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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The German Fleet, by Archibald Hurd
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56653 ***
 
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
 
 
 
-Title: The German Fleet
-       Being The Companion Volume to "The Fleets At War" and "From
-       Heligoland To Keeling Island
-
-Author: Archibald Hurd
-
-Release Date: February 27, 2018 [EBook #56653]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN FLEET ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
 
 
 
@@ -148,7 +120,7 @@ open question. In everyday life many romances culminate in tragedy,
 and the course of events in the present war suggest that the time may
 be at hand when the German people will realise the series of errors
 committed by their rulers in the upbuilding of German sea-power. Within
-the past fifteen years it is calculated that about £300,000,000 has
+the past fifteen years it is calculated that about £300,000,000 has
 been spent in the maintenance and expansion of the German Fleet, the
 improvement of its bases, and the enlargement of the Kiel Canal. Much
 of this money has been raised by loans. Those loans are still unpaid;
@@ -499,7 +471,7 @@ This great German commercial institution on British soil, and the other
 houses established in other countries, reflected the great power which
 was wielded by the Hanseatic League in commerce. These German traders,
 however, realised that their increasing trade on the seas required
-adequate defence. Mainly at the instigation of the merchants of Lübeck,
+adequate defence. Mainly at the instigation of the merchants of Lübeck,
 a considerable navy was created, this German city being dependent for
 its prosperity mainly upon the herring fishing and curing industries
 of Europe. In process of time the Germans succeeded in driving away
@@ -561,7 +533,7 @@ shattered fortunes by martial adventure. Of the naval resources of the
 League, some idea can be formed from the fact that, in the war against
 the Scandinavian Kingdoms in 1426, it sent out a fleet of 260 ships,
 manned by 12,000 sailors and fighting men. For the exhausting, if not
-inglorious, seven years' war against Gustav Wasa's successor, Lübeck
+inglorious, seven years' war against Gustav Wasa's successor, Lübeck
 alone fitted out 18 men-of-war, of which one, the _Adler_, carried 400
 sailors, 500 fighting men, and 150 "constables." Her armament consisted
 of 8 carthouns, 6 demi-carthouns, 26 culverins, and many smaller pieces
@@ -625,12 +597,12 @@ were before the war. Industry and commerce had migrated to England,
 France, and Holland; and Leipzig and Frankfort were the only German
 towns that had retained any trade worthy of mention. The Hansa, with
 its fleets of warships and merchantmen, was but a memory of the past.
-Königsberg had no longer a ship of its own; the trade of Dantzig and
+Königsberg had no longer a ship of its own; the trade of Dantzig and
 Stettin was almost entirely carried in foreign bottoms; and even
 Hamburg, which directly had been but comparatively little touched by
 the thirty years of chaos and turmoil, and had benefited from its
 exceptional connection with England, was left commercially crippled.
-At a Hanse Parliament held in 1630, only Hamburg, Lübeck, and Bremen
+At a Hanse Parliament held in 1630, only Hamburg, Lübeck, and Bremen
 were represented. Germany had been so drained of money that barter had
 generally taken the place of purchase by coin; wages were paid in the
 products of labour, grain, ore, and manufactured goods, and even state
@@ -639,7 +611,7 @@ officials in some cases received their salaries in kind.
 Even before the war broke out, Brandenburg, a country of barren soil
 and few natural resources, had stood far below the rest of Germany
 both materially and intellectually. In 1600 the twin towns, Berlin
-and Cöln, which faced one another from opposite banks of the Spree,
+and Cöln, which faced one another from opposite banks of the Spree,
 and have since been merged to form the colossal capital of the new
 Empire, contained together no more than 14,000 souls. Brandenburg and
 Frankfort-on-Oder each had a population of 10,000. Only two other
@@ -1239,7 +1211,7 @@ rule that a neutral flag covered the enemy's goods, and that neutral
 goods were safe from capture even when under the enemy's flag. This, it
 is maintained, has ever since been Prussian tradition.
 
-A final word is due to the "Société de Commerce Maritime"--now under
+A final word is due to the "Société de Commerce Maritime"--now under
 the name "Seehandlung," the State bank of the Kingdom of Prussia--which
 was established by Frederick the Great in 1772, "to carry on shipping
 under the Prussian flag, and trade with the ports of Spain and all
@@ -1255,7 +1227,7 @@ America to Silesian linen, but, in consequence of the rigid
 protectionist policy of Spain, it was only possible to do this by
 transhipment at Spanish ports. The original capital of the company was
 1,200,000 thalers, in shares of 500 thalers each, and of these 2,100
-were the property of the King. The Société was granted the exclusive
+were the property of the King. The Société was granted the exclusive
 right of trading in English, French, and Spanish salt, and in Polish
 wax, and was also endowed with many other privileges. It did not at
 first prove a very profitable venture, and its early days were also
@@ -1290,7 +1262,7 @@ Teutonic race, the Vienna Congress, rearranging the map of Europe after
 his overthrow, left Germany still divided into thirty-nine different
 states. There were four kingdoms, one electorate, seven grand duchies,
 ten duchies, ten principalities, one landgraviate, and the four free
-towns--Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, and Frankfort-on-Main. These states
+towns--Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, and Frankfort-on-Main. These states
 were loosely united in the German Confederacy.
 
 The people of Germany, and especially those who had risen against
@@ -1406,7 +1378,7 @@ into "Brommy" while he was learning seafaring in the American merchant
 service. This man, "the first German Admiral," had followed Cochrane
 to Greece, where he was successively Flag Captain to Admiral Miaulis,
 organizer in the Ministry of Marine, and Commandant of the Military
-School at the Piræus. From there he was tempted away to become
+School at the Piræus. From there he was tempted away to become
 "Imperial Commissioner" to the incipient German Navy, and after taking
 part in the sittings of the commission of experts, he was sent in that
 capacity to Bremerhaven to supervise the formation of the fleet and to
@@ -1494,7 +1466,7 @@ to work upon. The task had to be undertaken from the very beginning.
 During the first half of the nineteenth century, it is true, the
 advisability of building a navy had more than once been exhaustively
 discussed by the Prussian Government. In the general resettlement of
-1815, the island of Rügen and the strip of Pomeranian coast opposite
+1815, the island of Rügen and the strip of Pomeranian coast opposite
 to it had passed from Sweden to Prussia, and included in the transfer
 were six gun-sloops and a Swedish officer, Captain Christian Lange,
 who was summoned to Berlin to report to the War Ministry on the utility
@@ -1520,7 +1492,7 @@ armed yawls.
 By the autumn of 1848 a Prussian flotilla of ten sloops and yawls,
 three of which had been built with the funds collected by private
 committees, was ready for operations against the Danes. It was placed
-under the command of a Dutch ex-naval captain named Schröder. The crews
+under the command of a Dutch ex-naval captain named Schröder. The crews
 provided for him--465 men in all--were a strange medley of active
 soldiers, reservists, and seamen from the merchant service. For various
 reasons, not the least weighty of which was the doubtful status of
@@ -1535,10 +1507,10 @@ complement of thirty-seven officers and 1,521 men, and mounting in
 all sixty-seven guns. But only once did this primitive navy have the
 satisfaction of taking part in a pitched naval engagement. This was a
 duel between a Prussian steamer and a Danish brig, which fought for
-five hours off the island of Rügen. The encounter was terminated by the
+five hours off the island of Rügen. The encounter was terminated by the
 fall of darkness, and before day broke again another Danish corvette
 arrived on the scene and put the Prussians to flight. But, in spite of
-a lack of fighting, the presence of Commodore Schröder's force along
+a lack of fighting, the presence of Commodore Schröder's force along
 the coast undoubtedly did much to relieve the pressure of the blockade.
 
 The peace with Denmark in 1850 ushered in a period of assiduous
@@ -1585,7 +1557,7 @@ longer voyages, during which he devoted himself with a whole heart to
 the study of seamanship and navigation. He also added materially to his
 knowledge while on board one of the ships of the British Mediterranean
 Squadron, which at the time was engaged in manoeuvres. On his return
-home from these experiences, he secured the appointment of Schröder
+home from these experiences, he secured the appointment of Schröder
 to the Navigation School ship _Amazon_, always with the idea that the
 vessel would be the training-ground of the officers' corps of a future
 Prussian Navy. As we have seen, the Prince was chosen as chairman
@@ -1628,7 +1600,7 @@ independent German sea-power; and finally reached the conclusion:
  must take twenty battleships as the minimum that would be able to
  measure itself with it. But such a fleet would make Germany fourth
  among the Sea-Powers of first rank, and place her incontestably in a
- position to play a great rôle on the sea, a rôle which would be worthy
+ position to play a great rôle on the sea, a rôle which would be worthy
  of her position in Europe. For with her twenty battleships she would
  be able to throw an enormous weight into the scales, turn the balance
  by her adherence to an alliance, and consequently be as much sought
@@ -1982,14 +1954,14 @@ which was much more modest in its pretensions than its predecessors,
 and in principle constituted a retirement from the position formerly
 taken up, was approved by the first Parliament of the new Germany.
 
-The first royal review of the German Fleet took place in the Warnemünde
+The first royal review of the German Fleet took place in the Warnemünde
 roads in 1875. The ships present were four ironclads, a despatch-boat,
 and four school-ships; their total complements 2,862 officers and men.
 
 When the year 1883 arrived, General von Stosch published a Memorandum
 on the execution of his plan. It is significant of the change that had
 come over public opinion that the Government had not dared to ask the
-Reichstag for a substitute for the armoured frigate _Grosser Kurfürst_,
+Reichstag for a substitute for the armoured frigate _Grosser Kurfürst_,
 which was lost in collision off Folkestone, and that consequently one
 of the eight vessels of her type was lacking. The last of the six
 armoured corvettes had yet to be built, and instead of five monitors
@@ -2246,10 +2218,10 @@ I was on board the _Dreadnought_,[7] and my flag was hoisted for the
 first time."
 
 The Emperor at this time was making a cruise in the Mediterranean, and
-visited the Piræus to attend the wedding of his sister to the present
+visited the Piræus to attend the wedding of his sister to the present
 King of Greece. Sir Anthony Hoskins, who was then only a Vice-Admiral,
 was in command of the British Fleet which had assembled in honour of
-the royal marriage. The German Emperor decided that in his new rôle
+the royal marriage. The German Emperor decided that in his new rôle
 as a British officer he would exercise command, and consequently the
 emblem of an Admiral of the Fleet, which consists of the Union flag,
 was broken at the main on board the old battleship _Dreadnought_, and
@@ -2446,7 +2418,7 @@ itself indicates the subordinate position which the navy had hitherto
 occupied in the defensive machinery of the German Empire. The fleet
 itself was of extremely modest proportions. It consisted only of
 a few small battleships of heavy gun-power, but limited radius of
-action, whose rôle was the defence of the coasts of Germany, and more
+action, whose rôle was the defence of the coasts of Germany, and more
 particularly the Baltic littoral, for at this period few men-of-war
 under any flag cruised in the North Sea. The spearhead of the British
 Navy was exposed in the Mediterranean, where the latest and most
@@ -2471,9 +2443,9 @@ After the Emperor's accession to the throne in June, 1888, and after
 the reorganization of naval administration, an effort was made to
 obtain an increased grant from the Reichstag, but only with partial
 success. From 1874 to 1889-90 the naval expenditure had increased
-gradually from £1,950,000 to about £2,750,000. In 1890-91 the Estimates
-had advanced to nearly £3,600,000, and in the following year they rose
-still further to £4,750,000, and then they began to fall once more
+gradually from £1,950,000 to about £2,750,000. In 1890-91 the Estimates
+had advanced to nearly £3,600,000, and in the following year they rose
+still further to £4,750,000, and then they began to fall once more
 under the pressure of the Reichstag, which viewed with no sympathy the
 new naval ambitions which were finding expression in the Press. During
 these years the Reichstag repeatedly reduced the votes put forward by
@@ -2495,7 +2467,7 @@ such lengths by his successor.
 
 On the resignation of Admiral von Hollmann, the Emperor appointed as
 Naval Secretary a comparatively unknown naval officer named Tirpitz.
-Born on March 19th, 1849, at Cüstrin, and the son of a judge, Alfred
+Born on March 19th, 1849, at Cüstrin, and the son of a judge, Alfred
 Tirpitz became a naval cadet in 1865, and was afterwards at the Naval
 Academy from 1874 to 1876. He subsequently devoted much attention to
 the torpedo branch of the service, and was mainly responsible for
@@ -2684,7 +2656,7 @@ really only coast-defence vessels, heavily gunned and thickly armoured,
 but with storage for only 680 tons of coal; whereas contemporary
 British ships of the Majestic class possessed a capacity of 1,850
 tons.[8] The four vessels of this class, in addition to the _Worth_,
-were the _Weisenburg_, _Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm_, and _Brandenburg_.
+were the _Weisenburg_, _Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm_, and _Brandenburg_.
 They marked a notable advance on the little armoured ships of three
 to four thousand tons of the Siegfried class, which had been built
 during the early 'nineties, but, owing to their limited fuel capacity,
@@ -2728,17 +2700,17 @@ quantity, having no
  |            |                           |                            |
  |Beam        |75 ft.                     |65 ft. 6 in.                |
  |Mean draught|27 ft. 6 in.               |24 ft. 4 in.                |
- |Armour      |Partial 9-in. Harveyed     |Complete belt, 11·8 to      |
- |            |  belt, 16 ft.             |  15·7 in. (compound        |
+ |Armour      |Partial 9-in. Harveyed     |Complete belt, 11·8 to      |
+ |            |  belt, 16 ft.             |  15·7 in. (compound        |
  |            |  broad, and 220 ft.       |  in earlier, steel in      |
  |            |  long; bulkheads,         |  later, ships); barbettes  |
  |            |  14 in. (max.);           |  and conning-tower,        |
- |            |  barbettes, 14 in.;       |  11·8 in.;                 |
+ |            |  barbettes, 14 in.;       |  11·8 in.;                 |
  |            |  barbette-shields,        |  ammunition hoists,        |
- |            |  10 in.; casemates        |  11·8 in.; gun-hoods,      |
+ |            |  10 in.; casemates        |  11·8 in.; gun-hoods,      |
  |            |  (12), 6 in.; protected   |  5 in.; cellulose          |
- |            |  deck 2·5 to              |  cofferdam belt;           |
- |            |  4 in.; forward           |  casemate for 4·1-in.      |
+ |            |  deck 2·5 to              |  cofferdam belt;           |
+ |            |  4 in.; forward           |  casemate for 4·1-in.      |
  |            |  conning tower, 14        |  guns, 3 in.; steel        |
  |            |  in.; after conning       |  deck, 3 in., flat on      |
  |            |  tower, 3 in.             |  top of belt.              |
@@ -2746,14 +2718,14 @@ quantity, having no
  |Armament    |4 12-in. 46-ton            |6 11-in. Krupp              |
  |            |  (wire-wound)             |  breech-loading,           |
  |            |  breech-loading;          |  2 in each                 |
- |            |  12 6-in.                 |  barbette; 8 4·1 in.       |
+ |            |  12 6-in.                 |  barbette; 8 4·1 in.       |
  |            |  quickfirers in casemates;|  quickfiring of 30         |
  |            |  16 12-pounder            |  calibres in a casemate    |
  |            |  quick-firers;            |  forward of                |
  |            |  2 12-pounder             |  the centre barbettes;     |
- |            |  boat-guns; 12            |  8 3·4-in.                 |
+ |            |  boat-guns; 12            |  8 3·4-in.                 |
  |            |  3-pounder quick-firing;  |  quick-firers of 30        |
- |            |  2 Maxims;                |  calibres; 2·23 in.        |
+ |            |  2 Maxims;                |  calibres; 2·23 in.        |
  |            |  5 torpedo-tubes          |  breech-loading            |
  |            |  (18-in.), 4 submerged,   |  boat or field guns;       |
  |            |  1 above                  |  12 1-pounder quick-firers;|
@@ -2969,19 +2941,19 @@ first-class battleships were sent afloat.
 
 At the time when the Navy Act of 1900 was passed Germany had just
 completed the five ships of the old Kaiser class, with a displacement
-of about 11,150 tons, and mounting four 9·4-inch guns of 40 calibre
+of about 11,150 tons, and mounting four 9·4-inch guns of 40 calibre
 as battle weapons in association with a large number of secondary
-guns--eighteen pieces of 5·9 inches. The technical advisers of the
+guns--eighteen pieces of 5·9 inches. The technical advisers of the
 German Admiralty at this date pinned their faith to a storm of
 projectiles from quick-firing guns, and in order that weights might be
 kept down and the ships might be restricted to dimensions to enable
-them to navigate the Kiel Canal, reliance was placed upon the 9·4-inch
+them to navigate the Kiel Canal, reliance was placed upon the 9·4-inch
 gun at a moment when in practically all the navies of the world a
 12-inch weapon was being mounted.
 
 The type of battleship design which was introduced with the passage
 of the Act of 1898, and which was yet in hand when the measure of 1900
-was prepared, still combined a weak main armament of four 9·4-inch
+was prepared, still combined a weak main armament of four 9·4-inch
 guns with an exceedingly heavy secondary armament and a complete
 armoured belt. Whereas British ships at this time, such as those of the
 Duncan class, were being given only partial belts, and these only 7
@@ -2992,12 +2964,12 @@ the 1900 Act was passed. They had a maximum coal capacity of 1,770 tons
 of coal, with 200 tons of oil, and were capable of steaming at a speed
 of about eighteen knots, thus reflecting the rise of German ambition
 for something more than a coast-defence fleet. The belts of these ships
-were 7·5 inches wide, with a thickness amidships of 8·9 inches, while
-the four 9·4-inch guns were protected with armour 9·8 inches thick, and
-the secondary turrets and casemates carrying the eighteen 5·9-inch guns
-were protected with armour 5·9 inches thick.
+were 7·5 inches wide, with a thickness amidships of 8·9 inches, while
+the four 9·4-inch guns were protected with armour 9·8 inches thick, and
+the secondary turrets and casemates carrying the eighteen 5·9-inch guns
+were protected with armour 5·9 inches thick.
 
-After the passage of the Navy Act of 1900 the 9·4-inch gun, as the
+After the passage of the Navy Act of 1900 the 9·4-inch gun, as the
 battle weapon, was abandoned in favour of an 11-inch of 40 calibre, and
 the displacement of the new ships of the Deutschland class, as they are
 generically termed, although there are minor differences in the ten
@@ -3012,18 +2984,18 @@ Deutschland Class.
 
 _Armour._
 
- Krupp, complete belt, about 7 feet wide,[10] 8·9 inches amidships,
- tapering to 3·9 inches at ends; lower edge amidships, 6·7 inches;
- lower deck side amidships, 5·5 inches; main turrets and barbettes,
- 11 inches to 9·8 inches; secondary turrets, 6·7 inches; battery, 5·9
- inches; conning-tower, 11·8 inches; s.t.--aft, 5·5 inches; deck, 2·9
- inches on slopes, 1·6 inches on flat.
+ Krupp, complete belt, about 7 feet wide,[10] 8·9 inches amidships,
+ tapering to 3·9 inches at ends; lower edge amidships, 6·7 inches;
+ lower deck side amidships, 5·5 inches; main turrets and barbettes,
+ 11 inches to 9·8 inches; secondary turrets, 6·7 inches; battery, 5·9
+ inches; conning-tower, 11·8 inches; s.t.--aft, 5·5 inches; deck, 2·9
+ inches on slopes, 1·6 inches on flat.
 
 _Armament._
 
- Four 11 inch (40 calibre) in pairs in turrets, fore and aft; 14 6·7
+ Four 11 inch (40 calibre) in pairs in turrets, fore and aft; 14 6·7
  inch (40 calibre), 10 in battery on main deck, 4 singly in turrets on
- upper deck; 12 3·4 inch (24 pounder); 4 machine; torpedo tubes, 6 (18
+ upper deck; 12 3·4 inch (24 pounder); 4 machine; torpedo tubes, 6 (18
  inch), 4 submerged, 1 bow, and 1 stern.
 
 Simultaneously with the construction of these ten battleships, six
@@ -3054,7 +3026,7 @@ in Germany with something approaching derision, and in the technical
 papers the futility of the submarine was urged with a wealth of
 argument. The little Holland boat, however, was merely the foundation
 from which the British authorities proceeded to develop a type of craft
-in keeping with the offensive rôle of the British Navy, and in 1906
+in keeping with the offensive rôle of the British Navy, and in 1906
 submarines were being built for the British Fleet mounting two torpedo
 tubes on a displacement of about 300 tons, and possessing a surface
 speed of fourteen knots in combination with a submerged speed of ten
@@ -3424,7 +3396,7 @@ The Dreadnought design and all that it meant threw the German
 Admiralty into confusion. At the moment they were still engaged in
 the construction of the vessels of the Deutschland class, of about
 13,000 tons, in which primary importance was given to the secondary
-gun--fourteen 6·7-inch weapons--to the sacrifice of the big gun--four
+gun--fourteen 6·7-inch weapons--to the sacrifice of the big gun--four
 11-inch pieces--and speed; whereas the new British design ignored the
 secondary gun in order to mount no fewer than ten big guns, and develop
 the speed to the extent of three or four knots above battleships then
@@ -3444,7 +3416,7 @@ the Dreadnought policy in Germany. Two were completed in May, 1910, and
 two in September following.
 
 These ships embody the all-big-gun principle in association with a
-powerful secondary armament, consisting of a dozen 5·9-inch guns and
+powerful secondary armament, consisting of a dozen 5·9-inch guns and
 sixteen 24-pounders. Moreover, whereas the British Dreadnought had been
 provided with only ten big guns, which was held by the British gunnery
 experts to be the maximum number which could be carried with advantage
@@ -3483,24 +3455,24 @@ Act. It was eventually decided that the best
  |Armour  |Krupp: Complete            |Krupp: Complete            |
  |        |  belt, about 16 ft.       |  belt, 12 in. amidships,  |
  |        |  wide (narrower           |  tapering                 |
- |        |  aft), 11 in. amidships,  |  to 3·9 in. forward,      |
- |        |  tapering to              |  and 3·9 in. aft;         |
+ |        |  aft), 11 in. amidships,  |  to 3·9 in. forward,      |
+ |        |  tapering to              |  and 3·9 in. aft;         |
  |        |  6 in. forward and        |  lower deck side,         |
- |        |  4 in. aft; turrets,      |  7·9 in. amidships,       |
- |        |  8 in.; barbettes,        |  3·9 in. narrow           |
+ |        |  4 in. aft; turrets,      |  7·9 in. amidships,       |
+ |        |  8 in.; barbettes,        |  3·9 in. narrow           |
  |        |  12 in.; forward          |  belt at ends; turrets    |
  |        |  conning-tower, 12        |  and barbettes,           |
  |        |  in.; after conning-tower,|  11 in.; battery,         |
- |        |  8 in.; deck,             |  6·1 in.; conning-tower,  |
- |        |  sloping, 2·7 in.         |  11·8 in.;                |
- |        |                           |  deck, sloping, 2·9 in.   |
+ |        |  8 in.; deck,             |  6·1 in.; conning-tower,  |
+ |        |  sloping, 2·7 in.         |  11·8 in.;                |
+ |        |                           |  deck, sloping, 2·9 in.   |
  |Armament|10 12-in. (45 calibres)    |12 11-in. (45 calibres)    |
  |        |  in pairs in turrets,     |  in pairs in turrets,     |
  |        |  1 forward, 1 on          |  1 forward, 1 aft,        |
  |        |  each beam, 2 aft         |  and 2 on each            |
- |        |  on centre line;          |  beam; 12 5·9 in.         |
+ |        |  on centre line;          |  beam; 12 5·9 in.         |
  |        |  16 4-in. (50 calibres),  |  (45 calibres) in battery;|
- |        |  2 on each                |  16 3·4 in.               |
+ |        |  2 on each                |  16 3·4 in.               |
  |        |  turret (except No.       |  (24-pounder); torpedo    |
  |        |  4), 8 in superstructure; |  tubes, 6 18-in.,         |
  |        |  5 machine;               |  submerged, bow,          |
@@ -3529,9 +3501,9 @@ should be swift Dreadnoughts.
 
 This point is an important one. Between 1897 and 1904, Great Britain
 laid down 27 battleships and 35 armoured cruisers--a total of 62
-armoured ships in eight years, or an average of 7·75 ships a year. In
+armoured ships in eight years, or an average of 7·75 ships a year. In
 this period Germany built 16 battleships and 5 armoured cruisers, or
-21 armoured ships--equal to an average of 2·62 ships a year. In 1905
+21 armoured ships--equal to an average of 2·62 ships a year. In 1905
 the Admiralty determined to cease building armoured cruisers. In that
 year they laid down 4 "capital ships"--all of them Dreadnoughts; in the
 next two years 3 annually, and in 1908, 2 ships only. While the British
@@ -3651,14 +3623,14 @@ explanation of the essential features of this German Navy Act. He said:
  presumed to be later than the six years which we have in view.
 
  "The cost of these increases in men and in material during the next
- six years is estimated as £10,500,000 above the previous estimates
+ six years is estimated as £10,500,000 above the previous estimates
  spread over that period. I should like to point out to the Committee
  that this is a cumulative increase which follows upon other increases
  of a very important character. The Law of 1898 was practically doubled
  by the Law of 1900, and if the expenditure contemplated by the Law of
  1900 had been followed the German estimates of to-day would be about
- £11,000,000. But owing to the amendments of 1906 and 1908, and now of
- 1912, that expenditure is very nearly £23,000,000. But the fact that
+ £11,000,000. But owing to the amendments of 1906 and 1908, and now of
+ 1912, that expenditure is very nearly £23,000,000. But the fact that
  the personnel plays such a large part in this new amendment, and that
  personnel is more cheaply obtained in Germany than in this country,
  makes the money go farther there than it would do over here.
@@ -3831,7 +3803,7 @@ in order to supplement the coal supply.]
 [Footnote 9: _Cf._ Appendix I.]
 
 [Footnote 10: The five later ships were given a belt with a thickness
-of 9·4 inches amidships, but otherwise their protection and armament
+of 9·4 inches amidships, but otherwise their protection and armament
 closely resembled those laid down at an earlier date.]
 
 [Footnote 11: See Appendix II.]
@@ -4235,7 +4207,7 @@ policy, and of the part which he has played in its carrying out. With
 regard to their sovereign, Germans are inclined to fly to one of two
 extremes; according to the class to which they belong, they represent
 him either as a heaven-born genius of universal gifts, or as a busybody
-whose meddlesomeness is rendered specially mischievous by mediæval
+whose meddlesomeness is rendered specially mischievous by mediæval
 delusions as to the functions of monarchs and their relations to the
 Deity. Everything that he does or says is set down as quite right by
 the one party and as quite wrong by the other. Moreover, the opinions
@@ -4399,7 +4371,7 @@ Germany and those of the leading naval Powers, and prepared, it is
 said, by the Emperor's own hand, were sent out over his signature to
 the Reichstag, the Government departments, and all public institutions
 where it was thought they might meet the gaze of appreciative eyes. At
-a soirée given at the New Palace at Potsdam in 1895, he assembled round
+a soirée given at the New Palace at Potsdam in 1895, he assembled round
 him a group of members of the majority parties of the Reichstag, and
 lectured them for two-and-a-half hours on Germany's need of sea-power.
 Bismarck's eightieth birthday was then approaching, and the Emperor
@@ -4883,7 +4855,7 @@ to identify themselves with the League, though it is nominally an
 absolutely independent and unofficial organization. The Emperor's
 brother, Prince Henry of Prussia, has assumed the general protectorate,
 and among the protectors of the affiliated State federations are Prince
-George of Bavaria, the Kings of Saxony and Württemberg, the Grand Dukes
+George of Bavaria, the Kings of Saxony and Württemberg, the Grand Dukes
 of Baden, Hesse, the two Mecklenburgs, Oldenburg, and Saxe-Weimar, the
 Dukes of Anhalt, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the Princes of
 the two Lippes, Waldeck-Pyrmont, and the two Reusses, the Statthalter
@@ -5272,365 +5244,4 @@ END.
 
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The German Fleet, by Archibald Hurd
 
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56653 ***
diff --git a/56653-h/56653-h.htm b/56653-h/56653-h.htm
index aa4329e..a37a180 100644
--- a/56653-h/56653-h.htm
+++ b/56653-h/56653-h.htm
@@ -212,47 +212,7 @@ table {
 <body>
 
 
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The German Fleet, by Archibald Hurd
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: The German Fleet
-       Being The Companion Volume to "The Fleets At War" and "From
-              Heligoland To Keeling Island
-
-Author: Archibald Hurd
-
-Release Date: February 27, 2018 [EBook #56653]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN FLEET ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56653 ***</div>
 
 <div class="hidehand">
 <p class="center">
@@ -6916,379 +6876,7 @@ number of Dreadnought vessels is increased to forty-six.</p></div></div>
 
 
 
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The German Fleet, by Archibald Hurd
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN FLEET ***
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