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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Baron d'Holbach, by Max Pearson Cushing
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+Title: Baron d'Holbach
+
+Author: Max Pearson Cushing
+
+Release Date: May, 2004  [EBook #5621]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on July 24, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, BARON D'HOLBACH ***
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+
+Project Gutenberg E-Text of
+Baron D'Holbach: A Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France
+by Max Pearson Cushing (27-Oct-1886 to 12-Jan-1951)
+Originally published 1914
+
+
+
+
+This e-text transcribed by David Ross <davidross@despammed.com>
+
+Proofed by Richard Farris <rf7211@hotmail.com>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+BARON D'HOLBACH
+A Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France
+
+by
+
+MAX PEARSON CUSHING
+
+
+
+
+Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
+for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in
+the Faculty of Political Science,
+Columbia University
+
+
+
+
+New York
+1914
+
+
+
+
+Press of
+The New Era Printing Company
+Lancaster, PA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+  Introduction.
+
+  CHAPTER I.  HOLBACH THE MAN.
+
+     Early Letters to John Wilkes.
+
+     Holbach's family.
+
+     Relations with Diderot, Rousseau, Hume, Garrick
+       and other important persons of the century.
+
+     Estimate of Holbach.  His character and personality.
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.  HOLBACH'S WORKS.
+
+     Miscellaneous Works.
+
+     Translations of German Scientific Works.
+
+     Translations of English Deistical Writers.
+
+     Boulanger's _Antiquité dévoilée_.
+
+     Original Works: _Le Christianisme devoilé_.
+     _Théologie portative_.
+     _La Contagion sacrée_.
+     _Essai sur les préjugés_.
+     _Le bons-sens_.
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.  THE _Système de la Nature_ AND ITS PHILOSOPHY.
+
+     Voltaire's correspondence on the subject.
+
+     Goethe's sentiment.
+
+     Refutations and criticisms.
+
+     Holbach's philosophy.
+
+
+  APPENDIX.  HOLBACH'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+     Five unpublished letters to John Wilkes.
+
+
+  [ENDNOTES]
+
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+    Part I.  Editions of Holbach's works in Chronological Order.
+
+    Part II.  General Bibliography.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+BARON D'HOLBACH
+
+
+     A une extréme justesse d'esprit il joignait une simplicité
+     de moeurs tout-à-fait antique et patriarcale.
+
+              J. A. Naigeon, _Journal de Paris_, le 9 fev. 1789
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Diderot, writing to the Princess Dashkoff in 1771, thus analysed
+the spirit of his century:
+
+Chaque siècle a son esprit qui le caractérise.  L'esprit du nôtre
+semble être celui de la liberté.  La première attaque contre la
+superstition a été violente, sans mesure.  Une fois que les hommes
+ont osé d'une manière quelconque donner l'assaut à la barrière de
+la religion, cette barrière la plus formidable qui existe comme la
+plus respectée, il est impossible de s'arrêter.  Dès qu'ils ont tourné
+des regards menaçants contre la majesté du ciel, ils ne manqueront
+pas le moment d'après de les diriger contre la souveraineté de la
+terre.  Le câble qui tient et comprime l'humanité est formé de deux
+cordes, l'une ne peut céder sans que l'autre vienne à rompre.
+[Endnote 1:1]
+
+The following study proposes to deal with this attack on religion
+that preceded and helped to prepare the French Revolution.  Similar
+phenomena are by no means rare in the annals of history;
+eighteenth-century atheism, however, is of especial interest,
+standing as it does at the end of a long period of theological
+and ecclesiastical disintegration and prophesying a reconstruction
+of society on a purely rational and naturalistic basis.  The
+anti-theistic movement has been so obscured by the less thoroughgoing
+tendency of deism and by subsequent romanticism that the real
+issue in the eighteenth century has been largely lost from view.
+Hence it has seemed fit to center this study about the man who
+stated the situation with the most unmistakable and uncompromising
+clearness, and who still occupies a unique though obscure position
+in the history of thought.
+
+Holbach has been very much neglected by writers on the eighteenth
+century.  He has no biographer.  M. Walferdin wrote (in an edition
+of Diderot's Works, Paris, 1821, Vol. XII p. 115): "Nous nous
+occupons depuis longtemps à rassembler les matériaux qui doivent
+servir à venger la mémoire du philosophe de la patrie de Leibnitz,
+et dans l'ouvrage que nous nous proposons de publier sous le titre
+"D'Holbach jugé par ses contemporains" nous espérons faire justement
+apprécier ce savant si estimable par la profondeur et la variété de
+ses connaissances, si précieux à sa famille et à ses amis par la
+pureté et la simplicité de ses moeurs, en qui la vertu était devenue
+une habitude et la bienfaisance un besoin."  This work has never
+appeared and M. Tourneux thinks that nothing of it was found among
+M. Walferdin's papers. [2:2]  In 1834 Mr. James Watson published
+in an English translation of the _Système de la Nature_,
+_A Short Sketch of the Life and the Writings of Baron d'Holbach_
+by Mr. Julian Hibbert, compiled especially for that edition from
+Saint Saurin's article in Michaud's _Biographie Universelle_
+(Paris, 1817, Vol. XX, pp. 460-467), from Barbier's _Dict. des
+ouvrages anonymes_ (Paris, 1822) and from the preface to the Paris
+edition of the _Système de la Nature_ (4 vols., 18mo, 1821).  This
+sketch was later published separately (London, 1834, 12mo, pp. 14)
+but on account of the author's sudden death it was left unfinished
+and is of no value from the point of view of scholarship.  Another
+attempt to publish something on Holbach was made by Dr. Anthony
+C. Middleton of Boston in 1857.  In the preface to his translation
+to the _Lettres à Eugenia_ he speaks of a "Biographical Memoir of
+Baron d'Holbach which I am now preparing for the press."  If ever
+published at all this _Memoir_ probably came to light in the
+_Boston Investigator_, a free-thinking magazine published by
+Josiah P. Mendum, 45 Cornhill, Boston, but it is not to be found.
+Mention should also be made of the fact that M. Assézat intended
+to include in a proposed study of Diderot and the philosophical
+movement, a chapter to be devoted to Holbach and his society; but
+this work has never appeared. [3:3]
+
+Of the two works bearing Holbach's name as a title, one is a piece
+of libellous fiction by Mme. de Genlis, _Les Diners du baron d'Holbach_
+(Paris, 1822, 8vo), the other a romance pure and simple by
+F. T. Claudon (Paris, 1835, 2 vols., 8vo) called _Le Baron d'Holbach_,
+the events of which take place largely at his house and in which he
+plays the rôle of a minor character.  A good account of Holbach,
+though short and incidental, is to be found in M. Avézac-Lavigne's
+_Diderot et la Société du Baron d'Holbach_ (Paris, 1875, 8vo), and
+M. Armand Gasté has a little book entitled _Diderot et le cure
+de Montchauvet, une Mystification littéraire chez le Baron d'Holbach_
+(Paris, 1895, 16vo).  There are several works which devote a chapter
+or section to Holbach. [3:4]  The French critics and the histories of
+philosophy contain slight notices; Rosenkranz's "Diderot's Leben"
+devotes a chapter to Granval, Holbach's country seat, and life there
+as described by Diderot in his letters to Mlle. Volland; and he is
+included in such histories of ideas as Soury, J., "Bréviaire
+de l'histoire de Matérialisme" (Paris, 1881) and Delvaille, J.,
+_Essai sur l'histoire de l'idée de progrès_ (Paris, 1910); but
+nowhere else is there anything more than the merest encyclopedic
+account, often defective and incorrect.
+
+The sources are in a sense full and reliable for certain phases of
+his life and literary activity.  His own publications, numbering
+about fifty, form the most important body of source material for
+the history and development of his ideas.  Next in importance are
+contemporary memoirs and letters including those of Voltaire,
+Rousseau, Diderot, Grimm, Morellet, Marmontel, Mme. d'Epinay,
+Naigeon, Garat, Galiani, Hume, Garrick, Wilkes, Romilly and others;
+and scattered letters by Holbach himself, largely to his English
+friends.  In addition there is a large body of contemporary hostile
+criticism of his books, by Voltaire, Frederick II, Castillon,
+Holland, La Harpe, Delisle de Sales and a host of outraged
+ecclesiastics, so that one is well informed in regard to the
+scandal that his books caused at the time.  Out of these materials
+and other scattered documents and notices it is possible to
+reconstruct--though somewhat defectively--the figure of a man who
+played an important rôle in his own day; but whose name has long
+since lost its significance--even in the ears of scholars.  It is
+at the suggestion of Professor James Harvey Robinson that this
+reconstruction has been made.  If it shall prove of any interest
+or value he must be credited with the initiation of the idea as
+well as constant aid in its realization.  For rendering possible
+the necessary investigations, recognition is due to the administration
+and officers of the Bibliothèque Nationale, the British Museum, the
+Library of Congress, the Libraries of Columbia and Harvard
+Universities, Union and Andover Theological Seminaries, and the
+Public Libraries of Boston and New York.
+
+
+M. P. C.
+
+NEW YORK CITY,
+July, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.  HOLBACH, THE MAN.
+
+
+Paul Heinrich Dietrich, or as he is better known, Paul-Henri Thiry,
+baron d'Holbach, was born in January, 1723, in the little village
+of Heidelsheim (N.W. of Carlsruhe) in the Palatinate.  Of his
+parentage and youth nothing is known except that his father, a rich
+parvenu, according to Rousseau, [5:5] brought him to Paris at the
+age of twelve, where he received the greater part of his education.
+His father died when Holbach was still a young man.  It may be
+doubted if young Holbach inherited his title and estates immediately
+as there was an uncle "Messire Francois-Adam, Baron d'Holbach,
+Seigneur de Héeze, Léende et autres Lieux" who lived in the rue
+Neuve S. Augustin and died in 1753.  His funeral was held at
+Saint-Roch, his parish church, Thursday, September 16th, where he was
+afterward entombed. [5:6]  Holbach was a student in the University
+of Leyden in 1746 and spent a good deal of time at his uncle's estate
+at Héeze, a little town in the province of North Brabant (S.E. of
+Eindhoven).  He also traveled and studied in Germany.  There are two
+manuscript letters in the British Museum (Folio 30867, pp. 14, 18, 20)
+addressed by Holbach to John Wilkes, which throw some light on his
+school-days.  It is interesting to note that most of Holbach's friends
+were young Englishmen of whom there were some twenty-five at the
+University of Leyden at that time. [6:7]  Already at the age of
+twenty-three Holbach was writing very good English, and all his life
+he was a friend of Englishmen and English ideas.  His friendship for
+Wilkes, then a lad of nineteen, lasted all his life and increased in
+intimacy and dignity.  The two letters following are of interest
+because they are the only documents we have bearing on Holbach's early
+manhood.  They reveal a certain sympathy and feeling--rather gushing
+to be sure--quite unlike anything in his later writings, and quite
+out of line with the supposedly cold temper of a materialist and an
+atheist.
+
+[Footnote: These letters, contrary to modern usage, are printed with all
+the peculiarities of eighteenth century orthography.  It was felt that
+they would lose their quaintness and charm if Holbach's somewhat
+fantastic English were trifled with or his spelling, capitalization
+and punctuation modernized.]
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+
+HÉEZE Aug. 9, 1746
+
+_Dearest Friend_
+
+I should not have felt by half enough the pleasure your kind letter
+gave me, If I had words to express it; I never doubted of your
+friendship, nor I hope do you know me so little as to doubt of
+mine, but your letter is full of such favorable sentiments to me
+that I must own I cannot repay them but by renewing to you the
+entire gift of my heart that has been yours ever since heaven
+favour'd me with your acquaintance.  I need not tell you the
+sorrow our parting gave me, in vain Philosophy cried aloud nature
+was still stronger and the philosopher was forced to yield to the
+friend, even now I feel the wound is not cur'd.  Therefore no more
+of that--_Hope_ is my motto.  Telling me you are happy you make me
+so but in the middle of your happiness you dont forget your friend,
+What flattering thought to me!  Such are the charms of friendship
+every event is shar'd and nothing nor even the greatest intervals
+are able to interrupt the happy harmony of truly united minds.  I
+left Leyden about 8 or 10 days after you but before my departure I
+thought myself obliged to let Mr Dowdenwell know what you told me,
+he has seen the two letters Mr Johnson had received and I have been
+mediator of ye peace made betwixt the 2 parties, I don't doubt but
+you have seen by this time Messrs Bland & Weatherill who were to set
+out for Engelland the same week I parted with them.  When I was leaving
+Leyden Mr Vernon happen'd to tell me he had a great mind to make a trip
+to Spa.  So my uncles' estate being on ye road I desir'd him to come
+along with me, he has been here a week and went on afterwards in his
+journey, at my arrival here, I found that General Count Palfi
+with an infinite number of military attendants had taken possession
+of my uncles' house, and that the 16 thousd men lately come from
+Germany to strengthen the allies army, commanded by Count Bathiani
+and that had left ye neighborhood of Breda a few days before and
+was come to Falkenswert (where you have past in your journey to Spa)
+one hour from hence.  Prince Charles arrived here the same day from
+Germany to take ye command of the allies, the next Day the whole army
+amounting to 70thd men went on towards the county of Liège to prevent
+the French from beseiging Namur, I hear now that the two armies are
+only one hour from another, so we expect very soon the news of a great
+battle but not without fear, Count Saxes army being, by all account of
+hundred ten thoud. men besides.  Prince Counti's army of 50 thd. this
+latter General is now employ'd at the siege of Charleroy. that can't
+resist a long while, it is a report that the King of France is arrived
+in his army, I hope this long account will entertain you for want of
+news papers: Mr. Dowdeswell being left alone of our club at Leyden
+I Desir'd him to come and spend with me the time of his vacations
+here, which proposal I hope he will accept and be here next week.
+What happy triumvirat would be ours if you were to join: but that is
+impossible at present; however those who cant enjoy reality are fond
+of feeding their fancies with agreable Dreams and charming pictures;
+that helps a little to sooth the sorrow of absence and makes one expect
+with more pati[ence] till fortune allows him to put in execution the
+cherish'd systems he has been fed upon fore some [time] I shall expect
+with great many thanks the books you are to send me; it will be for me
+a dubble pleasure to read them, being of your choice which I value as
+much as it deserves, and looking at them as upon a new proof of your
+benevolence, as to those I design'd to get from Paris for you, I heard
+I could not get them before my uncles' return hither all commerce being
+stopt by the way betwixt this country and France.
+
+A few days before my departure from Leyden I receiv'd a letter from
+Mr Freeman from Berlin, he seams vastly pleas'd with our Germany, and
+chiefly with Hambourg where a beautiful lady has taken in his heart
+the room of poor Mss. Vitsiavius, my prophesy was just; traveling
+seems to have alter'd a good deal his melancholy disposition as I may
+conjecture by his way of writing.  He desired his service to you.  As
+to me, Idleness renders me every day more philosopher every passion
+is languishing within me, I retain but one in a warm degree, viz,
+friendship in which you share no small part.  I took a whim to study
+a little Physic accordingly I purchased several books in that Way, and
+my empty hours here are employ'd with them.  I am sure your time will
+be much better employ'd at Alesbury you'll find there a much nobler
+entertainment Cupid is by far Lovlier than Esculapius, however I shall
+not envy your happiness, in the Contrary I wish that all your desires
+be crown'd with success, that a Passion that proves fatal to great many
+of men be void of sorrow for you, that all the paths of love be spred
+over with flowers in one Word that you may not address in vain to the
+charming Mss. M.  I am almost tempted to fall in love with that
+unknown beauty, 't would not be quite like Don Quixotte for your
+liking to her would be for me a very strong prejudice of her merit,
+which the poor Knight had not in his love for Dulcinea.
+
+I shall not ask your pardon for the length of this letter I am sure
+friendship will forgive the time I steal to Love however I cannot
+give up so easily a conversation with a true friend with whom I fancy
+to speak yet in one of those delightfull evening walks at Leyden.  It
+is a dream, I own it, but it is so agreable one to me that nothing
+but reality could be compared to the pleasure I feel: let me therefore
+insist a little more upon't and travel with my Letter, we are gone!  I
+think to be at Alesbury! there I see my Dear Wilkes! What a Flurry of
+Panions! Joy! fear of a second parting! what charming tears! what
+sincere Kisses!--but time flows and the end of this Love is now as
+unwelcome to me, as would be to another to be awaken'd in the middle
+of a Dream wherein he is going to enjoy a beloved mistress; the
+enchantment ceases, the delightfull images vanish, and nothing is left
+to me but friendship, which is of all my possessions the fairest, and
+the surest, I am most sincerely Dear Wilkes
+
+	Your affectionate friend and humble servant
+	DE HOLBACH
+Heze the 9th august 1746 N. S.
+
+I shall expect with impatience the letter you are to write me from
+Alesbury.  Will it be here very soon!
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+[HÉEZE Dec. 3rd. 1746]
+
+_Dearest Wilkes_
+
+During a little voyage I have made into Germany I have received your
+charming letter of the 8th. September O. S. the many affairs I have
+been busy with for these 3 months has hindered me hitherto from
+returning to you as speedy an answer as I should have done.  I know
+too much your kindness for me to make any farther apology and I hope
+you are enough acquainted with the sincerety of my friendship towards
+you to adscribe my fault to forgetfulness or want of gratitude be
+sure, Dear friend, that such a disposition will allways be unknown
+to me in regard to you.  I don't doubt but you will be by this time
+returned at London, the winter season being an obstacle to the
+pleasures you have enjoyed following ye Letter at Alesbury during
+the last Autumn.  I must own I have felt a good deal of pride when
+you gave me the kind assurance that love has not made you forget an
+old friend, I need not tell you my disposition.  I hope you know it
+well enough and like my friendship for you has no bounds I want 
+expressions to show it.  Mr Dowdeswell has been so good as to let me
+enjoy his company here in the month of August, and returned to Leyden
+to pursue his studies in the middle of September.  We often wished
+your company and made sincere libations to you with burgundy and
+Champaigne I had a few weeks there after I set out for Germany where
+I expected to spend the whole winter but the sudden death of my
+Uncle's Steward has forced me to come back here to put in order the
+affairs of this estate, I don't know how long I shall be obliged to
+stay in the meanwhile I act pretty well the part of a County Squire,
+id est, hunting, shooting, fishing, walking every day without to
+lay aside the ever charming conversation of Horace Virgil Homer and
+all our noble friends of the Elysian fields.  They are allways faithfull
+to me, with their aid I find very well how to employ my time, but I want
+in this country a true bosom friend like my dear Wilkes to converse
+with, but my pretenssions are too high, for every abode with such a
+company would be heaven for me.
+
+I perceive by your last letter that your hopes are very like to
+succeed by Mss Mead, you are sure that every happines that can
+befall to you will make me vastly happy.  I beseech you therefore
+to let me know everytime how far you are gone, I take it to be a
+very good omen for you, that your lovely mistress out of compliance
+has vouchsafed to learn a harsh high-dutch name, which would otherwise
+have made her starttle, at the very hearing of it.  I am very thankful
+for her kind desire of seeing me in Engelland which I dont wish the
+less but you know my circumstances enough, to guess that I cannot
+follow my inclinations.  I have not heard hitherto anything about
+the books you have been so kind as to send me over by the opportunity
+of a friend.  I have wrote about it to Msrs Conrad et Bouwer of
+Rotterdam, they answered that they were not yet there.  Nevertheless
+I am very much oblided to you for your kindness and wish to find very
+soon the opportunity of my revenge.  Mr Dowderswell complains very much
+of Mrs Bland and Weatherill, having not heard of them since their
+departure from Leyden.  I desire my compliments to Mr Dyer and all
+our old acquaintances.  Pray be so good as to direct your first
+letter under the covert of Mr Dowderwell at Ms Alliaume's at Leyden
+he shall send it to me over immediately, no more at Mr Van Sprang's
+like you used to do.  I wish to know if Mr Lyson since his return to
+his native country, continues in his peevish cross temper.  If you
+have any news besides I'll be glad to hear them by your next which
+I expect very soon.
+
+About politicks I cannot tell you anything at present, you have heard
+enough by this time the fatal battle fought near Liège in 8ber last;
+everybody has little hopes of the Congress of Breda, the Austrian and
+Piedmontese are entered into provence, which is not as difficult as to
+maintain themselves therein, I wish a speedy peace would enable us both
+to see the rejoicings that will attend the marriage of the Dauphin of
+France with a Princess of Saxony.  I have heard that peace is made
+between England and Spain, which you ought to know better than I.
+We fear very much for the next campaign the siege of Maestrich in
+our neighborhood.  These are all the news I know.  I'll tell you
+another that you have known a long while viz. that nobody is with
+more sincerity My Dear Wilkes
+
+	Your faithfull humble Servant and Friend
+	HOLBACH
+Heeze the 3 d Xber 1746 ns
+
+
+By 1750 Holbach was established in Paris as a young man of the world.
+His fortune, his learning, his sociability attracted the younger
+literary set toward him.  In 1749 he was already holding his Thursday
+dinners which later became so famous.  Among his early friends were
+Diderot, Rousseau and Grimm.  With them he took the side of the
+Italian _Opera buffa_ in the famous musical quarrel of 1752, and
+published two witty brochures ridiculing French music. [12:9]  He was
+an art connoisseur and bought Oudry's _Chienne allaitant ses petits_,
+the _chef d'oeuvre_ of the Salon of 1753. [12:10]  During these years
+he was hard at work at his chosen sciences of chemistry and mineralogy.
+In 1752 he published in a huge volume in quarto with excellent plates,
+a translation of Antonio Neri's _Art of Glass making_, and in 1753 a
+translation of Wallerius' _Mineralogy_.  On July 26, 1754, the Academy
+of Berlin made him a foreign associate in recognition of his scholarly
+attainments in Natural History, [12:11] and later he was elected to the
+Academies of St. Petersburg and Mannheim.
+
+All that was now lacking to this brilliant young man was an attractive
+wife to rule over his salon.  His friends urged him to wed, and in 1753
+he married Mlle. Basile-Genevieve-Susanne d'Aine, daughter of "Maître
+Marius-Jean-Baptiste Nicolas d'Aine, conseiller au Roi en son grand
+conseil, associé externe de l'Acad. des sciences et belles letters
+de Prusse." [12:12]  M. d'Aine was also Maître des Requêtes and a man
+of means.  Mme. d'Holbach was a very charming and gracious woman and
+Holbach's good fortune seemed complete when suddenly Mme. d'Holbach
+died from a most loathsome and painful disease in the summer of 1754.
+Holbach was heart-broken and took a trip through the provinces with
+his friend Grimm, to whom he was much attached, to distract his mind
+from his grief.  He returned in the early winter and the next year
+(1755) got a special dispensation from the Pope to marry his deceased
+wife's sister, Mlle. Charlotte-Susanne d'Aine.  By her he had four
+children, two sons and two daughters.  The first, Charles-Marius,
+was born about the middle of August, 1757, and baptized in
+Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, Aug. 22.  He inherited the family title
+and was a captain in the regiment of the Schomberg-Dragons. [13:13]
+The first daughter was born towards the end of 1758 and the second
+about the middle of Jan., 1760. [13:14]  The elder married the
+Marquis de Châtenay and the younger the Marquis de Nolivos,
+"Captaine au régiment de la Seurre, Dragons."  Their Majesties the
+King and Queen and the Royal Family signed their marriage contract
+May 27, 1781. [13:15]  Of the second son there seem to be no traces.
+Holbach's mother-in-law, Madame d'Aine, was a very interesting old
+woman as she is pictured in Diderot's _Mémoires_, and there was a
+brother-in-law, "Messire Marius-Jean-Baptiste-Nicholas d'Aine,
+chevalier, conseiller du roi en ses conseils, Maître des requêtes
+honoraire de son hôtel, intendant de justice, police, et finances
+de la généralité de Tours," who lived in rue Saint Dominique,
+paroisse Saint-Sulpice.  There was in Holbach's household for a
+long time an old Scotch surgeon, a homeless, misanthropic old fellow
+by the name of Hope, of whom Diderot gives a most interesting
+account. [14:16]  These are the only names we have of the personnel
+of Holbach's household.  His town house was in the rue Royale, butte
+Saint-Roch.  It was here that for an almost unbroken period of forty
+years he gave his Sunday and Thursday dinners.  The latter day was
+known to the more intimate set of encyclopedists as the _jour du
+synagogue_.  Here the _église philosophique_ met regularly to discuss
+its doctrines and publish its propaganda of radicalism.
+
+Holbach had a very pleasant country seat, the château of Grandval,
+now in the arrondisement of Boissy St. Léger at Sucy-en-Brie.  It
+is pleasantly situated in the valley of a little stream, the Morbra,
+which flows into the Marne.  The property was really the estate of
+Mme. d'Aine who lived with the Holbachs.  Here the family and their
+numerous guests passed the late summer and fall.  Here Diderot spent
+weeks at a time working on the Encyclopedia, dining, and walking on
+the steep slopes of the Marne with congenial companions.  To him we
+are indebted for our intimate knowledge of Grandval and its inhabitants,
+their slightest doings and conversations; and as Danou has well said,
+if we were to wish ourselves back in any past age we should choose
+with many others the mid-eighteenth century and the charming society
+of Paris and Grandval. [14:17]
+
+Holbach's life, in common with that of most philosophers, offers no
+events, except that he came near being killed in the crush and riot
+in the rue Royale that followed the fire at the Dauphin's wedding in
+1770. [15:18]  He was never an official personage.  His entire life was
+spent in study, writing and conversation with his friends.  He traveled
+very little; the world came to him, to the _Café de l'Europe_, as
+Abbé Galiani called Paris.  From time to time Holbach went to
+Contrexéville for his gout and once to England to visit David Garrick;
+but he disliked England very thoroughly and was glad to get back to
+Paris.  The events of his life in so far as there were any, were his
+relations with people.  He knew intimately practically all the great
+men of his century, except Montesquieu and Voltaire, who were off the
+stage before his day. [15:19]  Holbach's most intimate and life-long
+friend among the great figures of the century was Diderot, of whom
+Rousseau said, "À la distance de quelques siècles du moment où il a
+vécu, Diderot paraîtra un homme prodigieux; on regardera de loin
+cette tête universelle avec une admiration mêlée d'étonnement, comme
+nous regardons aujourd'hui la tête des Platon et des Aristote." [15:20]
+All his contemporaries agreed that nothing was so charged with divine
+fire as the conversation of Diderot.  Gautherin, in his fine bronze
+of him on the Place Saint-Germain-des-Près, seems to have caught the
+spirit of his talk and has depicted him as he might have sat in the
+midst of Holbach's society, of which he was the inspiration and the soul.
+Holbach backed Diderot financially in his great literary and scientific
+undertaking and provided articles for the Encyclopedia on chemistry
+and natural science.  Diderot had a high opinion of his erudition and
+said of him, "Quelque système que forge mon imagination, je suis sur
+que mon ami d'Holbach me trouve des faits et des autorités pour le
+justifier." [16:21]  Opinions differ in regard to the intellectual
+influence of these men upon each other.  Diderot was without doubt
+the greater thinker, but Holbach stated his atheism with far greater
+clarity and Diderot gave his sanction to it by embellishing Holbach's
+books with a few eloquent pages of his own.  Diderot said to Sir
+Samuel Romilly in 1781, "Il faut _sabrer_ la théologie," [16:22] and
+died in 1784 in the belief that complete infidelity was the first
+step toward philosophy.  Five years later Holbach was buried by his
+side in the crypt of the Chapel of the Virgin behind the high altar
+in Saint-Roch.  No tablet marks their tombs, and although repeated
+investigations have been made no light has been thrown on the exact
+position of their burial place.  According to Diderot's daughter,
+Mme. Vandeuil, their entire correspondence has been destroyed or
+lost. [16:23]
+
+Holbach's relations with Rousseau were less harmonious.  The account
+of their mutual misunderstandings contained in the _Confessions_, in
+a letter by Cerutti in the _Journal de Paris_ Dec. 2, 1789, and in
+private letters of Holbach's to Hume, Garrick, and Wilkes, is a long
+and tiresome tale.  The author of _Eclaircissements relatifs à la
+publication des confessions de Rousseau..._ (Paris, 1789) blames the
+_club holbachique_ for their treatment of Rousseau, but the fault
+seems to lie on both sides.  According to Rousseau's account, Holbach
+sought his friendship and for a few years he was one of Holbach's
+society.  But, after the success of the _Devin du Village_ in 1753,
+the _holbachiens_ turned against him out of jealousy of his genius
+as a composer.  Visions of a dark plot against him rose before his
+fevered and sensitive imagination, and after 1756 he left the Society
+of the Encyclopedists, never to return.  Holbach, on the other hand,
+while admitting rather questionable treatment of Rousseau, never
+speaks of any personal injury on his part, and bewails the fact that
+"l'homme le plus éloquent s'est rendu ainsi l'homme le plus
+anti-littéraire, et l'homme le plus sensible s'est rendu le plus
+anti-social." [17:24]  He did warn Hume against taking him to England,
+and in a letter to Wilkes predicted the quarrel that took place shortly
+after.  In writing to Garrick [17:25] he says some hard but true things
+about Rousseau, who on his part never really defamed Holbach but
+depicted him as the virtuous atheist under the guise of Wolmar in
+the _Nouvelle Heloïse_.  Their personal incompatibility is best explained
+on the grounds of the radical differences in their temperaments and
+types of mind and by the fact that Rousseau was too sensitive to get
+on with anybody for any great length of time.
+
+Two other great Frenchmen, Buffon and d'Alembert, were for a time
+members of Holbach's society, but, for reasons that are not altogether
+clear, gradually withdrew.  Grimm suggests that Buffon did not find
+the young philosophers sufficiently deferential to him and to the
+authorized powers, and feared for his dignity,--and safety, in
+their company.  D'Alembert, on the other hand, was a recluse by
+nature, and, after giving up his editorship on the Encyclopedia,
+easily dropped out of Diderot's society and devoted himself to
+Mlle. Lespinasse and Mme. Geoffrin.  Holbach and Helvetius were
+life-long friends and spent much time together reading at Helvetius's
+country place at Voré.  After his death in 1774, Holbach frequented
+Mme. Helvetius' salon where he knew and deeply influenced Volney,
+Cabanis, de Tracy, and the first generation of the Ideologists who
+continued his and Helvetius' philosophical doctrines.  Among the
+other Frenchmen of the day who were on intimate relations with
+Holbach and frequented his salon were La Condamine, Condillac,
+Condorcet, Turgot, Morellet, Raynal, Grimm, Marmontel, Colardeau,
+Saurin, Suard, Saint-Lambert, Thomas, Duclos, Chastellux, Boulanger,
+Darcet, Roux, Rouelle, Barthès, Venel, Leroy, Damilaville, Naigeon,
+Lagrange and lesser names,--but well known in Paris in the eighteenth
+century,--d'Alinville, Chauvelin, Desmahis, Gauffecourt, Margency,
+de Croismare, de Pezay, Coyer, de Valory, Charnoi, not to mention a
+host of others.
+
+Among Holbach's most intimate English friends were Hume, Garrick,
+Wilkes, Sterne, Gibbon, Horace Walpole, Adam Smith, Benjamin Franklin,
+Dr. Priestley, Lord Shelburne, Gen. Barré, Gen. Clark, Sir James
+MacDonald, Dr. Gem, Messrs. Stewart, Demster, Fordyce, Fitzmaurice,
+Foley, etc.  Holbach addressed a letter to Hume in 1762, before making
+his acquaintance, in which he expressed his admiration of his
+philosophy and the desire to know him personally. [18:26]  In 1764
+Hume came to Paris as secretary of the British Embassy and
+immediately called on Holbach and became a regular frequenter of
+his salon.  It was to Holbach that he wrote first on the outbreak
+of his quarrel with Rousseau and they corresponded at length in 
+egard to the publication of the _Exposé succinct_, which was to
+justify Hume in the eyes of the French.  Hume and Holbach had much
+in common intellectually, although the latter was far more
+thoroughgoing in his repudiation of Theism.
+
+David Garrick and his wife were frequent visitors at the rue
+Royale on their trips to Paris where they were very much liked by
+Holbach's society.  Nothing is more cordial or gracious than the
+compliments passed between them in their subsequent correspondence.
+There are two published letters from Holbach in Mr. Hedgecock's recent
+study of Garrick and his French friends, excellent examples of the
+happy spontaneity and sympathy that were characteristic of French
+sociability in the eighteenth century. [19:27]  Holbach in turn
+spent several months with Garrick at Hampton.
+
+Holbach's early friendship for Wilkes has already been mentioned.
+Wilkes spent a great deal of time in Paris on the occasion of his
+exiles from England and became very intimate with Holbach.  They
+corresponded up to the very end of Holbach's life and there was a
+constant interchange of friendly offices between them. [19:28]
+Miss Wilkes, who spent much time in Paris, was a very good friend
+of Mme. Holbach and Mlle. Helvetius.  Adam Smith often dined at
+Holbach's with Turgot and the economists; Gibbon also found his
+dinners agreeable except for the dogmatism of the atheists; Walpole
+resented it also and kept away.  Priestley seems to have gotten on
+very well, although the philosophers found his materialism and
+unitarianism a trifle inconsistent.  It was at Holbach's that
+Shelburne met Morellet with whom he carried on a long and serious
+correspondence on economics.  There seem to be no details of Holbach's
+relations with Franklin, who was evidently more assiduous at the
+salon of Mme. Helvetius whom he desired to marry.
+
+Holbach's best friend among the Italians was Abbé Galiani, secretary
+of the Neapolitan Embassy, who spent ten years in the salons of Paris.
+After his return to Naples his longing for Paris led him to a voluminous
+correspondence with his French friends including Holbach.  A few of
+their letters are extant.  Beccaria also came to Paris at the
+invitation of the translator of his _Crimes and Punishments_,
+Abbé Morellet, made on behalf of Holbach and his society.  Beccaria and
+his friend Veri, who accompanied him, had long been admirers of French
+philosophy, and the Frenchmen found much to admire in Beccaria's book.
+One _avocat-général_, M. Servan of the Parlement of Bordeaux, a friend
+of Holbach's, tried to put his reforms in practice and shared the
+fate of most reformers.  Holbach was also in correspondence with
+Beccaria, and one of his letters has been published in M. Landry's
+recent study of Beccaria.
+
+Among the other Italians whom Holbach befriended were Paulo Frizi,
+the mathematician; Dr. Gatti; Pincini, the musician; and Mme. Riccoboni,
+ex-actress and novelist; whose lively correspondence with Garrick
+whom she met at Holbach's sheds much light on the social relations of
+the century.
+
+Among the other foreigners who were friends or acquaintances of Holbach
+were his fellow countrymen, Frederich Melchon Grimm, like himself a
+naturalized Frenchman and the bosom friend of Diderot; Meister, his
+collaborator in the _Literary Correspondence_; Kohant, a Bohemian
+musician, composer, of the _Bergère des Alpes_ and Mme. Holbach's
+lute-teacher; Baron Gleichen, Comte de Creutz, Danish and Scandinavian
+diplomats; and a number of German nobles; the hereditary princes of
+Brunswick and Saxe Gotha, Baron Alaberg, afterwards elector of Mayence,
+Baron Schomberg and Baron Studitz.
+
+Among the well known women of the century Holbach was most intimate
+with Mme. d'Epinay, who became a very good friend of Mme. Holbach's
+and was present at the birth of her first son, and, in her will, left
+her a portrait by Rembrandt.  He was also a friend of Mme. Geoffrin,
+attended her salon, and knew Mlle. de Lespinasse, Mme. Houderot and
+most of the important women of the day.
+
+There are excellent sources from which to form an estimate of this
+man whose house was the social centre of the century.  Just after
+Holbach's death on January 21, 1789, Naigeon, his literary agent,
+who had lived on terms of the greatest intimacy with him for
+twenty-four years, wrote a long eulogy which filled the issue of
+the _Journal de Paris_ for Feb. 9.  There was another letter to
+the _Journal_ on Feb. 12.  Grimm's _Correspondance Littéraire_ for
+March contains a long account of him by Meister, and there are other
+notices in contemporary memoirs such as Morellet's and Marmontel's.
+All these accounts agree in picturing him as the most admirable of men.
+
+It must be remembered that Holbach always enjoyed what was held to be
+a considerable fortune in his day.  From his estates in Westphalia he
+had a yearly income of 60,000 _livres_ which he spent in entertaining.
+This freedom from economic pressure gave him leisure to devote his
+time to his chosen intellectual pursuits and to his friends.  He was
+a universally learned man.  He knew French, German, English, Italian
+and Latin extremely well and had a fine private library of about
+three thousand works often of several volumes each, in these languages
+and in Greek and Hebrew.  The catalogue of this library was published
+by Debure in 1789.  It would be difficult to imagine a more
+comprehensive and complete collection of its size.  He had also a
+rich collection of drawings by the best masters, fine pictures of
+which he was a connoisseur, bronzes, marbles, porcelains and a natural
+history cabinet, so in vogue in those days, containing some very
+valuable specimens.  He was one of the most learned men of his day
+in natural science, especially chemistry and mineralogy, and to his
+translations from the best German scientific works is largely due
+the spread of scientific learning in France in the eighteenth
+century.  Holbach was also very widely read in English theology and
+philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and derived his
+anti-theological inspiration from these two sources.  To this vast fund
+of learning, he joined an extreme modesty and simplicity.  He sought
+no academic honors, published all his works anonymously, and, had it
+not been for the pleasure he took in communicating his ideas to his
+friends, no one would have suspected his great erudition.  He had an
+extraordinary memory and the reputation of never forgetting anything
+of interest.  This plenitude of information, coupled with his easy and
+pleasant manner of talking, made his society much sought after.  Naigeon
+said of him (in his preface to the works of Lagrange):
+
+Personne n'était plus communicatif que M. le baron d'Holbach; personne
+ne prenait aux progrès de la raison un intérêt plus vif, plus sincère,
+et ne s'occupait avec plus de zèle et l'activité des moyens de les
+accélérer.
+
+Également versé dans la plupart des matières sur lesquelles il
+importe le plus à des êtres raisonnables d'avoir une opinion arrêtée,
+M. le baron d'Holbach portait dans leur discussion un jugement sain,
+une logique sévère, et une analyse exacte et précise.  Quelque fut
+l'objet de ses entretiens avec ses amis, ou même avec des indifférens,
+tels qu'en offrent plus ou moins toutes les sociétés; il inspirait
+sans effort à ceux qui l'écoutaient l'enthousiasme de l'art ou de la
+science dont il parlait; et on ne le quittait jamais sans regretter
+de n'avoir pas cultivé la branche particulière de connaissances qui
+avait fait le sujet de la conversation, sans désirer d'être plus
+instruit, plus éclairé, et surtout sans admirer la claret, la justesse
+de son esprit, et l'ordre dans lequel il savait présenter ses idées.
+
+This virtue of communicativeness, of _sociabilité_, Holbach carried
+into all the relations of life.  He was always glad to lend or give
+his books to anyone who could make use of them.  "Je suis riche," he
+used to say, "mais je ne vois dans la fortune qu'un instrument de plus
+pour opérer le bien plus promptement et plus efficacement."  In fact
+Holbach's whole principle of life and action was to increase the
+store of human well being.  And he did this without any religious
+motive whatsoever.  As Julie says of Wolmar in _La Nouvelle Heloïse_,
+"Il fait le bien sans espoir de récompense, il est plus vertueux,
+plus désintéressé que nous."  There are many recorded instances
+of Holbach's gracious benevolence.  As he said to Helvetius,
+"Vous êtes brouillé avec tous ceux que vous avez obligé, mais j'ai
+gardé tous mes amis."  Holbach had the faculty of attaching people
+to him.  Diderot tells how at the Salon of 1753 after Holbach had
+bought Oudry's famous picture, all the collectors who had passed it
+by came to him and offered him twice what he paid for it.  Holbach
+went to find the artist to ask him permission to cede the picture
+to his profit, but Oudry refused, saying that he was only too happy
+that his best work belonged to the man who was the first to appreciate
+it.  Instances of Holbach's liberality to Kohant, a poor musician,
+and to Suard, a poor literary man, are to be found in the pages of
+Diderot and Meister, and his constant generosity to his friends is
+a commonplace in their Memoirs and Correspondence.  Only Rousseau was
+ungrateful enough to complain that Holbach's free-handed gifts insulted
+his poverty.  His kindness to Lagrange, a young literary man whom he
+rescued from want, has been well told by M. Naigeon in the preface to
+the works of Lagrange (p. xviii).
+
+But perhaps the most touching instances of Holbach's benevolence
+are his relations with the peasants of Contrexéville, one of which
+was published in the _Journal de Lecture_, 1775, the other in an
+anonymous letter to the _Journal de Paris_, Feb. 12, 1789.  The
+first concerns the reconciliation of two old peasants who, not
+wanting to go to court, brought their differences to their respected
+friend for a settlement.  Nothing is more simple and beautiful than
+this homely tale as told in a letter of Holbach's to a friend of his.
+The second, which John Wilkes said ought to be written in letters of
+gold, deserves to be reproduced as a whole.
+
+L'éloge funèbre que M. Naigeon a consacré à la mémoire de M. le
+Baron d'Holbach suffit pour donner une idée juste de ses lumières,
+mais le hasard m'a mis à portée de les juger encore mieux.  J'ai vu
+M. le Baron d'Holbach dans deux voyages que j'ai faits aux eaux de
+Contrexéville.  S'occuper de sa souffrance et de sa guérison, c'est
+le soin de chaque malade.  M. le Baron d'Holbach devenait le médecin,
+l'ami, le consolateur de quiconque venait aux eaux et il semblait bien
+moins occupé de ses infirmités que de celles des autres.  Lorsque des
+malades indigens manquaient de secours, ou pécuniaires ou curatifs, il
+les leur procurait avec un plaisir qui lui faisait plus de bien que
+les eaux.  Je me promenais un soir avec lui sur une hauteur couverte
+d'un massif de bois qui fait perspective de loin et près duquel s'élève
+un petit Hermitage.  Là, demeure un cénobite qui n'a de revenu que
+les aumônes de ceux dont il reçoit les visites.  Nous acquittâmes
+chacun notre dette hospitalière.  En prenant congé de l'Hermite,
+M. le Baron d'Holbach me dit de le précéder un instant et qu'il
+allait me suivre.  Je le précédai, et comme il ne me suivait pas
+je m'arrêtai, pour l'attendre sur un terte exhaussé d'où l'on découvre
+tout le pays.  Je contemplais le canton que je dominais, plongé dans
+une douce rêverie.  J'en fus tiré par des cris et je me retournai
+vers l'endroit d'òu ils partaient.  Je vis M. le Baron d'Holbach
+environné d'une vieille femme et de deux villageois, l'un vieux
+comme elle et l'autre jeune.  Tous trois, les larmes aux yeux,
+l'embrassaient hautement.  Allez vous-en donc, s'écrait M. le
+Baron d'Holbach; laissez moi, on m'attend, ne me suivez pas, adieu;
+je reviendrai l'année prochaine.  En me voyant arriver vers eux,
+les trois personnes reconnaissantes disparurent.  Je lui demandai
+le sujet de tant de bénédictions.  Ce jeune paysan que vous avez vu
+s'etait engagé, j'ai obtenu de son colonel sa liberté en payant les
+cents écus prescrits par l'ordonnance.  Il est amoureux d'une jeune
+paysanne aussi pauvre que lui, je viens d'acheter pour eux un petit
+bien qui m'a coûté huit cent francs.  Le vieux père est perclus, aux
+deux bras, de rhumatismes, je lui ai fourni trois boîtes du baume
+des Valdejeots, si estimé en ce pays-ci.  La vieille mère est sujetté
+à des maux d'estomac, et je lui ai apporté un pot de confection
+d'hyacinthe.  Ils travaillaient dans le champ, voisin du bois, je suis
+allé les voir tandis que vous marchiez en avant.  Ils m'ont suivi
+malgré moi.  Ne parlez de cela à personne.  On dirait que je veux
+faire le généreux et le bon philosophe, mais je ne suis que humain,
+et mes charités sont la plus agréable dépense de mes voyages.
+
+This humanity of Holbach's is the very keynote of his character and
+of his intellectual life as well.  As M. Walferdin has said, the
+denial of the supernatural was for him the base of all virtue, and
+resting on this principle, he exemplified social qualities that do the
+greatest honor to human nature.  He and Madame Holbach are the only
+conspicuous examples of conjugal fidelity and happiness among all the
+people that one has occasion to mention in a study of the intellectual
+and literary circles of the eighteenth century.  They were devoted to
+each other, to their children and to their friends.  Considering the
+traits of Holbach's character that have been cited, there can scarcely
+be two opinions in regard to completeness with which he realized his
+ideal of humanity and sociability.  M. Naigeon has well summed up in
+a few words Holbach's relation to the only duties that he recognized,
+"He was a good husband, a good father and a good friend."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.  HOLBACH'S WORKS.
+
+
+Holbach's published works, with the exception of a few scattered ones,
+may be divided into three classes, viz., translations of German
+scientific works, translations of English deistical writings, and his
+own works on theology, philosophy, politics and morals.  Those which
+fall into none of these categories can be dealt with very summarily.
+They are:
+
+1. Two pamphlets on the musical dispute of 1752; _Lettre à une dame
+d'un certain âge sur l'état présent de l'Opéra_, (8vo, pp. 11) and
+_Arrêt rendu à l'amphithéâtre de l'Opéra_, (8vo, pp. 16,) both directed
+against French music and in line with Grimm's _Petit Prophète_ and
+Rousseau's _Lettre sur la musique française_.
+
+2. A translation in prose of Akenside's _The Pleasures of Imagination_
+(Paris, 1759, 8vo).
+
+3. A translation of Swift's _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_ in
+collaboration with M. Eidous (Amsterdam, 1765, 12mo, pp. xxiv + 416).
+
+4. Translations of an _Ode on Human Life_ and a _Hymn to the Sun_
+in the _Variétés littéraires_ (1768).
+
+5. Articles on natural science in the _Encyclopédie_ and article
+_Prononciation des langues_ in the _Dictionnaire de Grammaire_
+of the _Encyclopédie méthodique_.
+
+6. Translation of Wallerius' _Agriculture reduced to its true
+principles_ (Paris, 1774, 12mo).
+
+7. Two _Facéties philosophiques_ published in Grimm's _Correspondence
+Littéraire.  _L'Abbé et le Rabbin_, and _Essai sur l'art de ramper,
+à l'usage des courtisans_.
+
+8. Parts of Raynal's _Histoire philosophique des deux Indes_.
+
+9. Notes to Lagrange's _Vie de Senèque_.
+
+
+Holbach's translations of German scientific works are as follows:
+(Complete titles to be found in Bibliography, Pt. I.)
+
+1. _Art de la Verrerie de Neri, Merret, et Kunckel_ (Paris, Durand,
+1752).  Original work in Italian.  Latin translation by
+Christopher Merret.  German translation by J. Kunckel of Löwenstern.
+Holbach's translation comprises the seven books of Antionio Neri,
+Merret's notes on Neri, Kunckel's observations on both these authors,
+his own experiments and others relative to glass-making.  The translation
+was dedicated to Malesherbes who had desired to see the best German
+scientific works published in French.  In his _Préface du Traducteur_
+Holbach writes:
+
+L'envie de me rendre utile, dont tout citoyen doit être animé, m'a
+fait entreprendre l'ouvrage que je présente au Public.  S'il a le
+bonheur de mériter son approbation, quoiqu'il y ait peu de gloire
+attachée au travail ingrat et fastidieux d'un Traducteur, je me
+déterminerai à donner les meilleurs ouvrages allemands, sur
+l'Histoire Naturelle, la Minéralogie, la Métallurgie et la Chymie.
+Tout le monde sait que l'Allemagne possede en ce genre des trésors
+qui ont été jusqu'ici comme enfouis pour la France.
+
+2. _Minéralogie ou Description générale du règne mineral par
+J. G. Wallerius_ (Paris, Durand, 1753) followed by _Hydrologie_
+by the same author.  Second edition, Paris, Herrissant, 1759.
+Originally in Swedish (Wallerius was a professor of chemistry
+in the University of Upsala).  German translation by J. D. Denso,
+Professor of Chemistry, Stargard, Pomerania.  Holbach's translation
+was made from the German edition which Wallerius considered
+preferable to the Swedish.  He was assisted by Bernard de Jussien
+and Rouelle, and the work was dedicated to a friend and co-worker
+in the natural sciences, Monsieur d'Arclais de Montamy.
+
+3. _Introduction à la Minéralogie... oeuvre posthume de
+M. J. F. Henckel_, Paris, Cavelier, 1756, first published under title
+_Henckelius in Mineralogiâ redivivus_, Dresden, 1747, by his pupil,
+M. Stephani, as an outline of his lectures.  Holbach's translation
+made from a German edition, corrected, with notes on new discoveries
+added.
+
+4. _Chimie métallurgique... par M. C. Gellert_.  Paris, Briasson,
+1758, translated earlier.  Approbation May 1, 1753, Privilege
+Dec. 21, 1754.  Originally a text written by Gellert for four
+artillery officers whom the King of Sardinia sent to Freyburg to
+learn mining-engineering.
+
+5. _Traités de physique, d'histoire naturelle, de mineralogy et
+de métallurgie_.  Paris, Herrissant, 1759, by J. G. Lehmann, three
+vols.  I. L'Art des Mines, II. Traité de la formation des métaux,
+III. Essai d'une histoire naturelle des couches de la terre.
+In his preface to the third volume Holbach has some interesting
+remarks about the deluge, the irony of which seems to have escaped
+the royal censor, Millet, _Docteur en Théologie_.
+
+"La description si précise et si détaillée que Moïse fait
+du Deluge dans la Genèse, ayant une autorité infaillible, puis
+qu'elle n'est autre que celle de Dieu même, nous rend certains
+de la réalité et de l'universalité de ce châtiment terrible.
+Il s'agit simplement d'examiner si les naturalistes, tels que
+Woodward, Schenchzer, Buttner et M. Lehmann lui-même ne se sont
+points trompés, lorsqu'ils ont attribué à cet événement
+seul la formation des couches de la terre et lorsqu'ils
+s'en sont servis pour expliquer l'état actuel de notre globe.
+Il semble que rien ne doit nous empêcher d'agiter cette question;
+l'Ecriture sainte se contente de nous apprendre la voie
+miraculeuse dont Dieu s'est servi pour punir les crimes du
+genre humain; elle ne dit rien qui puisse limiter les
+sentiments des naturalistes sur les autres effets physiques que
+le déluge a pu produire.  C'est une matière qu'elle paroît avoir
+abandonnée aux disputes des hommes."  He then proceeds to
+question whether the deluge could have produced the results
+attributed to it and argues against catastrophism which, it
+must be remembered, was the received geological doctrine down
+to the days of Lyell.  "Les causes les plus simples sont capables
+de produire au bout des siècles les effets les plus grands, surtout
+lorsqu'elles agissent incessament; et nous voyons toutes ces causes
+réunies agir perpétuellement sous nos yeux.  Concluons, donc, de tout
+ce qui précède, que le déluge, seul et les feux souterrains seuls ne
+suffisent point pour expliquer la formation des couches de la terre.
+On risquera toujours de se tromper, lorsque par l'envie de simplifier
+on voudra dériver tous les phénomènes de la nature d'une seule et
+unique cause."
+
+6. _Pyritologie_ by J. F. Henkel, Paris, Herrissant, 1760, a large
+volume in quarto, translated by Holbach.  It contains _Flora Saturnisans_
+(translated by M. Charas and reviewed by M. Roux), Henkel's
+_Opuscules Minéralogiques_ and other treatises.  Original editions:
+_Pyritologia_, Leipzig, 1725, 1754; _Flora Saturnisans_, Leipzig, 1721;
+_De Appropriatione Chymica_, Dresden, 1727, and _De Lapidum origine_,
+Dresden, 1734, translated into German, with excellent notes, Dresden,
+1744, by M. C. F. Zimmermann, a pupil of M. Henkel.  Holbach's translations
+seem to have been well received because he writes in this preface:
+"Je m'estimerai heureux si mon travail peut contribuer à entretenir
+et augmenter le goût universel qu'on a conçu pour le saine physique."
+
+7. _Oeuvres métallurgiques_ de M. J. C. Orschall, Paris, Hardy, 1760.
+Orschall still accepted the old alchemist tradition but was sound in
+practice and was the best authority on copper.  Holbach does not attempt
+to justify his physics which was that of the preceding century.  Orschall
+was held in high esteem by Henckel and Stahl.
+
+8. _Recueil des mémoires des Académies d'Upsal et de Stockholm_, Paris,
+Didot, 1764.  These records of experiments made in the Royal Laboratories
+of Sweden, founded in 1683 by Charles XI, had already been translated
+into German and English.  Holbach's translation was made from the German
+and Latin.  He promises further treatises on Agriculture, Natural History
+and Medicine.
+
+9. _Traité du Soufre_ by G. E. Stahl, Paris, Didot, 1766.  In speaking of
+Stahl's theories Holbach says: "Il ne faut pas croire que ces connaissances
+soient des vérités stériles propres seulement à satisfaire une vaine
+curiosité, elles ont leur application aux travaux de la métallurgie qui
+leur doivent la perfection où on les a portés depuis quelques temps."
+Holbach understood very clearly the utility of science in his scheme of
+increasing the store of human well-being, and would doubtless have
+translated other useful works had not other interests prevented.  There is
+a MSS. note of his in the Bibliothèque Nationale to M. Malesherbes, then
+Administrateur de la Librairie Royale; suggesting other German treatises
+that might well be translated. (MSS. 22194).
+
+
+HOLBACH TO MALESHERBES
+
+_Monsieur_
+
+J'ai l'honneur de vous envoyer ci-joint la liste des ouvrages dont
+M. Liège fils pourrait entreprendre la traduction.  Je n'en connais
+actuellement point d'autres qui méritent l'attention du public.
+M. Macquer m'a écrit une lettre qui a pour objet les mêmes choses
+dont vous m'avez fait l'honneur de me parler, et je lui fais la même
+réponse.
+
+J'ai l'honneur d'être avec respect, Monsieur,
+
+	Votre très obéissant serviteur
+	D'HOLBACH
+à Paris ce 6 d'avril 1761
+
+
+The list of books was as follows:
+
+1. Johann Kunckel's _Laboratorium Chymicum_, 8vo.
+
+2. Georg Ernest Stahl's _Commentary on Becher's Metallurgy_, 8vo.
+
+3. _Concordantia Chymica Becheri_, 40º, published by Stahl.
+
+4. _Cadmologia_, or the _Natural History of Cobalt_, by
+J. G. Lehmann, Berlin, 1760, 4°.
+
+
+After 1760 Holbach became interested in another line of intellectual
+activity, namely the writing and translation of anti-religious
+literature.  His first book of this sort really appeared in 1761
+although no copies bear this date.  From 1767 on however he published
+a great many works of this character.  It is convenient to deal first
+with his translations of English deistical writers.  They are in
+chronological order.
+
+1. _Esprit du clergé, ou le Christianisme primitif vengé des
+entreprises et des excès de nos Prêtres modernes_.  Londres
+(Amsterdam), 1767.  This book appeared in England in 1720 under
+the title of _The Independent Whig_; its author was Thomas Gordon
+(known through his Commentaries on Sallust and Tacitus) who wrote
+in collaboration with John Trenchard.  The book was partially
+rewritten by Holbach and then touched up by Naigeon, who, according
+to a manuscript note by his brother, "atheised it as much as
+possible."  It was sold with great secrecy and at a high price--
+a reward which the colporters demanded for the risk they ran in
+peddling seditious literature.  The book was a violent attack on
+the spirit of domination which characterized the Christian
+priesthood at that time.
+
+2. _De L'imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de Pièces sur le
+clergé_, Londres (Amsterdam), 1767.  Another edition 1772 under
+title _De la Monstruosité pontificale_ etc.
+
+Contains translations of various pamphlets including
+Davisson, _A true picture of Popery_; Brown, _Popery a Craft_,
+London 1735; Gordon, _Apology for the danger of the church_,
+1719; Gordon, _The Creed of an Independent Whig_, 1720.
+
+3. _Examen des Prophéties qui servent de fondement à la
+religion Chrétienne_, Londres (Amsterdam), 1768.
+Translation of Anthony Collins, _A Discourse on the Grounds and
+Reasons of the Christian Religion_, London, 1724.
+Contains also _The Scheme of literal Prophecy considered_, 1727,
+also by Collins in answer to the works of Clarke, Sherlock,
+Chandler, Sykes, and especially to Whiston's _Essay towards
+restoring the text of the Old Testament_, one of the thirty-
+five works directed against Collins' original _"Discourse"_.
+Copies of this work have become very rare.
+
+4. _David, ou l'histoire de l'homme selon le coeur de Dieu_.
+Londres (Amsterdam), 1768.  This work appeared in England in 1761
+and is attributed to Peter Annet, also to John Noorthook.  Some
+English eulogists of George II, Messrs. Chandler, Palmer and
+others, had likened their late King to David, "the man after
+God's own heart."  The deists, struck by the absurdity of the
+comparison, proceeded to relate all the scandalous facts they
+could find recorded of David, and by clever distortions painted
+him as the most execrable of Kings, in a work entitled _David or
+the Man after God's Own Heart_, which formed the basis of Holbach's
+translation.
+
+5. _Les prêtres démasqués ou des iniquités du clergé chrétien_.
+Londres, 1768.  Translation of four discourses published under
+the title _The Ax laid to the root of Christian Priestcraft
+by a layman_, London, T. Cooper, 1742.  A rare volume.
+
+6. _Lettres philosophiques..._ Londres (Amsterdam, 1768).
+Translation of J. Toland's _Letters to Serena_, London, 1704.
+The book, which had become very rare in Holbach's time, had
+caused a great scandal at the time of its publication and was
+much sought after by collectors.  It contains five letters,
+the first three of which are by Toland, the other two and the
+preface by Holbach and Naigeon.  The matters treated are, the
+origin of prejudices, the dogma of the immortality of the soul,
+idolatry, superstition, the system of Spinoza and the origin of
+movement in matter.
+
+Diderot said of these works, in writing to Mlle. Volland
+Nov. 22, 1768 (_Oeuvres_, Vol. XVIII, p. 308): "Il pleut des
+bombes dans la maison du Seigneur.  Je tremble toujours que
+quelqu'un de ces téméraires artilleurs-là ne s'en trouve mal.
+Ce sont les _Lettres philosophiques_ traduites, ou  supposées
+traduites, de l'anglais de Toland; c'est _l'Examen des
+prophéties_; c'est la _Vie de David ou de l'homme selon là
+coeur de Dieu_, ce sont mélle diables déchainés.--Ah!
+Madame de Blacy, je crains bien que le Fils de l'Homme ne
+soit à la porte; que la venue d'Elie ne soit proche, et que
+nous ne touchions au règne de l'Anti-christ.  Tous les jours,
+quand je me lève, je regarde par ma fenêtre, si la grande
+prostituée de Babylone ne se promène point déjà dans les
+rues avec sa grande coupe à la main et s'il ne se fait aucun
+des signes prédits dans le firmament."
+
+7. _De la Cruauté religieuse_, Londres (Amsterdam).
+_Considerations upon war, upon cruelty in general and religious
+cruelty in particular_, London, printed for Thomas Hope, 1761.
+
+8. _Dissertation critique sur les tourmens de l'enfer_ printed
+in an original work, _L'Enfer détruit_, Londres (Amsterdam),
+1769.  A translation of Whitefoot's _The Torments of Hell,
+the foundation and pillars thereof discover'd, search'd,
+shaken and remov'd_.  London, 1658.
+
+9. In the _Recueil philosophique_ edited by Naigeon, Londres
+(Amsterdam), 1770.
+I. Dissertation sur l'immortalité de l'âme.  Translated from Hume.
+II. Dissertation sur le suicide (Hume).
+III. Extrait d'un livre Anglais qui a pour titre le Christianisme
+aussi ancien que le monde. (Tindal, Christianity as old as Creation.)
+
+10. _Esprit de Judaïsme, ou Examen raisonné de la Loi de Moyse_.
+Londres (Amsterdam), 1770 (1769), translated from Anthony Collins.
+With the exception of some of Holbach's own works this is one of
+the fiercest denunciations of Judaism and Christianity to be found
+in print.  In fact, it is very much in the style of Holbach's
+anti-religious works and shows beyond a doubt that Holbach derived
+his inspiration from Collins and the more radical of the English
+school.  The volume has become exceedingly rare.
+
+After outlining the history of Judaism the book ends thus:
+
+Ose, donc enfin, ô Europe! secouer le joug insupportable des
+préjugés qui t'affligent.  Laisse à des Hébreux stupides, à des
+frénétiques imbéciles, à des Asiatiques lâches et dégradés, ces
+superstitions aussi avilissantes qu'insensées: elles ne sont point
+faites pour les habitans de ton climat.  Occupe-toi du soin de
+perfectionner tes gouvernemens, de corriger tes lois, de réformer
+tes abus, de régler tes moeurs, et ferme pour toujours les yeux
+à ces vraies chimères, qui depuis tant de siècles n'ont servi qu'à
+retarder tes progrès vers la science véritable et à t'écarter de
+la route du bonheur.
+
+11. _Examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de Saint Paul_,
+Londres (Amsterdam), 1770.  A free translation of Peter Annet's
+_History and character of St. Paul examined_, written in answer
+to Lyttelton.  New edition 1790 and translated back into English
+"from the French of Boulanger," London, R. Carlile, 1823.  A
+rather unsympathetic account, but with flashes of real insight
+into "le système religieux des Chrétiens dont S. Paul fut
+évidemment le véritable architecte." (Epître dédicatoire.)
+
+Annet said of Paul's type of man "l'enthousiaste s'enivre,
+pour l'ainsi dire, de son propre vin, il se persuade que la
+cause de ses passions est la cause de Dieu (p. 72), mais
+quelque violent qu'ait pu être l'enthousiasme de S. Paul, il
+sentait très bien que la doctrine qu'il prêchait devait paraître
+bizarre et insensée à des êtres raisonnables" (p. 141).
+
+12. _De la nature humaine, ou Exposition des facultés, des
+actions et des passions de l'âme_, Londres (Amsterdam), 1772.
+(Thomas Hobbes.)  Reprinted in a French Edition of Hobbes'
+works by Holbach and Sorbière, 1787.  Appeared first in English
+in 1640, omitted in a Latin Edition of Hobbes printed in Amsterdam.
+In spite of its brevity, Holbach considered this one of Hobbes'
+most important and luminous works.
+
+13. _Discours sur les Miracles de Jesus Christ_ (Amsterdam, 1780?).
+Translated from Woolston, whom Holbach admired very much for his
+uncompromising attitude toward truth.  He suffered fines and
+imprisonments, but would not give up the privilege of writing
+as he pleased.  The present discourse was the cause of a quarrel
+with his friend Whiston.  He died Jan. 27, 1733, "avec beaucoup de
+fermeté... il se ferma les yeux et la bouche de ses propres mains,
+et rendit l'esprit."  This work exists in a manuscript book
+of 187 pages, written very fine, in the Bibliothèque Nationale
+(Mss. français 15224) and was current in France long before 1780.
+In fact it is mentioned by Grimm before 1770, but the dictionaries
+(Barber, Quérard) generally date it from 1780.
+
+
+Before turning to Holbach's original works mention should be made of
+a very interesting and extraordinary book that he brought to light,
+retouched, and later used as a kind of shield against the attacks of
+the parliaments upon his own works.
+
+In 1766 he published a work entitled _L'Antiquité dévoilée par ses
+usages, ou Examen critique des principales Opinions, Cérémonies et
+Institutions religieuses et politiques des différens Peuples de la
+Terre_.  Par feu M. Boulanger, Amsterdam, 1766.  This is a work based
+on an original manuscript by Boulanger, who died in 1759, preceded
+by an excellent letter on him by Diderot, published also in the
+_Gazette Littéraire_.
+
+The use made by Holbach of Boulanger's name makes it necessary to
+consider for a moment this almost forgotten writer.  Nicholas Antoine
+Boulanger was born in 1722.  As a child he showed so little aptitude
+for study that later his teachers could scarcely believe that he had
+turned out to be a really learned man.  As Diderot observes, "ces
+exemples d'enfans, rendus ineptes entre les mains des Pédans qui
+les abrutissent en dépit de la nature la plus heureuse, ne sont
+pas rares, cependant ils surprennent toujours" (p. 1).  Boulanger
+studied mathematics and architecture, became an engineer and was
+employed by the government as inspector of bridges and highways.
+He passed a busy life in exacting outdoor work but at the same time
+his active intellect played over a large range of human interests.
+He became especially concerned with historical origins and set himself
+to learn Latin and Greek that he might get at the sources.  Not
+satisfied that he had come to the root of the matter he learned Arabic,
+Syriac, Hebrew and Chaldean.  Diderot says "Il lisait et étudiait
+partout, je l'ai moi-même rencontré sur les grandes routes avec un auteur
+rabinnique à la main."  He made a _mappemonde_ in which the globe is
+divided in two hemispheres, one occupied by the continents, the other
+by the oceans, and by a singular coincidence he found that the
+meridian of the continental hemisphere passed through Paris.  Some
+such rearrangement of hemispheres is one of the commonplaces of
+modern geography.  He furnished such articles as, _Deluge, Corvée, Société_
+for the Encyclopedia and wrote several large and extremely learned books,
+among them _Recherches sur l'origine du Despotisme oriental_ and
+_Antiquité dévoilée_.  He died from overwork at the age of thirty-seven.
+
+Boulanger's ideas on philosophy, mythology, anthropology and history
+are of extraordinary interest today.  Diderot relates his saying--"Que
+si la philosophie avait trouvé tant d'obstacles parmi nous c'était
+qu'on avait commencé par où il aurait fallu finir, par des maximes
+abstraites, des raisonnemens généraux, des réflexions subtiles qui
+ont révolté par leur étrangeté et leur hardiesse et qu'on aurait
+admises sans peine si elles avaient été précédées de l'histoire des
+faits."  He carried over this inductive method into realm of history,
+which he thought had been approached from the wrong side, i.e., the
+metaphysical, "par consulter les lumières de la raison" (p. 8).  He
+continues, "j'ai pensé qu'il devait y avoir quelques circonstances
+_particulières_.  Un fait et non une spéculation métaphysique m'a
+toujours semblé devoir être et tribut naturel et nécessaire de
+l'histoire."  Curiously enough the central fact in history appeared
+to Boulanger to be the deluge, and on the basis of it he attempted to
+interpret the _Kulturgeschichte_ of humanity.  It is a bit unfortunate
+that he took the deluge quite as literally as he did; his idea, however,
+is obviously the influence of environmental pressure on the changing
+beliefs and practices of mankind.  Under the spell of this new point
+of view, he writes, "Ce qu'on appelle l'histoire n'en est que la partie
+la plus ingrate, la plus uniforme, la plus inutile, quoi qu'elle soit
+la plus connue.  La véritable histoire est couverte par le voile des
+temps" (p. 7).  Boulanger however was not to be daunted and on the
+firm foundation of the fact of some ancient and universal catastrophe,
+as recorded on the surface of the earth and in human mythology, he
+proceeds to inquire into the moral effects of the changes in the
+physical environment back to which if possible the history of antiquity
+must be traced.  Man's defeat in his struggle with the elements made
+him religious, _hinc prima mali labes_.  "Son premier pas fut un faux
+pas, sa première maxime fut une erreur" (p. 4 sq).  But it was not his
+fault nor has time repaired the evil moral effects of that early
+catastrophe.  "Les grandes révolutions physiques de notre globe sont
+les véritables époques de l'histoire des nations " (p. 9).  Hence have
+arisen the various psychological states through which mankind has passed.
+Contemporary savages are still in the primitive state--Boulanger
+properly emphasizes the relation of anthropology to history--"On aperçoit
+qu'il y a une nouvelle manière de voir et d'écrire l'histoire des hommes"
+(p. 12) and with a vast store of anthropological and folklorist learning
+he writes it so that his assailant, Fabry d'Autrey, in his _Antiquité
+justifiée_ (Paris, 1766) is obliged to say with truth, "Ce n'est point
+ici un tissus de mensonges grossiers, de sophismes rebattus et bouffons,
+appliqués d'un air méprisant aux objets les plus intéressants pour
+l'humanité.  C'est une enterprise sérieuse et réfléchie" (p. 11).
+
+In 1767 Holbach published his first original work, a few copies of
+which had been printed in Nancy in 1761.  This work was _Le Christianisme
+dévoilé ou Examen des principes et des effets de la religion Chrétienne_.
+Par feu  M. Boulanger.  Londres (Amsterdam), 1767.  There were several
+other editions the same year, one printed at John Wilkes' private press
+in Westminster.  It was reprinted in later collections of Boulanger's
+works, and went through several English and Spanish editions.  The form
+of the title and the attribution of the work to Boulanger were designed
+to set persecution on the wrong track.  There has been some discussion
+as to its authorship.  Voltaire and Laharpe attributed it to Damilaville,
+at whose book shop it was said to have been sold, but M. Barbier has
+published detailed information given him by Naigeon to the effect that
+Holbach entrusted his manuscript to M. De Saint-Lambert, who had it
+printed by Leclerc at Nancy in 1761.  Most of the copies that got to
+Paris at that time were bought by several officers of the King's
+regiment then in garrison at Nancy, among them M. de Villevielle, a
+friend of Voltaire and of Condorcet.  Damilaville did not sell a
+single copy and even had a great deal of trouble to get one for
+Holbach who waited for it a long time.  This circumstantial evidence
+is of greater value than the statement of Voltaire who was in the habit
+of attributing anonymous works to whomever he pleased. [39:2]
+
+The edition of 1767 was printed in Amsterdam as were most of Holbach's
+works.  We have the details of their publication from Naigeon _cadet_,
+a copyist, whose brother, J. A. Naigeon, was Holbach's literary factotum.
+In a manuscript note in his copy of the _Système de la Nature_ he tells
+how he copied nearly all Holbach's works, either at Paris or at Sedan,
+where he was stationed, and where his friend Blon, the postmaster, aided
+him, passing the manuscripts on to a Madame Loncin in Liège, who in turn
+was a correspondent of Marc-Michel Rey, the printer in Amsterdam.
+Sometimes they were sent directly by the diligence or through travellers.
+This account agrees perfectly with information given M. Barbier orally
+by Naigeon _aîné_.  After being printed in Holland the books were smuggled
+into France _sous le manteau_, as the expression is, and sold at absurd
+rates by colporters. [40:3]
+
+Diderot writing to Falconet early in 1768 [40:4] says: "Il pleut des
+livres incrédules.  C'est un feu roulant qui crible le sanctuaire
+de toutes parts... L'intolérance du gouvernment s'accroit de jour en
+jour.  On dirait que c'est un projet formé d'éteindre ici les lettres,
+de ruiner le commerce de librairie et de nous réduire à la besace et à
+la stupidité... _Le Christianisme dévoilé_ s'est vendu jusqu'à quatre
+louis."
+
+When caught the colporters were severely punished.  Diderot gives
+the following instance in a letter to Mlle. Volland Oct. 8, 1768
+(Avézac-Lavigne, _Diderot_, p. 161): "Un apprenti avait reçu, en
+payment ou autrement, d'un colporteur appelé Lécuyer, deux exemplaires
+du _Christianisme dévoilé_ et il avait vendu un de ces exemplaires à
+son patron.  Celui-ci le défère au lieutenant de police.  Le colporteur,
+sa femme et l'apprenti sont arrêtés tous les trois; ils viennent d'être
+piloriés, fouettés et marqués, et l'apprenti condamné à neuf ans de
+galères, le colporteur à cinq ans, et la femme à l'hôpital pour toute
+sa vie."
+
+There are two very interesting pieces of contemporary criticism
+of _Le Christianisme dévoilé_, one by Voltaire, the other by
+Grimm.  Voltaire writes in a letter to Madame de Saint Julien
+December 15, 1766 (_Oeuvres_, XLIV, p. 534, ed. Garnier): "Vous
+m'apprenez que, dans votre société, on m'attribue _Le Christianisme
+dévoilé_ par feu M. Boulanger, mais je vous assure que les gens au
+fait ne m'attribuent point du tout cet ouvrage.  J'avoue avec vous
+qu'il y a de la clarté, de la chaleur, et quelque fois de l'éloquence;
+mais il est plein de répétitions, de négligences, de fautes contre
+la langue et je serais très-fâché de l'avoir fait, non seulement comme
+académicien, mais comme philosophe, et encore plus comme citoyen.
+
+"Il est entièrement opposé à mes principes.  Ce livre conduit à
+l'athéisme que je déteste.  J'ai toujours regardé l'athéisme comme
+le plus grand égarement de la raison, parce qu'il est aussi ridicule
+de dire que l'arrangement du monde ne prouve pas un artisan suprême
+qu'il serait impertinent de dire qu'une horloge ne prouve pas un horloger.
+
+"Je ne réprouve pas moins ce livre comme citoyen; l'auteur paraît
+trop ennemi des puissances.  Des hommes qui penseraient comme lui
+ne formeraient qu'une anarchie: et je vois trop, par l'example de
+Genève, combien l'anarchie est à craindre.  Ma coutume est d'écrire
+sur la marge de mes livres ce que je pense d'eux, vous verrez, quand
+vous daignerez venir à Ferney, les marges de _Christianisme dévoilé_
+chargés de remarques qui montrent que l'auteur s'est trompé sur les
+faits les plus essentiels."  These notes may be read in Voltaire's
+works (Vol. XXXI, p. 129, ed. Garnier) and the original copy of
+_Le Christianisme dévoilé_ in which he wrote them is in the British
+Museum (c 28, k 3) where it is jealously guarded as one of the most
+precious autographs of the Patriarch of Ferney.
+
+Grimm's notice is from the _Correspondance Littéraire_ of August 15,
+1763 (Vol. V, p. 367).  "Il existe un livre intitulé _le Christianisme
+dévoilé ou Examen des principes et des effets de la religion Chrétienne_,
+par feu M. Boulanger, volume in 8º.  On voit d'abord qu'on lui a donné
+ce titre pour en faire le pendant de _l'Antiquité dévoilée_; mais il
+ne faut pas beaucoup se connaître en manière pour sentir que ces deux
+ouvrages ne sont pas sortis de la même plume.  On peut assurer avec
+la même certitude que celui dont nous parlons ne vient point de la
+fabrique de Ferney, parce que j'aimerais mieux croire que le patriache
+eût pris la lune avec ses dents; cela serait moins impossible que de
+guetter sa manière et son allure si complètement qu'il n'en restât
+aucune trace quelconque.  Par la même raison, je ne crois ce livre
+d'aucun de nos philosophes connus, parce que je n'y trouve la manière
+d'aucun de ceux qui ont écrit.  D'òu vient-il donc?  Ma foi, je serais
+fâché de le savoir, et je crois que l'auteur aura sagement fait de ne
+mettre personne dans son secret.  C'est le livre le plus hardi et le
+plus terrible qui ait jamais parti dans aucun lieu du monde.  La
+préface consiste dans une lettre où l'auteur examine si la réligion
+est reéllement nécessaire ou seulement utile au maintien ou à la police
+des empires, et s'il convient de la respecter sous ce point de vue.
+Comme il établit la négative, il entreprend en conséquence de prouver,
+par son ouvrage, l'absurdité et l'incohérence du dogme Chrétien et de
+la mythologie qui en résulte, et l'influence de cette absurdité sur
+les têtes et sur les âmes.  Dans la seconde partie, il examine la
+morale chrétienne, et il prétend prouver que dans ses principes
+généraux elle n'a aucun avantage sur toutes les morales du monde,
+parce que la justice et la bonté sont recommandées dans tous les
+catéchismes de l'univers, et que chez aucun peuple, quelque barbare
+qu'il fut, on n'a jamais enseigné qu'il fallût être injuste et méchant.
+Quant à ce que la morale chrétienne a de particulier, l'auteur pretend
+démontrer qu'elle ne peut convenir qu'à des enthousiastes peu propres
+aux devoirs de la société, pour lesquels les hommes sont dans ce monde.
+Il entreprend de prouver, dans la troisième partie, que la religion
+chrétienne a eu les effets politiques les plus sinistres et les plus
+funestes, et que le genre humain lui doit tous les malheurs dont il a
+été accablé depuis quinze à dix-huit siècles, sans qu'on en puisse
+encore prévoir la fin.
+
+Ce livre est écrit avec plus de véhémence que de véritable éloquence;
+il entraine.  Son style est châtié et correct, quoique un peu dur et
+sec; son ton est grave et soutenu.  On n'y apprend rien de nouveau,
+et cependant il attache et intéresse.  Malgré son incroyable témérité,
+on ne peut refuser à l'auteur la qualité d'homme de bien fortement
+épris du bonheur de sa race et de la prospérité des sociétés; mais
+je pense que ses bonnes intentions seraient une sauvegarde bien
+faible contre les mandements et les réquisitions."  This is a clear
+and fair account of a book that is without doubt the severest criticism
+of the theory and practice of historical Christianity ever put in print.
+
+The church very naturally did not let such a book pass unanswered.
+Abbé Bergier, a heavy person, triumphantly refuted Holbach in eight
+hundred pages in his _Apologia de la Religion Chrétienne contre
+l'Auteur du Christianisme dévoilé_, Paris, 1769, which finishes
+with the fatal prophecy, "Nous avons de surs garans de nos espérances:
+tant que le sang auguste de S. Louis sera sur le trône, _il n'y a
+point de révolutions à craindre ni dans la Religion ni dans la
+politique_.  La religion Chrétienne fondée sur la parole de Dieu...
+triomphera des nouveaux Philosophes.  Dieu qui veille sur son ouvrage
+n'a pas besoin de nos faibles mains pour le soutenir"
+(Psaume 32, vs. 10, 11).
+
+2. There already existed in 1767 another work by Holbach entitled
+_Théologie portative ou Dictionnaire Abrégé de la Religion Chrétienne.
+Par Mr Abbé Bernier_.  Londres (Amsterdam), 1768 (1767).  This book
+went through many editions and was augmented by subsequent authors
+and editors.  Voltaire was already writing to d'Alembert about it
+August 14, 1767. [44:5]
+
+In a letter to Damilaville, October 16, he writes (Vol. XIV, p. 406):
+
+Depuis trois mois il y a une douzaine d'ouvrages d'une liberté
+extrême, imprimés en Hollande.  _La Théologie portative_ n'est
+nullement théologique: ce n'est qu'une plaisanterie continuelle
+par ordre alphabétique; mais il faut avouer qu'il y a des traits
+si comiques que plusieurs théologiens mêmes ne pourront s'empêcher
+d'en rire.  Les jeunes gens et les femmes lisent cette folie avec
+avidité.  Les éditions de tous les livres dans ce goût se multiplient.
+
+And on February 8, 1768, he wrote:
+
+On fait tous les jours des livres contre la religion, dont je voudrais
+bien imiter le style pour la défendre.  Y a-t-il de plus salé, que
+la plupart des traits qui se trouvent dans la _Théologie portative_?
+Y a-t-il rien de plus vigoreux, de plus profondément raisonné, d'écrit
+avec une éloquence plus audacieuse et plus terrible, que le _Militaire
+philosophe_, ouvrage qui court toute l'Europe? [by Naigeon and Holbach]
+Lisez la _Théologie portative_, et vous ne pourrez vous empêcher de rire,
+en condammant la coupable hardiesse de l'auteur.  Lisez _l'Imposture
+sacerdotale_--vous y verrez le style de Démosthène.  Ces livres
+malheuresement inondent l'Europe; mais quelle est la cause de cette
+inondation?  Il n'y en a point d'autre que les querelles théologiques
+qui ont révolté les laïques.  _Il s'est fait une révolution dans
+l'esprit humain que rien ne peut plus arrêter: les persécutions ne
+pourraient qu'irriter le mal_.  [Footnote: the italics are mine.]
+
+It is to be noted however that Voltaire's sentiments varied according
+to the point of view of the person to whom he was writing.  In a
+letter to d'Alembert, May 24, 1769 (Vol. LXV, p. 453), he calls the
+_Théologie portative_ "un ouvrage à mon gré, très plaisant, auquel
+je n'ai assurément nulle part, ouvrage que je serais très fâché
+d'avoir fait, et que je voudrais bien avoir été capable de faire."
+But in a letter to the Bishop of Annecy June, 1769, he writes
+(Vol. XXVIII, p. 73): "Vous lui [M. de Saint Florentin] imputez,
+à ce que je vois par vos lettres, des livres misérables, et jusqu'à
+_la Theologie portative_, ouvrage fait apparemment dans quelque
+cabaret; vous n'êtes pas obligé d'avoir du goût, mais vous êtes
+obligé d'être juste" (Vol. XXVIII, p. 73).  Diderot even said of
+the book: "C'est un assez bon nombre de bonnes plaisanteries noyées
+dans un beaucoup plus grand nombre de mauvaises" and this criticism
+is just.  A few examples of the better jokes will suffice:
+
+_Adam:_ C'est le premier homme, Dieu en fait un grand nigaud, qui
+pour complaire à sa femme eut la bêtise de mordre dans une pomme
+que ses descendans n'ont point encore pu digérer.
+
+_Idées Innées:_ Notions inspirées des Prêtres de si bonne heure,
+si souvent répétées, que devenu grand l'on croît les avoir eu
+toujours ou les avoir reçus dès le ventre de sa mère.
+
+_Jonas:_ La baleine fut à la fin obligée de le vomir tant un
+Prophète est un morceau difficile à digérer.
+
+_Magie:_ Il y en a de deux sortes, la blanche et la noire.  La
+première est très sainte et se pratique journellement dans
+l'église.
+
+_Protestants:_ Chrétiens amphibies.
+
+_Vierge:_ C'est la mère du fils de Dieu et belle-mère de l'église.
+
+_Visions:_ Lanternes magiques que de tout temps le Père Eternel
+s'est amusé à montrer aux Saintes et aux Prophètes.
+
+3. Holbach furnished the last chapter of Naigeon's book _Le Militaire
+philosophe, ou Difficulties sur la religion_, Londres (Amsterdam), 1768.
+Voltaire ascribed the work to St. Hyacinthe.  Grimm recognized that the
+last chapter was by another hand and considered it the weakest part of
+the book.  It attempts to demonstrate that all supernatural religions
+have been harmful to society and that the only useful religion is
+natural religion or morals.  The book was refuted by Guidi, in a
+"_Lettre a M. le Chevalier de... [Barthe] entraîné dans l'irreligion
+par un libelle intitulé Le Militaire philosophe_ (1770, 12mo).
+
+4. Holbach's next book was _La Contagion sacrée ou l'Histoire
+naturelle de la Superstition_, Londres (Amsterdam), 1768.  In his
+preface Holbach attributed the alleged English original of this
+work to John Trenchard but that was only a ruse to avoid persecution.
+The book is by Holbach.  It has gone through many editions and been
+translated into English and Spanish.  The first edition had an
+introduction by Naigeon.  According to him manuscripts of this
+book became quite rare at one time and were supposed to have been
+lost.  Later they became more common and this edition was corrected
+by collation with six others.
+
+
+     [PG transcriber's note: at this point there appears to be a break
+     in the original text.  A sentence introducing the fifth book in
+     this list, "Letters to Eugenie", has evidently been lost.]
+
+
+The letters were written in 1764, according to Lequinio
+(_Feuilles posthumes_), who had his information from Naigeon, to
+Marguerite, Marchioness de Vermandois in answer to a very touching
+and pitiful letter from that lady who was in great trouble over
+religion.  Her young husband was a great friend of the Holbachs,
+but having had a strict Catholic bringing up she was shocked at
+their infidelity and warned by her confessor to keep away from them.
+"Yet in their home she saw all the domestic virtues exemplified and
+beheld that sweet and unchangeable affection for which the d'Holbachs
+were eminently distinguished among their acquaintances and which was
+remarkable for its striking contrast with the courtly and Christian
+habits of the day.  Her natural good sense and love for her friends
+struggled with her monastic education and reverence for the priests.
+The conflict rendered her miserable and she returned to her country
+seat to brood over it.  In this state of mind she at length wrote
+to the Baron and laid open her situation requesting him to comfort,
+console, and enlighten her." [47:7]  His letters accomplished the
+desired effect and he later published them in the hope that they
+would do as much for others.  They were carefully revised before
+they were sent to the press.  All the purely personal passages were
+omitted and others added to hide the identity of the persons concerned.
+Letters of the sort to religious ladies were common at this time.
+Fréret's were preventive, Holbach's curative, but appear to be rather
+strong dose for a _dévote_.  Other examples are Voltaire's _Epître à Uranie_
+and Diderot's _Entretien d'un Philosophe avec la Maréchale de..._.
+
+6. In 1769 Holbach published two short treatises on the doctrine
+of eternal punishment which claimed to be translations from English,
+but the originals are not to be found.  The titles are _De l'intolérance
+convaincue de crime et de folie_ as it is sometimes given, and--
+
+7. _L'Enfer détruit ou Examen raisonné du Dogme de l'Eternité des
+Peines_.  Londres, Amsterdam, 1769.  This letter was translated
+into English under the title _Hell Destroyed!_ "Now first translated
+from the French of d'Alembert without any mutilations," London 1823,
+which led Mr. J. Hibbert to say, "I know not why English publishers
+attribute this awfully sounding work to the cautious, not to say
+timid d'Alembert.  It was followed by Whitefoot's _'Torments of Hell,'_
+now first translated from the French." [47:8]
+
+
+Of Holbach's remaining works on religion two, _Histoire critique
+de Jésus Christ_ and _Tableau des Saints_, date from 1770 when he
+began to publish his more philosophical works.
+
+8. The _Histoire critique de Jésus Christ ou Analyse raisonnée des
+Evangiles_ was published without name of place or date.  It was
+preceded by Voltaire's _Epître à Uranie_.  It is an extremely careful
+but unsympathetic analysis of the Gospel accounts, emphasizing all
+the inconsistencies and interpreting them with a literalness that
+they can ill sustain.  From this rationalistic view-point Holbach
+found the Gospels a tissue of absurdities and contradictions.  His
+method, however, would not be followed by the critique of today.
+
+9. The _Tableau des Saints_ is a still more severe criticism of
+the heroes of Christendom.  Holbach's proposition is "La raison
+ne connaît qu'une mesure pour juger et les hommes et les choses,
+c'est l'utilité réelle et permanente, qui en résulte pour notre
+espèce," (p. 111).  Judged by this standard, the saints with their
+eyes fixed on another world have fallen far short.  "Ils se flattèrent
+de mériter le ciel en se rendant parfaitement inutile à la terre"
+(p. xviii).  Holbach much prefers the heroes of classical antiquity.
+The book is violent but learned throughout, and deals not only with
+the Jewish patriarchs from Moses on but with the church fathers and
+Christian Princes down to the contemporary defenders of the faith.
+After a rather one-sided account of the most dreary characters and
+events in Christian history, Holbach concludes: "Tel fut, tel est,
+et tel sera toujours l'esprit du Christianisme: il est aisé de sentir
+qu'il est incompatible avec les principes les plus évidens de la
+morale et de la saine politique" (p. 208).
+
+10. In _Recueil philosophique_, Londres (Amsterdam), 1770, edited
+by Naigeon.  Réflexions sur les craintes de la Mort.  Problème
+important--La Religion est-elle nécessaire à la morale et utile
+à la Politique.  Par M. Mirabaud.
+
+11. _Essai sur les préjugés, ou De l'influence des opinions sur
+les moeurs et sur le bonheur des Hommes_.  Londres (Amsterdam),
+1770, under name of Dumarsais.  The book pretended to be an
+elaboration of Dumarsais' essay on the _Philosophe_ published
+in the _Nouvelles libertés de penser, 1750.
+
+The special interest connected with it was the refutation Frederick
+the Great published under the title _Examen de l'Essai sur les
+préjugés_, Londres, Nourse, 1770 (16 mo).  The King of Prussia
+writing from the point of view of a practical, enlightened despot,
+took special exception to Holbach's remarks on government.  "Il
+l'outrage avec autant de grossièreté que d'indécence, il force le
+gouvernement de prendre fait et cause avec l'église pour s'opposer
+à l'ennemi commun.  Mais, quand avec un acharnement violent et les
+traits de la plus âcre satire, il calomnie son Roi et le gouvernement
+de son pays, on le prend pour un frénétique echappé de ses chaînes,
+et livré aux transports les plus violens de sa rage.  Quoi, Monsieur
+le philosophe, protecteur des moeurs et de la vertu, ignorez vous
+qu'un bon citoyen doit respecter la forme de gouvernement sous
+laquelle il vit, ignorez vous qu'il ne convient point à un particulier
+d'insulter les Puissances..." (p. 28).
+
+"Non content d'insulter à toutes les têtes couronnés de l'Europe,
+notre philosophe s'amuse, en passant, à répandre du ridicule sur
+les ouvrages de Hugo Grotius.  J'oserais croire qu'il n'en sera
+pas cru sur sa parole, et que le _Droit de la guerre et de la
+paix_ ira plus loin à la postérité que _l'Essai sur les
+préjugés_" (p. 39).
+
+Holbach in his anti-militaristic enthusiasm had used the words
+"bourreaux mercenaires"; "epithète élégante," continues Frederick,
+"dont il honore les guerriers.  Mais souffrions nous qu'un cerveau
+brûlé insulte au plus noble emploi de la Societé?" (p.49).  He goes
+on to defend war in good old-fashioned terms.  "Vous déclamez contre
+la guerre, elle est funeste en elle-même; mais c'est un mal comme
+ces autres fléaux du ciel qu'il faut supposer nécessaires dans
+l'arrangement de cet univers parce qu'ils arrivent périodiquement
+et qu'aucun siècle n'a pu jusqu'à présent d'en avoir été exempt.  J'ai
+prouvé que de tout temps l'erreur a dominé dans ce monde; et comme une
+chose aussi constante peut être envisagée comme une loi général de la
+nature, j'en conclus que ce qui a été toujours sera toujours le
+même" (p. 19).
+
+Frederick sent his little refutation to Voltaire for his compliments
+which were forthcoming.  A few days after Voltaire wrote to d'Alembert:
+
+Le roi de Prusse vous a envoyé, sans doute, son petit écrit contre
+un livre imprimé cette année, intitulé _Essai sur les préjugés_, ce
+roi a aussi les siens, qu'il faut lui pardonner; on n'est pas roi
+pour rien.  Mais je voudrais savoir quel est l'auteur de cet _Essai_
+contre lequel sa majesté prussienne s'amuse à écrire un peu durement.
+Serait-il de Diderot? serait-il de Damilaville? serait-il d'Helvetius?
+peut-être ne le connaissez-vous point, je le crois imprimé en Hollande
+(Vol. LXVI, p. 304).
+
+D'Alembert answered: 
+
+Oui, le roi de Prusse m'a envoyé son écrit contre _l'Essai sur les
+préjugés_.  Je ne suis point étonné que ce prince n'ait pas goûté
+l'ouvrage; je l'ai lu depuis cette réfutation et il m'a paru bien
+long, bien monotone et trop amer.  Il me semble que ce qu'il y de
+bon dans ce livre aurait pu et dû être noyé dans moins de pages et
+je vois que vous en avez porté à peu près le même jugement
+(Vol. LXVI, p. 324).
+
+In spite of these unfavorable judgments the _Essai_ was reprinted
+as late as 1886 by the Bibliotheque Nationale in its _Collection
+des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes_, still attributed to
+Dumarsais with the account of his life by "le citoyen Daube"
+which graced the edition of the year I. (1792)
+
+12. Early in 1770 appeared Holbach's most famous book, the
+_Système de la Nature_, the only book that is connected with his
+name in the minds of most historians and philosophers.  It seems
+wiser, however, to deal with this work in a chapter apart and
+continue the account of his later publications.
+
+13. The next of which was _Le bon-sens, ou idées naturelles opposées
+aux idées surnaturelles.  Par l'Auteur du Système de la Nature_,
+Londres (Amsterdam), 1772.  This work has gone through twenty-five
+editions or more and has been translated into English, German, Italian
+and Spanish.  As early as 1791 it began to be published under the name
+of the curé Jean Meslier d'Etrépigny, made so famous by Voltaire's
+publication of what was supposed to be his last will and testament
+in which on his death bed he abjured and cursed Christianity.  Some
+editions contain in the preface Letters by Voltaire and his sketch
+of Jean Meslier.  The last reprint was by De Laurence, Scott & Co.,
+Chicago, 1910.  The book is nothing more or less than the
+_Système de la Nature_, in a greatly reduced and more readable form.
+
+Voltaire, to whom it was attributed by some, said to d'Alembert,
+"Il y a plus que du bon sens dans ce livre, il est terrible.  S'il
+sort de la boutique du _Système de la Nature_, l'auteur s'est bien
+perfectionné."  D'Alembert answered: "Je pense comme vous sur le
+_Bon-sens_ qui me paraît un bien plus terrible livre que le
+_Système de la Nature_."  These remarks were inscribed by
+Thomas Jefferson on the title page of his copy of _Bon-sens_.
+The book has gone through several editions in the United States and
+was sold at a popular price.  The German translation was published
+in Baltimore on the basis of a copy found in a second-hand book
+store in New Orleans.  The most serious work written against it is
+a long and carefully written treatise against materialism by an
+Italian monk, Gardini, entitled _L'anima umana e sue proprietà dedotte
+da soli principi de ragione, dal P. lettore D. Antonmaria Gardini,
+monaco camaldalese, contro i materialisti e specialmente contro
+l'opera intitulata, le Bon-Sens, ou Idées Naturelles opposées aux idées
+Surnaturelles.  In Padova MDCCLXXXI Nella stamperia del Seminario.
+Appresso Giovanni Manfré, Con Licenza de Superiori e Privilegio_
+(8vo, p. xx + 284).
+
+14. In 1773 Holbach published his _Recherches sur les Miracles_,
+a much more sober work than his previous writings on religion.  In
+this book he raises the well known difficulties with belief in
+miracles and brings a great deal of real learning and logic to
+bear on the question.  The entire work is in a reasonable and
+philosophic spirit.  His conclusion is that "une vraie religion
+doit avoir au défaut de bonnes raisons, des preuves sensibles,
+capables de faire impression sur tout ceux qui la cherchent de
+bonne foi.  Ce ne sont pas les miracles."  The same year he
+published two serious but somewhat tiresome works on politics.
+
+15. _La politique naturelle_.
+
+16. _Système social_ in which he attempts to reduce government
+to the naturalistic principles which were the basis of his entire
+philosophy.  The first is also attributed to Malesherbes.  There
+is a long and keen criticism of the _Système Social_ by
+Mme. d'Epinay in a letter to Abbé Galiani Jan. 12, 1773
+(Gal. _Corresp._, Vol. II, p. 167).
+
+But the most interesting reaction upon it was that of the Abbé
+Richard who criticized it from point of view of the divine right
+of kings in his long and tiresome work entitled _La Défense de
+la religion, de la morale, de la vertu, de la politique et de
+la société, dans la réfutation des ouvrages qui ont pour titre,
+l'un Système Social etc.  Vautre La Politique Naturelle par le
+R. P. Ch. L. Richard, Professeur de Théologie_, etc., Paris,
+Moulard, 1775.
+
+In a preface of forty-seven pages the fears of the conservative
+old Abbé are well expressed.  The aim of these modern philosophers
+who are poisoning public opinion by their writings is to "démolir
+avec l'antique édifice de la religion chrétienne, celui des moeurs,
+de la vertu, de la saine politique etc. rompre tous les canaux de
+communication entre la terre et le ciel, bannir, exterminer du monde
+le Dieu qui le tira du néant, y introduire l'impiété la plus complète,
+la licence la plus consomnée, l'anarchie la plus entière, la confusion
+la plus horrible."
+
+17. Holbach's next work, _Ethocratie ou Gouvernement fondé
+sur la Morale_, Amsterdam, Rey, 1776, is interesting mainly for
+its unfortunate dedication and peroration, inscribed to Louis XVI,
+who was hailed therein as a long expected Messiah.
+
+18. Holbach's last works dealt exclusively with morals.  They
+are _La morale universelle ou les devoirs de l'homme fondés sur
+la nature_, Amsterdam, 1771, and
+
+19. A posthumous work, _Elements de la Morale universelle, ou
+catechisme de la nature_, Paris, 1790.  This is a beautiful
+little book.  It is simple and clear to the last degree.
+There have been several translations in Spanish for the purposes
+of elementary education in morals in the public schools.  It was
+composed in 1765.  Holbach's attitude towards morals is indicated
+by his _Avertissement_--"La morale est une science dont les principes
+sont susceptibles d'une démonstration aussi claire et aussi rigoureuse
+que ceux du calcul et de la géometrie."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.  THE SYSTÈME DE LA NATURE.
+
+
+Early in 1770 appeared the famous _Système de la Nature, ou Des Loix
+du Monde Physique et du Monde Morale, Par M. Mirabaud, Secrétaire
+Perpétuel et l'un des Quarante de l'Académie Française_, Londres
+(Amsterdam), 1770.  This work has gone through over thirty editions
+in France, Spain, Germany, England and the United States.  No book
+of a philosophic or scientific character has ever caused such a
+sensation at the time of its publication, excepting perhaps Darwin's
+_Origin of Species_, the thesis of which is more than hinted at by
+Holbach.  There were several editions in 1770.  A very few copies
+contain a _Discours préliminaire de l'Auteur_ of sixteen pages which
+Naigeon had printed separately in London.  The _Abrégé du Code de
+la Nature_, which ends the book was also published separately and
+is sometimes attributed to Diderot, 8vo, 16 pp. [54:1]
+
+There is also a book entitled _Le vrai sens du Système de la Nature_,
+1774, attributed to Helvetius, a very clear, concise epitome largely
+in Holbach's own short and telling sentences, and much more effective
+than the original because of its brevity.  Holbach himself reproduced
+the _Système de la Nature_ in a shortened form in _Bon-sens_, 1772, and
+Payrard plagiarized it freely in _De la Nature et de ses Lois_, Paris,
+1773.  The book has been attributed to Diderot, Helvetius, Robinet,
+Damilaville and others.  Naigeon is certain that it is entirely by
+Holbach, although it is generally held that Diderot had a hand in it.
+It was published under the name of Mirabaud to obviate persecution.
+The manuscript, it was alleged, had been found among his papers as a
+sort of "testament" or philosophical legacy to posterity.  This work
+may be called the bible of scientific materialism and dogmatic atheism.
+Nothing before or since has ever approached it in its open and
+unequivocal insistence on points of view commonly held, if at all,
+with reluctance and reserve.  It is impossible in a study of this
+length to deal fully with the attacks and refutations that were
+published immediately.  We may mention first the condemnation of the
+book by the _Parlement de Paris_, August 18, 1770, to be burned by
+the public hangman along with Voltaire's _Dieu et les Hommes_, and
+Holbach's _Discours sur les Miracles_, _La Contagion sacrée_ and
+_le Christianisme dévoilé_, which had already been condemned on
+September 24, 1769. [55:2]
+
+The _Réquisitoire_ of Seguier, _avocat général_, on the occasion
+of the condemnation of the _Système de la Nature_ was so weak
+and ridiculous that the _Parlement de Paris_ refused to sanction
+its publication, and it was printed by the express order of the King.
+As Grimm observed, it seemed designed solely to acquaint the ignorant
+with this dangerous work, without opposing any of its propositions.
+One would look in vain for a better example of the conservatism of
+the legal profession. [55:3]
+
+Le poison des nouveautés profanes ne peut corrompre la sainte
+gravité des moeurs qui caractérise les vrais Magistrats:
+tout peut changer autour d'eux, _ils restent immuables avec la
+loi_ (page 496).
+
+N'est-ce pas ce fatal abus de la liberté de penser, qui a enfanté
+cette multitude de sectes, d'opinions, de partis, et cet esprit
+d'indépendance dont d'autres nations ont éprouvé les sinstres
+révolutions.  Le même abus produira en France des effets peut-être
+plus funestes.  La liberté indéfinie trouveroit, dans la caractère
+de la nation, dans son activité, dans son amour pour la nouveauté,
+un moyen de plus pour préparer les plus affreuses révolutions (p. 498).
+
+The most interesting private attacks on the _Système de la Nature_
+came from two somewhat unexpected quarters, from Ferney and Sans Souci.
+Voltaire, as usual, was not wholly consistent in his opinions of it,
+as is revealed in his countless letters on the subject.  Grimm
+attributed his hostility to jealousy, and the fear that the
+_Système de la Nature_ might "renverse le rituel de Ferney et
+que le patriarcat ne s'en aille au diable avec lui." [56:4]
+George Leroy went so far as to write a book entitled _Réflexions
+sur la jalousie, pour servir de commentaire aux derniers ouvrages
+de M. de Voltaire_, 1772.  Frederick II naturally felt bound to
+defend the kings who, as Voltaire said, were no better treated than
+God in the _Système de la Nature_. [56:5]
+
+Voltaire's correspondence during this period is so interesting that
+it seems worth while to quote at length, especially from his letters
+to Fredrick the Great.  In May 1770, shortly after the publication
+of the _Système de la Nature_ Voltaire wrote to M. Vernes: [56:6]
+"On a tant dit de sottises sur la nature que je ne lis plus aucun
+de ces livres là."  But by July he had read it and wrote to Grimm: [56:7]
+"Si l'ouvrage eut été plus serré il aurait fait un effet terrible,
+mais tel qu'il est il en a fait beaucoup.  Il est bien plus éloquent
+que Spinoza... J'ai une grande curiosité de savoir ce qu'on en pense
+à Paris."  In writing to d'Alembert about this time he seemed to have
+a fairly favorable impression of the book.  "Il m'a paru qu'il y avait
+des longueurs, des répétitions et quelques inconséquences, mais il y a
+trop de bon pour qu'on n'éclate avec fureur contre ce livre.  Si on
+garde le silence, ce sera une preuve du prodigieux progrès que la
+tolérance fait tous les jours." [57:8]  But there was little likelihood
+that philosophers or theologians would keep silent about this scandalous
+book.  Before the end of the month Voltaire was writing to d'Alembert
+about his own and the king of Prussia's refutations of it, and the same
+day wrote to Frederick: "Il me semble que vos remarques doivent être
+imprimées; ce sont des leçons pour le genre humain.  Vous soutenez d'un
+bras la cause de Dieu et vous écrasez de l'autre la superstition." [57:9]
+Later Voltaire confessed to Frederick that he also had undertaken to
+rebuke the author of the Système de la Nature.  "Ainsi Dieu a pour
+lui les deux hommes les moins superstitieux de l'Europe, ce que devrait
+lui plaire beaucoup" (p. 390).
+
+Frederick, however, hesitated to make his refutation public, and
+wrote to Voltaire: "Lorsque j'eus achevé mon ouvrage contre
+l'athéisme, je crus ma réfutation très orthodoxe, je la relus,
+et je la trouvai bien éloignée de l'être.  Il y a des endroits
+qui ne saurait paraître sans effaroucher les timides et scandaliser
+les dévots.  Un petit mot qui m'est échappé sur l'éternité du monde
+me ferait lapider dans votre patrie, si j'y étais né particulier,
+et que je l'eusse fait imprimer.  Je sens que je n'ai point du
+tout ni l'âme ni le style théologique." [57:10]  Voltaire, in his
+"petite drôlerie en faveur de la Divinité" (as he called his work)
+and in his letters, could not find terms harsh enough in which to
+condemn the _Système de la Nature_.  He called it "un chaos, un
+grand mal moral, un ouvrage de ténèbres, un péché contre la nature,
+un système de la folie et de l'ignorance," and wrote to Delisle de
+Sales: "Je ne vois pas que rien ait plus avili notre siècle que
+cette énorme sottise." [58:11]  Voltaire seemed to grow more bitter
+about Holbach's book as time went on.  His letters and various works
+abound in references to it, and it is difficult to determine his
+motives.  He was accused, as has been suggested, by Holbach's circle
+"de caresser les gens en place, et d'abandonner ceux qui n'y sont
+plus." [58:12]  M. Avenel believed that he suspected Holbach himself
+of making these accusations.  Voltaire's letter to the Duc de Richelieu,
+Nov. 1, 1770, [58:13] seems to give them foundation.
+
+A very different reaction was that of Goethe and his university
+circle at Strasburg to whom the _Système de la Nature_ appeared
+a harmless and uninteresting book, "grau," "cimmerisch," "totenhaft,"
+"die echte Quintessenz der Greisenheit."  To these fervent young men
+in the youthful flush of romanticism, its sad, atheistic twilight
+seemed to cast a veil over the beauty of the earth and rob the heaven
+of stars; and they lightheardedly discredited both Holbach and Voltaire
+in favor of Shakespeare and the English romantic school.  One would
+look far for a better instance of the romantic reaction which set in
+so soon and so obscured the clarity of the issues at stake in the
+eighteenth century thought. [58:14]
+
+The leading refutations directed explicitly against the
+_Système de la Nature_ are:
+
+1. 1770, Rive, Abbé J. J., Lettres philosophiques contre le
+_ Système de la Nature_. (Portefeuille hebdomadaire de Bruxelles.)
+
+2. Frederick II, _Examen critique du livre intitulé,
+_Système de la Nature_. (Political Miscellanies, p. 175.)
+
+3. Voltaire, Dieu, Réponse de M. de Voltaire au _Système de la Nature_.
+Au château de Ferney, 1770, 8 vo, pp. 34.
+
+4. 1771, Bergier, Abbé N. F., Examen du matérialisme, ou
+Réfutation du _Système de la Nature_.  Paris, Humbolt, 1771,
+2 vols., 12mo.
+
+5. Camuset, Abbé J. N., Principes contre l'incrédulité, a
+l'occasion du _Système de la Nature_.  Paris, Pillot, 1771,
+12mo, pp. viii + 335.
+
+6. Castillon, J. de (Salvernini di Castiglione), Observations sur
+le livre intitulé, _Système de la Nature_.  Berlin, Decker, 1771,
+8vo. (40 sols broché.)
+
+7. Rochford, Dubois de, Pensées diverses contre le système des
+matérialistes, à l'occasion d'un écrit intitulé; _Système de la
+Nature_.  Paris, Lambert, 1771, 12mo.
+
+8. 1773, L'Impie démasqué, ou remontrance aux écrivains incrédules.
+Londres, Heydinger, 1773
+
+9. Holland, J. H., Réflexions philosophiques sur le _Système de
+la Nature_. Paris, 1773, 2 vols., 8vo.
+
+10. 1776, Buzonnière, Nouel de, Observations sur un ouvrage intitulé
+le _Système de la Nature_.  Paris, Debure, père, 1776, 8vo, pp. 126.
+(Prix 1 livre, 16 sols broché.)
+
+11. 1780, Fangouse, Abbé, La religion prouvée aux incrédules, avec
+une lettre à l'auteur du _Système de la Nature_ par un homme du monde.
+Paris, Debure l'aîné, 12mo, p. 150.  Same under title Réflexions
+importantes sur la religion, etc., 1785.
+
+12. 1788, Paulian, A. J., Le véritable système de la nature, etc.,
+Avignon, Niel, 2 vols., 12mo.
+
+13. 1803, Mangold, F. X. von, Unumstossliche Widerlegung des
+Materialismus gegen den Verfasser des _Systems der Natur_.
+Augsburg, 1803.
+
+
+Of these and other refutations of materialism such as Saint-Martin's
+_Des erreurs et de la vérité_, Dupont de Nemours' _Philosophie de
+l'univers_, Delisles de Sales'  _Philosophie de la nature_, etc.,
+which are not directed explicitly against the _Système de la Nature_,
+the works of Voltaire and Frederick the Great are the most interesting
+but by no means the most serious or convincing.  Morley finds Voltaire
+very weak and much beside the point, especially in his discussion of
+order and disorder in nature which Holbach had denied.  Voltaire's
+argument is that there must be an intelligent motor or cause behind
+nature (p. 7).  This is God (p. 8).  He admits at the outset that all
+systems are mere dreams but he continues to insist with a dogmatism
+equal to Holbach's on the validity of his dream.  He repeatedly asserts
+without foundation that Holbach's system is based on the false experiment
+of Needham (pp. 5, 6), and even goes so far as to ridicule the
+evolutionary hypothesis altogether (p. 6).  He speaks of the necessity
+of a belief in God, by a kind of natural logic.  God and matter exist
+in the nature of things, "Tout nous announce un Être suprême, rien ne
+nous dit ce qu'il est."  God himself seems to be a kind of fatalistic
+necessity.  "C'est ce que vous appellerez Nature et c'est ce que j'appelle
+Dieu."  At the end he shifts the argument from the base of necessity to
+that of utility.  Which is the more consoling doctrine?  If the idea of
+God has prevented ten crimes I hold that the entire world should embrace
+it (p. 27).  As Morley has said, such arguments could scarcely have
+convinced Voltaire himself.
+
+Frederick was surprised that Voltaire and D'Alembert had found anything
+good in the book.  His refutation was more methodical than that of
+Voltaire, who called it a "homage to the Divinity" but wrote to D'Alembert
+that it was written in the style of a notary.  Two other refutations
+emanating from the Academy of Berlin were those of Castillon and Holland.
+The first of these is a very heavy and learned work, formidable and
+forbidding in its logic.  Castillon reduces Holbach's propositions to
+three.  The self-existence of matter, the essential relation of movement
+to it, and the possibility of deriving everything from it or some mode of
+it.  Castillon concludes after five hundred pages of reasoning that matter
+is contingent, movement not inherent in it, and that purely spiritual beings
+exist in independence of it.  Hence the _Système de la Nature_ is a "long
+and wicked error."  Holland's is a still more serious work, which the
+Sorbonne recommended strongly as an antidote against Holbach's _Système_
+which it qualified as "une malheureuse production que notre siècle doit
+rougir d'avoir enfantée."  But when it was discovered that Holland was a
+Protestant his work was condemned forthwith, Jan. 17, 1773.
+
+Bergier's refutation is interesting as an attack from a churchman of
+extraordinary keenness and insight into the progress of the new
+philosophy.  In the _Système de la Nature_ he recognized the hand
+of the author of _La Contagion sacrée_ and the _Essai sur les préjugés_
+and dealt with it as he did the _Christianisme dévoilé_.  Buzonniere,
+Rochfort and Fangouse are milder and more naive in their demonstrations
+and their works are of no weight or interest.  _L'Impie démasqué_ is a
+brutal work which qualifies Holbach as a "vile apostle of vice and crime,"
+and the _Système de la Nature_ as the most impudent treatise on atheism
+that has yet dishonored the globe--one which covers the century with
+shame and will be the scandal of future generations.
+
+The work of Paulian is of a different sort.  Coming comparatively late,
+it attempted to review the hostile opinions of many years and then mass
+them in an overwhelming final attack on the _Système de la Nature_.  To
+this end Paulian rewrites the entire book chapter by chapter, giving the
+"true version."  He then reviews Holland's outline and Bergier's comments,
+together with seven articles directed explicitly against the _Système de
+la Nature_ in such works as the _Lettres Helviennes_, of Abbé Barruel,
+_Dict. des Philosophes_, _Dict. anti-philosophe_, his own _Dict.
+théologique_, etc., besides many other writings against the new philosophy
+in general.  He then reviews articles by members of the philosophic
+school against materialism and then goes back to Holbach's sources,
+Diderot, Bayle, Spinoza, Lucretius, Epicurus, etc.  The work is not
+scholarly but comprehensive and evidently discouraged further formal
+refutations.
+
+The _Système de la Nature_ had many critics in the stormy days that
+followed 1789.  Delisle de Sales found it a monstrosity--a _fratras_;
+La Harpe called it an infamous book, "un amas de bêtises qu'on ose
+appeler philosophie, inconcevables inepties, un immense échafaudage
+de mensonge et d'invective"; M. Villemain is much more calm and fair;
+Lord Brougham, like Damiron, Buzonnière, and many others, found it
+seductive but full of false reasoning; Lerminier was so severe that
+St.-Beuve was moved to defend Holbach against him.  Samuel Wilkinson,
+the English translator of 1820, is one of the few whose criticism is
+at all favorable.  Holbach has always appealed to a certain type of
+radical mind and his translators and editors have generally been men
+who were often over-enthusiastic.  For example, Mr. Wilkinson says of
+the _Système de la Nature_, [64:15] "No work, ancient or modern, has
+surpassed it in the eloquence and sublimity of its language or in the
+facility with which it treats the most abstruse and difficult subjects.
+It is without exception the boldest effort the human mind has yet
+produced in the investigation of Morals and Theology.  The republic
+of letters has never produced another author whose pen was so well
+calculated to emancipate mankind from all those trammels with which
+the nurse, the school master, and the priest have successively locked
+up their noblest faculties, before they were capable of reasoning and
+judging for themselves."
+
+It seems unnecessary to analyze the _Système de la Nature_.  This
+has been done by Damiron, Soury, Fabre, Lange, Morley, the historians
+of philosophy, and encyclopaedists; and the book itself is easily
+available in the larger libraries.  The substance of Holbach's philosophy
+is susceptible of clearer treatment apart from it or any one of his
+books, although it permeates all of them.
+
+M. Jules Soury has said, in describing a certain type of mind: "Il
+est d'heureux esprits, des âmes fortes et saines, que n'effraie point
+le silence éternel des espaces infinis où s'anéantissait la raison de
+Pascal.  Naïves et robustes natures, mâles et vigoureux penseurs, qui
+gardent toute la vie quelque chose des dons charmants de la jeunesse et
+de l'enfance même, une foi vive dans le témoinage immédiat de nos sens
+et de notre conscience, une humeur alerte, toute de joyeuse ardeur, et
+comme une intrépidité d'esprit que rien n'arrête.  Pour eux tout est
+clair et uni; ou à peu près, et là où ils soupçonnent quelque bas-bond
+insondable, ils se détournent et poursuivent fièrement leur chemin.  Comme
+cet Epicurien dont parle Cicéron au commencement du _De natura deorum_,
+ils ont toujours l'air de sortir de l'assemblée des dieux et de descendre
+des intermondes d'Epicure."
+
+Such was Holbach.  His philosophy is based on the child-like assumption
+that things are as they seem, provided they are observed with sufficient
+care by a sufficient number of people.  This brings us at once to the
+very heart of Holbach's method which was experimental and inductive to
+the last degree.  Holbach was nourished on what might be called
+scientific rather than philosophical traditions.  As M. Tourneux has
+pointed out, he had been a serious student of the natural sciences,
+especially those connected with the constitution of the earth.  These
+studies led him to see the disparity between certain accepted and
+traditional cosmologies and a scientific interpretation of the
+terrestrial globe and the forms of life which flourish upon it.
+Finding the supposed sacred and infallible records untrustworthy in
+one regard, he began to question their veracity at other points.
+Being of a critical frame of mind, he took the records rather more
+literally than a sympathetic, allegorical apologist would have done,
+although it cannot be said that he used much historical insight.
+After having studied the sacred texts for purposes of writing or having
+translated other men's studies on Moses, David, the Prophets, Jesus,
+Paul, the Christian theologians and saints, miracles, etc., he concluded
+that these accounts were untrustworthy and mendacious.  He knew ancient
+and modern philosophy and found in the greater part of it an unwarranted
+romantic or theological trend which his scientific training had caused
+him to suspect.  It must be admitted that however false or illogical
+Holbach's conclusions may be considered, he was by no means ignorant of
+the subjects he chose to treat, as some of his detractors would have one
+believe.  His theory of knowledge was that of Locke and Condillac, and
+on this foundation he built up his system of scientific naturalism
+and dogmatic atheism.
+
+His initial assumption is, as has been suggested, that experience
+(application réitérée des sens) and reason are trustworthy guides
+to knowledge.  By them we become conscious of an external objective
+world, of which sentient beings themselves are a part, from which
+they receive impressions through their sense organs.  These myriad
+impressions when compared and reflected upon form reasoned knowledge
+or truth, provided they are substantiated by repeated experiences
+carefully made.  That is, an idea is said to be true when it conforms
+perfectly with the actual external object.  This is possible unless
+one's senses are defective, or one's judgment vitiated by emotion
+and passion.
+
+Holbach's contention is that if one applies experience and reason
+to the external universe, or nature, "ce vaste assemblage de tout
+ce qui existe"; it reveals a _single objective reality_, i. e.,
+_matter_, which is in itself essentially active or in a state of motion.
+
+From matter in motion are derived all the phenomena that strike our
+senses.  All is matter or a function of it.  Matter, then, is not
+an effect, but a cause.  It is not caused; it is from eternity and
+of necessity.  The cardinal point in Holbach's philosophy is an
+inexorable materialistic necessity.  Nothing, then, is exempt from
+the laws of physics and chemistry.  Inorganic substance and organic
+life fall into the same category.  Man himself with all his differentiated
+faculties is but a function of matter and motion in extraordinary
+complex and involved relations.  Man's imputation to himself of free
+will and unending consciousness apart from his machine is an idle tale
+built on his desires, not on his experiences nor his knowledge of nature.
+This imputation of a will or soul to nature, independent of it or in
+any sense above it, is a still more idle one derived from his renunciation
+of the witness of his senses and his following after the phantoms of
+his imagination.  It is ignorance or disregard of nature then that has
+given rise to supernatural ideas that have "no correspondence with true
+sight," or, as Holbach expressed it, have no counterpart in the external
+object.  In other words, theology, or poetry about God, as Petrarch
+said, is ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system.
+
+Man is a purely natural or physical being, like a tree or a stone.
+His so-called spiritual nature (l'homme moral) is merely a phase
+of his physical nature considered under a special aspect.  He is
+all matter in motion, and when that ceases to function in a particular
+way, called life, he ceases to be as a conscious entity.  He is so
+organized, however that his chief desires are to survive and render
+his existence happy.  By happiness Holbach means the presence of
+pleasure and the absence of pain.  In all his activity, then, man
+will seek pleasure and avoid pain.  The chief cause of man's misery
+or lack of well being is his ignorance of the powers and possibilities
+of his own nature and the Universal Nature.  All he needs is to
+ascertain his place in nature and adjust himself to it.  From the
+beginning of his career he has been the dupe of false ideas, especially
+those connected with supernatural powers, on whom he supposed he was
+dependent.  But, if ignorance of nature gave birth to the Gods,
+knowledge of nature is calculated to destroy them and the evils
+resulting from them, the introduction of theistic ideas into politics
+and morals.  In a word, the truth, that is, _correct ideas of nature_
+is the one thing needful to the happiness and well-being of man.
+
+The application of these principles to the given situation in France
+in 1770 would obviously have produced unwelcome results.  Holbach's
+theory was that religion was worse than useless in that it had
+inculcated false and pernicious ideas in politics and morals.  He
+would do away completely with it in the interest of putting these
+sciences on a natural basis.  This basis is self-interest, or man's
+inevitable inclination toward survival and the highest degree of
+well-being, "L'objet de la morale est de faire connaître aux hommes
+que leur plus grand intérêt exige qu'ils pratiquent la vertu; le but
+du gouvernement doit être de la leur faire pratiquer."
+
+Government then assumes the functions of moral restraint
+formally delegated to religion; and punishments render virtue
+attractive and vice repugnant.  Holbach's theory of social
+organization is practically that of Aristotle.  Men combine in order
+to increase the store of individual well-being, to live the good
+life.  If those to whom society has delegated sovereignty abuse
+their power, society has the right to take it from them.  Sovereignty
+is merely an agent for the diffusion of truth and the maintenance
+of virtue, which are the prerequisites of social and individual
+well-being.  The technique of progress is enlightenment and good laws.
+
+Nothing could be clearer or simpler than Holbach's system.  As
+Diderot so truly said, he will not be quoted on both sides of any
+question.  His uncompromising atheism is the very heart and core
+of his system and clarifies the whole situation.  All supernatural
+ideas are to be abandoned.  Experience and reason are once for all
+made supreme, and henceforth refuse to share their throne or abdicate
+in favor of faith.  Holbach's aim was as he said to bring man back to
+nature and render reason dear to him.  "Il est tempts que cette raison
+injustement dégradée quitte un ton pusillamine qui la rendront complice
+du mensonge et du délire."
+
+If reason is to rule, the usurper, religion, must be ejected; hence
+atheism was fundamental to his entire system.  He did not suppose
+by any means that it would become a popular faith, because it
+presupposed too much learning and reflection, but it seemed to him
+the necessary weapon of a reforming party at that time.  He defines
+an atheist as follows: "C'est un homme, qui détruit des chimères
+nuisibles au genre humain, pour ramener les hommes à la nature, à
+l'expérience, à la raison.  C'est un penseur qui, ayant médité la
+matière, ses propriétés et ses façons d'agir, n'a pas besoin, pour
+expliquer les phénomènes de l'univers et les opérations de la nature,
+d'imaginer des puissances idéales, des intelligences imaginaires, des
+êtres de raison; qui loin de faire mieux connaître cette nature, ne
+font que la rendre capricieuse, inexplicable, et méconnaissable,
+inutile au bonheur des hommes."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+HOLBACH'S CORRESPONDENCE
+
+
+The following letters of Holbach are extant:
+
+Holbach to Hume, Aug. 23, 1763.
+Holbach to Hume, Mar. 16, 1766.
+Holbach to Hume, July 7, 1766.
+Holbach to Hume, Aug. 18, 1766.
+Holbach to Hume, Sept. 7, 1766.
+
+These were printed in Hume's _Private Correspondence_, London, 1820,
+pp. 252-263, and deal largely with Hume's quarrel with Rousseau.
+
+Holbach to Garrick, June 16, 1765.
+Holbach to Garrick, Feb. 9, 1766.
+
+These two letters are in manuscript in Lansdowne House,
+Coll. Forster, and were published by F. A. Hedgcock,
+_David Garrick et ses amis français_. Paris, 1911, pp. 251-253.
+
+Holbach to Wilkes, Aug., 1746, 9 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30867, p. 14).
+Holbach to Wilkes, Dec. 10, 1746 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30867, p. 18).
+Holbach to Wilkes, May 22, 1766 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 39)
+Holbach to Wilkes, Nov. 9, 1766 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 81).
+Holbach to Wilkes, Dec. 10, 1767 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 173).
+Holbach to Wilkes, July 17, 1768 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30870, p. 59).
+Holbach to Wilkes, Mar. 19, 1770 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30871, p. 16).
+Holbach to Wilkes, April 27, 1775, 9 (Wilkes, _Correspondence_,
+ London, 1804, Vol. IV, p. 176).
+
+The first seven of these letters are published for the first time
+in the present volume, pp. 6-11 and pp. 75-80.
+
+Holbach to Galiani, Aug. 11, 1769 (_Critica_, Vol. I, pp. 488 sq.).
+
+Galiani to Holbach, April 7, 1770 (Galiani, _Correspondence_, Paris,
+1890, Vol. I, p. 92).
+
+Galiani to Holbach, July 21, 1770 (Galiani, _Correspondence_, Paris,
+1890, Vol. I, p. 199).
+
+Holbach to Galiani, Aug. 25, 1770 (_Critica_, Vol. I, p. 489).
+
+
+There are references to other letters in _Critica_ which I have not
+been able to find.
+
+Holbach to Beccaria, Mar. 15, 1767, published by M. Landry
+_Beccaria, Scritte e lettre inediti_, 1910, p. 146.
+
+Holbach to Malesherbes, April 6, 1761 (hitherto unpublished). See
+present volume, p. 30.
+
+
+HOLBACH TO HUME
+(Hume, Private Correspondence, London, 1820, pp. 252-263)
+PARIS, the 23rd. of August, 1763
+
+_Sir,_--
+I have received with the deepest sense of gratitude your very kind
+and obliging letter of the 8th. inst: favors of great men ought to
+give pride to those that have at least the merit of setting the value
+that is due upon them.  This is my case with you, sir; the reading
+of your valuable works has not only inspired me with the strongest
+admiration for your genius and amiable parts, but gave me the highest
+idea of your person and the strongest desire of getting acquainted
+with one of the greatest philosophers of my age, and of the best friend
+to mankind.  These sentiments have emboldened me to send formally,
+though unknown to you, the work you are mentioning to me.  I thought
+you were the best to judge of such a performance, and I took only
+the liberty of giving a hint of my desires, in case it should meet
+with your approbation, nor was I surprized, or presumed to be
+displeased, at seeing my wishes disappointed.  The reasons appeared
+very obvious to me; not withstanding the British liberty, I conceived
+there were limits even to it.  However, my late friend's book has
+appeared since and there is even an edition of it lately done in
+England: I believe it will be relished by the friends of truth,
+who like to see vulgar errors struck at the root.  This has been
+your continued task, sir; and you deserve for it the praises of all
+sincere wellwishers of humanity: give me leave to rank myself among
+them, and express to you, by this opportunity you have been so kind
+as to give me, the fervent desire we have to see you in this country.
+Messrs. Stuart, Dempster, Fordyce, who are so good as to favor me
+with their company, have given me some hopes of seeing you in this
+metropolis, where you have so many admirers as readers, and as many
+sincere friends as there are disciples of philosophy.  I don't doubt
+but my good friend M. Helvétius will join in our wishes, and prevail
+upon you to come over.  I assure you, sir, you won't perceive much
+the change of the country, for all countries are alike for people that
+have the same minds.
+
+I am, with the greatest veneration and esteem, sir, your most
+obedient and most humble servant.
+	D'HOLBACH.
+	Rue Royale, butte St. Roch, à Paris.
+
+
+HOLBACH To GARRICK
+(Coll. Forster, Vol. XXI; pub., Hedgcock, p. 253)
+PARIS, Feb ye 9th, 1766.
+
+I received, my very Dear Sir, with a great deal of pleasure, your
+agreeable letter of ye 24th of January, but was very sorry to hear
+that you are inlisted in the numerous troup of _gouty_ people.  Tho'
+I have myself the honour of being of that tribe I dont desire my
+friends should enter into the same corporation.  I am particularly
+griev'd to see you among the invalids for you have, more than any
+other, occasion for the free use of your limbs.  However, don't be
+cross and peevish for that would be only increasing you distemper;
+and I charge you especially of not scolding that admirable lady
+Mrs Garrick, whose sweetness of temper and care must be a great
+comfort in your circumstances.  I beg leave to present her with my
+respects and ye compliments of my wife, that has enjoyed but an
+indifferent state of health, owing to the severity of the winter.
+Mr and Made Helvetius desire you both their best wishes and so do
+all your friends, for whom I can answer that every one of them
+keeps a kind remembrance of your valuable persons.  Dr. Gem thinks
+you'll do very well to go to Bath, but his opinion is that a thin
+diet would be more serviceable to you than anything else; believe
+he is in the right.  Abbé Morellet pays many thanks for the answers
+to his queries, but complains of their shortness and laconism;
+however it is not your fault.  He is glad to hear you have receiv'd
+his translation of Beccaria's book, _Des délits et des peines_ and
+the compliments of our friend Dr Gatti to whom I gave your direction
+before he went to London.  Our friend Suard has entered his neck into
+the matrimonial halter; we are all of us very sorry for it for we know
+that nothing combin'd with love, will at last make nothing at all.
+
+I was not much surpris'd at the particulars you are pleas'd to mention
+about Rousseau.  According to the thorough knowledge I have had of
+him I look on that man as a mere philosophical quack, full of
+affectation, of pride, of oddities and even villainies; the work he
+is going to publish justifies the last imputation.  Is his memory so
+short as to forget that Mr Grimm, for those 9 years past, has taken
+care of the mother of his wench or _gouvernante_ whom he left to starve
+here after having debauch'd her daughter and having got her 3 or 4
+times with child.  That great philosopher should remember that
+Mr. Grimm has in his hands letters under his own hand-writing that
+prove him the most ungrateful dogg in the world.  During his last
+stay in Paris he made some attempts to see Mr Diderot, and being
+refused that favor, he pretended that Diderot endeavoured to see
+him, but that himself had refused peremptorily to comply with his
+request.  I hope these particulars will suffice to let you know what
+you are to think of that illustrious man.  I send you here a copy of
+a letter supposed to come from the King of Prussia, but done by
+Mr Horace Walpole, whereby you'll see that gentleman has found out
+his true character.  But enough of that rascal who deserves not to be
+in Mr Hume's company but rather among the bears, if there are any in
+the mountains of Wales.
+
+I am surprized you have not receiv'd yet the _Encyclopédie_, for a
+great number of copies have been sent over already to England unless
+you have left your subscription here, where hitherto not one copy has
+been delivered for prudent reasons.
+
+We have had in the French Comedy a new play called _Le Philosophie sans
+le savoir_ done and acted in a new stile, quite natural and moving: it
+has a prodigious success and deserves it extremely well.  Marmontel
+will give us very soon upon the Italian stage his comical opera of
+_La Bergère des Alpes_.  I hope it will prove very agreeable to the
+Publick, having been very much delighted by the rehearsal of it; the
+music was done by Mr Cohaut who teaches my wife to play on the luth.
+We expect a tragedy of the Dutch Barnvelt.
+
+Mr Wilkes is still in this town, where he intends to stay until you
+give him leave to return to his native country.  We have had the
+pleasure of seeing Mr Chanquion, your friend, who seems to be a very
+discerning gentleman and to whom in favor of your friendship I have
+shown all the politeness I could.  I hear that Sr James Macdonald has
+been ill at Parma, but is now recovered and in Rome.  Abbé Galliani is
+still at Naples and stands a fair chance of being employ'd in the
+ministry there.
+
+Adieu, very dear Sir and remember your affectionate friend
+	D'HOLBACH
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+(Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 39)
+PARIS the 22d Of May (1766)
+
+_My dear Sir_
+
+I am extremely glad to know your lucky passage and happy arrival
+in your native country.  I hope you know too well the sincere
+dispositions of my heart as to doubt of the friendship I have
+vowed to you for life; it has been of too long a duration to be
+shaken by any circumstances, and especially by those that do honor
+to you.  I shall be very happy if your affairs (that seem to be in
+a fair way) permit you to drop over very soon to spend some time
+in this place along with Miss Wilkes to whom Made D'Holbach and I
+pay our best compliments.  I can easily paint to my imagination
+the pleasure you both felt at your first meeting; everybody that
+has any sensibility must be acquainted with the grateful pangs in
+those moving circumstances.
+
+Your case with the hawker at your entry in London is very odd and
+whimsical you did extremely well to humour the man in his opinion
+about Mr. Wilkes.  I dare say if you had done otherwise his fist
+would have convinc'd you of the goodness of your cause, and then it
+would have been impossible for you to pass for a dead man any longer;
+which however, I think was very necessary for you in the beginning.
+I expect with great eagerness the settlement of your affairs with
+the ministry to your own satisfaction; be persuaded, Dear Sir, that
+nobody interests himself in your happiness than myself, and nothing
+will conduce more to it than your steady attachment to the principles
+of honor and patriotism.
+
+If you don't find a way of disposing of the little packet, you need
+not take much trouble about it, and you may bring it back along with
+you, when you come to this place, as to the kind offers you are so
+good as to make me about commissions, experience has taught me that
+it is unsafe to trust you with them, so I beg leave with gratitude
+to decline your proposals as that point.
+
+All our common friends and acquaintances desire their best
+compliments to you, and believe me, my dear Sir.
+
+	Your affectionate oblig'd humble servant
+	D'HOLBACH
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+(Brit. Mus. Mss., VOL 30869, p. 81)
+PARIS 9ber 10th 1766
+
+_My very Dear Sir_
+
+I receiv'd with the greatest pleasure the news of your lucky arrival
+in Engelland.  You know the sentiments of my heart, and are undoubtedly
+convinc'd how much I wish for the good success of all your enterprises
+tho I am to be a great looser by it.  I rejoice very heartily at the
+fine prospect you have now in view and don't doubt but the persons you
+mention will succeed if they are in good earnest: which is allways a
+little doubtful in people of that Kidney.
+
+We have had the pleasure of seeing Miss Wilkes three or four times since
+your departure, she is extreamly well and longs for the return of her
+friend Mlle Helvetius the 20th of this month.
+
+Rousseau will very likely hate the English very cordially for making
+him pay so dear for his books, it is however a sign that he told us a
+lye when he pretended in his writings to have no books at all, as to
+his guitar he should buy a new one to tune his heart a little better
+than he did before.
+
+We have no news here, except the Election of Mr Thomas as a member of
+the french academy.  Marquis Beccaria is going to leave us very soon
+being obliged to return to Milan: Count Veri will at the same time set
+out for England.
+
+I'll be oblig'd to you for a copy or two of the book printed in holland
+you mentioned in your letter you may send it by some private opportunity
+to Miss Wilkes, with, proper directions.  A gentleman of our Society
+should be glad to get 2 copies of Baskervilles' virgil _in octavo_.
+
+Tho Mr Davenport and Rousseau seem to be pleased very much with one
+another, I suppose they may very soon be tired of their squabbling,
+and the latter like the apostles will shake of against the barbarous
+Britons the dust of his feet.
+
+Receive the hearty compliments of my wife and all our friends.  You
+know the true sentiments of my heart for you,
+Dear Sir.  I am with great sincerity
+	your most obedient humble Servant
+	D'HOLBACH
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+(Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 173)
+
+_Dear Sir_
+
+I receiv'd with a great deal of pleasure your friendly letter from
+Ostende of the 26th. nov. I was extreamly glad to hear your happy
+arrival at that place, and do not doubt but you met with a lucky
+passage to Dover the following day, we are now enjoying the conversation
+of your British friends about elections; that will not be tedious for
+you if, according to your hopes, you should succeed in your projects.
+
+I see by your letter that instead of coming back directly by Calais
+you intend to travel with Miss Wilkes through Antwerp and the Low
+countries, which I should think not very advisable in this rigorous
+season of the year, for generally at that time the waters are lock'd
+up by the frost and travelling is bad et tedious and may be would
+prove hurtful to your tender fellow traveler to whom my wife and I
+desire our best compliments.  Such a scheme will be more advantagious
+for you both and more conformable to the wishes of your friends in
+this place.
+
+I hope your arrival in London will contribute to reconcile abbé
+Galliani to that place, where he complains of having not heard of
+the sun since he set his foot on British shore, however he may
+comfort himself for we have had very little of it in this country.
+The Abbé must be overjoy'd at the news of the Jesuits being expell'd
+from his Native country for now he may say _Gens inimica mihi 
+Tyrrhenum navigat aquor_.  We have no material news in this country,
+except that the queen continues to be in a very bad state of health.
+
+If there is some good new romance I'll be oblig'd to bring it over
+along with you as, well as a couple of french books call'd
+_Militaire philosophe_ and _Théologie portative_ in case you may
+easily find them in London, for we cannot get them here.  I am told
+the works of one Morgan have been esteem'd in your country but I don't
+know the titles of them, if you should know them and meet with them
+with facility, I should be very much oblig'd to you provided you make
+me pay a little more than you have done hitherto for your commissions.
+
+All our common friends beg their compliments and I wish for your
+speedy return, and I am Sincerely
+Dear Sir
+	Your faithful affectionate humble servant
+	D'HOLBACH
+PARIS the 10th of decemb. 1767
+
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+(Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30870, p. 59)
+GRANDVAL, 17th of July 1768
+
+_Dear Sir_
+
+I receiv'd with a great deal of pleasure your very agreeable letter
+of the 28th of last month.  I am extreamly glad that your generous
+soul is very far from sinking under the weight of these Misfortunes,
+and to see that you don't give up the hopes of carrying triumphantly
+your point notwithstanding the discouragements you have met with lately.
+I need not tell you how much your friends in Paris and I in particular
+interest ourselves in all the events that may befall you.  Our old
+friendship ought to be a sure pledge of my sincere sentiments for you,
+and of my best wishes for your good success in all your undertakings.
+I believe you can do no better but to keep strictly to the rules you
+have laid down for your conduct, and I don't doubt but you'll find it
+will answer the best to your purpose.
+
+I am very much oblig'd to you, Dear Sir, for the kind offers you make
+in your friendly letter.  I have desir'd already Mr Suard to bring over
+a few books lately published in your metropolis.  I am very glad to hear
+that Gentleman is pleas'd with his journey.
+
+There's no possibility of getting for you a compleat sett of Callots
+engravings.  Such a collection must be the business of many years; it
+is to be found only after the decease of some curious men who have taken
+a great deal of trouble to collect them.  I found indeed in two shops 8
+or 10 of them, but the proofs (les épreuves) were very indifferent and
+they wanted to sell them excessively dear; in general 200 guineas would
+procure a collection very far from being compleat.
+
+My wife and all our common acquaintence desire their best compliments
+to you and to Miss Wilkes and you know the sentiments wherewith I am
+for ever
+Dear Sir
+	your affectionate friend and
+	very humble servant
+	D'HOLBACH
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+(Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30871, p. 16)
+PARIS the 19th of March 1770
+
+_Dear Sir_
+
+I receiv'd with a due sense of gratitude the favour of your last
+letter, and was overjoy'd to hear from yourself that your long
+confinement has not been able hitherto to obstruct the lively flow
+of your spirits.  A little more patience and you'll reach the end
+of all your misfortunes, that have been faithfully partaken by your
+friends in England and abroad, for my own part I wish most sincerely
+that everything for the future may turn to your profit and welfare,
+without hurting that of your country, to whom, as a lover of mankind,
+I am a well wisher.
+
+My wife desires her best compliments to you and your beloved Daughter,
+whom we both expect to see again with a great deal of pleasure in
+this country next month.  Notwithstanding our bad circumstances we
+are making very great preparations for the Wedding of the Dauphin,
+and our metropolis begins already to be filled with foreigners that
+flock hither from all parts of the world.  Our friend Mr D'Alainville
+is to set out at the end of April to fetch the Archdutchess at
+Strasbourg and bring mask (ed) (?) her different stages on the road
+to Versailles.
+
+We have no news in the literary world except that Voltaire
+is become lately _le père temporal_, that is to say the benefactor
+of the _Capucins du pays de Gex_ where he lives, a title of which
+all his pranks seemd to exclude him, but grace you know, is omnipotent,
+and monks are not over nice when there is something to be got by
+their condescension.
+
+If the hurry of affairs whould leave you any moments to read
+curious books I would advise you to peruse two very strange
+works lately publish'd viz _Recherches philosophiques sur les
+américains_, le _Système de la Nature_ par Mirabaud.  I suppose
+you'll find them cheaper and more easily in London that at
+Paris.
+
+All your late acquaintances in this Town desire me to present
+you with their sincere compliments and best wishes; as to mine
+you know that they have no other object but your Welfare.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, for ever
+	your most affectionate friend
+	and humble servant
+	D'HOLBACH
+
+P. S. I'll be very much oblig'd to you for sending over to me in
+2 vol. small octavo.
+
+
+
+HOLBACH TO WILKES
+(Wilkes, Correspondence, London, 1805, Vol. 4, p. 176)
+PARIS, April 27; 1775
+
+"_My Lord_,
+
+"I received with the utmost gratitude your lordship's friendly
+letter of the 28th of March. (1775?)  I should have done
+myself the honor of answering sooner to your kind propositions,
+if I had not been prevented by some gouty infirmities that have
+assailed in the beginning of this spring.  I esteem myself very
+happy to find that the hurry of business, and your exhaltation
+to the rank of chief-magistrate, could not make you forget your
+friendship to me; though my present circumstances do not permit
+me to make use of your friendly invitation, be persuaded my very
+dear lord that Madame D'Holbach and myself shall forever keep
+these signs of your kindness, in very grateful remembrance.
+
+We both desire our best compliments to your very amiable
+lady-mayoress: who acted so well her part lately in the Egyptian
+hall, to the satisfaction of that prodigious crowd you have
+been entertaining there.  All members of our society that have
+had the happiness of being acquainted with you, desire to be
+kindly remembered; and a continuation of your valuable friendship
+shall for ever be the utmost ambition
+	my lord
+	of your most sincerely devoted
+	D'HOLBACH"
+
+
+
+GALIANI To HOLBACH
+(Galiani, Corresp., Vol. I, p. 199)
+NAPLES, le 21 juillet, 1770
+
+_Bonjour, mon cher Baron,_
+
+J'ai vu le _Système de la Nature_.  C'est la ligne où finit la
+tristesse de la morne et sèche vérité, au-delà commence la gaieté
+du roman.  Il n'y a rien de mieux que de se persuader que les dés
+sont pipés: cette idée en enfante milles autres, et un nouveau
+monde se régénère.  Le M. Mirabaud est un vrai abbé Terray
+de la métaphysique.  Il fait des réductions, des suspensions,
+et cause la banqueroute du savoir, du plaisir et de l'esprit
+humain.  Mais vous allez me dire qu'aussi il y avait trop de
+nonvaleurs: on était trop endetté, il courait trop de papiers non
+réels sur la place.  C'est vrai aussi, et voilà pourquoi la crise
+est arrivée.
+
+Adieu, mon cher baron.  Ecrivez-moi de longues lettres, pour que
+le plaisir en soit plus grand.  Embrassez moi longuement la
+baronne, et soyez longue dans tout que vous faites, dans tout
+ce que vous patientez, dans tout ce que vous espérer.  La
+longanimité est une belle vertu; c'est elle qui me fait espérer
+de revoir Paris.
+	Adieu.
+
+
+
+HOLBACH To GALIANI 
+(Critica, Vol. I, 1903, p. 489)
+
+GRANDVAL, le 25 d'août 1770
+
+_Bonjour, mon très délicieux abbé,_
+
+J'ai bien reçu votre très-précieuse lettre du 21 de juillet qui
+m'accuse la réception de celle que je vous avais écrite le 3 de
+juin.  Je vois que celle-ci a été longtemps en route, attendu
+que M. Torcia à qui M. Diderot s'était chargé de la remettre, a
+encore traînassé quelque temps à Paris, suivant la louable
+coutume des voyageurs qui nous quittent toujours avec peine.
+
+Je suis bien aise que vous ayez lu le livre de Mirabaud qui fait
+un bruit affreux dans ce pays.  L'abbé Bergier l'a déjà
+réfuté très-longuement et sa réponse paraîtra cet hiver.  La
+Sorbonne est, dit-on, occupée à détruire ce maudit _Système_ qui
+lui paraît au moins hérétique.  Voltaire lui-même se prépare
+à le pulvériser; en attendant nos seigneurs du Parlement y
+viennent d'y répondre par des fagots, ainsi qu'à quelque autres
+ouvrages de même trempe.  Ce qu'il y a de fâcheux c'est que
+l'ouvrage de V. qui a pour titre _Dieu et les hommes_ a été
+enveloppé dans la même condamnation, ce qui doit déplaire
+souverainement à l'auteur.  Je me rappelle à cette occasion ce
+que M. Hume dit d'un catholique que Henri VIII fit conduire au
+bûcher avec quelques hérétiques, et dont le seul chagrin était
+d'être brûlé en si mauvaise compagnie.  Nonobstant toutes ces
+réfutations, il parait tous les jours quelques nouveaux ouvrages
+impies, au point que je suis très surpris que la récolte ait été
+si bonne dans le royaume.  En dernier lieu on vient de publier un
+ouvrage sous le titre de _Droit des souverains sur les biens du
+clergé_, qui, sans contenir des impiétés n'en est pas moins déplaisant
+pour cela: Il va droit à la cuisine, et veut que pour liquider
+la dette nationale on vende tous les biens ecclésiastiques et
+que l'on met nos pontifes à la pension.  Vous sentez qu'une
+proposition si mal sonnante n'a pu manquer de mettre le ciel en
+courroux; sa colère s'est déchargé sur cinq ou six libraires et
+colporteurs qui ont été mis en prison.
+
+
+
+
+[ENDNOTES]
+
+
+[1:1] Diderot, _Oeuvres_, ed. Assézat et Tourneaux, Vol. XX, p. 28.
+
+[2:2] Grimm, _Corr. Lit._, Vol. XV, p. 421.
+
+[3:3] Diderot, _Oeuvres_, Vol. XX, p. 95.
+
+[3:4] Among the most important are Damiron J. P., _Mémoires pour
+servir à l'histoire de la philosophie au dix-huitième siècle_ (Paris,
+1858, 3 vols., 8vo); Lange, _Geschichte des Materialismus_ (Eng. tr.,
+Boston, 1877); Morley, _Diderot and the Encyclopedists_ (N. Y., 1891,
+2 vols., 12mo); Plekhanow, G., _Beiträge zur Geschichte des Materialismus_
+(Stuttgart, 1896) ; Hancock, A. E., _The French Revolution and the
+English Poets_ (N. Y., 1899); Tallentyre, _The Friends of Voltaire_
+(London, 1906); Fabre, _Les Pères de la Révolution_ (Paris, 1910), etc.
+
+[5:5] Confessions, _Oeuvres_, Vol. XXIV, p. 338.
+
+[5:6] Bib. Nat. mss. _Pièces originales,_ 1529, d'Holbach, 34, 861.
+
+[6:7] Carlyle, Rev. Dr. A., _Autobiography_, ed. Burton, Boston, 1861, 
+p. 137 sq. for Holbach's English friends mentioned in his letters to
+Wilkes.
+
+[12:9] See Chap. II and Bibliography, Pt. I, for these and his other works.
+
+[12:10] Grimm _Cor. Lit._, Vol. II, p. 283.
+
+[12:11] _Gazette de France_, Aug. 10, 1754.
+
+[12:12] Jal, _Dict. Critique_, p. 685.
+
+[13:13] His career is somewhat doubtful.  He travelled in Italy in 1779
+and Abbé Galiani, an old friend of Holbach's, got a very agreeable
+impression of him.  John Wilkes, in a letter to his daughter in 1781,
+seems to imply that he had not turned out very well, and hopes that the
+baron's second son will make good the deficiencies of the first.  In
+1806 he published a translation of Weiland's _Oberon_ or _Huon de
+Bordeaux_ which went thru another edition in 1825, but those are the
+only details that have come to light.
+
+[13:14] Diderot, in writing to Mlle Volland Sep. 17, 1760 says: "On
+nourrit, à Chenvières, les deux filles de Madame d'Holbach.  L'aînée
+est belle comme un chérubin; c'est un visage rond, de grands yeux
+bleus, des levres fines, une bouche riante, la peau la plus blanche
+et la plus animée, des cheveux châtains qui ceignent un très joli
+front.  La cadette est un peloton d'embonpoint où l'on ne distingue
+encore que du blanc et du vermillon."
+
+[13:15] Gazette de France, June 1, 1781.
+
+[14:16] Holbach's intendant was [a] Jew, Berlise.  After his death several
+of his old servants Vincent, David, and Plocque, contested Holbach's will,
+in which they thought they were legatees.  The case was in the courts
+for several years and was finally decided against them.  Douarche,
+_Les tribunaux civil de Paris pendant la révolution_, Paris, 1905, Vol. I.,
+pp. 141, 261, 325, 689.
+
+[14:17] Avézac-Lavigne, _Diderot_, p. 5.
+
+[15:18] _Critica_, Vol. I, p. 48, note.
+
+[15:19] He met Voltaire in Paris in 1778, however, and Naigeon relates
+that Voltaire greeted him very cordially and said that he had long
+desired to make his acquaintance.
+
+[15:20] Collignon, _Diderot_, p. 1.
+
+[16:21] Avézac-Lavigne, _Diderot_, p. 75, note.
+
+[16:22] Romilly, _Memoirs_, Vol. I, p. 179.
+
+[16:23] Diderot, _Oeuvres_, Vol. I, p. lxvi, note.
+
+[17:24] Journal de Paris, Dec. 2, 1789.
+
+[17:25] See appendix, p. 73, p. 77.
+
+[18:26] See appendix, p. 71.
+
+[19:27] See appendix, p. 72.
+
+[19:28] See p. 6 sq. and appendix pp. 75 sq.
+
+[39:2] Barbier, _Dict._, Vol. I, p. 175 sq.
+
+[40:3] Barbier, Vol. I, p. xxxiii, note.
+
+[40:4] _Oeuvres_, Vol. XVIII, p. 265.
+
+[44:5] _Oeuvres_, Vol. XIV, p. 352.
+
+[47:7] Middleton's translation, preface.
+
+[47:8] Cf. p. 94. [Bibliography Part I]
+
+[54:1] Morley, _Diderot_, Vol. II, p. 155.
+
+[55:2] Later _Bon-sens_ and _Théologie portative_ were doomed to the
+flames by the condemnations of Jan. 10, 1774, and February 16, 1776.
+
+[55:3] _Système de la Nature_, ed. 1771, Vol. II, p. 496.
+
+[56:4] Grimm, _Cor. Lit._, Vol. IX, p. 167.
+
+[56:5] Voltaire, _Oeuvres_, ed. Beuchot, Vol. LXVI, p. 404.  Subsequent
+references to Voltaire are from this edition.
+
+[56:6] Vol. LXVII, p. 265.
+
+[56:7] Grimm, _Cor. Lit._, Vol. IX, p. 90.
+
+[57:8] Vol. LXVI, p. 432.
+
+[57:9] Vol. LXVI, p. 563.
+
+[57:10] Vol. LXVI, p. 386.
+
+[58:11] Vol. LXVI, p. 394.
+
+[58:12] Vol. XXVIII, p. 493.
+
+[58:13] Vol. LXVI, p. 469.
+
+[58:14] Goethe, _Wahrheit und Dichtung_, 11th Book, Goethe's _Werke_,
+Stuttgart, Vol. 19, p. 55.
+
+Auf philosophische Weise erleuchtet und gefödert zu werden, hatten
+wir keinen Trieb noch Hang: über religiöse Gegenstände glaubten wir
+uns selbst aufgeklärt zu haben, und so war der heftige Streit
+französischer Philosophen mit dem Pfafftum uns ziemlich gleichgültig.
+Verbotene, zurn Feuer verdaminte Bücher, welche damals grossen Lärmen
+machten, übten keine Wirkung auf uns.  Ich gedenke statt aller des
+_Système de la Nature_, das wir aus Neugier in die Hand nahmen.  Wir
+begriffen nicht, wie ein solches Buch gefährlich sein könnte.  Es kam
+uns so grau, so cimmerisch, so totenhaft vor, das wir Mühe hatten,
+seine Gegenwart auszuhalten, dass wir davor wie vor einern Gespenste
+schauderten.  Der Verfasser glaubt sein Buch ganz eigens zu empfehlen,
+wenn er in der Vorrede versichert, dass er, als ein abgelebter Greis,
+soeben in die Grube stiegend, der Mit- und Nachwelt die Wahrheit verkünden
+wolle.  Wir lachten ihn aus: denn wir glaubten bemerkt zu haben, dass
+von alten Leuten eigentlich an der Welt nichts geschätzt werde, was
+liebenswürdig und gut an ihr ist.  "Alte Kirchen haben dunkle Gläser"
+"Wie Kirschen und Beeren schmecken, muss mann Kinder und Sperlinge
+fragen"--dies waren unsere Lust und Leibworte: und so schien uns jenes
+Buch, als die rechte Quintessenz der Greisenheit, unschmachhaft, ja
+abgeschmackt Alles sollte notwendig sein und deswegen kein Gott.
+"Könnte es denn aber nicht auch notwendig einen Gott geben?" fragten
+wir.  Dabei gestanden wir freilich, das wir uns den Notwendigkeiten der
+Tage und Nächte, der Jahrszeiten, der klirnatischen Einflusse, der
+physichen und animalischen Zustände nicht wohl entziehen könnten: doch
+fühlten wir etwas in uns, das als vollkommene Willkür erschien, und
+wieder etwas, das sich mit dieser Willkür ins Gleichgewicht zu setzen
+suchte.  Die Hoffnung, immer vernünftiger zu werden, uns von den aussern
+Dingen, ja von uns selbst immer unabhängiger zu machen, konnten wir
+nicht aufgeben.  Das Wort Freiheit klingt so schon, dass mann es nicht
+entbehren könnte und wenn es einen Irrtum bezeichnete.
+
+Keiner von uns hatte das Buch hinausgelesen; denn wir fanden uns in
+der Erwartung getäuscht, in der wir es auf geschlagen hatten.
+_System der Natur_ ward angekündigt und wir hofften also wirklich
+etwas von der Natur, unsere Abgötten, zu erfahren.  Physik und Chemie,
+Himmels- und Erdbeschriebung, Naturgeschichte und Anatomie und so
+manches andere hatte nun zeit Jahren und bis auf den letzten Tag uns
+immer auf die geschmüchte grosse Welt hingeweisen, und wir hatten gern
+von Sonnen und Sternen, von Planeten und Monden, von Bergen, Thälern,
+Flüssen und Meeren und von allem, was dann lebt und webt, das Nähere
+sowie das Allgemeinere erfahren.  Das hierbei wohl manches vorkommen
+müsste, was dem gemeinen Menschen als schädlich, der Geistlichkeit als
+gefährlich, dem Staat als unzulässig erschienen möchte, daran hatten wir
+keinen Zweifel, und wir hofften, dieses Büchlein sollte nicht unwürdig
+die Feuerprobe bestauden haben.  Allein wie hohl und leer ward uns in
+deiser tristen Atheistischen Halbnacht zu Mute, in welcher die Erde mit
+allen ihren Gebilden, der Himmel mit allen seinen Gestirnen verschwand!
+Eine Materie sollte sein von Ewigkeit und von Ewigkeit her bewegt, und
+sollte nun mit dieser Bewegung rechts und links und nach allen Seiten
+ohne weiteres die unendlichen Phänomene des Daseins hervorbringen.
+Dies alles wären wir sogar zufrieden gewesen, wenn der Verfasser
+wirklich aus seiner bewegten Materie die Welt vor unsern Augen
+aufgebaut hätte.  Aber er mochte von der Natur so wenig wissen als wir;
+denn indem er einige allgemeine Begriffe hingepfahlt, verlässt er sie
+sogleich, um dasjenige, was höher als die Natur oder als höhere
+Natur in der Natur erschient, zur materiellen schweren, zwar bewegten,
+aber doch richtungs- und gestaltlosen Natur zu verwandeln, und glaubt
+dadurch recht viel gewonnen zu haben.  Wenn uns jedoch dieses Buch
+einigen Schaden gebracht hat, so war es der, das wir allen
+Philosophie, besonderers aber der Metaphysick recht herzlich gram
+wurden, und bleiben, dagegen aber auf lebendige Wissen, Erfahren,
+Thun und Dichten uns nur desto lebhafter und leidenschaftlicher hinwarfen.
+
+[64:15] Vol. II, p. 261, ed. 1820.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY--PART I.
+
+EDITIONS OF HOLBACH'S WORKS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
+
+
+As the works of Holbach are not yet cataloged in the Bibliothèque
+Nationale, the following list is doubtless incomplete.  The numbers
+given are those of the Bibliothèque Nationale and the British Museum
+where the books were used, except in cases where they were available
+in Boston, New York or Washington.
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS
+
+B. N., Bibliothèque Nationale.
+B. M., British Museum.
+L. C., Library of Congress.
+C. U., Columbia University.
+H. U., Harvard University.
+U. T. S., Union Theological Seminary.
+G. T. S., General Theological Seminary.
+A. T. S., Andover Theological Seminary.
+N. Y., New York Public Library.
+B. P., Boston Public Library.
+
+Of about 120 editions consulted, C. U. had 13; U. T. S. 7; N. Y. 7;
+H. U. 6; B. P. 5; L. C. 4; A. T. S. 3; G. T. S. I.  There are 20 or more
+editions in existence that were not to be found in the library catalogs
+consulted.
+
+1752.  Lettre à une dame d'un certain âge sur l'état présent de l'Opéra.
+En Arcadie aux dépens de l'Académie Royale de Musique, (Paris, 8vo, pp. 11.)
+B. M. 1103 b 21 (2).
+
+1752.  Arrêt rendu à l'amphithéâtre de l'Opéra, sur la plainte du
+milieu du parterre intervenant dans la querelle des deux coins.
+(Paris, 1752, 8vo, pp. 16.)
+B. N. Yf 7726 (attributed to Diderot).
+
+1752.  Art de la Verrerie, De Neri, Merret et Kunckel; auquel on a
+ajouté Le _Sol Sine Veste_ D'Orschall; _L'Helioscopium videndi sine
+veste solem Chymicum_; Le _Sol Non Sine Veste_: Le Chapitre XI du
+_Flora Saturnizans_ de Henckel, Sur la Vitrification des Végétaux;
+Un Mémoire sur la manière de faire le Saffre; Le Secret des vraies
+Porcelaines de la Chine et de Saxe; Ouvrages où l'on trouvera la
+manière de faire le Verre et le Crystal, d'y porter des Couleurs,
+d'imiter les Pierres Précieuses, de préparer et colorer les Emaux,
+de faire la Potasse, de peindre sur le Verre, de préparer des Vernis,
+de composer de Couvertes pour des Fayances et Poteries, d'extraire la
+Couleur Pourpre de l'Or, de contrefaire les Rubis, de faire le Soffre,
+de faire et peindre les Porcelaines, etc.  Traduits de l'Allemand Par
+M. D... A Paris Durand, rue St. Jacques, au Griffon.  Pissot, Quai des
+Augustins, à la Sagesse.  Avec Approbation et Privilège du Roi (in quarto).
+	B. N. V. 11028.
+	C. U. A. n H 35 (Avery Library).
+
+1753.  Minéralogie, ou description générale des substances du règne
+minéral.  Par Mr. Jean Gotshalk Wallerius, Professeur Royale de
+Chymie, de Métallurgie et de Pharmacie dans l'Université d'Upsal,
+de l'Académie Impériale des Curieux de la Nature.  Ouvrage traduit
+de l'Allemand, A Paris, Chez Durand, rue S. Jacques, au Griffon.
+Pissot, Quai de Conti, à la Croix d'Or, MDCCLII.  Avec Approbation
+et Privilège du Roi (2 vols., 8vo, pp. xlvii + 569 + 284).  Followed
+by (second title page) Hydrologie, ou description du règne aquatique,
+divisés par classes, gendres, espèces et variétés, avec la manière de
+faire l'essai des eaux (256 p.).
+	B. N., S. 1992 (2).
+	B. M. 987 h. 9-10.
+
+--Ibid.  (Paris, Herissant, Durand, 1759, 2 vols., 8vo.) N. Y., P. W. D.
+	H. U. Geol. 7257-59.
+	B. M. 970 h.l.
+
+1756.  Introduction à la Minéralogie; ou connoissance des eaux, des
+sucs terrestres, des sels, des terres, des pierres, des minéraux, et
+des métaux: avec une description abrégée des opérations de métallurgie.
+Ouvrage posthume de M. J. F. Henckel, publié sous le titre de _Henckelius
+in Mineralogiâ redivivus_ et traduit de l'Allemand.  A Paris, Chez Guillaume
+Cavelier, Libraire, rue S. Jacques, au Lys d'Or.  MDCCLVI.  Avec Approbation
+et Privilège du Roi.  (2 vols., 12vo, pp. lxxi + 204 + 371.)
+	B. N. 19930 (1).
+
+1758.  Chimie métallurgique, Dans laquelle on trouvera la Théorie et
+la Pratique de cet Art.  Avec des Experiences sur la Densité
+des Alliages des Métaux, et des demi-Métaux; et un Abrégé de
+Docimastique.  Avec Figures.  Par M. C. E. Gellert, Conseiller
+des Mines de Saxe et de l'Académie Imperiale de Petersbourg.
+Ouvrages traduits de l'Allemand.  A Paris, Chez Briasson, rue
+Saint Jacques; Avec Approbation et Privelège.  (2 vols., 12mo,
+pp. xii + 296 + xvii + 351.)
+	B. N., R. 37032 (3).
+
+1759.  Traités de physique, d'histoire naturelle, de minéralogie et de
+métallurgie.  (Paris, 1759, 3 vols., 12mo.)  (General title.)
+	Tome I.  L'Art des Mines, ou Introduction aux connoissances
+nécessaires pour l'exploitation des mines métalliques avec un traité
+des exhalaisons minérales ou moufettes, et plusieurs mémoires sur
+differens sujets d'Histoire Naturelle-Avec figures.  Par
+M. Jean Gotlob Lehmann, Docteur en Médecine, Conseiller des
+Mines de Sa Majesté Prussienne, de l'Académie Royale des
+Sciences de Berlin et de celle des Sciences utiles de Mayence.
+Traduit de l'Allemand.  A Paris, Chez Jean Thomas Herrisant
+MDCCLIX.  Avec Approbation et Privilège du Roi. 
+	Tome II.  Traité de la formation des métaux et de leurs
+matrices ou minières, ouvrage fondé sur les principes de la
+physique et de la minéralogie et confirmé par des expériences
+chymiques.  Par M. J. G. Lehmann, etc.  Traduit de l'Allemand.
+	Tome III.  Essai d'une Histoire Naturelle des couches de la
+terre.  Dans lequel on traite de leur formation, de leur situation,
+des minéraux, des métaux et des fossiles qu'elles contiennent.
+Avec des considerations physiques sur les causes des Tremblements
+de Terre et de leur propagation.  Ouvrages traduits de l'Allemand,
+et augmentés de Notes du Traducteur etc.
+	H. U., M, Z.
+	B. M. 990 c. 16-18.
+
+1759.  Les plaisirs de l'imagination, poème en trois chants, par
+M. Akenside.  Traduit de l'anglais.  A Amsterdam, Arkstée et Merkus,
+et se trouve à Paris chez Pissot, Quai de Conti MDCCLIX (8vo).
+	B. N. 2 ex. Yk 2362 et 2498.
+	B. M. 1162 f 20.
+
+--Ibid.  Les plaisirs de l'imagination, poème en trois chants, Par
+Akenside, traduit de l'Anglais par le baron d'Holbach, augmenté de
+Notes historiques et littéraires, de la vie de l'auteur et du Traducteur,
+par Pissot.  Paris, Hubert MDCCCVI (1806-18vo).
+	B. N. Yk 2363.
+	B. M. 1065 b 20 (2).
+
+1760.  Pyritologie, ou Histoire Naturelle de la Pyrite, ouvrage dans
+lequel on examine l'origine, la nature, les propriétés et les usages
+de ce Minéral important, et de la plupart des autres Substances du même
+Règne: on y a joint le Flora Saturnisans où L'Auteur dèmontre l'Alliance
+qui se trouve entre les Végétaux et les Minéraux; et les Orpuscules
+Minéralogiques, Qui comprennent un Traité de l'Appropriation, un Traité
+de L'Origine des Pierres, plusieurs Mémoires sur la Chymie et l'Histoire
+Naturelle, avec un Traité des Maladies des Mineurs et des Fondeurs.
+Par M. Jean-Frederic Henkel, Docteur en Médicine, Conseiller des Mines
+du Roi de Pologne, Electeur de Saxe; de l'Académie Imperiale des Curieux
+de la Nature et de celle de Berlin.  Ouvrages Traduit de l'Allemand [by
+Baron d'Holbach and M., Charas] à Paris, Chez jean Thomas Hérissant,
+Libraire, Rue S. Jacques, à S. Paul et à S. Hilaire. MDCCLX.  Avec
+Approbation et Privilège du Roi.  (Paris, 1760, quarto, pp. xvi + 524.)
+	B. N. 5324.
+	B. M. 34 c 15.
+
+1760.  Oeuvres Métallurgiques de M. Jean-Christian Orschall, Inspecteur
+des Mines de S. A. S. le Land-grave de Hesse-Cassel.  Contenant
+I. L'Art de la Fonderie; II. Un Traité de la Siquation;
+III.  Le Traité de la Macération des Mines; IV. Le Traité
+des Trois Merveilles; (Traduit de l'Allemand) Le prix est de 50
+sols broché et de 3 liv. relié. A Paris, Chez Hardy, Libraire, rue
+S. Jacques au dessus de celle de la Parcheminerie à la Colonne
+d'Or.  MDCCLX.  Avec Approbation et Privilège du Roi.
+(12mo, pp. + 394.)
+	B. N., S 19,992.
+
+1764.  Recueil des mémoires les plus intéressants de chymie, et d'histoire
+naturelle, contenus dans les actes de l'Académie d'Upsal, et dans les
+Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Stockholm; Publiés depuis
+1720 jusqu'en 1760.  Traduits du Latin et de l'Allemand.  A Paris, Chez
+Pierre-Fr. Didot, le jeune, Quai des Augustins, à S. Augustin.  MDCCLXIV.
+Avec Approbation et Privilège du Roi. (2 vols., 12mo, pp. viii + 687.)
+	B. N. R 15483 (4).
+
+1765.  Histoire du règne de la Reine Anne d'Angleterre, contenant Les
+Négociations de la paix d'Utrecht, et les démêlés qu'elle occasionna
+en Angleterre.  Ouvrage posthume du Docteur Jonathan Swift.  Doyen de
+S. Patrice en Irelande: Publié sur un Manuscrit corrigé de la propre
+main de l'Auteur, et traduit de l'Anglais par M... [d'Holbach and Eidous].
+A Amsterdam, Chez Marc-Michel Rey, et Arkstée et Merkus. MDCCLXV.
+(12mo, pp. xxiv + 416.)
+	B. N. 8vo Nc 1718.
+
+1766.  Traité du Soufre, ou Remarques sur la dispute qui s'est élevée
+entre les chymistes, au sujet du Soufre, tant commun, combustible
+ou volatil, que fixe, etc.  Traduit de l'Allemand de Stahl.
+A Paris, Chez Pierre-Francois Didot, le jeune.  Quai de
+Augustins à Saint-Augustin.  MDCCLXVI.  Avec Approbation
+et Privilège du Roi.  (12mo, pp. 392.)
+	B. N., R 51709.
+	B. M. 233 b 15.
+
+1766.  L'Antiquité dévoilée par ses usages, ou Examen critique des
+principales Opinions, Cérémonies et Institutions réligieuses et
+politiques des différens Peuples de la Terre.  Par feu M., Boulanger.
+Homo, quod rationis est particeps, consequentiam cernit causas rerum
+videt, earumque progressus et quasi antecessiones non ignorat,
+similitudines compare, rebus praesentibus adjungit at anectit futuras.
+--Cicero, De Offic. Lib. I. C. 4.
+A Amsterdam, Chez Marc-Michel Rey, MDCCLXVI. (Quarto pp. viii + 412.)
+	B. N., E 690.
+	C. U., A P. B 66 (Avery Library).
+
+--Ibid.  (1766, 3 vols., 12mo.)
+	B. N. *E 2446-2448. 
+
+--Ibid.  (1772, 3 Vols., (12mo.)
+	B. N. *E 2445 (VIII).
+	B. M. 4506 a 1.
+
+--Ibid.  (Amsterdam, 1777, 3 vols., 12mo, pp. lx + 355 + 391 + 396.)
+	B. M. 696 b 35.
+
+--Ibid.  In Oeuvres de Boulanger T. I-IV En Suisse.
+De l'Imprimerie Philosophique MDCCXCI. (4 vols., (12mo.)
+	B. N., Z 24316-24319.
+
+--Ibid.  In _Oeuvres de Boulanger_ T. I-II Amsterdam.
+(Paris, 2 vols., 8vo.) (Quérard.)
+
+1767.  Le Christianisme dévoilé, ou Examen des principes et des effets
+de la religion Chrétienne.  Par feu M. Boulanger.  Superstitio error
+infanus est, amandos timet, quos colit violat; quid enim interest,
+utrum Deos neges, an infames?  Senec. Ep. 12.
+A Londres, MDCCLVI (Nancy, Leclerc, 1761, 8vo, pp. xxviii + 295).
+	B. N., D2 5305.
+	B. M. 4016 bb 6.
+	B. M., C 2863 (another copy with MS. notes by Voltaire).
+
+--Ibid.  (Londres, 1767, 8vo, pp. xx + 236.)  Printed at John Wilkes'
+private press in George St. Westminster, according to MS. note in
+title page.
+	B. M. 4017 de. 13.
+
+--Ibid.  (Londres, 1767, 8vo, pp. 244.)
+	A. T. S. 6 11.
+
+--Ibid.  (A Paris, Chez les Libraires Associés, 1767, 8vo,
+pp. xvii + 218.)
+	B. N., D2 8364.
+
+--Ibid.  (Londres [Amsterdam], 1767, 12mo.)
+	B. M. 696 b 34
+
+--Ibid.  Oeuvres de Boulanger T. VII.  (En Suisse de l'Imprimerie
+philosophique, 1791, 12mo.)
+	B. N., Z 23421.
+
+--Ibid.  Oeuvres de Boulanger T. V, 1793.
+
+--Christianity Unveiled; being an examination of the principles and
+effects of the Christian Religion, from the French of Boulanger,
+Author of _Researches into the Origin of Oriental Despotism_, by
+W. M. Johnson. New York, 1795, printed at the Columbian Press by
+Robertson and Gowan for the editor and sold by the principal book
+sellers in the United States. (12mo, pp. ix + 238.)
+	B. M. 4017 de 4.
+	B. M. 900 i. 1, (7) another copy with MS. Notes.
+	B. P.... 7490 a 22.
+
+--Ibid.  London, printed and published by R. Carlile, 55 Fleet St.
+1819 (8vo, pp. 98.)
+	B. M. 4016 d. 13.
+
+--Ibid.  The Deist, etc. Vol. II, published by R. Carlile, 1819.
+(8vo, pp. vii + 125.)
+	B. M. 4015 f 11.
+
+--El Cristianismo a descurbierto, ó examen de los principios y efectos
+de la religion cristiana.  Escrito en Francés por Boulanger y traducido
+al castellano por S. D. V.... Londres en la emprenta de Davidson, 1821.
+(12mo, pp. xxvi + 246.)
+	B. M. 4016 df 6.
+
+1767.  L'Esprit du clergé, ou Le Christianisme primitif vengé des
+entreprises et des excès de nos Prêtres modernes.  Traduit de
+l'Anglois à Londres (Amsterdam) MDCCLXVII (2 vols. 8vo,
+pp. 2 + 10 + 240).
+	B. M. pp. 54.
+
+1767.  De l'imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de Pièces sur le Clergé.
+Traduites de l'Anglois. Londres (Amsterdam) MDCCLXVII.
+(12mo, pp. 144.)
+	B. N., D2 8368 (7).
+
+	Contains, Tableau fidèle des papes.  _Traduit d'une Brochure
+	Anglaise_ de M. Davisson, Publie sous le titre de _a true picture
+	of Popery_, pp. 1-35.
+
+	De l'insolence pontificale, ou des Prétentions ridicules du
+	Pape et des Flatteurs de la Cour de Rome.  _Extrait de la
+	Profession de Foi du célèbre Giannone_, par. M. Davisson, pp. 36-54.
+
+	Sermon.  Sur les fourberies et les impostures du Clergé
+	Romain, _Traduit de l'Anglois sur une Brochure publiée à
+	Londres en 1735_ par M. Bourn Birmingham, Sous le titre de
+	_Popery a Craft_, pp. 55-84.
+
+	Le Prêtrianisme opposé au Christianisme.  Ou la Religion
+	des Prêtres comparée à celle de Jésus-Christ, ou examen de la
+	différence qui se trouve entre les Apôtres et les Membres du
+	Clergé moderne.  _Publié en Anglois en 1720 sous le titre de_
+	Priestanity.  Or a View of the disparity between the Apostles
+	and the Modern Clergy, pp. 85-108.
+
+	Des Dangers de l'Eglise, _Traduit de Anglois sur une Brochure
+	Publiée eu 1719_.  Par M., Thomas Gordon, Sous le titre
+	d'_Apology for the danger of the Church_, etc., pp. 109-128.
+
+	Le Simbole d'un Laïque, ou Profession de Foi d'un homme
+	désintéressé.  Traduit de l'Anglois de M. Gordon, Sur une
+	brochure publiée en 1720.  Sous le titre de _the creed of an
+	independent Whig_, pp. 129-144.
+
+--Ibid.  Published under title De La Monstruosité pontificale, ou
+Tableau fidèle des Papes.  _Traduit de l'Anglois_ Londres
+MDCCLXXII.  (16vo, pp. 55.)
+	B. N., H. 19859.
+
+1768.  Examen des Prophéties qui servent de fondement à la religion
+chrétienne, avec un Essai de critique sur les Prophètes et les
+Prophéties en général.  Ouvrages traduits de l'Anglois.
+Londres MDCCLXVIII.  (8vo, pp. 234.)
+	B. N., D2 5190.
+	B. M. 4017 de 18.
+
+Contains, Discours sur les fondements de la religion chrétienne, pp. 1-111.
+
+Extrait De l'Ouvrage qui a pour titre: Examen du Septème de ceux
+qui prétendent que les Prophéties se sont accomplies à la lettre.
+The Scheme of literal Prophecy considered, etc., 1727. (8vo, pp. 118-234.)
+
+1768.  David, ou l'Histoire de l'homme selon le coeur de Dieu, ouvrage
+traduit de l'Anglois.  Saül, et David, tragédie en 5 actes d'après
+l'Anglois.... (Londres, 1768, 8vo.)
+	B. N. 3 ex. LD2 5194, Hz 1542, et Rès Z. Beuchot 798 (2).
+	B. M. 4014 a 67 (1).
+
+1768.  Les Prêtres démasqués, ou des iniquités du clergé chrétien.
+Ouvrage traduit de l'Anglois.  Londres.  MDCCLXVIII.
+(16vo, pp. 180.)
+	B. N., D2 4639.
+	B. M. 4017 de 29.
+
+1768.  Lettres philosophiques, sur l'origine des Préjugés, du Dogme de
+l'Immortalité de l'Ame, de l'Idolâtrie et de la Superstition; sur
+le Système de Spinoza et sur l'origine du mouvement dans la
+matière.  Traduites de l'Anglois de J. Toland.
+
+	Opinionum commenta delet dies, naturae judicia confirmat.
+	Cicero, de Nat. Deor. lib. II.  A Londres (Amsterdam). 1768.
+	MDCCLXVIII. (8vo, pp. 267.)
+		B. N., D2 5203.
+		B. M. 4015 de 48.
+
+	Containing, Préface ou Lettre à un ami, en lui envoyant les
+	Dissertations suivantes, dans laquelle l'Auteur rend compte des
+	motifs qui les ont fait écrire. (pp. 12-26.)
+
+	Première Lettre.  De L'origine et de la Force de ces Préjugés.
+	(pp. 27-44.)
+
+	Seconde Lettre.  Histoire du dogme de l'Immortalité de
+	l'Ame Chez les Payens. (pp. 45-93.)
+
+	Troisième Lettre.  Sur l'origine de l'Idolâtrie et sur les
+	fondements de la Religion Payenne. (pp. 94-152.)
+
+	Quartrième Lettre.  A un Gentilhomme Hollandois pour lui
+	prouver que le système de Spinoza est dépourvu de fondements
+	et pèche dans ses principes. (pp. 154-186.)
+
+	Cinquième Lettre.  Dans laquelle on prouve que le mouvement
+	est essentiel à la Matière; en réponse à quelques remarques
+	qui ont été faites à l'Auteur au sujet de sa réfutation du
+	Système de Spinoza.
+
+	Nunc quae mobilitas fit reddita Materiaë Corporibus paucis
+	licet hinc cognoscere, Memmi.  Lucret., lib. II, vers 142.
+	(pp. 187-267.)
+
+1768.  Théologie portative, ou Dictionnaire Abrégé de la Religion
+Chrétienne.  Par Mr. l'Abbé Bernier, Licencié en Théologie.
+
+Audite hoc Sacerdotes, et attendite Domus Israël, et Domus
+Regis auscultate; quia vobis Judicium est, quoniam Laquens
+facti estis Speculationi et rete expansum super Thabor. Osée,
+Chap. V, Vers. I.  Londres (Amsterdam), MDCCLXVIII (1767),
+(12mo, pp. 243).
+	B. N., D2 14334.
+	B. M. 703 a 25.
+
+--Ibid. Londres (Suisse), 1768.
+
+--Ibid.  A Rome, MDCCLXXV (8vo, pp. 213).
+	B. N., D2 8370.
+
+--Ibid.  Augmentée d'un Volume.  A Rome, avec permission et privilège
+du Conclave.  (2 vols., 12mo (1776).)
+	B. N., D2 8371.
+
+--Ibid.  Under title.  Manuel Théologique, en form de Dictionnaire.
+Ouvrage très utile aux personnes des deux sexes pour le salut de leurs
+âmes, par l'abbé Bernier etc.  Rome, 1785 Au Vatican de l'Imprimerie du
+Conclave. (2 vols., 8vo.)
+
+--Ibid.  1802.
+
+1768.  Le Militaire philosophe, ou Difficultés sur la Religion,
+proposées au R. P. Malebranche, Prêtre de l'Oratoire.  Par un ancien
+Officier.  Londres (Amsterdam) MDCCLXVIII.  (8vo, pp. 193.)
+	C. U. 201 N 14.
+
+--Ibid.  1770 (8vo) .
+	B. M. 4015 bb 32.
+
+--Ibid.  1776 (8vo).
+	B. M. 4015 de 34.
+	(Last chapter by d'Holbach.)
+
+1768.  La Contagion sacrée, ou Histoire Naturelle de la Superstition.
+Ouvrage traduit de l'Anglois.  _Prima mali labes_.  Londres
+(Amsterdam), MDCCLXVII. (2 vols. in 1, 8vo.)
+	B. N., D2 5195.
+	C. U. 194 H 69 P.
+
+--Ibid.  Avec des notes relatives aux Circonstances.  Nouvelle
+Edition.  A Paris, de l'Imprimerie de Lemaire, rue d'Enfer no. 141,
+An 5 de la Republique (1797).  (2 vols. in 1, 8vo, pp. 179-190.)
+	U. T. S. 441
+	B. H. 723 C.
+
+--El Contagion sagrado, ó Historia natural de la supersticion.
+Paris, Rodriguez, 1822.  (2 vols., 8vo.)  (Quérard.)
+
+1768.  Lettres à Eugénia, ou Préservatif contre les préjugés ... arctis
+Relligionum animos nodis exsolvere pergo.--Lucret. de rer. nat., Lib. 4,
+v. 6-7.  A Londres, MDCCLXVIII. (2 vols., 8vo, pp. xii + 188 + 167)
+
+--Ibid.  Oeuvres de Nicolas Fréret, T. I, pp. 1-359. Paris, 1792.  (8vo.)
+	H. U. 19-30, vol. I.
+
+--Cartas á Eugenia, por Mr. Freret.  Paris.  Imprenta de F. Didot,
+1810 (8vo, pp. viii + 358).
+	B. M. 4015 de 23.
+
+--Letters to Eugenia on the absurd, contradictory and demoralizing
+Dogmas and Mysteries of the Christian Religion.  Now first translated
+from the French of Fréret, but supposed to be written by Baron Holbach,
+author of the System of Nature, Christianity Unveiled, Common Sense,
+Universal Morality, Natural Morality.  R. Carlile, The Deist, etc.,
+Vol. II, 1819, etc.  (8vo, pp. 185.)
+	B. M. 4015 f. 11.
+
+--Cartas à Eugenia.  Madrid, 1823, por Don Benito Cano.  2v.
+	N. Y., Z F F.
+
+--Letters to Eugenia on the absurd, contradictory and demoralizing
+Dogmas and Mysteries of the Christian Religion, by Baron d'Holbach,
+New York, published by H. M. Dubecquet, No. 190
+William Street, 1833.  (12vo, pp. 236.)
+	U. T. S. 326 B.
+
+--Letters to Eugenia etc., translated by Anthony C. Middleton,
+M.D. Boston, Josiah P. Mendum, 1857.
+	B. P. 5484 2.
+
+1769.  De la Cruauté religieuse.  A Londres, MDCCLXIX. (16vo, pp. 228.)
+	B. N., D2 8365.
+	B. M. 4017 aa 25.
+	U. T. S. H 723.
+
+--Ibid.  Amsterdam, 1775, 12vo.
+
+1769.  Le la Tolérance dans la Religion, ou de la Liberté de conscience
+par Crellius.  L'Intolérance convaincue de crime et de folie.
+Ouvrage traduit de l'Anglois, Londres, MDCCLXIX.  (12vo, pp. 174.)
+
+	Contains De la Tolérance dans la religion, ou de la liberté de
+	conscience (Crellius).
+
+	De l'Intolérance dans la Religion (d'Holbach), p. 88.
+
+	Enfer détruit ou Examen Raisonné du Dogme de l'Eternité
+	des peines.  Ouvrages, tr. de L'Anglois à Londres, MDCCLXIX, p. 1.
+
+	Dissertation critique sur les tourmens de l'enfer.  Traduit de
+	L'Anglois, p. 96 (by Whitefoot).
+		B. N., D2 5154.
+
+--Ibid.  Hell destroyed!  Now first translated from the French of
+d'Alembert without any mutilations.  London.  Printed and published
+by J. W. Trust, 126 Newgate St., 1823. (8vo, pp. 47.)
+(Followed by Whitefoot's Torments of Hell, "now first translated
+from the French," to p. 83.)
+
+1770.  L'Esprit du judaïsme, ou Examen raisonné de la Loi de Moyse,
+et de son influence sur la Religion Chrétienne.
+	Atque utinam nunquam Judaea sub acta fuisset Pompeii
+	bellis, imperioque Titi.
+	Latius excisae pestes contagie serpunt, Victoresques suos
+	natio victa premit.  Rutilius, Itinerar.  Lia I, vs. 394, Londres,
+	MDCCLXX. (12mo, pp. xxii + 201.)
+		B. N., D2 5191.
+		B. M. 4034 bb 38.
+
+1770.  Examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de saint Paul, Avec
+une dissertation sur saint Pierre par feu M. Boulanger.
+Londres, 1770 (8vo), (by Peter Annet).
+	B. N. 3ex. [D2 5349 (2) 8367 et H. 7551].
+	B. M. 48o8 aa 7.
+
+--Ibid.  Nouvelle Edition, Londres, 1790. (8vo.)
+	B. N. [H 13032].
+
+--Critical Examination of the Life of St. Paul.  Translated from
+the French of Boulanger.  "Paul, thou art beside thyself, much
+learning doth make thee mad."  Acts, chap, 26, v 24.  London.
+Printed and published by R. Carlile, 5 Water Lane, Fleet St.,
+1823.  (8vo, pp. 72.)
+	B. M. 4372 h g (4).
+
+1770.  Histoire critique de Jésus-Christ, ou Analyse raisonnée
+des Evangiles.  Ecce Homo.
+Pudet me humani generis, cuius mentis et aures talia ferre
+potuerunt.  S. Augustin. (No date [Amsterdam, 1770?], 16mo,
+pp. viii + xxxii + 298.)
+	B. N, 7,549.
+	B. M. 4017 a. 45.
+	U. T. S. 465 H 723.
+
+--Ecce Homo! or a critical enquiry into the history of Jesus Christ,
+being a Rational Analysis of the Gospels.  Edinburg, 1799.
+
+--Ecce Homo! or a critical enquiry into the history of Jesus Christ,
+being a Rational Analysis of the Gospels.  (2d ed.) London, 1813.
+Printed, published and sold by D. I. Easton.
+	G. T. S. 232 G. H. 69.
+
+--Historia critica de Jesus Christo, o anáilisis razonado le los
+evangelios.  Traducida del Frances, por el P. F. de T, ex-jesuita.
+Ecce Homo.  Vel. aqui el hombre.  S. Juan, cap. 19,
+
+v. 5. Londres, en la imprenta de Davidson, 1822.  (2 vols., 12mo,
+pp. xiii + 200 + 280.)
+
+Contains Advertencia del Traductor.
+
+1770.  Tableau des Saints, ou examen de l'esprit, de la conduite, des
+maximes, et du mérite des personnages que le Christianisme révère et
+propose pour modèles.
+Hoc admonere simplices etiam potest,
+Opinione alterius ne quid ponderent;
+Ambitio namque diffidens mortalium
+Aut gratiae subscribunt, aut odio suo;
+Erit ille nottis, quem per te cognoveris.
+Phaed., Lib. III, Fab. 10.
+
+A Londres, MDCCLXX.  (2 Vols., 12mo, pp. xxviii + 280 + 286.)
+	B. N., H 7,552.
+	B. M. 4,824 a a a a 27.
+
+1770.  Recueil philosophique, ou Mélange de Pièces sur la Religion et
+la Morale.  Par différents Auteurs (ed. Naigeon).
+
+Ovando enim ista observans quieto et libero animo esse poteris,
+ut ad vem gerendam non Superstionem habeas, sed Rationem ducem.
+--Cicero, de Divinat., Lib. 2.  Londres, MDCCLXX.  (2 vols., 12mo.)
+	B. N., D2 5309.
+
+	Vol. I, p. 129 (VI), Réflexions sur les Craintes de la Mort.
+
+	Vol. II, p. 34 (IX), Dissertation sur l'Immortalité de l'âme.
+	Traduite de l'Anglais.
+
+	Vol. II, p. 50 (X), Dissertation sur le suicide.  Traduit de l'Anglais.
+
+	Vol. II, p. 70 (XI).  Problème important.  La Religion est
+	elle nécessaire à la Morale et utile à la Politique?  Par M.
+	Mirabaud.
+
+	Vol. II, p. 125 (XIII).  Extrait d'un Ecrit Anglais qui a pour
+	titre _le christianisme aussi ancien que le monde_.
+
+1770.  Essai sur les préjugés, ou, De l'influence des opinions sur les
+moeurs et sur le bonheur des hommes.  Ouvrage contenant l'apologie
+de la philosophie par Mr. D. M.
+
+Assiduite quotidiana et consuetudine oculorum assuescunt animi,
+neque admirantur, neque requerunt rationes earum rerum quas vident.
+--Cicero de Nat. Deorum, Lib. II.  Londres, MDCCLXX. (8vo, pp. 394.)
+	B. N., R 20 553.
+	B. M. 8463 b b b 16.
+	H. U. Phil. 264840.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris Desray an 1 (1792).  (2 vols., 8vo, Cortina.)
+
+--Ibid.  Oeuvres de Dumarsais. Paris, Pougin, 1797.  T. VI 
+8vo, pp. 43-352.
+	B. N., Z 23766-72.
+	H. U. 9578 13 VI.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, Niogret, 1822.
+	C. U. 3045 D 89.
+
+--Essayo sobre las preocupaciones ó del influjo de las opiniones
+en las costumbres y felicidad de las hombres.  Por Dumarsais.
+En Paris.  Hallase en la casa de Rosa, Librero.  Gran pacio del
+Palacio Real.  1823.  (8vo, pp. 391.)
+	B. N., R 34,366.
+
+--(Bibliothèque Nationale. Collection des meilleurs auteurs
+anciens et modernes.)  Dumarsais.  Essai sur les Préjugés.
+Précédé d'un Discours préliminaire et d'un Précis historique de
+la vie de Dumarsais par le citoyen Daube.  Paris.  Librairie de
+la Bibliothèque Nationale.  Rue de Richelieu 8, Près le
+Théâtre Francais. Ci-devant rue de Valois 1886.  Tous droits
+resérvés (25 centimes).
+	B. N. 8vo R. 15952.
+
+1770.  Système de la Nature, ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du
+Monde Moral. Par M. Mirabaud, Secrétaire Perpétuel et l'un 
+des Quarante de l'Académie Française.
+
+Natura rerum vis atque majestas in omnibus momentis fide
+caret, si quis modè partes ejus, ac non totam complectatur
+animo.--Plin. Hist., Lib. VII. Londres, MDCCLXX.
+(2 vols., 8vo, pp. 370 + 412.)
+	B. M. 4017 f 32
+	U. T. S. 321 H 7235.
+
+--Ibid, Londres, MDCCLXX. (Second edition, 2 Vols., in 8vo,
+pp. 366 + 408.)
+	B. M., D2 5166-5167.
+Contains Discours préliminaire de l'Auteur (pp. 16).  Avis de
+l'Editeur. Préface de l'Auteur, etc.
+
+--Abrégé du Code de la Nature, par M., Mirabaud, Secrétaire
+Perpétuel et l'un des Quarante de l'Académe Française. 
+Londres. MDCCLXX. (8vo, 16 p.)
+
+--Ibid.  Nouvelle Édition augmentée par l'auteur à laquelle on a
+joint plusieurs pièces des meilleurs Auteurs relatives aux
+mêmes objets, etc.  (Ed. Naigeon.)  Londres, MDCCLXXI.
+(2 vols. in 8vo, pp. 397-500.)
+
+Contains Vol. II, p. 455, Réquisitoire, sur lequel est intervenu
+l'Arrêt du Parlement du 18 Août 1770 qui condamne à
+être brûlés, differens Livres ou Brochures, intitulés.
+
+1. La Contagion sacrée...
+2. Dieu et les hommes.
+3. Discours sur les Miracles.
+4. Examen des Apologistes.
+5. Examen impartial des principales religions du Monde.
+6. Christianisme dévoilé.
+7. Système de la Nature.
+Imprimé par ordre exprès du Roi.
+	B. M., D2 5168.
+Reprinted in 1774, 1775-1777.
+
+--Ibid.  Nouvelle Édition.  Londres,  1780, 8vo, pp. xii + 371 + 464.
+
+Contains _Sentiments de Voltaire sur le Système de la Nature_.
+Séguier's _Réquisitoire_ and Holbach's _Réplique_.
+	B. M. 528 1. 2526.
+
+--Ibid.  Nouvelle Édition. Londres, 1781. (2 vols. in 8vo, pp. 316 + 385.)
+	B. N., D2 516g.
+
+--Ibid.  German Translation, Schreiter.  Leipzig and Frankfort, 1783.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, An. III (1795).  (3 vols. in 8vo.)
+
+--The System of Nature.  Translated from the French of M. Mirabeau.
+London, 1797.  Printed for G. Kearsley.
+	L. of C. B 2053-S G E-12 11-15959.
+
+--Ibid.  Philadelphia, 1808.  Pub. by R. Benson.
+	L. of C., B 2053-S G 3 E 13-11-1595 G.
+
+--Nature and Her Laws, as Applicable to the Happiness of Man Living
+in Society, Contrasted with Superstitions and Imaginary Systems.
+Done from the French of M. Mirabaud.  London in 1816.  W. Hodgson.
+	C. U. 194 H 69 S.
+	L. of C., B 2053 S g 3 E 14-11.15960
+
+--Système de la Nature,... Avec notes de Diderot.  Nouvelle édition.
+Ed. Lemonnier, Paris, 1820.  B. Roquefort.  (2 vols. in 8vo.)
+
+--The System of Nature, or the Laws of the Moral and Physical World.
+Translated by Samuel Wilkinson from the original French of M. Mirabaud.
+Printed and published by Thomas Davison. (Vols. 2, 3, R. Helder, 1821.)
+London, 1820.
+3 vols in 8vo, pp. xi + 348-311-273.)  Contains Life of Mirabaud,
+Vol. 3, pp. 263-273.
+	B. M. 804. de 20?
+	U. S. 321. H 723.
+
+--Système de la Nature... par le Baron d'Holbach.
+Nouvelle Edition avec des notes et des corrections par Diderot.
+Paris, Etienne Ledoux, 1821.  (2 vols. in 8vo, pp. xvi + 507 +502.)
+	B. N., D2 5170.
+	B. M. 124 9 i. 26.
+	C. U, 194 H 69. R.
+	N. Y., Y C O.
+Contains extract of Grimm's Literary Correspondence, Aug. 10, 1789.
+
+--Système de la Nature, ou des lois du monde physique et du monde
+morale, par le Baron d'Holbach.  Nouvelle Édition avec des notes et
+des corrections par Diderot etc.  Paris, Domère, 1822. (4 vols. in 12mo.)
+Contains Avis de Naigion.  Avertissement du nouvel éditeur, pp. 11-29.
+Pièces diverses, pp. 30-46.
+
+--Sistema de la Naturaleza, con notas y correcciones por Diderot;
+trad, al castell. por F. A. F....  Paris, Masson hijo, 1822,
+4 vols. in 18mo.
+	B. N., D2 5172.
+
+--Selections from Mirabaud's System of Nature in the Law of Reason, etc.
+London, 1831.  (16mo, pp. 231.)
+Selections from Bon-Sens, pp. 39-81, 82-112.
+	B. M. 1387. b. 3.
+
+--Nature and her Laws, as Applicable to the Happiness of Man Living
+in Society, Contrasted with Superstitions and Imaginary Systems.
+From the French of M. de Mirabaud.  James Watson.  London, 1834.
+(2 vols. in 12mo, pp. xxiv + 287 + 320.)
+Sold for 7 s. 6 d.
+	B. M. 1133 b 29.
+Contains
+1. Publisher's Preface (by James Watson).
+2. Preface.
+3. A short account of the life and writings of the Baron d'Holbach
+(by Julian Hibbert).
+
+--System of Nature, new and improved edition with notes by Diderot.
+Translated by H. D. Robinson.  New York, 1835, published by Matsell.
+	N. Y., Y B X.
+
+--System of Nature, or the laws of the moral and physical world,
+from the French of M. Mirabaud.  (New edition, pp. 8 + 520.)
+London, 1840.
+	C. U. 194 H 69. R 1.
+
+--System der Natur von Mirabaud. Deutsch bearbeitet und mit Anmerkungen
+versehen von Biedermann.  Leipzig, 1841.
+(8vo, pp. 604.) Georg. Wigands Verlag.
+	T. S. (Andover 23).
+
+--System der Natur....  Translated by Schreiter, 1843.
+
+--System of Nature, new and improved edition with notes by Diderot,
+translated by H. D. Robinson.  Stereotype edition, Boston, 1848,
+in 8vo.  Published by J. P. Mendum.
+	B. P. 00.80-6105.5.
+
+--System der Natur..., tr. Allhusen, 1851.
+
+--System of Nature..., tr. Robinson, Boston. 1853. Published by
+J. P. Mendum.
+	B. P. 3600.48.
+	N. Y., Y C O 11-15957/
+	L. of C., B. 2053. S g 3 E 6.
+
+--The System of Nature; or, The Laws of the Moral and Physical World,
+by the baron d'Holbach, originally attributed to M. de Mirabaud with
+memoir by Charles Bradlaugh.  Reprinted verbatim from the best edition.
+London.  Published by E. Truelove, 256 High Holborn, 1884. In 8vo,
+pp. xi + 520.
+	B. M. 8467 a a 33.
+
+1772.  Le Bon-sens ou idées naturelles opposées aux idées surnaturelles.
+	 	Detexit quo doloso vaticinandi furore Sacerdotes
+	 	mysteria, illis saepe ignota, audacter publicant.
+	 	--Petronii Satyricon.
+Londres (Amsterdam) 1772, 8vo, pp. xii - 515.
+	U. T. S. 321 H. 7236.
+
+--Ibid.  Le Bon-sens du curé J. Meslier d'Etrépigny.  Rome
+(Paris), 1791, 8vo.
+
+--Ibid.  Another edition, 1772, 8vo, pp. x-250.
+
+--Ibid. Londres (Amsterdam), 1774, 16mo, pp. xii-302.
+	U. T. S. 321 H. 7236.
+
+--Ibid.  Le Bon-sens du curé Meslier d'Etrépigny.  Rome
+(Paris), 1791, 8vo.
+
+--Ibid.  Nouvelle édition, suivi du Testament du curé Meslier.
+Paris, Bouqueton, l'an I de la République.  (1792, 2 vols., 12mo.)
+
+--Ibid.  Le Bon-sens du curé J. Meslier suivi de son Testament.
+Paris, 1802, 8vo, pp. 380.
+	C. U. 843 M 56 D 1.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, Palais des Thermes de Julien, 1802 (1822), 12mo.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, Guillaumin, 1830, 12mo.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, Guillaumin, 1831, 12mo.
+
+--Common Sense, H. D. Robinson, New York, circa 1833.
+
+--Le Bon-sens du curé J. Meslier, etc.  Paris, Bacquenois, 1833, 12mo.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, Guillaumin, 1834, 12mo.
+
+--Ibid.  Nancy, Haener, 1834, 12mo.
+
+--Der gesunde Menschenverstand.  Baltimore, 1857.
+
+--Ibid.  Baltimore, 1859 (second edition), H. U.
+
+--Ibid.  Tr. into German by Miss Anna Knoop. circa 1878.
+
+--Ibid., under title, Superstition in all ages; by Jean Meslier...
+who left to the world the following pages entitled _Common Sense_.
+Translated from the French original by Miss Anna Knoop, New York, 1878. 
+	C. U. L. 211 M.
+
+--Ibid.  New York, Peter Eckler, 1890, pp. vi-339.
+	U. T. S.
+
+--Le Bon-sens du curé J. Meslier, Paris, Palais des Thermes de
+Julien, 1802.  (Garnier Frères, 1905.)
+	H. U.
+
+--Superstition in all ages, etc.  Translated from the French original
+by Miss Anna Knoop; arranged for publication in its present form and
+manner with new title-page and preface by Dr. L. W. deLaurence.  Same
+to now serve as "text-book" number five for "the congress of ancient,
+divine, mental and Christian masters," Chicago, Ill., DeLaurence,
+Scott & Co., 1910, pp. xx-17-339.
+	L. of C. 1910, A 26880.  L. W. de Laurence.
+
+1772.  De la nature humaine, ou Exposition des facultés, des actions
+et des passions de l'âme, et de leurs causes, déduites d'après des
+principes philosophiques qui ne sont communément ni reçus ni connus.
+Par Thomas Hobbes; Ouvrage traduit de l'Anglois.
+Londres (Amsterdam), MDCCLXXII. (8vo, pp. iv + 171.)
+	B. M. 8403 c c 15.
+	(Bookmark of Richard Chase Sidney.)
+
+--Ibid.  Oeuvres philosophiques et politiques de Thomas Hobbes.
+1787. (2 vols., 8vo.)  (Tr. by Sorbière and Holbach.)
+	B. M. 528 2223.
+
+1773.  Recherches sur les Miracles.  Par l'auteur de l'Examen des
+Apologistes de la Religion Chrétienne.  A Genus attonitum.
+Ovid.  Metam.  Londres, MDCCLXXIII.  (8vo. pp. 172.)
+	B. M. 4015 de 44.
+
+1773.  La politique naturelle, ou, Discours sur les vrais principes du
+Governement.  Par un ancien Magistrat.
+Vis consili expers mole ruit suâ. --Horat., Ode IV, lib. III, vers. 65
+Londres (Amsterdam), MDCCLXXIII. (2 vols. in 8vo.
+pp. vii + 232 + 280.)
+	B. M. 521 h. 8.
+	U. S. 269 E. H. 723 (ex libris Baron Carl de Vinck, Ministre de Belgique).
+	C. U. 320 H. 691.
+	(Ascribed also to C. G. Lamoignon de Malesherbes.)
+
+--Ibid.  Londres, 1774.  (2 vols, in 8vo.)
+
+--La Politica Naturale: discorsi sui veri principi di governo.
+Traduzione di Luigi Salvadori.  Mantova, Balbiani e Donelli,
+'78-80.  (2 vols., 16 (L. 5).)
+
+1773.  Système Social, ou principes naturels de la moral et de la
+politique, avec un examen de l'influence du governement sur les moeurs.
+Discenda virtus est, ars est bonum fieri; erras si existimas
+vitia nobiscum nasci; supervenerunt in gesta sunt. --Seneca, Epis. 124.
+Londres, MDCCLXXIII.  (8vo, pp. 218 + 174 + 166, in three parts.)
+	B. N., R 20275.76 E 1919.
+	C. U. 320. H. 69.
+	N. Y. SC.
+
+--Ibid.  Par l'auteur du Système de la Nature, Londres, 1774.
+(3 vols., 8vo, pp. 208 + 174 + 167.)
+	B. M. 8403. h 23.
+
+--Ibid.  A Paris, Servière, 1795.  (2 vols., 8vo, pp. 472 + 403.)
+	B. M. 8404 dc. 25 (ex libris J. Gomez de la Cortina et amicorum.
+	Fallitur hora legendo).
+
+--Ibid.  ...par le baron d'Holbach.  Paris, Niogret, 1882.
+(2 vols, 8vo.)
+	C. U. 320.  H. 690.
+
+1774.  Agriculture réduit à ses vrais principes par Jean Gottschalk
+Wallerius, Paris, Lacombe, 1774. (12mo.)
+
+1776.  Ethocratie ou le gouvernement fondé sur la morale.
+Constituit bonos mores civitati princips. --Seneca, de Clementia, Lib. I.
+A Amsterdam.  Chez Marc Michel Rey.  MDCCLXXVI.
+(8vo, pp. 10 + 293 + 2.)
+	C. U. 320. 1 H 69.
+
+1776.  Morale universelle, ou Les devoirs de l'homme fondés sur la nature.
+Naturâ duce utendum est: hanc ratio observe, hanc
+consulit, idem est ergo beatè vivere et secundum naturam. --Seneca
+de Vita beata, Cap. VIII init.
+A Amsterdam.  Chez Marc-Michel Rey, MDCCLXXVI.
+(3 vols., 8vo, pp. 416 + 334 + 364.)
+	B. N., R 18596-7-8..
+	B. M. 231 h-3
+
+--Ibid.  A Tours, Chez Letourmy le jeune et compagnie, A Angers,
+De l'Imprimerie de Jahyer et Geslin.  Imprimeurs-Libraries, rue
+Milton, 1792. (8vo.)
+	B. M. 527.  K. 1-3H.
+	U. Phil. 2648.50.
+
+--Ibid.  Paris, Smith (Rey et Gravier), an 6, 1798. (3 vols., 8vo.)
+
+--Ibid.  Par le baron d'Holbach. Paris, Masson et fils.  Libraires,
+Rue de Tournon, No. 6, 1820.  (3 vols., 8vo, pp. xxxii + 314 + 266 + 300.)
+	C. U. 170 H 2.
+	B. M. 8411 k 7.
+
+--Moral universal ódeberes del hombre, fundatos en su naturaleza.
+Obra escrita en francès por el baron de Holbach y traducida al
+castellano por D. Manuel Diaz Moreno Zaragoza, 1838, imp. de
+M. Heras. (3 vols., 8vo.)
+
+--La moral universel por el baron de Holbach.  Madrid, 1840,
+imp. y lib. del Establecimiento Central. (2 vols. in 4to.)
+
+--Ibid.  Translated into German by Johann Umminger.  Leipzig, 1898.
+
+
+1790.  Elements de la morale universelle, ou catechisme de la nature.
+Par feu M., le Baron d'Holbach des académies de Pétersbourg de Manheim
+et de Berlin.
+Numquam aliud natura aliud sapientia dicit.--Juvenal.
+A Paris.  Chez G. de Bure.  Rue Serpente, No. 6, MDCCXC.
+(24vo, pp. vi + 208.)
+	B. M. 528. a. 27.
+	B. P., G. 3537.14.
+
+--Elementos de la moral universel, ó catecismo de la naturaleza,
+por el baron de Holbach.  Madrid, 1820, imp. que fué de Fuentenebro,
+lib de Sanchez en 8vo past.
+
+--Principios de moral, ó manuel de los deberes del hombre fundados
+en la naturaleza.  Obra póstuma de baron de Holbach.  Traducida al
+espanol por D. L. M. G. adoptada en su mayor parte de la escuelas
+de primera educacion para instruccion de los ninos.  Madrid, 1837,
+imp. de Ferrer y compania lib de J Sanz.  (In 16mo.)
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+VITA
+
+
+Max Pearson Cushing, born in Bangor, Maine, October 27, 1886;
+Bangor High School, 1905; A.B. Bowdown College, 1909.  Instructor
+in English, Robert College, Constantinople, 1909-1911; Graduate
+Student in History, Columbia University, 1911-1913; A.M. Columbia, 1912,
+Instructor in History, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, 1913- ----.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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