:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary (includes Federal Police - Force) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,072,261; males fit for - military service 583,967; males reach military age (18) annually - 19,266 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.59 billion, 4.3% - of GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -UNITED KINGDOM - -@United Kingdom:Geography - - Location: Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of - the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North - Sea, northwest of France - - Map references: Europe - - Area: - total area: 244,820 sq km - land area: 241,590 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon - note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands - - Land boundaries: total 360 km, Ireland 360 km - - Coastline: 12,429 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in - accordance with agreed upon boundaries - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Northern Ireland question with Ireland; - Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands - (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the South - Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in British - Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving - Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in - Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) - - Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the - North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast - - Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling - plains in east and southeast - - Natural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron - ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica - - Land use: - arable land: 29% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 48% - forest and woodland: 9% - other: 14% - - Irrigated land: 1,570 sq km (1989) - - Environment: - current issues: sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants contribute - to air pollution; some rivers polluted by agricultural wastes and - coastal waters polluted because of large-scale disposal of sewage at - sea - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine - Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Desertification - - Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France - and now linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily - indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters - -@United Kingdom:People - - Population: 58,295,119 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 19% (female 5,572,189; male 5,843,192) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 18,723,583; male 18,935,931) - 65 years and over: 16% (female 5,471,383; male 3,748,841) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.27% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 13.18 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 10.66 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 77 years - male: 74.18 years - female: 79.95 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural) - adjective: British - - Ethnic divisions: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh - 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% - - Religions: Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 - million, Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu - 350,000, Jewish 300,000 (1991 est.) - note: the UK does not include a question on religion in its census - - Languages: English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), - Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991 est.) - total population: 99% - - Labor force: 28.048 million - by occupation: services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, - government 9.1%, energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992) - -@United Kingdom:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern - Ireland - conventional short form: United Kingdom - - Abbreviation: UK - - Digraph: UK - - Type: constitutional monarchy - - Capital: London - - Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 - districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas - England: 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, - Berkshire, Buckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, - Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, - Greater London*, Greater Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and - Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, - Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, - North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South - Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, West - Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire - Northern Ireland: 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, - Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, - Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, - Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, - Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane - Scotland: 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and - Galloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, - Strathclyde, Tayside, Western Isles* - Wales: 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, - South Glamorgan, West Glamorgan - - Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, - British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, - Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative - Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, - Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich - Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands - - Independence: 1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established) - - National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second - Saturday in June) - - Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and - practice - - Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern - continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir - Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) - head of government: Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) - - cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers - - Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament - House of Lords: consists of a 1,200-member body, four-fifths are - hereditary peers, 2 archbishops, 24 other senior bishops, serving and - retired Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, other life peers, Scottish peers - House of Commons: elections last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by - NA April 1997); results - Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal - Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats - (651 total) Conservative 336, - Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 - - Judicial branch: House of Lords - - Political parties and leaders: Conservative and Unionist Party, John - MAJOR; Labor Party, Anthony (Tony) Blair; Liberal Democrats (LD), - Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, Alex SALMOND; Welsh - National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster Unionist - Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist Party - (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party - (Northern Ireland); Social Democratic and Labor Party (SDLP, Northern - Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry ADAMS - - Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress; - Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Campaign - for Nuclear Disarmament - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, - CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, - EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO, - NEA, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, - UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNU, UPU, WCL, - WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Sir Robin William RENWICK - chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 462-1340 - FAX: [1] (202) 898-4255 - consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, - Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, - consulate(s): Dallas, Miami, and Seattle - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Adm. William W. CROWE - embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W. 1A1AE - mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040 - telephone: [44] (71) 499-9000 - FAX: [44] (71) 409-1637 - consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh - - Flag: blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of - England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of - Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the - diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known - as the Union Flag or Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the - Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including - dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others - -@United Kingdom:Economy - - Overview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and - financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in - Western Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic; over the past - 13 years the ruling Tories have greatly reduced public ownership and - contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is - intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, - producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. The - UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and primary energy - production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any - industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and - business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP - while industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only - 25% of the work force and generating only 21% of GDP. The economy - registered 4.2% GDP growth in 1994, its fastest annual rate for six - years. Exports and manufacturing output are the primary engines of - growth. Unemployment is gradually falling. Inflation is at the lowest - level in 27 years, but British monetary authorities raised interest - rates to 6.25% in 1994 in a preemptive strike on emerging inflationary - pressures such as higher taxes and rising manufacturing costs. The - combination of a buoyant economy and fiscal tightening is projected to - trim the FY94/95 budget shortfall to about $50 billion - down from - about $75 billion in FY93/94. The major economic policy question for - Britain in the 1990s is the terms on which it participates in the - financial and economic integration of Europe. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.0452 trillion - (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $17,980 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.4% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 9.3% (1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $325.5 billion - expenditures: $400.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $33 - billion (FY93/94 est.) - - Exports: $200 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, - semifinished goods, transport equipment - partners: EU countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands - 7.9%), US 10.9% - - Imports: $215 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, - foodstuffs, consumer goods - partners: EU countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands - 8.4%), US 11.6% - - External debt: $16.2 billion (June 1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (1994) - - Electricity: - capacity: 65,360,000 kW - production: 303 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 5,123 kWh (1993) - - Industries: production machinery including machine tools, electric - power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, - shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and - communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper - and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other - consumer goods - - Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GDP; wide variety of crops and - livestock products - - Illicit drugs: gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the - European market; producer of synthetic drugs; transshipment point for - Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering center - - Economic aid: - donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1992-93), $3.2 billion - - Currency: 1 British pound (#) = 100 pence - - Exchange rates: British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.6350 (January 1995), - 0.6529 (1994), 0.6033 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March - -@United Kingdom:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 16,888 km; note - several additional small standard-gauge and - narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated - broad gauge: 330 km 1.600-m gauge (190 km double track) - standard gauge: 16,558 km 1.435-m gauge (4,950 km electrified; 12,591 - km double or multiple track) - - Highways: - total: 360,047 km (includes Northern Ireland) - paved: 360,047 km (includes Northern Ireland; Great Britain has 3,100 - km limited access divided highway) - - Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port - Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 km - - Pipelines: crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km; petroleum - products 2,993 km; natural gas 12,800 km - - Ports: Aberdeen, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Grangemouth, Hull, Leith, - Liverpool, London, Manchester, Medway, Sullom Voe, Tees, Tyne - - Merchant marine: - total: 155 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,249,823 GRT/3,978,336 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 24, chemical tanker 2, container 23, - liquefied gas tanker 3, oil tanker 56, passenger 7, passenger-cargo 1, - refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 13, short-sea passenger - 13, specialized tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 505 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 10 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 174 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 91 - with paved runways under 914 m: 172 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 27 - -@United Kingdom:Communications - - Telephone system: 30,200,000 telephones; technologically advanced - domestic and international system - local: NA - intercity: NA equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber - systems - international: 40 coaxial submarine cables; 10 INTELSAT (7 Atlantic - Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 INMARSAT, and 1 EUTELSAT earth satellite; - at least 8 large international switching centers - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 225, FM 525 (mostly repeaters), shortwave 0 - radios: 70 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 207 (repeaters 3,210) - televisions: 20 million - -@United Kingdom:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 14,429,485; males fit for - military service 12,041,935 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $35.1 billion, 3.1% - of GDP (FY95/96) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -UNITED STATES - -@United States:Geography - - Location: North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and - the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico - - Map references: North America - - Area: - total area: 9,372,610 sq km - land area: 9,166,600 sq km - comparative area: about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths - the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or - slightly larger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two - and one-half times the size of Western Europe - note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia - - Land boundaries: total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km - with Alaska), Cuba 29 km (US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay), Mexico - 3,326 km - - Coastline: 19,924 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 12 nm - continental shelf: not specified - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon - Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island); - US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual - agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti - claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica - (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the - claims of any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake - Island - - Climate: mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and - arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi - River and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter - temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January - and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the - Rocky Mountains - - Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low - mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; - rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii - - Natural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, - uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, - tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber - - Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 26% - forest and woodland: 29% - other: 25% - - Irrigated land: 181,020 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US - and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide - from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of - pesticides and fertilizers; very limited natural fresh water resources - in much of the western part of the country require careful management; - desertification - natural hazards: tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around - Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic coast; tornadoes in the - midwest; mudslides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; - permafrost in northern Alaska is a major impediment to development - international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air - Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine - Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Desertification, - Hazardous Wastes, Tropical Timber 94 - - Note: world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) - -@United States:People - - Population: 263,814,032 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 22% (female 28,391,451; male 29,845,630) - 15-64 years: 65% (female 86,454,415; male 85,474,002) - 65 years and over: 13% (female 19,949,978; male 13,698,559) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.02% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 15.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.38 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 7.88 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.99 years - male: 72.8 years - female: 79.7 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: American(s) - adjective: American - - Ethnic divisions: white 83.4%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Native - American 0.8% (1992) - - Religions: Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, - none 10% (1989) - - Languages: English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) - - Literacy: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of - schooling (1979) - total population: 97% - male: 97% - female: 97% - - Labor force: 131.056 million (includes unemployed) (1994) - by occupation: managerial and professional 27.5%, technical, sales and - administrative support 30.3%, services 13.7%, manufacturing, mining, - transportation, and crafts 25.5%, farming, forestry, and fishing 2.9% - -@United States:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: United States of America - conventional short form: United States - - Abbreviation: US or USA - - Digraph: US - - Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition - - Capital: Washington, DC - - Administrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, - Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, - District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, - Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, - Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, - Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, - North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, - Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, - Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming - - Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, - Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa - Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin - Islands, Wake Island - note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US has administered - the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into - a new political relationship with all four political units: the - Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth in political union with the - US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free - Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the Federated - States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US - (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands - signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October - 1986) - - Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776) - - Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789 - - Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of - legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President William Jefferson - CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. - (since 20 January 1993); election last held 3 November 1992 (next to - be held 5 November 1996); results - William Jefferson CLINTON - (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican Party) 37.7%, Ross - PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president with Senate approval - - Legislative branch: bicameral Congress - Senate: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held 5 - November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (100 - total) Republican Party 54, Democratic Party 46 - House of Representatives: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to - be held 5 November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (435 total) Republican Party 231, Democratic Party 203, independent - 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, - national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic - Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee chairman; several other - groups or parties of minor political significance - - Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, - BIS, CCC, CP, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, FAO, G- 2, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, - G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, - IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OSCE, PCA, - SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, - UNMIH, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO, ZC - - Flag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) - alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper - hoist-side corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged - in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) - alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 - states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as - Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of - other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico - -@United States:Economy - - Overview: The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically - advanced economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $25,850, the - largest among major industrial nations. The economy is market oriented - with most decisions made by private individuals and business firms and - with government purchases of goods and services made predominantly in - the marketplace. In 1989 the economy enjoyed its seventh successive - year of substantial growth, the longest in peacetime history. The - expansion featured moderation in wage and consumer price increases and - a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of the labor force. In - 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a combination of - factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, Iraq's - invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and - a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output - fell by 0.6%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved - premature. Growth picked up to 2.3% in 1992 and to 3.1% in 1993. - Unemployment, however, declined only gradually, the increase in GDP - being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker. The year 1994 - witnessed a solid 4% gain in real output, a low inflation rate of - 2.6%, and a drop in unemployment below 6%. The capture of both houses - of Congress by the Republicans in the elections of 8 November 1994 - means substantial changes are likely in US economic policy, including - changes in the ways the US will address its major economic problems in - 1995-96. These problems include inadequate investment in economic - infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs of an aging population, - and sizable budget and trade deficits. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.7384 trillion - (1994) - - National product real growth rate: 4.1% (1994) - - National product per capita: $25,850 (1994) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 5.5% (March 1995) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.258 trillion - expenditures: $1.461 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994) - - Exports: $513 billion (f.o.b., 1994) - commodities: capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw - materials, consumer goods, agricultural products - partners: Western Europe 24.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 10.5% (1993) - - Imports: $664 billion (c.i.f., 1994) - commodities: crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, - automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and - beverages - partners: Canada, 19.3%, Western Europe 18.1%, Japan 18.1% (1993) - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 5.4% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 695,120,000 kW - production: 3.1 trillion kWh - consumption per capita: 11,236 kWh (1993) - - Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified - and technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, - aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food - processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining - - Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.9% of labor force; favorable - climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock - production; world's second largest producer and number one exporter of - grain; surplus food producer; fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons - (1990) - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption - with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of - the available marijuana; ongoing eradication program aimed at small - plots and greenhouses has not reduced production - - Economic aid: - donor: commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: - British pounds: (#) per US$ - 0.6350 (January 1995), 0.6529 (1994), - 0.6033 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990) - Canadian dollars: (Can$) per US$ - 1.4129 (January 1995), 1.3656 - (1994), 1.2901 (1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990) - French francs: (F) per US$ - 5.2943 (January 1995), 5.5520 (1994), - 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990) - Italian lire: (Lit) per US$ - 1,609.5 (January 1995), 1,612.4 (1994), - 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990) - Japanese yen: (Y) per US$ - 99.75 (January 1995), 102.21 (1994), - 111.20 (1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990) - German deutsche marks: (DM) per US$ - 1.5313 (January 1995), 1.6228 - (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@United States:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 240,000 km mainline routes (nongovernment owned) - standard gauge: 240,000 km 1.435-m gauge (1989) - - Highways: - total: 6,243,163 km - paved: 3,633,520 km (including 84,865 km of expressways) - unpaved: 2,609,643 km (1990) - - Inland waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of - the Great Lakes (est.) - - Pipelines: petroleum 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km (1991) - - Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Duluth, - Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, Los Angeles, New - Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Port Canaveral, Portland (Oregon), - Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Toledo - - Merchant marine: - total: 354 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,462,000 - GRT/16,477,000 DWT - ships by type: bulk 22, cargo 28, chemical tanker 16, intermodal 130, - liquefied gas tanker 13, passenger-cargo 2, tanker 130, tanker - tug-barge 13 - note: in addition, there are 189 government-owned vessels - - Airports: - total: 15,032 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 181 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 208 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1,242 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2,489 - with paved runways under 914 m: 8,994 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 180 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1,730 - -@United States:Communications - - Telephone system: 126,000,000 telephones; 7,557,000 cellular - telephones - local: NA - intercity: large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, - coaxial cable, and domestic satellites - international: 16 satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; 61 - INTELSAT (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean) earth stations - (1990) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4,987, FM 4,932, shortwave 0 - radios: 530 million - - Television: - broadcast stations: 1,092 (about 9,000 cable TV systems) - televisions: 193 million - -@United States:Defense Forces - - Branches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (includes - Marine Corps), Department of the Air Force - - Defense expenditures: $284.4 billion, 4.2% of GDP (1994 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -URUGUAY - -@Uruguay:Geography - - Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, - between Argentina and Brazil - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 176,220 sq km - land area: 173,620 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Washington State - - Land boundaries: total 1,564 km, Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km - - Coastline: 660 km - - Maritime claims: - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - territorial sea: 200 nm; overflight and navigation guaranteed beyond - 12 nm - - International disputes: short section of boundary with Argentina is in - dispute; two short sections of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute - - Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio Invernada) area of the Rio Cuareim - (Rio Quarai) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Cuareim (Rio - Quarai) and the Uruguay River - - Climate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown - - Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland - - Natural resources: soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals - - Land use: - arable land: 8% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 78% - forest and woodland: 4% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: 1,100 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: substantial pollution from Brazilian industry along - border; one-fifth of country affected by acid rain generated by - Brazil; water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate - solid/hazardous waste disposal - natural hazards: seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and - occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), - droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as - weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid - changes in weather fronts - international agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, - Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear - Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, - but not ratified - Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation - -@Uruguay:People - - Population: 3,222,716 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 25% (female 392,262; male 409,580) - 15-64 years: 63% (female 1,026,314; male 995,492) - 65 years and over: 12% (female 233,377; male 165,691) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0.74% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 17.57 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.27 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 16.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 74.46 years - male: 71.24 years - female: 77.83 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.41 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Uruguayan(s) - adjective: Uruguayan - - Ethnic divisions: white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% - - Religions: Roman Catholic 66% (less than half adult population attends - church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other - 30% - - Languages: Spanish, Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian - frontier) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 96% - male: 97% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 1.355 million (1991 est.) - by occupation: government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, - commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications - 12%, other services 21% (1988 est.) - -@Uruguay:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay - conventional short form: Uruguay - local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay - local short form: Uruguay - - Digraph: UY - - Type: republic - - Capital: Montevideo - - Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos, singular - - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, - Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio - Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y - Tres - - Independence: 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1828) - - Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 - June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 - - Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Julio Maria - SANGUINETTI (since 1 March 1995); Vice President Hugo BATALLA (since 1 - March 1995); election last held 27 November 1994 (next to be held NA - November 1999) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) - Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 27 - November 1994 (next to be held NA November 1999); results - Colorado - 36%, Blanco 34 %, Encuentro Progresista 27%, New Sector 3%; seats - - (30 total) Colorado 11, Blanco 10, Encuentro Progresista 8, New Sector - 1 - Chamber of Representatives (Camera de Representantes): elections last - held 27 November 1994 (next to be held NA November 1999); results - - Colorado 32%, Blanco 31%, Encuentro Progresista 31%, New Sector 5%; - seats - (99 total) Colorado 32, Blanco 31, Encuentro Progresista 31, - New Sector 5 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party; Colorado - Party, Jorge BATLLE; Broad Front Coalition, Gen. Liber SEREGNI - Mosquera; New Sector Coalition, Hugo BATALLA; Encuentro Progresista - - Member of: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MERCOSUR, NAM - (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLYCUDDY - chancery: 1918 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316 - consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Miami, and New York - consulate(s): New Orleans - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas J. DODD - embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo - mailing address: APO AA 34035 - telephone: [598] (2) 23 60 61, 48 77 77 - FAX: [598] (2) 48 86 11 - - Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) - alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side - corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May - and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy - -@Uruguay:Economy - - Overview: Uruguay's economy is a small one with favorable climate, - good soils, and substantial hydropower potential. Economic development - has been restrained in recent years by excessive government regulation - of economic detail and 40% to 130% inflation. Although the GDP growth - rate slowed in 1993 to 1.7%, following a healthy expansion to 7.5% in - 1992, it rebounded in 1994 to an estimated 4%, spurred mostly by - increasing agricultural and other exports and a surprise reversal of - the downward trend in industrial production. In a major step toward - regional economic cooperation, Uruguay confirmed its commitment to the - Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) customs union by implementing - MERCOSUR's common external tariff on most tradables on 1 January 1995. - Inflation in 1994 declined for the third consecutive year, yet, at - 44%, it remains the highest in the region; analysts predict that the - expanding fiscal deficit and wage indexation will force the inflation - rate back toward the 50% mark in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $23 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $7,200 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 44% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 9% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $2.9 billion - expenditures: $3 billion, including capital expenditures of $388 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $1.78 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: wool and textile manufactures, beef and other animal - products, leather, rice - partners: Brazil, Argentina, US, China, Italy - - Imports: $2.461 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, minerals, - plastics - partners: Brazil, Argentina, US, Nigeria - - External debt: $4.2 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (1992); accounts for 28% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,070,000 kW - production: 9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,575 kWh (1993) - - Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, - footwear, leather apparel, tires, cement, petroleum refining, wine - - Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP; large areas devoted to livestock - grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; fishing; self-sufficient in most - basic foodstuffs - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $420 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million - - Currency: 1 Uruguayan peso ($Ur) = 100 centesimos - - Exchange rates: Uruguayan pesos ($Ur) per US$1 - 5.6 (January 1995), - 4.4710 (January 1994), 3.9484 (1993), 3.0270 (1992), 2.0188 (1991), - 1.1710 (1990) - note: on 1 March 1993 the former New Peso (N$Ur) was replaced as - Uruguay's unit of currency by the Peso which is equal to 1,000 of the - New Pesos - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Uruguay:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,000 km - standard gauge: 3,000 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 49,900 km - paved: 6,700 km - unpaved: gravel 3,000 km; earth 40,200 km - - Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river - craft - - Ports: Fray Bentos, Montevideo, Nueva Palmira, Paysandu, Punta del - Este - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,405 GRT/110,939 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, container 1, oil tanker 1 - - Airports: - total: 85 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - with paved runways under 914 m: 54 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 - -@Uruguay:Communications - - Telephone system: 337,000 telephones; telephone density 10/100 - persons; some modern facilities - local: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo - intercity: new nationwide microwave network - international: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 99, FM 0, shortwave 9 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 26 - televisions: NA - -@Uruguay:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), - Air Force, Grenadier Guards, Coracero Guard, Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 775,060; males fit for military - service 629,385 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of - GDP (1991 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -UZBEKISTAN - -@Uzbekistan:Geography - - Location: Central Asia, north of Afghanistan - - Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian - States - - Area: - total area: 447,400 sq km - land area: 425,400 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than California - - Land boundaries: total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 - km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km - - Coastline: 0 km - note: Uzbekistan borders the Aral Sea (420 km) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: none - - Climate: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; - semiarid grassland in east - - Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat - intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya and - Sirdaryo Rivers; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous - Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west - - Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, - silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 47% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 42% - - Irrigated land: 41,550 sq km (1990) - - Environment: - current issues: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing - concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these - substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and - contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes - and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many - human health disorders; increasing soil salinization; soil - contamination from agricultural chemicals, including DDT - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Environmental - Modification, Ozone Layer Protection - - Note: landlocked - -@Uzbekistan:People - - Population: 23,089,261 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 4,553,432; male 4,670,496) - 15-64 years: 55% (female 6,400,578; male 6,384,862) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 656,933; male 422,960) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.08% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 29.45 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.79 years - male: 65.5 years - female: 72.24 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.67 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Uzbek(s) - adjective: Uzbek - - Ethnic divisions: Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakh 4.1%, - Tatar 2.4%, Karakalpak 2.1%, other 7% - - Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3% - - Languages: Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 97% - male: 98% - female: 96% - - Labor force: 8.234 million - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction - 22%, other 35% (1992) - -@Uzbekistan:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan - conventional short form: Uzbekistan - local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi - local short form: none - former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic - - Digraph: UZ - - Type: republic - - Capital: Tashkent (Toshkent) - - Administrative divisions: 12 wiloyatlar (singular - wiloyat), 1 - autonomous republic* (respublikasi), and 1 city** (shahri); Andijon - Wiloyati, Bukhoro Wiloyati, Jizzakh Wiloyati, Farghona Wiloyati, - Qoraqalpoghiston* (Nukus), Qashqadaryo Wiloyati (Qarshi), Khorazm - Wiloyati (Urganch), Namangan Wiloyati, Nawoiy Wiloyati, Samarqand - Wiloyati, Sirdaryo Wiloyati (Guliston), Surkhondaryo Wiloyati - (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Wiloyati - note: an administrative division has the same name as its - administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name - following in parentheses) - - Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991) - - Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992 - - Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent - judicial system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990); - election last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA); results - - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%; note - a 26 March - 1995 referendum extended KARIMOV's term until 2000 (99.6% approval) - head of government: Prime Minister Abdulhashim MUTALOV (since 13 - January 1992), First Deputy Prime Minister Ismail DJURABEKOV (since - NA); Deputy Prime Ministers Viktor CHIZHEN, Bakhtiyar HAMIDOV, Kayim - KHAKKULOV, Yuriy PAYGIN, Saidmukhtar SAIDKASYMOV, Utkur SULTANOV, - Mirabror USMANOV, Murat SHARIFKHOJAYEV (since NA) - cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers; appointed by the president with - approval of the Supreme Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Supreme Council: elections last held 25 December 1994 (next to be held - NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (250 total) - People's Democratic Party 207, Fatherland Progress Party 12, other 31; - note - final runoffs were held 22 January 1995; seating was as - follows: People's Democratic Party 69, Fatherland Progress Party 14, - Social Democratic Party 47, local government 120 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Party (PDP; - formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, chairman; Fatherland - Progress Party (FPP), Anwar YULDASHEV, chairman; Social Democratic - Party, Anvar JORABAYEV, chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party - (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman (in exile); note - EDP was banned 9 - December 1992 - - Other political or pressure groups: Birlik (Unity) People's Movement - (BPM), Abdul Rakhim PULATOV, chairman (in exile); Islamic Rebirth - Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman; Adolat-94 (formed by former - Vice President Shukhrat MIRSAIDOV and Ibragim BURIEV - note: PULATOV (BPM) is in exile in the West; UTAYEV (IRP) is either in - prison or in exile - - Member of: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM, OSCE, PFP, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Fatikh TESHABAYEV - chancery: (temporary) Suites 619 and 623, 1511 K Street NW, - Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: [1] (202) 638-4266, 4267 - FAX: [1] (202) 638-4268 - consulate(s) general: New York - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE - embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent - mailing address: use embassy street address - telephone: [7] (3712) 77-14-07, 77-10-81 - FAX: [7] (3712) 77-69-53 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green - separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the - upper hoist-side quadrant - -@Uzbekistan:Economy - - Overview: Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 10% - consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. It is one - of the poorest states of the former USSR with 60% of its population - living in overpopulated rural communities. Nevertheless, Uzbekistan is - the world's third largest cotton exporter, a major producer of gold - and natural gas, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals - and machinery. Since independence, the government has sought to prop - up the Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls - on prices and production. Such policies have buffered the economy from - the sharp declines in output and high inflation experienced by many - other former Soviet republics. They had become increasingly - unsustainable, however, as inflation moves along at 14% per month and - as Russia has forced the Uzbek government to introduce its own - currency. Faced with mounting economic problems, the government has - begun to move on a reform agenda and cooperate with international - financial institutions, announced an acceleration of privatization, - and stepped up efforts to attract foreign investors. Nevertheless, the - regime is likely to find it difficult to sustain its drive for - economic reform. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $54.5 billion (1994 - estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) - - National product real growth rate: -4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,400 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% per month (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 0.3% includes only officially registered - unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workers (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $943.7 million to outside the FSU countries (1994) - commodities: cotton, gold, natural gas, mineral fertilizers, ferrous - metals, textiles, food products - partners: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe, US - - Imports: $1.15 billion from outside the FSU countries (1994) - commodities: grain, machinery and parts, consumer durables, other - foods - partners: principally other FSU countries, Czech Republic - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 11,690,000 kW - production: 47.5 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 2,130 kWh (1994) - - Industries: textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, - natural gas - - Agriculture: cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain, livestock - - Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly - for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe - - Economic aid: - recipient: the IMF has established a Systemic Transformation Facility - of $74 million and the World Bank has made a rehabilitation loan of - $160 million with other project loans pending; estimated annual - external financing requirements for 1995-96 of $600 million to $700 - million - - Currency: introduced provisional som-coupons 10 November 1993 which - circulated parallel to the Russian rubles; became the sole legal - currency 31 January 1994; was replaced in July 1994 by the som - currency - - Exchange rates: soms per US$1 - 25 (yearend 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Uzbekistan:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,460 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial - lines - broad gauge: 3,460 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) - - Highways: - total: 78,400 km - paved and graveled: 67,000 km - unpaved: earth 11,400 km (1990) - - Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 810 - km (1992) - - Ports: Termiz - - Airports: - total: 261 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 - with paved runways under 914 m: 5 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 216 - -@Uzbekistan:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,458,000 telephones; 63 telephones/1,000 persons - (1995); poorly developed - local: NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent - intercity: NA - international: linked by landline or microwave with CIS member states - and by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch - to other countries; new INTELSAT links to Tokyo and Ankara give - Uzbekistan international access independent of Russian facilities; - Orbita and INTELSAT earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@Uzbekistan:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Republic Security Forces - (internal and border troops), National Guard - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,567,580; males fit for - military service 4,537,455; males reach military age (18) annually - 222,506 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -VANUATU - -@Vanuatu:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about - three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 14,760 sq km - land area: 14,760 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut - note: includes more than 80 islands - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 2,528 km - - Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds - - Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains - - Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 1% - permanent crops: 5% - meadows and pastures: 2% - forest and woodland: 1% - other: 91% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: a majority of the population does not have access to a - potable and reliable supply of water - natural hazards: tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); - volcanism causes minor earthquakes - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship - Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea - -@Vanuatu:People - - Population: 173,648 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 41% (female 34,819; male 36,128) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 47,320; male 50,456) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 2,217; male 2,708) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.22% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 31.26 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 66.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 59.71 years - male: 57.9 years - female: 61.61 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.14 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) - adjective: Ni-Vanuatu - - Ethnic divisions: indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, - Chinese, Pacific Islanders - - Religions: Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous - beliefs 7.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other - 15.7% - - Languages: English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as - Bislama or Bichelama) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979) - total population: 53% - male: 57% - female: 48% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: NA - -@Vanuatu:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu - conventional short form: Vanuatu - former: New Hebrides - - Digraph: NH - - Type: republic - - Capital: Port-Vila - - Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, - Tafea, Torba - - Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980) - - Constitution: 30 July 1980 - - Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and - British systems - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Jean Marie LEYE (since 2 March 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT Korman (since 16 - December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 - December 1991) - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister, - responsible to parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA - November 1995); note - after election, a coalition was formed by the - Union of Moderate Parties and the National United Party to form a new - government on 16 December 1991, but political party associations are - fluid; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) UMP - 19, NUP 10, VP 10, MPP 4, TUP 1, Nagriamel 1, Friend 1 - note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom and - land - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; - Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Maxime CARLOT Korman; Melanesian - Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party (NUP), - Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel - Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA; People's - Democratic Party (PDP), Sethy REGENVANU - note: the VP, MPP, TUP, and Nagriamel Party have formed a coalition - called the United Front (UF) heading into the November 1995 elections - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, - IDA, IFC, IFRCS (associate), IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), - IOC, ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WMO - - Diplomatic representation in US: Vanuatu does not have a mission in - the US - - US diplomatic representation: the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is - accredited to Vanuatu - - Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black - isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a - black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two - points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); - centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed - namele leaves, all in yellow - -@Vanuatu:Economy - - Overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which - provides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism - are the other mainstays of the economy, with 43,000 visitors in 1992. - Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum - deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. - Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $200 million (1993 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $1,200 (1993 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1992 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $90 million - expenditures: $103 million, including capital expenditures of $45 - million (1989 est.) - - Exports: $14.9 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: copra, beef, cocoa, timber, coffee - partners: Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium - - Imports: $74 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: machines and vehicles, food and beverages, basic - manufactures, raw materials and fuels, chemicals - partners: Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8% - - External debt: $40 million (yearend 1992) - - Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1990); accounts for about 10% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 17,000 kW - production: 30 million kWh - consumption per capita: 181 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning - - Agriculture: export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish; subsistence - crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $606 million - - Currency: 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.42 (December 1994), 116.41 - (1994), 121.58 (1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Vanuatu:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 1,027 km - paved: 240 km - unpaved: 787 km - - Ports: Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo) - - Merchant marine: - total: 116 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,874,698 GRT/2,758,783 - DWT - ships by type: bulk 52, cargo 18, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk - 1, container 4, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil - tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 17, vehicle carrier 10 - note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 21 countries among - which are ships of the US 117, Japan 39, Netherlands 12, China 11, UAE - 6, Greece 6, Canada 6, Hong Kong 4, Russia 2, Australia 2 - - Airports: - total: 31 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 17 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11 - -@Vanuatu:Communications - - Telephone system: 3,000 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Vanuatu:Defense Forces - - Branches: no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF; - includes the paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force or VMF) - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -VENEZUELA - -@Venezuela:Geography - - Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the - North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana - - Map references: South America - - Area: - total area: 912,050 sq km - land area: 882,050 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California - - Land boundaries: total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, - Guyana 743 km - - Coastline: 2,800 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 15 nm - continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo - River; maritime boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of - Venezuela - - Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands - - Terrain: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central - plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast - - Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, - other minerals, hydropower, diamonds - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 20% - forest and woodland: 39% - other: 37% - - Irrigated land: 2,640 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban - pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban - and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast - natural hazards: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic - droughts - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone - Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not - ratified - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping - - Note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America - -@Venezuela:People - - Population: 21,004,773 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 35% (female 3,650,705; male 3,795,032) - 15-64 years: 60% (female 6,350,466; male 6,313,887) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 486,020; male 408,663) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.1% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.11 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.57 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.31 years - male: 70.48 years - female: 76.29 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.97 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Venezuelan(s) - adjective: Venezuelan - - Ethnic divisions: mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Amerindian 2% - - Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% - - Languages: Spanish (official), native dialects spoken by about 200,000 - Amerindians in the remote interior - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 90% - male: 91% - female: 89% - - Labor force: 7.6 million - by occupation: services 63%, industry 25%, agriculture 12% (1993) - -@Venezuela:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Venezuela - conventional short form: Venezuela - local long form: Republica de Venezuela - local short form: Venezuela - - Digraph: VE - - Type: republic - - Capital: Caracas - - Administrative divisions: 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 - territory* (territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and - 1 federal dependency*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, - Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, - Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, - Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, - Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia - note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled - island groups with a total of 72 individual islands - - Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811) - - Constitution: 23 January 1961 - - Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative - acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Rafael CALDERA - Rodriguez (since 2 February 1994); election last held 5 December 1993 - (next to be held NA December 1998); results - Rafael CALDERA (National - Convergence) 30.45%, Claudio FERMIN (AD) 23.59%, Oswaldo ALVAREZ PAZ - (COPEI) 22.72%, Andres VELASQUEZ (Causa R) 21.94%, other 1.3% - cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president - - Legislative branch: bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la - Republica) - Senate (Senado): elections last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held - NA December 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 - total) AD 18, COPEI 15, Causa R 9, MAS 5, National Convergence 6; note - - 3 former presidents (2 from AD, 1 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate - seats - Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 5 - December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1998); results - AD 27.9%, - COPEI 26.9%, MAS 12.4%, National Convergence 12.9%, Causa R 19.9%; - seats - (203 total) AD 55, COPEI 53, MAS 24, National Convergence 26, - Causa R 40, other 5 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) - Roberto YEPES, President - - Political parties and leaders: National Convergence (Convergencia), - Jose Miguel UZCATEGUI, president, Juan Jose CALDERA, national - coordinator; Social Christian Party (COPEI), Luis HERRERA Campins, - president, and Donald RAMIREZ, secretary general; Democratic Action - (AD), Pedro PARIS Montesinos, president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, - secretary general; Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Gustavo MARQUEZ, - president, and Enrique OCHOA Antich, secretary general; Radical Cause - (La Causa R), Pablo MEDINA, secretary general - - Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative - business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers (CTV, labor - organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS groups - - Member of: AG, BCIE, CARICOM (observer), CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, - G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, - RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UNU, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Pedro Luis ECHEVERRIA - chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214 - consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, - New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey DAVIDOW - embassy: Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la - Floresta, Caracas - mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037 - telephone: [58] (2) 285-2222, 3111 - FAX: [58] (2) 285-0366 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with - the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of - seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band - -@Venezuela:Economy - - Overview: Despite efforts to broaden the base of the economy, - petroleum continues to play a dominant role. In 1994, as GDP declined - 3.3%, the oil sector - which accounts for 24% of the total - enjoyed a - 6% expansion, provided 45% of the budget revenues, and generated 70% - of the export earnings. President CALDERA, who assumed office in - February 1994, has used an interventionist, reactive approach to - managing the economy, instituting price and foreign exchange controls - in mid-year to slow inflation and stop the loss of foreign exchange - reserves. The government claims it will remove these controls once - inflationary pressures abate, but the $8 billion bailout of the - banking sector in 1994 has made it difficult for the government to - make good on its promise. Economic controls, coupled with political - uncertainty driven by recurrent coup rumors, continue to deter foreign - and domestic investment; private forecasters see the recession - persisting for a third year in 1995. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $178.3 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -3.3% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $8,670 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 71% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 9% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $10.3 billion - expenditures: $14.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $103 - million (1994 est.) - - Exports: $15.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum 72%, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, - agricultural products, basic manufactures - partners: US and Puerto Rico 55%, Japan, Netherlands, Italy - - Imports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport - equipment, construction materials - partners: US 40%, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Canada - - External debt: $40.1 billion (1994) - - Industrial production: growth rate -1.4% (1993 est.); accounts for 41% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 18,740,000 kW - production: 72 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 3,311 kWh (1993) - - Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food - processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly - - Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP; products - corn, sorghum, - sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, - fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meat - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, opium, and coca leaf for - the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large - quantities of cocaine and heroin transit the country from Colombia; - important money-laundering hub - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $10 million - - Currency: 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos - - Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 169.570 (January 1995), - 148.503 (1994), 90.826 (1993), 68.38 (1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Venezuela:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 542 km (363 km single track; 179 km privately owned) - standard gauge: 542 km 1.435-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 81,000 km - paved: 31,200 km - unpaved: gravel 24,800 km; earth and unimproved earth 25,000 km - - Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept - oceangoing vessels - - Pipelines: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas - 4,010 km - - Ports: Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La Salina, - Maracaibo, Matanzas, Palua, Puerto Cabello, Puerto la Cruz, Puerto - Ordaz, Puerto Sucre, Punta Cardon - - Merchant marine: - total: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 686,811 GRT/1,110,829 DWT - - ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 11, combination bulk 1, liquefied gas - tanker 2, oil tanker 15, passenger-cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 4, - short-sea passenger 1 - - Airports: - total: 431 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 65 - with paved runways under 914 m: 191 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 12 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 114 - -@Venezuela:Communications - - Telephone system: 1,440,000 telephones; modern and expanding - local: NA - intercity: 3 domestic satellite earth stations - international: 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) - earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 181, FM 0, shortwave 26 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 59 - televisions: NA - -@Venezuela:Defense Forces - - Branches: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN) - includes Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval - Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or - Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas - Armadas de Cooperation or Guardia Nacional) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,491,524; males fit for - military service 3,981,190; males reach military age (18) annually - 227,292 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of - GDP (1991) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -VIETNAM - -@Vietnam:Geography - - Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of - Tonkin, and South China Sea, between China and Cambodia - - Map references: Southeast Asia - - Area: - total area: 329,560 sq km - land area: 325,360 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico - - Land boundaries: total 3,818 km, Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos - 1,555 km - - Coastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands) - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; - involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, - Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; unresolved - maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime boundary dispute with China - in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed - by Vietnam and Taiwan - - Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season - (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to - mid-March) - - Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, - mountainous in far north and northwest - - Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, - offshore oil deposits, forests - - Land use: - arable land: 22% - permanent crops: 2% - meadows and pastures: 1% - forest and woodland: 40% - other: 35% - - Irrigated land: 18,300 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices are - contributing to deforestation; soil degradation; water pollution and - overfishing threatening marine life populations; inadequate supplies - of potable water because of groundwater contamination - natural hazards: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive - flooding - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone - Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Nuclear Test Ban - -@Vietnam:People - - Population: 74,393,324 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 36% (female 13,225,916; male 13,918,321) - 15-64 years: 59% (female 22,353,710; male 21,223,739) - 65 years and over: 5% (female 2,236,453; male 1,435,185) (July 1995 - est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.71% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 26.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 44.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 65.72 years - male: 63.66 years - female: 67.91 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.21 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) - adjective: Vietnamese - - Ethnic divisions: Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Thai, Meo, - Khmer, Man, Cham - - Religions: Buddhist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, - Islam, Protestant - - Languages: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, - tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: 88% - male: 93% - female: 83% - - Labor force: 32.7 million - by occupation: agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 - est.) - -@Vietnam:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam - conventional short form: Vietnam - local long form: Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam - local short form: Viet Nam - - Abbreviation: SRV - - Digraph: VM - - Type: Communist state - - Capital: Hanoi - - Administrative divisions: 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 - municipalities* (thu do, singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung - Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac - Lac, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, - Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien - Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh - Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, - Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son - La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien - Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai - - Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945) - - Constitution: 15 April 1992 - - Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law - system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Le Duc ANH (since 23 September 1992) - head of government: Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); - First Deputy Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991); - Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen KHANH (since NA February 1987); Deputy - Prime Minister Tran Duc LUONG (since NA February 1987) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on proposal of the prime - minister and ratification of the Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi): elections last held 19 July 1992 (next - to be held NA July 1997); results - VCP is the only party; seats - - (395 total) VCP or VCP-approved 395 - - Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court - - Political parties and leaders: only party - Vietnam Communist Party - (VCP), DO MUOI, general secretary - - Member of: ACCT, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Liaison Officer Le Van BANG - liaison office: address NA, Washington, DC - mailing address: NA - telephone: NA - FAX: NA - note: negotiations between representatives of the US and Vietnam - concluded 28 January 1995 with the signing of an agreement to - establish liaison offices in Hanoi and Washington - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Liaison Officer James HALL - liaison office: address NA, Hanoi - mailing address: NA - telephone: NA - FAX: NA - note: negotiations between representatives of the US and Vietnam - concluded 28 January 1995 with the signing of an agreement to - establish liaison offices in Hanoi and Washington - - Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center - -@Vietnam:Economy - - Overview: Vietnam has made significant progress in recent years moving - away from the planned economic model toward a more effective - market-based economic system. Most prices are now fully decontrolled, - and the Vietnamese currency has been effectively devalued and floated - at world market rates. In addition, the scope for private sector - activity has been expanded, primarily through decollectivization of - the agricultural sector and introduction of laws giving legal - recognition to private business. Nearly three-quarters of export - earnings are generated by only two commodities, rice and crude oil. - Led by industry and construction, the economy did well in 1993 and - 1994 with output rising 7% and 9% respectively. However, the - industrial sector remains burdened by noncompetitive state-owned - enterprises the government is unwilling or unable to privatize. - Unemployment looms as a serious problem with roughly 20% of the work - force without jobs and with population growth swelling the ranks of - the labor force yearly. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $83.5 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 8.8% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,140 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.4% (1994) - - Unemployment rate: 20% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $3.6 billion - expenditures: $4.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum, rice, agricultural products, marine products, - coffee - partners: Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, France, South Korea - - Imports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: petroleum products, machinery and equipment, steel - products, fertilizer, raw cotton, grain - partners: Singapore, Japan, South Korea, France, Hong Kong, Taiwan - - External debt: $4 billion Western countries; $4.5 billion CEMA debts - primarily to Russia; - - Industrial production: growth rate 13% (1994 est.); accounts for 21% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,200,000 kW - production: 9.7 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 125 kWh (1993) - - Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, - cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil - - Agriculture: accounts for 36% of GDP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make - up 50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, - tea, bananas) and animal products 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in - food staple rice; fish catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.); note - - the third largest exporter of rice in the World, behind the US and - Thailand - - Illicit drugs: opium producer and increasingly important transit point - for Southeast Asian heroin destined for the US and Europe; growing - opium addiction; small-scale heroin producer - - Economic aid: - recipient: $2 billion in credits and grants pledged by international - donors for 1995, Japan largest contributor with $650 million pledged - for 1995 - - Currency: 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu - - Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,000 (October 1994), 10,800 - (November 1993), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 (December 1990), 3,996 - (March 1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Vietnam:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 3,059 km (including 224 km not restored to service after war - damage) - standard gauge: 151 km 1.435-m gauge - narrow gauge: 2,454 km 1.000-m gauge - other gauge: 230 km NA-m dual gauge (three rails) - - Highways: - total: 85,000 km - paved: 9,400 km - unpaved: gravel, improved earth 48,700 km; unimproved earth 26,900 km - - Inland waterways: 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at - all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draft - - Pipelines: petroleum products 150 km - - Ports: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Hon Gai, Qui Nhon, Nha - Trang - - Merchant marine: - total: 109 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 449,963 GRT/932,837 DWT - ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 92, oil tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 3, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 - - Airports: - total: 48 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 8 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13 - with paved runways under 914 m: 7 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 - with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 - -@Vietnam:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; 2 telephones/1,000 persons; the - inadequacies of the obsolete switching equipment and cable system are - a serious constraint on the business sector and on economic growth, - and restrict access to the international links that Vietnam has - established with most major countries; the telephone system is not - generally available for private use - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 3 satellite earth stations - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM 228, shortwave 0 - radios: 7 million (1991) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 36 (repeaters 77) - televisions: 2.5 million (1991) - -@Vietnam:Defense Forces - - Branches: People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; includes Ground forces, Navy - (includes Naval Infantry), and Air Force - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 18,799,370; males fit for - military service 11,913,116; males reach military age (17) annually - 742,394 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $435 million, 2.5% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -VIRGIN ISLANDS - - (territory of the US) - -@Virgin Islands:Geography - - Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North - Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico - - Map references: Central America and the Caribbean - - Area: - total area: 352 sq km - land area: 349 sq km - comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 188 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low - humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to - November - - Terrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land - - Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf - - Land use: - arable land: 15% - permanent crops: 6% - meadows and pastures: 26% - forest and woodland: 6% - other: 47% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources - natural hazards: rarely affected by hurricanes; frequent and severe - droughts, floods, and earthquakes - international agreements: NA - - Note: important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping - lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, - deepwater harbors in the Caribbean - -@Virgin Islands:People - - Population: 97,229 (July 1995 est.) - note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born - elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, - other 8% - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: -0.29% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 18.49 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -16.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 75.29 years - male: 73.6 years - female: 77.2 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 2.41 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Virgin Islander(s) - adjective: Virgin Islander - - Ethnic divisions: black 80%, white 15%, other 5% - - Religions: Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% - - Languages: English (official), Spanish, Creole - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 45,500 (1988) - by occupation: tourism 70% - -@Virgin Islands:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Virgin Islands of the United States - conventional short form: Virgin Islands - - Digraph: VQ - - Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by - the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of - the Interior - - Capital: Charlotte Amalie - - Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US) - - National holiday: Transfer Day, 31 March (1917) (from Denmark to US) - - Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 - - Legal system: based on US - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; note - indigenous inhabitants - are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January - 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - head of government: Governor Dr. Roy L. SCHNEIDER (since 5 January - 1995); Lieutenant Governor Kenneth E. MAPP (since 5 January 1995); - election last held 22 November 1994 (next to be held NA November - 1998); results - Dr. Roy L. SCHNEIDER (Independent) 54.7%, former - Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE 42.6% - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Senate: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held 5 - November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 - total) Democrats 7, Independents 7, Republican 1 - US House of Representatives: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next - to be held 5 November 1996); results - Victor O. FRAZER (Independent) - 54.5%, Eileen R. PETERSON (Democrat) 45.5%; seats - (1 total) - Independent 1; note - the Virgin Islands elects one representative to - the US House of Representatives - - Judicial branch: - US District Court: handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies - (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases - Territorial Court: handles civil matters up to $50,000, small claims, - juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and traffic cases - - Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; - Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin C. BROWN; Republican - Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS - - Member of: ECLAC (associate), IOC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US) - - US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US) - - Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the - large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding - an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a - superimposed shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue - panel - -@Virgin Islands:Economy - - Overview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for - more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector - consists of textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly - plants. The agricultural sector is small, most food being imported. - International business and financial services are a small but growing - component of the economy. One of the world's largest petroleum - refineries is at Saint Croix. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2 billion (1987 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $11,000 (1987) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: 3.7% (1992) - - Budget: - revenues: $364.4 million - expenditures: $364.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1990 est.) - - Exports: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: refined petroleum products - partners: US, Puerto Rico - - Imports: $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials - - partners: US, Puerto Rico - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate 12% (year NA); accounts for NA% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 320,000 kW - production: 970 million kWh - consumption per capita: 9,172 kWh (1993) - - Industries: tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum - distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics - - Agriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, - Senepol cattle - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $42 million - - Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: US currency is used - - Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September - -@Virgin Islands:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 856 km - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Charlotte Amalie, Christiansted, Cruz Bay, Port Alucroix - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 - note: international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix - -@Virgin Islands:Communications - - Telephone system: 58,931 telephones; modern telephone system using - fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite - facilities - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 8, shortwave 0 (1988) - radios: 98,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 4 (1988) - televisions: 63,000 - -@Virgin Islands:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -WAKE ISLAND - - (territory of the US) - -@Wake Island:Geography - - Location: Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds - of the way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 6.5 sq km - land area: 6.5 sq km - comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, - DC - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 19.3 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall - Islands - - Climate: tropical - - Terrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater - volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; - average elevation less than 4 meters - - Natural resources: none - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 100% - - Irrigated land: 0 sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: occasional typhoons - international agreements: NA - - Note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing - location for transpacific flights - -@Wake Island:People - - Population: 302 (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 0% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population - - Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population - - Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: NA years - male: NA years - female: NA years - - Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman - -@Wake Island:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Wake Island - - Digraph: WQ - - Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Army - and Strategic Defense Command since 1 October 1994 - - Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC - - Independence: none (territory of the US) - - Flag: the US flag is used - -@Wake Island:Economy - - Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US - military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and - manufactured goods must be imported. - - Electricity: supplied by US military - -@Wake Island:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Ports: none; two offshore anchorages for large ships - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - - Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used by US - military, some commercial cargo planes, as well as the US Army Space - and Strategic Defense Command for missile launches - -@Wake Island:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; satellite communications; 1 Autovon - circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and - television service provided by satellite - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 0, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and - television service provided by satellite - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and - television service provided by satellite - - Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used by US - military, as well as the US Army Space and Strategic Defense Command - for missile launches - -@Wake Island:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of the US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -WALLIS AND FUTUNA - - (overseas territory of France) - -@Wallis And Futuna:Geography - - Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about - two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 274 sq km - land area: 274 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), - Ile Alofi, and 20 islets - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 129 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry - season (May to October) - - Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 5% - permanent crops: 20% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 75% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation (only small portions of the original - forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as - the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, - the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion; - there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of - natural fresh water resources - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: both island groups have fringing reefs - -@Wallis And Futuna:People - - Population: 14,499 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 1.11% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 25.06 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.14 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -8.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 24.92 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 72.24 years - male: 71.62 years - female: 72.9 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders - adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander - - Ethnic divisions: Polynesian - - Religions: Roman Catholic - - Languages: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1969) - total population: 50% - male: 50% - female: 51% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% - (est.) - -@Wallis And Futuna:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands - conventional short form: Wallis and Futuna - local long form: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna - local short form: Wallis et Futuna - - Digraph: WF - - Type: overseas territory of France - - Capital: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea) - - Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France) - - Independence: none (overseas territory of France) - - Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) - - Legal system: French legal system - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - head of government: High Administrator Philippe LEGRIX (since NA); - President of the Territorial Assembly Soane Mani UHILA (since NA March - 1992) - cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of 3 kings and 3 members - appointed by the high administrator on advice of the Territorial - Assembly - note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale): elections last held 15 - March 1987 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 - French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held - by NA September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (1 total) RPR 1 - French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1992 - (next to be held by NA September 1996); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1; note - Wallis and Futuna elect one - deputy - - Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French law - by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings administer - customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu - - Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union - Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua - kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) - - Member of: FZ, SPC - - Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas territory of France) - - US diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France) - - Flag: the flag of France is used - -@Wallis And Futuna:Economy - - Overview: The economy is limited to traditional subsistence - agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood - from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), - and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. - Revenues come from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing - rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from - expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and Futuna imports food - - particularly sugar and beef - fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport - equipment, but its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and - handicrafts. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $28.7 million (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $2,000 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $2.7 million - expenditures: $2.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1983 est.) - - Exports: $6.6 million (f.o.b., 1986) - commodities: copra, handicrafts - partners: NA - - Imports: $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, - fuel, clothing - partners: France, Australia, New Zealand - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 1,200 kW - production: 1 million kWh - consumption per capita: 70 kWh (1990) - - Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber - - Agriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops - of yams, taro, bananas, and herds of pigs and goats - - Economic aid: - recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $118 million - - Currency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - - 96.25 (January 1995), 100.94 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992), - 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the - French franc - - Fiscal year: NA - -@Wallis And Futuna:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20km) - paved: 16 km (on Il Uvea) - unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km) - - Inland waterways: none - - Ports: Leava, Mata-Utu - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 26,000 GRT/40,000 DWT - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - -@Wallis And Futuna:Communications - - Telephone system: 225 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Wallis And Futuna:Defense Forces - - Note: defense is the responsibility of France - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -WEST BANK - - Note--The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim - Self-Government Arrangements ("the DOP"), signed in Washington on 13 - September 1993, provides for a transitional period not exceeding five - years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the - West Bank. Under the DOP, final status negotiations are to begin no - later than the beginning of the third year of the transitional period. - -@West Bank:Geography - - Location: Middle East, west of Jordan - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 5,860 sq km - land area: 5,640 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware - note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of - the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No - Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire - area occupied by Israel in 1967 - - Land boundaries: total 404 km, Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied - with interim status subject to Israeli/Palestinian negotiations - - final status to be determined - - Climate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, - warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters - - Terrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but - barren in east - - Natural resources: negligible - - Land use: - arable land: 27% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 32% - forest and woodland: 1% - other: 40% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: NA - natural hazards: NA - international agreements: NA - - Note: landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's - coastal aquifers; there are 199 Jewish settlements and civilian land - use sites in the West Bank and 25 in East Jerusalem (August 1994 est.) - -@West Bank:People - - Population: 1,319,991 (July 1995 est.) - note: in addition, there are 122,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank - and 149,000 in East Jerusalem (August 1994 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 46% (female 293,269; male 308,775) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 335,193; male 337,722) - 65 years and over: 3% (female 25,759; male 19,273) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 39.83 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 4.84 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.42 years - male: 69.91 years - female: 73 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 5.34 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: NA - adjective: NA - - Ethnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17% - - Religions: Muslim 75% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 17%, Christian and - other 8% - - Languages: Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English - (widely understood) - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: construction 28.2%, agriculture 21.8%, industry 14.5%, - commerce, restaurants, and hotels 12.6%, other services 22.9% (1991) - note: excluding Jewish settlers - -@West Bank:Government - - Note: Under the Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim - Self-Government Arragements ("the DOP"), Israel agreed to transfer - certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, and - subsequently to an elected Palestinian Council, as part of interim - self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A - transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho - has taken place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement - on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area. A transfer of powers and - responsibilities in certain spheres for the rest of the West Bank has - taken place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 29 August 1994 Agreement on - Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities. The DOP provides - that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period - for external security and for internal security and public order of - settlements and Israelis. Final status is to be determined through - direct negotiations within five years. - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: West Bank - - Digraph: WE - -@West Bank:Economy - - Overview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by - Israeli military administration and the effects of the Palestinian - uprising (intifadah). Industries using advanced technology or - requiring sizable investment have been discouraged by a lack of local - capital and restrictive Israeli policies. Capital investment consists - largely of residential housing, not productive assets that would - enable local Palestinian firms to compete with Israeli industry. GDP - has been substantially supplemented by remittances of workers employed - in Israel and Persian Gulf states. Such transfers from the Gulf - dropped after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake of the - Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West Bank, - increasing unemployment, and export revenues have dropped because of - the decline of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures - to curtail the intifadah also have added to unemployment and lowered - living standards. The area's economic situation has worsened since - Israel's partial closure of the territories in 1993. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $2,800 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.8% (1993) - - Unemployment rate: 35% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $43.4 million - expenditures: $43.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (FY89/90) - - Exports: $217 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: olives, fruit, vegetables - partners: Jordan, Israel - - Imports: $867 million (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: food, consumer goods, construction materials - partners: Jordan, Israel - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: NA kW - production: NA kWh - consumption per capita: NA kWh - note: most electricity imported from Israel; East Jerusalem Electric - Company buys and distributes electricity to Palestinians in East - Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank; the Israel Electric - Company directly supplies electricity to most Jewish residents and - military facilities; at the same time, some Palestinian - municipalities, such as Nabulus and Janin, generate their own - electricity from small power plants - - Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement, - textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; - the Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in - the settlements and industrial centers - - Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef, and - dairy products - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian - dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils - - Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.0270 (December - 1994), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6995 (January 1995), - 0.6987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 - (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992) - -@West Bank:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - note: small road network; Israelis have developed many highways to - service Jewish settlements - - Ports: none - - Airports: - total: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 1 - -@West Bank:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; note - 8% of Palestinian households - have telephones (1992 est.) - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - note: Israeli company BEZEK is responsible for communication services - in the West Bank - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA; note - 82% of Palestinian households have radios (1992 - est.) - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0; note - 1 planned for Jericho - televisions: NA; note - 54% of Palestinian households have televisions - (1992 est.) - -@West Bank:Defense Forces - - Branches: NA - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -WESTERN SAHARA - -@Western Sahara:Geography - - Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between - Mauritania and Morocco - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 266,000 sq km - land area: 266,000 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado - - Land boundaries: total 2,046 km, Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, - Morocco 443 km - - Coastline: 1,110 km - - Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue - - International disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but - sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a - referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been - currently in effect since September 1991 - - Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents - produce fog and heavy dew - - Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy - surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast - - Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore - - Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 19% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: 81% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: sparse water and arable land - natural hazards: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur - during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of - time, often severely restricting visibility - international agreements: NA - -@Western Sahara:People - - Population: 217,211 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: NA - 15-64 years: NA - 65 years and over: NA - - Population growth rate: 2.48% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 46.9 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.52 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 148.95 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 46.31 years - male: 45.34 years - female: 47.59 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.91 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) - adjective: Sahrawian, Sahraouian - - Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber - - Religions: Muslim - - Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - - Literacy: NA% - - Labor force: 12,000 - by occupation: animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50% - -@Western Sahara:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: none - conventional short form: Western Sahara - - Digraph: WI - - Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty - unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front - (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de - Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile - of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); territory partitioned - between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring - northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario - guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; - Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since - asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile - was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued - sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 - September 1991 - - Capital: none - - Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco) - - Executive branch: none - - Member of: none - - Diplomatic representation in US: none - - US diplomatic representation: none - -@Western Sahara:Economy - - Overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and - having little rainfall, depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and - phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the - population. Most of the food for the urban population must be - imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by - the Moroccan Government. Incomes and standards of living are - substantially below the Moroccan level. - - National product: GDP $NA - - National product real growth rate: NA% - - National product per capita: $NA - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) - commodities: phosphates 62% - partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade - partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts - - Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) - commodities: fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs - partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade - partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts - - External debt: $NA - - Industrial production: growth rate NA% - - Electricity: - capacity: 60,000 kW - production: 79 million kWh - consumption per capita: 339 kWh (1993) - - Industries: phosphate mining, handicrafts - - Agriculture: limited largely to subsistence agriculture and fishing; - some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are - grown in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and - goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for - the garrison forces - - Economic aid: $NA - - Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes - - Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.892 (January 1995), - 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990) - - Fiscal year: NA - -@Western Sahara:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 6,200 km - unpaved: gravel 1,450 km; improved, unimproved earth, tracks 4,750 km - - Ports: Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, El Aaiun - - Airports: - total: 14 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways under 914 m: 3 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 - -@Western Sahara:Communications - - Telephone system: 2,000 telephones; sparse and limited system - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, - troposcatter, and 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations linked to - Rabat, Morocco - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 2 - televisions: NA - -@Western Sahara:Defense Forces - - Branches: NA - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -WESTERN SAMOA - -@Western Samoa:Geography - - Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about - one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - - Map references: Oceania - - Area: - total area: 2,860 sq km - land area: 2,850 sq km - comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island - - Land boundaries: 0 km - - Coastline: 403 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: none - - Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to - October) - - Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains - in interior - - Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish - - Land use: - arable land: 19% - permanent crops: 24% - meadows and pastures: 0% - forest and woodland: 47% - other: 10% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: soil erosion - natural hazards: occasional typhoons; active volcanism - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - - Law of the Sea - -@Western Samoa:People - - Population: 209,360 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 40% (female 41,503; male 42,844) - 15-64 years: 56% (female 55,683; male 61,065) - 65 years and over: 4% (female 4,323; male 3,942) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.37% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 31.74 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 5.88 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -2.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 35.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 68.38 years - male: 65.99 years - female: 70.88 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.04 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Western Samoan(s) - adjective: Western Samoan - - Ethnic divisions: Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European - and Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4% - - Religions: Christian 99.7% (about one-half of population associated - with the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman - Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) - - Languages: Samoan (Polynesian), English - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: 97% - male: 97% - female: 97% - - Labor force: NA - by occupation: agriculture 60% - -@Western Samoa:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Independent State of Western Samoa - conventional short form: Western Samoa - - Digraph: WS - - Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief - - Capital: Apia - - Administrative divisions: 11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, - Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, - Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano - - Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New - Zealand) - - National holiday: National Day, 1 June (1962) - - Constitution: 1 January 1962 - - Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial - review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the - citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State - from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April - 1963) - head of government: Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April - 1988) - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the head of state with the prime - minister's advice - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Legislative Assembly (Fono): elections last held 5 April 1991 (next to - be held by NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1 - note: only matai (head of family) are able to run for the Legislative - Assembly - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal - - Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), - TOFILAU Eti Alesana, chairman; Samoan National Development Party - (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman - - Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, - SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni SLADE - chancery: 820 Second Avenue, Suite 800, New York, NY 10017 - telephone: [1] (212) 599-6196, 6197 - FAX: [1] (212) 599-0797 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to - Western Samoa - embassy: 5th floor, Beach Road, Apia - mailing address: P.O. Box 3430, Apia - telephone: [685] 21631 - FAX: [685] 22030 - - Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant - bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross - constellation - -@Western Samoa:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, - contributes 50% to GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of - export earnings comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The - economy depends on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a - level of imports much greater than export earnings. Tourism has become - the most important growth industry. The economy continued to falter in - 1994, as remittances and tourist earnings remained low. Production of - taro, the primary food export crop, has dropped 97% since a fungal - disease struck the crop in 1993. The rapid growth in 1994 of the giant - African snail population in Western Samoa is also threatening the - country's basic food crops, such as bananas and coconuts. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $400 million (1992 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -4.3% (1992 est.) - - National product per capita: $2,000 (1992 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $95.3 million - expenditures: $76.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA - (1994 est.) - - Exports: $6.4 million (f.o.b., 1993) - commodities: coconut oil and cream, taro, copra, cocoa - partners: New Zealand 34%, American Samoa 21%, Germany 18%, Australia - 11% - - Imports: $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% - partners: New Zealand 37%, Australia 25%, Japan 11%, Fiji 9% - - External debt: $141 million (June 1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate -0.3% (1992 est.); accounts for 16% - of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 29,000 kW - production: 50 million kWh - consumption per capita: 200 kWh (1993) - - Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing - - Agriculture: accounts for about 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including - bananas, taro, yams) - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million - - Currency: 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene - - Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.4600 (January 1995), 2.5349 - (1994), 2.5681 (1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Western Samoa:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 2,042 km - paved: 375 km - unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 1,667 km - - Ports: Apia, Asau, Mulifanua, Salelologa - - Merchant marine: - total: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling - 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT - - Airports: - total: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 2 - -@Western Samoa:Communications - - Telephone system: 7,500 telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 - radios: 70,000 - - Television: - broadcast stations: 0 - televisions: NA - -@Western Samoa:Defense Forces - - Branches: no regular armed services; Western Samoa Police Force - - Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -WORLD - -@World:Geography - - Map references: World, Time Zones - - Area: - total area: 510.072 million sq km - land area: 148.94 million sq km - water area: 361.132 million sq km - comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US - note: 70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is land - - Land boundaries: the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64 km - (not counting shared boundaries twice) - - Coastline: 356,000 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm claimed by most but can vary - continental shelf: 200-m depth claimed by most or to depth of - exploitation, others claim 200 nm or to the edge of the continental - margin - exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary - territorial sea: 12 nm claimed by most but can vary - note: boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many - countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 - nm; 43 nations and other areas that are landlocked include - Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, - Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, - Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, - Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San - Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West - Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather - narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to - subtropical climates - - Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest - depression is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest - ocean depth is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters - - Natural resources: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral - resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction - of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water - quality (especially in Eastern Europe and the former USSR) pose - serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only - beginning to address - - Land use: - arable land: 10% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: 24% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: 34% - - Irrigated land: NA sq km - - Environment: - current issues: large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial - disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss - of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of - wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion - natural hazards: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical - cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, - volcanic eruptions) - international agreements: 23 selected international environmental - agreements included under the Environment entry for each country and - in Appendix E: Selected International Environmental Agreements - -@World:People - - Population: 5,733,687,096 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 31.6% (female 882,809,689; male 928,121,801) - 15-64 years: 62% (female 1,752,393,539; male 1,802,004,124) - 65 years and over: 6.4% (female 209,437,234; male 158,246,581) (July - 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.5% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 62 years - male: 61 years - female: 64 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Labor force: 2.24 billion (1992) - by occupation: NA - -@World:Government - - Digraph: XX - - Administrative divisions: 265 nations, dependent areas, other, and - miscellaneous entries - - Legal system: varies by individual country; 186 (note including - Yugoslavia) are parties to the United Nations International Court of - Justice (ICJ or World Court) - -@World:Economy - - Overview: Led by recovery in Western Europe and strong performances by - the US, Canada, and key Third World countries, real global output - - gross world product (GWP) - rose 3% in 1994 compared with 2% in 1993. - Results varied widely among regions and countries. Average growth of - 3% in the GDP of industrialized countries (60% of GWP in 1994) and - average growth of 6% in the GDP of less developed countries (34% of - GWP) were partly offset by a further 11% drop in the GDP of the former - USSR/Eastern Europe area (now only 6% of GWP). With the notable - exception of Japan at 2.9%, unemployment was typically 5%-12% in the - industrial world. The US accounted for 22% of GWP in 1994; Western - Europe accounted for another 22%; and Japan accounted for 8%. These - are the three "economic superpowers" which are presumably destined to - compete for mastery in international markets on into the 21st century. - As for the less developed countries, China, India, and the Four - Dragons - South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - once again - posted records of 5% growth or better; however, many other countries, - especially in Africa, continued to suffer from drought, rapid - population growth, inflation, and civil strife. Central Europe made - considerable progress in moving toward "market-friendly" economies, - whereas the 15 ex-Soviet countries (with the notable exceptions of the - three Baltic states) typically experienced further declines in output, - sometimes as high as 30%. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock - economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over - international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. - Internally, the central government in a number of cases is losing - control over resources as separatist regional movements - typically - based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in the successor states of - the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, and in India. In - Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of - channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase - investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition - of nearly 100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe - is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, - underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal - problems, the industrialized countries have inadequate resources to - deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least - from the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. - (For the specific economic problems of each country, see the - individual country entries in this volume.) - - National product: GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - - $30.7 trillion (1994 est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.2% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $5,400 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): - all countries: 25% - developed countries: 5% - developing countries: 50% (1994 est.) - note: national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from - stable prices to hyperinflation - - Unemployment rate: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in - many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically - 5%-12% unemployment - - Exports: $4 trillion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and - services - partners: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries - - Imports: $4.1 trillion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) - commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and - services - partners: in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries - - External debt: $1 trillion for less developed countries (1993 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1994 est.) - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,773,000,000 kW - production: 11.601 trillion kWh - consumption per capita: 1,937 kWh (1993) - - Industries: industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of - technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and - medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in - OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have - succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces, and the - technological gap between the industrial nations and the - less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid development of - new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already - grim environmental problems - - Agriculture: the production of major food crops has increased - substantially in the last 20 years; the annual production of cereals, - for instance, has risen by 50%, from about 1.2 billion metric tons to - about 1.8 billion metric tons; production increases have resulted - mainly from increased yields rather than increases in planted areas; - while global production is sufficient for aggregate demand, about - one-fifth of the world's population remains malnourished, primarily - because local production cannot adequately provide for large and - rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for food - imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in - recent years has intensified the consequences of overpopulation - - Economic aid: $NA - -@World:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,201,337 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of - electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the - Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km - in North America; note - fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr - attained by France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line - broad gauge: 251,153 km - standard gauge: 710,754 km - narrow gauge: 239,430 km - - Highways: - total: NA - paved: NA - unpaved: NA - - Ports: Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, Mina' al Ahmadi - (Kuwait), New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama - - Merchant marine: - total: 25,364 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 435,458,296 - GRT/697,171,651 DWT - ships by type: barge carrier 39, bulk 5,202, cargo 8,121, chemical - tanker 911, combination bulk 293, combination ore/oil 290, container - 1,903, liquefied gas 675, livestock carrier 48, multifunction - large-load carrier 53, oil tanker 4,332, passenger 287, - passenger-cargo 114, railcar carrier 24, refrigerated cargo 1,023, - roll-on/roll-off cargo 1,047, short-sea passenger 465, specialized - tanker 77, vehicle carrier 460 (April 1995) - -@World:Communications - - Telephone system: - local: NA - intercity: NA - international: NA - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: NA - televisions: NA - -@World:Defense Forces - - Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology - - Defense expenditures: a further decline in 1994, by perhaps 5%-10%, to - roughly three-quarters of a trillion dollars, or 2.5% of gross world - product (1994 est.) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -YEMEN - -@Yemen:Geography - - Location: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and - Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia - - Map references: Middle East - - Area: - total area: 527,970 sq km - land area: 527,970 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming - note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or - North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen - (PDRY or South Yemen) - - Land boundaries: total 1,746 km, Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km - - Coastline: 1,906 km - - Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 18 nm in the North; 24 nm in the South - continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: undefined section of boundary with Saudi - Arabia; a treaty with Oman defining the Yemeni-Omani boundary was - ratified in December 1992 - - Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in - western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, - dry, harsh desert in east - - Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged - mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the - desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula - - Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits - of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west - - Land use: - arable land: 6% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 30% - forest and woodland: 7% - other: 57% - - Irrigated land: 3,100 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate - supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification - natural hazards: sandstorms and dust storms in summer - international agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Law - of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, - Climate Change - - Note: controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the - Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes - -@Yemen:People - - Population: 14,728,474 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 50% (female 3,551,953; male 3,776,358) - 15-64 years: 48% (female 3,505,735; male 3,508,229) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 216,210; male 169,989) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 4.02% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 44.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 8.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: 3.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 58.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 62.51 years - male: 61.57 years - female: 63.5 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 7.15 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Yemeni(s) - adjective: Yemeni - - Ethnic divisions: predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in - western coastal locations; South Asians in southern regions; small - European communities in major metropolitan areas - - Religions: Muslim including Sha'fi (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small - numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu - - Languages: Arabic - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 38% - male: 53% - female: 26% - - Labor force: no reliable estimates exist, most people are employed in - agriculture and herding or as expatriate laborers; services, - construction, industry, and commerce account for less than half of the - labor force - -@Yemen:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Yemen - conventional short form: Yemen - local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah - local short form: Al Yaman - - Digraph: YM - - Type: republic - - Capital: Sanaa - - Administrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - - muhafazah); Abyan, Adan, Al Bayda, Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al - Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramaut, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Marib, Sadah, Sana, - Shabwah, Taizz - note: there may be a new governorate for the capital city of Sanaa - - Independence: 22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May - 1990 with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or - North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of - Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become - independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South - Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK) - - National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) - - Constitution: 16 May 1991 - - Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, - and local tribal customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the - former president of North Yemen); Vice President Abd al-Rab Mansur - al-HADI (since NA October 1994) - head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz ABD AL-GHANI (since NA - October 1994) - cabinet: Council of Ministers - - Legislative branch: unicameral - House of Representatives: elections last held 27 April 1993 (next to - be held NA 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (301 - total) GPC 124, Islaah 61, YSP 55, others 13, independents 47, - election nullified 1 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: over 40 political parties are active in - Yemen, but only three project significant influence; since the - May-July 1994 civil war, President SALIH's General People's Congress - (GPC) and Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Yemeni Grouping for - Reform, or Islaah, have joined to form a coalition government; the - Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), headed by Ali Salih UBAYD, has regrouped - as a loyal opposition - - Other political or pressure groups: NA - - Member of: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, - ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI - chancery: Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760, 4761 - FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador David NEWTON - embassy: Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa - mailing address: P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa; Sanaa, Department of State, - Washington, DC 20521-6330 - telephone: [967] (1) 238843 through 238852 - FAX: [967] (1) 251563 - - Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; - similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq - which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a - horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag - of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band - -@Yemen:Economy - - Overview: Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of - a united Yemen, the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port - facilities, is the economic and commercial capital. Future economic - development depends heavily on Western-assisted development of the - country's moderate oil resources. Former South Yemen's willingness to - merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet economic - support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculture has made - northern Yemen dependent on imports for practically all of its - essential needs. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern - Yemen has become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - - cotton, fruit, and vegetables - has been turned over to growing a - shrub called qat, whose leaves are chewed for their stimulant effect - by Yemenis and which has no significant export market. Economic growth - in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack of incentives, - partly stemming from centralized control over production decisions, - investment allocation, and import choices. Yemen's large trade - deficits have been compensated for by remittances from Yemenis working - abroad and by foreign aid. Since the Gulf crisis, remittances have - dropped substantially. Growth in 1994-95 is constrained by low oil - prices, rapid inflation, and political deadlock that are causing a - lack of economic cooperation and leadership. However, a peace - agreement with Saudi Arabia in February 1995 and the expectation of a - rise in oil prices brighten Yemen's economic prospects. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $23.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: -1.4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,955 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 145% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: 30% (December 1994) - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $1.75 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and - salted fish - partners: Germany 28%, Japan 15%, UK 9%, Austria 7%, China 7% (1992) - - Imports: $2.65 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum - products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, - chemicals - partners: US 16%, UK 7%, Japan 6%, France 6%, Italy 6% (1992) - - External debt: $7 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 810,000 kW - production: 1.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 149 kWh (1993) - - Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale - production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; - handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement - - Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, - vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, - poultry, meat, fish; not self-sufficient in grain - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion - - Currency: Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 - fils; 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils - note: following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May - 1990, the North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be - replaced with a new Yemeni rial - - Exchange rates: Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 90 (market - rate, December 1994) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Yemen:Transportation - - Railroads: 0 km - - Highways: - total: 51,390 km - paved: 4,830 km - unpaved: 46,560 km (1992 est.) - - Pipelines: crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km - - Ports: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun - - Merchant marine: - total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,059 GRT/18,563 DWT - ships by type: cargo 1, oil tanker 2 - - Airports: - total: 46 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 - with paved runways under 914 m: 4 - with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 12 - -@Yemen:Communications - - Telephone system: 65,000 telephones; since unification in 1990, - efforts are still being made to create a national domestic civil - telecommunications network - local: NA - intercity: the network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, and - troposcatter - international: 3 INTELSAT (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 - Intersputnik, and 2 ARABSAT earth stations; microwave radio relay to - Saudi Arabia and Djibouti - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 10 - televisions: NA - -@Yemen:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary (includes Police) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,135,649; males fit for - military service 1,771,226; males reach military age (14) annually - 181,057 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.65 billion, 7.1% - of GDP (1993) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ZAIRE - -@Zaire:Geography - - Location: Central Africa, northeast of Angola - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 2,345,410 sq km - land area: 2,267,600 sq km - comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US - - Land boundaries: total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, - Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, - Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km - - Coastline: 37 km - - Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: boundaries with neighbors - territorial sea: 12 nm - - International disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake - Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the - indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long - section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of - the river or its islands has been made) - - Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and - drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; - north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to - February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season - April to October - - Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east - - Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and - gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, - radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential - - Land use: - arable land: 3% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 4% - forest and woodland: 78% - other: 15% - - Irrigated land: 100 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: poaching threatens wildlife populations; water - pollution; deforestation; 1.2 million Rwandan refugees are responsible - for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching in - eastern Zaire - natural hazards: periodic droughts in south; volcanic activity - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, - Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83; signed, - but not ratified - Desertification, Environmental Modification - - Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the - lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense - tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands - -@Zaire:People - - Population: 44,060,636 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 48% (female 10,522,368; male 10,527,451) - 15-64 years: 50% (female 11,211,353; male 10,630,118) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 647,307; male 522,039) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 3.18% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 48.33 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: in 1994, more than one million refugees fled into Zaire to - escape the fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis in Rwanda and - Burundi; a small number of these are returning to their homes in 1995 - despite fear of the ongoing violence; additionally, Zaire is host to - 105,000 Angolan, more than 250,000 Burundian and 100,000 Sudanese - refugees; repatriation of Angolan refugees was suspended in May 1994 - because of the recurrence of fighting in Angola; if present peace - accords hold, repatriation of Angolans may recommence - - Infant mortality rate: 108.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 47.54 years - male: 45.68 years - female: 49.46 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Zairian(s) - adjective: Zairian - - Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are - Bantu; four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the - Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population - - Religions: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim - 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% - - Languages: French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 72% - male: 84% - female: 61% - - Labor force: 15 million (25% of the labor force comprises wage - earners) - by occupation: agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985) - -@Zaire:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Zaire - conventional short form: Zaire - local long form: Republique du Zaire - local short form: Zaire - former: Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/Kinshasa - - Digraph: CG - - Type: republic with a strong presidential system - - Capital: Kinshasa - - Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and - 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, - Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, - Shaba, Sud-Kivu - - Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium) - - National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 - November (1965) - - Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February - 1978; amended April 1990; new transitional constitution promulgated in - April 1994 - - Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory - - Executive branch: - chief of state: President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za - Banga (since 24 November 1965) election last held 29 July 1984 (next - to be held by 9 July 1995); results - President MOBUTU was reelected - without opposition - head of government: Prime Minister Leon KENGO wa Dondo (since 14 June - 1994) - cabinet: National Executive Council; appointed by mutual agreement of - the president and the prime minister - - Legislative branch: unicameral - parliament: a single body consisting of the High Council of the - Republic and the Parliament of the Transition with membership equally - divided between presidential supporters and opponents - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - - Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991 - - Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union - for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa - Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC); Union of - Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI); Unified Lumumbast - Party (PALU), Antoine GIZENGA; Union of Independent Democrats (UDI), - Leon KENGO wa Dondo - - Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador TATANENE Manata - chancery: 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 234-7690, 7691 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires John M. YATES - embassy: 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa - mailing address: Unit 31550, Kinshasha; APO AE 09828 - telephone: [243] (12) 21532, 21628 - FAX: [243] (12) 21534 ext. 2308, 21535 ext. 2308; (88) 43805, 43467 - - Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm - holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away - from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -@Zaire:Economy - - Overview: Zaire's economy has continued to disintegrate although Prime - Minister KENGO has had some success in slowing the rate of economic - decline. While meaningful economic figures are difficult to come by, - Zaire's hyperinflation, chronic large government deficits, and - plunging mineral production have made the country one of the world's - poorest. Most formal transactions are conducted in hard currency as - indigenous bank notes have lost almost all value, and a barter economy - now flourishes in all but the largest cities. Most individuals and - families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and petty trade. - The government has not been able to meet its financial obligations to - the International Monetary Fund or put in place the financial measures - advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for improvement - are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire's long-term - potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and - agricultural resources. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $18.8 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $440 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% per month (1993 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $NA - expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - - Exports: $362 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil - partners: US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa - - Imports: $356 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, - transport equipment, fuels - partners: South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK - - External debt: $9.2 billion (May 1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate -20% (1993); accounts for 16% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,830,000 kW - production: 6.2 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 133 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including - textiles, footwear, cigarettes, processed foods and beverages), - cement, diamonds - - Agriculture: cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food - crops - cassava, bananas, root crops, corn - - Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic - consumption - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million - note: except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US - assistance has been given to Zaire since 1992 - - Currency: 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta - - Exchange rates: new zaires (Z) per US$1 - 3,275.71 (December 1994), - 1,194.12 (1994), 2.51 (1993); zaire (Z) per US$1 - 645,549 (1992), - 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990) - note: on 22 October 1993 the new zaire, equal to 3,000,000 old zaires, - was introduced - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Zaire:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 5,138 km; note - severely reduced trackage in use because of - civil strife - narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km - 1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge - - Highways: - total: 146,500 km - paved: 2,800 km - unpaved: gravel, improved earth 46,200 km; unimproved earth 97,500 km - - Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and - unconnected lakes - - Pipelines: petroleum products 390 km - - Ports: Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma, Kalemie, Kindu, Kinshasa, - Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka - - Merchant marine: none - - Airports: - total: 270 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 - with paved runways under 914 m: 97 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 22 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 127 - -@Zaire:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones - local: NA - intercity: NA barely adequate wire and microwave service in and - between urban areas; 14 domestic earth stations - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 4, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 18 - televisions: NA - -@Zaire:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, paramilitary - Civil Guard, Special Presidential Division - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 9,479,245; males fit for - military service 4,828,367 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $46 million, 1.5% of - GDP (1990) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ZAMBIA - -@Zambia:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 752,610 sq km - land area: 740,720 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Texas - - Land boundaries: total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, - Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, - Zimbabwe 797 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and - Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake - Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the - indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled - - Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to - April) - - Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains - - Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, - silver, uranium, hydropower potential - - Land use: - arable land: 7% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: 47% - forest and woodland: 27% - other: 19% - - Irrigated land: 320 sq km (1989 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral - extraction and refining region; poaching seriously threatens - rhinoceros and elephant populations; deforestation; soil erosion; - desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human - health risks - natural hazards: tropical storms (November to April) - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test - Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - - Desertification - - Note: landlocked - -@Zambia:People - - Population: 9,445,723 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 50% (female 2,331,820; male 2,363,319) - 15-64 years: 48% (female 2,332,798; male 2,193,363) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 112,484; male 111,939) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 2.7% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 45.47 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.42 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: -0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Infant mortality rate: 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 42.88 years - male: 42.74 years - female: 43.03 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 6.62 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Zambian(s) - adjective: Zambian - - Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% - - Religions: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous - beliefs 1% - - Languages: English (official) - note: about 70 indigenous languages - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - total population: 73% - male: 81% - female: 65% - - Labor force: 3.4 million - by occupation: agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and - construction 6%, transport and services 9% - -@Zambia:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Zambia - conventional short form: Zambia - former: Northern Rhodesia - - Digraph: ZA - - Type: republic - - Capital: Lusaka - - Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, - Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western - - Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964) - - Constitution: 2 August 1991 - - Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial - review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA - (since 31 October 1991); Vice President General Godfrey MIYANDA (since - NA August 1994; he replaced Levy MWANAWASA who was elected 31 October - 1991 and resigned in NA August 1994) election last held 31 October - 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Frederick CHILUBA 84%, - Kenneth KAUNDA 16% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from members of the - National Assembly - - Legislative branch: unicameral - National Assembly: elections last held 31 October 1991 (next to be - held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 - total) MMD 125, UNIP 25; note - the MMD's majority was weakened by the - defection of 13 of its parliamentary members during 1993 and the - defeat of its candidates in 4 of the resulting by-elections - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Movement for Multiparty Democracy - (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National Independence Party (UNIP), - Kebby MUSOKATWANE; National Party (NP), Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA; - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Dunstan Weston KAMANA - chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719 - FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Roland K. KUCHEL - embassy: corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, - Lusaka - mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka - telephone: [260] (1) 228595, 228601, 228602, 228603 - FAX: [260] (1) 261538 - - Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), - black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of - the flag - -@Zambia:Economy - - Overview: Prior to 1993 the economy had been in decline for more than - a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic - difficulties stemmed largely from a chronically depressed level of - copper production and weak copper prices, generally ineffective - economic policies, and high inflation. An annual population growth of - 3% brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the decade. - However, economic reforms enacted since 1992 have helped reduce - inflation, have begun to strengthen the social safety net, and have - been accompanied by GDP growth at an estimated 6.8% in 1993 and 4% in - 1994. The huge external debt remains a key problem. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.9 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $860 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 89% (1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: NA% - - Budget: - revenues: $665 million - expenditures: $767 million, including capital expenditures of $300 - million (1991 est.) - - Exports: $1.01 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) - commodities: copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco - partners: EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India - - Imports: $1.13 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) - commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, - manufactures - partners: EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US - - External debt: $7.3 billion (1993) - - Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1992); accounts for 42% of GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,440,000 kW - production: 7.8 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 650 kWh (1993) - - Industries: copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, - beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer - - Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - - corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, - cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs - - Illicit drugs: increasingly a regional transshipment center for - methaqualone and heroin - - Economic aid: - recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million - - Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee - - Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 672.8 (September 1994), - 434.78 (1993), 156.25 (1992), 61.7284 (1991), 28.9855 (1990) - - Fiscal year: calendar year - -@Zambia:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 1,273 km - narrow gauge: 1,273 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track) - note: not a part of Zambia Railways is the Tanzania-Zambia Railway - Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge - track between Dar es Salaam and New Kapiri M'poshi where it connects - to the Zambia Railways system; 891 km of the TAZARA line transit - Zambia - - Highways: - total: 36,370 km - paved: 6,500 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 7,000 km; improved, - unimproved earth 22,870 km - - Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake - Tanganyika - - Pipelines: crude oil 1,724 km - - Ports: Mpulungu - - Airports: - total: 113 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 - with paved runways under 914 m: 39 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 57 - -@Zambia:Communications - - Telephone system: NA telephones; facilities are among the best in - Sub-Saharan Africa - local: NA - intercity: high capacity micrwave radio relay connects most larger - towns and cities - international: 2 INTELSAT earth stations (1 Indian Ocean and 1 - Atlantic Ocean) - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 5, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 9 - televisions: NA - -@Zambia:Defense Forces - - Branches: Army, Air Force, Police - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,953,967; males fit for - military service 1,028,113 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1.4% of - GDP (1994) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -ZIMBABWE - -@Zimbabwe:Geography - - Location: Southern Africa, northeast of Botswana - - Map references: Africa - - Area: - total area: 390,580 sq km - land area: 386,670 sq km - comparative area: slightly larger than Montana - - Land boundaries: total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, - South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km - - Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) - - Maritime claims: none; landlocked - - International disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia - is in disagreement - - Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to - March) - - Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); - mountains in east - - Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, - iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals - - Land use: - arable land: 7.25% - permanent crops: 0.25% (coffee is a permanent crop) - meadows and pastures: 12.5% - forest and woodland: 49% - other: 31% - - Irrigated land: 2,250 sq km (1993 est.) - - Environment: - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and - water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest - concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly - reduced by poaching - natural hazards: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare - - international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, - but not ratified - Desertification - - Note: landlocked - -@Zimbabwe:People - - Population: 11,139,961 (July 1995 est.) - - Age structure: - 0-14 years: 47% (female 2,588,193; male 2,617,485) - 15-64 years: 51% (female 2,915,697; male 2,723,511) - 65 years and over: 2% (female 151,635; male 143,440) (July 1995 est.) - - Population growth rate: 1.78% (1995 est.) - - Birth rate: 36.35 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Death rate: 18.54 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) - - Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) - note: following the settlement of hostilities in Mozambique in 1992, - refugees from the fighting there began to return to their homes; this - process continues at a lesser rate in 1995; there is a small but - steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid - employment - - Infant mortality rate: 72.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) - - Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 41.35 years - male: 39.73 years - female: 43.01 years (1995 est.) - - Total fertility rate: 4.93 children born/woman (1995 est.) - - Nationality: - noun: Zimbabwean(s) - adjective: Zimbabwean - - Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), - white 1%, mixed and Asian 1% - - Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, - Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% - - Languages: English (official), Shona, Sindebele - - Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: 78% - male: 84% - female: 72% - - Labor force: 3.1 million - by occupation: agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, - manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) - -@Zimbabwe:Government - - Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe - conventional short form: Zimbabwe - former: Southern Rhodesia - - Digraph: ZI - - Type: parliamentary democracy - - Capital: Harare - - Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland - Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), - Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands - - Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK) - - National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980) - - Constitution: 21 December 1979 - - Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law - - Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal - - Executive branch: - chief of state and head of government: Executive President Robert - Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon - Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. - NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); election last held 28-30 March 1990 (next - to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE - 21.7% - cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president; responsible to - Parliament - - Legislative branch: unicameral - Parliament: elections last held 8-9 April 1995 (next to be held NA - March 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 - total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 118, ZANU-S 2 - - Judicial branch: Supreme Court - - Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National - Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African - National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity - Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE; - Forum Party of Zimbabwe, Enock DUMBUTSHENA; United Parties, Abel - MUZOREWA - - Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, - UNAMIR, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - - Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI - chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100 - FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326 - - US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny CARSON - embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare - mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare - telephone: [263] (4) 794521 - FAX: [263] (4) 796488 - - Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, - yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black - based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a - red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle - -@Zimbabwe:Economy - - Overview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and - supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on - agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes - 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, - but minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Severe - drought caused GDP to drop 8% in 1992, with growth rebounding to 2% in - 1993 and 3.5% in 1994. Despite the lingering effects of the drought on - economic and social conditions, the government is continuing to push - its IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program aimed at encouraging - exports and foreign investment. - - National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $17.4 billion (1994 - est.) - - National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.) - - National product per capita: $1,580 (1994 est.) - - Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22% (December 1994 est.) - - Unemployment rate: at least 45% (1994 est.) - - Budget: - revenues: $1.7 billion - expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $253 - million (FY92/93) - - Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) - commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 30%, other 5%), manufactures - 25%, gold 12%, ferrochrome 10%, textiles 8% (1992) - partners: UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% - (1991) - - Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 41%, other - manufactures 23%, chemicals 16%, fuels 12% (1991) - partners: South Africa 25%, UK 15%, Germany 9%, US 6%, Japan 5% (1991) - - External debt: $3.5 billion (December 1992 est.) - - Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 35% of - GDP - - Electricity: - capacity: 2,040,000 kW - production: 9 billion kWh - consumption per capita: 913 kWh (1993) - - Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, - foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood - products - - Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP; 40% of land area divided into - 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - corn - (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; - livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food - - Economic aid: NA - - Currency: 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents - - Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 8.3752 (January - 1995), 8.1500 (1994), 6.4725 (1993), 5.1046 (1992), 3.4282 (1991), - 2.4480 (1990) - - Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June - -@Zimbabwe:Transportation - - Railroads: - total: 2,745 km - narrow gauge: 2,745 km 1.067-m gauge (355 km electrified; 42 km double - track) - - Highways: - total: 85,237 km - paved: 15,800 km - unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 39,090 km; improved - earth 23,097 km; unimproved earth 7,250 km - - Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication - - Pipelines: petroleum products 212 km - - Ports: Binga, Kariba - - Airports: - total: 471 - with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 - with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 - with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 - with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13 - with paved runways under 914 m: 222 - with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 - with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 223 - -@Zimbabwe:Communications - - Telephone system: 247,000 telephones; system was once one of the best - in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance - local: NA - intercity: consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio - communications stations - international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station - - Radio: - broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 18, shortwave 0 - radios: NA - - Television: - broadcast stations: 8 - televisions: NA - -@Zimbabwe:Defense Forces - - Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe - Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) - - Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,435,931; males fit for - military service 1,514,068 (1995 est.) - - Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $175 million, 3.1% of - GDP (FY94/95) - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX B - -Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups - - Note: Not all international organizations and groups have - abbreviations. - -A - - ABEDA -- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa - - ACC -- Arab Cooperation Council - - ACCT -- Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency - for Cultural and Technical Cooperation - - ACP -- African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries - - AfDB -- African Development Bank - - AFESD -- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development - - AG -- Andean Group - - AL -- Arab League - - ALADI -- Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin - American Integration Association (LAIA) - - AMF -- Arab Monetary Fund - - AMU -- Arab Maghreb Union - - ANZUS -- Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty - - APEC -- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation - - AsDB -- Asian Development Bank - - ASEAN -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations - -B - - BAD -- Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development - Bank (AfDB) - - BADEA -- Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see - Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - - BCIE -- Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see - Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - - BDEAC -- Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - - Benelux -- Benelux Economic Union - - BID -- Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American - Development Bank (IADB) - - BIS -- Bank for International Settlements - - BOAD -- Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African - Development Bank (WADB) - - BSEC -- Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone - -C - - C -- Commonwealth - - CACM -- Central American Common Market - - CAEU -- Council of Arab Economic Unity - - CARICOM -- Caribbean Community and Common Market - - CBSS -- Council of the Baltic Sea States - - CCC -- Customs Cooperation Council - - CDB -- Caribbean Development Bank - - CE -- Council of Europe - - CEAO -- Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West - African Economic Community (CEAO) - - CEEAC -- Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; - see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - - CEI -- Central European Initiative - - CEMA -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA - or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 - - CEPGL -- Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see - Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) - - CERN -- Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European - Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - - CG -- Contadora Group - - CIS -- Commonwealth of Independent States - - CMEA -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known - as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 - - COCOM -- Coordinating Committee on Export Controls - - Comecon -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also - known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 - - CP -- Colombo Plan - - CSCE -- Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - -D - - DC -- developed country - -E - - EADB -- East African Development Bank - - EBRD -- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - - EC -- European Community; see European Union (EU) - - ECA -- Economic Commission for Africa - - ECAFE -- Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see - Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - - ECE -- Economic Commission for Europe - - ECLA -- Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic - Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - - ECLAC -- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - - ECO -- Economic Cooperation Organization - - ECOSOC -- Economic and Social Council - - ECOWAS -- Economic Community of West African States - - ECSC -- European Coal and Steel Community - - ECWA -- Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and - Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) - - EEC -- European Economic Community - - EFTA -- European Free Trade Association - - EIB -- European Investment Bank - - Entente -- Council of the Entente - - ESA -- European Space Agency - - ESCAP -- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - - ESCWA -- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia - - EU -- European Union - - Euratom -- European Atomic Energy Community - -F - - FAO -- Food and Agriculture Organization - - FLS -- Front Line States - - FZ -- Franc Zone - -G - - G-2 -- Group of 2 - - G-3 -- Group of 3 - - G-5 -- Group of 5 - - G-6 -- Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) - - G-7 -- Group of 7 - - G-8 -- Group of 8 - - G-9 -- Group of 9 - - G-10 -- Group of 10 - - G-11 -- Group of 11 - - G-15 -- Group of 15 - - G-19 -- Group of 19 - - G-24 -- Group of 24 - - G-30 -- Group of 30 - - G-33 -- Group of 33 - - G-77 -- Group of 77 - - GATT -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - - GCC -- Gulf Cooperation Council - -H - - Habitat -- Commission on Human Settlements - -I - - IADB -- Inter-American Development Bank - - IAEA -- International Atomic Energy Agency - - IBEC -- International Bank for Economic Cooperation - - IBRD -- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - - ICAO -- International Civil Aviation Organization - - ICC -- International Chamber of Commerce - - ICEM -- Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see - International Organization for Migration (IOM) - - ICFTU -- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions - - ICJ -- International Court of Justice - - ICM -- Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see - International Organization for Migration (IOM) - - ICRC -- International Committee of the Red Cross - - ICRM -- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - - IDA -- International Development Association - - IDB -- Islamic Development Bank - - IEA -- International Energy Agency - - IFAD -- International Fund for Agricultural Development - - IFC -- International Finance Corporation - - IFCTU -- International Federation of Christian Trade Unions - - IFRCS -- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent - Societies - - IGADD -- Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development - - IIB -- International Investment Bank - - ILO -- International Labor Organization - - IMCO -- Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see - International Maritime Organization (IMO) - - IMF -- International Monetary Fund - - IMO -- International Maritime Organization - - INMARSAT -- International Maritime Satellite Organization - - INTELSAT -- International Telecommunications Satellite - Organization - - INTERPOL -- International Criminal Police Organization - - IOC -- International Olympic Committee - - IOM -- International Organization for Migration - - ISO -- International Organization for Standardization - - ITU -- International Telecommunication Union - -L - - LAES -- Latin American Economic System - - LAIA -- Latin American Integration Association - - LAS -- League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) - - LDC -- less developed country - - LLDC -- least developed country - - LORCS -- League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - -M - - MERCOSUR -- Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common - Market - - MINURSO -- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western - Sahara - - MTCR -- Missile Technology Control Regime - -N - - NACC -- North Atlantic Cooperation Council - - NAM -- Nonaligned Movement - - NATO -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization - - NC -- Nordic Council - - NEA -- Nuclear Energy Agency - - NIB -- Nordic Investment Bank - - NIC -- newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing - economy (NIE) - - NIE -- newly industrializing economy - - NSG -- Nuclear Suppliers Group - -O - - OAPEC -- Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries - - OAS -- Organization of American States - - OAU -- Organization of African Unity - - OECD -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - - OECS -- Organization of Eastern Caribbean States - - OIC -- Organization of the Islamic Conference - - ONUMOZ -- see UNOMOZ - - ONUSAL -- United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador - - OPANAL -- Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en - la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of - Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean - - OPEC -- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - - OSCE -- Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe - -P - - PCA -- Permanent Court of Arbitration - - PFP -- Partnership for Peace - -R - - RG -- Rio Group - -S - - SAARC -- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - - SACU -- Southern African Customs Union - - SADC -- Southern African Development Community - - SADCC -- Southern African Development Coordination Conference - - SELA -- Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American - Economic System (LAES) - - SPARTECA -- South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation - Agreement - - SPC -- South Pacific Commission - - SPF -- South Pacific Forum - -U - - UDEAC -- Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see - Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - - UN -- United Nations - - UNAVEM II -- United Nations Angola Verification Mission - - UNAMIR -- United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda - - UNCTAD -- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - - UNDOF -- United Nations Disengagement Observer Force - - UNDP -- United Nations Development Program - - UNEP -- United Nations Environment Program - - UNESCO -- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural - Organization - - UNFICYP -- United Nations Force in Cyprus - - UNFPA -- United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN - Population Fund (UNFPA) - - UNHCR -- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for - Refugees - - UNICEF -- United Nations Children's Fund - - UNIDO -- United Nations Industrial Development Organization - - UNIFIL -- United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon - - UNIKOM -- United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission - - UNITAR -- United Nations Institute for Training and Research - - UNMIH -- United Nations Mission in Haiti - - UNMOGIP -- United Nations Military Observer Group in India and - Pakistan - - UNOMIG -- United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia - - UNOMIL -- United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia - - UNOMOZ -- United Nations Operation in Mozambique - - UNOMUR -- United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (ONUMOZ) - - UNOSOM -- United Nations Operation in Somalia - - UNPROFOR -- United Nations Protection Force - - UNRISD -- United Nations Research Institute for Social Development - - UNRWA -- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine - Refugees in the Near East - - UNTAC -- United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia - - UNTSO -- United Nations Truce Supervision Organization - - UNU -- United Nations University - - UPU -- Universal Postal Union - - USSR/EE -- USSR/Eastern Europe - -W - - WADB -- West African Development Bank - - WCL -- World Confederation of Labor - - WEU -- Western European Union - - WFC -- World Food Council - - WFP -- World Food Program - - WFTU -- World Federation of Trade Unions - - WHO -- World Health Organization - - WIPO -- World Intellectual Property Organization - - WMO -- World Meteorological Organization - - WP -- Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the - alliance) - - WTO -- see WToO - - WToO -- World Tourism Organization - - WTrO -- World Trade Organization (will be added in The World - Factbook 1996) - -Z - - ZC -- Zangger Committee - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX C - -International Organizations and Groups - - Note: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has - dissolved and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the - former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been - permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the - former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic - and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United - Nations specialized agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the - seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to - continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former - Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations - have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former - Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia - under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where - no action has yet been taken. - -advanced developing countries - - another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with - particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing - economies (NIEs) - -African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) - - address -- Avenue Georges Henri 451, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 733 96 00 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 735 55 73 - - established -- 1 April 1976 - - aim -- to manage their preferential economic and aid relationship with - the EU - - members -- (70) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, - Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, - Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, - Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, - Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, - Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, - Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and - Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and - Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, - Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and - Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, - Zimbabwe - -African Development Bank (AfDB) - - note -- also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) - - address -- 01 BP 1387, Abidjan 01, Cote dIvoire - - telephone -- [225] 20 44 44 - - FAX -- [225] 21 77 53, 20 49 01, 20 49 09 - - established -- 4 August 1963 - - aim -- to promote economic and social development - - regional members -- (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, - Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, - Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, - Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, - Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, - Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao - Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, - Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - nonregional members -- (26) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, - Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, - South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, - Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia - -Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) - - see -- Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) - -Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) - - note -- acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique - - address -- 13 quai Andre-Citroen, F-75015 Paris, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 44 37 33 00 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 45 79 14 98 - - established -- 21 March 1970 - - aim -- to promote cultural and technical cooperation among - French-speaking countries - - members -- (37) Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, - Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote - d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, - Guinea, Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, - Monaco, Niger, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, - Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire - - associate members -- (5) Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, - Saint Lucia - - participating governments -- (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec - (Canada) - -Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the - - Caribbean (OPANAL) - - note -- acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas - Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) - - address -- Temistocles 78, Col Polanco, CP 011560, Mexico City 5 DF, - Mexico - - telephone -- [52] (5) 280 4923, 280 5064 - - FAX -- [52] (5) 280 2965 - - established -- 14 February 1967 - - aim -- to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit - nuclear weapons - - members -- (28) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, - Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, - Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent and - the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela - -Andean Group (AG) - - address -- c\o JUNAC, Paseo de la Republica 3895, Casilla 18-1177, - Lima 27, Peru - - telephone -- [51] (14) 414212 - - FAX -- [51] (14) 420911 - - established -- 26 May 1969 - - effective -- 16 October 1969 - - aim -- to promote harmonious development through economic integration - - members -- (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela - - associate member -- (1) Panama - - observers -- (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, - Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, - Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, - Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia - -Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - - note -- also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en - Afrique (BADEA) - - address -- Sayed Abdel Rahman El Mahdi Avenue, P.O. Box 2640, - Khartoum, Sudan - - telephone -- [249] (11) 73646, 73498, 73709 - - FAX -- [249] (11) 70600 - - established -- 18 February 1974 - - effective -- 16 September 1974 - - aim -- to promote economic development - - members -- (17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, - Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, - Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, - Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are all the members of - the Arab League except for Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen - -Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) - - established -- 16 February 1989 - - aim -- to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly - leading to an Arab Common Market - - members -- (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen - -Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) - - address -- P.O. Box 21923, Safat 13080, Kuwait - - telephone -- [965] 2451580, 2451588 - - FAX -- [965] 2416758 - - established -- 16 May 1968 - - aim -- to promote economic and social development - - members -- (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, - Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, - Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi - Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine - Liberation Organization - -Arab League (AL) - - note -- also known as League of Arab States (LAS) - - address -- Midan Attahrir, Tahrir Square, P.O. Box 11642, Cairo, Egypt - - telephone -- [20] (2) 750 511 - - FAX -- [20] (2) 740 331 - - established -- 22 March 1945 - - aim -- to promote economic, social, political, and military - cooperation - - members -- (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, - Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, - Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, - Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) - - address -- 27 avenue Okba Agdal, Rabat, Morocco - - established -- 17 February 1989 - - aim -- to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of - northern Africa - - members -- (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia - -Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) - - address -- P.O. Box 2818, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates - - telephone -- [971] (2) 215000 - - FAX -- [971] (2) 326454 - - established -- 27 April 1976 - - effective -- 2 February 1977 - - aim -- to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in - monetary and economic affairs - - members -- (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, - Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, - Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, - UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - - address -- Ministry of Trade and Industry, Public Relations, 8 Shenton - Way No 48-01, Treasury Building, Singapore, Singapore - - established -- 7 November 1989 - - aim -- to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin - - members -- (18) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, - Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, Chile, - China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, NZ, Papua New Guinea, - Taiwan, US - - observers -- (3) Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Pacific - Economic Cooperation Conference, South Pacific Forum - -Asian Development Bank (AsDB) - - address -- 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, METRO Manila, Philippines - - telephone -- [63] (2) 711 3851 - - FAX -- [63] (2) 741 7961, 631 6816 - - established -- 19 December 1966 - - aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation - - regional members -- (40) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, - Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, - Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, - Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, - Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, - Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa - - nonregional members -- (16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, - Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, - Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - -Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) - - see -- Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - -Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - - address -- Jalan Sisingamangaraja 70A, Kebayoran Baru, P.O. Box 2072, - Jakarta 12110, Indonesia - - telephone -- [62] (21) 71 22 72, 71 19 88 - - FAX -- [62] (21) 739 82 34 - - established -- 9 August 1967 - - aim -- to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural - cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia - - members -- (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, - Thailand - - observers -- (3) Laos, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam - -Australia Group - - established -- 1984 - - aim -- to consult on and coordinate export controls related to - chemical and biological weapons - - members -- (28) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, - Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, - Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - - observer -- (1) Singapore - -Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) - - address -- c/o Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Bag 8, Queen - Victoria Terrace, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia - - telephone -- [61] (62) 61 91 11 - - FAX -- [61] (62) 61 21 51 - - established -- 1 September 1951 - - effective -- 29 April 1952 - - aim -- to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although - the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 - - members -- (3) Australia, NZ, US - -Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) - - see -- Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - -Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) - - see -- Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - -Bank for International Settlements (BIS) - - address -- Centralbahnplatz 2, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (61) 280 80 80 - - FAX -- [41] (61) 280 91 00 - - established -- 20 January 1930 - - effective -- 17 March 1930 - - aim -- to promote cooperation among central banks in international - financial settlements - - members -- (33) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, - Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, - Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, - Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia - -Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) - - see -- African Development Bank (AfDB) - -Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) - - see -- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - -Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) - - see -- Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - -Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) - - see -- West African Development Bank (WADB) - -Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) - - note -- acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg - - address -- Rue de la Regence 39, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 519 38 11 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 513 42 06 - - established -- 3 February 1958 - - effective -- 1 November 1960 - - aim -- to develop closer economic cooperation and integration - - members -- (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands - -Big Seven - - note -- membership is the same as the Group of 7 - - established -- NA 1975 - - aim -- to discuss and coordinate major economic policies - - members -- (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) - plus the US - -Big Six - - note -- not to be confused with the Group of 6 - - established -- NA 1967 - - aim -- to foster economic cooperation - - members -- (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK - -Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) - - established -- 25 June 1992 - - aim -- to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation - - members -- (11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, - Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine - - observer -- (1) Poland - -Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) - - address -- CARICOM, P.O. Box 10827, Bank of Guyana Building, 3rd - floor, Avenue of the Republic, Georgetown, Guyana - - telephone -- [592] (2) 69281 through 69289 - - FAX -- [592] (2) 66091, 67816, 57341 - - established -- 4 July 1973 - - effective -- 1 August 1973 - - aim -- to promote economic integration and development, especially - among the less developed countries - - members -- (14) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, - Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, - Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and - Tobago - - associate members -- (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos - Islands - - observers -- (9) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican - Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Venezuela - -Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) - - address -- P.O. Box 408, Wildey, St. Michael, Barbados - - telephone -- [1] (809) 431 1600 - - FAX -- [1] (809) 426 7269 - - established -- 18 October 1969 - - effective -- 26 January 1970 - - aim -- to promote economic development and cooperation - - regional members -- (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, - Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, - Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts - and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and - Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela - - nonregional members -- (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK - -Cartagena Group - - see -- Group of 11 - -Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - - note -- acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique - Centrale - - address -- BP 969, Bangui, Central African Republic - - telephone -- [236] 61 09 22, 61 45 77 - - FAX -- [236] 61 21 35 - - established -- 8 December 1964 - - effective -- 1 January 1966 - - aim -- to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market - - members -- (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, - Equatorial Guinea, Gabon - -Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - - note -- acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique - Centrale - - address -- BDEAC, Place du Gouvernement, BP 1177, Brazzaville, Congo - - telephone -- [242] 83 01 26, 83 01 49, 81 02 12, 81 02 21 - - FAX -- [242] 83 02 66 - - established -- 3 December 1975 - - aim -- to provide loans for economic development - - members -- (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, - Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait - -Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - - note -- acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico - - address -- Apartado Postal 772, Tegucigalpa DC, Honduras - - telephone -- [504] 372230 through 372239, 371184 through 371188 - - FAX -- [504] 370793 - - established -- 13 December 1960 - - aim -- to promote economic integration and development - - members -- (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua - - nonregional members -- (4) Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan, Venezuela - -Central American Common Market (CACM) - - address -- 4A Avda 10-25, Zona 14, Apdo Postal 1237, 01901 Guatemala - City, Guatemala - - telephone -- [502] (2) 682151 - - FAX -- [502] (2) 681071 - - established -- 13 December 1960 - - effective -- 3 June 1961 - - aim -- to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market - - members -- (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua - -Central European Initiative (CEI) - - note -- evolved from the Hexagonal Group - - address -- Chairman of the National Coordinators, Ministry for Foreign - Affairs, Bem rakpart 47, Budapest II, Hungary - - established -- 27 July 1991 - - aim -- to form an economic and political cooperation group for the - region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas - - members -- (10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech - Republic, Hungary, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, - Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia - - associate members -- (4) Bulgaria, Belarus, Romania, Ukraine - -centrally planned economies - - a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that - looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward - more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as - the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, - this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, - Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, - Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia - -Colombo Plan (CP) - - address -- Colombo Plan Bureau, P.O. Box 596, 12 Melbourne Avenue, - Colombo 4, Sri Lanka - - telephone -- [94] (1) 581813, 581853, 581754 - - FAX -- [94] (1) 580721 - - established -- 1 July 1951 - - aim -- to promote economic and social development in Asia and the - Pacific - - members -- (24) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, - Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, - Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, - Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, US - -Commission for Social Development - - note -- formerly Social Commission - - address -- c/o ECOSOC/DPCSD, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 2320 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 5935 - - established -- 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July - 1966 - - aim -- to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with - social development programs of UN - - members -- (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice - - established -- 6 February 1992 - - aim -- to provide guidance, as part of the Economic and Social - Council, on crime prevention and criminal justice - - members -- (40) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commission on Human Rights - - address -- c/o United Nationas Office, Centre for Human Rights, Palais - des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 32 46 - - established -- 18 February 1946 - - aim -- to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with - human rights programs of UN - - members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat) - - address -- c/o HABITAT, P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya - - telephone -- [254] (2) 621234 - - FAX -- [254] (2) 226473, 226479 - - established -- 12 October 1978 - - aim -- to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, in - solving human settlement problems of UN - - members -- (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commission on Narcotic Drugs - - address -- c/o International Drug Control Programme, Treaty - Implementation and Legal Affairs Division, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 - Vienna, Austria - - telephone -- [43] (1) 211 310 - - FAX -- [43] (1) 230 7002 - - established -- 16 February 1946 - - aim -- Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit - drugs programs of UN - - members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with - emphasis on producing and processing countries - -Commission on Science and Technology for Development - - established -- 30 April 1992 - - aim -- to promote international cooperation, as part of the Economic - and Social Council, in the field of science and technology - - members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commission on the Status of Women - - address -- c/o Economic and Social Council, Affairs Division, - Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, Room - S-2963, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - established -- 21 June 1946 - - aim -- to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with - women's rights goals of UN - - members -- (45) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commission on Sustainable Development - - established -- 12 February 1993 - - aim -- to monitor, as part of the Economic and Social Council, - implementation of agreements reached at the UN Conference on - Environment and Development - - members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Commonwealth (C) - - address -- c/o Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, - London SW1Y5HX, UK - - telephone -- [44] (71) 839 3411 - - FAX -- [44] (71) 930 0827 - - established -- 31 December 1931 - - aim -- to foster multinational cooperation and assistance, as a - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire - - members -- (49) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, - Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, - Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, - Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, - Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and - Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, - Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, - Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, - Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - special members -- (2) Nauru, Tuvalu - -Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - - address -- Kirov Street 17, 220000 Minsk, Belarus - - telephone -- [7] (172) 293434, 293517 - - FAX -- [7] (172) 261894, 261944 - - established -- 8 December 1991 - - effective -- 21 December 1991 - - aim -- to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a - mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR - - members -- (12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, - Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, - Uzbekistan - -Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) - - see -- West African Economic Community (CEAO) - -Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) - - see -- Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - -Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) - - see -- Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) - -Communist countries - - traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian - governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of - the original and the successor states are no longer Communist; see - centrally planned economies - -Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) - - see -- Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) - -Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) - - see -- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - -Contadora Group (CG) - - was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) - to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America; has evolved into - the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, - Venezuela - -Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf - - see -- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - -Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) - - established in 1949 to control the export of strategic products and - technical data from member countries to proscribed destinations; - members were Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, - Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, - Spain, Turkey, UK, US; was abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members are - working on a new organization with expanded membership which focuses - on nonproliferation export controls as opposed to East-West control of - advanced technology - -Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) - - note -- also known as CMEA or Comecon established 25 January 1949 to - promote the development of socialist economies and was abolished 1 - January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had - not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), - Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, - Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua - (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), - Yugoslavia (associate) - -Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) - - address -- BP 925100, Amman, Jordan - - telephone -- [962] (6) 66 43 26, 66 43 27, 66 43 28 - - FAX -- [962] (6) 66 33 43 - - established -- 3 June 1957 - - effective -- 30 May 1964 - - aim -- to promote economic integration among Arab nations - - members -- (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, - Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, - Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -Council of Europe (CE) - - address -- Palais de lEurope, F-67075 Strasbourg CEDEX, France - - telephone -- [33] 88 41 20 00 - - FAX -- [33] 88 41 27 81, 88 41 27 82 - - established -- 5 May 1949 - - effective -- 3 August 1949 - - aim -- to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe - - members -- (32) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, - Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, - Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK - - guests -- (9) Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, - Latvia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, - Ukraine - - observer -- (1) Israel - -Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) - - established -- 5 March 1992 - - aim -- to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas - of aid to new democratic institutions, economic development, - humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, cultural programs and - education, and transportation and communication - - members -- (10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, - Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden - -Council of the Entente (Entente) - - address -- BP 3734, Abidjan 01, Cote dIvoire - - telephone -- [225] 33 10 01, 33 28 35 - - FAX -- [225] 33 11 49 - - established -- 29 May 1959 - - aim -- to promote economic, social, and political coordination - - members -- (5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo - -Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) - - address -- Rue de lIndustrie 26-38, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 508 42 11 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 508 42 40 - - established -- 15 December 1950 - - aim -- to promote international cooperation in customs matters - - members -- (136) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, - Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, - Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, - Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, - Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, - The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, - Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, - Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, The Former Yugoslav Republic of - Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, - Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, - Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, - Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi - Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South - Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, - Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, - Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -developed countries (DCs) - - the top group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former - USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries - (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly - democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and - Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European - ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the - North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GDP in excess - of $10,000 although four OECD countries and South Africa have figures - well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures - of more than $10,000; the 35 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, - Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, - Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, - Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, - Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, - Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - -developing countries - - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing - economies; - - see -- less developed countries (LDCs) - -East African Development Bank (EADB) - - address -- 4 Nile Avenue, P.O. Box 7128, Kampala, Uganda - - telephone -- [256] (41) 230021, 230825 - - FAX -- [256] (41) 259763 - - established -- 6 June 1967 - - effective -- 1 December 1967 - - aim -- to promote economic development - - members -- (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda - -Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - - address -- United Nations Building, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200, - Thailand - - telephone -- [66] (2) 2829161 through 2829200, 2829381 through 2829389 - - FAX -- [66] (2) 2811743 - - established -- 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the - Far East (ECAFE) - - aim -- to carryout the commitment of the Economic and Social Council - of the UN to promote economic development - - members -- (49) Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, - India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, North Korea, - South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, - Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, - NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, - Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, - Tuvalu, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa - - associate members -- (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French - Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern - Mariana Islands, Palau - -Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) - - address -- (temporary) P.O. Box 927115, Amman, Jordan - - telephone -- [962] (6) 694351 - - FAX -- [962] (6) 694981, 694982 - - established -- 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia - (ECWA) - - aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission for - the UN's Economic and Social Council - - members -- (12 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, - Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, - Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - - address -- United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 - - established -- 26 June 1945 - - effective -- 24 October 1945 - - aim -- to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes - five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, - Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America - and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the - Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and 10 - functional commissions (see Commission for Social Development, - Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission - on the Status of Women, Population Commission, Statistical Commission, - Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on - Sustainable Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal - Justice, and Commission on Transnational Corporations) - - members -- (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) - - address -- P.O. Box 3001-3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - - telephone -- [251] (1) 51 72 00 - - FAX -- [251] (1) 51 44 16 - - established -- 29 April 1958 - - aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission of the - UN's Economic and Social Council - - members -- (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, - Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, - Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, - Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, - Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and - Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, - Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, - Zimbabwe - - associate members -- (2) France, UK - -Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) - - see -- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - -Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) - - address -- Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 917 1234, 907 2893 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 917 0036 - - established -- 28 March 1947 - - aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission of the - UN's Economic and Social Council - - members -- (54) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, - Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, - Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, - Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, - Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, - Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, - UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia - -Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) - - see -- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - -Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - - address -- Edificio Naciones Unidas, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla - 179 D, Santiago, Chile - - telephone -- [56] (2) 2102000 FAX [56] (2) 2080252, 2081946 - - established -- 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin - America (ECLA) - - aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission of the - UN's Economic and Social Council - - members -- (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, - Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, - Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada, - Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, - Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts - and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, - Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela - - associate members -- (6) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, - Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands - -Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) - - see -- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) - -Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - - note -- acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique - Centrale - - address -- CEEAC, BP 2112, Libreville, Gabon - - telephone -- [241] 73 35 47, 73 35 48, 73 36 77 - - established -- 18 October 1983 - - aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a - Central African Common Market - - members -- (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, - Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire - - observer -- (1) Angola - -Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) - - note -- acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs - - address -- B.O. Box 58, Gisenyi, Rwanda - - telephone -- [250] 40228 - - FAX -- [250] 40785 - - established -- 26 September 1976 - - aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation and integration - - members -- (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire - -Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - - address -- 6 King George V Road, PMB 12745, Lagos, Nigeria - - telephone -- [234] (1) 636839, 636841, 636064, 630398 - - FAX -- [234] (1) 636822 - - established -- 28 May 1975 - - aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation - - members -- (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, - Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, - Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo - -Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) - - address -- 5 Hejab Avenue, Bd Keshavarz, P.O. Box 14155-6176, Teheran, - Iran Islamic Republic - - telephone -- [98] (21) 658614, 656152, 658045 - - FAX -- [98] (21) 658046 - - established -- NA 1985 - - aim -- to promote regional cooperation in trade, transportation, - communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic development - - members -- (10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, - Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan - - associate member -- (1) "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" - -European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - - address -- One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2EH, UK - - telephone -- [44] (71) 338 6000 - - FAX -- [44] (71) 338 6100 - - established -- 15 April 1991 - - aim -- to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned - economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, - Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by - committing 60% of its loans to privatization - - members -- (59) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, - Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Egypt, European Union (EU), European Investment Bank (EIB), - Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, - Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, - Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, - NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, - Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, - UK, US, Uzbekistan; note - includes all 25 members of the OECD; also - includes the EU as a single entity - -European Community (or European Communities, EC) - - was established 8 April 1965 to integrate the European Atomic Energy - Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), the - European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), and to establish a - completely integrated common market and an eventual federation of - Europe; merged into the European Union (EU) on 7 February 1992; member - states at the time of merger were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, - Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - -European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - - address -- 9-11 rue de Varembe, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 749 11 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 92 91 - - established -- 4 January 1960 - - effective -- 3 May 1960 - - aim -- to promote expansion of free trade - - members -- (7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, - Sweden, Switzerland - -European Investment Bank (EIB) - - address -- Bd Konrad Adenauer 100, L-2950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg - - telephone -- [352] 43791 - - FAX -- [352] 437704 - - established -- 25 March 1957 - - effective -- 1 January 1958 - - aim -- to promote economic development of the EU - - members -- (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, - Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - -European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - - note -- acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil - Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire - - address -- CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 767 61 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 767 65 55 - - established -- 1 July 1953 - - effective -- 29 September 1954 - - aim -- to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only - - members -- (19) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, - France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, - Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK - - observers -- (6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations - Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), - Yugoslavia - -European Space Agency (ESA) - - address -- 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, F-75738 Paris CEDEX 15, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 42 73 76 54 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 42 73 75 60 - - established -- 31 July 1973 - - effective -- 1 May 1975 - - aim -- to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and - technology - - members -- (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, - Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK - - associate member -- (1) Finland - - cooperating state -- (1) Canada - -European Union (EU) - - note -- evolved from the European Community (EC) - - address -- c/o European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 - Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 299 11 11 FAX [32] (2) 295 01 38 through 295 01 - 40 - - established -- 7 February 1992 - - effective -- 1 November 1993 - - aim -- to coordinate policy among the 15 members in three fields: - economics, building on the European Economic Community's (EEC) efforts - to establish a common market and eventually a common currency; - defense, within the concept of a Common Foreign and Security Policy - (CFSP); and justice and home affairs, including immigration, drugs, - terrorism, and improved living and working conditions - - members -- (15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, - Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, - Sweden, UK - -First World - - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; - this term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs) - -Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - - address -- Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy - - telephone -- [39] (6) 52251 FAX [39] (6) 5225 3152, 5225 5155, 578 - 2610 - - established -- 16 October 1945 - - aim -- to raise living standards and increase availability of - agricultural products, as a UN specialized agency - - members -- (170) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, - Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia - and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, - Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African - Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, - Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, - Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, - Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, - France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, - Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, - India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, - Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, - Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, - Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, - Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, - Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra - Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, - Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, - Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, - Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, - Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - associate member -- (1) Puerto Rico - -Former USSR - - /Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE) the middle group in the hierarchy of - developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former - USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in - political and economic transition and may well be grouped differently - in the near future; this group of 27 countries consists of Albania, - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, - Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, - Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of - Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, - Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - -Four Dragons - - the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have - experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four - Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan - -Four Tigers - - another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons - -Franc Zone (FZ) - - address -- Direction Generale des Service Etrangers (Service de la - Zone Franc), Banque de France, 39 rue Crois-des-Petits-Champs, BP - 140-01, Paris Cedex 01, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 42 92 31 26 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 42 92 39 88 - - established -- 20 December 1945 - - aim -- to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are - linked to the French franc - - members -- (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Republic, - Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, - Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes metropolitan - France, the four overseas departments of France (French Guiana, - Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two territorial collectivities - of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas - territories of France (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and - Futuna) - -Front Line States (FLS) - - established to achieve black majority rule in South Africa; members - included Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, - Zimbabwe - -General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - - note -- was subsumed by the World Trade Organization (WTrO) on 1 - January 1995 - - address -- rue de Lausanne 154, CH-1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 739 51 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 731 42 06 - - established -- 30 October 1947 - - effective -- 1 January 1948 - - aim -- to promote the expansion of international trade on a - nondiscriminatory basis - - members -- (123) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, - Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, - Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, - Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa - Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, - Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, - The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, - Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, - Kuwait, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, - Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, - Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, - Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, - Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia - (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -Group of 2 (G-2) - - established -- informal term that came into use about 1986 - - aim -- to facilitate bilateral economic cooperation between the two - most powerful economic giants - - members -- (2) Japan, US - -Group of 3 (G-3) - - established -- NA October 1990 - - aim -- mechanism for policy coordination - - members -- (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela - -Group of 5 (G-5) - - established -- 22 September 1985 - - aim -- to coordinate the economic policies of the five major - non-Communist economic powers - - members -- (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US - -Group of 6 (G-6) - - note -- also known as Groupe des Six Sur le Desarmement not to be - confused with the Big Six - - established -- 22 May 1984 - - aim -- to achieve nuclear disarmament - - members -- (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania - -Group of 7 (G-7) - - note -- membership is the same as the Big Seven - - established -- 22 September 1985 - - aim -- to facilitate economic cooperation among the seven major non- - Communist economic powers - - members -- (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada - and Italy - -Group of 8 (G-8) - - established -- NA October 1975 - - aim -- to facilitate economic cooperation among the developed - countries (DCs) that participated in the Conference on International - Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA - December 1975 and 3 June 1977 - - members -- (8) Australia, Canada, EU (as one member), Japan, Spain, - Sweden, Switzerland, US - -Group of 9 (G-9) - - established -- NA - - aim -- to discuss matters of mutual interest on an informal basis - - members -- (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, - Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia - -Group of 10 (G-10) - - note -- also known as the Paris Club; includes the wealthiest members - of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the - informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the addition of - Switzerland on NA April 1984 - - address -- c/o IMF Office in Europe, 64-66 ave dIena, F-75116 Paris, - France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 40 69 30 80 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 47 23 40 89 - - established -- NA October 1962 - - aim -- to coordinate credit policy - - members -- (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, - Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - - nonstate participants -- (4) BIS, EU, IMF, OECD - -Group of 11 (G-11) - - note -- also known as the Cartagena Group - - established -- 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia - - aim -- to provide a forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America - - members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela - -Group of 15 (G-15) - - note -- byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement - - address -- Technical Support Facility, Ch du Champ dAncier 17, Case - postale 326, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 798 42 10 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 798 38 49 - - established -- September 1989 - - aim -- to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; to - act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement - - members -- (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, - Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, - Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe - -Group of 19 (G-19) - - established -- NA October 1975 - - aim -- to represent the interests of the less developed countries - (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic - Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 - and 3 June 1977 - - members -- (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi - Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia - -Group of 24 (G-24) - - address -- c/o European Commission, DGI, G-24 Coordination Unit, Rue - de la Science 29, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 299 22 44 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 299 06 02 - - established -- NA January 1972 - - aim -- to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, - Asia, and Latin America within the IMF - - members -- (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, - Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, - Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, - Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - -Group of 30 (G-30) - - address -- 1990 M Street NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20036, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 331 2472 - - established -- NA 1979 - - aim -- to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic - problems - - members -- (30) informal group of 30 leading international bankers, - economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes - Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) - -Group of 33 (G-33) - - established -- NA 1987 - - aim -- to promote solutions to international economic problems - - members -- (33) leading economists from 13 countries - -Group of 77 (G-77) - - established -- NA October 1967 - - aim -- to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; - name persists in spite of increased membership - - members -- (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) - Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, - Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, - Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, - Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial - Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, - Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, - Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, - Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, - Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, - Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, - Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, - Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, - Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, - Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization - -Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - - note -- also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of - the Gulf - - address -- P.O. Box 7431, Riyadh 11462 Saudi Arabia - - telephone -- [966] (1) 4827777 - - FAX -- [966] (1) 4829089 - - established -- 25 May 1981 - - aim -- to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, - and military affairs - - members -- (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE - -Habitat - - see -- Commission on Human Settlements - -Hexagonal Group - - see -- Central European Initiative (CEI) - -high-income countries - - another term for the industrialized countries with high per capita - GDPs; - - see -- developed countries (DCs) - -industrial countries - - another term for the developed countries; see developed countries - (DCs) - -Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - - note -- also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) - - address -- 1300 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 10577, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 632 1000 - - FAX -- [1] (202) 789 2835 - - established -- 8 April 1959 - - effective -- 30 December 1959 - - aim -- to promote economic and social development in Latin America - - members -- (46) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, - Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, - Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, - Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, - Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, - Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and - Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela - -Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) - - address -- BP 2653, Djibouti, Djibouti - - telephone -- [253] 354050, 352880 - - FAX -- [253] 356994 - - established -- 15-16 January 1986 - - aim -- to promote cooperation on drought-related matters - - members -- (7) Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, - Uganda - -International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - - address -- Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria - - telephone -- [43] (1) 2360 2045 FAX [43] (1) 234564 - - established -- 26 October 1956 - - effective -- 29 July 1957 - - aim -- to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy - - members -- (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, - Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, - Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, - Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, - Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, - Haiti, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, - Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, - South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, - Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, - Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, - Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, - Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, - Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri - Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, - Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, - Vietnam, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC) - - was established on 22 October 1963 to promote economic cooperation and - development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East - Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is - a Russian bank with a new charter - -International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - - note -- also known as the World Bank - - address -- 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 477 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (202) 477 6391 - - established -- 22 July 1944 - - effective -- 27 December 1945 - - aim -- to provide economic development loans; a UN specialized agency - - members -- (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, - Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African - Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, - Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, - Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial - Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The - Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, - Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, - Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, - Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, - Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra - Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South - Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, - UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western - Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - - address -- 38 Cours Albert 1st, F-75008 Paris, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 49 53 28 75 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 49 53 29 42 - - established -- NA 1919 - - aim -- to promote free trade and private enterprise and to represent - business interests at national and international levels - - members -- (59 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, - Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, - Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, - Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, - Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, - Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, - Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, - Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - -International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - - address -- 1000 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 327, Montreal PQ H3A - 2R2, Canada - - telephone -- [1] (514) 285 8219 - - FAX -- [1] (514) 288 4772 - - established -- 7 December 1944 - - effective -- 4 April 1947 - - aim -- to promote international cooperation in civil aviation; a UN - specialized agency - - members -- (183) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, - Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, - Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, - Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, - Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, - Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, - Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, - Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, - Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New - Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, - Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San - Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, - Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, - South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, - UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, - Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - - address -- ICRC, 19 av de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 734 60 01 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 82 80 - - established -- NA 1863 - - aim -- to provide humanitarian aid in wartime - - members -- (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals - -International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) - - address -- International Trade Union House, Bd Emile Jacqmain 155, - B-1210 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 224 02 11 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 218 84 15, 219 75 03 - - established -- NA December 1949 - - aim -- to promote the trade union movement - - members -- (164 national organizations in the following 118 areas) - Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, - Bangladesh, Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, - Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, - Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Curacao, - Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, - Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, - France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, - Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, - India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, - South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, - Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, - Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, - Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, - Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, - Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, - Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Court of Justice (ICJ) - - note -- also known as the World Court - - address -- Peace Palace, NL-2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands - - telephone -- [31] (70) 302 23 23 - - FAX -- [31] (70) 364 99 28 - - established -- 26 June 1945 - - effective -- 24 October 1945 - - aim -- primary judicial organ of the UN - - members -- (15 judges) elected by the UN General Assembly and Security - Council to represent all principal legal systems - -International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) - - address -- BP 6041, F-69411 Lyon CEDEX 06, France - - telephone -- [33] 71 44 70 00 - - FAX -- [33] 72 44 71 63 - - established -- 13 June 1956 - - aim -- to promote international cooperation among police authorities - in fighting crime - - members -- (176) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, - The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, - Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape - Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, - Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El - Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, - Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, - Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, - Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, - Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, - Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, - Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, - Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, - Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, - NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua - New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, - Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, - Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, - Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad - and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, - Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - subbureaus -- (13) American Samoa, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin - Islands, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, - Montserrat, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos - Islands - -International Development Association (IDA) - - address -- 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 477 12 34 - - established -- 26 January 1960 - - effective -- 24 September 1960 - - aim -- UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides economic - loans for low income countries - - members -- (157) - - Part I -- (24 more economically advanced countries) Australia, - Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, - Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, - Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US - - Part II -- (133 less developed nations) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, - Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, - Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, - Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, - Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, - Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, - Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, - The Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, - Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, - Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, - Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, - Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, - Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, - Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the - Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra - Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, - Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Energy Agency (IEA) - - address -- 2 rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 45 24 82 00 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 45 24 99 88 - - established -- 15 November 1974 - - aim -- to promote cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency - oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and oil producers; - established by the OECD - - members -- (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, - France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, - Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, - UK, US - -International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) - - note -- formerly known as League of Red Cross and Red Crescent - Societies (LORCS) - - established -- 5 May 1919 - - aim -- to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime - - members -- (151) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, - Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, - Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, - Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central - African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, - Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, - Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, - Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, - Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, - Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, - Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, - Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, - Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao - Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, - Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, - Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, - UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, - Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - associate members -- (13) Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Comoros, - Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kiribati, Namibia, Saint Kitts and - Nevis, Seychelles, Suriname, Tuvalu, Vanuatu - -International Finance Corporation (IFC) - - address -- 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 477 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (202) 477 6391 - - established -- 25 May 1955 - - effective -- 20 July 1956 - - aim -- to support private enterprise in international economic - development; a UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate - - members -- (161) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, - Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, - Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, - Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, - Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, - Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, - The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, - Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, - Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, - Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, - Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, - Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, - Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, - Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, - US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, - Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - - address -- Via del Serafico 107, I-00142 Rome, Italy - - telephone -- [39] (6) 54591 - - FAX -- [39] (6) 5043463 - - established -- NA November 1974 - - aim -- to promote agricultural development; a UN specialized agency - - members -- (157) - - Category I -- (21 industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria, - Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, - Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, - Switzerland, UK, US - - Category II -- (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) Algeria, - Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi - Arabia, UAE, Venezuela - - Category III -- (124 aid recipients) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, - Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape - Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, - Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, - El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, - Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, - Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South - Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, - Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, - Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and - the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra - Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, - Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, - Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Investment Bank (IIB) - - established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic development; members - were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, - Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new - charter - -International Labor Organization (ILO) - - address -- International Labor Office, 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211 - Geneva 22, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 799 61 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 798 86 85 - - established -- 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December 1946) - - aim -- UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues - - members -- (171) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, - Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, - Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, - Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, - Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, - Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, - Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, - Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, - Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, - Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, - Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, - Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New - Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, - Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi - Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, - Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, - Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, - Zimbabwe - -International Maritime Organization (IMO) - - note -- name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative - Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982 - - address -- 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK - - telephone -- [44] (71) 735 7611 - - FAX -- [44] (71) 587 3210 - - established -- 17 March 1958 - - aim -- to deal with international maritime affairs; a UN specialized - agency - - members -- (149) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, - Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape - Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, - Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, - Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, - Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, - Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, - Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, - Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, - Libya, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, - Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, - Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, - Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, - Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, - Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, - Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and - Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, - Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire - - associate members -- (2) Hong Kong, Macau - -International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) - - address -- 99 City Road, London EC1Y 1AX, UK - - telephone -- [44] (71) 728 1000 - - FAX -- [44] (71) 728 1044 - - established -- 3 September 1976 - - effective -- 26 July 1979 - - aim -- to provide worldwide communications for maritime shipping and - other applications - - members -- (75) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, - Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, - Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, South - Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, - Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, - Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi - Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Yugoslavia - -International Monetary Fund (IMF) - - address -- 700 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20431, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 623 7000 - - FAX -- [1] (202) 623 4661, 623 7491, 623 4662 - - established -- 22 July 1944 - - effective -- 27 December 1945 - - aim -- to promote world monetary stability and economic development; a - UN specialized agency - - members -- (179) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, - Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African - Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, - Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, - Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial - Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The - Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, - Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, - Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, - Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, - San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, - Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, - South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, - UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western - Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Olympic Committee (IOC) - - note -- there are 194 National Olympic Committees of which 185 are - recognized by the International Olympic Committee - - address -- Chateau de Vidy, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (21) 621 61 11 - - FAX -- [41] (21) 621 62 16 - - established -- 23 June 1894 - - aim -- to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games: - 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4 August); - 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA); 2000 Summer Olympics - in Sydney, Australia (date NA) - - National Olympic Committees -- (193 and the Palestine Liberation - Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, - Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, - Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, - Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and - Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, - Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, - Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, - Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, - Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, - Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, - Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, - Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, - Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazahkstan, - Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, - Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, - Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, - Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, - Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and - the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, - Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, - Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, - Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, - Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, - Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine - Liberation Organization ----- International Organization for Migration - (IOM) - - note -- established as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the - Movement of Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee - for European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed - Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; - current name adopted 14 November 1989 - - address -- 17 route des Morillons, CP 71, CH-1211 Geneva 19, - Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 717 91 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 798 61 50 - - established -- 5 December 1951 - - aim -- to facilitate orderly international emigration and immigration - - members -- (52) Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, - Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa - Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El - Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, - Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg, - Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, - Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, - Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia - - observers -- (44) Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, - Cape Verde, Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council - of Australia Inc., Georgia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Japan International Friendship and Welfare - Foundation, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, - Mozambique, Namibia, NZ, Niwano Peace Foundation, Partnership with the - Children of the Third World, Presiding Bishop's Fund for World - Relief/Episcopal Church, Refugee Council of Australia, Romania, - Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, Vietnam, - Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe - -International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - - address -- CP 56, 1 rue de Varembe, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 749 01 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 34 30 - - established -- NA February 1947 - - aim -- to promote the development of international standards - - members -- (76 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria, - Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, - Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, - Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, - Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Libya, Malaysia, - Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Pakistan, - Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, - Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, - Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, - Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, - Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe - - correspondent members -- (19) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Estonia, Hong - Kong, Jordan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Nepal, - Oman, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Qatar, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE - - subscriber members -- (4) Antigua and Barbuda, Burundi, Grenada, Saint - Lucia - -International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) - - address -- CICR, 19 Av de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 734 60 01 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 20 57 - - established -- NA 1928 - - aim -- to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the International - Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and International - Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS; formerly - League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or LORCS) in peacetime - - National Societies -- (161 countries) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, - Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, - Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, - Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, - Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, - Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, - Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, - Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, - India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, - Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, - Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, - Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, - Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, - Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, - Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, - Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, - Ukraine, UAR, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western - Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - - address -- Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 730 51 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 72 56 - - established -- 9 December 1932 - - effective -- 1 January 1934 - - affiliated with the UN -- 15 November 1947 - - aim -- to deal with world telecommunications issues; UN specialized - agency - - members -- (184) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, - Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, - Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, - Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, - Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, - China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, - Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, - Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, - Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, - Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, - Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, - Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New - Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, - Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome - and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, - Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri - Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, - Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, - Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, - Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, - Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) - - address -- INTELSAT, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC - 20008-3098, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 944 6800 - - FAX -- [1] (202) 944 7860 - - established -- 20 August 1971 - - effective -- 12 February 1973 - - aim -- to develop and operate a global commercial telecommunications - satellite system - - members -- (134) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, - Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, - Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, - China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, - Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El - Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, - Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, - Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, - Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated - States of Micronesia, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, - Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, - Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, - Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, - Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, - Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and - Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, - Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - nonsignatory users -- (50) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Belarus, - Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, - Cambodia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, - Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Kiribati, North Korea, Laos, - Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of - Macedonia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Moldova, Mongolia, - Nauru, Niue, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, - Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and - the Grenadines, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, - Ukraine, Vanuatu, Western Samoa - -Islamic Development Bank (IDB) - - address -- P.O. Box 5925, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia - - telephone -- [966] (2) 6361400 - - FAX -- [966] (2) 6366871 - - established -- 15 December 1973 - - aim -- to promote Islamic economic aid and social development - - members -- (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) - Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, - Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The - Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, - Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, - Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra - Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -Latin American Economic System (LAES) - - note -- also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) - - address -- SELA, Avda Francisco de Miranda, Torre Europa, piso 4, - Chacaito, Apartado de Correos 17035, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela - - telephone -- [58] (2) 905 5111 - - FAX -- [58] (2) 951 6953, 951 7246 - - established -- 17 October 1975 - - aim -- to promote economic and social development through regional - cooperation - - members -- (27) Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, - Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, - Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, - Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, - Uruguay, Venezuela - -Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - - note -- also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion - (ALADI) - - address -- Calle Cebollati 1461, Casilla de Correo 577, 11000 - Montevideo, Uruguay - - telephone -- [598] (2) 40 11 21, 49 59 15 - - FAX -- [598] (2) 49 06 49 - - established -- 12 August 1980 - - effective -- 18 March 1981 - - aim -- to promote freer regional trade - - members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, - Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela - - observers -- (16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa Rica, - Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, - Inter-American Development Bank, Italy, Nicaragua, Organization of - American States, Panama, Portugal, Spain, United Nations Development - Program, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the - Caribbean - -League of Arab States (LAS) - - see -- Arab League (AL) - -League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) - - see -- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent - Societies (IFRCS) - -least developed countries (LLDCs) - - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially - identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant - economic growth, per capita GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low - literacy rates; also known as the undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs - are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, - Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, - Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, - Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, - Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, - Western Samoa, Yemen - -less developed countries (LDCs) - - the bottom group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former - USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries - (LDCs); mainly countries and dependent areas with low levels of - output, living standards, and technology; per capita GDPs are - generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group - also includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, - areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the - advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons - (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income - countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies - (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped - countries; the 172 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, - Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, - Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, - Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, - Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central - African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, - Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, - Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, - El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, - Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, - Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, - Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, - India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, - Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, - Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, - Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New - Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern - Mariana Islands, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, - Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, - Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, - Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome - and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, - Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, - Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, - Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis - and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, - Zambia, Zimbabwe - -low-income countries - - another term for those less developed countries with below-average per - capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -London Suppliers Group - - see -- Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) - -Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR) - - see -- Southern Cone Common Market - -middle-income countries - - another term for those less developed countries with above-average per - capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) - - established -- April 1987 - - aim -- to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export of - key missile technologies and equipment - - members -- (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, - Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, - Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, - Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -Near Abroad - - the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million - ethnic Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong - national security interest - -newly industrializing countries (NICs) - - former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly - industrializing economies (NIEs) - -newly industrializing economies (NIEs) - - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has - experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; - formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also - known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four - Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan), and Brazil - -Nonaligned Movement (NAM) - - address -- c/o Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jalan Taman Pejambon 6, - Jakarta PUSAT, Indonesia - - established -- 1-6 September 1961 - - aim -- to establish political and military cooperation apart from the - traditional East or West blocs - - members -- (110 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) - Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina, - Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African - Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, - Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, - The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, - Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North - Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, - Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, - Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, - Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, - Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, - Palestine Liberation Organization - - observers -- (19) Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization, Antigua and - Barbuda, Arab League, Armenia, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, - Dominica, El Salvador, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New - Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, - Organization of the Islamic Conference, Papua New Guinea, Socialist - Party of Puerto Rico, UN, Uruguay - - guests -- (21) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, - Canada, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, - Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, - Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland - -Nordic Council (NC) - - address -- Tyrgatan 7, Box 19506, S-104 32 Stockholm, Sweden - - telephone -- [46] (8) 453 47 00 - - FAX -- [46] (8) 411 75 36 - - established -- 16 March 1952 - - effective -- 12 February 1953 - - aim -- to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental - cooperation - - members -- (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), - Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden - - observers -- the Sami (Lapp) local parliaments of Finland, Norway, and - Sweden - -Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) - - address -- Fabiansgatan 34, PB 249 SF-00171 Helsinki, Finland - - telephone -- [358] (0) 18001 - - FAX -- [358] (0) 1800309 - - established -- 4 December 1975 - - effective -- 1 June 1976 - - aim -- to promote economic cooperation and development - - members -- (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), - Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden - -North - - a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located - in the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of - the South; see developed countries (DCs) - -North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) - - note -- an extension of NATO - - address -- c/o NATO, B-1110 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 728 41 11 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 728 45 79 - - established -- 8 November 1991 - - effective -- 20 December 1991 - - aim -- to discuss cooperation on mutual political and security issues - - members -- (38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, - Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, - Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, - Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, - Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan - - observer -- (1) Finland - -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - - address -- B-110 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 728 41 11 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 728 45 79 - - established -- 17 September 1949 - - aim -- to promote mutual defense and cooperation - - members -- (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, - Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, - Turkey, UK, US - -Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) - - address -- Le Seine St. Germain, 12 bd des Iles, F-92130 Issy-les- - Moulineaux, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 45 24 10 10 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 45 24 11 10 - - established -- NA 1958 - - aim -- to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy; associated with - OECD - - members -- (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, - France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, - Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, - US - -Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) - - note -- also known as the London Suppliers Group - - address -- c/o IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, - Austria - - telephone -- [43] (1) 2360 2045 - - FAX -- [43] (1) 234564 - - established -- 1974 - - aim -- to establish guidelines for exports of technical information, - processing equipment for uranium enrichment and nuclear materials to - countries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and - instability - - members -- (28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, - Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, - Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - - observers -- (2) Argentina, European Commission - -Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y -el Caribe (OPANAL) - - see -- Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America - and the Caribbean (OPANAL) - -Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - - address -- 2 rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 45 24 82 00 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 45 24 85 00, 45 24 81 76 - - established -- 14 December 1960 - - effective -- 30 September 1961 - - aim -- to promote economic cooperation and development - - members -- (25) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, - France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, - Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, - Turkey, UK, US - - special member -- (1) EU - -Organization of African Unity (OAU) - - address -- P. O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - - telephone -- [251] (1) 517700 - - FAX -- [251] (1) 512622 - - established -- 25 May 1963 - - aim -- to promote unity and cooperation among African states - - members -- (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, - Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, - Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, - Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, - Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic - Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, - Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, - Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -Organization of American States (OAS) - - address -- corner of 17th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20006, USA - - telephone -- [1] (202) 458 3000 FAX [1] (202) 458 3967 - - established -- 30 April 1948 - - effective -- 13 December 1951 - - aim -- to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and - social development - - members -- (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, - Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba - (excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, - Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint - Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, - Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela - - observers -- (31) Algeria, Angola, Austria, Belgium, Central American - Parliament, Commission of the European Communities, Cyprus, Egypt, - Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, - Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, - Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi - Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia - -Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) - - address -- POB 20501, Safat 13066, Kuwait - - telephone -- [965] 5340713 - - FAX -- [965] 5340694 - - established -- 9 January 1968 - - aim -- to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry - - members -- (10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, - Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE - -Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) - - address -- P.O. Box 179, The Morne, Castries, St. Lucia - - telephone -- [1] (809) 452 2537 - - FAX -- [1] (809) 453 1628 - - established -- 18 June 1981 - - effective -- 4 July 1981 - - aim -- to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation - - members -- (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, - Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - associate member -- (1) British Virgin Islands - -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - - address -- Obere Donaustrasse 93, A-1020 Vienna, Austria - - telephone -- [43] (1) 21 11 20 - - FAX -- [43] (1) 26 43 20 - - established -- 14 September 1960 - - aim -- to coordinate petroleum policies - - members -- (12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, - Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela - -Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) - - address -- Kilo 6, Mecca Road, P.O. Box 178, Jeddah 21411, Saudi - Arabia - - telephone -- [966] (2) 680-0800 - - FAX -- [966] (2) 687-3568 - - established -- 22-25 September 1969 - - aim -- to promote Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, - and political affairs - - members -- (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) - Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, - Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The - Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, - Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, - Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra - Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - - observers -- (3) Kazakhstan, Mozambique, "Turkish Republic of Northern - Cyprus" - -Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) - - note -- formerly the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - (CSCE) - - address -- Thunovska 12, Mala Strana, 110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic - - telephone -- [422] (2) 24311069 - - FAX -- [422] (2) 24310629 - - established -- 1 January 1995 - - aim -- to discuss issues of mutual concern and to review - implementation of the Helsinki Agreement - - members -- (53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, - Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, - Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, - Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, - Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, - Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, - Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, - Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, - Yugoslavia (suspended) - - observer -- (1) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - -Paris Club - - see -- Group of 10 - -Partnership for Peace (PFP) - - established -- 10-11 January 1994 - - aim -- to expand and intensify political and military cooperation - throughout Europe, increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and - build relationships by promoting the spirit of practical cooperation - and commitment to democratic principles that underpin NATO; program - under the auspices of NATO - - members -- (24) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech - Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, - Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Sweden, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - -Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) - - address -- Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, NL-2517 KJ The Hague, - Netherlands - - telephone -- [31] (70) 346 96 80 - - FAX -- [31] (70) 356 13 38 - - established -- 29 July 1899 - - aim -- to facilitate the settlement of international disputes - - members -- (80) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, - Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, - China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, - Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, - Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, - Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, - Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, - Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, - Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zaire, Zimbabwe - -Population Commission - - address -- c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 754 1234 - - established -- 3 October 1946 - - aim -- to deal with population matters of importance to the UN, as - part of Economic and Social Council organization - - members -- (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Rio Group (RG) - - note -- formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December - 1986 - - established -- NA 1988 - - aim -- to consult on regional Latin American issues - - members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, - Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - Panama was expelled - in 1988 - -Second World - - another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states of the USSR - and Eastern Europe, with authoritarian governments and command - economies based on the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see - centrally planned economies - -Social Commission - - see -- Commission for Social Development - -socialist countries - - in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use - of the major factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used - incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries - -South - - a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally - located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the - North; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) - - address -- P.O. Box 4222, Kathmandu, Nepal - - telephone -- [977] (1) 221785, 221787, 221794 - - FAX -- [977] (1) 227033 - - established -- 8 December 1985 - - aim -- to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation - - members -- (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, - Sri Lanka - -South Pacific Commission (SPC) - - address -- Anse Vata, BP D5 Noumea CEDEX, New Caledonia - - telephone -- [687] 26 20 00 FAX [687] 26 38 18 - - established -- 6 February 1947 - - effective -- 29 July 1948 - - aim -- to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters - - members -- (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, - French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States - of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana - Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, - Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western - Samoa - -South Pacific Forum (SPF) - - address -- c/o forum Secretariat, Ratu Sukuna Road GPO Box 856, Suva, - Fiji - - telephone -- [679] 312 600, 303 106 - - FAX -- [679] 302 204 - - established -- 5 August 1971 - - aim -- to promote regional cooperation in political matters - - members -- (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall - Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New - Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa - - observer -- (1) Palau - -South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA) - - address -- (see South Pacific Forum) - - established -- NA 1981 - - aim -- to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New - Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region - - members -- (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall - Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New - Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa - -Southern African Customs Union (SACU) - - address -- Director General, Trade and Industry, Private Bag X84, - Pretoria 0001, South Africa - - established -- 11 December 1969 - - aim -- to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters - - members -- (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, - South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda - -Southern African Development Community (SADC) - - note -- evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination - Conference (SADCC) - - address -- Private Bag 008, Gaborone, Botswana - - telephone -- [267] (31) 51863, 51864, 51865 - - FAX -- [267] (31) 372848 - - established -- 17 August 1992 - - aim -- to promote regional economic development and integration - - members -- (11) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, - Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) - - address -- c/o Cancilleria de la Republica de Argentina, Buenos Aires, - Argentina - - established -- 26 March 1991 - - aim -- to increase regional economic cooperation - - members -- (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay - -Statistical Commission - - address -- c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 - - established -- 21 June 1946 - - aim -- to deal with development and standardization of national - statistics of interest to the UN, as part of the Economic and Social - Council organization - - members -- (24) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -Third World - - another term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from - use; - - see -- less developed countries (LDCs) - -underdeveloped countries - - refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above- - average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -undeveloped countries - - refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with - little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries - (LLDCs) - -Union Douaniere et Economique de l - - 'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) - - see -- Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - -United Nations (UN) - - address -- United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 - - established -- 26 June 1945 - - effective -- 24 October 1945 - - aim -- to maintain international peace and security and to promote - cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian - problems - - members -- (184 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, - Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, - Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, - Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and - Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, - Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African - Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, - Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, - Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, - Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, - Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, - Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, - Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, - Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, - Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of - Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, - Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of - Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, - Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, - Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, - Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint - Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San - Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, - Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, - South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, - Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, - Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, - Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members - are represented in the General Assembly - - observers -- (2 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Holy See, - Switzerland, Palestine Liberation Organization - -United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II) - - note -- successor to original UNAVEM - - address -- c/o United Nations, UNAVEM II, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 - - established -- 20 December 1988 - - aim -- to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola; - established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (16) Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, - India, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, - Slovakia, Sweden, Zimbabwe - -United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) - - established -- 5 October 1993 - - aim -- to monitor ceasefire agreement, to support and provide safe - conditions for displaced persons; established by the UN Security - Council - - members -- (17) Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, Congo, Egypt, Fiji, - Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, - Uruguay, Zimbabwe - -United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - - note -- acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN - International Children's Emergency Fund - - address -- UNICEF House, Three United Nations Plaza, New York, NY - 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 326 7000 - - established -- 11 December 1946 - - aim -- to help establish child health and welfare services - - members -- (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - - address -- Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 907 00 57 - - established -- 30 December 1964 - - aim -- to promote international trade - - members -- (187) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga - -United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - - address -- One United National Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 906 5788, 906 500 FAX [1] (212) 906 5365 - - established -- 22 November 1965 - - aim -- to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and - social development - - members -- (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) - - address -- c/o UNDOF, P.O. Box 5368, Damascus, Syrian AR - - established -- 31 May 1974 - - aim -- to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli ceasefire; established by the - UN Security Council - - members -- (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland - -United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - - address -- 7 place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris, France - - telephone -- [33] (1) 45 68 10 00 - - FAX -- [33] (1) 45 67 16 90 - - established -- 16 November 1945 - - effective -- 4 November 1946 - - aim -- to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture - - members -- (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, - Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, - Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, - Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, - Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, - China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote - d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, - Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial - Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The - Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, - Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, - Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, - Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, - Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, - Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and - Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao - Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, - Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, - Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, - Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, - Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, - Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia - (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - associate members -- (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands - Antilles - -United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) - - address -- One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 906 5000 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 826 2057 - - established -- 15 December 1972 - - aim -- to promote international cooperation on all environmental - matters - - members -- (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 4 March 1964 - - aim -- to serve as a peacekeeping force between Greek Cypriots and - Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus; established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (8) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, - Finland, Ireland, UK - -United Nations General Assembly - - address -- see United Nations - - established -- 26 June 1945 - - effective -- 24 October 1945 - - aim -- to function as the primary deliberative organ of the UN - - members -- (185) all UN members are represented in the General - Assembly - -United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) - - address -- Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, - Austria - - telephone -- [43] (1) 211 310 - - FAX -- [43] (1) 23 21 56 - - established -- 17 November 1966 - - effective -- 1 January 1967 - - aim -- UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development - especially among the members - - members -- (166) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, - Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and - Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, - Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, - China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, - Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, - Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, - Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, - Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, - Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, - Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, - Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, - Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, - Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, - Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint - Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi - Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, - Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, - Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia - (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) - - established -- 11 December 1963 - - aim -- to help the UN become more effective through training and - research members (Board of Trustees) - (24) Argentina, Belgium, - Canada, China, Cote d'Ivoire, France, Germany, India, Italy, Jamaica, - Japan, Libya, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, - Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, US, Yugoslavia - -United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 19 March 1978 - - aim -- to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and - reestablish Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; established by the - UN Security Council - - members -- (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, - Norway, Poland - -United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone [1] (212) - 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 9 April 1991 - - aim -- to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone established - between Iraq and Kuwait; established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (33) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, - Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, - Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, - Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, - UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela - -United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) - - address -- c/o OUSGSPA, Room 3853, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, - USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 4457 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 - - established -- 13 August 1948 - - aim -- to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan ceasefire; established by - the UN Security Council - - members -- (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, - Sweden, Uruguay - -United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) - - established -- 23 September 1993 - - aim -- to assist in implementing the agreement to transfer power back - into the civilian government; established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (14) Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Canada, France, - Indonesia, Madagascar, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, - US, Venezuela - -United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) - - established -- 22 September 1993 - - aim -- to assist in the implementation of the peace agreement; - established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (13) Austria, Bangladesh, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, - Guinea- Bissau, India, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Slovakia, - Uruguay - -United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 29 April 1991 - - aim -- to supervise the referendum in Western Sahara; established by - the UN Security Council - - members -- (27) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, - Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, - Honduras, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, - Russia, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, US, Venezuela - -United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 20 May 1991 - - aim -- to verify ceasefire arrangements and to monitor the maintenance - of public order pending the organization of a new National Civil - Police; established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (14) Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, - France, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela - -United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 1993 for a period of six months - - aim -- to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement reached 27 - July 1993 and investigate reports of violations of that agreement; - established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (7) Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Sweden, - Switzerland - -United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 1993 for six months - - aim -- to monitor the Uganda/Rwanda border to verify that no military - assistance reaches Rwanda across the border; established by the UN - Security Council - - members -- (8) Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Hungary, Netherlands, - Senegal, Slovakia, Zimbabwe - -United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - - address -- Case postale 2500, Depot, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 739 81 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 731 95 46 - - established -- 3 December 1949 - - effective -- 1 January 1951 - - aim -- to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find - permanent solutions to refugee problems - - members -- (47) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, - Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, - Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, - Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Spain, - Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, - Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - -United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) - - note -- supposed to shut down 31 January 1995 - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 16 December 1992 - - aim -- to supervise the ceasefire; established by the UN Security - Council - - members -- (27) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, - Canada, Cape Verde, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, - Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Netherlands, - Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, US, Uruguay, Zambia - -United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II) - - note -- UN peacekeepers left Somalia on 1 March 1995; some UN - personnel remain in Somalia engaged in humanitarian work - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 24 April 1992 - - aim -- to facilitate an immediate cessation of hostilities, to - maintain a ceasefire in order to promote a political settlement, and - to provide urgent humanitarian assistance; established by the UN - Security Council - - members -- (14) Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, India, - Ireland, Malaysia, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Zimbabwe - -United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - - note -- acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for - Population Activities - - address -- 220 E. 42nd Street, 19th Floor, Room DN-1901, New York, NY - 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 297 5000 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 557 6416 - - established -- NA July 1967 - - aim -- to assist both developed and developing countries to deal with - their population problems - - members -- (52) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) - - address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special Political - Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879 - - established -- 28 February 1992 - - aim -- to create conditions for peace and security required for the - negotiation of an overall settlement of the "Yugoslav" crisis; - established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (35) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, - Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, - Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, - Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, - Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Venezuela - -United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near - - East (UNRWA) - - address -- Vienna International Center, P. O. Box 700, A-1400 Vienna, - Austria - - telephone -- [43] (1) 211 31, ext. 4530 - - FAX -- [43] (1) 230 7487 - - established -- 8 December 1949 - - aim -- to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees - - members -- (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, - Turkey, UK, US - -United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) - - established -- 1 July 1964 - - aim -- to conduct research into the problems of economic development - during different phases of economic growth - - members -- no country members, but a Board of Directors consisting of - a chairman appointed by the UN secretary general and 10 individual - members - -United Nations Secretariat - - address -- see United Nations - - established -- 26 June 1945 - - effective -- 24 October 1945 - - aim -- to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a - Secretary General is appointed for a five-year term by the General - Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council - - members -- the UN secretary general and staff - -United Nations Security Council - - address -- c/o United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA - - telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234 - - FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718 - - established -- 26 June 1945 - - effective -- 24 October 1945 - - aim -- to maintain international peace and security - - permanent members -- (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US - - nonpermanent members -- (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN - General Assembly; Argentina (1994-95), Brazil (1993-94), Czech - Republic (1994-95), Djibouti (1993-94), NZ (1993-94), Nigeria - (1994-95), Oman (1994-95), Pakistan (1993-94), Rwanda (1994-95), Spain - (1993-94) - -United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) - - established by the UN Security Council on 28 February 1992 to - contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and to the - holding of free elections; disbanded sometime after the UN-supervised - election in May 1993; members were Algeria, Argentina, Australia, - Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, - Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Fiji, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, - India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, - Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, - Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, - Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay - -United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - - address -- Government House, P.O. Box 490, Jerusalem, Israel - - telephone -- [972] (2) 734 223 - - established -- NA May 1948 - - aim -- to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently - extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and - Pakistan; initially established by the UN Security Council - - members -- (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, - China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, - Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US - -United Nations Trusteeship Council - - established on 26 June 1945, effective on 24 October 1945, to - supervise the administration of the 11 UN trust territories; members - were China, France, Russia, UK, US; its mandate ended on 1 October - 1994 when the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became - the Republic of Palau, a self-governing territory in free association - with the US - -United Nations University (UNU) - - established -- 6 December 1973 - - aim -- to conduct research in development, welfare, and human survival - and to train scholars - - members (associated institutes) -- (32) Argentina, Australia, - Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, - Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, - Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, - Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, - Venezuela - -Universal Postal Union (UPU) - - address -- Bureau International de lUPU, Weltpoststrasse 4, CH-3000 - Berne 15, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (31) 350 31 11 - - FAX -- [41] (31) 350 31 10 - - established -- 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947 - - effective -- 1 July 1948 - - aim -- to promote international postal cooperation; a UN specialized - agency - - members -- (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, - Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, - Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, - Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, - Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, - Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, - Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, - Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, - Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, - Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, - Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas Territories of the UK, Pakistan, - Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, - Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint - Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and - Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, - Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri - Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, - Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, - Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, - Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, - Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------ Warsaw - Pact (WP) established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members - met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of - dissolution were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, - and the USSR; earlier members included East Germany and Albania - -West African Development Bank (WADB) - - note -- also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) - - address -- BOAD, BP 1172, 68 av de la liberation, Lome, Togo - - telephone -- [228] 21 59 06, 21 42 44, 21 01 13 - - FAX -- [228] 21 52 67, 21 72 69 - - established -- 14 November 1973 - - aim -- to promote regional economic development and integration - - members -- (7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, - Togo - -West African Economic Community (CEAO) - - note -- acronym from Communaute Economique de lAfrique de lOuest - established on 3 June 1972 to promote regional economic development; - its members were Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, - Niger, Senegal; it was disbanded in 1994 - -Western European Union (WEU) - - address -- Rue de la Regence 4, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 500 44 11 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 511 35 19 - - established -- 23 October 1954 - - effective -- 6 May 1955 - - aim -- to provide mutual defense and to move toward political - unification - - members -- (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, - Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - - associate members -- (3) Iceland, Norway, Turkey - - associate partners -- (9) Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, - Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia - - observers -- (2) Denmark, Ireland - -World Bank - - see -- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - -World Bank Group - - includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), - International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance - Corporation (IFC) - -World Confederation of Labor (WCL) - - address -- Rue de Treves 33, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium - - telephone -- [32] (2) 230 62 95 - - FAX -- [32] (2) 230 87 22 - - established -- 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of - Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 - - aim -- to promote the trade union movement - - members -- (99 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, - Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, - Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The - Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, - Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, - Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, - Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, - Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint - Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the - Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, - Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, - Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -World Court - - see -- International Court of Justice (ICJ) - -World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) - - address -- Branicka 112, Branik, CS-14700 Prague 4, Czech Republic - - telephone -- [42] (2) 46 21 40 - - FAX -- [42] (2) 46 13 78 - - established -- 3 October 1945 - - aim -- to promote the trade union movement - - members -- (116) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, - Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, - Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, - Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El - Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, The - Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, - Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, - Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, - Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, - Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, NZ, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, - Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, - Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the - Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, - Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, - Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, - Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zimbabwe - -World Food Council (WFC) - - address -- c/o FAO, Via Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy - - telephone -- [39] (6) 522821 - - FAX -- [39] (6) 574 5091 - - established -- 17 December 1974 - - aim -- to study world food problems and to recommend solutions; ECOSOC - organization - - members -- (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -World Food Program (WFP) - - address -- Via Cristoforo Colombo 426, I-00145 Rome, Italy - - telephone -- [39] (6) 522821 - - FAX -- [39] (6) 5123700, 5133537, 52282840 - - established -- 24 November 1961 - - aim -- to provide food aid in support of economic development or - disaster relief; an ECOSOC organization - - members -- (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -World Health Organization (WHO) - - address -- CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 791 21 11, 791 32 23 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 791 07 46 - - established -- 22 July 1946 - - effective -- 7 April 1948 - - aim -- UN specialized agency concerned with health matters - - members -- (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, - Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, - Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, - Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican - Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, - Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, - Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, - Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, - Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, - Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niue, - Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, - Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, - Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the - Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, - Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon - Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, - Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, - Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, - Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, - Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), - Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - associate members -- (2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau - -World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - - address -- 34 chemin des Colombettes, Case Postale 18, CH-1211 Geneva - 20, Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 730 9111 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 733 5428 - - established -- 14 July 1967 - - effective -- 26 April 1970 - - aim -- to furnish protection for literary, artistic, and scientific - works; a UN specialized agency - - members -- (147) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, - Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, - Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, - Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African - Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote - d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, - Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, - Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, - Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, - Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, - North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, - Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former - Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, - Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, - Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, - Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South - Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, - Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and - Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, - Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, - Zambia, Zimbabwe - -World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - - address -- Case Postale 2300, 41 Av Giuseppe-Motta, CH-1211 Geneva 2, - Switzerland - - telephone -- [41] (22) 730 81 11 - - FAX -- [41] (22) 734 23 26 - - established -- 11 October 1947 - - effective -- 4 April 1951 - - aim -- to sponsor meteorological cooperation; a specialized UN agency - - members -- (175) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and - Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The - Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, - Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Caribbean Territories, - Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, - Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, - Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, - Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, - Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, - Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, - Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, - Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, - Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, - Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, - Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, - Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New - Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, - Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, - Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, - Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, - Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, - Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, - Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, - Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -World Tourism Organization (WTO or WToO) - - address -- Calle Capitan Haya 41, 28020 Madrid, Spain - - telephone -- [34] (1) 571 06 28 - - FAX -- [34] (1) 571 37 33 - - established -- 2 January 1975 - - aim -- to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic - development, international understanding, and peace - - members -- (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, - Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, - Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, - Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, - Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, - Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, - India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, - Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, - Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, - Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, - Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, - Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, - Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, - Zimbabwe - - associate members -- (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto - Rico - - observer -- (1) Holy See - -World Trade Organization (WTrO) - - will be added in The World Factbook 1996 - -Zangger Committee (ZC) - - established -- early 1970s - - aim -- to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of - the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - - members -- (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, - Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, - Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, - UK, US - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX D - -Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements - -A - - Air Pollution -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air - Pollution - - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention - on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control - of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes - - Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on - Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur - Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30% - - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on - Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of - Sulphur Emissions - - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds -- Protocol to the 1979 - Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning - the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their - Transboundary Fluxes - - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol -- Protocol on Environmental - Protection to the Antarctic Treaty - -B - - Biodiversity -- Convention on Biological Diversity - -C - - Climate Change -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate - Change - -D - - Desertification -- United Nations Convention to Combat - Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought - and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa - -E - - Endangered Species -- Convention on the International Trade in - Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) - - Environmental Modification -- Convention on the Prohibition of - Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification - Techniques - -H - - Hazardous Wastes -- Basel Convention on the Control of - Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal - -L - - Law of the Sea -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - (LOS) - -M - - Marine Dumping -- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution - by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter; note - also known as the - London Convention - - Marine Life Conservation -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation - of Living Resources of the High Seas - -N - - Nuclear Test Ban -- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the - Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water - -O - - Ozone Layer Protection -- Montreal Protocol on Substances That - Deplete the Ozone Layer - -S - - Ship Pollution -- Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International - Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 - (MARPOL) - -T - - Tropical Timber 83 -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, - 1983 - - Tropical Timber 94 -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, - 1994 - -W - - Wetlands -- Convention on Wetlands of International Importance - Especially As Waterfowl Habitat; note - also known as Ramsar - - Whaling -- International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling - - Note: Not all of the selected international environmental agreements - have abbreviations. - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX E - -Selected International Environmental Agreements - -Air Pollution - - see -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution - -Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides - - see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air - Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or - Their Transboundary Fluxes - -Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 - - see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air - Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary - Fluxes by at least 30% - -Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 - - see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air - Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions - -Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds - - see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air - Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic - Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes - -Antarctic-Environmental Protocol - - see -- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty - -Antarctic Treaty - - opened for signature -- 1 December 1959 - - entered into force -- 23 June 1961 - - objective -- to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, - such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and - that it does not become the scene or object of international discord - - parties -- (42) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, - Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, - Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, - New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, - Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United - Kingdom, United States, Uruguay - -Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous -Wastes and Their Disposal - - note -- abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes - - opened for signature -- 22 March 1989 - - entered into force -- 5 May 1992 - - objective -- to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to - the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound - and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and - toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound - management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to - assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and - other wastes they generate - - parties -- (81) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, - The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, - China, Comoros, Cote dIvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, European Union, - Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, - Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, - Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, - Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, - Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint - Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, - Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, - Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Arab - Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Zaire, Zambia - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (9) Afghanistan, - Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Guatemala, Haiti, Thailand, United States, - Venezuela - -Biodiversity - - see -- Convention on Biological Diversity - -Convention on Biological Diversity - - note -- abbreviated as Biodiversity - - opened for signature -- 5 June 1992 - - entered into force -- 29 December 1993 - - objective -- to develop national strategies for the conservation and - sustainable use of biological diversity - - parties -- (111) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, - Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, - Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, - Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote - dIvoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, - Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European - Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, - Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Italy, - Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, - South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, - Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, - Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, - Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, - Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, - San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sri - Lanka, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, United - Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Zaire, - Zambia, Zimbabwe - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (64) Afghanistan, - Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, - Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, - Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, - Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, - Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, - Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Poland, - Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Slovenia, - Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, - Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United - Arab Emirates, United States, Yemen, former Yugoslavia - -Climate Change - - see -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - -Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas - - note -- abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation - - opened for signature -- 29 April 1958 - - entered into force -- 20 March 1966 - - objective -- to solve through international cooperation the problems - involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, - considering that because of the development of modern technology some - of these resources are in danger of being overexploited - - parties -- (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina, - Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, - France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra - Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, - Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, - Venezuela, former Yugoslavia - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (21) Afghanistan, - Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, - Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, - Panama, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Canada signed on behalf of Taiwan), - Tunisia, Uruguay - -Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution - - note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution - - opened for signature -- 13 November 1979 - - entered into force -- 16 March 1983 - - objective -- to protect the human environment against air pollution - and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including - long-range transboundary air pollution - - parties -- (39) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, European - Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, - Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, - Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, - Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, - former Yugoslavia - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (2) Holy See, San - Marino - -Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and -Fauna (CITES) - - note -- abbreviated as Endangered Species - - opened for signature -- 3 March 1973 - - entered into force -- 1 July 1975 - - objective -- to protect certain endangered species from - overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits - - parties -- (130) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, - The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, - Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, - Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, - Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El - Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, - France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, - Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, - Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, - Liechtenstein, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, - Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, - Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, - Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, - Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, - Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri - Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, - United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, - Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (5) Cambodia, - Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam - -Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other -Matter (London Convention) - - note -- abbreviated as Marine Dumping - - opened for signature -- 29 December 1972 - - entered into force -- 30 August 1975 - - objective -- to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to - encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention - - parties -- (76) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, - Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, - Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, - Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European - Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, - Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, - Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua - New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, - Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, - Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, - United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire - -Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of -Environmental Modification Techniques - - note -- abbreviated as Environmental Modification - - opened for signature -- 10 December 1976 - - entered into force -- 5 October 1978 - - objective -- to prohibit the military or other hostile use of - environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace - and trust among nations - - parties -- (63) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, - Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, - Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, - Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, - Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, - Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, - Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, - Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, - United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (17) Bolivia, - Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, - Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, - Zaire - -Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl -Habitat (Ramsar) - - note -- abbreviated as Wetlands - - opened for signature -- 2 February 1971 - - entered into force -- 21 December 1975 - - objective -- to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of - wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological - functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and - recreational value - - parties -- (83) Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, - Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Chad, - Chile, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, - Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, - Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, - Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, - Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New - Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, - Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, - Switzerland, Trinadad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United - Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former - Yugoslavia, Zambia - -Desertification - - see -- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those - Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, - Particularly in Africa - -Endangered Species - - see -- Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of - Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) - -Environmental Modification - - see -- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile - Use of Environmental Modification Techniques - -Hazardous Wastes - - see -- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of - Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal - -International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling - - note -- abbreviated as Whaling - - opened for signature -- 2 December 1946 - - entered into force -- 10 November 1948 - - objective -- to protect all species of whales from overfishing; to - establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries - to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to - safeguard for future generations the great natural resources - represented by whale stocks - - parties -- (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, - Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France, Germany, - Grenada, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Monaco, - Netherlands (Netherlands also extended the convention to Netherlands - Antilles), New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Russia, Saint Kitts and - Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, - Seychelles (withdrawing effective 30 June 1995), Solomon Islands, - South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United - States, Venezuela - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (1) Austria - - former parties -- (10) Belize, Canada, Ecuador, Egypt, Iceland, - Jamaica, Mauritius, Panama, Philippines, Uruguay - -International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 - - note -- abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83 - - opened for signature -- 18 November 1983 - - entered into force -- 1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when - the International Tropical Timber Ageement, 1994 goes into force - - objective -- to provide an effective framework for cooperation between - tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the - development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and - conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources - - parties -- (52) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, - Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote dIvoire, Denmark, - Ecuador, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, - Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, - New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, - Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad - and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire - -International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 - - note -- abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94 - - opened for signature -- 26 January 1994, but not yet in force - - objective -- to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical - timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund - to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources - necessary to reach this objective - - parties -- (3) Fiji, Japan, Liberia - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (11) Cameroon, - Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Gabon, Indonesia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Togo, - United States - -Law of the Sea - - see -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) - -Marine Dumping - - see -- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping - Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) - -Marine Life Conservation - - see -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of - the High Seas - -Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer - - note -- abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection - - opened for signature -- 16 September 1987 - - entered into force -- 1 January 1989 - - objective -- to protect the ozone layer by controling emissions of - substances that deplete it - - parties -- (148) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, - Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, - Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, - Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, - Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote - d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, - Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, European - Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, - Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, - Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, - Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The - Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, - Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, - Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, - Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, - Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the - protocol to Macau), Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint - Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, - Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, - Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, - Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, - Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, - Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, former - Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (1) Morocco - -Nuclear Test Ban - - see -- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in - Outer Space, and Under Water - -Ozone Layer Protection - - see -- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - -Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention -of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) - - note -- abbreviated as Ship Pollution - - opened for signature -- 17 February 1978 - - entered into force -- 2 October 1983 - - objective -- to preserve the marine environment through the complete - elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the - minimization of accidental discharge of such substances - - parties -- (91) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, - Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, - Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, - Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, - Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, - Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, - Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, - Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, - Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, - South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, - Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, - Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia - -Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty - - note -- abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol - - opened for signature -- 4 October 1991, but not yet in force - - objective -- to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment - and dependent and associated ecosystems - - parties -- (14) Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, Ecuador, France, - Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, - Uruguay - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (27) Austria, - Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, - Denmark, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, - North Korea, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, - Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States - -Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution -concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary -Fluxes - - note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides - - opened for signature -- 31 October 1988 - - entered into force -- 14 February 1991 - - objective -- to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen - oxides and their transboundary fluxes - - parties -- (25) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, - Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, - Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, - Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United - States - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (3) Belgium, - Greece, Poland - -Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution -concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their -Transboundary Fluxes - - note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds - - opened for signature -- 18 November 1991, but not yet in force - - objective -- to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of - volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary - fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse - effects - - parties -- (11) Austria, Finland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, - Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (12) Belgium, - Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European Union, France, Greece, Hungary, - Italy, Portugal, Ukraine, United States - -Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on -Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions - - note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 - - opened for signature -- 14 June 1994, but not yet in force - - objective -- to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or - transboundary fluxes - - parties -- (0) - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (28) Austria, - Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, European - Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, - Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, - Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United - Kingdom - -Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on -the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least -30% - - note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 - - opened for signature -- 8 July 1985 - - entered into force -- 2 September 1987 - - objective -- to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or - transboundary fluxes by 1993 - - parties -- (21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, - Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, - Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine - -Ship Pollution - - see -- Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for - the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) - -Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and -Under Water - - note -- abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban - - opened for signature -- 5 August 1963 - - entered into force -- 10 October 1963 - - objective -- to obtain an agreement on general and complete - disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the - objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race - and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds - of weapons, including nuclear weapons - - parties -- (125) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, - Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, - Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, - Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, - China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech - Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, - Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, - Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, - Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, - Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, - Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Senegal, - Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, - Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, - Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, - Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Ukraine, Uruguay, - Venezuela, Western Samoa, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (11) Algeria, - Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, - Somalia, Vietnam - -Tropical Timber 83 - - see -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 - -Tropical Timber 94 - - see -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 - -United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) - - note -- abbreviated as Law of the Sea - - opened for signature -- 10 December 1982 - - entered into force -- 16 November 1994 - - objective -- to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea - and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as - well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine - environment - - parties -- (72) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, - Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, - Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, - Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Fiji, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, - Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, - Iraq, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav - Republic of Macedonia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, - Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, - Paraguay, Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, - Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, - Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, - Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (91) Afghanistan, - Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, - Bhutan, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, - Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, - Cook Islands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El - Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, European Union, Finland, - France, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, India, Iran, - Ireland, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, - Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, - Maldives, Mauritania, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, - Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, - Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, - Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, - Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, - Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Western Samoa - -United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries -Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa - - note -- abbreviated as Desertification - - opened for signature -- 14 October 1994, but not yet in force - - objective -- to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of - drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term - strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership - arrangements - - parties -- (1) Mexico - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (104) Algeria, - Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, - Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, - Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, - China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Croatia, - Cuba, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, - Ethiopia, European Union, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, - Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, India, - Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, - Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, - Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, - Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, - Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Saint Vincent - and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, - Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, - Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, - Uzbekistan, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - some late changes not - included under country entries - -United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - - note -- abbreviated as Climate Change - - opened for signature -- 9 May 1992 - - entered into force -- 21 March 1994 - - objective -- to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations - in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous - anthropogenic interference with the climate system - - parties -- (119) Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, - Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, - Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, - Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa - Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, - Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, - Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, - Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, - Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, - Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, - Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, - Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, - Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, San - Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, - Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and - Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvulu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, - Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, - Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (54) Afghanistan, - Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape - Verde, Central African Republic, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, - Djibouti, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, - Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, - Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Madagascar, Moldova, - Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Panama, Rwanda, - Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South - Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Ukraine, Yemen, former - Yugoslavia - -Wetlands - - see -- Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially - As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) - -Whaling - - see -- International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX F: - -Weights and Measures - -Mathematical Notation - - Exponents immediately follow the ^ symbol throughout this appendix. - -Mathematical Power Name - -10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion - -10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion - -10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion - -10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion - -10^6 or 1,000,000 one million - -10^3 or 1,000 one thousand - -10^2 or 100 one hundred - -10^1 or 10 ten - -10^0 or 1 one - -10-^1 or 0.1 one-tenth - -10-^2 or 0.01 one-hundredth - -10-^3 or 0.001 one-thousandth - -10-^6 or 0.000 001 one-millionth - -10-^9 or 0.000 000 001 one-billionth - -10-^12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one-trillionth - -10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one-quadrillionth - -10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00 one-quintillionth - -Metric Interrelationships - - Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of - meters, liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to - convert from kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers - equals 9,260 meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply - by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals 9.26 kilometers). - -Prefix Symbol Length, weight, - or capacity Area Volume - -exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54 - -peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 - -tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 - -giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 - -mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 - -hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 - -myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 - -kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 - -hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 - -basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 - 1 gram, - 1 liter - -deci d 10-^1 10-^2 10-^3 - -centi c 10-^2 10-^4 10-^6 - -milli m 10-^3 10-^6 10-^9 - -decimilli dm 10-^4 10-^8 10-^12 - -centimilli cm 10-^5 10-^10 10-^15 - -micro u 10-^6 10-^12 10-^18 - -nano n 10-^9 10-^18 10-^27 - -pico p 10-^12 10-^24 10-^36 - -femto f 10-^15 10-^30 10-^45 - -atto a 10-^18 10-^36 10-^54 - -Equivalents - -Units Metric Equivalent US Equivalent - -acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 - -acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 - -acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, - kilometers^2 statute - -are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 - -barrel - (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons - - (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons - - (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons - -bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks - -cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms - -chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet - -cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 - -cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) - -degrees, Celsius (water boils at 100 multiply by 1.8 and add 32 - degrees C, freezes at to obtain degrees F - 0 degrees C) - -degrees, Fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide water boils at 212 degrees - by 1.8 to obtain F, freezes at 32 degrees F) - degrees C - -dram, avdp. 1.771 845 2 grams 0.0625 5 ounces, avdp. - -dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy - -dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid - -fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet - -foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches - -foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards - -foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute - -foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 - -foot^2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 - -foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons - -foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 - -furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards - -gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid - -gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid - -grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, avdp. - -gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, avdp. - -hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches - -hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres - -hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avdp. - -hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avdp. - -inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet - -inch^2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 - -inch^3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 - -inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry - -inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid - -kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avdp. - -kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute - -kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres - -kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, - statute - -knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour -mi/hr) - -league, nautical 5.556 kilometers 3 miles, nautical - -league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute - -link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches - -liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 - -liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry - -liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid - -meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards - -meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 - -meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 - -micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches - -mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch - -mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute - -mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute - -mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs - -mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section - -mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 0.755 miles^2, nautical - kilometers^2 - -minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid - or one-sixtieth of a dram - -ounce, avdp. 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains - -ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid - -ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains - -pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches - -peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry - -pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains - -pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry - -pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid - -point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches - -pound, avdp 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avdp - -pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy - -quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry - -quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid - -quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. - -rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards - -scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains - -section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile^2, statute - or 640 acres - -span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches - -stere 1 meter^3 1.307 95 yards^3 - -tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons - -teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons - -ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avdp. -deadweight - -ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avdp. - -ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy - -ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 - -ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avdp. - -township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute - -yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet - -yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 - -yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 - -yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX G: - -Estimates of Gross Domestic Product on an Exchange Rate Basis - - These estimates of gross domestic product on an exchange rate basis - are based on official data from national statistical offices. - -Country Million US$ Year - -Afghanistan --- --- - -Albania --- --- - -Algeria 46,823 1993 - -American Samoa --- --- - -Andorra --- --- - -Angola --- --- - -Anguilla --- --- - -Antigua and Barbuda 374 1992 - -Argentina --- --- - -Armenia --- --- - -Aruba --- --- - -Australia 284,293 1993 - -Austria 181,367 1993 - -Azerbaijan --- --- - -The Bahamas --- --- - -Bahrain 3,903 1990 - -Bangladesh 23,957 1993 - -Barbados 1,574 1992 - -Belarus --- --- - -Belgium 207,500 1993 - -Belize 524 1993 - -Benin 1,898 1991 - -Bermuda --- --- - -Bhutan 245 1992 - -Bolivia 6,058 1991 - -Bosnia and Herzegovina --- --- - -Botswana 3,702 1992 - -Brazil --- --- - -British Virgin Islands --- --- - -Brunei --- --- - -Bulgaria --- --- - -Burkina --- --- - -Burma 55,073 1993 - -Burundi 923 1993 - -Cambodia --- --- - -Cameroon 10,918 1992 - -Canada 551,645 1993 - -Cape Verde 286 1988 - -Cayman Islands --- --- - -Central African Republic 1,339 1992 - -Chad 1,383 1992 - -Chile 43,684 1993 - -China 544,603 1993 - -Christmas Island --- --- - -Cocos (Keeling) Islands --- --- - -Colombia --- --- - -Comoros 43,546 1992 - -Congo --- --- - -Cook Island --- --- - -Costa Rica 6,722 1992 - -Cote d'Ivoire 10,492 1992 - -Croatia --- --- - -Cuba --- --- - -Cyprus 6,700 1992 - -Czech Republic 31,664 1993 - -Denmark 135,998 1993 - -Djibouti 494 1990 - -Dominica 189 1992 - -Dominican Republic 8,796 1992 - -Ecuador 14,304 1993 - -Egypt 41,855 1992 - -El Salvador 7,625 1993 - -Equatorial Guinea 181 1992 - -Eritrea --- --- - -Estonia --- --- - -Ethiopia 3,362 1993 - -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) --- --- - -Faroe Islands --- --- - -Fiji 1,490 1991 - -Finland 83,795 1993 - -France 1,252,560 1993 - -French Guiana --- --- - -French Polynesia --- --- - -Gabon 5,913 1992 - -The Gambia 332 1992 - -Gaza Strip --- --- - -Georgia --- --- - -Germany 1,880,000 1993 - -Ghana 6,884 1992 - -Gibraltar --- --- - -Greece 73,100 1993 - -Greenland --- --- - -Grenada 214 1992 - -Guadeloupe --- --- - -Guam --- --- - -Guatemala 11,279 1993 - -Guernsey --- --- - -Guinea --- --- - -Guinea-Bissau 221 1992 - -Guyana 447 1993 - -Haiti 2,502 1990 - -Honduras 3,343 1993 - -Hong Kong --- --- - -Hungary 36,113 1993 - -Iceland 6,076 1993 - -India 272,231 1992 - -Indonesia 142,794 1993 - -Iran 1,013,890 1992 - -Iraq --- --- - -Ireland 47,678 1993 - -Israel 65,043 1993 - -Italy 999,700 1993 - -Jamaica 3,839 1993 - -Japan 4,215,546 1993 - -Jersey --- --- - -Jordan 5,190 1993 - -Kazakhstan --- --- - -Kenya 5,569 1993 - -Kiribati --- --- - -Korea, North --- --- - -Korea, South --- --- - -Kuwait 22,416 1993 - -Kyrgyzstan --- --- - -Laos --- --- - -Latvia --- --- - -Lebanon --- --- - -Lesotho 710 1992 - -Liberia 1,183 1989 - -Libya 21,864 1986 - -Liechtenstein --- --- - -Lithuania --- --- - -Luxembourg 10,600 1993 - -Macau --- --- - -Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of --- --- - -Madagascar 3,371 1993 - -Malawi 2,017 1993 - -Malaysia 64,434 1993 - -Maldives --- --- - -Mali 2,451 1991 - -Malta 2,743 1992 - -Man, Isle of --- --- - -Marshall Islands --- --- - -Martinique --- --- - -Mauritania 1,136 1993 - -Mauritius 3,112 1993 - -Mayotte --- --- - -Mexico 286,631 1991 - -Micronesia, Federated States of --- --- - -Moldova --- --- - -Monaco --- --- - -Mongolia 1,111 1992 - -Montserrat --- --- - -Morocco 28,762 1992 - -Mozambique 1,410 1993 - -Namibia 2,508 1993 - -Nauru --- --- - -Nepal 3,387 1993 - -Netherlands 308,995 1993 - -Netherlands Antilles --- --- - -New Caledonia --- --- - -New Zealand 43,698 1993 - -Nicaragua 2,214 1990 - -Niger 2,506 1990 - -Nigeria 37,250 1993 - -Niue --- --- - -Norfolk Island --- --- - -Northern Mariana Islands --- --- - -Norway 103,418 1993 - -Oman 11,489 1992 - -Pakistan 48,363 1993 - -Palau --- --- - -Panama 6,565 1993 - -Papua New Guinea 4,292 1992 - -Paraguay 6,446 1992 - -Peru 39,760 1989 - -Philippines 54,068 1992 - -Pitcairn Islands --- --- - -Poland 85,898 1993 - -Portugal 75,100 1993 - -Puerto Rico --- --- - -Qatar 7,473 1992 - -Reunion --- --- - -Romania 24,781 1993 - -Russia --- --- - -Rwanda 1,630 1992 - -Saint Helena --- --- - -Saint Kitts and Nevis 158 1990 - -Saint Lucia 393 1992 - -Saint Pierre and Miquelon --- --- - -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 192 1992 - -San Marino --- --- - -Sao Tome and Principe --- --- - -Saudi Arabia 121,530 1992 - -Senegal 4,627 1989 - -Serbia and Montenegro --- --- - -Seychelles 434 1992 - -Sierra Leone --- --- - -Singapore 55,086 1993 - -Slovakia --- --- - -Slovenia --- --- - -Solomon Islands --- --- - -Somalia --- --- - -South Africa 117,442 1993 - -Spain 478,391 1993 - -Sri Lanka 10,274 1993 - -Sudan 27,697 1991 - -Suriname 1,872 1991 - -Svalbard --- --- - -Swaziland 874 1991 - -Sweden 186,224 1993 - -Switzerland 232,133 1993 - -Syria 33,050 1992 - -Tajikistan --- --- - -Tanzania 2,086 1993 - -Thailand 110,429 1992 - -Togo 1,237 1987 - -Tokelau --- --- - -Tonga 145 1993 - -Trinidad and Tobago 4,538 1993 - -Tunisia 14,634 1993 - -Turkey 138,400 1993 - -Turkmenistan --- --- - -Turks and Caicos Islands --- --- - -Tuvalu --- --- - -Uganda 5,608 1988 - -Ukraine --- --- - -United Arab Emirates 34,977 1992 - -United Kingdom 944,902 1993 - -United States 6,738,400 1994 - -Uruguay 13,144 1993 - -Uzbekistan --- --- - -Vanuatu 153 1990 - -Venezuela 59,183 1993 - -Vietnam --- --- - -Virgin Islands --- --- - -Wallis and Futuna --- --- - -West Bank --- --- - -Western Sahara --- --- - -Western Samoa --- --- - -World --- --- - -Yemen --- --- - -Zaire 9,078 1991 - -Zambia 3,302 1992 - -Zimbabwe 6,189 1990 - -Taiwan --- --- - - -________________________________________________________________________ - -APPENDIX H - -Cross-Reference List of Geographic Items - - This list indicates where various geographic items - including the - location of all United States Foreign Service Posts, alternate names - of countries, former names, and political or geographical portions of - larger entities - can be found in The World Factbook. Spellings are - normally, but not always, those approved by the United States Board on - Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses; - additional information is included in brackets. - - Name -- Entry in The World Factbook - -A - - Abidjan [US Embassy] -- Cote d'Ivoire - - Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] -- United Arab Emirates - - Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office] -- Nigeria - - Acapulco [US Consular Agency] -- Mexico - - Accra [US Embassy] -- Ghana - - Adamstown -- Pitcairn Islands - - Adana [US Consulate] -- Turkey - - Addis Ababa [US Embassy] -- Ethiopia - - Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) -- Antarctica [claimed by France] - - Aden -- Yemen - - Aden, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean - - Admiralty Islands -- Papua New Guinea - - Adriatic Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Aegean Islands -- Greece - - Aegean Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Afars and Issas, French Territory -- Djibouti of the (F.T.A.I.) - - Agalega Islands -- Mauritius - - Agana -- Guam - - Aland Islands -- Finland - - Alaska -- United States - - Alaska, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean - - Aldabra Islands -- Seychelles - - Alderney -- Guernsey - - Aleutian Islands -- United States - - Alexander Island -- Antarctica - - Alexandria -- Egypt - - Algiers [US Embassy] -- Algeria - - Alhucemas, Penon de -- Spain - - Alma-Ata (see Almaty) -- Kazakhstan - - Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy] -- Kazakhstan - - Alofi -- Niue - - Alphonse Island -- Seychelles - - Amami Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Amindivi Islands -- India - - Amirante Isles -- Seychelles - - Amman [US Embassy] -- Jordan - - Amsterdam [US Consulate General] -- Netherlands - - Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) -- French Southern and Antarctic - Lands - - Amundsen Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Amur -- China; Russia - - Andaman Islands -- India - - Andaman Sea -- Indian Ocean - - Andorra la Vella -- Andorra - - Anegada Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan -- Sudan - - Anjouan -- Comoros - - Ankara [US Embassy] -- Turkey - - Annobon -- Equatorial Guinea - - Antananarivo [US Embassy] -- Madagascar - - Antipodes Islands -- New Zealand - - Antwerp [European Logistical -- Belgium Support Office] - - Aozou Strip -- Chad - - Apia [US Embassy] -- Western Samoa - - Aqaba, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean - - Arabian Sea -- Indian Ocean - - Arafura Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Argun -- China; Russia - - Ascension Island -- Saint Helena - - Ashgabat [US Embassy] -- Turkmenistan - - Ashkhabad (see Ashgabat) -- Turkmenistan - - Asmara [US Embassy] -- Eritrea - - Asmera (see Asmara) -- Eritrea - - Assumption Island -- Seychelles - - Asuncion [US Embassy] -- Paraguay - - Asuncion Island -- Northern Mariana Islands - - Atacama -- Chile - - Athens [US Embassy] -- Greece - - Attu -- United States - - Auckland [US Consulate General] -- New Zealand - - Auckland Islands -- New Zealand - - Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) -- French Polynesia - - Avarua -- Cook Islands - - Axel Heiberg Island -- Canada - - Azores -- Portugal - - Azov, Sea of -- Atlantic Ocean - -B - - Bab el Mandeb -- Indian Ocean - - Babuyan Channel -- Pacific Ocean - - Babuyan Islands -- Philippines - - Baffin Bay -- Arctic Ocean - - Baffin Island -- Canada - - Baghdad [US Embassy temporarily -- Iraq suspended; US Interests - Section located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad] - - Baki (Baku) -- Azerbaijan - - Baku [US Embassy] -- Azerbaijan - - Baky (Baku) -- Azerbaijan - - Balabac Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Balearic Islands -- Spain - - Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bali Sea -- Indian Ocean - - Balintang Channel -- Pacific Ocean - - Balintang Islands -- Philippines - - Balleny Islands -- Antarctica - - Balochistan -- Pakistan - - Baltic Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bamako [US Embassy] -- Mali - - Banaba (Ocean Island) -- Kiribati - - Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] -- Brunei - - Banda Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Bangkok [US Embassy] -- Thailand - - Bangui [US Embassy] -- Central African Republic - - Banjul [US Embassy] -- Gambia, The - - Banks Island -- Canada - - Banks Islands (Iles Banks) -- Vanuatu - - Barcelona [US Consulate General] -- Spain - - Barents Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Barranquilla [US Consulate] -- Colombia - - Bashi Channel -- Pacific Ocean - - Basilan Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Bass Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Basse-Terre -- Guadeloupe - - Basseterre -- Saint Kitts and Nevis - - Basutoland -- Lesotho - - Batan Islands -- Philippines - - Bavaria (Bayern) -- Germany - - Beagle Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bear Island (Bjornoya) -- Svalbard - - Beaufort Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Bechuanaland -- Botswana - - Beijing [US Embassy] -- China - - Beirut [US Embassy] -- Lebanon - - Belau -- Palau - - Belem [US Consular Agency] -- Brazil - - Belep Islands (Iles Belep) -- New Caledonia - - Belfast [US Consulate General] -- United Kingdom - - Belgian Congo -- Zaire - - Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not -- Serbia and Montenegro - maintain full diplomatic relations with Serbia and Montenegro] - - Belize City [US Embassy] -- Belize - - Belle Isle, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bellingshausen Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Belmopan -- Belize - - Belorussia -- Belarus - - Bengal, Bay of -- Indian Ocean - - Bering Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Bering Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Berkner Island -- Antarctica - - Berlin [US Branch Office] -- Germany - - Berlin, East -- Germany - - Berlin, West -- Germany - - Bern [US Embassy] -- Switzerland - - Bessarabia -- Romania; Moldova - - Bijagos, Arquipelago dos -- Guinea-Bissau - - Bikini Atoll -- Marshall Islands - - Bilbao [US Consulate] -- Spain - - Bioko -- Equatorial Guinea - - Biscay, Bay of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bishkek [US Embassy] -- Kyrgyzstan - - Bishop Rock -- United Kingdom - - Bismarck Archipelago -- Papua New Guinea - - Bismarck Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Bissau [US Embassy] -- Guinea-Bissau - - Bjornoya (Bear Island) -- Svalbard - - Black Rock -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - - Black Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bloemfontein -- South Africa - - Boa Vista -- Cape Verde - - Bogota [US Embassy] -- Colombia - - Bombay [US Consulate General] -- India - - Bonaire -- Netherlands Antilles - - Bonifacio, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bonin Islands -- Japan - - Bonn [US Embassy] -- Germany - - Bophuthatswana -- South Africa - - Bora-Bora -- French Polynesia - - Bordeaux [US Consulate General] -- France - - Borneo -- Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia - - Bornholm -- Denmark - - Bosporus -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bothnia, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Bougainville Island -- Papua New Guinea - - Bougainville Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Bounty Islands -- New Zealand - - Brasilia [US Embassy] -- Brazil - - Bratislava [US Embassy] -- Slovakia - - Brazzaville [US Embassy] -- Congo - - Bridgetown [US Embassy] -- Barbados - - Brisbane [US Consulate] -- Australia - - British East Africa -- Kenya - - British Guiana -- Guyana - - British Honduras -- Belize - - British Solomon Islands -- Solomon Islands - - British Somaliland -- Somalia - - Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission -- Belgium to European Union - (USEU), US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - (USNATO)] - - Bucharest [US Embassy] -- Romania - - Budapest [US Embassy] -- Hungary - - Buenos Aires [US Embassy] -- Argentina - - Bujumbura [US Embassy] -- Burundi - - Burnt Pine -- Norfolk Island - - Byelorussia -- Belarus - -C - - Cabinda -- Angola - - Cabot Strait -- Atlantic Ocean - - Caicos Islands -- Turks and Caicos Islands - - Cairo [US Embassy] -- Egypt - - Calcutta [US Consulate General] -- India - - Calgary [US Consulate General] -- Canada - - California, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean - - Campbell Island -- New Zealand - - Canal Zone -- Panama - - Canary Islands -- Spain - - Canberra [US Embassy] -- Australia - - Canton (Guangzhou) -- China - - Canton Island (Kanton Island) -- Kiribati - - Cape Town [US Consulate General] -- South Africa - - Caracas [US Embassy] -- Venezuela - - Cargados Carajos Shoals -- Mauritius - - Caroline Islands -- Micronesia, Federated States of; - - -- Palau - - Caribbean Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Carpentaria, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean - - Casablanca [US Consulate General] -- Morocco - - Castries -- Saint Lucia - - Cato Island -- Australia - - Cayenne -- French Guiana - - Cebu [US Consulate] -- Philippines - - Celebes -- Indonesia - - Celebes Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Celtic Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Central African Empire -- Central African Republic - - Ceuta -- Spain - - Ceylon -- Sri Lanka - - Chafarinas, Islas -- Spain - - Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) -- British Indian Ocean Territory - - Channel Islands -- Guernsey; Jersey - - Charlotte Amalie -- Virgin Islands - - Chatham Islands -- New Zealand - - Cheju-do -- Korea, South - - Cheju Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Chengdu [US Consulate General] -- China - - Chesterfield Islands -- New Caledonia (Iles Chesterfield) - - Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] -- Thailand - - Chihli, Gulf of (see Bo Hai) -- Pacific Ocean - - China, People's Republic of -- China - - China, Republic of -- Taiwan - - Chisinau [US Embassy] -- Moldova - - Choiseul -- Solomon Islands - - Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] -- Australia - - Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] -- Kiribati (Kiritimati) - - Chukchi Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Ciskei -- South Africa - - Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General] -- Mexico - - Cluj-Napoca [US Branch Office] -- Romania - - Coco, Isla del -- Costa Rica - - Cocos Islands -- Cocos (Keeling) Islands - - Colombo [US Embassy] -- Sri Lanka - - Colon, Archipielago de -- Ecuador (Galapagos Islands) - - Commander Islands -- Russia (Komandorskiye Ostrova) - - Conakry [US Embassy] -- Guinea - - Congo (Brazzaville) -- Congo - - Congo (Kinshasa) -- Zaire - - Congo (Leopoldville) -- Zaire - - Con Son Islands -- Vietnam - - Cook Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Copenhagen [US Embassy] -- Denmark - - Coral Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) -- Nicaragua - - Corsica -- France - - Cosmoledo Group -- Seychelles - - Cotonou [US Embassy] -- Benin - - Crete -- Greece - - Crooked Island Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) -- French Southern and Antarctic Lands - - Curacao [US Consulate General] -- Netherlands Antilles - - Czechoslovakia -- Czech Republic; Slovakia - -D - - Dahomey -- Benin - - Daito Islands -- Japan - - Dakar [US Embassy] -- Senegal - - Daman (Damao) -- India - - Damascus [US Embassy] -- Syria - - Danger Atoll -- Cook Islands - - Danish Straits -- Atlantic Ocean - - Danzig (Gdansk) -- Poland - - Dao Bach Long Vi -- Vietnam - - Dardanelles -- Atlantic Ocean - - Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] -- Tanzania - - Davis Strait -- Atlantic Ocean - - Deception Island -- Antarctica - - Denmark Strait -- Atlantic Ocean - - D'Entrecasteaux Islands -- Papua New Guinea - - Devon Island -- Canada - - Dhahran [US Consulate General] -- Saudi Arabia - - Dhaka [US Embassy] -- Bangladesh - - Diego Garcia -- British Indian Ocean Territory - - Diego Ramirez -- Chile - - Diomede Islands -- Russia [Big Diomede]; United States - - -- [Little Diomede] - - Diu -- India - - Djibouti [US Embassy] -- Djibouti - - Dodecanese -- Greece - - Dodoma -- Tanzania - - Doha [US Embassy] -- Qatar - - Douala -- Cameroon - - Douglas -- Man, Isle of - - Dover, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Drake Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Dubai (see Dubayy) -- United Arab Emirates - - Dubayy [US Consulate General] -- United Arab Emirates - - Dublin [US Embassy] -- Ireland - - Durban [US Consulate General] -- South Africa - - Dushanbe [US Embassy] -- Tajikistan - - Dutch East Indies -- Indonesia - - Dutch Guiana -- Suriname - -E - - East China Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) -- Chile - - Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait -- Pacific Ocean or Tsushima - Strait) - - East Germany (German Democratic -- Germany Republic) - - East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel -- Pacific Ocean or Tsushima - Strait) - - East Pakistan -- Bangladesh - - East Siberian Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - East Timor (Portuguese Timor) -- Indonesia - - Edinburgh [US Consulate General] -- United Kingdom - - Elba -- Italy - - Ellef Ringnes Island -- Canada - - Ellesmere Island -- Canada - - Ellice Islands -- Tuvalu - - Elobey, Islas de -- Equatorial Guinea - - Enderbury Island -- Kiribati - - Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) -- Marshall Islands - - England -- United Kingdom - - English Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Eniwetok Atoll -- Marshall Islands - - Epirus, Northern -- Albania; Greece - - Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] -- Guyana - - Etorofu -- Russia [de facto] - -F - - Farquhar Group -- Seychelles - - Fernando de Noronha -- Brazil - - Fernando Po (Bioko) -- Equatorial Guinea - - Finland, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Florence [US Consulate General] -- Italy - - Florida, Straits of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Formosa -- Taiwan - - Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) -- Pacific Ocean - - Fortaleza [US Consular Agency] -- Brazil - - Fort-de-France -- Martinique - - Frankfurt am Main [US -- Germany Consulate General] - - Franz Josef Land -- Russia - - Freetown [US Embassy] -- Sierra Leone - - French Cameroon -- Cameroon - - French Indochina -- Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam - - French Guinea -- Guinea - - French Sudan -- Mali - - French Territory of the Afars -- Djibouti and Issas (F.T.A.I.) - - French Togo -- Togo - - Friendly Islands -- Tonga - - Frunze (Bishkek) -- Kyrgyzstan - - Fukuoka [US Consulate] -- Japan - - Funafuti -- Tuvalu - - Fundy, Bay of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) -- Wallis and Futuna - -G - - Gaborone [US Embassy] -- Botswana - - Galapagos Islands (Archipielago -- Ecuador de Colon) - - Galleons Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) -- French Polynesia - - Gaspar Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Geneva [Branch Office of the -- Switzerland US Embassy, US Mission - to European Office of the UN and Other International - Organizations] - - Genoa -- Italy - - George Town [US Consular Agency] -- Cayman Islands - - Georgetown [US Embassy] -- Guyana - - German Democratic Republic -- Germany (East Germany) - - Gibraltar -- Gibraltar - - Gibraltar, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Gilbert Islands -- Kiribati - - Goa -- India - - Gold Coast -- Ghana - - Golan Heights -- Syria - - Good Hope, Cape of -- South Africa - - Goteborg -- Sweden - - Gotland -- Sweden - - Gough Island -- Saint Helena - - Grand Banks -- Atlantic Ocean - - Grand Cayman -- Cayman Islands - - Grand Turk -- Turks and Caicos Islands - - Great Australian Bight -- Indian Ocean - - Great Belt (Store Baelt) -- Atlantic Ocean - - Great Britain -- United Kingdom - - Great Channel -- Indian Ocean - - Greater Sunda Islands -- Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia - - Green Islands -- Papua New Guinea - - Greenland Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Grenadines, Northern -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - Grenadines, Southern -- Grenada - - Grytviken -- Georgia - - Guadalajara [US Consulate General] -- Mexico - - Guadalcanal -- Solomon Islands - - Guadalupe, Isla de -- Mexico - - Guangzhou [US Consulate General] -- China - - Guantanamo Bay [US Naval Base] -- Cuba - - Guatemala [US Embassy] -- Guatemala - - Gubal, Strait of -- Indian Ocean - - Guinea, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Guayaquil [US Consulate General] -- Ecuador - -H - - Ha'apai Group -- Tonga - - Habomai Islands -- Russia [de facto] - - Hague, The [US Embassy] -- Netherlands - - Hainan Dao -- China - - Halifax [US Consulate General] -- Canada - - Halmahera -- Indonesia - - Hamburg [US Consulate General] -- Germany - - Hamilton [US Consulate General] -- Bermuda - - Hanoi [US Liaison Office] -- Vietnam - - Harare [US Embassy] -- Zimbabwe - - Hatay -- Turkey - - Havana [US post not maintained; -- Cuba representation by US - Interests Section (USINT) of the Swiss Embassy] - - Hawaii -- United States - - Heard Island -- Heard Island and McDonald Islands - - Helsinki [US Embassy] -- Finland - - Hermosillo [US Consulate] -- Mexico - - Hispaniola -- Dominican Republic; Haiti - - Hokkaido -- Japan - - Hong Kong [US Consulate General] -- Hong Kong - - Honiara -- Solomon Islands - - Honshu -- Japan - - Hormuz, Strait of -- Indian Ocean - - Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) -- Chile - - Horne, Iles de -- Wallis and Futuna - - Horn of Africa -- Ethiopia; Somalia - - Hudson Bay -- Arctic Ocean - - Hudson Strait -- Arctic Ocean - -I - - Inaccessible Island -- Saint Helena - - Indochina -- Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam - - Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) -- China - - Ionian Islands -- Greece - - Ionian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Irian Jaya -- Indonesia - - Irish Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Islamabad [US Embassy] -- Pakistan - - Islas Malvinas -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - - Istanbul [US Consulate General] -- Turkey - - Italian Somaliland -- Somalia - - Ivory Coast -- Cote d'Ivoire - - Iwo Jima -- Japan - -J - - Jakarta [US Embassy] -- Indonesia - - Jamestown -- Saint Helena - - Japan, Sea of -- Pacific Ocean - - Java -- Indonesia - - Java Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Jeddah (see Jiddah) -- Saudi Arabia - - Jerusalem [US Consulate General] -- Israel; West Bank - - Jiddah [US Consulate General] -- Saudi Arabia - - Johannesburg [US Consulate General] -- South Africa - - Juan de Fuca, Strait of -- Pacific Ocean - - Juan Fernandez, Isla de -- Chile - - Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Youth) -- Cuba - -K - - Kabul [US Embassy now closed] -- Afghanistan - - Kaduna [US Consulate General] -- Nigeria - - Kalimantan -- Indonesia - - Kamchatka Peninsula -- Russia (Poluostrov Kamchatka) - - Kampala [US Embassy] -- Uganda - - Kampuchea -- Cambodia - - Kanton Island -- Kiribati Karachi [US Consulate General] - - -- Pakistan - - Kara Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Karimata Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Kathmandu [US Embassy] -- Nepal - - Kattegat -- Atlantic Ocean - - Kauai Channel -- Pacific Ocean - - Keeling Islands -- Cocos (Keeling) Islands - - Kerguelen, Iles -- French Southern and Antarctic Lands - - Kermadec Islands -- New Zealand - - Khabarovsk -- Russia - - Khartoum [US Embassy] -- Sudan - - Khmer Republic -- Cambodia - - Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria -- Oman Muria Islands) - - Khyber Pass -- Pakistan - - Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) -- Atlantic Ocean - - Kiev [US Embassy] -- Ukraine - - Kigali [US Embassy] -- Rwanda - - Kingston [US Embassy] -- Jamaica - - Kingston -- Norfolk Island - - Kingstown -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - Kinshasa [US Embassy] -- Zaire - - Kirghiziya -- Kyrgyzstan - - Kiritimati (Christmas Island) -- Kiribati - - Kishinev (Chisinau) -- Moldova - - Kithira Strait -- Atlantic Ocean - - Kodiak Island -- United States - - Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) -- Russia - - Kolonia [US Embassy] -- Micronesia, Federated States of - - Korea Bay -- Pacific Ocean - - Korea, Democratic People's -- Korea, North Republic of - - Korea, Republic of -- Korea, South - - Korea Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Koror [US Liaison Office] -- Palau - - Kosovo -- Serbia and Montenegro - - Kowloon -- Hong Kong - - Krakow [US Consulate General] -- Poland - - Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] -- Malaysia - - Kunashiri (Kunashir) -- Russia [de facto] - - Kuril Islands -- Russia [de facto] - - Kuwait [US Embassy] -- Kuwait - - Kwajalein Atoll -- Marshall Islands - - Kyushu -- Japan - - Kyyiv (Kiev) -- Ukraine - -L - - Labrador -- Canada - - Laccadive Islands -- India - - Laccadive Sea -- Indian Ocean - - Lagos [US Embassy] -- Nigeria - - Lahore [US Consulate General] -- Pakistan - - Lakshadweep -- India - - La Paz [US Embassy] -- Bolivia - - La Perouse Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Laptev Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Las Palmas -- Spain - - Lau Group -- Fiji - - Lefkosa (Nicosia) -- Cyprus - - Leipzig [US Consulate General] -- Germany - - Leningrad (see Saint Petersburg) -- Russia - - Lesser Sunda Islands -- Indonesia - - Leyte -- Philippines - - Liancourt Rocks [claimed by Japan] -- Korea, South - - Libreville [US Embassy] -- Gabon - - Ligurian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Lilongwe [US Embassy] -- Malawi - - Lima [US Embassy] -- Peru - - Lincoln Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Line Islands -- Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll - - Lisbon [US Embassy] -- Portugal - - Ljubljana [US Embassy] -- Slovenia - - Lobamba -- Swaziland - - Lombok Strait -- Indian Ocean - - Lome [US Embassy] -- Togo - - London [US Embassy] -- United Kingdom - - Longyearbyen -- Svalbard - - Lord Howe Island -- Australia - - Louisiade Archipelago -- Papua New Guinea - - Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) -- New Caledonia - - Luanda [US Embassy] -- Angola - - Lubumbashi -- Zaire - - Lusaka [US Embassy] -- Zambia - - Luxembourg [US Embassy] -- Luxembourg - - Luzon -- Philippines - - Luzon Strait -- Pacific Ocean - -M - - Macao -- Macau - - Macau -- Macau - - Macedonia -- Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav - - -- Republic of - - Macquarie Island -- Australia - - Madeira Islands -- Portugal - - Madras [US Consulate General] -- India - - Madrid [US Embassy] -- Spain - - Magellan, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Maghreb -- Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, -- Tunisia - - Mahe Island -- Seychelles - - Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) -- Nicaragua - - Majorca (Mallorca) -- Spain - - Majuro [US Embassy] -- Marshall Islands - - Makassar Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Malabo [US Embassy] -- Equatorial Guinea - - Malacca, Strait of -- Indian Ocean - - Malagasy Republic -- Madagascar - - Male [US Consular Agency] -- Maldives - - Mallorca (Majorca) -- Spain - - Malpelo, Isla de -- Colombia - - Malta Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Malvinas, Islas -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - - Mamoutzou -- Mayotte - - Managua [US Embassy] -- Nicaragua - - Manama [US Embassy] -- Bahrain - - Manaus [US Consular Agency] -- Brazil - - Manchukuo -- China - - Manchuria -- China - - Manila [US Embassy] -- Philippines - - Manipa Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Mannar, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean - - Manua Islands -- American Samoa - - Maputo [US Embassy] -- Mozambique - - Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) -- Japan - - Mariana Islands -- Guam; Northern Mariana Islands - - Marion Island -- South Africa - - Marmara, Sea of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises) -- French Polynesia - - Marseille [US Consulate General] -- France - - Martin Vaz, Ilhas -- Brazil - - Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe -- Chile Island) - - Mascarene Islands -- Mauritius; Reunion - - Maseru [US Embassy] -- Lesotho - - Matamoros [US Consulate] -- Mexico - - Mata-Utu -- Wallis and Futuna - - Mazatlan -- Mexico - - Mbabane [US Embassy] -- Swaziland - - McDonald Islands -- Heard Island and McDonald Islands - - Medan [US Consulate General] -- Indonesia - - Mediterranean Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Melbourne [US Consulate General] -- Australia - - Melilla -- Spain - - Merida [US Consulate] -- Mexico - - Messina, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Mexico [US Embassy] -- Mexico - - Mexico, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Milan [US Consulate General] -- Italy - - Minami-tori-shima -- Japan - - Mindanao -- Philippines - - Mindoro Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Minicoy Island -- India - - Minsk [US Embassy] -- Belarus - - Mogadishu -- Somalia - - Moldavia -- Moldova - - Mombasa -- Kenya - - Mona Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Monaco -- Monaco - - Monrovia [US Embassy] -- Liberia - - Montenegro -- Serbia and Montenegro - - Monterrey [US Consulate General] -- Mexico - - Montevideo [US Embassy] -- Uruguay - - Montreal [US Consulate General, US -- Canada Mission to the - International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)] - - Moravian Gate -- Czech Republic - - Moroni -- Comoros - - Mortlock Islands -- Micronesia, Federated States of - - Moscow [US Embassy] -- Russia - - Mozambique Channel -- Indian Ocean - - Munich [US Consulate General] -- Germany - - Musandam Peninsula -- Oman; United Arab Emirates - - Muscat [US Embassy] -- Oman - - Muscat and Oman -- Oman - - Myanma, Myanmar -- Burma - -N - - Nagoya [US Consulate] -- Japan - - Naha [US Consulate General] -- Japan - - Nairobi [US Embassy] -- Kenya - - Nampo-shoto -- Japan - - Naples [US Consulate General] -- Italy - - Nassau [US Embassy] -- Bahamas, The - - Natuna Besar Islands -- Indonesia - - N'Djamena [US Embassy] -- Chad - - Netherlands East Indies -- Indonesia - - Netherlands Guiana -- Suriname - - Nevis -- Saint Kitts and Nevis - - New Delhi [US Embassy] -- India - - Newfoundland -- Canada - - New Guinea -- Indonesia; Papua New Guinea - - New Hebrides -- Vanuatu - - New Siberian Islands -- Russia - - New Territories -- Hong Kong - - New York, New York [US Mission to -- United States the United - Nations (USUN)] - - Niamey [US Embassy] -- Niger - - Nicobar Islands -- India - - Nicosia [US Embassy] -- Cyprus - - Nightingale Island -- Saint Helena - - North Atlantic Ocean -- Atlantic Ocean - - North Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Northeast Providence Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Northern Epirus -- Albania; Greece - - Northern Grenadines -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - Northern Ireland -- United Kingdom - - Northern Rhodesia -- Zambia - - North Island -- New Zealand - - North Korea -- Korea, North - - North Pacific Ocean -- Pacific Ocean - - North Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - North Vietnam -- Vietnam - - Northwest Passages -- Arctic Ocean - - North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) -- Yemen - - Norwegian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Nouakchott [US Embassy] -- Mauritania - - Noumea -- New Caledonia - - Novaya Zemlya -- Russia - - Nuku'alofa -- Tonga - - Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] -- Mexico - - Nuuk (Godthab) -- Greenland - - Nyasaland -- Malawi - -O - - Oahu -- United States - - Ocean Island (Banaba) -- Kiribati - - Ocean Island (Kure Island) -- United States - - Ogaden -- Ethiopia; Somalia - - Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) -- British Indian Ocean Territory - - Okhotsk, Sea of -- Pacific Ocean - - Okinawa -- Japan - - Oman, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean - - Ombai Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Oran -- Algeria - - Oranjestad -- Aruba - - Oresund (The Sound) -- Atlantic Ocean - - Orkney Islands -- United Kingdom - - Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] -- Japan - - Oslo [US Embassy] -- Norway - - Otranto, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Ottawa [US Embassy] -- Canada - - Ouagadougou [US Embassy] -- Burkina - - Outer Mongolia -- Mongolia - -P - - Pacific Islands, Trust Territory -- Palau of the - - Pagan -- Northern Mariana Islands - - Pago Pago -- American Samoa - - Palawan -- Philippines - - Palermo -- Italy - - Palk Strait -- Indian Ocean - - Pamirs -- China; Tajikistan - - Panama [US Embassy] -- Panama - - Panama Canal -- Panama - - Panama, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean - - Papeete -- French Polynesia - - Paramaribo [US Embassy] -- Suriname - - Parece Vela -- Japan - - Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to the Organization for Economic - Cooperation and Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN - Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] -- - France - - Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) -- Chile - - Passion, Ile de la -- Clipperton Island - - Pashtunistan -- Afghanistan; Pakistan - - Peking (Beijing) -- China - - Peleliu -- Palau - - Pemba Island -- Tanzania - - Pentland Firth -- Atlantic Ocean - - Perim -- Yemen - - Perouse Strait, La -- Pacific Ocean - - Persian Gulf -- Indian Ocean - - Perth [US Consulate General] -- Australia - - Pescadores -- Taiwan - - Peshawar [US Consulate] -- Pakistan - - Peter I Island -- Antarctica - - Philip Island -- Norfolk Island - - Philippine Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Phnom Penh [US Embassy] -- Cambodia - - Phoenix Islands -- Kiribati - - Pines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) -- Cuba - - Pleasant Island -- Nauru - - Plymouth -- Montserrat - - Ponape (Pohnpei) -- Micronesia - - Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] -- Portugal - - Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] -- Haiti - - Port Louis [US Embassy] -- Mauritius - - Port Moresby [US Embassy] -- Papua New Guinea - - Porto Alegre [US Consulate] -- Brazil - - Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] -- Trinidad and Tobago - - Porto-Novo -- Benin - - Portuguese Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau - - Portuguese Timor (East Timor) -- Indonesia - - Port-Vila -- Vanuatu - - Poznan [US Consulate General] -- Poland - - Prague [US Embassy] -- Czech Republic - - Praia [US Embassy] -- Cape Verde - - Pretoria [US Embassy] -- South Africa - - Pribilof Islands -- United States - - Prince Edward Island -- Canada - - Prince Edward Islands -- South Africa - - Prince Patrick Island -- Canada - - Principe -- Sao Tome and Principe - - Pusan [US Consulate] -- Korea, South - - P'yongyang -- Korea, North - -Q - - Quebec [US Consulate General] -- Canada - - Queen Charlotte Islands -- Canada - - Queen Elizabeth Islands -- Canada - - Queen Maud Land [claimed by Norway] -- Antarctica - - Quito [US Embassy] -- Ecuador - -R - - Rabat [US Embassy] -- Morocco - - Ralik Chain -- Marshall Islands - - Rangoon [US Embassy] -- Burma - - Ratak Chain -- Marshall Islands - - Recife [US Consulate] -- Brazil - - Redonda -- Antigua and Barbuda - - Red Sea -- Indian Ocean - - Revillagigedo Island -- United States - - Revillagigedo Islands -- Mexico - - Reykjavik [US Embassy] -- Iceland - - Rhodes -- Greece - - Rhodesia -- Zimbabwe - - Rhodesia, Northern -- Zambia - - Rhodesia, Southern -- Zimbabwe - - Riga [US Embassy] -- Latvia - - Rio de Janeiro [US Consulate -- Brazil General] - - Rio de Oro -- Western Sahara - - Rio Muni -- Equatorial Guinea - - Riyadh [US Embassy] -- Saudi Arabia - - Road Town -- British Virgin Islands - - Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas -- Chile a Tierra) - - Rocas, Atol das -- Brazil - - Rockall [disputed] -- United Kingdom - - Rodrigues -- Mauritius - - Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to the UN Agencies for Food and - Agriculture (FODAG)] -- Italy - - Roncador Cay -- Colombia - - Roosevelt Island -- Antarctica - - Roseau -- Dominica - - Ross Dependency [claimed by -- Antarctica New Zealand] - - Ross Island -- Antarctica - - Ross Sea -- Antarctica - - Rota -- Northern Mariana Islands - - Rotuma -- Fiji - - Ryukyu Islands -- Japan - -S - - Saba -- Netherlands Antilles - - Sabah -- Malaysia - - Sable Island -- Canada - - Sahel -- Burkina, Cape Verde, Chad, - - -- The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, -- Mauritania, Niger, Senegal - - Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) -- Vietnam - - Saint Brandon -- Mauritius - - Saint Christopher and Nevis -- Saint Kitts and Nevis - - Saint-Denis -- Reunion - - Saint George's [US Embassy] -- Grenada - - Saint George's Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Saint Helier -- Jersey - - Saint John's -- Antigua and Barbuda - - Saint Lawrence, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Saint Lawrence Island -- United States - - Saint Lawrence Seaway -- Atlantic Ocean - - Saint Martin -- Guadeloupe - - Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) -- Netherlands Antilles - - Saint Paul Island -- Canada - - Saint Paul Island -- United States - - Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) -- French Southern and Antarctic - Lands - - Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks -- Brazil (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao - Paulo) - - Saint Peter Port -- Guernsey - - Saint Petersburg [US Consulate -- Russia General] - - Saint-Pierre -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon - - Saint Vincent Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Saipan -- Northern Mariana Islands - - Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) -- Russia - - Sala y Gomez, Isla -- Chile - - Salisbury (Harare) -- Zimbabwe - - Salvador de Bahia [US Consular -- Brazil Agency] - - Salzburg -- Austria - - Sanaa [US Embassy] -- Yemen - - San Ambrosio -- Chile - - San Andres y Providencia, -- Colombia Archipielago - - San Bernardino Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - San Felix, Isla -- Chile - - San Jose [US Embassy] -- Costa Rica - - San Juan -- Puerto Rico - - San Luis Potosi -- Mexico - - San Marino -- San Marino - - San Salvador [US Embassy] -- El Salvador - - Santa Cruz -- Bolivia - - Santa Cruz Islands -- Solomon Islands - - Santiago [US Embassy] -- Chile - - Santo Domingo [US Embassy] -- Dominican Republic - - Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] -- Brazil - - Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de -- Brazil - - Sao Tome -- Sao Tome and Principe - - Sapporo [US Consulate General] -- Japan - - Sapudi Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Sarajevo [US Embassy] -- Bosnia and Herzegovina - - Sarawak -- Malaysia - - Sardinia -- Italy - - Sargasso Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Sark -- Guernsey - - Scotia Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Scotland -- United Kingdom - - Scott Island -- Antarctica - - Senyavin Islands -- Micronesia, Federated States of - - Seoul [US Embassy] -- Korea, South - - Serbia -- Serbia and Montenegro - - Serrana Bank -- Colombia - - Serranilla Bank -- Colombia - - Settlement, The -- Christmas Island - - Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) -- Russia - - Shag Island -- Heard Island and McDonald Islands - - Shag Rocks -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - - Shanghai [US Consulate General] -- China - - Shenyang [US Consulate General] -- China - - Shetland Islands -- United Kingdom - - Shikoku -- Japan - - Shikotan (Shikotan-to) -- Japan - - Siam -- Thailand - - Sibutu Passage -- Pacific Ocean - - Sicily -- Italy - - Sicily, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean - - Sikkim -- India - - Sinai -- Egypt - - Singapore [US Embassy] -- Singapore - - Singapore Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Sinkiang (Xinjiang) -- China - - Sint Eustatius -- Netherlands Antilles - - Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) -- Netherlands Antilles - - Skagerrak -- Atlantic Ocean - - Skopje [US Liaison Office] -- Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav -- - Republic of - - Society Islands (Iles de la Societe) -- French Polynesia - - Socotra -- Yemen - - Sofia [US Embassy] -- Bulgaria - - Solomon Islands, northern -- Papua New Guinea - - Solomon Islands, southern -- Solomon Islands - - Solomon Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Songkhla [US Consulate] -- Thailand - - Sound, The (Oresund) -- Atlantic Ocean - - South Atlantic Ocean -- Atlantic Ocean - - South China Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Southern Grenadines -- Grenada - - Southern Rhodesia -- Zimbabwe - - South Georgia -- South Georgia and the South Sandwich -- Islands - - South Island -- New Zealand - - South Korea -- Korea, South - - South Orkney Islands -- Antarctica - - South Pacific Ocean -- Pacific Ocean - - South Sandwich Islands -- South Georgia and the South Sandwich -- - Islands - - South Shetland Islands -- Antarctica - - South Tyrol -- Italy - - South Vietnam -- Vietnam - - South-West Africa -- Namibia - - South Yemen (People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of Yemen) - - Soviet Union [the former] -- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -- Estonia, - Georgia, Kazakhstan, -- Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, -- Moldova, - Russia, Tajikistan, -- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - - Spanish Guinea -- Equatorial Guinea - - Spanish Sahara -- Western Sahara - - Spitsbergen -- Svalbard - - Stanley -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - - Stockholm [US Embassy] -- Sweden - - Strasbourg [US Consulate General] -- France - - Stuttgart [US Consulate General] -- Germany - - Sucre -- Bolivia - - Suez, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean - - Sulu Archipelago -- Philippines - - Sulu Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Sumatra -- Indonesia - - Sumba -- Indonesia - - Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) -- Indonesia; Malaysia - - Sunda Strait -- Indian Ocean - - Surabaya [US Consulate General] -- Indonesia - - Surigao Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Surinam -- Suriname - - Suva [US Embassy] -- Fiji - - Swains Island -- American Samoa - - Swan Islands -- Honduras - - Sydney [US Consulate General] -- Australia - -T - - Tahiti -- French Polynesia - - Taipei -- Taiwan - - Taiwan Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Tallinn [US Embassy] -- Estonia - - Tanganyika -- Tanzania - - Tangier -- Morocco - - Tarawa -- Kiribati - - Tartar Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Tashkent [US Embassy] -- Uzbekistan - - Tasmania -- Australia - - Tasman Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra) -- Russia - - T'bilisi [US Embassy] -- Georgia - - Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] -- Honduras - - Tehran [US post not maintained; -- Iran representation by Swiss - Embassy] - - Tel Aviv [US Embassy] -- Israel - - Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) -- Antarctica [claimed by France] - - Thailand, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean - - Thessaloniki [US Consulate General] -- Greece - - Thimphu -- Bhutan - - Thurston Island -- Antarctica - - Tibet (Xizang) -- China - - Tibilisi (see T'bilisi) -- Georgia - - Tierra del Fuego -- Argentina; Chile - - Tijuana [US Consulate General] -- Mexico - - Timor -- Indonesia - - Timor Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Tinian -- Northern Mariana Islands - - Tiran, Strait of -- Indian Ocean - - Tirane [US Embassy] -- Albania - - Tobago -- Trinidad and Tobago - - Tokyo [US Embassy] -- Japan - - Tonkin, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean - - Toronto [US Consulate General] -- Canada - - Torres Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Torshavn -- Faroe Islands - - Toshkent (Tashkent) -- Uzbekistan - - Transjordan -- Jordan - - Transkei -- South Africa - - Transylvania -- Romania - - Trindade, Ilha de -- Brazil - - Tripoli [US post not maintained; -- Libya representation by - Belgian Embassy] - - Tristan da Cunha Group -- Saint Helena - - Trobriand Islands -- Papua New Guinea - - Trucial States -- United Arab Emirates - - Truk Islands -- Micronesia - - Tsugaru Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) -- French Polynesia - - Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) -- French Polynesia - - Tunis [US Embassy] -- Tunisia - - Turin -- Italy - - Turkish Straits -- Atlantic Ocean - - Turkmeniya -- Turkmenistan - - Turks Island Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Tyrol, South -- Italy - - Tyrrhenian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - -U - - Udorn (Udon Thani) [US Consulate] -- Thailand - - Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy] -- Mongolia - - Ullung-do -- Korea, South - - Unimak Pass [strait] -- Pacific Ocean - - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, - [the former USSR] -- Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, - - -- Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, -- Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, -- - Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - - United Arab Republic -- Egypt; Syria - - Upper Volta -- Burkina - - USSR [the former] -- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -- Estonia, - Georgia, Kazakhstan, -- Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, -- Moldova, - Russia, Tajikistan, -- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - -V - - Vaduz [US post not maintained; -- Liechtenstein representation - from Zurich, Switzerland] - - Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) -- Afghanistan - - Valletta [US Embassy] -- Malta - - Valley, The -- Anguilla - - Vancouver [US Consulate General] -- Canada - - Vancouver Island -- Canada - - Van Diemen Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - Vatican City [US Embassy] -- Holy See - - Velez de la Gomera, Penon de -- Spain - - Venda -- South Africa - - Verde Island Passage -- Pacific Ocean - - Victoria -- Hong Kong - - Victoria [US Embassy] -- Seychelles - - Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to -- Austria International - Organizations in Vienna (UNVIE)] - - Vientiane [US Embassy] -- Laos - - Vilnius [US Embassy] -- Lithuania - - Vladivostok [US Consulate General] -- Russia - - Volcano Islands -- Japan - - Vostok Island -- Kiribati - - Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) -- Russia - -W - - Wakhan Corridor (now Vakhan) -- Afghanistan - - Wales -- United Kingdom - - Walvis Bay -- Namibia - - Warsaw [US Embassy] -- Poland - - Washington, DC [The Permanent Mission of the US to the - Organization of American States (OAS)] -- United States - - Weddell Sea -- Atlantic Ocean - - Wellington [US Embassy] -- New Zealand - - Western Channel (West Korea Strait) -- Pacific Ocean - - West Germany (Federal Republic of -- Germany Germany) - - West Island -- Cocos (Keeling) - - -- Islands - - West Korea Strait (Western Channel) -- Pacific Ocean - - West Pakistan -- Pakistan - - Wetar Strait -- Pacific Ocean - - White Sea -- Arctic Ocean - - Willemstad -- Netherlands Antilles - - Windhoek [US Embassy] -- Namibia - - Windward Passage -- Atlantic Ocean - - Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) -- Russia [de facto] - -Y - - Yamoussoukro -- Cote d'Ivoire - - Yangon (Rangoon) -- Burma - - Yaounde [US Embassy] -- Cameroon - - Yap Islands -- Micronesia - - Yaren -- Nauru - - Yekaterinburg [US Consulate General] -- Russia - - Yellow Sea -- Pacific Ocean - - Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of Yemen] - - Yemen Arab Republic -- Yemen - - Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic] -- Yemen - - Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic] -- Yemen - - Yemen, People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of - - Yemen, South [People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of Yemen] - - Yerevan [US Embassy] -- Armenia - - Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) Cuba - - Yucatan Channel -- Atlantic Ocean - - Yugoslavia [the former] -- Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; -- - Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav - - -- Republic of; Serbia and Montenegro; -- and Slovenia - -Z - - Zagreb [US Embassy] -- Croatia - - Zanzibar -- Tanzania - - Zurich [US Consulate General] -- Switzerland - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The 1995 CIA World Factbook, by -United States Central Intelligence Agency - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE 1995 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK *** - -***** This file should be named 571.txt or 571.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - https://www.gutenberg.org/5/7/571/ - -Produced by Dr. Gregory B. 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