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diff --git a/old/56288-0.txt b/old/56288-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 86304cf..0000000 --- a/old/56288-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2868 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Wild Flowers, by -Agnes FitzGibbon and Catharine Parr Traill - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: North American Wild Flowers - -Author: Agnes FitzGibbon - Catharine Parr Traill - -Release Date: January 2, 2018 [EBook #56288] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS *** - - - - -Produced by Marcia Brooks, Mardi Desjardins & the online -Distributed Proofreaders Canada team at -http://www.pgdpcanada.net - - - - - -[Illustration: Title page] - - - - - NORTH AMERICAN - - WILD FLOWERS. - - Painted and Lithographed - - BY - - AGNES FITZ GIBBON - - WITH - - BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONS - - BY - - C. P. TRAILL. - -AUTHORESS OF “THE BACKWOODS OF CANADA” “THE CANADIAN CRUSOES” ET.C. ET.C. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - PLATE I. - Liver-Leaf—Wind-Flower.—(Sharp Lobed Hepatica.)—_Hepatica 9 - Acutiloba_ - Bellwort—(Wood Daffodil.)—_Uvularia perfoliata_ 11 - Wood Anemone.—_Anemone Nemorosa_ 13 - Spring Beauty.—_Claytonia Virginica_ 16 - - PLATE II. - Adders-Tongue.—Dog-Toothed Violet.—_Erythronium Americanum_ 19 - White Trillium.—Death-Flower.—_Trillium Grandiflorum_ 21 - Rock Columbine.—_Aquilegia Canadensis_ 24 - - PLATE III. - Squirrel Corn.—_Dicentra Canadensis_ 27 - Purple Trillium.—Death-Flower.—Birth-Root.—_Trillium erectum_ 29 - Wood Geranium.—Cranes-Bill.—_Geranium maculatum_ 31 - Chickweed Wintergreen.—_Trientalis Americana_ 34 - - PLATE IV. - Sweet Wintergreen.—_Pyrola elliptica_ 35 - One Flowered Pyrola.—_Moneses uniflora_ 39 - Flowering Raspberry.—_Rubus Odoratus_ 41 - Speedwell.—American Brooklime.—_Veronica Americana_ 43 - - PLATE V. - Yellow Lady’s Slippers.—_Cypripedium parviflorum and Cypripedium 45 - pubescens_ - Large Blue Flag.—_Iris Versicolor_.—_Fleur-de-luce_ 47 - Small Canberry.—_Vaccinium Oxycoccus_ 50 - - PLATE VI. - Wild Orange Lily.—_Lilium Philadelphicum_ 53 - Canadian Harebell.—_Campanula Rotundifolia_ 56 - Showy Lady’s Slipper.—_Cypripedium Spectabile_.—(Moccasin Flower) 59 - - PLATE VII. - Early Wild Rose.—_Rosa Blanda_ 63 - Pentstemon Beard-Tongue.—_Pentstemon pubescens_ 66 - - PLATE VIII. - Sweet Scented Water Lily.—_Nymphæa Odorata_ 67 - Yellow Pond Lily.—_Nuphar Advena_.—(Spatter Dock) 71 - - PLATE IX. - Pitcher Plant.—(Soldier’s Drinking Cup.)—_Sarracenia Purpurea_ 73 - - PLATE X. - Painted Cup, Scarlet Cup.—_Castilleia Coccinea_ 77 - Showy Orchis.—_Orchis Spectabilis_ 81 - Indian Turnip.—_Arum triphyllum_ (_Arum family_) 83 - Cone Flower.—_Rudbeckia fulgida_ 87 - - - - - PREFACE - - TO THE - - WILD FLOWERS OF NORTH AMERICA. - -The first and second edition of our Book of Wild Flowers was published -last year under the title of “CANADIAN WILD FLOWERS;” but it has been -suggested by some American friends that we ought not to have limited the -title to the Wild Flowers of _Canada_, as nature has given them a much -wider geographical range, and, in fact, there are none of those that -have been portrayed and described in our volume but may be found -diffused over the whole of the Eastern and Northern States of the Union, -as well as to the North and West of the Great Lakes. We, therefore, have -rectified the error in our present issue, not wishing to put asunder -those whom the Great Creator has united in one harmonious whole, each -family and tribe finding its fitting place as when it issued freshly -forth from the bounteous hand of God who formed it for the use of His -creatures and to His own honor and glory. - -As our present volume embraces but a select few of the Native Flowers of -this Northern Range of the Continent, it is our intention to follow it -by succeeding series, which will present to our readers the most -attractive of our lovely Wild Flowers, and flowering shrubs. The subject -offers a wide field for our future labours. - -What a garland of loveliness has nature woven for man’s admiration, and -yet, comparatively speaking, how few appreciate the beauties thus -lavishly bestowed upon them? - -The inhabitants of the crowded cities know little of them even by name, -and those that dwell among them pass them by as though they heeded them -not, or regarded them as worthless weeds, crying, “Cut them down, why -cumber they the ground?” To such careless ones they do indeed “waste -their sweetness on the desert air.” Yet the Wild Flowers have deeper -meanings and graver teachings than the learned books of classical lore -so much prized by the scholar, if he will but receive them. - -They shew him the parental care of a benificent God for the winged -creatures of the air, and for the sustenance of the beasts of the field. -They point to the better life, the resurrection from the darkness of the -grave. They are emblems of man’s beauty and of his frailty. They lend us -by flowery paths from earth to heaven, where the flowers fade not away. -Shall we then coldly disregard the flowers that our God has made so -wondrously fair, to beautify the earth we live on? - -Mothers of America teach your little ones to love the Wild Flowers and -they will love the soil on which they grew, and in all their wanderings -through the world their hearts will turn back with loving reverence to -the land of their birth, to that dear home endeared to their hearts by -the remembrance of the flowers that they plucked and wove for their -brows in their happy hours of gladsome childhood. - -How many a war-worn soldier would say with the German hero of Schiller’s -tragedy: - - “Oh gladly would I give the blood stained victor’s wreath - For the first violet of the early spring, - Plucked in those quiet fields where I have journeyed.” - SCHILLER. - - - - - DESCRIPTION OF THE TITLE PAGE. - - -Our Artist has tastefully combined in the wreath that adorns her title -page several of our native Spring Flowers. The simple blossoms of -_Claytonia Virginica_, better known by its familiar name “SPRING -BEAUTY,” may easily be recognized from the right hand figure in the -group of the first plate in the book. For a description of it see page -16. - -The tall slender flower on the left side on the title page is -_Potentilla Canadensis_, (Var _simplex_). This slender trailing plant -may be found in open grassy thickets, by road side wastes, at the foot -of old stumps, and similar localities, with the common Cinquefoil or -Silver Leaf. This last species is much the most attractive plant to the -lover of wild flowers. It abounds in dry gravelly and sandy soil, -courting the open sunshine, rooting among stones, over which it spreads -its slender reddish stalk, enlivening the dry arid wastes with its -silvery silken leaves and gay golden rose-shaped blossoms. - -The Potentilla family belongs to the same Natural Order, ROSACEÆ, as the -Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry and the Rose—a goodly fellowship of -the useful and the beautiful among which our humble Cinquefoil has been -allowed to find a place. - -The little plant occupying the lower portion of the plate is _Viola -sagittata_, “ARROW LEAVED VIOLET.” The anthers of the stamens are flesh -coloured or pale orange; the slender pointed sepals of the calyx are of -a bright light green, which form a lively contrast to the deep purple -closely wrapped pointed buds that they enfold. The leaves are of a dull -green, somewhat hairy, narrow, blunt at the apex, not heart-shaped as in -many of the species but closed at the base and bordering the short -channelled foot-stalk. Among our numerous species few are really more -lovely than “the Arrow Leaved Violet.” _Viola ovata_ and _Viola villosa_ -closely resemble the above, and probably are varieties of our pretty -flower. - -The violet, like the rose and lily, has ever been the poet’s flower. -This is not one of our earliest violets; it blossoms later than the -early white violet, _V. rotundifolia_ or than the early Blue Violet, _V. -cucullata_, or that delicate species _V. striata_, the lilac striped -violet, which adorns the banks and hill sides on some of our plain -lands, early in the month of May. Later in this month and in the -beginning of June we find the azure blossoms of _V. sagittata_ in warm -sheltered valleys, often among groups of small pines and among grasses -on sandy knolls and open thickets. The plant grows low, the leaves on -very short foot-stalks closely pressed to the ground; the bright full -blue flowers springing from the crown of the plant on long slender stems -stand above the leaves. - -The petals are blunt, of a full azure blue, white at the base and -bearded. Among many allusions to this favourite flower, here are lines -somewhat after the style of the older poets, addressed to early violets -found on a wintry March day at Waltham Abbey. - - TO EARLY VIOLETS. - - Children of sweetest birth, - Why do ye bend to earth - Eyes in whose softened blue, - Lies hid the diamond dew? - Has not the early ray, - Yet kissed those tears away - That fell with closing day? - - Say do ye fear to meet - The hail and driving sleet, - Which gloomy winter stern - Flings from his snow-wreathed urn? - Or do ye fear the breeze - So sadly sighing thro’ the trees, - Will chill your fragrant flowers, - Ere April’s genial showers - Have visited your bowers? - - Why came ye till the cuckoo’s voice, - Bade hill and vale rejoice; - Till Philomel with tender tone, - Waking the echoes lone, - Bids woodland glades prolong - Her sweetly tuneful song; - Till sky-lark blithe and linnet grey, - From fallow brown and meadow gay, - Pour forth their jocund roundelay; - Till ‘cowslip, wan’ and ‘daisies pied’ - ’Broider the hillock’s side, - And opening hawthorn buds are seen, - Decking each hedge-row screen? - - What, though the primrose drest - In her pure paly vest - Came rashly forth - To brave the biting North, - Did ye not see her fall - Straight ’neath his snowy pall; - And heard ye not the West wind sigh - Her requiem as he hurried by? - - Go hide ye then till groves are green - And April’s clouded bow is seen; - Till suns are warm, and skies are clear - And every flower that does appear, - Proclaims the birthday of the year. - -Though Canada does not boast among her violets the sweet purple violet -(_Viola odorata_) of Britain she has many elegant species remarkable for -beauty of form and colour; among these “The Yellow Wool Violet,” the -“Song Spurred Violet” and the “Milkwhite Wool Violet,” (_V. Canadensis_) -may be named. These are all branching violets, some, as the yellow and -the white, often attain, in rank shaded soil, to a foot in height and -may be found throwing out a succession of flowers through the later -summer months. They will bloom freely if transplanted to a shady spot in -the garden. - -[Illustration: _PLATE I._] - - 3 ANEMONE NEMOROSA - (Wood Anemone) - - 2 UVULARIA PERFOLIATA - (Large flowered Bellwort) - - 1 HEPATICA ACUTILOBA - (Sharp lobed Hepatica) - - 4 CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA - (Spring Beauty) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. RANUNCULACEÆ. - - - - - LIVER-LEAF. - (SHARP LOBED HEPATICA.) - _Hepatica acutiloba._ - - - “Lodged in sunny clefts, - Where the cold breeze comes not, blooms alone - The little Wind-flower, whose just opened eye - Is blue, as the spring heaven it gazes at.” - BRYANT. - -THE American poet, Bryant, has many happy allusions to the Hepatica -under the name of “WIND-FLOWER;” the more common name among our Canadian -settlers is “SNOW-FLOWER,” it being the first blossom that appears -directly after the melting off of the winter snows. - -In the forest—in open grassy old woods, on banks and upturned roots of -trees, this sweet flower gladdens the eye with its cheerful starry -blossoms; every child knows it and fills its hands and bosom with its -flowers, pink, blue, deep azure and pure white. What the daisy is to -England, the Snow-flower or Liver-leaf is to Canada. It lingers long -within the forest shade, coyly retreating within its sheltering glades -from the open glare of the sun: though for a time it will not refuse to -bloom within the garden borders, when transplanted early in spring, and -doubtless if properly supplied with black mould from the woods and -partially sheltered by shrubs it would continue to grow and flourish -with us constantly. - -We have two sorts, _H. acutiloba_, and _H. triloba_. A large variety has -been found on Long Island in Rice Lake; the leaves of which are _five -lobed_; the lobes much rounded, the leaf stalks stout, densely silky, -the flowers large, of a deep purple blue. This handsome plant throve -under careful cultivation and proved highly ornamental. - -The small round closely folded buds of the Hepatica appear before the -white silky leaves unfold themselves, though many of the old leaves of -the former year remain persistent through the winter. The buds rise from -the centre of a silken bed of soft sheaths and young leaves, as if -nature kindly provided for the warmth and protection of these early -flowers with parental care. - -Later in the season, the young leaves expand just before the flowers -drop off. The white flowered is the most common among our Hepaticas, but -varieties may be seen of many hues: waxen-pink, pale blue and azure blue -with intermediate shades and tints. - -The Hepatica belongs to the Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceæ, the crow-foot -family, but possesses none of the acrid and poisonous qualities of the -Ranunculus proper, being used in medicine, as a mild tonic, by the -American herb doctors in fevers and disorders of the liver. - -It is very probable that its healing virtues in complaints of the liver -gave rise to its common name in old times; some assign the name to the -form of the lobed leaf. - - * * * * * - - - - - BELLWORT. - (WOOD DAFFODIL.) - _Uvularia perfoliata._ - - - “Fair Daffodils, we weep to see - Thee haste away so soon, - As yet the early rising sun - Has not attained his noon. - Stay, stay!— - Until the hasting day - Has run, - But to the evening song; - When having prayed together we - Will go with you along.” - HERRICK. - -THIS slender drooping flower of early spring is known by the name of -BELLWORT, from its pendent lily-like bells; and by some it is better -known as the _Wood Daffodil_, to which its yellow blossoms bear some -remote resemblance. - -The flowers of the Bellwort are of a pale greenish-yellow; the divisions -of the petal-like sepals are six, deeply divided, pointed and slightly -twisted or waved, drooping from slender thready pedicels terminating the -branches; the stem of the plant is divided into two portions, one of -which is barren of flowers. The leaves are of a pale green, smooth, and -in the largest species perfoliate, clasping the stem. - -The root (or rhizome) is white, fleshy and tuberous. The Bellwort is -common in rich shady woods and grassy thickets, and on moist alluvial -soil on the banks of streams, where it attains to the height of 18 or 20 -inches. It is an elegant, but not very showy flower—remarkable more for -its graceful pendent straw-coloured or pale yellow blossoms, than for -its brilliancy. It belongs to a sub-order of the Lily Tribe. There are -three species in Canada—the large Bellwort—_Uvularia grandiflora_ and -_U. perfoliata_—we also possess the third, enumerated by Dr. Gray, _U. -sessilifolia_. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. RANUNCULACEÆ. - - - - - WOOD ANEMONE. - _Anemone nemorosa._ - - - “Within the wood, - Whose young and half transparent leaves, - Scarce cast a shade; gay circles of anemones, - Danced on their stalks.” - BRYANT. - -THE classical name ANEMONE is derived from a Greek word, which signifies -the _wind_, because it was thought that the flower opened out its -blossoms only when the wind was blowing. Whatever the habits of the -Anemone of the Grecian Isles may be, assuredly in their native haunts in -this country, the blossoms open alike in windy weather or in calm; in -shade or in sunshine. It is more likely that the wind acting upon the -downy seeds of some species and dispersing them abroad, has been the -origin of the idea, and has given birth to the popular name which poets -have made familiar to the ear with many sweet lines. Bryant, who is the -American poet of nature, for he seems to revel in all that is fair among -the flowers and streams and rocks and forest shades, has also given the -name of “_wind flower_” to the blue hepatica. - -The subject of our plate, the little white pink-edged flower at the left -hand corner of the group, is _Anemone nemorosa_, the smaller “WOOD -ANEMONE.” - -This pretty delicate species loves the moderate shade of groves and -thickets, it is often found in open pinelands of second growth, and -evidently prefers a light and somewhat sandy soil to any other, with -glimpses of sunshine stealing down upon it. - -The Wood Anemone is from 4 to 9 inches in height, but seldom taller, the -five rounded sepals which form the flower are white, tinged with a -purplish-red or dull pink on the outside. The leaves are three parted, -divided again in three, toothed and sharply cut and somewhat coarse in -texture; the three upper stem leaves form an involucre about midway -between the root and the flower-cup. - -Our Wood Anemone is a cheerful little flower gladdening us with its -blossoms early in the month of May. It is very abundant in the -neighbourhood of Toronto, on the grassy banks and piny-dells at Dover -Court, and elsewhere. - - “There thickly strewn in woodland bowers, - Anemones their stars unfold.” - -A somewhat taller species, with very white starry flowers, is found on -gravelly banks under the shade of shrubs near the small lakes formed by -the Otonabee river, _N. Douro_, where also, we find the downy seeded -species known as “Thimble-weed,” _Anemone cylindrica_, from the -cylindrical heads of fruit. The “Thimble-weed” is not very attractive -for beauty of colour; the flower is greenish-white, small, two of the -sepals being shorter and less conspicuous than the others; the plant is -from 1 to 2 ft. high; the leaves of the cut and pointed involucre are -coarse, of a dull green, surrounding the several long flower-stalks. The -soft cottony seeds remain in close heads through the winter, till the -spring breezes disperse them. - -The largest species of our native Anemones is _A. Virginiana_, “TALL -ANEMONE.” This handsome plant loves the shores of lakes and streams; -damp rich ground suits it well, as it grows freely in such soil, and -under moderate shade when transferred to the garden. - -The foliage of the tall Anemone is coarse, growing in whorls round the -stem, divisions of the leaf three parted, sharply pointed and toothed. -In this, as in all the species, the coloured sepals, (or calyx leaves) -form the flower. The outer surface of the flower is covered with minute -silky hairs, the round flattened silky buds rise singly on tall naked -stems, the upper series are supplied with two small leaflets embracing -the stalk. The central and largest flowers open first, the lateral or -outer ones as these fade away; thus a succession of blossoms is -produced, which continue to bloom for several weeks. The flowers of this -sort, under cultivation, become larger and handsomer than in their wild -state, ivory white, tinged with purple. The Anemone is always a -favourite flower wherever it may be seen, whether in British woods, on -Alpine heights, or in Canadian wilds; on banks of lonely lakes and -forest streams; or in the garden parterre, where it is rivalled by few -other flowers in grace of form or splendour of colour. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. PORTULACACEÆ. - - - - - SPRING BEAUTY. - _Claytonia Virginica._ - - - Where the fire had smoked and smouldered - Saw the earliest flower of Spring time, - Saw the beauty of the Spring time, - Saw the Miskodeed[1] in blossom. - HIAWATHA. - -THIS simple delicate little plant is one of our earliest April flowers. -In warm springs it is almost exclusively an April flower, but in cold -and backward seasons, it often delays its blossoming time till May. - -Partially hidden beneath the shelter of old decaying timbers and fallen -boughs, its pretty pink buds peep shyly forth. It is often found in -partially cleared beech-woods, and in rich moist meadows. - -In Canada, there are two species; one with few flowers, white, both -leaves and flowers larger than the more common form; the blossoms of the -latter are more numerous, smaller, and of a pale pink colour, veined -with lines of a deeper rose colour, forming a slender raceme; sometimes -the little pedicels or flower stalks are bent or twisted to one side, so -as to throw the flowers in one direction. - -The scape springs from a small deep tuber, bearing a single pair of -soft, oily, succulent leaves. In the white flowered species these leaves -are placed about midway up the stem, but in the pink (_C. Virginica_) -the leaves lie closer to the ground, and are smaller and of a dark -bluish green hue. Our SPRING BEAUTY well deserves its pretty poetical -name. It comes in with the Robin, and the song sparrow, the hepatica, -and the first white violet; it lingers in shady spots, as if unwilling -to desert us till more sunny days have wakened up a wealth of brighter -blossoms to gladden the eye; yet the first, and the last, are apt to be -most prized by us, with flowers, as well as other treasures. - -How infinitely wise and merciful are the arrangements of the Great -Creator. Let us instance the connection between BEES and FLOWERS. In -cold climates the former lie torpid, or nearly so, during the long -months of Winter, until the genial rays of the sun and light have -quickened vegetation into activity, and buds and blossoms open, -containing the nutriment necessary for this busy insect tribe. - -The BEES seem made for the Blossoms; the BLOSSOMS for the BEES. - -On a bright March morning what sound can be more in harmony with the -sunshine and blue skies, than the murmuring of the honeybees, in a -border of cloth of gold crocuses? what sight more cheerful to the eye? -But I forget. Canada has few of these sunny flowers, and no March days -like those that woo the hive bees from their winter dormitories. And -April is with us only a name. We have no April month of rainbow suns and -showers. We miss the deep blue skies, and silver throne-like clouds that -cast their fleeting shadows over the tender springing grass and corn; we -have no mossy lanes odorous with blue violets. One of our old poets thus -writes: - - “Ye violets that first appear, - By your pure purple mantles known, - Like the proud virgins of the year, - As if the spring were all your own, - What are ye when the rose is blown.”[2] - -We miss the turfy banks, studded with starry daisies, pale primroses and -azure blue-bells. - -Our May is bright and sunny, more like to the English March; it is -indeed a month of promise—a month of many flowers. But too often its -fair buds and blossoms are nipped by frost, “and winter, lingering, -chills the lap of May.” - -In the warmth and shelter of the forest, vegetation appears. The black -leaf mould, so light and rich, quickens the seedlings into rapid growth, -and green leaves and opening buds follow soon after the melting of the -snows of winter. The starry blossoms of the hepatica, blood-root, -bellwort, violets, white, yellow and blue, with the delicate Coptis -(gold-thread), come forth and are followed by many a lovely flower, -increasing with the more genial seasons of May and June. - -But our April flowers are but few, comparatively speaking, and so we -prize our early Violets, Hepaticas and Spring Beauty. - ------ - -[1] Miskodeed—Indian name for Spring Beauty. - -[2] Sir Henry Wotton—written in 1651. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE II._] - - 3 AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS - (Wild Columbine) - - 2 TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM - (Large white Trillium) - - 1 ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM - (Yellow adders tongue) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. LILIACEÆ. - - - - - ADDERS-TONGUE. - (DOG-TOOTHED VIOLET.) - _Erythronium Americanum._ - - - “And spotted Adders-tongue with drooping bell, - Greeting the new-born spring.” - - -IN rich black mould, on the low banks of creeks and open woodlands, -large beds of these elegant lilies may be seen piercing the softened -ground in the month of April; the broad lanceolate leaves are -beautifully clouded with purple or reddish brown, or sometimes with -milky white. Each bulb of the _second_ year’s growth produces two -leaves, and between these rises a round naked scape, (or flower stem), -terminated by a drooping yellow bell. The unfolded bud is striped with -lines of dark purple. A few hours of sunshine and warm wind soon expands -the flower, which is composed of six coloured sepals, recurved, which -form a lily-like turbaned flower; each segment grooved, and spotted at -the base, with oblong purplish brown dots. The outer surface of the -sepals is marked with dark lines. The stamens are six; anthers, oblong; -pollen of a brick-red, or dull orange colour, varying to yellow. The -style is club-shaped; stigmas three, united. - -This elegant yellow lily bends downward when expanded, as if to hide its -glories from the full glare of the sun-light. The clouded leaves are of -an oily smoothness, resisting the moisture of rain and dew. - -The name Dogs-tooth Violet seems very inappropriate. The pointed -segments of the bell may have suggested the resemblance to the tooth of -a dog, but it is difficult to trace any analogy between this flower and -the violet, no two plants presenting greater dissimilarity of form or -habit than the lily and the violet, though often blended in the verse of -the poet. The American name of the Adders-tongue is more significant.[3] - -The White Flowered Adders-tongue grows, it has been said, in the more -western portion of Canada, on the shores of Lake Huron, probably the -_Erythronium albidum_ of Gray. - ------ - -[3] The name Dogs-tooth refers to the shape of the small pointed white -bulbs of the common European species, so well known in English -gardens.—PROF. LAWSON. - - * * * * * - - SUB ORD. TRILLIACEÆ.—(TRILLIUM FAMILY.) - - - - - WHITE TRILLIUM. - (DEATH FLOWER.) - _Trillium Grandiflorum._ - - - “And spotless lilies bend the head - Low to the passing gale.” - - -NATURE has scattered with no niggardly hand these remarkable flowers -over hill and dale, wide shrubby plain and shady forest glen. In deep -ravines, or rocky islets, the bright snow-white blossoms of the -Trilliums greet the eye and court the hand to pluck them. The old people -in this part of the Province call them by the familiar name of Lily. -Thus we have _Asphodel Lilies_, _Douro Lilies_, _&c._ In Nova Scotia -they are called Moose-flowers, probably from being abundant in the -haunts of Moose-deer. In some of the New England States the Trilliums, -white and red, are known as the _Death-flower_, but of the origin of so -ominous a name we have no record. We might imagine it to have originated -in the use of the flower to deck the coffin or graves of the dead in the -olden times. The pure white blossoms of _T. nivale_, _T. cernum_ -(nodding Trillium) and _T. grandiflorum_, might serve not -inappropriately for emblems of innocence and purity, when laid upon the -breast of the early dead. The darker and more sanguine hue of the red -species, _T. sessile_, and _T. recurvatum_, might have been selected for -such as fell by violence, but these are but conjecture. A prettier name -has been given to the Nodding Trillium: that of “Smiling Wake-robin,” -which seems to be associated with the coming of the cheerful chorister -of early spring, “The household bird with the red stomacher,” as Bishop -Carey calls the robin red-breast. The botanical name of the Trillium is -derived from trilex, triple, all the parts of the plant being in threes. -Thus we see the round fleshy scape furnished with three large sad green -leaves, closely set round the stem, two or three inches below the -flower; which is composed of a calyx of _three_ sepals, a corolla of -_three_ large snow-white, or, else, chocolate red petals: the styles or -stigmas _three_; ovary _three_ celled; stamens _six_, which is a -duplicate of three. The white fleshy tuberous root is much used by the -American School of Medicine in various diseases, also by the Indian herb -doctors. - -_Trillium grandiflorum_ is the largest and most showy of the white -species. _Trillium nivale_ or “lesser snowy Trillium,” is the smallest; -the last blooms _early_ in May. May and June are the months in which -these flowers appear. The white flowered Trilliums are subject to many -varieties and accidental alterations. The green of the sepals is often -transferred to the white petals in _T. nivale_; some are found -handsomely striped with red and green, and in others the very short -foot-stalk of the almost sessile leaves are lengthened into long -petioles. The large White Trillium is changed previous to its fading to -a dull reddish lilac. - -The Red Trilliums are rich but sombre in colour, the petals are -longish-ovate, regular, not waved, and the pollen is of a greyish dusty -hue while that of the White species is bright orange-yellow. The leaves -are of a dark lurid green, the colouring matter of the petals seems to -pervade the leaves; and here, let me observe, that the same remark may -be made of many other plants. In purple flowers we often perceive the -violet hue to be perceptible in the stalk and under part of the leaves, -and sometimes in the veins and roots. Red flowers again show the same -tendency in stalk and veins. - -The Blood-root in its early stage of growth shews the Orange juice in -the stem and leaves, so does the Canadian Balsam and many others; that, -a little observation will point out. The colouring matter of flowers has -always been, more or less, a mystery to us: that light is one of the -great agents can hardly for a moment be doubted, but something also may -depend upon the peculiar quality of the juices that fill the tissues of -the flower, and on the cellular tissue itself. Flowers deprived of -light, we know, are pallid and often colourless, but how do we account -for the deep crimson of the beet-root, the rose-red of the radish, the -orange of the rhubarb, carrot, and turnip, which roots, being buried in -the earth, are not subject to the solar rays? The natural supposition -would be that all roots hidden from the light would be white, but this -is by no means the case. The question is one of much interest, and -deserves the attention of all naturalists, and especially of the -botanical student. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. RANUNCULEÆ. - - - - - ROCK COLUMBINE. - _Aquilegia Canadensis._ - - - “The graceful Columbine all blushing red, - Bends to the earth her crown - Of honey-laden bells.” - - -THIS graceful flower enlivens us all through the months of May and June -by its brilliant blossoms of deep red and golden yellow. - -In general outline the Wild Columbine resembles its cultivated sisters -of the garden, but is more light and airy from its nodding habit. The -plant throws up many tall slender stalks from its centre, furnished with -leafy bracts, from which spring other light stems terminated by little -pedicels, each bearing a large drooping flower and bud which open in -succession. - -The flower consists of five red sepals and five red petals; the latter -are hollowed trumpet-like at the mouth, ascending; they form narrow -tubes, which are terminated by little round knobs filled with honey. The -delicate thready pedicels on which the blossom hangs cause it to droop -down and thus throw up the honey bearing tubes of the petals; the little -balls forming a pretty sort of floral coronet at the junction with the -stalk. - -The unequal and clustered stamens, and five thready styles of the pistil -project beyond the hollow mouths of the petals, like an elegant -golden-fringed tassel; the edges and interior of the petals are also of -a bright golden yellow. These gay colours are well contrasted with the -deep green of the root leaves and bracts of the flower stalks. The -bracts are lobed in two or three divisions. The larger leaves are placed -on long foot stalks; each leaf is divided into three, which are again -twice or thrice lobed, and unequally notched; the upper surface is -smooth and of a dark rich green, the under pale and whitish. - -As the flowers fade the husky hollow seed pods become erect—a wise -provision in this and many other plants of drooping habits, giving the -ripening seed better access to the sun and wind, and preventing them -from being prematurely scattered abroad upon the earth. - -The wild Columbine[4] is perennial and very easily cultivated. Its -blossoms are eagerly sought out by the bees and humming birds. On sunny -days you may be sure to see the latter hovering over the bright drooping -bells, extracting the rich nectar with which they are so bountifully -supplied. Those who care for bees, and love humming birds, should plant -the graceful red-flowered Columbine in their garden borders. - -In its wild state it is often found growing among rocks and surface -stones, where it insinuates its roots into the clefts and hollows that -are filled with rich vegetable mould; and thus, being often seen -adorning the sterile rocks with its bright crown of waving blossoms, it -has obtained the name, in some places, of ROCK COLUMBINE. - ------ - -[4] If two sepals with a petal be separated from the rest of the flower, -they will be found to resemble a _dove_ flying, hence the name -Columbine, from the Latin _columba_, a dove.—DR. BELL. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE III._] - - 4 TRIENTALIS AMERICANA - (Star flower Chickweed) - - 2 TRILLIUM ERECTUM - (Purple trillium) - - 3 GERANIUM MACULATUM - (Wild Cranes-bill) - - 1 DICENTRA CANADENSIS - (Squirrel Corn) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. FUMARIACEÆ.—(FUMITORY FAMILY.) - - - - - SQUIRREL CORN. - _Dicentra Canadensis._ - - -THIS graceful plant belongs to the fumitory family, of which we have -many cultivated varieties in Britain and elsewhere. Here our lovely -flower grows wild in rich black mould in the forest, and in recently -cleared spots within its protecting shadow, where its drooping bells and -rich scent have gained for it the not very inappropriate name of -“Wild Hyacinth.” The common name of “Squirrel-Corn” is -derived from the round orange tubers at the roots, resembling in size -and colour grains of Indian-Corn, and from their being a favourite food -with the ground squirrel. - -The blossoms are of a pellucid whiteness, sometimes tinged with reddish -lilac; they form a drooping raceme on a round smooth scape, springing -from a scaly bud; the corolla is heart-shaped, composed of four petals, -in two pairs, flattened and sac-like, the tips united over the stigma, -and slightly projecting; in _D. cucullaria_ assuming the likeness of the -head of a fly, the cream-coloured diverging petals presenting a strong -resemblance to the deer-fly of our lakes. This very charming species is -known by the somewhat vulgar name of “BREECHES FLOWER” and “DUTCHMAN’S -BREECHES.” A more descriptive name would be “FLY-FLOWER.” - -All the species flourish under cultivation, and become very ornamental -early border flowers; but care should be taken to plant them in rich -black vegetable mould, the native soil of their forest haunts. - -Our artist has chosen the delicate rosy-tinted variety as the subject of -the right hand flower of the plate. - - * * * * * - - - - - PURPLE TRILLIUM. - (DEATH-FLOWER.—BIRTH-ROOT.) - _Trillium erectum._ - - - “Bring flowers, bring flowers o’er the bier to shed - A crown for the brow of the early dead. - Though they smile in vain for what once was ours, - They are love’s last gift, bring flowers, bring flowers.” - HEMANS. - -GRAY and other botanical writers call this striking flower (_T. -erectum_) the “_Purple Trillium_;” it should rather be called RED, its -hue being decidedly more _red_ than purple, and in the New England -States it is called by the country folks, “The Red Death-Flower,” in -contrast to the larger White Trillium, or “WHITE DEATH-FLOWER.” For -further remarks on this singular name we refer the reader to the -description of that flower where all the native varieties of the genus -are dwelt upon, including the one now before us, which forms the central -flower in the present group, and shall merely add that like the rest of -this remarkable family, _T. erectum_ is widely spread over the whole of -Canada. It appears in the middle of May and continues blooming till -June, preferring the soil of rich shady woods. - -“Few of our indigenous plants surpass the Trillium in elegance and -beauty, and they are all endowed with valuable medicinal properties. The -root of the Purple Trillium is generally believed to be the most active. -Tannin and Bitter Extract form two of its most remarkable ingredients.” -So says that intelligent writer on the medicinal plants of North -America, Dr. Charles Lee. There are three of the dark flowered Trillium -enumerated by Gray, two of which appear to be common to our Canadian -soil, _T. erectum_ and _T. sessile_. The latter is smaller, and often -the dull chocolate colour of the pointed petals assumes a livid greenish -hue. It is earlier in flowering, appearing at the beginning of May, at -the same time with _T. nivale_, the “Dwarf White” or “SNOWY TRILLIUM.” - -Under cultivation the flowers of all the species become very ornamental; -they require black leaf mould and moderate shade, and, if left to grow -undisturbed, increase and continue to flower year after year, in the -borders or shrubbery. - -The seeds when ripe are easily obtained; they are hard and bony, several -in each division of the three celled capsule. The roots of these plants -are thick, wrinkled, fleshy, and contain the medicinal principle -described by Dr. Lee. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. GERANIACEÆ. - - - - - WOOD GERANIUM. - (CRANES-BILL.) - _Geranium maculatum._ - - -THERE are but few flowers of the Cranes-bill family in Canada. The one -most worthy of notice is the Wood Geranium (_Geranium maculatum_). This -is a very ornamental plant: its favourite locality is open grassy -thickets among low bushes, especially those tracts of country known as -Oak-openings, where it often reaches to the height of from 2° to 3°, -throwing out many branches adorned with deep lilac flowers; the -half-opened buds are very lovely. The blossom consists of five petals, -obtuse and slightly indented on their upper margins, and are lined and -delicately veined with purple. The calyx consists of five pointed -sepals; stamens ten; the anthers are of a reddish brown; styles five, -cohering at the top. When the seed is mature these curl up, bearing the -ripe brown seed adhering to the base of each one. The common name -Cranes-bill has been derived from the long grooved and stork-like beak -which supports the stigma. The Greek name of the plant means a Crane. -The whole plant is more or less beset with silvery hairs. The leaves are -divided into about five principal segments; these again are lobed and -cut into sharply pointed irregularly sized teeth. The larger hairy root -leaves are often discoloured with red and purplish blotches, from whence -the specific name (_maculatum_) spotted, has been given by botanists to -this species. - -The flower stem is much branched and furnished with leafy bracts; the -principal flowers are on long stalks, usually three springing from a -central branch and again subdividing into smaller branchlets terminating -in buds mostly in threes, on drooping slender pedicels; as the older and -larger blossoms fall off a fresh succession appears on the side -branches, furnishing rather smaller but equally beautiful flowers during -many weeks. Gray gives the blooming season of the Cranes-bill from April -to July, but with us it rarely appears before June, and may be seen all -through July and August. - -This Wood Geranium is a beautiful species, and would no doubt repay the -trouble of cultivation. Besides being very ornamental our plant -possesses virtues which are well known to the herbalist as powerful -astringents, which quality has obtained for it the name of ‘_Alum root_’ -among the country people, who apply a decoction of the root as a styptic -for wounds; and sweetened, as a gargle for sore throats and ulcerated -mouth: it is also given to young children to correct a lax state of the -system. - -Thus our plant is remarkable for its usefulness as well as for its -beauty. - -A showy species, with large rose-coloured flowers and much dissected -leaves, may be found on some of the rocky islets in Stoney Lake, Ont. -The slender flower stem is about six inches in height, springing from a -leafy involucre which is cut and divided into many long and narrow -segments; flowers generally from one to three, terminal on the little -bracted-foot-stalks. The seed vessels not so long as in the Wood -Geranium. - -Besides the above named we have two smaller species. The well known HERB -ROBERT—_G. Robertianum_ or fœtid geranium—which is said to have been -introduced from Britain, but is by no means uncommon in Canada, in half -cleared woodlands and by waysides attracting the eye by its bright pink -flowers, and elegantly cut leaves, which becomes bright red in the fall -of the year. This pretty species is renowned for its rank and -disagreeable odour when handled. - -Another small flowered species, with pale insignificant blossoms is also -common as a weed by road sides and in open woods, probably this is _G. -pusilum_, smaller Cranes-bill; it also resembles the British plant, but -is of too frequent occurrence in remote localities to lead us to suppose -it to be otherwise than a native production of the soil. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. PRIMULACEÆ. - - - - - CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN. - _Trientalis Americana._ - - -THIS pretty starry-flowered little plant is remarkable for the -occurrence of the number seven in its several parts, and was for some -time regarded by botanists of the old school as the representative of -the Class Heptandria. - -The calyx is seven parted; the divisions of the delicate white corolla -also seven; and the stamens seven. The leaves form a whorl at the upper -part of the stem, mostly from five to seven, or eight; the leaves are -narrow, tapering at both ends, of a delicate light-green, thin in -texture, and of a pleasant sub-acid flavour. The star-shaped flowers, -few in number, on thread-like stalks, rise from the centre of the whorl -of leaves, which thus form an involucre to the pretty delicate starry -flowers. This little plant is frequently found at the roots of -beech-trees; it is fond of shade, and in light vegetable mould forms -considerable beds; the roots are white, slender, and fibrous; it is one -of our early May flowers, though, unless the month be warm and genial, -will delay its opening somewhat later. In old times, when the herbalists -gave all kinds of fanciful names to the wild plants, they would have -bestowed such a name as “HERBE INNOCENCE” upon our modest little forest -flower. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE IV._] - - 4 VERONICA AMERICANA - (American Brooklime) - - 3 RUBUS ODORATUS - (Purple flowering Raspberry) - - 2 MONESES UNIFLORA - (One flowered Pyrola) - - 1 PYROLA ELLIPTICA - (Shin Leaf) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ERICACEÆ.—SUB. ORD. PYROLEÆ. - - - - - SWEET WINTERGREEN. - _Pyrola elliptica._ - - -THE familiar name “Wintergreen” is applied by the Canadians to many -species of dwarf evergreen plants without any reference to their natural -affinities. The beautiful family of Pyrolas share this name in common -with many other charming forest flowers in reference to their evergreen -habit. - -Every member of this interesting family is worthy of special notice. -Elegant in form and colouring, of a delicate fragrance and enduring -verdure, they add to their many attractions the merit of being almost -the first green thing to refresh the eye long wearied by gazing on the -dazzling snow for many consecutive months of winter. - -As the dissolving crust disappears from the forest beneath the kindly -influence of the transient sunbeams of early spring, the deep -glossy-green shoots of the hardy Pyrolas peep forth, not timidly, as if -afraid to meet - - “The snow and blinding sleet;” - -not shrinking from the chilling blast that too often nips the fair -promise of April and May, but boldly and cheerfully braving the worst -that the capricious season has in store for such early risers. - -All bright, and fresh, and glossy, our Wintergreens come forth as though -they had been perfecting their toilet within the sheltering canopy of -their snowy chambers, to do honour to the new-born year just awakening -from her icy sleep. - -_P. elliptica_ forms extensive beds in the forest, the roots creeping -with running subterranean shoots which send up clusters of evergreen -leaves, slightly waved and scalloped at the edges, of a deep glossy -green and thin in texture. - -The name Pyrola is derived from a fancied likeness in the foliage to -that of the Pear, but this is not very obvious, nevertheless we will not -cavil at it, for it is a pretty sounding word, far better than many a -one that has been bestowed upon our showy wild flowers, in compliment to -the person that first brought them into notice. - -The pale-greenish white flower of our Pyrola forms a tall terminal -raceme, the five round petals are hollow; each blossom set on a slender -pedicle, at the base of which is a small pointed bract; the anthers are -of a reddish orange colour, the stamens ascending in a cluster, while -the long style is declined, forming a figure somewhat like the letter J. -The seed vessel is ribbed berry-shaped, slightly flattened and -turbinate; when dry, the light chaffy seeds escape through valves at the -sides. The dry style in this and most of the genus remain persistent on -the capsule. - -The number 5 prevails in this plant; the calyx is 5 parted; petals 5; -stamens 10, or twice five; stigma one, but 5 rayed; 5 knobs or tubercles -at the apex; seed-vessel 5-celled and 5-valved. The flowers are -generally from 5 to 10 on the scape. Most of our Pyrolas are remarkable -for the rich fragrance of their flowers, especially _P. rotundifolia_, -_P. elliptica_, _P. incarnata_ and _P. minor_. - -These flowers are, for the most part, found in rich woods, some in low -wet ground, but a few prefer the drier soil of piny forests, and one of -the finest and most fragrant of the species grows freely on grassy -uplands, the larger flowered _P. rotundifolia_ (round-leaved Pyrola). - -The exquisitely beautiful evergreen plant known by Canadian settlers as -_Prince’s Pine_ is a member of the family of Pyrola. From root to summit -this plant is altogether lovely. The leaves are dark, shining and -smooth, evergreen and finely serrated; the stem of a bright rosy-red; -the delicately pink-tinted flowers look as if moulded from wax; the -anthers are of a bright amethyst-purple, set round the emerald-green -turbinated stigma. The flowers are not many, but form a loose corymb -springing from the centre of the shining green leaves. There is scarcely -a more attractive native plant than the _Chimaphila umbellata_ in our -Canadian flora. - -The leaves of this beautiful Wintergreen are held in high estimation by -Indian herbalists who call it RHEUMATISM WEED, (_Pipissewa_). It is -bitter and aromatic in quality. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ERICACEÆ.—SUB. ORD. PYROLEÆ. - - - - - ONE FLOWERED PYROLA. - _Moneses uniflora._ - - -THIS exquisitely scented flower is only found in the shade of the -forest, in rich black leaf mould, where, like _P. elliptica_, it forms -considerable beds; it is of evergreen habit. The leaves are of a dark -green and smooth surface, clustered at the base of the running -root-stalk and sending up from the centre one simple scape, bearing a -gracefully nodding flower; each milk-white petal is elegantly scalloped; -the stamens, 8 to 10, are set close to the base of the petal; the -anthers are of a bright purple amethyst colour; the style straight, with -five radiating points at the extremity forming a perfect mural crown in -shape: it is of a bright green and much exceeds in length the stamen. - -The scent of the flower is very fine, resembling in richness that of the -hyacinthe. This species is not common. There is another variety of the -single-flowered Pyrola that is of more frequent occurrence in our woods. -The flower is of a greenish white, the anthers of a brownish fawn -colour, the whole height of the plant scarcely exceeding four or five -inches, and the scent is less fragrant than that of the pure white -single Pyrola (_Moneses uniflora_). - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ROSACEÆ. - - - - - FLOWERING RASPBERRY. - _Rubus Odoratus._ - - -IN English gardens our beautiful Red-Flowered, Sweet-Scented Raspberry -is deemed worthy of a place in the shrubberies, but in its native -country it is passed by because it is not an exotic, and therefore -regarded as of little worth.—Like a prophet it has no honour in its own -country.—Yet what can be more lovely than its rose-shaped blossoms, -from the deep purplish-crimson bud wrapped in its odorous mossy calyx, -to the unfolded flower of various shades of deep rose and paler reddish -lilac. The flowers of the Red Raspberry derive their pleasant aromatic -odour from the closely-set coating of short bristly glandular hairs, -each one of which is tipped with a gland of reddish hue, containing a -sweet-scented gum, as in the mossy envelope of the moss-rose of the -garden. These appendages, seen by the aid of a powerful microscope, are -objects of exquisite beauty, more admirable than rubies and diamonds, -living gems that fill us with wonder while we gaze into their marvellous -parts and glorious colours. - -All through the hot months of June, July and August, a succession of -flowers are put forth at the ends of the branches and branchlets of our -Sweet Raspberry— - - “An odorous chaplet of sweet summer buds.” - -The shrub is from two to five feet in height, branching from the woody -perennial root-stock; the leaves are from three to five lobed, the lobes -pointed and roughly toothed. The leaves are of a dullish green, varying -in size from several inches in length, to mere bracts. The blossoms are -often as large as those of the sweet-briar and dog-rose, but when first -unfolded more compact and cup like. The fruit consists of many small red -grains arranged in the form of an inverted saucer on the receptacle, and -is somewhat dry and acid, more tempting to the eye than the palate, but -not injurious in any degree. The shrub is more attractive for its -flowers than its insipid fruit. We have indeed few that are more -ornamental among our native plants than the RUBUS ODORATUS. Canada -cannot boast of the Rhododendrons and Azaleas that adorn the Western and -Northern States, but she possesses many attractive shrubs that are but -little known, which flourish year after year on the lonely shores of our -inland lakes and marshy beaver meadows, Ledums and Kalmias, with many a -fair flower that withers unnoticed and uncared for in its solitary -native haunts. - - * * * * * - - VERONICA.—NAT. ORD. SCROPHULARIACEÆ. - - - - - SPEEDWELL. - (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) - _Veronica Americana._ - - - “Flowers spring up and die ungathered.” - -IN the language of flowers the blossoms of the Veronica or Speedwell are -said to mean undying love, or constancy, but the blossoms of the -Speedwell are fugacious, falling quickly, and therefore, one would say, -not a good emblem of endurance. - -Sweet simple flowers are the wild Veronicas, chiefly inhabiting damp -overflowed ground, the borders of weedy ponds and brooks, from whence -the names of “Brooklime” and “Marsh Speedwell,” “Water Speedwell,” and -the like. Some of the species are indeed found mostly growing on dry -hills and grassy banks, cheering the eye of the passing traveller by its -slender spikes of azure flowers, and this is often known by the pretty -name of Forget-me-not, though it is not the true “Forget-me-not,” which -is _Myosotis palustris_, also called “SCORPION-GRASS;” the derivation of -which last name we should find it difficult to trace. - -The subject of the elegant little flower on the right hand side of the -plate is _Veronica Americana_—“AMERICAN BROOKLIME”—one of the -prettiest of the native Veronicas, and may easily be recognized by its -branching spikes of blue flowers, and veiny, partially heart-shaped -leaves. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE V._] - - 1 CYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM - (Smaller Lady’s Slipper) - - 2 CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS - (Larger yellow Lady’s Slipper) - - 3 IRIS VERSICOLOR - (Larger blue Flag) - - 4 VACCINIUM OXYCOCCUS - (Small Cranberry) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ORCHIDACEÆ. - - - - - YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPERS. - _Cypripedium parviflorum and Cypripedium pubescens._ - - - “And golden slippers meet for Fairies’ feet.” - -THIS ornamental family are remarkable alike for the singular beauty of -their flowers, and the peculiar arrangement of the internal organs. In -the Linnæan classification they were included in common, with all the -Orchis tribe, in the class Gynandria, but in the Natural Order of -Jussieu, which we have followed, the “Lady’s Slipper” (_Cypripedium_), -forms one of the sub-orders in the general Order ORCHIDACEÆ. - -Of the two species represented in our Artist’s group, the larger and -central flower is _Cypripedium pubescens_, the smaller, _C. -parviflorum_, or LESSER LADY’S SLIPPER. The latter is, perhaps, the more -elegant and graceful plant, and is also somewhat fragrant. The sepals -and petals are longer and more spiral, but the colouring of the lip is -not so rich and vivid as in the larger flower, _C. pubescens_. - -The small flowered plant affects a moist soil, such as low wet meadows -and open swampy woods; while the larger species, better known by its -more familiar name Moccasin flower, loves the open woodlands and drier -plains; where, in the month of June, it may be seen beside the gay -Painted Cup (_Castilleia coccinea_), the Blue Lupine (_L. perennis_), -the larger White Trillium, and other lovely wild flowers, forming a -charming contrast to their various colours and no less varied forms. - -The stem of the larger Moccasin flower is thick and leafy, each bright -green, many-nerved leaf sheathing the flowers before they open. The -flowers are from one to three in number; bent forward; drooping -gracefully downwards. The golden sac-like lip is elegantly striped and -spotted with ruby red; the twisted narrow petals, and sepals, two in -number of each kind, are of a pale fawn colour, sometimes veined and -lined with a deeper shade. Like many others of the genus, the organs of -the flower assume a singular and grotesque resemblance to the face of -some animal. On lifting up the fleshy petal-like middle lobe which -protects the stamens and pistil, the face of an Indian hound may be -imagined; the stamens, which are two in number, situated one on either -side of the sterile depressed central lobe, when the flower is mature, -turn of a deep brown, and resemble two round eyes; the blunt stigma -takes the form of the nose, while the sepals look like ears. There is -something positively comical in the appearance of the ape-like face of -_C. spectabile_, the beautiful showy Lady’s Slipper, the description of -which will be found to face the plate in which it forms a prominent -feature. - -The most beautiful of all the species is the “Stemless Lady’s -Slipper,” _Cypripedium acaule_, of which we will treat at some -future time. It bears removal to the garden if planted in a suitable -situation; but all these native flowers require attention to their -peculiar habits and soil, or they will disappoint the expectation of the -cultivator and end in failure. All wild flowers transplanted from the -woods require shade, and bog plants both moisture and shade. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. IRIDACEÆ. - - - - - LARGE BLUE FLAG. - _Iris Versicolor._ - _Fleur-de-luce._ - - - Lilies of all kinds, - The fleur-de-luce being one. - WINTER’S TALE. - -THIS beautiful flower, the blue Iris, which forms the right hand figure -in the group of Moccasin flowers, abounds all through Canada, and forms -one of the ornaments of our low sandy flats, marshy meadows and -over-flowed lake shores; it delights in wet muddy soil, and often forms -large clumps of verdure in half-dried up ponds and similar localities. -Early in spring, as soon as the sun has warmed the waters after the -melting of the ice, the sharp sword-shaped leaves escaping from the -sheltering sheath that enfolded them, pierce the moist ground, and -appear, forming beds of brilliant verdure, concealing the swampy soil -and pools of stagnant water below. Late in the month of June the -bursting buds of rich purple begin to unfold, peeping through the spathe -that envelopes them. A few days of sunshine, and the graceful petals, so -soft and silken in texture, so variable in shades of colour, unfold: the -three outer ones reflexed, droop gracefully downwards, while the three -innermost, which are of paler tint, sharper and stiffer, stand erect and -conceal the stamens and petal-like stigmas, which lie behind them: an -arrangement so suitable for the preservation of the fructifying organs -of the flower, that we cannot fail to behold in it the wisdom of the -great Creator. The structure of the cellular tissue in most water -plants, and the smooth oily surface of their leaves, has also been -provided as a means of throwing off the moisture to which their place of -growth must necessarily expose them; but for this wise provision, which -keeps the surface dry though surrounded with water, the plants would -become overcharged with moisture and rot and decay too rapidly to -perfect the ripening of their seeds—a process often carried on at the -bottom of streams and lakes, as in the case of the Pond-lily and other -aquatics. Our blue Iris, however, does not follow this rule, being only -partly an aquatic, but stands erect and ripens the large bony, -three-sided seeds in a three-sided membraneous pod. The hard seeds of -the _Iris versicolor_ have been roasted and used as a substitute for -coffee. The root, which is creeping, fleshy and tuberous, is possessed -of medicinal qualities. - -At present we know of only two varieties of the Iris, _Iris versicolor_, -and a tall slender variety with paler blue flowers and rounder scapes. -The former is the handsomer flower, being beautifully varied with -lighter and darker shades of blue, purple and yellow—the latter shade -being at the base of the flower leaves. These are again veined with -delicate lines and veinings of darker purple. - -The name IRIS, as applied to this genus, was bestowed upon it by the -ancient Greeks, ever remarkable for their appreciation of the beautiful, -on account of the rainbow tinted hues displayed in the flowers of many -of the species; especially are the prismatic colours shown in the -flowers of the large pearly white garden Iris, a plant of Eastern -origin, and also in the Persian or Susian Iris. - -The Fleur-de-lis, as it was formerly written, signified whiteness or -purity. This was changed to Fleur-de-luce, a corruption of -Fleur-de-Louis. The blossoms of the plant having been selected by Louis -the Seventh of France as his heraldic bearing in the Holy Wars. The -flowers of the Iris have ever been favourites with the poet, the -architect, and sculptor, as many a fair specimen wrought in stone and -marble, or carved in wood, can testify. - -The Fleur-de-lis is still the emblem of France. - -Longfellow’s stanzas to the Iris are very characteristic of that -graceful flower: - - Beautiful lily—dwelling by still river, - Or solitary mere, - Or where the sluggish meadow brook delivers - Its waters to the weir. - - The wind blows, and uplifts thy drooping banner, - And around thee throng and run - The rushes, the green yeomen of thy manor— - The outlaws of the sun. - - O fleur-de-luce, bloom on, and let the river - Linger to kiss thy feet; - O flower of song, bloom on, and make forever - The world more fair and sweet. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ERICACEÆ. - - - - - SMALL CRANBERRY. - _Vaccinium Oxycoccus._ - - - There’s not a flower but shews some touch - In freckle, freck or stain, - Of His unrivalled pencil. - HEMANS. - -THERE is scarcely to be found a lovelier little plant than the common -marsh Cranberry. It is of a trailing habit, creeping along the ground, -rooting at every joint, and sending up little leafy upright stems, from -which spring long slender thready pedicels, each terminated by a -delicate peach-blossom tinted flower, nodding on the stalk, so as to -throw the narrow pointed petals upward. The leaves are small, of a dark -myrtle-green, revolute at the edges, whitish beneath, unequally -distributed along the stem. The deep crimson smooth oval berries are -collected by the squaws and sold at a high price in the fall of the -year. - -There are extensive tracts of low, sandy swampy flats in various -portions of Canada, covered with a luxuriant growth of low Cranberries. -These spots are known as _Cranberry Marshes_; these places are generally -overflowed during the spring; many interesting and rare plants are found -in these marshes, with mosses and lichens not to be found elsewhere, low -evergreens of the heath family, and some rare plants belonging to the -Orchidaceous tribes, such as the beautiful Grass-pink (_Calopogon -pulchellus_), and _Calypso borealis_. - -Not only is the fruit of the low Cranberry in great esteem for tarts and -preserves, but it is also considered to possess valuable medicinal -properties, having been long used in cancerous affections as an outward -application—the berries in their uncooked state are acid and powerfully -astringent. - -This fruit is successively cultivated for market in many parts of the -Northern States of America, and is said to repay the cost of culture in -a very profitable manner. - -So much in request as Cranberries are for household use, it seems -strange that no enterprising person has yet undertaken to supply the -markets of Canada. In suitable soil the crop could hardly prove a -failure, with care and attention to the selection of the plants at a -proper season. - -The Cranberry forms one of the sub-orders of the heath family -(Ericaceæ), and its delicate pink-tinted flowers are not less beautiful -than many of the exotic plants of that tribe, which we rear with care -and pains in the green-house and conservatory; yet, growing in our midst -as it were, few persons that luxuriate in the rich preserve that is made -from the ripe fruit, have ever seen the elegant trailing-plant, with its -graceful blossoms and myrtle-like foliage. - -The botanical name is of Greek origin, from _oxus_, sour, and _coccus_, -a berry. The plant thrives best in wet sandy soil and low mossy marshes. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE VI._] - - 1 LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM - (Wild orange Red lily) - - 2 CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA - (Harebell) - - 3 CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE - (Showy Lady’s Slipper) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. LILIACEÆ.—(GRAY.) - - - - - WILD ORANGE LILY. - _Lilium Philadelphicum._ - - - “Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, - neither do they spin; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in - all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.” - -THE word Lily is derived from the Celtic, _li_, which signifies -whiteness; also from the Greek, _lirion_. Probably the stately Lily of -the garden, _Lilium candidum_, was the flower to which the name was -first given, from its ivory whiteness and the exquisite polish of its -petals. However that may be, the name LILY is ever associated in our -minds with grace and purity, and reminds us of the Saviour of men, who -spake of the lilies of the field, how they grew and nourished beneath -the care of Him who clothed them in robes of beauty more gorgeous than -the kingly garments of Royal Solomon. - -Sir James Smith, one of the most celebrated of English botanists, -suggests that the lilies alluded to by our Lord may have been _Amarylis -latea_, or the Golden Lily of Palestine—the bright yellow blossoms of a -plant which abounds in the fields of Judea, and at that moment probably -caught his eye; their glowing colour aptly illustrating the subject on -which he was about to speak. - -The Lily has a wide geographical range, and may be found in some form in -every clime. - -There are Lilies that bloom within the cold influence of the frigid -zone, as well as the more brilliant species that glow beneath the -blazing suns of the equator in Africa and Southern Asia. - -Dr. Richardson mentions, in his list of Arctic plants, _Lilium -Philadelphicum_, our own gorgeous orange (or rather scarlet-spotted -Lily). He remarks that it is called by the Esquimaux “MOUSE-ROOT,” from -the fact that it is much sought after by the field mice, which feed upon -the root. The porcupine also digs for it in the sandy soil in which it -delights to grow. - -In Kamtschatka the _Lilium pomponium_ is used by the natives as an -article of food; and in Muscovy the white Narcissus is roasted as a -substitute for bread. - -The healing qualities of the large white Lily roots and leaves are well -known, applied in the form of a poultice to sores and boils. Thus are -beauty and usefulness united in this most attractive plant. - -The subject of our artist’s pencil, the ORANGE LILY, is widely spread -over this portion of the American continent, as well as in the more -sunny Western States of North America. - -We find it, however, more frequently growing on open plain-lands, where -the soil is sandy loam. In partially shaded grassy thickets in -oak-openings, in the months of June and July, it may be seen mixed with -the azure blue Lupine (_Lupinus perennis_), the golden flowered Moccasin -(_Cypripedium pubescens_), _Pyrola rotundifolia_ the large sweet-scented -Wintergreen, and other charming summer flowers. Among these our gay and -gorgeous Lily stands conspicuous. - -The stem is from 1½ to 2 feet high. The leaves are narrow-pointed; of a -dark green colour, growing in whorls at intervals round the stem. The -flowers are from 1-3; large open bells, of a rich orange-scarlet within, -spotted with purplish-brown or black. The outer surface of the petals is -pale orange; anthers six, on long filaments; pollen of a brick red, or -brown colour; stigma three cleft. The Lily belongs to the artificial -class and order, _Hexandria monogynia_. - -Many flowers increase in beauty of colour and size under cultivation in -our gardens, but our glorious Lily can hardly be seen to greater -advantage than when growing wild on the open plains and prairies, under -the bright skies of its native wilderness. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. CAMPANULACEÆ. - - - - - CANADIAN HAREBELL. - _Campanula Rotundifolia._ - - - “With drooping bells, of purest blue - Thou didst attract my childish view, - Almost resembling - The azure butterflies that flew, - Where ’mid the heath thy blossoms grew, - So lightly trembling.” - - -THE same charming writer has also called the Harebell “the Flower of -Memory,” and truly the sight of these fair flowers, when found in lonely -spots in Canada, has carried one back in thought to the wild heathery -moors or sylvan lanes of the mother country. - - “I think upon the heathery hills - I ae hae lo’ed sae dearly; - I think upon the wimpling burn - That wandered by sae clearly.” - -But sylvan wooded lanes, and heathery moorlands are not characters of -our Canadian scenery, and if we would seek the Harebell, we shall find -it on the dry gravelly banks of lakes or rivers, or rocky islets, for -these are its native haunts. - -Although, in colour and shape of the blossom, the Canadian flower -resembles the British one, it is more robust in its growth, less -fragile—the flower stems being stouter, and the foot-stalk or pedicel -stiffer and less pendulous, and yet sufficiently graceful. The root -leaves, which are not very conspicuous during its flowering season, are -round, heart-shaped. Those of the flower-stem are numerous, narrow and -pointed. This pretty flower is variable in colour and foliage. Its -general flowering season is July and August. - -The corolla is bell-shaped or campanulate; 5 cleft; calyx lobes, awl -shaped, persistent on the seed vessel; stamens 5, style 1, stigmas 2; -seed vessel several celled and many seeded; in height the plant varies -from a few inches to a foot; number of flowers varying from a few to -many. - -We have but three known species in Canada, _Campanula Americana_, “a -large handsome species being found in Western Canada;”[5] and _C. -aparinoides_. The rough-leaved Bellflower is found in marshes and in -thickets where the soil is poor but the atmosphere moist; it is of a -climbing or rather clinging habit; the weak slender stem, many branched, -laying hold of the grasses and low shrubs that surround it for support, -which its rough teeth enable it to do very effectually; in habit it -resembles the smaller Galium, or Lady’s bedstraw. The delicate -bell-shaped flowers are marked with fine purple lines within, at the -base of the white corolla. The leaves of this species are narrow-linear, -rough, with minutely-toothed hairs; the flowers are few, and fade very -quickly. The name campanula is from _campana_, a bell. - -The Harebell has often formed the theme of our modern poets, as -illustrative of grace and lightness. In the Lady of the Lake we have -this pretty couplet when describing Ellen: - - “E’en the light Harebell raised its head, - Elastic from her airy tread.” - -Our Artist has availed herself of the Canadian Harebell to give airy -lightness to her group of natives flowers. - ------ - -[5] Professor Hincks. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ORCHIDACEÆ. - - - - - SHOWY LADY’S SLIPPER. - (MOCCASIN FLOWER.) - _Cypripedium spectabile._ - - - But ye have lovely leaves, where we - May see how soon things have - Their end, tho’ n’er so brave; - And after they have bloomed awhile, - Like us, they sink - Into the grave. - HERRICK. - -AMONG the many rare and beautiful flowers that adorn our native woods -and wilds, few, if any, can compare with the lovely plants belonging to -the family to which the central flower of our Artist’s group belongs. -Where all are so worthy of notice it was difficult to make a choice; -happily there is no rivalry to contend with in the case of our Artist’s -preferences. - -There are two beautiful varieties of the species, the pink and white, -and purple and white Lady’s Slipper (_Cypripedium Spectabile_), better -known by the familiar local name of Moccasin-Flower, a name common in -this country to all the plants of this family. - -Whether we regard these charming flowers for the singularity of their -form, the exquisite texture of their tissues, or the delicate blending -of their colours, we must acknowledge them to be altogether lovely and -worthy of our admiration. - -The subject of the figure in our plate is the Pink-flowered Moccasin; it -is chiefly to be found in damp ground, in tamarack swamps, and near -forest creeks, where, in groups of several stems, it appears, showing -its pure blossoms among the rank and coarser herbage. The stem rises to -the height of from 18 inches to 2 feet high. The leaves, which are -large, ovate, many nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base, clothe the -fleshy stem, which terminates in a single sharp pointed bract above the -flower. The flowers are terminal, from one to three, rarely more; though -in the large purple and white Lady’s Slipper, the older and stronger -plants will occasionally throw out three or four blossoms. This variety -is found on the dry plain-lands, in grassy thickets, among the oak -openings above Rice Lake, and eastward on the hills above the River -Trent. This is most likely the plant described by Gray; the soil alone -being different. The unfolded buds of this species are most beautiful, -having the appearance of slightly flattened globes of delicately-tinted -primrose coloured rice paper. - -The large sac-like inflated lip of our Moccasin flower is slightly -depressed in front, tinged with rosy pink and striped. The pale thin -petals and sepals, two of each, are whitish at first, but turn brown -when the flower is more advanced toward maturity. The sepals may be -distinguished from the petals; the former being longer than the latter, -and by being united at the back of the flower. The column on which the -stamens are placed is three-lobed; the two anthers are placed one on -either side, under the two lobes; the central lobe is sterile, thick, -fleshy, and bent down—in our species it is somewhat blunt and -heart-shaped. The stigma is obscurely three-lobed. The root of the -Lady’s Slipper is a bundle of white fleshy fibres. - -One of the remarkable characteristics of the flowers of this genus, and -of many of the natural order to which it belongs, is the singular -resemblance of the organs of the blossom to the face of some animal or -insect. Thus the face of an Indian hound may be seen in the -Golden-flowered _Cypripedium pubescens_; that of a sheep or ram, with -the horns and ears, in _C. arietinum_; while our “Showy Lady’s -Slipper,” (_C. spectabile_), displays the curious face and -peering black eyes of the ape. - -One of the rarest and, at the same time, the most beautiful of these -flowers, is the “STEMLESS LADY’S SLIPPER,” (_C. acaule_), a figure of -which will appear in our second volume. - -It is a matter of wonder and also of regret, that so few persons have -taken the trouble to seek out and cultivate the beautiful native plants -with which our country abounds, and which would fully reward them for -their pains, as ornaments to the garden border, the shrubbery, the -rookery, or the green-house. Our orchidaceous plants alone would be -regarded by the foreign florist with great interest. - -A time will come when these rare productions of our soil will disappear -from among us, and can be found only on those waste and desolate places -where the foot of civilized man can hardly penetrate; where the flowers -of the wilderness flourish, bloom and decay unseen but by the all-seeing -eye of Him who adorns the lonely places of the earth, filling them with -beauty and fragrance. - -For whom are these solitary objects of beauty reserved? Shall we say -with Milton:— - - “Thousands of unseen beings walk this earth, - Both while we wake and while we sleep:— - And think though man were none,— - That earth would want spectators—God want praise.” - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE VII._] - - 1 ROSA BLANDA - (Early wild Rose) - - 2 PENTSTEMON PUBESCENS - (Pentstemon Beard-Tongue) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ROSACEÆ. - - - - - EARLY WILD ROSE. - _Rosa Blanda._ - - - “Nor did I wonder at the lilies white, - Nor praise the deep vermillion of the rose.” - SHAKESPEARE. - - “The rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem, - For that sweet odour which in it doth live.” - SHAKESPEARE. - -OUR Artist has given us in the present plate a charming specimen of one -of our native roses. The early flowering Rose (_Rosa blanda_) is hardly -so deeply tinted as our dwarf wild rose, _rosa lucida_, but both possess -attractions of colour and fragrance; qualities that have made the rose -to be the theme, of many a poet’s song. In the flowery language of the -East, beauty and the rose seem almost to be synonymous. The Italian -poets are full of allusions to the rose, especially to the red damask -rose, which they call “purpurea rosa.” - -A popular song in the days of Charles the 1st was that beginning with -the lines— - - “Gather your roses while you may, - For time is still a flying, - And that same flower that blooms to-day, - To-morrow may be dying.” - -The leaves of _rosa blanda_ are pale underneath; leaflets five to seven; -flowers blush-pink; stem not very prickly; fruit red and round; the bush -from one to three feet in height. - -Another of our dwarf wild roses, _R. lucida_, is widely diffused over -Canada; it is found on all open plain-lands, but shuns the deep shade of -the forest. - -The bark of this wild rose is of a bright red, and the young wood is -armed with bristly prickles of a greyish colour. When growing in shade, -the half opened flowers and buds are of a deep pink or carmine, but -where more exposed in sunny spots, the petals fade to a pale -blush-colour. This shrub becomes somewhat troublesome if encouraged in -the garden, from the running roots which send up many shoots. In its -wild state the dwarf rose seldom exceeds three feet in height; it is the -second and older wood that bears the flowers: the flower bearing -branches become almost smooth or only remotely thorny. The leaflets vary -in number from five to nine; they are sharply serrated at the edges, and -smooth on the surface; the globular scarlet fruit is flattened at the -eye; of a pleasant sub-acid taste. - -This beautiful red-barked rose grows in great profusion on the -huckleberry plains above Rice Lake, clothing large tracts of hill and -dale, and scenting the evening air at dew-fall with its delicate -fragrance. - -There is, or used to be, a delicate pale flowered briar rose, having -small foliage and numerous blossoms of a low branching habit growing in -the high oak-hills in the township of Rawdon. I have never seen the -flowers myself, but have heard the plant described as a rare species. -The SWAMP ROSE, _Rosa Carolina_, is not uncommon; it is often seen -growing at the margin of lakes and rivers, and at the edges of stony -islands; it will climb, by aid of supporting trees, to the height of -eight and ten feet. The flowers are of a somewhat purplish tinge of -pink. The leaves are whitish underneath; this rose is armed with rather -stout prickles below on the old woody stem but smoother above; the -flowers are more clustered than in either of the other species. - -The sweet briar is often found growing in waste places, and in thickets -near clearings—no doubt the seed has been carried thither by birds. - -It is very possible that other varieties of the rose tribe may yet be -found native to Canadian soil, but the above named are our only known -species at present. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. SCROPHULARIACEÆ. - - - - - PENTSTEMON BEARD-TONGUE. - _Pentstemon pubescens._ - - - “Flowers spring up and die ungathered.” - -THE wild Pentstemon is a slender, elegant branching plant, not unlike in -outline to the fox-glove. The flowers are delicately shaded from white -to pale azure-blue, sometimes varying to deeper blue. The corolla is an -inflated slender tube, somewhat flattened on the upper side, with a -rigid line passing from the base of the tube to the upper lip. There are -also two bearded lines within. The lower lip is three-cleft and slightly -projecting beyond the two-lobed upper lip; the stamens are five, but one -is sterile and thickly beset with fine white hairs (or bearded). The -name is derived from a Greek word signifying _five_. The root leaves are -broadly lanceolate and coarsely toothed; the upper or stem-leaves -narrower, and nearly clasping the stem. The flowers grow on long -branching stalks in a loose panicle. - -The plant is perennial, from one to two feet in height; it seems -addicted to dry gravelly soil on river banks and dry pastures. The -Beard-tongue would be well worthy of cultivation; though less showy than -the garden varieties, it is not less beautiful and keeps in bloom a long -time, from July to September; it might be mixed with the red flowering -plants of the garden to great advantage. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE VIII._] - - 1 NYMPHÆA ODORATA - (Sweet scented Water Lily) - - 2 NUPHAR ADVENA - (Yellow Pond-Lily) - (Spatter dock) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. NYMPHÆACEÆ.—(GRAY.) - - - - - SWEET SCENTED WATER LILY. - _Nymphæa Odorata._ - - - “Rocked gently there the beautiful Nymphæa - Pillows her bright head.” - CALENDER OF FLOWERS. - -POND-LILY is the popular name by which this beautiful aquatic plant is -known, nor can we find it in our hearts to reject, the name of LILY for -this ornament of our lakes. The White Nymphæa might indeed be termed -“Queen of the Lakes,” for truly she sits in regal pride upon her watery -throne, a very queen among flowers. - -Very lovely are the Water Lilies of England, but their fair sisters of -the New World excel them in size and fragrance. - -Many of the tribe to which these plants belong are natives of the torrid -zone, but our White Pond-Lily (_Nymphæa odorata_), and the Yellow -(_Nuphar advena_), and _Nuphar Kalmiana_ only, are able to support the -cold winter of Canada. The depth of the water in which they grow enables -them to withstand the cold, the frost rarely penetrating to their roots, -which are rough and knotted, and often as thick as a man’s wrist; white -and fleshy. The root-stock is horizontal, sending down fibrous slender -rootlets into the soft mud; the stocks that support the leaves and -blossoms are round of an olive-green, containing open pores filled with -air, which cause them to be buoyed up in the water. These air-cells may -be distinctly seen by cutting the stems across. - -The leaves of the Pond-Lily are of a full-green colour, deeply tinged -with red toward the fall of the year, so as to give a blood red tinge to -the water; they are of a large size, round kidney shape, of leathery -texture, and highly polished surface; resisting the action of the water -as if coated with oil or varnish. Over these beds of water-lilies, -hundreds of dragon flies of every colour, blue, green, scarlet, and -bronze, may be seen like living gems flirting their pearly tinted wings -in all the enjoyment of their newly found existence; possibly enjoying -the delicious aroma from the odorous lemon scented flowers over which -they sport so gaily. - -The flowers of the Pond-Lily grow singly at the summit of the round, -smooth, fleshy scape. Who that has ever floated upon one of our calm -inland lakes, on a warm July or August day, but has been tempted, at the -risk of upsetting the frail birch-bark canoe or shallow skiff, to put -forth a hand to snatch one of those matchless ivory cups that rest in -spotless purity upon the tranquil water, just rising and falling with -the movement of the stream; or have gazed with wishful and admiring eyes -into the still clear water, at the exquisite buds and half unfolded -blossoms that are springing upwards to the air and sun-light. - -The hollow boat-shaped sepals of the calyx are four in number, of a -bright olive green, smooth and oily in texture. The flowers do not -expand fully until they reach the surface. The petals are numerous, -hollow (or concave), blunt, of a pure ivory white; very fragrant, having -the rich odour of freshly cut lemons; they are set round the surface of -the ovary (or seed-vessel) in regular rows, one above the other, -gradually lessening in size, till they change by imperceptible gradation -into the narrow fleshy petal-like lemon tinted anthers. The pistil is -without style, the stigma forming a flat rayed top to the ovary, as in -the poppy and many other plants. - -On the approach of night our lovely water-nymph gradually closes her -petals, and slowly retires to rest within her watery bed, to rise on the -following day, to court the warmth and light so necessary for the -perfection of the embryo seed; and this continues till the fertilization -of the germ has been completed, when the petals shrink and wither, and -the seed-vessel sinks down to ripen the fruit in its secret chambers. -Thus silently and mysteriously does nature perform her wonderful work, -“sought out only by those who have pleasure therein.”[6] - -The roots of the Pond Lily contain a large quantity of fecula (flour), -which, after repeated washings, may be used for food; they are also made -use of in medicine, being cooling and softening; the fresh leaves are -used as good dressing for blisters. - -The Lotus of Egypt belongs to this family, and not only furnishes -magnificent ornaments with which to crown the heads of their gods and -kings, but the seeds also served as food to the people in times of -scarcity. The Sacred Lotus (_Nelumbium speciosum_) was an object itself -of religious veneration to the ancient Egyptians. - -The Chinese, in some places of that over-populated country, grow the -Water Lilies upon their lakes for the sake of the nourishment yielded by -the roots and seeds. - -“Lotus-eaters,” says that valuable writer on the Medical Botany of -America, Dr. Charles Lee, “not only abound in Egypt, but all over the -East.” “The large fleshy roots of the _Nelumbium luteum_, or great -Yellow Water Lily, found in our North American lakes, resembles the -Sweet Potato (_Batatas edulis_), and by some of the natives are esteemed -equally agreeable and wholesome,” observes the same author, “being used -as food by the Indians, as well as some of the Tartar tribes.” - -As yet little value has been attached to this charming plant, the White -Pond Lily, because its uses have been unknown. It is one of the -privileges of the botanist and naturalist to lay open the vegetable -treasures that are so lavishly bestowed upon us by the bountiful hand of -the Great Creator. - ------ - -[6] In that singular plant, the Eel or Tapegrass, a plant indigenous to -our slow flowing waters, the elastic flower-bearing stem uncoils to -reach the surface of the water, drawn thither by some mysterious hidden -attraction towards the pollen-bearing flowers, which are produced at the -bottom of the water on very short scapes, and which, united by the same -vegetable instinct, break away from the confining bonds that hold them -and rise to the surface, where they expand and scatter their fertilizing -dust upon the fruit-bearing flowers which float around them; these, -after a while, coil up again and draw the pod-like ovary down to the -bottom of the water, there to ripen and perfect the fruit; a curious -fact vouched for by Gray and many other creditable botanists. - - * * * * * - - - - - YELLOW POND LILY. - (SPATTER DOCK.) - _Nuphar advena._ - - - And there the bright Nymphæa loves to lave, - And spreads her golden orbs along the dimpling wave. - - -THE Yellow Pond Lily is often found growing in extensive beds, mingled -with the White, and though it is less graceful in form, there is yet -much to admire in its rich orange-coloured flowers, which appear at a -little distance like balls of gold floating on the still waters. The -large hollow petal-like sepals that surround the flower are finely -clouded with dark red on the outer side, but of a deep yellow orange -within, as also are the strap-like petals and stamens: the stigma, or -summit of the pistil, is flat, and 12-24 rayed. The leaves are -dark-green, scarcely so large as those of the White Lily, floating on -long thick fleshy stalks, flattened on the inner side, and rounded -without. The botanical name Nuphar is derived, says Gray, from the -Arabic word _Neufar_, signifying Pond Lily. - -Our Artist has closely followed nature’s own arrangements by grouping -these beautiful water plants together. - -Where there is a deep deposit of mud in the shallows of still waters we -frequently find many different species of aquatics growing -promiscuously. The tall lance-like leaf and blue-spiked heads of the -stately _Pontederia_, keeping guard as it were above the graceful -_Nymphæa_, like a gallant knight with lance in rest, ready to defend his -queen, and around these the fair and delicate white flowers of the small -arrow-head rest their frail heads upon the water, looking as if the -slightest breeze that ruffled its surface would send them from their -place of rest. - -Beyond this aquatic garden lie beds of wild rice _Zizania aquatica_, -with its floating leaves of emerald green, and waving grassy flowers of -straw colour and purple—while nearer to the shore the bright rosy tufts -of the Water Persicaria, with its dark-green leaves and crimson stalks, -delight the eyes of the passer-by. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE IX._] - - SARRACENIA PURPUREA - (Side-saddle Flower) - (Pitcher Plant) - (Huntsman’s Cup) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. SARRACENIACEÆ. - - - - - PITCHER PLANT. - (SOLDIER’S DRINKING CUP.) - _Sarracenia purpurea._ - - -EVEN the most casual observer can hardly pass a bed of these most -remarkable plants without being struck by their appearance, indeed, from -root to flower, it is every way worthy of our notice and admiration. - -The Pitcher Plant is by no means one of those flowers found singly and -in inaccessible bogs and dense cedar-swamps, as are some of our rare and -lovely Orchids. In almost any grassy swamp, at the borders of low lying -lakes, and beaver-meadows, often in wet spongy meadows, it may be found -forming large beds of luxuriant growth. - -When wet with recent showers or glistening with dew-drops, the rich -crimson veinings of the broadly scalloped lip of the tubular leaf (which -is thickly beset with fine stiff silvery hairs), retaining the moisture, -shine and glisten in the sun-light. - -The root is thick, solid, and fibrous. The tubular leaves are of a -reddish tinge on the outer and convex side, but of a delicate light -green within. The texture is soft, smooth, and leathery; the base of the -leaf, at the root, is narrow and pipe-stem like, expanding into a large -hollow receptacle, capable of containing a wine-glass full of liquid; -even in dry seasons this cup is rarely found empty. The hollow form of -the leaves, and the broad ewer-like lips, have obtained for the plant -its local and wide-spread name of “Pitcher Plant,” and “Soldier’s -Drinking Cup.” The last name I had from a poor old emigrant pensioner, -when he brought me a specimen of the plant from the banks of a half -dried up lake, near which he was located: “Many a draft of blessed water -have we poor soldiers had when in Egypt out of the leaves of a plant -like this, and we used to call them the ‘Soldier’s Drinking Cup.’” - -Most probably the plant that afforded the _blessed water_ to the poor -thirsty soldiers was the _Nepenthe distillaria_, which plant is found in -Egypt and other parts of Africa. Perhaps there are but few among the -inhabitants of this well-watered country that have as fully appreciated -the value of the PITCHER PLANT as did our poor uneducated Irish -pensioner, who said that he always thought that God in His goodness had -created the plant to give drink to such as were athirst on a hot and -toilsome march; and so he looked with gratitude and admiration on its -representative in Canada. Many a lesson may we learn from the lips of -the poor and the lowly. - -Along the inner portion of the leaf there is a wing or flap which adds -to its curious appearance: from the section of the leaf has arisen the -somewhat inappropriate name of “_Side-Saddle Flower_.” The evident use -of this appendage is to contract the inner side of the leaf, and to -produce a corresponding rounding of the outer portion, which is thus -thrown back, and enables the moisture more readily to fill the cup. -Quantities of small flies, beetles, and other insects, enter the -pitcher, possibly for shelter, but are unable to effect a return, owing -to the reflexed bristly hairs that line the upper part of the tube and -lip, and thus find a watery grave in the moisture that fills the hollow -below. - -The tall stately flower of the Pitcher Plant is not less worthy of our -attention than the curiously formed leaves. The smooth round simple -scape rises from the centre of the plant to the height of 18 inches to 2 -feet. The flower is single and terminal, composed of 5 sepals, with -three little bracts; 5 blunt broad petals of a dull purplish-red colour, -sometimes red and light-yellowish green; and in one variety the petals -are mostly of a pale-green hue, and there is an absence of the crimson -veins in the leafage. The petals are incurved or bent downwards towards -the centre. The stamens are numerous. The ovary is 5-celled, and the -style is expanded at the summit into a 5 angled, 5 rayed umbrella-like -hood, which conceals beneath it 5 delicate rays, each terminating in a -little hooked stigma. The capsule or seed vessel is 5-celled and -5-valved; seeds numerous. - -I have been more minute in the description of this interesting plant, -because much of its peculiar organization is hidden from the eye, and -cannot be recognized in a drawing, unless a strictly botanical one, with -all its interior parts dissected, and because the Pitcher Plant has -lately attracted much attention by its reputed medicinal qualities in -cases of small-pox, that loathsome scourge of the human race. A -decoction from the root of this plant has been said to lessen all the -more violent symptoms of the disorder. If this be really so, its use and -application should be widely spread; fortunately, the remedy would be in -the power of every one; like many of our sanative herbs it is to be -found without difficulty, and being so remarkable in its appearance can -never be mistaken by the most ignorant of our country herbalists for any -injurious substitute.[7] - ------ - -[7] The belief that a decoction of this plant is of use in small-pox has -been found by experiment to be quite chimerical.—J. B. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _PLATE X._] - - 1 CASTILLEIA COCCINEA - (Scarlet painted Cup) - - 2 ORCHIS SPECTABILIS - (Showy Orchis) - - 3 ARUM TRIPHYLLUM - (Indian Turnip) - - 4 RUDBECKIA FULGIDA - (Cone Flower) - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. SCROPHULARIACEÆ.—(GRAY.) - - - - - PAINTED CUP, SCARLET CUP. - _Castilleia coccinea._ - - - Scarlet tufts - Are glowing in the green like flakes of fire; - The wanderers of the prairie know them well, - And call that brilliant flower the Painted Cup. - BRYANT. - -THIS splendidly-coloured plant is the glory and ornament of the -plain-lands of Canada. The whole plant is a glow of scarlet, varying -from pale flame-colour to the most vivid vermillion, rivalling in -brilliancy of hues the scarlet geranium of the greenhouse. - -The Painted Cup owes its gay appearance not to its flowers, which are -not very conspicuous at a distance, but to the deeply-cut leafy tracts -that enclose them and clothe the stalks, forming at the ends of the -flower branches clustered rosettes. (See our artist’s plate.) - -The flower is a flattened tube, bordered with bright red, and edged with -golden yellow. Stamens, four; pistil, one, projecting beyond the tube of -the calyx; the capsule is many seeded. The radical or root leaves are of -a dull, hoary green, tinged with reddish purple, as also is the stem, -which is rough, hairy, and angled. The bracts or leafy appendages, which -appear on the lower part of the stalk, are but slightly tinged with -scarlet, but the colour deepens and brightens towards the middle and -summit of the branched stem. - -The Scarlet Cup appears in May, along with the smaller white and red -trilliums; but these early plants are small; the stem simple, rarely -branched, and the colour of a deeper red. As the summer advances, our -gallant soldier-like plant puts on all its bravery of attire. All -through the glowing harvest months, the open grassy plains and the -borders of the cultivated fields are enriched by its glorious colours. -In favourable soils the plant rises, enclosed in a tubular slightly -twice-cleft calyx, of a pale green colour, attains a height of from 2ft. -4in., throwing out many side branches, terminated by the clustered, -brilliantly-tinted bracts; some heads being as large as a medium-sized -rose. They have been gathered in the corners of the stubble fields on -the cultivated plains, as late as October. A not uncommon slender -variety occurs, of a pale buff, and also of a bright lemon color. The -American botanists speak of _Castilleia coccinea_, as being addicted to -a low, wettish soil, but it is not so with our Canadian plant; if you -would find it in its greatest perfection, you must seek it on the high, -dry, rolling plains of Rice-lake, Brantford, to the north of Toronto, -Stoney lake, the neighbourhood of Peterboro, and similar localities; it -is neither to be found in swamps nor in the shade of the uncleared -forest. - -For soil, the Scarlet Cup seems to prefer light loam, and evidently -courts the sunshine rather than the shade. If it could be prevailed upon -to flourish in our garden borders, it would be a great acquisition, from -its long flowering time and its brilliant colouring. - -These lovely plants, like many others that adorn our Canadian woods and -wilds, yearly disappear from our midst, and soon we shall seek them, but -not find them. - -We might say with the poet: - - “’Twas pity nature brought ye forth, - Merely to show your worth, - And lose ye quite! - But ye have lovely leaves, where we - May read how soon things have - Their end, though ne’er so brave; - And after they have shewn their pride, - Like you awhile they glide - Into the grave.” - HERRICK. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. ORCHIDACEÆ. - - - - - SHOWY ORCHIS. - _Orchis spectabilis._ - - - “Full many a gem of purest ray serene, - The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear; - Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, - And waste its sweetness on the desert air.” - GRAY. - -DEEP hidden in the damp recesses of the leafy woods, many a rare and -precious flower of the Orchis family blooms, flourishes, and decays, -unseen by human eye, unsought by human hand, until some curious, -flower-loving botanist plunges amid the rank, tangled vegetation, and -brings beauties to the light. - -One of these beautiful Orchids, the _Orchis spectabilis_ or Showy -Orchis, is here presented in our group. - -This pretty plant is not, indeed, of very rare occurrence; its locality -is rich maple and beechen woods all through Canada. The colour of the -flower is white, shaded, and spotted with pink or purplish lilac; the -corolla is what is termed ringent or throated, the upper petals and -sepals arching over the hollow lower-lipped petal. The scape is smooth -and fleshy, terminating in a loosely-flowered and many-bracted spike; -the bracts are dark-green, sharp-pointed, and leafy; the root a bundle -of round white fibres; the leaves, two in number, are large, blunt, -oblong, shining, smooth, and oily, from three to five inches long, one -larger than the other. The flowering time of the species is May and -June. - -Our forest glades and boggy swamps hide many a rare and precious flower -known but to few; among some of the most beautiful of this interesting -group of plants, we might direct attention to the elegant and rare -_Calypso borealis_, _Pogonia triphoria_, and _Pogonia pendula_. The -beautiful Grass Pink, _Calopogon pulchellus_, with many others of the -Orchidaceæ tribe, may be regarded as flower gems to be prized alike for -their exquisite forms and colouring as for their scarcity. - -These lovely Orchids, transplanted to the greenhouse or conservatory, -would be regarded as objects of great interest, but are rarely seen and -little valued by the careless passer-by, if he chances upon them in -their forest haunts. - - * * * * * - - - - - INDIAN TURNIP. - (_Arum family_.) - _Arum triphyllum_ - - - “Or peers the Arum from its spotted veil.” - BRYANT. - -THERE are two species of Arums common to Canada, the larger of which is -known as Green-dragon (_Arum Dracontium_); the other, which forms the -central figure in the plate, is the most common to our soil, and is -known by the familiar name of INDIAN TURNIP (_Arum triphyllum_ or _A. -purpureum_). - -These moisture-loving plants are chiefly to be found in rich black, -swampy mould, beneath the shade of trees and rank herbage, near creeks -and damp places, in or about the forest. - -The sheath that envelops and protects the spadix, or central portion of -the plant, is an incurved membraneous hood of a pale green colour, -beautifully striped with dark purple or brownish-purple. - -The flowers are inconspicuous, hidden by the sheath; they are of two -kinds, the sterile and fertile, the former placed above, the latter -consisting of four or more stamens and 2 4-celled anthers, the fertile -or fruit-bearing flowers of a one-celled ovary. The fruit, when ripe, is -bright scarlet, clustered round the lower part of the round fleshy -scape. As the berries ripen, the hood or sheath withers and shrivels -away to admit the ripening rays of heat and light to the fruit. - -The root of the Indian Turnip consists of a round, wrinkled, fleshy -corm, somewhat larger than that of the garden crocus; from this rises -the simple scape or stem of the plant, which is sheathed with the base -of the leaves. These are on long naked stalks, divided into three ovate -pointed leaflets, waved at the edges. - -The juices of the Indian Turnip are hot, acrid, and of a poisonous -quality, but can be rendered useful and harmless by the action of heat; -the roots roasted in the fire are no longer poisonous. The Indian -herbalists use the Indian Turnip in medicine as a remedy in violent -colic, long experience having taught them in what manner to employ this -dangerous root. - -The Arum belongs to a natural order, most plants of which contain an -acrid poison, yet under proper care can be made valuable articles of -food. Among these we may mention the roots of _Colocosia mucronatum_, -_violaceum_, and others, which, under the more familiar names of EDDOES -and YAMS, are in common use in tropical countries. - -The juice of _Arum triphyllum_, our Indian Turnip, has been used, boiled -in milk, as a remedy for consumption. - -Portland sago is prepared from the larger species, _Arum maculatum_, -Spotted Arum. The corm, or root, yields a fine, white, starchy powder, -similar to Arrow-root, and is prepared much in the same way as potato -starch. The pulp, after being ground or pounded, is thrown into clean -water and stirred; the water, after settling, is poured off, and the -white sediment is again submitted to the same process until it becomes -quite pure, and is then dried. A pound of this starch may be made from a -peck of the roots. The roots should be dried in sand before using. Thus -purified and divested of its poisonous qualities, the powder so procured -becomes a pleasant and valuable article of food, and is sold under the -name of Portland Sago, or Portland Arrow-root. - -When deprived of the poisonous acrid juices that pervade them, all our -known species may be rendered valuable both as food and medicine; but -they should not be employed without care and experience. The writer -remembers, not many years ago, several children being poisoned by the -leaves of _Arum triphyllum_ being gathered and eaten as greens, in one -of the early-settled back townships of Western Canada. The same -deplorable accident happened by ignorant persons gathering the leaves of -the Mandrake or May Apple (_Podophyllum pellatum_). - -There seems in the vegetable world, as well as in the moral, two -opposite principles, the good and the evil. The gracious God has given -to man the power, by the cultivation of his intellect, to elicit the -good and useful, separating it from the vile and injurious, thus turning -that into a blessing which would otherwise be a curse. - -“The Arum family possess many valuable medicinal qualities,” says Dr. -Charles Lee, in his valuable work on the medicinal plants of North -America, “but would nevertheless become dangerous poisons in the hands -of ignorant persons.” - -The useful Cassava, (_Zanipha Manipor_), of the West Indies and tropical -America, is another remarkable instance of art overcoming nature, and -obtaining a positive good from that which in its natural state is evil. -The Cassava, from the flour of which the bread made by the natives is -manufactured, being the starchy parts of a poisonous plant of the -Euphorbia family, the milky juice of which is highly acrid and -poisonous. The pleasant and useful article sold in the shops under the -name of tapioca is also made from the Cassava root. - - * * * * * - - NAT. ORD. COMPOSITÆ. - - - - - CONE FLOWER. - _Rudbeckia fulgida._ - - -THE Cone Flower is one of the handsomest of our rayed flowers. The -gorgeous flaming orange dress, with the deep purple disk of almost -metallic lustre, is one of the ornaments of all our wild open -prairie-like plains during the hot months of July, August and September. -We find the Cone Flower on the sunny spots among the wild herbage of -grassy thickets, associated with the wild Sunflowers, Asters and other -plants of the widely diffused Composite Order. - -During the harvest months, when the more delicate spring flowers are -ripening their seed, our heat-loving Rudbeckias, Chrysanthemums, -Sunflowers, Coreopsises, Ox-eyes, and Asters, are lifting their starry -heads to greet the light and heat of the sun’s ardent rays, adorning the -dry wastes, gravelly and sandy hills, and wide grassy plains, with their -gay blossoms; - - “Bright flowers that linger as they fall. - Whose last are dearest.” - -Many of these compound flowers possess medicinal qualities. Some, as the -thistle, dandelion, wild lettuce, and others, are narcotic, being -supplied with an abundance of bitter milky juice. The Sunflower, -Coreopsis, Cone-Flower, Tagweed, and Tansy, contain resinous properties. - -The beautiful Aster family, if not remarkable for any peculiarly useful -qualities, contains many highly ornamental plants. Numerous species of -these charming flowers belong to our Canadian flora; lingering with us - - “When fairer flowers are all decayed,” - -brightening the waste places and banks of lakes and lonely streams with -starry flowers of every hue and shade—white, pearly blue, and deep -purple; while the Solidagoes (golden rod), are celebrated for the -valuable dyes that are yielded by their deep golden blossoms. But to -return to the subject of our artist’s plate, the Cone Flower: - -The plant is from one to three feet in height, the stem simple, or -branching, each branchlet terminating in a single head. The rays are of -a deep orange colour, varying to yellow; the leaves broadly lanceolate, -sometimes once or twice lobed, partly clasping the rough, hairy stem, -hoary and of a dull green, few and scattered. The scales of the chaffy -disk are of a dark, shining purple, forming a somewhat depressed cone. -This species, with a slenderer-stemmed variety, with rays of a golden -yellow, are to be met with largely diffused over the Province. - -Many splendid species of the Cone Flower are to be found in the -wide-spread prairies of the Western States, where their brilliant starry -flowers are mingled with many a gay blossom known only to the wild -Indian hunter, and the herb-seeking medicine men of the native tribes, -who know their medicinal and healing qualities, if they are insensible -to their outward beauties. - - * * * * * - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Captitalization of genus and species names is inconsistant and has been -left as in the original. Hyphenation of some plant names and use of -apostrophes in some names is inconsistent and have been left as in the -original. Modern spelling of common and Latin names differs in some -cases but spelling of names has been left as in the original. Obvious -type-setting errors and punctuation have been corrected without note. -Other corrections have been noted below. - -Plates for this book were used for previous publications by the same -authors, one being _Canadian Wild Flowers_. The plates were used in a -different order in this book and as a result some numbers printed on the -plates did not match the Table of Contents. Therefore, some plate -numbers in the text have been changed to match the Table of Contents. -Those changes are noted below. - -page 7, day at Waltham Abby. ==> day at Waltham Abbey. -plate, _PLATE X._ ==> _PLATE I._ -page 14, pointed involcure are ==> pointed involucre are -plate, _PLATE III._ ==> _PLATE II._ -page 31, supports the stigmata. ==> supports the stigma. -plate, _PLATE IV._ ==> _PLATE III._ -plate, _PLATE II._ ==> _PLATE IV._ -page 42, few that are were ornamental ==> few that are more ornamental -plate, _PLATE VI._ ==> _PLATE V._ -plate, _PLATE V._ ==> _PLATE VI._ -plate, _PLATE I._ ==> _PLATE X._ - -[End of North American Wild Flowers, by Agnes FitzGibbon and Catharine -Parr Traill] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Wild Flowers, by -Agnes FitzGibbon and Catharine Parr Traill - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS *** - -***** This file should be named 56288-0.txt or 56288-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/2/8/56288/ - -Produced by Marcia Brooks, Mardi Desjardins & the online -Distributed Proofreaders Canada team at -http://www.pgdpcanada.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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