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diff --git a/5619-h/5619-h.htm b/5619-h/5619-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bfd67b --- /dev/null +++ b/5619-h/5619-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8512 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>Essays on Mankind and Political Arithmetic, by William Petty</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Essays on Mankind and Political Arithmetic, +by William Petty, Edited by Henry Morley + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Essays on Mankind and Political Arithmetic + + +Author: William Petty + +Editor: Henry Morley + +Release Date: August 3, 2014 [eBook #5619] +[This file was first posted on July 23, 2002] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS ON MANKIND AND POLITICAL +ARITHMETIC*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the Cassell & Co. edition by David Price, +email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/coverb.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Book cover" +title= +"Book cover" +src="images/covers.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h1>ESSAYS ON MANKIND AND POLITICAL ARITHMETIC</h1> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">William Petty</span>, born on the 26th of +May, 1623, was the son of a clothier at Romsey in +Hampshire. After education at the Romsey Grammar School, he +continued his studies at Caen in Normandy. There he +supported himself by a little trade while learning French, and +advancing his knowledge of Greek, Latin, Mathematics, and much +else that belonged to his idea of a liberal education. His +idea was large. He came back to England, and had for a +short time a place in the Navy; but at the age of twenty he went +abroad again, and was away three years, studying actively at +Utrecht, Leyden, and Amsterdam, and also in Paris. In Paris +he assisted Thomas Hobbes in drawing diagrams for his treatise on +optics. At the age of twenty-four Petty took out a patent +for the invention of a copying machine. It was described in +a folio pamphlet “On Double Writing.” That was +in 1647, in Civil War time, and although Petty followed Hobbes in +his studies, he did not share the philosopher’s political +opinions, but held with the Parliament. In 1648 he added to +his former pamphlet a “Declaration concerning the newly +invented Art of Double Writing.”</p> +<p>Samuel Hartlib, the large-hearted Pole, who in those days +spent his worldly means in England for the advancement of +agriculture and of education, and other aids to the well-being of +a nation, had caused Milton to write his letter on education, as +has been shown in the Introduction to the hundred and +twenty-first volume of this Library, which contains that Letter +together with Milton’s Areopagitica. Young +Petty’s first published writing was a Letter to Hartlib on +Education, entitled “The Advice of W. P. to Mr. Samuel +Hartlib for the Advancement of some Particular Parts of +Learning.” This appeared in 1648, when Petty’s +age was twenty-five, and its aim was to suggest a wider view of +the whole field of education than had been possible in the Middle +Ages, of which schools and colleges were then preserving the +traditions, as they do still here and there to some extent. +This pamphlet has been reprinted in the sixth volume of the +“Harleian Miscellany.” William Petty wished the +training of the young to be in several respects more +practical.</p> +<p>His own activity of mind caused him to settle at Oxford, where +he taught anatomy and chemistry, which he had been studying +abroad. He had read with Hobbes the writings of Vesalius, +the great founder of modern practical anatomy. In 1649 +William Petty graduated at Oxford as Doctor of Medicine, obtained +a fellowship at Brasenose, and practised. In 1650 he +surprised the public by restoring the action of the lungs in a +woman who had been hanged for infanticide, and so restoring her +to life.</p> +<p>Dr. Petty now took his place at Oxford among the energetic men +of science who had been inspired by the teaching of Francis Bacon +to seek knowledge by direct experiment, and to value knowledge +above all things for its power of advancing the welfare of +man. The headquarters of these workers were at Oxford, and +in London at Gresham College.</p> +<p>In 1650 Petty was made Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, and it +is a characteristic illustration of his great activity of mind +that he was at the same time Professor of Music at Gresham +College. Music had then a high place in the Seven Sciences, +as that use of regulated numbers which expressed the harmonies of +the created world. The Seven Sciences were divided into +three of the Trivium, and four of the Quadrivium. The three +of the Trivium concerned the use of speech; they were Grammar, +Rhetoric, and Logic. The four of the Quadrivium concerned +number and measure; they were Arithmetic, Geometry, Music; and +Astronomy, which led up straight to God. Advance to Music +might be represented in the student’s mind by his reaching +to a sense of the harmonious relation of all his studies, which, +so to speak, lived in his mind as a single well-proportioned +thought.</p> +<p>In 1652 Dr. Petty was sent to Ireland as physician to the army +of the Commonwealth. While there his active mind observed +that the Survey on which the Government had based its +distribution of fortified lands to the soldiers had been +“most inefficiently and absurdly managed.” He +obtained the commission to make a fresh Survey, which he +completed accurately in thirteen months, and by which he obtained +in payments from the Government and from other persons interested +ten thousand pounds. By investing this in the purchase of +soldiers’ claims, he secured for himself an Irish estate of +fifty thousand acres in the county of Kerry, opened upon it mines +and quarries, developed trade in timber, and set up a +fishery. John Evelyn said of him “that he had never +known such another genius, and that if Evelyn were a prince he +would make Petty his second councillor at least.” +Henry Cromwell as Lord Deputy in Ireland made Petty his +secretary.</p> +<p>Petty’s Maps were printed in 1685, two years before his +death, as “Hiberniæ Delineatio quoad hactenus licuit +perfectissima;” a collection of thirty-six maps, with a +portrait of Sir William Petty, a work answering to its +description as the most perfect delineation of Ireland that had +up to that time been obtained. There is a coloured copy of +Petty’s maps in the British Museum, and also an uncoloured +copy, with the first five maps varying from those in the coloured +copy, and giving a General Map of Ireland, followed by Maps of +Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Connaught. There was +afterwards published in duodecimo, without date, “A +Geographical Description of ye Kingdom of Ireland, collected from +ye actual Survey made by Sir William Petty, corrected and +amended, engraven and published by Fra. Lamb.” This +volume gives as its contents, “one general mapp, four +provincial mapps, and thirty-two county mapps; to which is added +a mapp of Great Brittaine and Ireland, together with an Index of +the whole.”</p> +<p>At the Restoration William Petty accepted the inevitable +change, and continued his service to the country. He was +knighted by Charles the Second, and appointed in 1661 +Inspector-General of Ireland. He entered Parliament. +He was one of the first founders of the Royal Society, +established at the beginning of the reign of Charles the Second; +and the outcome of these scientific studies along the line marked +out by Francis Bacon, which had been actively pursued in Oxford +and at Gresham College. In 1663 he applied his ingenuity to +the invention of a swift double-bottomed ship, that made one or +two passages between England and Ireland, but was then lost in a +storm.</p> +<p>In 1670 Sir William Petty established on his lands at Kerry +the English settlement at the head of the bay of Kenmare. +The building of forty-two houses for the English settlers first +laid the foundations of the present town of Kenmare. +“The population,” writes Lord Macaulay, +“amounted to a hundred and eighty. The land round the +town was well cultivated. The cattle were numerous. +Two small barks were employed in fishing and trading along the +coast. The supply of herrings, pilchards, mackerel, and +salmon, was plentiful, and would have been still more plentiful +had not the beach been, in the finest part of the year, covered +by multitudes of seals, which preyed on the fish of the +bay. Yet the seal was not an unwelcome visitor: his fur was +valuable; and his oil supplied light through the long nights of +winter. An attempt was made with great success to set up +ironworks. It was not yet the practice to employ coal for +the purpose of smelting; and the manufacturers of Kent and Sussex +had much difficulty in procuring timber at a reasonable +price. The neighbourhood of Kenmare was then richly wooded; +and Petty found it a gainful speculation to send ore +thither.” He looked also for profit from the +variegated marbles of adjacent islands. Distant two +days’ journey over the mountains from the nearest English, +Petty’s English settlement of Kenmare withstood all +surrounding dangers, and in 1688, a year after its +founder’s death, defended itself successfully against a +fierce and general attack.</p> +<p>Sir William Petty died at London, on the 16th of December, +1687, and was buried in his native town of Romsey. He had +added to his great wealth by marriage, and was the founder of the +family in which another Sir William Petty became Earl of +Shelburne and first Marquis of Lansdowne. The son of that +first Marquis was Henry third Marquis of Lansdowne, who took a +conspicuous part in our political history during the present +century.</p> +<p>Sir William Petty’s survey of the land in Ireland, +called the Down Survey, because its details were set down in +maps, remains the legal record of the title on which half the +land in Ireland is held. The original maps are preserved in +the Public Record Office at Dublin, and many of Petty’s +MSS. are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.</p> +<p>He published in 1662 and 1685 a “Treatise of Taxes and +Contributions, the same being frequently to the present state and +affairs of Ireland,” of which his view started from the +general opinion that men should contribute to the public charge +according to their interest in the public peace—that is, +according to their riches. “Now,” he said, +“there are two sorts of riches—one actual, and the +other potential. A man is actually and truly rich according +to what he eateth, drinketh, weareth, or in any other way really +and actually enjoyeth. Others are but potentially and +imaginatively rich, who though they have power over much, make +little use of it, these being rather stewards and exchangers for +the other sort than owners for themselves.” He then +showed how he considered that “every man ought to +contribute according to what he taketh to himself, and actually +enjoyeth.”</p> +<p>In 1674 Sir William Petty published a paper on +“Duplicate Proportion,” and in 1679 he published in +Latin a “Colloquy of David with his Own Soul.” +In 1682 he published a tract called “Quantulumcunque, +concerning Money;” and “England’s Guide to +Industry,” in 1686. From 1682 to 1687, the year of +his death, Sir William Petty was drawing great attention to the +“Essays on Political Arithmetic,” which are here +reprinted. There was the little “Essay in Political +Arithmetic, concerning the People, Housings, Hospitals of London +and Paris;” published in 1682, again in French in 1686, and +again in English in 1687. There was the little “Essay +concerning the Multiplication of Mankind, together with an Essay +on the Growth of London,” published in 1682, and again in +1683 and 1686. There was in 1683, “Another Essay in +Political Arithmetic concerning the growth of the City of +London.” There were “Farther Considerations on +the Dublin Bills of Mortality,” in 1686; and “Five +Essays on Political Arithmetic” (in French and English), +“Observations upon the Cities of London and Rome,” in +1687, the last year of Sir William Petty’s life. +Other writings of his were published in his lifetime, or have +been published since his death. He was in the study of +political economy one of the most ingenious and practical +thinkers before the days of Adam Smith.</p> +<p>But the interest of those “Essays in Political +Arithmetic” lies chiefly in the facts presented by so +trustworthy an authority. London had become in the time of +the Stuarts the most populous city in Europe, if not in the +world. This Sir William Petty sought to prove against the +doubts of foreign and other critics, and his “Political +Arithmetic” was an endeavour to determine the relative +strength in population of the chief cities of England, France, +and Holland. His application of arithmetic in the first of +these essays to a census of the population at the Day of Judgment +he himself spoke of slightingly. It is a curious example of +a bygone form of theological discussion. But his tables and +his reasonings upon them grow in interest as he attempts his +numbering of the people in the reign of James II. by collecting +facts upon which his deductions might be founded. The +references to the deaths by Plague in London before the cleansing +of the town by the great fire of 1666 are very suggestive; and in +one passage there is incidental note of delay in the coming of +the Plague then due, without reckoning the change made in +conditions of health by the rebuilding. Nobody knew, and no +one even now can calculate, how many lives the Fire of London +saved.</p> +<p>There was in Petty’s time no direct numbering of the +people. The first census in this country was not until more +than a hundred years after Sir William Petty’s death, +although he points out in these essays how easily it could be +established, and what useful information it would give. +There was a census taken at Rome 566 years before Christ. +But the first census in Great Britain was taken in 1801, under +provision of an Act passed on the last day of the year 1800, to +secure a numbering of the population every ten years. +Ireland was not included in the return; the first census in +Ireland was not until the year 1813.</p> +<p>Sir William Petty had to base his calculations partly upon the +Bills of Mortality, which had been imperfectly begun under +Elizabeth, but fell into disuse, and were revived, as a weekly +record of the number of deaths, beginning on the 29th of October, +1603; notices of diseases first appeared in them in 1629. +The weekly bills were published every Thursday, and any +householder could have them supplied to him for four shillings a +year. These essays will show how inferences as to the +number of the living were drawn from the number of the +dead. And even now our Political Arithmetic depends too +much upon rough calculations made from the death register. +It is seven years since the last census; we have lost count of +the changes in our population to a very great extent, and have to +wait three years before our reckoning can be made sure. The +interval should be reduced to five years.</p> +<p>Another of Sir William Petty’s helps in the arithmetic +of population was the Chimney Tax, a revival of the old fumage or +hearth-money—smoke farthings, as the people called +them—once paid, according to Domesday Book, for every +chimney in a house. Charles the Second had set up a chimney +tax in the year 1662; the statistics of the collection were at +the service of Sir William Petty. The tax outlived him but +two years. It was promptly abolished in the first year of +William and Mary.</p> +<p>The interest taken at home and abroad in these calculations of +Political Arithmetic set other men calculating, and reasoning +upon their calculations. The next worker in that direction +was Gregory King, Lancaster Herald, whose calculations +immediately followed those of Sir William Petty. Sir +William Petty’s essays extended from 1682 until his death +in 1687. Gregory King’s estimates were made in +1689. They were a study of the number population and +distribution of wealth among us at the time of the English +Revolution, and the unpublished results were first printed in a +chapter on “The People of England,” which formed part +a volume published in 1699 as “An Essay upon the Probable +Methods of making a People Gainers in the Balance of Trade, by +the Author of the Essay on Ways and Means.” The +volume was written by a member of Parliament in the days of +William and Mary, who desired to apply principles of political +economy to the maintenance of English wealth and liberty. +It has been wrongly scribed to Defoe; and its suggestion of the +plan a trading Corporation for solution of the whole problem of +relief to the poor who cannot work, and relief from the poor who +can, might indeed make another chapter in Defoe’s +“Essay on Projects.” The chapter, which gives +the Political Arithmetic of Gregory King, with such comment and +suggestions as might be expected from a liberal supporter of the +Revolution, and with this suggestion of a Corporation, is in +itself a complete essay. It follows naturally upon the +Political Arithmetic of Sir William Petty in close sequence of +time, and in carrying a like method of inquiry forward until it +reaches a few more conclusions. I have, therefore, added it +to this volume. It seems, at any rate, to show how Sir +William Petty’s books, of which the very small size grieved +the stationer, had a large influence on other minds; his figures +bearing fruit in a new search for facts and careful reasoning on +the condition of the country at one of the most critical times in +English history.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">H. M.</p> +<h2>THE STATIONER TO THE READER.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> ensuing essay concerning the +growth of the city of London was entitled “Another +Essay,” intimating that some other essay had preceded it, +which was not to be found. I having been much importuned +for that precedent essay, have found that the same was about the +growth, increase, and multiplication of mankind, which subject +should in order of nature precede that of the growth of the city +of London, but am not able to procure the essay itself, only I +have obtained from a gentleman, who sometimes corresponded with +Sir W. Petty, an extract of a letter from Sir William to him, +which I verily believe containeth the scope thereof; wherefore, I +must desire the reader to be content therewith, till more can be +had.</p> + +<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> +<p><i>The extract of a letter concerning the scope of an essay +intended to precede another essay concerning the growth of the +City of London</i>, <i>&c.</i> <i>An Essay in Political +Arithmetic</i>, <i>concerning the value and increase of People +and Colonies</i>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> scope of this essay is +concerning people and colonies, and to make way for +“Another Essay” concerning the growth of the city of +London. I desire in this first essay to give the world some +light concerning the numbers of people in England, with Wales, +and in Ireland; as also of the number of houses and families +wherein they live, and of acres they occupy.</p> +<p>2. How many live upon their lands, how many upon their +personal estates and commerce, and how many upon art, and labour; +how many upon alms, how many upon offices and public employments, +and how many as cheats and thieves; how many are impotents, +children, and decrepit old men.</p> +<p>3. How many upon the poll-taxes in England, do pay +extraordinary rates, and how many at the level.</p> +<p>4. How many men and women are prolific, and how many of +each are married or unmarried.</p> +<p>5. What the value of people are in England, and what in +Ireland at a medium, both as members of the Church or +Commonwealth, or as slaves and servants to one another; with a +method how to estimate the same, in any other country or +colony.</p> +<p>6. How to compute the value of land in colonies, in +comparison to England and Ireland.</p> +<p>7. How 10,000 people in a colony may be planted to the +best advantage.</p> +<p>8. A conjecture in what number of years England and +Ireland may be fully peopled, as also all America, and lastly the +whole habitable earth.</p> +<p>9. What spot of the earth’s globe were fittest for +a general and universal emporium, whereby all the people thereof +may best enjoy one another’s labours and commodities.</p> +<p>10. Whether the speedy peopling of the earth would +make</p> +<p class="gutindent">(1) For the good of mankind.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(2) To fulfil the revealed will of God.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(3) To what prince or State the same would +be most advantageous.</p> +<p>11. An exhortation to all thinking men to solve the +Scriptures and other good histories, concerning the number of +people in all ages of the world, in the great cities thereof, and +elsewhere.</p> +<p>12. An appendix concerning the different number of +sea-fish and wild-fowl at the end of every thousand years since +Noah’s Flood.</p> +<p>13. An hypothesis of the use of those spaces (of about +8,000 miles through) within the globe of our earth, supposing a +shell of 150 miles thick.</p> +<p>14. What may be the meaning of glorified bodies, in case +the place of the blessed shall be without the convex of the orb +of the fixed stars, if that the whole system of the world was +made for the use of our earth’s men.</p> +<h2>THE PRINCIPAL POINTS OF THIS DISCOURSE.</h2> +<p>1. <span class="smcap">That</span> London doubles in +forty years, and all England in three hundred and sixty +years.</p> +<p>2. That there be, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> +1682, about 670,000 souls in London, and about 7,400,000 in all +England and Wales, and about 28,000,000 of acres of profitable +land.</p> +<p>3. That the periods of doubling the people are found to +be, in all degrees, from between ten to twelve hundred years.</p> +<p>4. That the growth of London must stop of itself before +the year 1800.</p> +<p>5. A table helping to understand the Scriptures, +concerning the number of people mentioned in them.</p> +<p>6. That the world will be fully peopled within the next +two thousand years.</p> +<p>7. Twelve ways whereby to try any proposal pretended for +the public good.</p> +<p>8. How the city of London may be made (morally speaking) +invincible.</p> +<p>9. A help to uniformity in religion.</p> +<p>10. That it is possible to increase mankind by +generation four times more than at present.</p> +<p>11. The plagues of London is the chief impediment and +objection against the growth of the city.</p> +<p>12. That an exact account of the people is necessary in +this matter.</p> +<h2>OF THE GROWTH OF THE CITY OF LONDON:</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>And of the Measures</i>, +<i>Periods</i>, <i>Causes</i>, <i>and Consequences +thereof</i>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">By</span> the city of London we mean the +housing within the walls of the old city, with the liberties +thereof, Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and so much of +the built ground in Middlesex and Surrey, whose houses are +contiguous unto, or within call of those aforementioned. Or +else we mean the housing which stand upon the ninety-seven +parishes within the walls of London; upon the sixteen parishes +next without them; the six parishes of Westminster, and the +fourteen out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey, contiguous to the +former, all which, 133 parishes, are comprehended within the +weekly bills of mortality.</p> +<p>The growth of this city is measured. (1) By the quantity +of ground, or number of acres upon which it stands. (2) By +the number of houses, as the same appears by the hearth-books and +late maps. (3) By the cubical content of the said housing. +(4) By the flooring of the same. (5) By the number of +days’ work, or charge of building the said houses. +(6) By the value of the said houses, according to their yearly +rent, and number of years’ purchase. (7) By the +number of inhabitants; according to which latter sense only we +make our computations in this essay.</p> +<p>Till a better rule can be obtained, we conceive that the +proportion of the people may be sufficiently measured by the +proportion of the burials in such years as were neither +remarkable for extraordinary healthfulness or sickliness.</p> +<p>That the city hath increased in this latter sense appears from +the bills of mortality represented in the two following tables, +viz., one whereof is a continuation for eighteen years, ending +1682, of that table which was published in the 117th page of the +book of the observations upon the London bills of mortality, +printed in the year 1676. The other showeth what number of +people died at a medium of two years, indifferently taken, at +about twenty years’ distance from each other.</p> +<p>The first of the said two tables.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">97 Parishes.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">16 Parishes.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Out Parishes.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Buried in all.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Besides of the Plague.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Christened.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1665</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,320</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,463</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,925</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28,708</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">68,596</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,967</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1666</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,689</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,969</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,082</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,740</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,998</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,997</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1667</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">761</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,405</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,641</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,807</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,938</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1668</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">796</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,865</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,603</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17,267</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,633</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1669</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,323</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,500</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,440</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">19,263</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,335</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1670</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,890</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,808</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,500</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,198</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,997</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1671</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,723</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,938</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,063</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,724</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,510</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1672</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,237</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,788</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18,225</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,593</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1673</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,307</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,302</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,890</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17,499</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,895</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1674</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,801</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,522</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,875</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21,198</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,851</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1675</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,555</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,986</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,702</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17,243</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,775</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1676</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,756</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,508</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,466</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18,730</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,399</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1677</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,817</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,632</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,616</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">19,065</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,626</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1678</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,060</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,705</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,908</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,673</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,601</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1679</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,074</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,481</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,173</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21,728</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,288</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1680</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,076</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,066</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,911</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21,053</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,747</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1681</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,669</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,136</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,166</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">23,971</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13,355</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1682</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,975</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,009</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,707</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,691</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,653</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>According to which latter table there died as +follows:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">The Latter of +the said Two Tables</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>There died in London at the +medium between the years</i>—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>1604 and 1605</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,135.</p> +</td> +<td><p>A.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1621 and 1622</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,527</p> +</td> +<td><p>B.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1641 and 1642</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,883</p> +</td> +<td><p>C.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1661 and 1662</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,148.</p> +</td> +<td><p>D.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1681 and 1682</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,331.</p> +</td> +<td><p>E.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Wherein observe, that the number C is double to A and 806 +over. That D is double to B within 1,906. That C and +D is double to A and B within 293. That E is double to C +within 1,435. That D and E is double to B and C within +3,341; and that C and D and E are double to A and B and C within +1,736; and that E is above quadruple to A. All which +differences (every way considered) do allow the doubling of the +people of London in 40 years to be a sufficient estimate thereof +in round numbers, and without the trouble of fractions. We +also say that 669,930 is near the number of people now in London, +because the burials are 22,331, which, multiplied by 30 (one +dying yearly out of 30, as appears in the 94th page of the +aforementioned observations), maketh the said number; and because +there are 84,000 tenanted houses (as we are credibly informed), +which, at 8 in each, makes 672,000 souls; the said two accounts +differing inconsiderably from each other.</p> +<p>We have thus pretty well found out in what number of years +(viz., in about 40) that the city of London hath doubled, and the +present number of inhabitants to be about 670,000. We must +now also endeavour the same for the whole territory of England +and Wales. In order whereunto, we first say that the +assessment of London is about an eleventh part of the whole +territory, and, therefore, that the people of the whole may well +be eleven times that of London, viz., about 7,369,000 souls; with +which account that of the poll-money, hearth-money, and the +bishop’s late numbering of the communicants, do pretty well +agree; wherefore, although the said number of 7,369,000 be not +(as it cannot be) a demonstrated truth, yet it will serve for a +good supposition, which is as much as we want at present.</p> +<p>As for the time in which the people double, it is yet more +hard to be found. For we have good experience (in the said +page 94 of the aforementioned observations) that in the country +but 1 of 50 die per annum; and by other late accounts, that there +have been sometimes but 24 births for 23 burials. The which +two points, if they were universally and constantly true, there +would be colour enough to say that the people doubled but in +about 1,200 years. As, for example, suppose there be 600 +people, of which let a fiftieth part die per annum, then there +shall die 12 per annum; and if the births be as 24 to 23, then +the increase of the people shall be somewhat above half a man per +annum, and consequently the supposed number of 600 cannot be +doubled but in 1,126 years, which, to reckon in round numbers, +and for that the aforementioned fractions were not exact, we had +rather call 1,200.</p> +<p>There are also other good observations, that even in the +country one in about 30 or 32 per annum hath died, and that there +have been five births for four burials. Now, according to +this doctrine, 20 will die per annum out of the above 600, and 25 +will be born, so as the increase will be five, which is a hundred +and twentieth part of the said 600. So as we have two fair +computations, differing from each other as one to ten; and there +are also several other good observations for other measures.</p> +<p>I might here insert, that although the births in this last +computation be 25 of 600, or a twenty-fourth part of the people, +yet that in natural possibility they may be near thrice as many, +and near 75. For that by some late observations, the +teeming females between 15 and 44 are about 180 of the said 600, +and the males of between 18 and 59 are about 180 also, and that +every teeming woman can bear a child once in two years; from all +which it is plain that the births may be 90 (and abating 15 for +sickness, young abortions, and natural barrenness), there may +remain 75 births, which is an eighth of the people, which by some +observations we have found to be but a two-and-thirtieth part, or +but a quarter of what is thus shown to be naturally +possible. Now, according to this reckoning, if the births +may be 75 of 600, and the burials but 15, then the annual +increase of the people will be 60; and so the said 600 people may +double in ten years, which differs yet more from 1,200 +above-mentioned. Now, to get out of this difficulty, and to +temper those vast disagreements, I took the medium of 50 and 30 +dying per annum, and pitched upon 40; and I also took the medium +between 24 births and 23 burials, and 5 births for 4 burials, +viz., allowing about 10 births for 9 burials; upon which +supposition there must die 15 per annum out of the +above-mentioned 600, and the births must be 16 and two-thirds, +and the increase one and two-thirds, or five-thirds of a man, +which number, compared with 1,800 thirds, or 600 men, gives 360 +years for the time of doubling (including some allowance for +wars, plagues, and famines, the effects thereof), though they be +terrible at the times and places where they happen, yet in a +period of 360 years is no great matter in the whole nation. +For the plagues of England in twenty years have carried away +scarce an eightieth part of the people of the whole nation; and +the late ten years’ civil wars (the like whereof hath not +been in several ages before) did not take away above a fortieth +part of the whole people.</p> +<p>According to which account or measure of doubling, if there be +now in England and Wales 7,400,000 people, there were about +5,526,000 in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, +<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1560, and about 2,000,000 at +the Norman Conquest, of which consult the Doomsday Book, and my +Lord Hale’s “Origination of Mankind.”</p> +<p>Memorandum.—That if the people double in 360 years, that +the present 320,000,000 computed by some learned men (from the +measures of all the nations of the world, their degrees of being +peopled, and good accounts of the people in several of them) to +be now upon the face of the earth, will within the next 2,000 +years so increase as to give one head for every two acres of land +in the habitable part of the earth. And then, according to +the prediction of the Scriptures, there must be wars, and great +slaughter, &c.</p> +<p>Wherefore, as an expedient against the above-mentioned +difference between 10 and 1,200 years, we do for the present, and +in this country, admit of 360 years to be the time wherein the +people of England do double, according to the present laws and +practice of marriages.</p> +<p>Now, if the city double its people in 40 years, and the +present number be 670,000, and if the whole territory be +7,400,000, and double in 360 years, as aforesaid, then by the +underwritten table it appears that <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1840 the people of the city will be +10,718,880, and those of the whole country but 10,917,389, which +is but inconsiderably more. Wherefore it is certain and +necessary that the growth of the city must stop before the said +year 1840, and will be at its utmost height in the next preceding +period, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1800, when the number +of the city will be eight times its present number, +5,359,000. And when (besides the said number) there will be +4,466,000 to perform the tillage, pasturage, and other rural +works necessary to be done without the said city, as by the +following table, viz.:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Burials.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">People in London.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">People in England.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1565</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,568</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">77,040</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,526,929</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>As in the former table.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1605</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,135</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1642</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,883</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1682</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,331</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">669,930</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,369,230</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1722</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">44,662</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1762</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">89,324</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1802</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">178,648</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,359,440</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,825,650</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1842</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">357,296</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,718,889</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,917,389</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Now, when the people of London shall come to be so near the +people of all England, then it follows that the growth of London +must stop before the said year 1842, as aforesaid, and must be at +its greatest height <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1800, when +it will be eight times more than now, with above 4,000,000 for +the service of the country and ports, as aforesaid.</p> +<p>Of the aforementioned vast difference between 10 years and +1,200 years for doubling the people, we make this use, +viz.:—To justify the Scriptures and all other good +histories concerning the number of the people in ancient +time. For supposing the eight persons who came out of the +Ark, increased by a progressive doubling in every ten years, +might grow in the first 100 years after the Flood from 8 to +8,000, and that in 350 years after the Flood (whereabouts Noah +died) to 1,000,000 and by this time, 1682, to 320,000,000 (which +by rational conjecture are thought to be now in the world), it +will not be hard to compute how, in the intermediate years, the +growths may be made, according to what is set down in the +following table, wherein making the doubling to be ten years at +first, and within 1,200 years at last, we take a discretionary +liberty, but justifiable by observations and the Scriptures for +the rest, which table we leave to be corrected by historians who +know the bigness of ancient cities, armies, and colonies in the +respective ages of the world, in the meantime affirming that +without such difference in the measures and periods for doubling +(the extremes whereof we have demonstrated to be real and true) +it is impossible to solve what is written in the Holy Scriptures +and other authentic books. For if we pitch upon any one +number throughout for this purpose, 150 years is the fittest of +all round numbers; according to which there would have been but +512 souls in the whole world in Moses’ time (being 800 +years after the Flood), when 603,000 Israelites of above twenty +years old (besides those of other ages, tribes, and nations) were +found upon an exact survey appointed by God, whereas our table +makes 12,000,000. And there would have been about 8,000 in +David’s time, when were found 1,100,000, of above twenty +years old (besides others, as aforesaid) in Israel, upon the +survey instigated by Satan, whereas our table makes +32,000,000. And there would have been but a quarter of a +million about the birth of Christ, or Augustus’s time, when +Rome and the Roman Empire were so great, whereas our table makes +100,000,000. Where note, that the Israelites in about 500 +years, between their coming out of Egypt to David’s reign, +increased from 603,000 to 1,100,000.</p> +<p>On the other hand, if we pitch upon a less number, as 100 +years, the world would have been over-peopled 700 years +since. Wherefore no one number will solve the phenomena, +and therefore we have supposed several, in order to make the +following table, which we again desire historians to correct, +according to what they find in antiquity concerning the number of +the people in each age and country of the world.</p> +<p>We did (not long since) assist a worthy divine, writing +against some sceptics, who would have baffled our belief of the +resurrection, by saying, that the whole globe of the earth could +not furnish matter enough for all the bodies that must rise at +the last day, much less would the surface of the earth furnish +footing for so vast a number; whereas we did (by the method afore +mentioned) assert the number of men now living, and also of those +that had died since the beginning of the world, and did withal +show, that half the island of Ireland would afford them all, not +only footing to stand upon, but graves to lie down in, for that +whole number; and that two mountains in that country were as +weighty as all the bodies that had ever been from the beginning +of the world to the year 1680, when this dispute happened. +For which purpose I have digressed from my intended purpose to +insert this matter, intending to prosecute this hint further upon +some more proper occasion.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">A table showing +how the People might have Doubled in the several Ages of the +World</span>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Periods of doubling</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>, after the Flood.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Persons.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In 10 years</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p>8</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p>16</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p> +</td> +<td><p>32</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p> +</td> +<td><p>64</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40</p> +</td> +<td><p>128</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50</p> +</td> +<td><p>256</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60</p> +</td> +<td><p>512</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">70</p> +</td> +<td><p>1,024</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">80</p> +</td> +<td><p>2,048</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">90</p> +</td> +<td><p>4,096</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +<td><p>8,000 and more.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120</p> +</td> +<td><p>16,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In 20 years</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">140</p> +</td> +<td><p>32,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In 30 years</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">170</p> +</td> +<td><p>64,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">200</p> +</td> +<td><p>128,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>40</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240</p> +</td> +<td><p>256,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>50</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">290</p> +</td> +<td><p>512,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>60</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">350</p> +</td> +<td><p>1,000,000 and more.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>70</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">420</p> +</td> +<td><p>2,000,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>100</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">520</p> +</td> +<td><p>4,000,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>190</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">710</p> +</td> +<td><p>8,000,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>290</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>16,000,000 in Moses’ time.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>400</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,400</p> +</td> +<td><p>32,000,000 about David’s time.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>550</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,950</p> +</td> +<td><p>64,000,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>750</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,700</p> +</td> +<td><p>128,000,000 about the birth of Christ.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,700</p> +</td> +<td><p>256,000,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In 300 / 1,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>320,000,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>It is here to be noted, that in this table we have assigned a +different number of years for the time of doubling the people in +the several ages of the world, and might have done the same for +the several countries of the world, and therefore the said +several periods assigned to the whole world in the lump may well +enough consist with the 360 years especially assigned to England, +between this day and the Norman Conquest; and the said 360 years +may well enough serve for a supposition between this time and +that of the world’s being fully peopled; nor do we lay any +stress upon one or the other in this disquisition concerning the +growth of the city of London.</p> +<p>We have spoken of the growth of London, with the measures and +periods thereof; we come next to the causes and consequences of +the same.</p> +<p>The causes of its growth from 1642 to 1682 may be said to have +been as follows, viz.:—From 1642 to 1650, that men came out +of the country to London, to shelter themselves from the outrages +of the Civil Wars during that time; from 1650 to 1660, the royal +party came to London for their more private and inexpensive +living; from 1660 to 1670, the king’s friends and party +came to receive his favours after his happy restoration; from +1670 to 1680, the frequency of plots and parliaments might bring +extraordinary numbers to the city; but what reasons to assign for +the like increase from 1604 to 1642 I know not, unless I should +pick out some remarkable accident happening in each part of the +said period, and make that to be the cause of this increase (as +vulgar people make the cause of every man’s sickness to be +what he did last eat), wherefore, rather than so to say +<i>quidlibet de quolibet</i>, I had rather quit even what I have +above said to be the cause of London’s increase from 1642 +to 1682, and put the whole upon some natural and spontaneous +benefits and advantages that men find by living in great more +than in small societies, and shall therefore seek for the +antecedent causes of this growth in the consequences of the like, +considered in greater characters and proportions.</p> +<p>Now, whereas in arithmetic, out of two false positions the +truth is extracted, so I hope out of two extravagant contrary +suppositions to draw forth some solid and consistent conclusion, +viz.:—</p> +<p>The first of the said two suppositions is, that the city of +London is seven times bigger than now, and that the inhabitants +of it are 4,690,000 people, and that in all the other cities, +ports, towns, and villages, there are but 2,710,000 more.</p> +<p>The other supposition is, that the city of London is but a +seventh part of its present bigness, and that the inhabitants of +it are but 96,000, and that the rest of the inhabitants (being +7,304,000) do cohabit thus: 104,000 of them in small cities and +towns, and that the rest, being 7,200,000, do inhabit in houses +not contiguous to one another, viz., in 1,200,000 houses, having +about twenty-four acres of ground belonging to each of them, +accounting about 28,000,000 of acres to be in the whole territory +of England, Wales, and the adjacent islands, which any man that +pleases may examine upon a good map.</p> +<p>Now, the question is, in which of these two imaginary states +would be the most convenient, commodious, and comfortable +livings?</p> +<p>But this general question divides itself into the several +questions, relating to the following particulars, +viz.:—</p> +<p>1. For the defence of the kingdom against foreign +powers.</p> +<p>2. For preventing the intestine commotions of parties +and factions.</p> +<p>3. For peace and uniformity in religion.</p> +<p>4. For the administration of justice.</p> +<p>5. For the proportionably taxing of the people, and easy +levying the same.</p> +<p>6. For gain by foreign commerce.</p> +<p>7. For husbandry, manufacture, and for arts of delight +and ornament.</p> +<p>8. For lessening the fatigue of carriages and +travelling.</p> +<p>9. For preventing beggars and thieves.</p> +<p>10. For the advancement and propagation of useful +learning.</p> +<p>11. For increasing the people by generation.</p> +<p>12. For preventing the mischiefs of plagues and +contagious. And withal, which of the said two states is +most practicable and natural, for in these and the like +particulars do lie the tests and touchstones of all proposals +that can be made for the public good.</p> +<p>First, as to practicable, we say, that although our said +extravagant proposals are both in nature possible, yet it is not +obvious to every man to conceive how London, now seven times +bigger than in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, +should be seven times bigger than now it is, and forty-nine times +bigger than <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1560. To +which I say, 1. That the present city of London stands upon +less than 2,500 acres of ground, wherefore a city seven times as +large may stand upon 10,500 acres, which is about equivalent to a +circle of four miles and a half in diameter, and less than +fifteen miles in circumference. 2. That a circle of ground +of thirty-five miles semidiameter will bear corn, garden-stuff, +fruits, hay, and timber, for the 4,690,000 inhabitants of the +said city and circle, so as nothing of that kind need be brought +from above thirty-five miles distance from the said city; for the +number of acres within the said circle, reckoning two acres +sufficient to furnish bread and drink-corn for every head, and +two acres will furnish hay for every necessary horse; and that +the trees which may grow in the hedgerows of the fields within +the said circle may furnish timber for 600,000 houses. 3. +That all live cattle and great animals can bring themselves to +the said city; and that fish can be brought from the Land’s +End and Berwick as easily as now. 4. Of coals there is no +doubt: and for water, 20s. per family (or £600,000 per +annum in the whole) will serve this city, especially with the +help of the New River. But if by practicable be understood +that the present state may be suddenly changed into either of the +two above-mentioned proposals, I think it is not +practicable. Wherefore the true question is, unto or +towards which of the said two extravagant states it is best to +bend the present state by degrees, viz., Whether it be best to +lessen or enlarge the present city? In order whereunto, we +inquire (as to the first question) which state is most defensible +against foreign powers, saying, that if the above-mentioned +housing, and a border of ground, of three-quarters of a mile +broad, were encompassed with a wall and ditch of twenty miles +about (as strong as any in Europe, which would cost but a +million, or about a penny in the shilling of the house-rent for +one year) what foreign prince could bring an army from beyond +seas, able to beat—1. Our sea-forces, and next with horse +harassed at sea, to resist all the fresh horse that England could +make, and then conquer above a million of men, well united, +disciplined, and guarded within such a wall, distant everywhere +three-quarters of a mile from the housing, to elude the granadoes +and great shot of the enemy? 2. As to intestine parties and +factions, I suppose that 4,690,000 people united within this +great city could easily govern half the said number scattered +without it, and that a few men in arms within the said city and +wall could also easily govern the rest unarmed, or armed in such +a manner as the Sovereign shall think fit. 3. As to +uniformity in religion, I conceive, that if St. Martin’s +parish (may as it doth) consist of about 40,000 souls, that this +great city also may as well be made but as one parish, with seven +times 130 chapels, in which might not only be an uniformity of +common prayer, but in preaching also; for that a thousand copies +of one judiciously and authentically composed sermon might be +every week read in each of the said chapels without any +subsequent repetition of the same, as in the case of +homilies. Whereas in England (wherein are near 10,000 +parishes, in each of which upon Sundays, holy days, and other +extraordinary occasions there should be about 100 sermons annum, +making about a million of sermons per annum in the whole) it were +a miracle, if a million of sermons composed by so many men, and +of so many minds and methods, should produce uniformity upon the +discomposed understandings of about 8,000,000 of hearers.</p> +<p>4. As to the administration of justice. If in this +great city shall dwell the owners of all the lands, and other +valuable things in England; if within it shall be all the +traders, and all the courts, offices, records, juries, and +witnesses; then it follows that justice may be done with speed +and ease.</p> +<p>5. As to the equality and easy levying of taxes. +It is too certain that London hath at some time paid near half +the excise of England, and that the people pay thrice as much for +the hearths in London as those in the country, in proportion to +the people of each, and that the charge of collecting these +duties have been about a sixth part of the duty itself. Now +in this great city the excise alone according to the present laws +would not only be double to the whole kingdom, but also more +equal. And the duty of hearths of the said city would +exceed the present proceed of the whole kingdom. And as for +the customs we mention them not at present.</p> +<p>6. Whether more would be gained by foreign +commerce? The gain which England makes by lead, coals, the +freight of shipping, &c., may be the same, for aught I see, +in both cases. But the gain which is made by manufactures +will be greater as the manufacture itself is greater and +better. For in so vast a city manufactures will beget one +another, and each manufacture will be divided into as many parts +as possible, whereby the work of each artisan will be simple and +easy. As, for example, in the making of a watch, if one man +shall make the wheels, another the spring, another shall engrave +the dial-plate, and another shall make the cases, then the watch +will be better and cheaper than if the whole work be put upon any +one man. And we also see that in towns, and in the streets +of a great town, where all the inhabitants are almost of one +trade, the commodity peculiar to those places is made better and +cheaper than elsewhere. Moreover, when all sorts of +manufactures are made in one place, there every ship that goeth +forth can suddenly have its loading of so many several +particulars and species as the port whereunto she is bound can +take off. Again, when the several manufactures are made in +one place, and shipped off in another, the carriage, postage, and +travelling charges, will enhance the price of such manufacture, +and lessen the gain upon foreign commerce. And lastly, when +the imported goods are spent in the port itself, where they are +landed, the carriage of the same into other places will create no +further charge upon such commodity; all which particulars tend to +the greater gain by foreign commerce.</p> +<p>7. As for arts of delight and ornament. They are +best promoted by the greatest number of emulators. And it +is more likely that one ingenious curious man may rather be found +out amongst 4,000,000 than 400 persons. But as for +husbandry, viz., tillage and pasturage, I see no reason, but the +second state (when each family is charged with the culture of +about twenty-four acres) will best promote the same.</p> +<p>8. As for lessening the fatigue of carriage and +travelling.</p> +<p>The thing speaks for itself, for if all the men of business, +and all artisans, do live within five miles of each other, and if +those who live without the great city do spend only such +commodities as grow where they live, then the charge of carriage +and travelling could be little.</p> +<p>9. As to the preventing of beggars and thieves.</p> +<p>I do not find how the differences of the said two states +should make much difference in this particular; for impotents +(which are but one in about 600) ought to be maintained by the +rest. 2. Those who are unable to work, through the evil +education of their parents, ought (for aught I know) to be +maintained by their nearest kindred, as a just punishment upon +them. 3. And those who cannot find work (though able and +willing to perform it), by reason of the unequal application of +hands to lands, ought to be provided for by the magistrate and +landlord till that can be done; for there need be no beggars in +countries where there are many acres of unimproved improvable +land to every head, as there are in England. As for +thieves, they are for the most part begotten from the same cause; +for it is against Nature that any man should venture his life, +limb, or liberty, for a wretched livelihood, whereas moderate +labour will produce a better. But of this see Sir Thomas +More, in the first part of his “Utopia.”</p> +<p>10. As to the propagation and improvement of useful +learning.</p> +<p>The same may be said concerning it as was above said +concerning manufactures, and the arts of delight and ornaments; +for in the great vast city there can be no so odd a conceit or +design whereunto some assistance may not be found, which in the +thin, scattered way of habitation may not be.</p> +<p>11. As for the increase of people by generation. I +see no great difference from either of the two states, for the +same may be hindered or promoted in either from the same +causes.</p> +<p>12. As to the plague.</p> +<p>It is to be remembered that one time with another a plague +happeneth in London once in twenty years, or thereabouts; for in +the last hundred years, between the years 1582 and 1682, there +have been five great plagues—viz., <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1592, 1603, 1625, 1636, and +1665. And it is also to be remembered that the plagues of +London do commonly kill one-fifth part of the inhabitants. +Now if the whole people of England do double but in 360 years, +then the annual increase of the same is but 20,000, and in twenty +years 400,000. But if in the city of London there should be +2,000,000 of people (as there will be about sixty years hence), +then the plague (killing one-fifth of them, namely, 400,000 once +in twenty years) will destroy as many in one year as the whole +nation can re-furnish in twenty; and consequently the people of +the nation shall never increase. But if the people of +London shall be above 4,000,000 (as in the first of our two +extravagant suppositions is premised), then the people of the +whole nation shall lessen above 20,000 per annum. So as if +people be worth £70 per head (as hath elsewhere been +shown), then the said greatness of the city will be a damage to +itself and the whole nation of £1,400,000 per annum, and so +<i>pro rata</i> for a greater or lesser number; wherefore to +determine which of the two states is best—that is to say, +towards which of the said two states authority should bend the +present state, a just balance ought to be made between the +disadvantages from the plague, with the advantages accruing from +the other particulars above mentioned, unto which balance a more +exact account of the people, and a better rule for the measure of +its growth is necessary than what we have here given, or are yet +able to lay down.</p> +<h3>POSTSCRIPT.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">It</span> was not very pertinent to a +discourse concerning the growth of the city of London to thrust +in considerations of the time when the whole world will be fully +peopled; and how to justify the Scriptures concerning the number +of people mentioned in them; and concerning the number of the +quick and the dead that may rise at the last day, &c. +Nevertheless, since some friends, liking the said digressions and +impertinences (perhaps as sauce to a dry discourse) have desired +that the same might be explained and made out, I, therefore, say +as followeth:—</p> +<p>1. If the number of acres in the habitable part of the +earth be under 50,000,000,000; if 20,000,000,000 of people are +more than the said number of acres will feed (few or no countries +being so fully peopled), and for that in six doublings (which +will be in 2,000 years) the present 320,000,000 will exceed the +said 20,000,000,000.</p> +<p>2. That the number of all those who have died since the +Flood is the sum of all the products made by multiplying the +number of the doubling periods mentioned in the first column of +the last table, by the number of people respectively affixed to +them in the third column of the same table, the said sum being +divided by 40 (one dying out of 40 per annum out of the whole +mass of mankind), which quotient is 12,570,000,000; whereunto may +be added, for those that died before the Flood, enough to make +the last-mentioned number 20,000,000,000, as the full number of +all that died from the beginning of the world to the year 1682, +unto which, if 320,000,000, the number of those who are now +alive, be added, the total of the quick and the dead will amount +but unto one fifth part of the graves which the surface of +Ireland will afford, without ever putting two bodies into any one +grave; for there be in Ireland 28,000 square English miles, each +whereof will afford about 4,000,000 of graves, and consequently +above 114,000,000,000 of graves, viz., about five times the +number of the quick and the dead which should arise at the last +day, in case the same had been in the year 1682.</p> +<p>3. Now, if there may be place for five times as many +graves in Ireland as are sufficient for all that ever died, and +if the earth of one grave weigh five times as much as the body +interred therein, then a turf less than a foot thick pared off +from a fifth part of the surface of Ireland, will be equivalent +in bulk and weight to all the bodies that ever were buried, and +may serve as well for that purpose as the two mountains +aforementioned in the body of this discourse. From all +which it is plain how madly they were mistaken who did so +petulantly vilify what the Holy Scriptures have delivered.</p> +<h2>FURTHER OBSERVATION UPON THE DUBLIN BILLS;</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Or</i>, <i>Accounts of the +Houses</i>, <i>Hearths</i>, <i>Baptisms</i>, <i>and Burials in +that City</i>.</p> +<h3>THE STATIONER TO THE READER.</h3> +<p>I <span class="smcap">have</span> not thought fit to make any +alteration of the first edition, but have only added a new table, +with observation upon it, placing the same in the front of what +was before, which, perhaps, might have been as well placed after +the like table at the eighth page of the first edition.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Dublin</span>, +1682.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Parishes.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Houses.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Fireplaces.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Baptised.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Buried.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. James’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">272</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">836 }</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">122</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">306</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Katherine’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">540</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,198 }</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Without and St. Patrick’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,064</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,082</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">145</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">414</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Bridget’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">395</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,903</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">68</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">149</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Audone’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">276</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,510</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">56</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">164</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">174</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">884</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">302</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,636</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">74</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">101</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Within and Christ Church Lib.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">153</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">902</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">52</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Warburgh’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,638</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">45</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">105</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michan’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">938</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,516</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">124</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">389</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">864</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,638</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">131</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Kevin’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">554</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,120 }</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">87</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">233</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Donnybrook</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">253</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">506 }</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,025</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">25,369</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">912</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,263</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The table hath been made for the year 1682, wherein is to be +noted—</p> +<p>1. That the houses which <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1671 were but 3,850 are, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682, 6,025; but whether this +difference is caused by the real increase of housing, or by fraud +and defect in the former accounts, is left to +consideration. For the burials of people have increased but +from 1,696 to 2,263, according to which proportion the 3,850 +houses <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1671 should <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682 have been but 5,143, wherefore +some fault may be suspected as aforesaid, when farming the +hearth-money was in agitation.</p> +<p>2. The hearths have increased according to the burials, +and one-third of the said increase more, viz., the burials <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1671 were 1,696, the one-third +whereof is 563, which put together makes 2,259, which is near the +number of burials <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682. +But the hearths <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1671 were +17,500, whereof the one-third is 5,833, making in all but 23,333; +whereas the whole hearths <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682 +were 25,369, viz., one-third and better of the said 5,833 +more.</p> +<p>3. The housing were <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> +1671 but 3,850, which if they had increased <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682 but according to the burials, +they had been but 5,143, or, according to the hearths, had been +but 5,488, whereas they appear 6,025, increasing double to the +hearths. So as it is likely there hath been some error in +the said account of the housing, unless the new housing be very +small, and have but one chimney apiece, and that one-fourth part +of them are untenanted. On the other hand, it is more +likely that when 1,696 died per annum there were near 6,000; for +6,000 houses at 8 inhabitants per house, would make the number of +the people to be 48,000, and the number of 1,696 that died +according to the rule of one out of 30, would have made the +number of inhabitants about 50,000: for which reason I continue +to believe there was some error in the account of 3,850 houses as +aforesaid, and the rather because there is no ground from +experience to think that in eleven years the houses in Dublin +have increased from 3,850 to 6,025.</p> +<p>Moreover, I rather think that the number of 6,025 is yet +short, because that number at 8 heads per house makes the +inhabitants to be but 48,200; whereas the 2,263 who died in the +year 1682, according to the aforementioned rule of one dying out +of 30 makes the number of people to be 67,890, the medium betwixt +which number and 48,200 is 58,045, which is the best estimate I +can make of that matter, which I hope authority will ere long +rectify, by direct and exact inquiries.</p> +<p>4. As to the births, we say that <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1640, 1641, and 1642, at London, +just before the troubles in religion began, the births were +five-sixths of the burials, by reason I suppose of the +greaterness of families in London above the country, and the +fewer breeders, and not for want of registering. Wherefore, +deducting one-sixth of 2,263, which is 377, there remains 1,886 +for the probable number of births in Dublin for the year 1682; +whereas but 912 are represented to have been christened in that +year, though 1,023 were christened <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1671, when there died but 1,696, +which decreasing of the christening, and increasing of the +burials, shows the increase of non-registering in the legal +books, which must be the increase of Roman Catholics at +Dublin.</p> +<p>The scope of this whole paper therefore is, that the people of +Dublin are rather 58,000 than 32,000, and that the dissenters, +who do not register their baptisms, have increased from 391 to +974: but of dissenters, none have increased but the Roman +Catholics, whose numbers have increased from about two to five in +the said years. The exacter knowledge whereof may also be +better had from direct inquiries.</p> +<h2>OBSERVATIONS UPON THE DUBLIN BILLS OF MORTALITY, 1681: AND +THE STATE OF THAT CITY.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> observations upon the London +bills of mortality have been a new light to the world, and the +like observation upon those of Dublin may serve as snuffers to +make the same candle burn clearer.</p> +<p>The London observations flowed from bills regularly kept for +near one hundred years, but these are squeezed out of six +straggling London bills, out of fifteen Dublin bills, and from a +note of the families and hearths in each parish of Dublin, which +are all digested into the one table or sheet annexed, consisting +of three parts, marked A, B, C; being indeed the A, B, C of +public economy, and even of that policy which tends to peace and +plenty.</p> +<h4><i>Observations upon the Table A</i>.</h4> +<p>1. The total of the burials in London (for the said six +straggling years mentioned in the Table A) is 120,170, whereof +the medium or sixth part is 20,028, and exceeds the burials of +Paris, as may appear by the late bills of that city.</p> +<p>2. The births, for the same time, are 73,683, the medium +or sixth part whereof is 12,280, which is about five-eighth parts +of the burials, and shows that London would in time decrease +quite away, were it not supplied out of the country, where are +about five births for four burials, the proportion of breeders in +the country being greater than in the city.</p> +<p>3. The burials in Dublin for the said six years were +9,865, the sixth part or medium whereof is 1,644, which is about +the twelfth part of the London burials, and about a fifth part +over. So as the people of London do hereby seem to be above +twelve times as many as those of Dublin.</p> +<p>4. The births in the same time at Dublin are 6,157, the +sixth part or medium whereof is 1,026, which is also about +five-eighth parts of the 1,644 burials, which shows that the +proportion between burials and births are alike at London and +Dublin, and that the accounts are kept alike, and consequently +are likely to be true, there being no confederacy for that +purpose; which, if they be true, we then say—</p> +<p>5. That the births are the best way (till the accounts +of the people shall be purposely taken) whereby to judge of the +increase and decrease of people, that of burials being subject to +more contingencies and variety of causes.</p> +<p>6. If births be as yet the measure of the people, and +that the births (as has been shown) are as five to eight, then +eight-fifths of the births is the number of the burials, where +the year was not considerable for extraordinary sickness or +salubrity, and is the rule whereby to measure the same. As +for example, the medium of births in Dublin was 1,026, the +eight-fifths whereof is 1,641, but the real burials were 1,644; +so as in the said years they differed little from the 1,641, +which was the standard of health, and consequently the years +1680, 1674, and 1668 were sickly years, more or less, as they +exceeded the said number, 1,641; and the rest were healthful +years, more or less, as they fell short of the same number. +But the city was more or less populous, as the births differed +from the number 1,026, viz., populous in the years 1680, 1679, +1678, and 1668, for other causes of this difference in births are +very occult and uncertain.</p> +<p>7. What hath been said of Dublin, serves also for +London.</p> +<p>8. It hath already been observed by the London bills +that there are more males than females. It is to be further +noted, that in these six London bills, also, there is not one +instance either in the births or burials to the contrary.</p> +<p>9. It hath been formerly observed that in the years +wherein most die fewest are born, and <i>vice versa</i>. +The same may be further observed in males and females, viz., when +fewest males are born then most die: for here the males died as +twelve to eleven, which is above the mean proportion of fourteen +to thirteen, but were born but as nineteen to eighteen, which is +below the same.</p> +<h4><i>Observations upon the Table B</i>.</h4> +<p>1. From the Table B it appears that the medium of the +fifteen years’ burials (being 24,199) is 1,613, whereas the +medium of the other six years in the Table A was 1,644, and that +the medium of the fifteen years’ births (being in all +14,765) is 984, whereas the medium of the said other six years +was 1,026. That is to say, there were both fewer births and +burials in these fifteen years than in the other six years, which +is a probable sign that at a medium there were fewer people +also.</p> +<p>2. The medium of births for the fifteen years being 984, +whereof eight-fifths (being 1,576) is the standard of health for +the said fifteen years; and the triple of the said 1,576 being +4,728, is the standard for each of the ternaries of the fifteen +years within the said table.</p> +<p>3. That 2,952, the triple of 984 births, is for each +ternary the standard of people’s increase and decrease from +the year 1666 to 1680 inclusive, viz., the people increased in +the second ternary, and decreased from the same in the third and +fourth ternaries, but re-increased in the fifth ternary beyond +any other.</p> +<p>4. That the last ternary was withal very healthful, the +burials being but 4,624, viz., below 4,728, the standard.</p> +<p>5. That according to this proportion of increase, the +housing of Dublin have probably increased also.</p> +<h4><i>Observations upon the Table C</i>.</h4> +<p>1. First, from the Table C it appears, 1. That the +housing of Dublin is such, as that there are not five hearths in +each house one with another, but nearer five than four.</p> +<p>2. That in St. Warburgh’s parish are near six +hearths to a house. In St. John’s five. In St. +Michael’s above five. In St. Nicholas Within above +six. In Christ Church above seven. In St. +James’s and St. Katherine’s, and in St. +Michan’s, not four. In St. Kevin’s about +four.</p> +<p>3. That in St. James’s, St. Michan’s, St. +Bride’s, St. Warburgh’s, St. Andrew’s, St. +Michael’s, and St. Patrick’s, all the christenings +were but 550, and the burials 1,055, viz., near double; and that +in the rest of the parishes the christenings were five, and the +burials seven, viz., as 457 to 634. Now whether the cause +of this difference was negligence in accounts, or the greaterness +of the families, &c., is worth inquiring.</p> +<p>4. It is hard to say in what order (as to greatness) +these parishes ought to stand, some having most families, some +most hearths, some most births, and others most burials. +Some parishes exceeding the rest in two, others in three of the +said four particulars, but none in all four. Wherefore this +table ranketh them according to the plurality of the said four +particulars wherein each excelleth the other.</p> +<p>5. The London observations reckon eight heads in each +family, according to which estimation, there are 32,000 souls in +the 4,000 families of Dublin, which is but half of what most men +imagine, of which but about one sixth part are able to bear arms, +besides the royal regiment.</p> +<p>6. Without the knowledge of the true number of people, +as a principle, the whole scope and use of the keeping bills of +births and burials is impaired; wherefore by laborious +conjectures and calculations to deduce the number of people from +the births and burials, may be ingenious, but very +preposterous.</p> +<p>7. If the number of families in Dublin be about 4,000, +then ten men in one week (at the charge of about £5 +surveying eight families in an hour) may directly, and without +algebra, make an account of the whole people, expressing their +several ages, sex, marriages, title, trade, religion, &c., +and those who survey the hearths, or the constables or the parish +clerks (may, if required) do the same ex officio, and without +other charge, by the command of the chief governor, the diocesan, +or the mayor.</p> +<p>8. The bills of London have since their beginning +admitted several alterations and improvements, and £8 or +£10 per annum surcharge, would make the bills of Dublin to +exceed all others, and become an excellent instrument of +Government. To which purpose the forms for weekly, +quarterly, and yearly bills are humbly recommended, viz.</p> +<h3>TABLE A—YEARLY BILLS OF MORTALITY FOR</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">LONDON</p> +</td> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">DUBLIN</p> +</td> +<td colspan="7"><p style="text-align: center">LONDON</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span></p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Burials</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Births</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Burials</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Births</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Male</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Female</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Male</p> +</td> +<td><p>Female</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1680</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">21,053</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">12,747</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,826</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,096</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11,039</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10,044</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,543</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,041</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1679</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">21,730</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">12,288</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,397</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,061</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11,154</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10,576</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,247</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,041</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1678</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">20,678</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">12,601</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,401</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,045</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10,681</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9,977</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,568</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,033</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1674</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">21,201</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11,851</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">2,106</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">942</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11,000</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10,196</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,113</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,738</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1672</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">18,230</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">12,563</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,436</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">987</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9,560</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">8,070</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,443</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,120</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1668</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">17,278</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11,633</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,699</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,026</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9,111</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">8,167</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,073</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,566</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">120,170</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">73,683</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9,865</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,157</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">62,545</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">57,030</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">37,992</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35,697</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="16"><p style="text-align: center">The medium or 6th +part whereof is part whereof is</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,028</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">12,280</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,644</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1,026</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10,424</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9,505</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6,332</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">5,949</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>TABLE B.—DUBLIN.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Burials.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Births.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">In Ternaries of +Years</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1666</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,480</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">952</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,821</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,979</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1667</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,642</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,001</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1668</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,699</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,026</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1669</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,666</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,353</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,070</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1670</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,713</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,067</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1671</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,974</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,003</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1672</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,436</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">967</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,073</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,842</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1673</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,531</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">933</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1674</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,106</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">942</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1675</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,578</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">823</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,328</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,672</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1676</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,391</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">952</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1677</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,359</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">897</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1678</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,401</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,045</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,624</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,202</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1679</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,397</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,061</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1680</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,826</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,096</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">24,199</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14,765</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">24,199</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14,765</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><p style="text-align: center">The medium or 15th +part whereof is</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,613</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">984</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,613</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">984</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>TABLE C.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">THE PARISHES OF DUBLIN</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1671.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>, 1670–71–72 at a +medium</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Families</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hearths</p> +</td> +<td><p>Births</p> +</td> +<td><p>Burials</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Katherine’s and St. James’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">661</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,399</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">161</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">290</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Without</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">490</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,348</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">207</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">262</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michan’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">656</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,301</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">127</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">221</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">483</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,123</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">108</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">178</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Bridget’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">416</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,989</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">70</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">244</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,337</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">70</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">138</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Warburgh’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">267</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,650</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">54</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">103</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Audaen’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">216</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,081</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">53</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">121</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">140</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">793</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">44</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">59</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Kevin’s</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">106</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">433</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">64</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">133</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Within</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">93</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">614</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Patrick’s Liberties</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">52</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">255</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">21</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">44</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Christ Church and Trinity College, per estimate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">197</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">—</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,850</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17,500</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,013</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,696</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Houses built between 1671 and 1681, per estimate</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">150</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">550</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18,150</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>A WEEKLY BILL OF MORTALITY FOR THE CITY OF DUBLIN, Ending the +XXX day of XXX 1681. <a name="citation75"></a><a +href="#footnote75" class="citation">[75]</a></h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">PARISHES’ NAMES.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Births</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Males</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Females</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Burials</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Under 16 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Plague</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Small Pox</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Measles</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Spotted Fever</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Katharine’s and St. James’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Without</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michan’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Bridget’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Warburgh’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Audaen’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Kevin’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Within</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Patrick’s Liberties</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Christ Church and Trinity College</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Totals</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>A QUARTERLY BILL OF MORTALITY, Beginning XXX and ending XXX +for the City of DUBLIN <a name="citation76"></a><a +href="#footnote76" class="citation">[76]</a></h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>PARISHES’ NAMES.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Births 1.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Marriages 2.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Buried under 16 years olds</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Buried above 60 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Measles, Spotted Fever, Small +Pox, Plague</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Consumption, Dropsy, Gout, +Stone</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Fever, Pleurisy, Quinsy, Sudden +Death</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Aged above 70 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Infants under 2 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">All other Casualties</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Katharine’s and St. James’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Without</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michan’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Bridget’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Warburgh’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Audaen’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Kevin’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Within</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Patrick’s Liberties</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Christ Church and Trinity College</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Totals</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<h3>AN ACCOUNT OF THE PEOPLE OF DUBLIN FOR ONE YEAR, Ending the +24th of March, 1681. <a name="citation77"></a><a +href="#footnote77" class="citation">[77]</a></h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>PARISHES’ NAMES.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Number of person</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Whereof</p> +</td> +<td><p>Married Persons</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>Persons of</p> +</td> +<td><p>Protestants</p> +</td> +<td><p>Papists</p> +</td> +<td><p>Of all other religions</p> +</td> +<td><p>Births</p> +</td> +<td><p>Burials</p> +</td> +<td><p>Marriages</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Males</p> +</td> +<td><p>Females</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>Under 16 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p>Above 60 years old</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p>of above 16 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Katharine’s and St. James’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Without</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michan’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Andrew’s with Donnybrook</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Bridget’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. John’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Warburgh’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Audaen’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Michael’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Kevin’s</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Nicholas Within</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>St. Patrick’s Liberties</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Christ Church and Trinity College</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Totals</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>CASUALTIES AND DISEASES.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Aged above 70 years</p> +</td> +<td><p>Epilepsy and planet</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Abortive and still-born</p> +</td> +<td><p>Fever and ague</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Childbed women</p> +</td> +<td><p>Pleurisy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Convulsion</p> +</td> +<td><p>Quinsy</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Teeth</p> +</td> +<td><p>Executed, murdered, drowned</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Worms</p> +</td> +<td><p>Plague and spotted fever</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Gout and sciatica</p> +</td> +<td><p>Griping of the guts</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Stone</p> +</td> +<td><p>Scouring, vomiting bleeding</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Palsy</p> +</td> +<td><p>Small pox</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Consumption and French pox</p> +</td> +<td><p>Measles</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dropsy and tympany</p> +</td> +<td><p>Neither of all the other sorts</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rickets and livergrown</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Headache and megrim</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>A POSTSCRIPT TO THE STATIONER.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> you complain that these +observations make no sufficient bulk, I could answer you that I +wish the bulk of all books were less; but do nevertheless comply +with you in adding what follows, viz.:</p> +<p>1. That the parishes of Dublin are very unequal; some +having in them above 600 families, and others under thirty.</p> +<p>2. That thirteen parishes are too few for 4,000 +families; the middling parishes of London containing 120 +families; according to which rate there should be about +thirty-three parishes in Dublin.</p> +<p>3. It is said that there are 84,000 houses or families +in London, which is twenty-one times more than are in Dublin, and +yet the births and burials of London are but twelve times those +of Dublin, which shows that the inhabitants of Dublin are more +crowded and straitened in their housing than those of London; and +consequently that to increase the buildings of Dublin will make +that city more conformable to London.</p> +<p>4. I shall also add some reasons for altering the +present forms of the Dublin bills of mortality, according to what +hath been here recommended—viz.:</p> +<p>1. We give the distinctions of males and females in the +births only; for that the burials must, at one time or another, +be in the same proportion with the births.</p> +<p>2. We do in the weekly and quarterly bills propose that +notice be taken in the burials of what numbers die above sixty +and seventy, and what under sixteen, six, and two years old, +foreseeing good uses to be made of that distinction.</p> +<p>3. We do in the yearly bill reduce the casualties to +about twenty-four, being such as may be discerned by common +sense, and without art, conceiving that more will but perplex and +imbroil the account. And in the quarterly bills we reduce +the diseases to three heads—viz., contagious, acute, and +chronical, applying this distinction to parishes, in order to +know how the different situation, soil, and way of living in each +parish doth dispose men to each of the said three species; and in +the weekly bills we take notice not only of the plague, but of +the other contagious diseases in each parish, that strangers and +fearful persons may thereby know how to dispose of +themselves.</p> +<p>4. We mention the number of the people, as the +fundamental term in all our proportions; and without which all +the rest will be almost fruitless.</p> +<p>5. We mention the number of marriages made in every +quarter, and in every year, as also the proportion which married +persons bear to the whole, expecting in such observations to read +the improvement of the nation.</p> +<p>6. As for religions, we reduce them to three—viz.: +(1) those who have the Pope of Rome for their head; (2) who are +governed by the laws of their country; (3) those who rely +respectively upon their own private judgments. Now, whether +these distinctions should be taken notice of or not, we do but +faintly recommend, seeing many reasons <i>pro</i> and <i>con</i> +for the same; and, therefore, although we have mentioned it as a +matter fit to be considered, yet we humbly leave it to +authority.</p> +<h2>TWO ESSAYS IN POLITICAL ARITHMETIC,</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Concerning the People</i>, +<i>Housing</i>, <i>Hospitals</i>, <i>&c.</i>, <i>of London +and Paris</i>.</p> +<h3>TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.</h3> +<p>I <span class="smcap">do</span> presume, in a very small +paper, to show your Majesty that your City of London seems more +considerable than the two best cities of the French monarchy, and +for aught I can find, greater than any other of the universe, +which because I can say without flattery, and by such +demonstration as your Majesty can examine, I humbly pray your +Majesty to accept from</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Your Majesty’s</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Most humble, loyal, and obedient +subject,<br /> +<span class="smcap">William Petty</span>.</p> +<h3>AN ESSAY IN POLITICAL ARITHMETIC</h3> +<p><i>Tending to prove that London hath more people and housing +than the cities of Paris and Rouen put together</i>, <i>and is +also more considerable in several other respects</i>.</p> +<p>1. <span class="smcap">The</span> medium of the burials +at London in the three last years—viz., 1683, 1684, and +1685, wherein there was no extraordinary sickness, and wherein +the christenings do correspond in their ordinary proportions with +the burials and christenings of each year one with another, was +22,337, and the like medium of burials for the three last Paris +bills we could procure—viz., for the years 1682, 1683, and +1684 (whereof the last as appears by the christenings to have +been very sickly), is 19,887.</p> +<p>2. The city of Bristol in England appears to be by good +estimate of its trade and customs as great as Rouen in France, +and the city of Dublin in Ireland appears to have more chimneys +than Bristol, and consequently more people, and the burials in +Dublin were, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682 (being a +sickly year) but 2,263.</p> +<p>3. Now the burials of Paris (being 19,887) being added +to the burials of Dublin (supposed more than at Rouen) being +2,263, makes but 22,150, whereas the burials of London were 187 +more, or 22,337, or as about 6 to 7.</p> +<p>4. If those who die unnecessarily, and by miscarriage in +L’Hôtel Dieu in Paris (being above 3,000), as hath +been elsewhere shown, or any part thereof, should be subtracted +out of the Paris burials aforementioned, then our assertion will +be stronger, and more proportionable to what follows concerning +the housing of those cities, viz.:</p> +<p>5. There were burnt at London, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1666, above 13,000 houses, which +being but a fifth part of the whole, the whole number of houses +in the said year were above 65,000; and whereas the ordinary +burials of London have increased between the years 1666 and 1686, +above one-third the total of the houses at London, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1686, must be about 87,000, which +<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682, appeared by account to +have been 84,000.</p> +<p>6. Monsieur Moreri, the great French author of the late +geographical dictionaries, who makes Paris the greatest city in +the world, doth reckon but 50,000 houses in the same, and other +authors and knowing men much less; nor are there full 7,000 +houses in the city of Dublin, so as if the 50,000 houses of +Paris, and the 7,000 houses in the city of Dublin were added +together, the total is but 57,000 houses, whereas those of London +are 87,000 as aforesaid, or as 6 to 9.</p> +<p>7. As for the shipping and foreign commerce of London, +the common sense of all men doth judge it to be far greater than +that of Paris and Rouen put together.</p> +<p>8. As to the wealth and gain accruing to the inhabitants +of London and Paris by law-suits (or <i>La chicane</i>) I only +say that the courts of London extend to all England and Wales, +and affect seven millions of people, whereas those of Paris do +not extend near so far. Moreover, there is no palpable +conspicuous argument at Paris for the number and wealth of +lawyers like the buildings and chambers in the two Temples, +Lincoln’s Inn, Gray’s Inn, Doctors’ Commons, +and the seven other inns in which are chimneys, which are to be +seen at London, besides many lodgings, halls, and offices, +relating to the same.</p> +<p>9. As to the plentiful and easy living of the people we +say,</p> +<p>(a.) That the people of Paris to those of London, being as +about 6 to 7, and the housing of the same as about 6 to 9, we +infer that the people do not live at London so close and crowded +as at Paris, but can afford themselves more room and liberty.</p> +<p>(b.) That at London the hospitals are better and more +desirable than those of Paris, for that in the best at Paris +there die two out of fifteen, whereas at London there die out of +the worst scarce 2 out of 16, and yet but a fiftieth part of the +whole die out of the hospitals at London, and two-fifths, or +twenty times that proportion die out of the Paris hospitals which +are of the same kind; that is to say, the number of those at +London, who choose to lie sick in hospitals rather than in their +own houses, are to the like people of Paris as one to twenty; +which shows the greater poverty or want of means in the people of +Paris than those of London.</p> +<p>(c.) We infer from the premises, viz., the dying scarce two of +sixteen out of the London hospitals, and about two of fifteen in +the best of Paris, to say nothing of L’Hôtel Dieu, +that either the physicians and chirurgeons of London are better +than those of Paris, or that the air of London is more +wholesome.</p> +<p>10. As for the other great cities of the world, if Paris +were the greatest we need say no more in behalf of London. +As for Pekin in China, we have no account fit to reason upon; nor +is there anything in the description of the two late voyages of +the Chinese emperor from that city into East and West Tartary, in +the years 1682 and 1683, which can make us recant what we have +said concerning London. As for Delhi and Agra, belonging to +the Mogul, we find nothing against our position, but much to show +the vast numbers which attend that emperor in his business and +pleasures.</p> +<p>11. We shall conclude with Constantinople and Grand +Cairo; as for Constantinople it hath been said by one who +endeavoured to show the greatness of that city, and the greatness +of the plague which raged in it, that there died 1,500 per diem, +without other circumstances; to which we answer, that in the year +1665 there died in London 1,200 per diem, and it hath been well +proved that the Plague of London never carried away above +one-fifth of the people, whereas it is commonly believed that in +Constantinople, and other eastern cities, and even in Italy and +Spain, that the plague takes away two-fifths, one half, or more; +wherefore where 1,200 is but one-fifth of the people it is +probable that the number was greater, than where 1,500 was +two-fifths or one half, &c.</p> +<p>12. As for Grand Cairo it is reported, that 73,000 died +in ten weeks, or 1,000 per diem, where note, that at Grand Cairo +the plague comes and goes away suddenly, and that the plague +takes away two or three-fifths parts of the people as aforesaid; +so as 73,000 was probably the number of those that died of the +plague in one whole year at Grand Cairo, whereas at London, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1665, 97,000 were brought to account +to have died in that year. Wherefore it is certain, that +that city wherein 97,000 was but one-fifth of the people, the +number was greater than where 73,000 was two-fifths or the +half.</p> +<p>We therefore conclude, that London hath more people, housing, +shipping, and wealth, than Paris and Rouen put together; and for +aught yet appears, is more considerable than any other city in +the universe, which was propounded to be proved.</p> +<h3>AN ESSAY IN POLITICAL ARITHMETIC,</h3> +<p><i>Tending to prove that in the hospital called +L’Hôtel Dieu at Paris</i>, <i>there die above 3,000 +per annum by reason of ill accommodation</i>.</p> +<p>1. <span class="smcap">It</span> appears that <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1678 there entered into the Hospital +of La Charité 2,647 souls, of which there died there +within the said year 338, which is above an eighth part of the +said 2,647; and that in the same year there entered into +L’Hôtel Dieu 21,491, and that there died out of that +number 5,630, which is above one quarter, so as about half the +said 5,630, being 2,815, seem to have died for want of as good +usage and accommodation as might have been had at La +Charité.</p> +<p>2. Moreover, in the year 1679 there entered into La +Charité 3,118, of which there died 452, which is above a +seventh part, and in the same year there entered into +L’Hôtel Dieu 28,635, of which there died 8,397; and +in both the said years 1678 and 1679 (being very different in +their degrees of mortality) there entered into +L’Hôtel Dieu 28,635 and 2l,491—in all 50,126, +the medium whereof is 25,063; and there died out of the same in +the said two years, 5,630 and 8,397—in all 14,027, the +medium whereof is 7,013.</p> +<p>3. There entered in the said years into La +Charité 2,647 and 3,118, in all 5,765, the medium whereof +is 2,882, whereof there died 338 and 452, in all 790, the medium +whereof is 395.</p> +<p>4. Now, if there died out of L’Hôtel Dieu +7,013 per annum, and that the proportion of those that died out +of L’Hôtel Dieu is double to those that died out of +La Charité (as by the above numbers it appears to be near +thereabouts), then it follows that half the said numbers of +7,013, being 3,506, did not die by natural necessity, but by the +evil administration of that hospital.</p> +<p>5. This conclusion seemed at the first sight very +strange, and rather to be some mistake or chance than a solid and +real truth; but considering the same matter as it appeared at +London, we were more reconciled to the belief of it, +viz.:—</p> +<p>(<i>a</i>.) In the Hospital of St. Bartholomew in London, +there was sent out and cured in the year 1685, 1,764 persons, and +there died out of the said hospital 252. Moreover, there +were sent out and cured out of St. Thomas’s Hospital 1,523, +and buried, 209—that is to say, there were cured in both +hospitals 3,287, and buried out of both hospitals 461, and +consequently cured and buried 3,748, of which number the 461 +buried is less than an eighth part; whereas at La Charité +the part that died was more than an eighth part; which shows that +out of the most poor and wretched hospitals of London there died +fewer in proportion than out of the best in Paris.</p> +<p>(<i>b</i>.) Furthermore, it hath been above shown that there +died out of La Charité at a medium 395 per annum, and 141 +out of Les Incurables, making in all 536; and that out of St. +Bartholomew’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals, London, +there died at a medium but 461, of which Les Incurables are part; +which shows that although there be more people in London than in +Paris, yet there went at London not so many people to hospitals +as there did at Paris, although the poorest hospitals at London +were better than the best at Paris; which shows that the poorest +people at London have better accommodation in their own houses +than the best hospital of Paris affordeth.</p> +<p>6. Having proved that there die about 3,506 persons at +Paris unnecessarily, to the damage of France, we come next to +compute the value of the said damage, and of the remedy thereof, +as follows, viz., the value of the said 3,506 at 60 livres +sterling per head, being about the value of Argier slaves (which +is less than the intrinsic value of people at Paris), the whole +loss of the subjects of France in that hospital seems to be 60 +times 3,506 livres sterling per annum, viz., 210,360 livres +sterling, equivalent to about 2,524,320 French livres.</p> +<p>7. It hath appeared that there came into +L’Hôtel Dieu at a medium 25,063 per annum, or 2,089 +<i>per mensem</i>, and that the whole stock of what remained in +the precedent months is at a medium about 2,108 (as may appear by +the third line of the Table No. 5, which shall be shortly +published), viz., the medium of months is 2,410 for the sickly +year 1679, whereunto 1,806 being added as the medium of months +for the year 1678, makes 4,216, the medium whereof is the 2,108 +above mentioned; which number being added to the 2,089 which +entered each month, makes 4,197 for the number of sick which are +supposed to be always in L’Hôtel Dieu one time with +another.</p> +<p>8. Now, if 60 French livres per annum for each of the +said 4,197 sick persons were added to the present ordinary +expense of that hospital (amounting to an addition of 251,820 +livres), it seems that so many lives might be saved as are worth +above ten times that sum, and this by doing a manifest deed of +charity to mankind.</p> +<p><i>Memorandum</i>.—That <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1685, the burials of London were +23,222, and those of Amsterdam 6,245; from whence, and the +difference of air, it is probable that the people of London are +quadruple to those of Amsterdam.</p> +<h2>OBSERVATIONS UPON THE CITIES OF LONDON AND ROME.</h2> +<p>1. <span class="smcap">That</span> before the year 1630 +the christenings at London exceeded the burials of the same, but +about the year 1655 they were scarce half; and now about +two-thirds.</p> +<p>2. Before the restoration of monarchy in England, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1660, the people of Paris were more +than those of London and Dublin put together, whereas now, the +people of London are more than those of Paris and Rome, or of +Paris and Rouen.</p> +<p>3. <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1665 one fifth +part of the then people of London, or 97,000, died of the plague, +and in the next year, 1666, 13,000 houses, or one fifth part of +all the housing of London, were burnt also.</p> +<p>4. At the birth of Christ old Rome was the greatest city +of the world, and London the greatest at the coronation of King +James II., and near six times as great as the present Rome, +wherein are 119,000 souls besides Jews.</p> +<p>5. In the years of King Charles II.’s death, and +King James II.’s coronation (which were neither of them +remarkable for extraordinary sickliness or healthfulness) the +burials did wonderfully agree, viz., <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1684, they were 23,202, and <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1685, they were 23,222, the medium +whereof is 23,212. And the christenings did very +wonderfully agree also, having been <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1684, 14,702, and <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1685, 14,732, the medium whereof is +14,716, which consistence was never seen before, the said number +of 23,212 burials making the people of London to be 696,360, at +the rate of one dying per annum out of 30.</p> +<p>6. Since the great Fire of London, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1666, about 7 parts of 15 of the +present vast city hath been new built, and is with its people +increased near one half, and become equal to Paris and Rome put +together, the one being the seat of the great French Monarchy, +and the other of the Papacy.</p> +<h2>FIVE ESSAYS IN POLITICAL ARITHMETIC.</h2> +<p>I. Objections from the city of Ray in Persia, and from +Monsier Auzout, against two former essays, answered, and that +London hath as many people as Paris, Rome, and Rouen put +together.</p> +<p>II. A comparison between London and Paris in 14 +particulars.</p> +<p>III. Proofs that at London, within its 134 parishes +named in the bills of mortality, there live about 696,000 +people.</p> +<p>IV. An estimate of the people in London, Paris, +Amsterdam, Venice, Rome, Dublin, Bristol, and Rouen, with several +observations upon the same.</p> +<p>V. Concerning Holland and the rest of the Seven United +Provinces.</p> +<h3>TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Your Majesty</span> having graciously +accepted my two late essays, about the cities and hospitals of +London and Paris, as also my observations on Rome and Rouen; I do +(after six months’ waiting for what may be said against my +several doctrines by the able men of Europe) humbly present your +Majesty with a few other papers upon the same subject, to +strengthen, explain, and enlarge the former; hoping by such real +arguments, better to praise and magnify your Majesty, than by any +other the most specious words and eulogies that can be imagined +by</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Your Majesty’s</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Most humble, loyal<br /> +And obedient subject,<br /> +<span class="smcap">William Petty</span>.</p> +<h3>THE FIRST ESSAY.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">It</span> could not be expected that an +assertion of London’s being bigger than Paris and Rouen, or +than Paris and Rome put together, and bigger than any city of the +world, should escape uncontradicted; and ’tis also expected +that I (if continuing in the same persuasion), should make some +reply to those contradictions. In order whereunto,</p> +<p>I begin with the ingenious author of the +“<i>République des Lettres</i>,” who saith +that Rey in Persia is far bigger than London, for that in the +sixth century of Christianity (I suppose, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 550 the middle of that century), it +had 15,000, or rather 44,000 mosques or Mahometan temples; to +which I reply, that I hope this objector is but in jest, for that +Mahomet was not born till about the year 570, and had no mosques +till about 50 years after.</p> +<p>In the next place I reply to the excellent Monsieur +Auzout’s “Letters from Rome,” who is content +that London, Westminster, and Southwark may have as many people +as Paris and its suburbs; and but faintly denieth, that all the +housing within the bills may have almost as many people as Paris +and Rouen, but saith that several parishes inserted into these +bills are distant from, and not contiguous with London, and that +Grant so understood it.</p> +<p>To which (as his main if not his only objection) we +answer:—(l) That the London bills appear in Grant’s +book to have been always, since the year 1636; as they now are; +(2) That about fifty years since, three or four parishes, +formerly somewhat distant, were joined by interposed buildings to +the bulk of the city, and therefore then inserted into the bills; +(3) That since fifty years the whole buildings being more than +double have perfected that union, so as there is no house within +the said bills from which one may not call to some other house; +(4) All this is confirmed by authority of the king and city, and +the custom of fifty years; (5) That there are but three parishes +under any colour of this exception which are scarce +one-fifty-second part of the whole.</p> +<p>Upon the whole matter, upon sight of Monsieur Auzout’s +large letter, dated the 19th of November, from Rome, I made +remarks upon every paragraph thereof, but suppressing it (because +it looked like a war against a worthy person with whom I intended +none, whereas, in truth, it was but a reconciling explication of +some doubts) I have chosen the shorter and softer way of +answering Monsieur Auzout as followeth, viz.:—</p> +<p>Concerning the number of people in London, as also in Paris, +Rouen, and Rome, viz.:—</p> +<p>Monsieur Auzout allegeth an authentic account that there are +23,223 houses in Paris, wherein do live about eighty thousand +families, and therefore supposing three and a half families to +live in every of the said houses, one with another, the number of +families will be 81,280; and Monsier Auzout also allowing six +heads to each family, the utmost number of people in Paris, +according to that opinion, will be 487,680.</p> +<p>The medium of the Paris burials was not denied by Monsier +Auzout to be 19,887, nor that there died 3,506 unnecessarily out +of the L’Hôtel Dieu; wherefore deducting the said +last number out of the former, the net standard for burials at +Paris will be 16,381, so, as the number of people there, allowing +but one to die out of thirty (which is more advantageous to Paris +than Monsieur Auzout’s opinion of one to die out of +twenty-five) the number of people at Paris will be 491,430 more +than by Monsier Auzout’s own last-mentioned account +491,430.</p> +<p>And the medium of the said two Paris accounts is 488,055.</p> +<p>The medium of the London burials is really 23,212, which, +multiplied by thirty (as hath been done for Paris), the number of +the people there will be 696,360.</p> +<p>The number of houses at London appears by the register to be +105,315, whereunto adding one-tenth part of the same, or 10,315, +as the least number of double families that can be supposed in +London, the total of families will be 115,840, and allowing six +heads for each family, as was done for Paris, the total of the +people at London will be 695,076.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>The medium of the two last London accounts is</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">695,718.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>So, as the people of Paris, according to the above +account, is</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">488,055.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Of Rouen, according to Monsieur Auzout’s utmost +demands</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">80,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Of Rome, according to his own report thereof in a former +letter</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">125,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Total</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">693,055.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>So as there are more people at London than at Paris, Rouen, +and Rome by 2,663.</p> +<p>Memorandum.—That the parishes of Islington, Newington, +and Hackney, for which only there is any colour of +non-contiguity, is not one-fifty-second part of what is contained +in the bills of mortality, and consequently London, without the +said three parishes, hath more people than Paris and Rouen put +together, by 114,284.</p> +<p>Which number of 114,284 is probably more people than any other +city of France contains.</p> +<h3>THE SECOND ESSAY.</h3> +<p>As for other comparisons of London with Paris, we farther +repeat and enlarge what hath been formerly said upon those +matters, as followeth, viz.:—</p> +<p>1. That forty per cent. die out of the hospitals at +Paris where so many die unnecessarily, and scarce one-twentieth +of that proportion out of the hospitals of London, which have +been shown to be better than the best of Paris.</p> +<p>2. That at Paris 81,280 kitchens are within less than +24,000 street-doors, which makes less cleanly and convenient way +of living than at London.</p> +<p>3. Where the number of christenings are near unto, or +exceed the burials, the people are poorer, having few servants +and little equipage.</p> +<p>4. The river Thames is more pleasant and navigable than +the Seine, and its waters better and more wholesome; and the +bridge of London is the most considerable of all Europe.</p> +<p>5. The shipping and foreign trade of London is +incomparably greater than that at Paris and Rouen.</p> +<p>6. The lawyers’ chambers at London have 2,772 +chimnies in them, and are worth £140,000 sterling, or +3,000,000 of French livres, besides the dwellings of their +families elsewhere.</p> +<p>7. The air is more wholesome, for that at London scarce +two of sixteen die out of the worst hospitals, but at Paris above +two of fifteen out of the best. Moreover the burials of +Paris are one-fifth part above and below the medium, but at +London not above one-twelfth, so as the intemperies of the air at +Paris is far greater than at London.</p> +<p>8. The fuel cheaper, and lies in less room, the coals +being a wholesome sulphurous bitumen.</p> +<p>9. All the most necessary sorts of victuals, and of +fish, are cheaper, and drinks of all sorts in greater variety and +plenty.</p> +<p>10. The churches of London we leave to be judged by +thinking that nothing at Paris is so great as St. Paul’s +was, and is like to be, nor so beautiful as Henry the +Seventh’s chapel.</p> +<p>11. On the other hand, it is probable, that there is +more money in Paris than London, if the public revenue (grossly +speaking, quadruple to that of England) be lodged there.</p> +<p>12. Paris hath not been for these last fifty years so +much infested with the plague as London; now that at London the +plague (which between the years 1591 and 1666 made five returns, +viz., every fifteen years, at a medium, and at each time carried +away one-fifth of the people) hath not been known for the 21 +years last past, and there is a visible way by God’s +ordinary blessing to lessen the same by two-thirds when it next +appeareth.</p> +<p>13. As to the ground upon which Paris stands in respect +of London, we say, that if there be five stories or floors of +housing at Paris, for four at London, or in that proportion, then +the 82,000 families of Paris stand upon the equivalent of 65,000 +London housteds, and if there be 115,000 families at London, and +but 82,000 at Paris, then the proportion of the London ground to +that of Paris is as 115 to sixty-five, or as twenty-three to +thirteen.</p> +<p>14. Moreover Paris is said to be an oval of three +English miles long and two and a half broad, the area whereof +contains but five and a half square miles; but London is seven +miles long, and one and a quarter broad at a medium, which makes +an area of near nine square miles, which proportion of five and +half to nine differs little from that of thirteen to +twenty-three.</p> +<p>15. Memorandum, that in Nero’s time, as Monsieur +Chivreau reporteth, there died 300,000 people of the plague in +old Rome; now if there died three of ten then and there, being a +hotter country, as there dies two of ten at London, the number of +people at that time, was but a million, whereas at London they +are now about 700,000. Moreover the ground within the walls +of old Rome was a circle but of three miles diameter, whose area +is about seven square miles, and the suburbs scarce as much more, +in all about thirteen square miles, whereas the built ground at +London is about nine square miles as aforesaid; which two sorts +of proportions agree with each other, and consequently old Rome +seems but to have been half as big again as the present London, +which we offer to antiquaries.</p> +<h3>THE THIRD ESSAY.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Proofs</span> that the number of people in +the 134 parishes of the London bills of mortality, without +reference to other cities, is about 696,000, viz.—</p> +<p>I know but three ways of finding the same.</p> +<p>1. By the houses, and families, and heads living in +each.</p> +<p>2. By the number of burials in healthful times, and by +the proportion of those that live, to those that die.</p> +<p>3. By the number of those who die of the plague in +pestilential years, in proportion to those that escape.</p> +<h4><i>The First Way</i>.</h4> +<p>To know the number of houses, I used three methods, +viz.—</p> +<p>1. The number of houses which were burnt <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1666, which by authentic report was +13,200; next what proportion the people who died out of those +houses, bore to the whole; which I find <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1686, to be but one seventh part, +but <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1666 to be almost +one-fifth, from whence I infer the whole housing of London <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1666 to have been 66,000, then +finding the burials <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1666 to be +to those of 1686 as 3 to 4,I pitch upon 88,000 to be the number +of housing <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1686.</p> +<p>2. Those who have been employed in making the general +map of London, set forth in the year 1682, told me that in that +year they had found above 84,000 houses to be in London, +wherefore <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1686, or in four +years more, there might be one-tenth or 8,400 houses more (London +doubling in forty years) so as the whole, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1686 might be 92,400.</p> +<p>3. I found that <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1685, +there were 29,325 hearths in Dublin, and 6,400 houses, and in +London 388 thousand hearths, whereby there must have been at that +rate 87,000 houses in London. Moreover I found that in +Bristol there were in the same year 16,752 hearth; and 5,307 +houses, and in London 388,000 hearths as aforesaid; at which rate +there must have been 123,000 houses in London, and at a medium +between Dublin and Bristol proportions 105,000 houses.</p> +<p>Lastly, by certificate from the hearth office, I find the +houses within the bills of mortality to be 105,315.</p> +<p>Having thus found the houses, I proceed next to the number of +families in them, and first I thought that if there were three or +four families or kitchens in every house of Paris, there might be +two families in one-tenth of the housing of London; unto which +supposition, the common opinion of several friends doth concur +with my own conjectures.</p> +<p>As to the number of heads in each family, I stick to +Grant’s observation in page — of his fifth edition, +that in tradesmen of London’s families there be eight heads +one with another, in families of higher ranks, above ten, and in +the poorest near live, according to which proportions, I had upon +another occasion pitched the medium of heads in all the families +of England to be six and one-third, but quitting the fraction in +this case, I agree with Monsieur Auzout for six.</p> +<p>To conclude, the houses of London being 105,315 and the +addition of double families 10,531 more, in all 115,846; I +multiplied the same by six, which produced 695,076 for the number +of the people.</p> +<h4><i>The Second Way</i>.</h4> +<p>I found that the years 1684 and 1685, being next each other, +and both healthful, did wonderfully agree in their burials, viz., +1684 they were 23,202, and <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> +1685 23,222, the medium whereof is 23,212; moreover that the +christenings 1684 were 14,702, and those <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1685 were 14,730, wherefore I +multiplied the medium of burials 23,212 by 30, supposing that one +dies out of 30 at London, which made the number of people 696,360 +souls.</p> +<p>Now to prove that one dies out of 30 at London or thereabouts, +I say—</p> +<p>1. That Grant in the — page of his fifth edition, +affirmeth from observation, that 3 died of 88 per annum which is +near the same proportion.</p> +<p>2. I found that out of healthful places, and out of +adult persons, there dies much fewer, as but one out of 50 among +our parliament men, and that the kings of England having reigned +24 years one with another, probably lived above 30 years +each.</p> +<p>3. Grant, page — hath shown that but about one of +20 die per annum out of young children under 10 years old, and +Monsieur Auzout thinks that but 1 of 40 die at Rome, out of the +greater proportion of adult persons there, wherefore we still +stick as a medium to the number 30.</p> +<p>4. In nine country parishes lying in several parts of +England, I find that but one of 37 hath died per annum, or 311 +out of 11,507, wherefore till I see another round number, +grounded upon many observations, nearer than 30, I hope to have +done pretty well in multiplying our burials by 30 to find the +number of the people, the product being 696,360, and what we find +by the families they are 695,076, as aforesaid.</p> +<h4><i>The Third Way</i>.</h4> +<p>It was proved by Grant, that one-fifth of the people died of +the plague, but <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1665 there +died of the plague near 98,000 persons, the quintuple whereof is +490,000 as the number of people in the year 1665, whereunto +adding above one-third, as the increase between 1665 and 1686, +the total is 653,000, agreeing well enough with the other two +computations above mentioned.</p> +<p>Wherefore let the proportion of 1 to 30 continue till a better +be put in its place.</p> +<p><i>Memorandum</i>. That two or three hundred new houses +would make a contiguity of two or three other great parishes, +with the 134 already mentioned in the bills of mortality: and +that an oval wall of about twenty miles in compass would enclose +the same, and all the shipping at Deptford and Blackwall, and +would also fence in 20,000 acres of land, and lay the foundation +or designation of several vast advantages to the owners, and +inhabitants of that ground, as also to the whole nation and +government.</p> +<h3>THE FOURTH ESSAY.</h3> +<p><i>Concerning the proportions of People in the eight eminent +Cities of Christendom undernamed</i>, viz.:—</p> +<p>1. <span class="smcap">We</span> have by the number of +burials in healthful years, and by the proportion of the living +to those who die yearly, as also by the number of houses and +families within the 134 parishes called London, and the estimate +of the heads in each, pitched upon the number of people in that +city to be at a medium 695,718.</p> +<p>2. We have, by allowing that at Paris above 80,000 +families, viz., 81,280, do live in 23,223 houses, 32 palaces, and +38 colleges, or that there are 81,280 kitchens within less than +24,000 street doors; as also by allowing 30 heads for every one +that died necessarily there; we have pitched upon the number of +people there at a medium to be 488,055, nor have we restrained +them to 300,000, by allowing with Monsieur Auzout 6 heads for +each of Moreri’s 50,000 houses or families.</p> +<p>3. To Amsterdam we allow 187,350 souls, viz., 30 times +the number of their burials, which were 6,245 in the year +1685.</p> +<p>4. To Venice we allow 134,000 souls, as found there in a +special account taken by authority, about ten years since, when +the city abounded with such as returned from Candia, then +surrendered to the Turks.</p> +<p>5. To Rome we allow 119,000 Christians, and 6,000 Jews, +in all 125,000 souls, according to an account sent thither of the +same by Monsieur Auzout.</p> +<p>6. To Dublin we allow (as to Amsterdam) 30 times its +burials, the medium whereof for the last two years is 2,303, +viz., 69,090 souls.</p> +<p>7. As to Bristol, we say that if the 6,400 houses of +Dublin give 69,090 people, that the 5,307 houses of Bristol must +give above 56,000 people. Moreover, if the 29,325 hearths +of Dublin give 69,090 people, the 16,752 hearths of Bristol must +give about 40,000; but the medium of 56,000 and 40,000 is +48,000.</p> +<p>8. As for Rouen, we have no help, but Monsieur +Auzout’s fancy of 80,000 souls to be in that city, and the +conjecture of knowing men that Rouen is between the one-seventh +and one-eighth part of Paris, and also that it is by a third +bigger than Bristol; by all which, we estimate, till farther +light, that Rouen hath at most but 66,000 people in it.</p> +<p>Now it may be wondered why we mentioned Rouen at all, having +had so little knowledge of it; whereunto we answer, that we did +not think it just to compare London with Paris, as to shipping +and foreign trade, without adding Rouen thereunto, Rouen being to +Paris as that part of London which is below the bridge, is to +what is above it.</p> +<p>All which we heartily submit to the correction of the curious +and candid, in the meantime observing according to the gross +numbers under-mentioned.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>London</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">696,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Paris</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">488,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Amsterdam</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">187,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Venice</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">134,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rome</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">125,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dublin</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">69,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bristol</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">48,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rouen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">66,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><i>Observations on the said Eight Cities</i>.</h4> +<p>1. That the people of</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Paris being</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">488,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rome</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">125,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rouen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">66,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>do make in all but</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">679,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>or 17,000 less than the 696,000 of London alone.</p> +<p>2. That the people of the two English cities and +emporiums—viz., of London, 696,000, and Bristol, +48,000—do make 744,000, or more than</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>In Paris</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">488,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Amsterdam</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">187,090</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rouen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">66,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Being in all</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">741,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>3. That the same two English cities seem equivalent</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>To Paris, which hath</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">488,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> Rouen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">66,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> Lyons</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> Toulouse</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">90,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In all</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">744,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>If there be any error in these conjectures concerning these +cities of France, we hope they will be mended by those whom we +hear to be now at work upon that matter.</p> +<p>4. That the King of England’s three cities, +viz.:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">King’s +Cities</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Exceed</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>London</p> +</td> +<td><p>696,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Paris</p> +</td> +<td><p>488,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Dublin</p> +</td> +<td><p>69,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Amsterdam</p> +</td> +<td><p>187,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bristol</p> +</td> +<td><p>48,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Venice</p> +</td> +<td><p>134,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In all</p> +</td> +<td><p>813,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Being but</p> +</td> +<td><p>809,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>5. That of the four great emporiums, London, Amsterdam, +Venice, and Rouen, London alone is near double to the other +three, viz., above 7 to 4.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Amsterdam</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">187,000</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Venice</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">134,000</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Rouen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">66,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">387,000</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">× 2</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">774,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>London 696,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>6. That London, for aught appears, is the greatest and +most considerable city of the world, but manifestly the greatest +emporium.</p> +<p>When these assertions have passed the examen of the critics, +we shall make another essay, showing how to apply those truths to +the honour and profit of the King and Kingdom of England.</p> +<h3>THE FIFTH ESSAY.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Concerning Holland and the rest +of the United Provinces</i>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Since</span> the close of this paper, it +hath been objected from Holland, that what hath been said of the +number of houses and people in London is not like to be true; for +that if it were, then London would be the two-thirds of the whole +Province of Holland. To which is answered, that London is +the two-thirds of all Holland, and more, that province having not +1,044,000 inhabitants (whereof 696,000 is the two-thirds), nor +above 800,000, as we have credibly and often heard. For +suppose Amsterdam hath—as we have elsewhere +noted—187,000, the seven next great cities at 30,000 each, +one with another, 210,000, the ten next at 15,000 each 150,000, +the ten smallest at 6,000 each 60,000—in all, the +twenty-eight walled cities and towns of Holland 607,000; in the +dorps and villages 193,000, which is about one head for every +four acres of land; whereas in England there is eight acres for +every head, without the cities and market-towns.</p> +<p>Now, suppose London, having 116,000 families, should have +seven heads in each—the medium between MM. Auzout’s +and Grant’s reckonings—the total of the people would +be 812,000; or if we reckon that there dies one out of +thirty-four—the medium between thirty and thirty-seven +above mentioned—the total of the people would be +thirty-four times 23,212, viz., 789,208, the medium between which +number and the above 812,000 is 800,604, somewhat exceeding +800,000, the supposed number of Holland.</p> +<p>Furthermore, I say that upon former searches into the peopling +of the world, I never found that in any country—not in +China itself—there was more than one man to every English +acre of land: many territories passing for well-peopled where +there is but one man for ten such acres. I found by +measuring Holland and West Frisia (<i>alias</i> North Holland) +upon the best maps, that it contained but as many such acres as +London doth of people, viz., about 696,000 acres. I +therefore venture to pronounce (till better informed) that the +people of London are as many as those of Holland, or at least +above two-thirds of the same, which is enough to disable the +objection above mentioned; nor is there any need to strain up +London from 696,000 to 800,000, though competent reasons have +been given to that purpose, and though the author of the +excellent map of London, set forth <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1682, reckoned the people thereof +(as by the said map appears) to be 1,200,000, even when he +thought the houses of the same to be but 85,000.</p> +<p>The worthy person who makes this objection in the same letter +also saith—</p> +<p>1. That the province of Holland hath as many people as +the other six united provinces together, and as the whole kingdom +of England, and double to the city of Paris and its suburbs; that +is to say, 2,000,000 souls. 2. He says that in London +and Amsterdam, and other trading cities, there are ten heads to +every family, and that in Amsterdam there are not 22,000 +families. 3. He excepteth against the register +alleged by Monsieur Auzout, which makes 23,223 houses and above +80,000 families to be in Paris; as also against the register +alleged by Petty, making 105,315 houses to be in London, with a +tenth part of the same to be of families more than houses; and +probably will except against the register of 1,163 houses to be +in all England, that number giving, at six and one-third heads to +each family, about 7,000,000 people, upon all which we remark as +follows, viz.:—</p> +<p>1. That if Paris doth contain but 488,000 souls, that +then all Holland containeth but the double of that number, or +976,000, wherefore London, containing 696,000 souls, hath above +two-thirds of all Holland by 46,000.</p> +<p>2. If Paris containeth half as many people as there are +in all England, it must contain 3,500,000 souls, or above seven +times 488,000; and because there do not die 20,000 per annum out +of Paris, there must die but one out of 175; whereas Monsieur +Auzout thinks that there dies one out of 25, and there must live +149 heads in every house of Paris mentioned in the register, but +there must be scarce two heads in every house of England, all +which we think fit to be reconsidered.</p> +<p>I must, as an Englishman, take notice of one point more, which +is, that these assertions do reflect upon the empire of England, +for that it is said that England hath but 2,000,000 inhabitants, +and it might as well have been added, that Scotland and Ireland, +with the Islands of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey, have but +two-fifths of the same number, or 800,000 more, or that all the +King of England’s subjects in Europe are but 2,800,000 +souls, whereas he saith that the subjects of the seven united +provinces are 4,000,000. To which we answer that the +subjects of the said seven provinces are, by this +objector’s own showing, but the quadruple of Paris, or +1,932,000 souls, Paris containing but 488,000, as afore hath been +proved, and we do here affirm that England hath 7,000,000 people, +and that Scotland, Ireland, with the Islands of Man, Jersey, and +Guernsey, hath two-fifths of the said number, or 2,800,000 more, +in all 9,800,000; whereas by the objector’s doctrine, if +the seven provinces have 1,932,000 people, the King of +England’s territories should have but seven-tenths of the +same number, viz., 1,351,000, whereas we say 9,800,000, as +aforesaid, which difference is so gross as that it deserves to be +thus reflected upon.</p> +<p>To conclude, we expect from the concerned critics of the world +that they would prove—</p> +<p>1. That Holland, and West Frisia, and the twenty-eight +towns and cities thereof, hath more people than London alone.</p> +<p>2. That any three of the best cities of France, any two +of all Christendom, or any one of the world, hath the same, or +better housing, and more foreign trade than London, even in the +year that King James the Second came to the empire thereof.</p> +<h2>OF THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND.</h2> +<p><i>Founded upon the Calculations of Gregory King</i>, +<i>Lancaster Herald</i>, <i>and forming part of</i> “<i>An +Essay upon the Probable Methods of making a People gainers in the +Balance of Trade</i>.” <i>Published in 1699</i>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> writer of these papers has seen +the natural and political observations and conclusions upon the +state and condition of England by Gregory King, Esq., Lancaster +Herald, in manuscript. The calculations therein contained +are very accurate, and more perhaps to be relied upon than +anything that has been ever done of the like kind. This +skilful and laborious gentleman has taken the right course to +form his several schemes about the numbers of the people, for +besides many different ways of working, he has very carefully +inspected the poll-books, and the distinctions made by those +acts, and the produce in many of the respective polls, going +everywhere by reasonable and discreet mediums: besides which +pains, he has made observations of the very facts in particular +towns and places, from which he has been able to judge and +conclude more safely of others, so that he seems to have looked +further into this mystery than any other person.</p> +<p>With his permission, we shall offer to the public such of his +computations as may be of use, and enlighten in the matter before +us.</p> +<p>He lays down that if the first peopling of England was by a +colony or colonies, consisting of a number between 100 and 1,000 +people (which seems probable), such colony or colonies might be +brought over between the year of the world 2400 and 2600, viz., +about 800 or 900 years after the Flood, and 1,400 or 1,500 years +before the birth of Christ, at which time the world might have +about 1,000,000 families, and 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 people.</p> +<p>From which hypothesis it will follow by an orderly series of +increase—</p> +<p>That when the Romans invaded England fifty-three years before +Christ’s time, the kingdom might have about 360,000 people, +and at Christ’s birth about 400,000.</p> +<p>That at the Norman Conquest, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1066, the kingdom might contain +somewhat above 2,000,000.</p> +<p>That <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1260, or about 200 +years after the Norman Conquest, it might contain about 2,750,000 +people, or half the present number: so that the people of England +may have doubled in about 435 years last past.</p> +<p>That in all probability the next doubling will be in about 600 +years to come, viz., by the year 2300, at which time it may have +about 11,000,000 people, and the kingdom containing about +39,000,000 of acres, there will be then about three acres and a +half per head.</p> +<p>That the increase of the kingdom for every hundred years of +the last preceding term of doubling, and the subsequent term of +doubling, may have been and in all probability may be, according +to the following scheme:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Anno Domini.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Number of people.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Increase every hundred +years.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1300</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,800,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1400</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,300,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">440,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1500</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,840,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">540,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1600</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,620,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">780,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1700</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,500,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">880,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,420,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">920,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1900</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,350,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">930,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,280,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">930,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2100</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,205,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">925,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,115,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">910,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2300</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11,000,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">885,000.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Whereby it may appear that the increase of the kingdom being +880,000 people in the last hundred years, and 920,000 in the next +succeeding hundred years, the annual increase at this time may be +about 9,000 souls per annum.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>But whereas the yearly births of the kingdom +are about 1 in 28.95, or</p> +</td> +<td><p>190,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>And the yearly burials 1 in 32.35 or</p> +</td> +<td><p>170,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>Whereby the yearly increase would be</p> +</td> +<td><p>20,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>It is to be noted—</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Per ann.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>1.</p> +</td> +<td><p>That the allowance for plagues and great mortalities may +come to at a medium</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,000</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>2.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Foreign or civil wars at a medium</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,500</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>3.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The sea constantly employing about 40,000, may precipitate +the death of about</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,500</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>4.</p> +</td> +<td><p>The plantations (over and above the accession of +foreigners) may carry away</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,000</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p>11,000 per annum.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p>Whereby the net annual increase may be but</p> +</td> +<td><p>9,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>That of these 20,000 souls, which would be the annual increase +of the kingdom by procreation, were it not for the +before-mentioned abatements.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>The country increases annually by procreation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The cities and towns, exclusive of London, by +procreation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>But London and the bills of mortality decrease +annually</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,000 souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>So that London requires a supply of 2,000 souls per annum to +keep it from decreasing, besides a further supply of about 3,000 +per annum for its increase at this time. In all 5,000, or +above a half of the kingdom’s net increase.</p> +<p>Mr. King further observes that by the assessments on +marriages, births, and burials, and the collectors’ returns +thereupon, and by the parish registers, it appears that the +proportions of marriages, births, and burials are according to +the following scheme</p> +<h3><i>Vide</i> Scheme A.</h3> +<p>Whence it may be observed that in 10,000 coexisting persons +there are 71 or 72 marriages in the country, producing 343 +children; 78 marriages in towns producing 351 children; 94 +marriages in London, producing 376 children.</p> +<p>Whereby it follows—</p> +<p>1. That though each marriage in London produces fewer +people than in the country, yet London in general having a +greater proportion of breeders, is more prolific than the other +great towns, and the great towns are more prolific than the +country.</p> +<p>2. That if the people of London of all ages were as +long-lived as those in the country, London would increase in +people much faster <i>pro rata</i> than the country.</p> +<p>3. That the reasons why each marriage in London produces +fewer children than the country marriages seem to be—</p> +<p class="gutindent">(1) From the more frequent fornications and +adulteries.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(2) From a greater luxury and +intemperance.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(3) From a greater intentness on +business.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(4) From the unhealthfulness of the coal +smoke.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(5) From a greater inequality of age between +the husbands and wives.</p> +<p class="gutindent">(6) From the husbands and wives not living +so long as in the country.</p> +<p>He further observes, accounting the people to be 5,500,000, +that the said five millions and a half (including the transitory +people and vagrants) appear by the assessments on marriages, +births, and burials, to bear the following proportions in +relation to males and females, and other distinctions of the +people, viz.:—</p> +<h3>SCHEME A.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">People.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Annual Marriages. In +all.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Producing children each</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">530,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>London and bills of mortality</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 106</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.0</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">870,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>The cities and market towns</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 128</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,100,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>The villages and hamlets</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 141</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">29,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.8</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,500,000</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 134</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">41,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4.64</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Annual Births.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Annual Burials.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">In all.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">In all.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>London and bills of mortality</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 26½</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 24.1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The cities and market towns</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 28½</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30,600</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 30.4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">28,600</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The villages and hamlets</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 29.4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">29,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 34.4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">119,400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 28.95</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">190,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1 in 32.35</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">170,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3><i>Vide</i> Scheme B.</h3> +<p>So that the number of communicants is in all 3,260,000 souls; +and the number of fighting men between sixteen and sixty is +1,308,000.</p> +<h3>SCHEME B.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Males. Females.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Males.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Females.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Both.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In London and bills of mortality</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10 to 13</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">230,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">530,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In the other cities and market-towns</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8 to 9</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">410,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">460,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">870,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>In the villages and hamlets</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100 to 99</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,060,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,040,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,100,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">27 to 28</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,700,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,800,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,500,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><i>That as to other distinctions they appear by the said +assessments to bear these proportions</i>.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">People.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Males.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Females.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Husbands and wives at above</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34½%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,900,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">950,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">950,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Widowers at above</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1½%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">90,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">90,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Widows at about</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4½%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Children at above</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">45%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,500,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,300,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,200,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Servants at about</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10½%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">560,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">260,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">300,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sojourners and single persons</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">210,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">110,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,500,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,700,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,800,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><i>And that the different proportions in each of the said +articles between London</i>, <i>the great towns</i>, <i>and the +villages</i>, <i>may the better appear</i>, <i>he has formed the +following scheme</i>:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">London and Bills of +Mortality. Souls.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">The other Cities +and great Towns. Souls.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">The Villages and +Hamlets. Souls.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Husbands and Wives</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">37%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">196,100</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">36%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">313,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,394,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Widowers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,600</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17,400</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1½%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">61,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Widows</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">37,100</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">52,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4½%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">184,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Children</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">33%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">174,900</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">348,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">47%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,927,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Servants</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">68,900</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">95,700</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">410,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Sojourners</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">42,400</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">43,500</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">123,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">530,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">870,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100%</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,100,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>SCHEME B (<i>continued</i>).</h3> +<p><i>He further observes</i>, <i>supposing the people to be +5,500,000</i>, <i>that the yearly births of the Kingdom may be +190,000</i>, <i>and that the several ages of the people may be as +follows</i>:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">In all.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Males.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Females.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those under 1 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">170,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">88,500</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">81,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those under 5 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">820,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">413,300</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">406,700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those under 10 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,520,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">762,900</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">757,100</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those above 16 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,260,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,578,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,682,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those above 21 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,700,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,300,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,400,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those above 25 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,400,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,152,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,248,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those above 60 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">270,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">330,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those under 16 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,240,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Those above 16 years old</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,260,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">Total of the people</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,500,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>That the bachelors are about 28 per cent. of the whole, +whereof those under twenty-five years are 25½ per cent., +and those above twenty-five years are 2½ per cent.</p> +<p>That the maidens are about 28½ per cent. of the +whole.</p> +<p>Whereof those under 25 years are 26½ per cent.</p> +<p>And those above 25 years are 2 per cent.</p> +<p>That the males and females in the kingdom in general are aged, +one with another, 27 years and a half.</p> +<p>That in the kingdom in general there is near as many people +living under 20 years of age as there is above 20, whereof half +of the males are under 19, and one half of the females are under +21 years.</p> +<p>That the ages of the people, according to their several +distinctions, are as follows, viz.:—</p> +<h3><i>Vide</i> Scheme C.</h3> +<p>Having thus stated the numbers of the people, he gives a +scheme of the income and expense of the several families of +England, calculated for the year 1688.</p> +<h3>SCHEME C.</h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">At a Medium</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The husbands are aged</p> +</td> +<td><p>43 years apiece, which, at</p> +</td> +<td><p>17¼ per cent., makes</p> +</td> +<td><p>742 years.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The wives</p> +</td> +<td><p>40</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">17¼</p> +</td> +<td><p>690</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The widowers</p> +</td> +<td><p>56</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1½</p> +</td> +<td><p>84</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The widows</p> +</td> +<td><p>60</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4½</p> +</td> +<td><p>270</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The children</p> +</td> +<td><p>12</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">45</p> +</td> +<td><p>540</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The servants</p> +</td> +<td><p>27</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10½</p> +</td> +<td><p>284</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The sojourners</p> +</td> +<td><p>35</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p>140</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>At a medium</p> +</td> +<td><p>27½</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">100</p> +</td> +<td><p>2,750</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h4><i>Vide</i> Scheme D.</h4> +<p>Mr. King’s modesty has been so far overruled as to +suffer us to communicate these his excellent computations, which +we can the more safely commend, having examined them very +carefully, tried them by some little operations of our own upon +the same subject, and compared them with the schemes of other +persons, who take pleasure in the like studies.</p> +<p>What he says concerning the number of the people to be +5,500,000 is no positive assertion, nor shall we pretend anywhere +to determine in that matter; what he lays down is by way of +hypothesis, that supposing the inhabitants of England to have +been, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1300, 2,860,000 heads, +by the orderly series of increase allowed of by all writers they +may probably be about <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1700, +5,500,000 heads; but if they were <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1300 either less or more, the case +must proportionably alter; for as to his allowances for plagues, +great mortalities, civil wars, the sea, and the plantations, they +seem very reasonable, and not well to be controverted.</p> +<p>Upon these schemes of Mr. King we shall make several remarks, +though the text deserves much a better comment.</p> +<h3>SCHEME D.—A SCHEME OF THE INCOME AND EXPENSE OF THE +SEVERAL FAMILIES OF ENGLAND, CALCULATED FOR THE YEAR 1688. <a +name="citation148"></a><a href="#footnote148" +class="citation">[148]</a></h3> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Number of Families.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">Ranks</span>, <span class="smcap">Degrees</span>, +<span class="smcap">Titles</span>, <span class="smcap">and +Qualifications</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Heads per Family.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">160</p> +</td> +<td><p>Temporal Lords</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p> +</td> +<td><p>Spiritual Lords</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">800</p> +</td> +<td><p>Baronets</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600</p> +</td> +<td><p>Knights</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Esquires</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Gentlemen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Persons in greater offices and places</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Persons in lesser offices and places</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Eminent merchants and traders by sea</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lesser merchants and traders by sea</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Persons in the law</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Eminent clergymen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lesser clergymen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Freeholders of the better sort</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Freeholders of the lesser sort</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5½</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">150,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Farmers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Persons in liberal arts and sciences</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Shopkeepers and tradesmen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4½</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Artisans and handicrafts</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Naval officers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Military officers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">500,586</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5⅓</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Common seamen</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">364,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Labouring people and out-servants</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3½</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Cottagers and paupers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3¼</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Common soldiers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">849,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Vagrants, as gipsies, thieves, beggars, &c.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3¼</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">500,586</p> +</td> +<td><p>Increasing the wealth of the kingdom</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5⅓</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">849,000</p> +</td> +<td><p>Decreasing the wealth of the kingdom</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3¼</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,349,586</p> +</td> +<td><p>Net totals</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>13</sub></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Number of +Persons.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Yearly Income per. Family.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">Yearly Income in +general.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="6"><p style="text-align: center">Yearly Income per. +Hd.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center">Yearly Expense per +Hd.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Yearly Increase per. Hd.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Yearly Incr. in General.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">s.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">s.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">s.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">d.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">s.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">d.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">£</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,400</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,200</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">512,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">80</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">70</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">64,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">520</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,300</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">33,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">65</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">45</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10,400</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">880</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">704,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">55</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">49</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">76,800</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">650</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">390,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">45</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">39,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">450</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,200,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">45</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">41</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">96,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">280</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,880,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">32</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">288,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,200,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">26</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">160,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">600,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">17</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">90,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">800,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">37</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">208,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">48,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">198</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,600,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">33</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">27</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">288,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">70,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">154</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,540,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">22</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">280,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">72</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">144,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">24,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">50</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">32,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">280,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">91</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,640,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">15</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">350,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">660,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">55</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,600,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">330,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">750,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">42</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6,375,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">187,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">75,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">900,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">75,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">225,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">45</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,250,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">225,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">38</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,280,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">120,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">80</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">400,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">40,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">240,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">14</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">16,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,675,520</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">68</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34,488,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">15</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,023,700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="13"><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">Decrease.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Decrease.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">150,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,000,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">75,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,275,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,460,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">12</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">127,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">1,300,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,000,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">325,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">70,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">490,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">35,000</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,795,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8,950,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">562,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">60,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="17"><p>So the General Account is</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,675,520</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">68</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">34,488,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">15</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">1</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,023,700</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,825,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9,010,000</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">622,500</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5,500,520</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">32</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">43,491,800</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">7</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">3</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: right">0</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,401,200</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The people being the first matter of power and wealth, by +whose labour and industry a nation must be gainers in the +balance, their increase or decrease must be carefully observed by +any government that designs to thrive; that is, their increase +must be promoted by good conduct and wholesome laws, and if they +have been decreased by war, or any other accident, the breach is +to be made up as soon as possible, for it is a maim in the body +politic affecting all its parts.</p> +<p>Almost all countries in the world have been more or less +populous, as liberty and property have been there well or ill +secured. The first constitution of Rome was no ill-founded +government, a kingly power limited by laws; and the people +increased so fast, that, from a small beginning, in the reign of +their sixth king were they able to send out an army of 80,000 +men. And in the time of the commonwealth, in that invasion +which the Gauls made upon Italy, not long before Hannibal came +thither, they were grown so numerous, as that their troops +consisted of 700,000 foot and 70,000 horse; it is true their +allies were comprehended in this number, but the ordinary people +fit to bear arms being mustered in Rome and Campania, amounted to +250,000 foot and 23,000 horse.</p> +<p>Nothing, therefore, can more contribute to the rendering +England populous and strong than to have liberty upon a right +footing, and our legal constitution firmly preserved. A +nation may be as well called free under a limited kingship as in +a commonwealth, and it is to this good form of our government +that we partly owe that doubling of the people which has probably +happened here in the 435 years last past. And if the +ambition of some, and the mercenary temper of others, should +bring us at any time to alter our constitution, and to give up +our ancient rights, we shall find our numbers diminish visibly +and fast. For liberty encourages procreation, and not only +keeps our own inhabitants among us, but invites strangers to come +and live under the shelter of our laws.</p> +<p>The Romans, indeed, made use of an adventitious help to +enlarge their city, which was by incorporating foreign cities and +nations into their commonwealth; but this way is not without its +mischiefs. For the strangers in Rome by degrees had grown +so numerous, and to have so great a vote in the councils, that +the whole Government began to totter, and decline from its old to +its new inhabitants, which Fabius the censor observing, he +applied a remedy in time by reducing all the new citizens into +four tribes, that being contracted into so narrow a space, they +might not have so malignant an influence upon the city.</p> +<p>An Act of general naturalisation would likewise probably +increase our numbers very fast, and repair what loss we may have +suffered in our people by the late war. It is a matter that +has been very warmly contended for by many good patriots; but +peradventure it carries also its danger with it, which perhaps +would have the less influence by this expedient, namely, if an +Act of Parliament were made, that no heads of families hereafter +to be naturalised for the first generation, should have votes in +any of our elections. But as the case stands, it seems +against the nature of right government that strangers (who may be +spies, and who may have an interest opposite to that of England, +and who at best ever join in one link of obsequiousness to the +Ministers) should be suffered to intermeddle in that important +business of sending members to Parliament. From their sons +indeed there is less to fear, who by birth and nature may come to +have the same interest and inclinations as the natives.</p> +<p>And though the expedient of Fabius Maximus, to contract the +strangers into four tribes, might be reasonable where the affairs +of a whole empire were transacted by magistrates chosen in one +city, yet the same policy may not hold good in England; +foreigners cannot influence elections here by being dispersed +about in the several counties of the kingdom, where they can +never come to have any considerable strength. But some time +or other they may endanger the government by being suffered to +remain, such vast numbers of them here in London where they +inhabit altogether, at least 30,000 persons in two quarters of +the town, without intermarrying with the English, or learning our +language, by which means for several years to come they are in a +way still to continue foreigners, and perhaps may have a foreign +interest and foreign inclinations; to permit this cannot be +advisable or safe. It may therefore be proper to limit any +new Acts of naturalisation with such restrictions as may make the +accession of strangers not dangerous to the public.</p> +<p>An accession of strangers, well regulated, may add to our +strength and numbers; but then it must be composed of labouring +men, artificers, merchants, and other rich men, and not of +foreign soldiers, since such fright and drive away from a nation +more people than their troops can well consist of: for if it has +been ever seen that men abound most where there is most freedom +(China excepted, whose climate excels all others, and where the +exercise of the tyranny is mild and easy) it must follow that +people will in time desert those countries whose best flower is +their liberties, if those liberties are thought precarious or in +danger. That foreign soldiers are dangerous to liberty, we +may produce examples from all countries and all ages; but we +shall instance only one, because it is eminent above all the +rest.</p> +<p>The Carthaginians, in their wars, did very much use mercenary +and foreign troops; and when the peace was made between them and +the Romans, after a long dispute for the dominion of Sicily, they +brought their army home to be paid and disbanded, which Gesco, +their General, had the charge of embarking, who did order all his +part with great dexterity and wisdom. But the State of +Carthage wanting money to clear arrears, and satisfy the troops, +was forced to keep them up longer than was designed. The +army consisted of Gauls, Ligurians, Baleareans, and Greeks. +At first they were insolent in their quarters in Carthage, and +were prevailed upon to remove to Sicca, where they were to remain +and expect their pay. There they grew presently corrupted +with ease and pleasure, and fell into mutinies and disorder, and +to making extravagant demands of pay and gratuities; and in a +rage, with their arms in their hands, they marched 20,000 of them +towards Carthage, encamping within fifteen miles of the city; and +chose Spendius and Matho, two profligate wretches, for their +leaders, and imprisoned Gesco, who was deputed to them from the +commonwealth. Afterwards they caused almost all the +Africans, their tributaries, to revolt; they grew in a short time +to be 70,000 strong; they fought several battles with Hanno and +Hamilcar Barcas. During these transactions, the mercenaries +that were in garrison in Sardinia mutinied likewise, murdering +their commander and all the Carthaginians; while Spendius and +Matho, to render their accomplices more desperate, put Gesco to a +cruel death, presuming afterwards to lay siege to Carthage +itself. They met with a shock indeed at Prion, where 40,000 +of them were slaughtered; but soon after this battle, in another +they took one of the Carthaginian generals prisoner, whom they +fixed to a cross, crucifying thirty of the principal senators +round about him. Spendius and Matho were at last taken, the +one crucified and the other tormented to death: but the war +lasted three years and near four months with excessive cruelty; +in which the State of Carthage lost several battles, and was +often brought within a hair’s-breadth of utter ruin.</p> +<p>If so great a commonwealth as Carthage, though assisted at +that time by Hiero, King of Syracuse, and by the Romans, ran the +hazard of losing their empire, city, and liberties, by the +insurrection of a handful of mercenaries, whose first strength +was but 20,000 men; it should be a warning to all free nations +how they suffer armies so composed to be among them, and it +should frighten a wise State from desiring such an increase of +people as may be had by the bringing over foreign soldiers.</p> +<p>Indeed, all armies whatsoever, if they are over-large, tend to +the dispeopling of a country, of which our neighbour nation is a +sufficient proof, where in one of the best climates in Europe men +are wanting to till the ground. For children do not proceed +from the intemperate pleasures taken loosely and at random, but +from a regular way of living, where the father of the family +desires to rear up and provide for the offspring he shall +beget.</p> +<p>Securing the liberties of a nation may be laid down as a +fundamental for increasing the numbers of its people; but there +are other polities thereunto conducing which no wise State has +ever neglected.</p> +<p>No race of men did multiply so fast as the Jews, which may be +attributed chiefly to the wisdom of Moses their Lawgiver, in +contriving to promote the state of marriage.</p> +<p>The Romans had the same care, paying no respect to a man +childless by his own fault, and giving great immunities and +privileges, both in the city and provinces, to those who had such +and such a number of children. Encouragements of the like +kind are also given in France to such as enrich the commonwealth +by a large issue.</p> +<p>But we in England have taken another course, laying a fine +upon the marriage bed, which seems small to those who only +contemplate the pomp and wealth round about them, and in their +view; but they who look into all the different ranks of men are +well satisfied that this duty on marriages and births is a very +grievous burden upon the poorer sort, whose numbers compose the +strength and wealth of any nation. This tax was introduced +by the necessity of affairs. It is difficult to say what +may be the event of a new thing; but if we are to take measures +from past wisdom, which exempted prolific families from public +duties, we should not lay impositions upon those who find it hard +enough to maintain themselves. If this tax be such a weight +upon the poor as to discourage marriage and hinder propagation, +which seems the truth, no doubt it ought to be abolished; and at +a convenient time we ought to change it for some other duty, if +there were only this single reason, that it is so directly +opposite to the polity of all ages and all countries.</p> +<p>In order to have hands to carry on labour and manufactures, +which must make us gainers in the balance of trade, we ought not +to deter, but rather invite men to marry, which is to be done by +privileges and exemptions for such a number of children, and by +denying certain offices of trust and dignities to all unmarried +persons; and where it is once made a fashion among those of the +better sort, it will quickly obtain with the lower degree.</p> +<p>Mr. King, in his scheme (for which he has as authentic grounds +as perhaps the matter is capable of) lays down that the annual +marriages of England are about 41,000, which is one marriage out +of every 134 persons. Upon which, we observe, that this is +not a due proportion, considering how few of our adult males (in +comparison with other countries) perish by war or any other +accident; from whence may be inferred that our polity is some way +or other defective, or the marriages would bear a nearer +proportion with the gross number of our people; for which defect, +if a remedy can be found, there will be so much more strength +added to the kingdom.</p> +<p>From the books of assessment on births, marriages, &c., by +the nearest view he can make, he divides the 5,500,000 people +into 2,700,000 males and 2,800,000 females; from whence +(considering the females exceed the males in number, and +considering that the men marry later than women, and that many of +the males are of necessity absent in the wars, at sea, and upon +other business) it follows that a large proportion of the females +remain unmarried, though at an adult age, which is a dead loss to +the nation, every birth being as so much certain treasure, upon +which account such laws must be for the public good, as induce +all men to marry whose circumstances permit it.</p> +<p>From his division of the people it may be likewise observed, +that the near proportion there is between the males and females +(which is said to hold also in other places) is an argument (and +the strongest that can be produced) against polygamy, and the +increase of mankind which some think might be from thence +expected; for if Nature had intended to one man a plurality of +wives, she would have ordered a great many more female births +than male, her designments being always right and wise.</p> +<p>The securing the parish for bastard children is become so +small a punishment and so easily compounded, that it very much +hinders marriage. The Dutch compel men of all ranks to +marry the woman whom they have got with child, and perhaps it +would tend to the further peopling of England if the common +people here, under such a certain degree, were condemned by some +new law to suffer the same penalty.</p> +<p>A country that makes provision to increase in inhabitants, +whose situation is good, and whose people have a genius adapted +to trade, will never fail to be gainers in the balance, provided +the labour and industry of their people be well managed and +carefully directed.</p> +<p>The more any man contemplates these matters the more he will +come to be of opinion, that England is capable of being rendered +one of the strongest nations, and the richest spot of ground in +Europe.</p> +<p>It is not extent of territory that makes a country powerful, +but numbers of men well employed, convenient ports, a good navy, +and a soil producing all sort of commodities. The materials +for all this we have, and so improvable, that if we did but +second the gifts of Nature with our own industry we should soon +arrive to a pitch of greatness that would put us at least upon an +equal footing with any of our neighbours.</p> +<p>If we had the complement of men our land can maintain and +nourish; if we had as much trade as our stock and knowledge in +sea affairs is capable of embracing; if we had such a naval +strength as a trade so extended would easily produce; and, if we +had those stores and that wealth which is the certain result of a +large and well-governed traffic, what human strength could hurt +or invade us? On the contrary, should we not be in a +posture not only to resist but to give the law to others?</p> +<p>Our neighbouring commonwealth has not in territory above +8,000,000 acres, and perhaps not much above 2,200,000 people, and +yet what a figure have they made in Europe for these last 100 +years? What wars have they maintained? What forces +have they resisted? and to what a height of power are they now +come, and all by good order and wise government?</p> +<p>They are liable to frequent invasions; they labour under the +inconvenience and danger of bad ports; they consume immense sums +every year to defend their land against the sea; all which +difficulties they have subdued by an unwearied industry.</p> +<p>We are fenced by nature against foreign enemies, our ports are +safe, we fear no irruptions of the sea, our land territory at +home is at least 39,000,000 acres. We have in all +likelihood not less than 5,500,000 people. What a nation +might we then become, if all these advantages were thoroughly +improved, and if a right application were made of all this +strength and of these numbers?</p> +<p>They who apprehend the immoderate growth of any prince or +State may, perhaps, succeed by beginning first, and by attempting +to pull down such a dangerous neighbour, but very often their +good designs are disappointed. In all appearance they +proceed more safely, who, under such a fear, make themselves +strong and powerful at home. And this was the course which +Philip, King of Macedon, the father of Perseus, took, when he +thought to be invaded by the Romans.</p> +<p>The greatness of Rome gave Carthage very anxious thoughts, and +it rather seems that they entered into the second Punic War more +for fear the Romans should have the universal empire, than out of +any ambition to lord it themselves over the whole world. +Their design was virtuous, and peradventure wise to endeavour at +some early interruption to a rival that grew so fast. +However, we see they miscarried, though their armies were led by +Hannibal. But fortune which had determined the dominion of +the earth for Rome, did, perhaps, lead them into the fatal +counsel of passing the Eber contrary to the articles of peace +concluded with Asdrubal, and of attacking Saguntum before they +had sufficiently recovered of the wounds they had suffered in the +wars about Sicily, Sardinia, and with their own rebels. If +the high courage of Hannibal had not driven the commonwealth into +a new war while it was yet faint and weak, and if they had been +suffered to pursue their victories in Spain, and to get firm +footing in that rich, warlike, and then populous country, very +probably in a few years they might have been a more equal match +for the Roman people. It is true, if the Romans had +endeavoured, at the conquest of Spain, and if they had disturbed +the Carthaginians in that country, the war must have been +unavoidable, because it was evident in that age, and will be +apparent in the times we live in, that whatever foreign power, +already grown great, can add to its dominion the possession of +Spain, will stand fair for universal empire.</p> +<p>But unless some such cogent reason of state, as is here +instanced, intervene, in all appearance the best way for a nation +that apprehends the growing power of any neighbour is to fortify +itself within; we do not mean by land armies, which rather +debilitate than strengthen a country, but by potent navies, by +thrift in the public treasure, care of the people’s trade, +and all the other honest and useful arts of peace.</p> +<p>By such an improvement of our native strength, agreeable to +the laws and to the temper of a free nation, England without +doubt may be brought to so good a posture and condition of +defending itself, as not to apprehend any neighbour jealous of +its strength or envious of its greatness.</p> +<p>And to this end we open these schemes, that a wise Government +under which we live, not having any designs to become arbitrary, +may see what materials they have to work upon, and how far our +native wealth is able to second their good intentions of +preserving us a rich and a free people.</p> +<p>Having said something of the number of our inhabitants, we +shall proceed to discourse of their different degrees and ranks, +and to examine who are a burden and who are a profit to the +public, for by how much every part and member of the commonwealth +can be made useful to the whole, by so much a nation will be more +and more a gainer in this balance of trade which we are to treat +of.</p> +<p>Mr. King, from the assessments on births and marriages, and +from the polls, has formed the scheme here inserted, of the +ranks, degrees, titles and qualifications of the people. He +has done it so judiciously, and upon such grounds, that is well +worth the careful perusal of any curious person, from thence we +shall make some observations in order to put our present matter +in a clearer light.</p> +<p>First, this scheme detects their error, who in the calculation +they frame contemplate nothing but the wealth and plenty they see +in rich cities and great towns, and from thence make a judgment +of the kingdom’s remaining part, and from this view +conclude that taxes and payments to the public do mostly arise +from the gentry and better sort, by which measures they neither +contrive their imposition aright, nor are they able to give a +true estimate what it shall produce; but when we have divided the +inhabitants of England into their proper classes, it will appear +that the nobility and gentry are but a small part of the whole +body of the people.</p> +<p>Believing that taxes fell chiefly upon the better sort, they +care not what they lay, as thinking they will not be felt; but +when they come to be levied, they either fall short, and so run +the public into an immense debt, or they light so heavily upon +the poorer sort, as to occasion insufferable clamours; and they, +whose proper business it was to contrive these matters better +have been so unskilful, that the legislative power has been more +than once compelled for the peoples’ ease to give new +funds, instead of others that had been ill projected.</p> +<p>This may be generally said, that all duties whatsoever upon +the consumption of a large produce, fall with the greatest weight +upon the common sort, so that such as think in new duties that +they chiefly tax the rich will find themselves quite mistaken; +for either their fund must yield little, or it must arise from +the whole body of the people, of which the richer sort are but a +small proportion.</p> +<p>And though war, and national debts and engagements, might +heretofore very rationally plead for excises upon our home +consumption, yet now there is a peace, it is the concern of every +man that loves his country to proceed warily in laying new ones, +and to get off those which are already laid as fast as ever he +can. High customs and high excises both together are +incompatible, either of them alone are to be endured, but to have +them co-exist is suffered in no well-governed nation. If +materials of foreign growth were at an easy rate, a high price +might be the better borne in things of our own product, but to +have both dear at once (and by reason of the duties laid upon +them) is ruinous to the inferior rank of men, and this ought to +weigh more with us, when we consider that even of the common +people a subdivision is to be made, of which one part subsist +from their own havings, arts, labour, and industry; and the other +part subsist a little from their own labour, but chiefly from the +help and charity of the rank that is above them. For +according to Mr. King’s scheme—</p> +<p>The nobility and gentry, with their families and retainers, +the persons in offices, merchants, persons in the law, the +clergy, freeholders, farmers, persons in sciences and liberal +arts, shopkeepers, and tradesmen, handicrafts, men, naval +officers, with the families and dependants upon all these +altogether, make up the number of 2,675,520 heads.</p> +<p>The common seamen, common soldiers, labouring people, and +out-servants, cottagers, paupers, and their families, with the +vagrants, make up the number of 2,825,000 heads.</p> +<p>In all 5,500,520 heads.</p> +<p>So that here seems a majority of the people, whose chief +dependence and subsistence is from the other part, which majority +is much greater, in respect of the number of families, because +500,000 families contribute to the support of 850,000 +families. In contemplation of which, great care should be +taken not to lay new duties upon the home consumption, unless +upon the extremest necessities of the State; for though such +impositions cannot be said to fall directly upon the lower rank, +whose poverty hinders them from consuming such materials (though +there are few excises to which the meanest person does not pay +something), yet indirectly, and by unavoidable consequences, they +are rather more affected by high duties upon our home-consumption +than the wealthier degree of people, and so we shall find the +case to be, if we look carefully into all the distinct ranks of +men there enumerated.</p> +<p>First, as to the nobility and gentry, they must of necessity +retrench their families and expenses, if excessive impositions +are laid upon all sorts of materials for consumption, from whence +follows, that the degree below them of merchants, shopkeepers, +tradesmen, and artisans, must want employment.</p> +<p>Secondly, as to the manufactures, high excises in time of +peace are utterly destructive to that principal part of +England’s wealth; for if malt, coals, salt, leather, and +other things, bear a great price, the wages of servants, workmen, +and artificers, will consequently rise, for the income must bear +some proportion with the expense; and if such as set the poor to +work find wages for labour or manufacture advance upon them, they +must rise in the price of their commodity, or they cannot live, +all which would signify little, if nothing but our own dealings +among one another were thereby affected; but it has a consequence +far more pernicious in relation to our foreign trade, for it is +the exportation of our own product that must make England rich; +to be gainers in the balance of trade, we must carry out of our +own product what will purchase the things of foreign growth that +are needful for our own consumption, with some overplus either in +bullion or goods to be sold in other countries, which overplus is +the profit a nation makes by trade, and it is more or less +according to the natural frugality of the people that export, or +as from the low price of labour and manufacture they can afford +the commodity cheap, and at a rate not to be undersold in foreign +markets. The Dutch, whose labour and manufactures are dear +by reason of home excises, can notwithstanding sell cheap abroad, +because this disadvantage they labour under is balanced by the +parsimonious temper of their people; but in England, where this +frugality is hardly to be introduced, if the duties upon our home +consumption are so large as to raise considerably the price of +labour and manufacture, all our commodities for exportation must +by degrees so advance in the prime value, that they cannot be +sold at a rate which will give them vent in foreign markets, and +we must be everywhere undersold by our wiser neighbours. +But the consequence of such duties in times of peace will fall +most heavily upon our woollen manufactures, of which most have +more value from the workmanship than the material; and if the +price of this workmanship be enhanced, it will in a short course +of time put a necessity upon those we deal with of setting up +manufactures of their own, such as they can, or of buying goods +of the like kind and use from nations that can afford them +cheaper. And in this point we are to consider, that the +bulk of our woollen exports does not consist in draperies made of +the fine wool, peculiar to our soil, but is composed of coarse +broad cloths, such as Yorkshire cloths, kerseys, which make a +great part of our exports, and may be, and are made of a coarser +wool, which is to be had in other countries. So that we are +not singly to value ourselves upon the material, but also upon +the manufacture, which we should make as easy as we can, by not +laying over-heavy burdens upon the manufacturer. And our +woollen goods being two-thirds of our foreign exports, it ought +to be the chief object of the public care, if we expect to be +gainers in the balance of trade, which is what we hunt after in +these inquiries.</p> +<p>Thirdly, as to the lower rank of all, which we compute at +2,825,000 heads, a majority of the whole people, their principal +subsistence is upon the degrees above them, and if those are +rendered uneasy these must share in the calamity, but even of +this inferior sort no small proportion contribute largely to +excises, as labourers and out-servants, which likewise affect the +common seamen, who must thereupon raise their wages or they will +not have wherewithal to keep their families left at home, and the +high wages of seamen is another burden upon our foreign +traffic. As to the cottagers, who are about a fifth part of +the whole people, some duties reach even them, as those upon +malt, leather, and salt, but not much because of their slender +consumption, but if the gentry, upon whose woods and gleanings +they live, and who employ them in day labour, and if the +manufacturers, for whom they card and spin, are overburdened with +duties, they cannot afford to give them so much for their labour +and handiwork, nor to yield them those other reliefs which are +their principal subsistence, for want of which these miserable +wretches must perish with cold and hunger.</p> +<p>Thus we see excises either directly or indirectly fall upon +the whole body of the people, but we do not take notice of these +matters as receding from our former opinion. On the +contrary, we still think them the most easy and equal way of +taxing a nation, and perhaps it is demonstrable that if we had +fallen into this method at the beginning of the war of raising +the year’s expense within the year by excises, England had +not been now indebted so many millions, but what was advisable +under such a necessity and danger is not to be pursued in times +of peace, especially in a country depending so much upon trade +and manufactures.</p> +<p>Our study now ought to be how those debts may be speedily +cleared off, for which these new revenues are the funds, that +trade may again move freely as it did heretofore, without such a +heavy clog; but this point we shall more amply handle when we +come to speak of our payments to the public.</p> +<p>Mr. King divides the whole body of the people into two +principal classes, viz.:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Increasing the wealth of the kingdom</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,675,520 heads.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Decreasing the wealth of the kingdom</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right">2,825,000 heads.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>By which he means that the first class of the people from +land, arts, and industry maintain themselves, and add every year +something to the nation’s general stock, and besides this, +out of their superfluity, contribute every year so much to the +maintenance of others.</p> +<p>That of the second class some partly maintain themselves by +labour (as the heads of the cottage families), but that the rest, +as most of the wives and children of these, sick and impotent +people, idle beggars and vagrants, are nourished at the cost of +others, and are a yearly burden to the public, consuming annually +so much as would be otherwise added to the nation’s general +stock.</p> +<p>The bodies of men are, without doubt, the most valuable +treasure of a country, and in their sphere the ordinary people +are as serviceable to the commonwealth as the rich if they are +employed in honest labour and useful arts, and such being more in +number do more contribute to increase the nation’s wealth +than the higher rank.</p> +<p>But a country may be populous and yet poor (as were the +ancient Gauls and Scythians), so that numbers, unless they are +well employed, make the body politic big but unwieldy, strong but +unactive, as to any uses of good government.</p> +<p>Theirs is a wrong opinion who think all mouths profit a +country that consume its produce, and it may be more truly +affirmed, that he who does not some way serve the commonwealth, +either by being employed or by employing others, is not only a +useless, but a hurtful member to it.</p> +<p>As it is charity, and what we indeed owe to human kind, to +make provision for the aged, the lame, the sick, blind, and +impotent, so it is a justice we owe to the commonwealth not to +suffer such as have health, and who might maintain themselves, to +be drones and live upon the labour of others.</p> +<p>The bulk of such as are a burden to the public consists in the +cottagers and paupers, beggars in great cities and towns, and +vagrants.</p> +<p>Upon a survey of the hearth books, made in Michaelmas, 1685, +it was found that of the 1,300,000 houses in the whole kingdom, +those of one chimney amounted to 554,631, but some of these +having land about them, in all our calculations, we have computed +the cottagers but at 500,000 families; but of these, a large +number may get their own livelihood, and are no charge to the +parish, for which reason Mr. King very judiciously computes his +cottagers and paupers, decreasing the wealth of the nation but at +400,000 families, in which account he includes the poor-houses in +cities, towns, and villages, besides which he reckons 30,000 +vagrants, and all these together to make up 1,330,000 heads.</p> +<p>This is a very great proportion of the people to be a burden +upon the other part, and is a weight upon the land interest, of +which the landed gentlemen must certainly be very sensible.</p> +<p>If this vast body of men, instead of being expensive, could be +rendered beneficial to the commonwealth, it were a work, no +doubt, highly to be promoted by all who love their country.</p> +<p>It seems evident, to such as have considered these matters, +and who have observed how they are ordered in nations under a +good polity, that the number of such who through age or impotence +stand in real need of relief, is but small and might be +maintained for very little, and that the poor rates are swelled +to the extravagant degree we now see them at by two sorts of +people, one of which, by reason of our slack administration, is +suffered to remain in sloth, and the other, through a defect in +our constitution, continue in wretched poverty for want of +employment, though willing enough to undertake it.</p> +<p>All this seems capable of a remedy, the laws may be armed +against voluntary idleness, so as to prevent it, and a way may +probably be found out to set those to work who are desirous to +support themselves by their own labour; and if this could be +brought about, it would not only put a stop to the course of that +vice which is the consequence of an idle life, but it would +greatly tend to enrich the commonwealth, for if the industry of +not half the people maintain in some degree the other part, and, +besides, in times of peace did add every year near two million +and a half to the general stock of England, to what pitch of +wealth and greatness might we not be brought, if one limb were +not suffered to draw away the nourishment of the other, and if +all the members of the body politic were rendered useful to +it?</p> +<p>Nature, in her contrivances, has made every part of a living +creature either for ornament or use; the same should be in a +politic institution rightly governed.</p> +<p>It may be laid down for an undeniable truth, that where all +work nobody will want, and to promote this would be a greater +charity and more meritorious than to build hospitals, which very +often are but so many monuments of ill-gotten riches attended +with late repentance.</p> +<p>To make as many as possible of these 1,330,000 persons +(whereof not above 330,000 are children too young to work) who +now live chiefly upon others get themselves a large share of +their maintenance would be the opening a new vein of treasure of +some millions sterling per annum; it would be a present ease to +every particular man of substance, and a lasting benefit to the +whole body of the kingdom, for it would not only nourish but +increase the numbers of the people, of which many thousands +perish every year by those diseases contracted under a slothful +poverty.</p> +<p>Our laws relating to the poor are very numerous, and this +matter has employed the care of every age for a long time, though +but with little success, partly through the ill execution, and +partly through some defect in the very laws.</p> +<p>The corruptions of mankind are grown so great that, +now-a-days, laws are not much observed which do not in a manner +execute themselves; of this nature are those laws which relate to +bringing in the Prince’s revenue, which never fail to be +put in execution, because the people must pay, and the Prince +will be paid; but where only one part of the constitution, the +people, are immediately concerned, as in laws relating to the +poor, the highways, assizes, and other civil economy, and good +order in the state, those are but slenderly regarded.</p> +<p>The public good being therefore, very often, not a motive +strong enough to engage the magistrate to perform his duty, +lawgivers have many times fortified their laws with penalties, +wherein private persons may have a profit, thereby to stir up the +people to put the laws in execution.</p> +<p>In countries depraved nothing proceeds well wherein particular +men do not one way or other find their account; and rather than a +public good should not go on at all, without doubt, it is better +to give private men some interest to set it forward.</p> +<p>For which reason it may be worth the consideration of such as +study the prosperity and welfare of England, whether this great +engine of maintaining the poor, and finding them work and +employment, may not be put in motion by giving some body of +undertakers a reasonable gain to put the machine upon its +wheels.</p> +<p>In order to which, we shall here insert a proposal delivered +to the House of Commons last session of Parliament, for the +better maintaining the impotent, and employing and setting to +work the other poor of this kingdom.</p> +<p>In matters of this nature, it is always good to have some +model or plan laid down, which thinking men may contemplate, +alter, and correct, as they see occasion; and the writer of these +papers does rather choose to offer this scheme, because he is +satisfied it was composed by a gentleman of great abilities, and +who has made both the poor rates, and their number, more his +study than any other person in the nation. The proposal is +as follows</p> +<h3><i>A Scheme for Setting the Poor to Work</i>.</h3> +<p>First, that such persons as shall subscribe and pay the sum of +£300,000 as a stock for and towards the better maintaining +the impotent poor, and for buying commodities and materials to +employ and set at work the other poor, be incorporated and made +one body politic, &c. By the name of the Governor and +Company for Maintaining and Employing the Poor of this +Kingdom.</p> +<p>By all former propositions, it was intended that the parishes +should advance several years’ rates to raise a stock, but +by this proposal the experiment is to be made by private persons +at their risk; and £300,000 may be judged a very good +stock, which, added to the poor rates for a certain number of +years, will be a very good fund for buying commodities and +materials for a million of money at any time. This +subscription ought to be free for everybody, and if the sum were +subscribed in the several counties of England and Wales, in +proportion to their poor rates, or the monthly assessment, it +would be most convenient; and provision may be made that no +person shall transfer his interest but to one of the same county, +which will keep the interest there during the term; and as to its +being one Corporation, it is presumed this will be most +beneficial to the public. For first, all disputes on +removes, which are very chargeable and burthensome, will be at an +end—this proposal intending, that wherever the poor are, +they shall be maintained or employed. Secondly, it will +prevent one county which shall be diligent, imposing on their +neighbours who may be negligent, or getting away their +manufactures from them. Thirdly, in case of fire, plague, +or loss of manufacture, the stock of one county may not be +sufficient to support the places where such calamities may +happen; and it is necessary the whole body should support every +particular member, so that hereby there will be a general care to +administer to every place according to their necessities.</p> +<p>Secondly, that the said Corporation be established for the +term of one-and-twenty years.</p> +<p>The Corporation ought to be established for one-and-twenty +years, or otherwise it cannot have the benefit the law gives in +case of infants, which is their service for their education; +besides, it will be some years before a matter of this nature can +be brought into practice.</p> +<p>Thirdly, that the said sum of £300,000 be paid in, and +laid out for the purposes aforesaid, to remain as a stock for and +during the said term of one-and-twenty years.</p> +<p>The subscription ought to be taken at the passing of the Act, +but the Corporation to be left at liberty to begin either the +Michaelmas or the Lady Day after, as they shall think fit. +And XXX per cent. to be paid at the subscribing to persons +appointed for that purpose, and the remainder before they begin +to act; but so as £300,000 shall be always in stock during +the term, notwithstanding any dividends or other disposition: and +an account thereof to be exhibited twice in every year upon oath, +before the Lord Chancellor for the time being.</p> +<p>Fourthly, that the said corporation do by themselves, or +agents in every parish of England, from and after the XXX day of +XXX during the said term of one-and-twenty years, provide for the +real impotent poor good and sufficient maintenance and reception, +as good or better than hath at any time within the space of XXX +years before the said XXX day of XXX been provided or allowed to +such impotent poor, and so shall continue to provide for such +impotent poor, and what other growing impotent poor shall happen +in the said parish during the said term.</p> +<p>By impotent poor is to be understood all infants and old and +decrepid persons not able to work; also persons who by sickness +or any accident are for the time unable to labour for themselves +or families; and all persons (not being fit for labour) who were +usually relieved by the money raised for the use of the poor; +they shall have maintenance, as good or better, as within XXX +years they used to have.</p> +<p>This does not directly determine what that shall be, nor is it +possible, by reason a shilling in one county is as much as two in +another; but it will be the interest of the Corporation that such +poor be well provided for, by reason the contrary will occasion +all the complaints or clamour that probably can be made against +the Corporation.</p> +<p>Fifthly, that the Corporation do provide (as well for all such +poor which on the said XXX day of XXX shall be on the poor books, +as for what other growing poor shall happen in the said term who +are or shall be able to labour or do any work) sufficient labour +and work proper for such persons to be employed in. And +that provision shall be made for such labouring persons according +to their labour, so as such provision doth not exceed +three-fourth parts as much as any other person would have paid +for such labour. And in case they are not employed and set +to work, then such persons shall, until materials or labour be +provided for them, be maintained as impotent poor; but so as such +persons who shall hereafter enter themselves on the poor’s +book, being able to labour, shall not quit the service of the +corporation, without leave, for the space of six months.</p> +<p>The Corporation are to provide materials and labour for all +that can work, and to make provision for them not exceeding +three-fourth parts as much as any other person would give for +such labour. For example, if another person would give one +of these a shilling, the Corporation ought to give but +ninepence. And the reason is plain, first, because the +Corporation will be obliged to maintain them and their families +in all exigences, which others are not obliged to do, and +consequently they ought not to allow so much as others. +Secondly, in case any persons able to labour, shall come to the +Corporation, when their agents are not prepared with materials to +employ them, by this proposal they are to allow them full +provision as impotent poor, until they find them work, which is +entirely in favour of the poor. Thirdly, it is neither +reasonable nor possible for the Corporation to provide materials +upon every occasion, for such persons as shall be entered with +them, unless they can be secure of such persons to work up those +materials; besides, without this provision, all the labouring +people of England will play fast and loose between their +employers and the Corporation, for as they are disobliged by one, +they will run to the other, and so neither shall be sure of +them.</p> +<p>Sixthly, that no impotent poor shall be removed out of the +parish where they dwell, but upon notice in writing given to the +churchwardens or overseers of the said parish, to what place of +provision he or she is removed.</p> +<p>It is judged the best method to provide for the impotent poor +in houses prepared for that purpose, where proper provision may +be made for several, with all necessaries of care and +maintenance. So that in some places one house will serve +the impotent poor of several parishes, in which case the parish +ought to know where to resort, to see if good provision be made +for them.</p> +<p>Seventhly, that in case provision be not made for the poor of +each parish, in manner as aforesaid (upon due notice given to the +agents of the Corporation) the said parish may order their poor +to be maintained, and deduct the sum by them expended out of the +next payments to be made to the said corporation by the said +parish.</p> +<p>In case any accident happens in a parish, either by sickness, +fall, casualty of fire, or other ways; and that the agent of the +Corporation is not present to provide for them, or having notice +doth not immediately do it, the parish may do it, and deduct so +much out of the next payment; but there must be provision made +for the notice, and in what time the Corporation shall provide +for them.</p> +<p>Eighthly, that the said Corporation shall have and receive for +the said one-and-twenty years, that is to say, from every parish +yearly, so much as such parish paid in any one year, to be +computed by a medium of seven years; namely, from the 25th of +March, 1690, to the 25th of March 1697, and to be paid +half-yearly; and besides, shall receive the benefit of the +revenues of all donations given to any parish, or which shall be +given during the said term, and all forfeitures which the law +gives to the use of the poor; and to all other sums which were +usually collected by the parish, for the maintenance of the +poor.</p> +<p>Whatever was raised for or applied to the use of the poor, +ought to be paid over to the Corporation; and where there are any +donations for maintaining the poor, it will answer the design of +the donor, by reason there will be better provision for the +maintenance of the poor than ever; and if that maintenance be so +good, as to induce further charities, no doubt the Corporation +ought to be entitled to them. But there are two objections +to this article; first that to make a medium by a time of war is +unreasonable. Secondly, to continue the whole tax for +one-and-twenty years, does not seem to give any benefit to the +kingdom in that time. To the first, it is true, we have a +peace, but trade is lower now than at any time during the war, +and the charge of the poor greater; and when trade will mend is +very uncertain. To the second, it is very plain, that +although the charge may be the same to a parish in the total, yet +it will be less to particular persons, because those who before +received alms, will now be enabled to be contributors; but +besides, the turning so many hundred thousand pounds a year +(which in a manner have hitherto been applied only to support +idleness) into industry; and the employing so many other idle +vagrants and sturdy beggars, with the product of their labour, +will altogether be a present benefit to the lands of England, as +well in the rents as in the value; and further the accidental +charities in the streets and at doors, is, by a very modest +computation, over and above the poor rates, at least +£300,000 per annum, which will be entirely saved by this +proposal, and the persons set at work; which is a further +consideration for its being well received, since the Corporation +are not allowed anything for this service.</p> +<p>The greater the encouragement is, the better the work will be +performed; and it will become the wisdom of the parliament in +what they do, to make it effectual; for should such an +undertaking as this prove ineffectual, instead of remedying, it +will increase the mischief.</p> +<p>Ninthly, that all the laws made for the provision of the poor, +and for punishing idle vagrant persons, be repealed, and one law +made to continue such parts as are found useful, and to add such +other restrictions, penalties, and provisions, as may effectually +attain the end of this great work.</p> +<p>The laws hereunto relating are numerous, but the judgment and +opinions given upon them are so various and contradictory, and +differ so in sundry places, as to be inconsistent with any one +general scheme of management.</p> +<p>Tenthly, that proper persons be appointed in every county to +determine all matters and differences which may arise between the +corporation and the respective parishes.</p> +<p>To prevent any ill usage, neglect or cruelty, it will be +necessary to make provision that the poor may tender their +complaints to officers of the parish; and that those officers +having examined the same, and not finding redress, may apply to +persons to be appointed in each county and each city for that +purpose, who may be called supervisors of the poor, and may have +allowance made them for their trouble; and their business may be +to examine the truth of such complaints; and in case either the +parish or corporation judge themselves aggrieved by the +determination of the said supervisors, provision may be made that +an appeal lie to the quarter sessions.</p> +<p>Eleventhly, that the corporation be obliged to provide for all +public beggars, and to put the laws into execution against public +beggars and idle vagrant persons.</p> +<p>Such of the public beggars as can work must be employed, the +rest to be maintained as impotent poor, but the laws to be +severely put in execution against those who shall ask any public +alms.</p> +<p>This proposal, which in most parts of it seems to be very +maturely weighed, may be a foundation for those to build upon who +have a public spirit large enough to embrace such a noble +undertaking.</p> +<p>But the common obstruction to anything of this nature is a +malignant temper in some who will not let a public work go on if +private persons are to be gainers by it. When they are to +get themselves, they abandon all sense of virtue; but are clothed +in her whitest robe when they smell profit coming to another, +masking themselves with a false zeal to the commonwealth, where +their own turn is not to be served. It were better, indeed, +that men would serve their country for the praise and honour that +follow good actions, but this is not to be expected in a nation +at least leaning towards corruption, and in such an age it is as +much as we can hope for if the prospect of some honest gain +invites people to do the public faithful service. For which +reason, in any undertaking where it can be made apparent that a +great benefit will accrue to the commonwealth in general, we +ought not to have an evil eye upon what fair advantages +particular men may thereby expect to reap, still taking care to +keep their appetite of getting within moderate bounds, laying all +just and reasonable restraints upon it, and making due provision +that they may not wrong or oppress their fellow subjects.</p> +<p>It is not to be denied, but that if fewer hands were suffered +to remain idle, and if the poor had full employment, it would +greatly tend to the common welfare, and contribute much towards +adding every year to the general stock of England.</p> +<p>Among the methods that we have here proposed of employing the +poor, and making the whole body of the people useful to the +public, we think it our duty to mind those who consider the +common welfare of looking with a compassionate eye into the +prisons of this kingdom, where many thousands consume their time +in vice and idleness, wasting the remainder of their fortunes, or +lavishing the substance of their creditors, eating bread and +doing no work, which is contrary to good order, and pernicious to +the commonwealth.</p> +<p>We cannot therefore but recommend the thoughts of some good +bill that may effectually put an end to this mischief so +scandalous in a trading country, which should let no hands remain +useless.</p> +<p>It is not at all difficult to contrive such a bill as may +relieve and release the debtor, and yet preserve to his creditors +all their fair, just, and honest rights and interest.</p> +<p>And so we have in this matter endeavoured to show that to +preserve and increase the people, and to make their numbers +useful, are methods conducing to make us gainers in the balance +of trade.</p> +<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> +<p><a name="footnote75"></a><a href="#citation75" +class="footnote">[75]</a> In the book there are no figures +in the table at all.—DP.</p> +<p><a name="footnote76"></a><a href="#citation76" +class="footnote">[76]</a> In the book there are no figures +in the table at all.—DP.</p> +<p><a name="footnote77"></a><a href="#citation77" +class="footnote">[77]</a> In the book there are no figures +in the table at all.—DP.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148"></a><a href="#citation148" +class="footnote">[148]</a> This table spreads over two +opposite pages in the book. It has been split down the +middle for this eBook.—DP.]</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS ON MANKIND AND POLITICAL +ARITHMETIC***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 5619-h.htm or 5619-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/6/1/5619 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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