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diff --git a/old/56162.txt b/old/56162.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 841a6de..0000000 --- a/old/56162.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34803 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, -Division. 1; A to Car., by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, Division. 1; A to Car. - A Practical and Scientific Encyclopaedia of Horticulture - -Author: Various - -Contributor: J W H Trail - J Garrett - -Editor: George Nicholson - -Release Date: December 11, 2017 [EBook #56162] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF GARDENING *** - - - - -Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - +-------------------------------------------+ - | Note: | - | | - | = around word indicates bold =CAPSULE.= | - | _ around word indicated italics _Erebus_ | - +-------------------------------------------+ - -[Illustration: ARISTOLOCHIA ELEGANS.] - - - - - THE - - ILLUSTRATED - - DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, - - A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC - - _EncyclopA|dia + of + Horticulture_ - - FOR - - GARDENERS AND BOTANISTS. - - - EDITED BY - - GEORGE NICHOLSON, - _Of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew_. - - ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR J. W. H. TRAIL, A.M., M.D., F.L.S., IN THE - PARTS RELATING TO INSECTS AND FUNGI; AND J. GARRETT IN THE FRUIT, - VEGETABLE, AND GENERAL GARDEN WORK PORTIONS. - - - DIVISION I.--A TO CAR. - - - PUBLISHED BY - L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. - - SOLE AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, - JAMES PENMAN, NEW YORK. - - 1887. - - - - -LONDON: PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -THE ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF GARDENING aims at being the best and -most complete Work on Gardening and Garden Plants hitherto published. -The aim is, indeed, a high one; but the Publisher, whose taste for -Flowers has rendered the production a labour of love, has, on his part, -spared no expense that the Typography and Illustrations should be of -a very high class. It is to be hoped that earnest efforts to attain -accuracy, by consulting the best Authorities, combined with no small -amount of original research, have contributed to render the _matter_ -of the Work not unworthy of the _form_ in which it is presented to the -reader. The large number of Illustrations is an important feature; -and it is believed that the figures quoted, and the references given -to various works--in which more detailed information is contained -than is desirable, or, indeed, possible, in these pages, on account -of space--will greatly add to the interest and value of the work. -Considerable trouble has been taken in revising the tangled synonymy of -many genera, and clearing up, as much as possible, the confusion that -exists in garden literature in connection with so many plants, popular -and otherwise. In the matter of generic names, Bentham and Hooker's -recently-completed "Genera Plantarum" has, with few exceptions, been -followed; that work being the one which will, for a long time to -come, undoubtedly remain the standard authority on all that relates -to generic limitation. With regard to the nomenclature of species, I -have endeavoured to consult the latest and most trustworthy Monographs -and Floras, and to adopt the names in accordance with them. Now and -then, certain plants are described under their common garden names; but -they will, in such cases, be also found mentioned under the genus to -which they really belong. A case in point may be cited: _AnA"ctochilus -Lowii_ is given under _AnA"ctochilus_, but the name it must now bear is -_Dossinia_, and a reference to that genus will explain matters pretty -fully, as far as the present state of knowledge goes. - -I am greatly indebted to Professor J. W. H. TRAIL, M.D., F.L.S., -&c., for his valuable contributions on Insects, Fungi, and Diseases -of Plants, branches of science in which he has long been specially -interested, and in which he is an undoubted authority. - -Mr. J. GARRETT, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, late of the Royal -Horticultural Society's Gardens, is responsible for Fruit and -Vegetable Culture, for most of what appertains to Florists' Flowers, -and for General Gardening Work. For information on many special -subjects--Begonias may be cited as an example--I am obliged for much -assistance to Mr. W. WATSON, also of the Royal Gardens, Kew; in fact, -the article _Begonia_, in its entirety, was written by him. Mr. W. B. -HEMSLEY, A.L.S., has, throughout, given me aid and advice; and I have -to acknowledge constant help from several other colleagues. - -The Rev. PERCY W. MYLES, M.A., has taken no little trouble in working -out the correct derivations of very many of the Generic Names; -unfortunately, in a number of instances, lack of time prevented me from -obtaining the benefit of his knowledge. I have to record my gratitude -for help in so difficult a task, this special study being one to which -Mr. MYLES has paid much attention. - - GEORGE NICHOLSON. - - ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. - -[Illustration] - - - - -REFERENCE TO ILLUSTRATIONS OF PLANTS OTHER THAN THOSE FIGURED IN THIS -WORK. - - - It has been suggested, by an eminent Authority, that many readers - would be glad to be informed where reliable Illustrations could be - found of those Plants which are not figured in this Work. To meet - this want, references to the figures in Standard Authorities have - been given, the titles of the Works referred to being, for economy - of space, abbreviated as follows: - - A. B. R. Andrews (H. C.). Botanist's Repository. London, - 1799-1811. 10 vols. 4to. - - A. E. Andrews (H. C.). Coloured Engravings of Heaths. - London, 1802-30. 4 vols. 4to. - - A. F. B. Loudon (J. C.). Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum.... - London, 1838. 8 vols. 8vo. - - A. F. P. Allioni (C.). Flora pedemontana. Aug. Taur., 1785. - 3 vols. Fol. - - A. G. Aublet (J. B. C. F.). Histoire des plantes de la - Guiane FranASec.aise. Londres, 1775. 4 vols. 4to. - - A. H. Andrews (H. C.). The Heathery. London, 1804-12. - 4 vols. 4to. - - B. Maund (B.). The Botanist.... London, 1839. - 8 vols. 4to. - - B. F. F. Brandis (D.). Forest Flora of ... India. London, - 1876, 8vo. Atlas, 4to. - - B. F. S. Beddome (R. H.). Flora sylvatica. Madras - [1869-73]. 2 vols. 4to. - - B. H. La Belgique Horticole.... Ghent, 1850, &c.* - - B. M. Botanical Magazine. London, 1787, &c. 8vo.* - - B. M. Pl. Bentley (R.) and Trimen (H.). Medicinal Plants. - London, 1875-80. 8vo. - - B. O. Bateman (James). A Monograph of Odontoglossum. - London, 1874. Fol. - - B. R. Botanical Register. London, 1815-47. 33 vols. 8vo. - - B. Z. Botanische Zeitung. Berlin, vols. i.-xiii. (1843-55). - 8vo. Leipzig, vol. xiv. (1856).* - - C. H. P. Cathcart's Illustrations of Himalayan Plants. London, - 1855. Fol. - - Enc. T. & S. Loudon (J. C.). EncyclopA|dia of Trees and Shrubs.... - London, 1842. 8vo. - - E. T. S. M. _See_ T. S. M. - - F. A. O. Fitzgerald (R. D.). Australian Orchids. Sydney, - 1876. Fol.* - - F. D. Flora Danica--usually quoted as the title of the - work, Icones plantarum ... DaniA| et NorvegiA|.... - HavniA|. 1761 to 1883. Fol. - - F. d. S. La Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe. - 1845-82. 23 vols. 8vo. - - Fl. Ment. Moggridge (J. T.). Contributions to the Flora of - Mentone.... London, 1864-8. - - Flora Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung. 1818-42. - 25 vols. 8vo. [New Series] 1843, &c.* - - F. M. Floral Magazine. London, 1861-71, 8vo. 1872-81, 4to. - - F. & P. Florist and Pomologist. London, 1868-84. 8vo. - - G. C. The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. - London, 1841-65. Fol. - - G. C. n. s. The Gardeners' Chronicle. New Series, 1866, &c. - Fol.* - - G. G. Gray (A.). Genera florA| AmericA|.... Boston, - 1848-9. 2 vols. 8vo. - - G. M. The Gardeners' Magazine. Conducted by Shirley - Hibberd. London. - - G. M. B. The Gardeners' Magazine of Botany.... London, - 1850-1. 3 vols. 8vo. - - Gn. The Garden. London, 1871, &c. 4to.* - - G. W. F. A. Goodale (G. L.). Wild Flowers of America. Boston, - 1877. 4to. - - H. B. F. Hooker (W. J.). The British Ferns. - - H. E. F. Hooker (W. J.). Exotic Flora. Edinburgh, 1823-7. - 3 vols. 8vo. - - H. F. B. A. Hooker (W. J.). Flora boreali-americana.... London, - 1833-40. 2 vols. 4to. - - H. F. T. Hooker (J. D.). Flora TasmaniA|. London, 1860. - 2 vols. 4to. This is Part 3 of "The Botany of - the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships - _Erebus_ and _Terror_, in the years 1839-43." - - H. G. F. Hooker (W. J.). Garden Ferns. London, 1862. 8vo. - - H. S. F. Hooker (W. J.). Species Filicum. - - I. H. L'Illustration horticole. Gand, 1850, &c. 8vo.* - - I. H. Pl. _See_ C. H. P. - - J. B. Journal of Botany.... London, 1863. 8vo.* - - J. F. A. Jacquin (N. J.). FlorA| austriacA|.... icones.... - ViennA|, 1773-8. 5 vols. Fol. - - J. H. Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener. - Conducted by Dr. Robert Hogg. London. - - J. H. S. Journal of the Horticultural Society. London, 1846. - 8vo.* - - K. E. E. Kotschy. Die Eiche Europas und des Orients. - - L. B. C. Loddiges (C.). Botanical Cabinet. London, 1812-33. - 20 vols. 4to. - - L. C. B. Lindley (J.). Collectanea botanica.... London, - 1821. Fol. - - L. E. M. La Marck (J. B. P. A. de M. de). EncyclopA(C)die - methodique ... Botanique. Paris, 1783-1817. - 13 vols. 4to. - - L. J. F. Lemaire (C.). Le Jardin fleuriste. Gand, 1851-4. - 4 vols. 8vo. - - L. R. Lindley (J.). Rosarum Monographia. London, - 1820. 8vo. - - L. S. O. Lindley (J.). Sertum Orchidaceum.... London, - 1838. Fol. - - L. & P. F. G. Lindley (J.) and Paxton (J.). Flower Garden.... - London.... 1851-3. 3 vols. 4to. - - M. A. S. Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi. - BonnA|, 1836-63. 4to. - - N. Burbidge (F. W.). The Narcissus: Its History and - Culture. With a Scientific Review of the - Genus by J. G. Baker, F.L.S. London, 1875. 8vo. - - N. S. Nuttall (T.). North American Sylva.... Philadelphia, - 1865. 3 vols. 8vo. - - P. F. G. _See_ L. & P. F. G. - - P. M. B. Paxton (J). Magazine of Botany. London, 1834-49. - 16 vols. 8vo. - - Ref. B. Saunders (W. W.) Refugium botanicum.... - London, 1869-72. 8vo. - - R. G. Regel (E.). Gartenflora. 1852, &c.* - - R. H. Revue Horticole.... Paris, 1852.* - - R. S. H. Hooker (J. D.). The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya. - London, 1849-51. Fol. - - R. X. O. Reichenbach, _fil._ (H. G.). Xenia orchidacea. Leipzig, - 1858. 4to.* - - S. B. F. G. Sweet (R.). British Flower Garden. London, - 1823-9. 3 vols. 8vo. - Second Series. London, 1831-8. 4 vols. 8vo. - - S. C. Sweet (R.). CistineA|. London, 1825-30. 8vo. - - S. E. B. Smith (J. E.). Exotic Botany.... London, 1804-5. - 2 vols. 8vo. - - S. F. A. Sweet (R.). Flora australasica.... London, 1827-8. - 8vo. - - S. F. d. J. Siebold (P. F. de) and Vriese (W. H. de). Flore des - Jardins du Royaume des Pays-Bas. Leide, - 1858-62. 5 vols. 8vo. - - S. F. G. Sibthorp (J.). Flora grA|ca.... London, 1806-40. - 10 vols. Fol. - - S. H. Ivy Hibberd (Shirley). The Ivy: a Monograph. London, - 1872. 8vo. - - Sw. Ger. Sweet (Robert). GeraniaceA|, the natural order of - Gerania. 1828-1830. - - Sy. En. B. Syme (J. T. B.), _now_ Boswell. English Botany.... - Ed. 3. London, 1863-85. 12 vols. 8vo. - - S. Z. F. J. Siebold (P. F. von) and Zuccarini (J. G.). Flora - Japonica.... Lugd. Bat., 1835-44. Fol. - - T. H. S. Transactions of the Horticultural Society. London, - 1805-29. 7 vols. 4to. - - T. L. S. Transactions of the LinnA|an Society. London, - 1791-1875. 30 vols. 4to.* - - T. S. M. Emerson (G. B.). Trees and Shrubs ... of Massachusetts. - Boston, Ed. 2, 1875. 2 vols. 8vo. - - W. D. B. Watson (P. W.). Dendrologia Britannica. London. - 1825. 2 vols. 8vo. - - W. F. A. _See_ G. W. F. A. - - W. O. A. Warner (R.) and Williams (B. S.). The Orchid - Album. London, 1882. 4to.* - - W. S. O. Warner (R.). Select Orchidaceous Plants. London, - Series i, 1862-65. Fol. - Series ii, 1865-75. Fol. - - W. & F. Woods and Forests. 1883-4. 1 vol. 4to. - - * Is still in course of publication. - - - - -THE - -DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, - -An EncyclopA|dia of Horticulture. - - - The following are the Abbreviations used:--_fl._ flowers; _fr._ - fruit; _l._ leaves; _h._ height; _deg._ degrees; _rhiz._ rhizomes; - _cau._ caudex; _sti._ stipes. - - The Asterisks (*) indicate plants that are especially good or - distinct. - - -=A.= In compound words from the Greek the initial _a_ has usually a -privative meaning; as _aphyllus_, without leaves; _acaulis_, without a -stem, &c. - -=AARON'S BEARD.= _See_ =Hypericum calycinum= and =Saxifraga sarmentosa=. - -=AARON'S ROD.= _See_ =Verbascum Thapsus=. - -=ABELE TREE.= White Poplar. _See_ =Populus alba=. - -=ABELIA= (named after Dr. Clarke Abel, Physician to Lord Amherst's -Embassy to China, in 1817, and author of a "Narrative of a Journey -to China" (1818); died 1826). ORD. _CaprifoliaceA|_. Very ornamental -shrubs. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, five-lobed. Leaves petiolate, -dentately crenated. Well suited for the cold greenhouse, either as -trellis or pot plants; free-flowering when well grown, and of easy -culture. May be treated in sheltered and warm climates as hardy; and -can be grown out of doors during summer in less favoured spots. They -thrive in a compost of peat and loam in equal parts, to which a small -quantity of silver sand may be added. Increased by cuttings in summer, -and by layers in spring, under a frame. Only two species, _floribunda_ -and _rupestris_, are much grown in England. - - =A. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._ rosy-purple, about 2in. - long, in axillary clusters. March. _l._ opposite, oblong. _h._ 3ft. - Mexico, 1842. The best and freest flowering evergreen species. - - =A. rupestris= (rock).* _fl._ sweet-scented, small, pink, in - pairs at the ends of the branches; sepals of leafy texture, with - a reddish tinge. September. _l._ small, oblong. _h._ 5ft. China, - 1844. A deciduous, branching, hairy shrub. - - =A. serrata= (serrate-leaved). _fl._ pretty pale red, - sweet-scented, very large, in one-flowered terminal peduncles; - sepals leafy. March. _h._ 3ft. China, 1844. A fine evergreen - species. - - =A. triflora= (three-flowered).* _fl._ pale yellow, tinged with - pink, small, arranged in threes at the ends of the branches; sepals - long and linear, clothed with long hairs. September. _l._ small, - lanceolate. _h._ 5ft. Hindostan, 1847. A small evergreen branching - shrub. - -=ABERRANT.= Deviating from the natural or direct way; applied, in -natural history, to species or genera that deviate from the usual -characters of their allies. - -=ABIES= (from _abeo_, to rise; alluding to the aspiring habit of -growth of the tree; or, according to some, from _apios_, a Pear-tree, -in allusion to the form of the fruit). Spruce Fir. The synonymy of -this genus is much confused, plants belonging to several genera being -frequently referred to _Abies_ in nurserymen's catalogues and gardening -periodicals. ORD. _ConiferA|_. A genus of about twenty-five species, -widely distributed over the mountainous regions of the Northern -hemisphere. Cones cylindrical, or but slightly tapering, erect; catkins -generally solitary; the carpels not thickened at the tip; and the -leaves solitary, partially scattered in insertion, and more or less -two-ranked in direction. Scales deciduous, falling off as soon as -the seed is ripe, leaving the axis on the tree. All the species bear -seeds at a comparatively early age; most are hardy. For culture, _see_ -=Pinus=. - - =A. amabilis= (lovely).* _shoots_ rather rigid, furrowed with - elongated cushions, covered with numerous small dark hairs. - _l._ scattered, crowded, 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; linear obtuse, - dark green above, silvery beneath. The cones are described as - cylindrical, and about 6in. long. _h._ 180ft. California, 1831. A - magnificent conifer, very massive in appearance. - - =A. baborensis.=* _l._ linear, dark green, silvery on the under - surface, very numerous, those of the larger branches shortly - pointed, and those of the branchlets more obtuse and pointless, - 1/2in. to 1in. long. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, usually in - clusters of four or five, 5in. to 8in. long, and about 2in. in - diameter; scales reniform, greyish-brown, inclosing a thin, dry, - and shrivelled bract. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Algiers, 1864. This is a - very beautiful medium-sized tree. SYN. _A. Numidica_. - - =A. balsamea= (Balm of Gilead or Balsam Fir).* _l._ silvery - beneath, apex emarginate or entire, somewhat recurved and - spreading, 3/4in. long. _cones_ cylindrical, violet-coloured, - pointing upwards, 4in. to 5in. long, and 1/2in. broad; scales - 3/4in. broad, and the same in length. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. United - States and Canada, &c., 1696. A medium-sized slender tree. - - =A. bifida= (bifid). Identical with _A. firma_. - - =A. brachyphylla= (short-leaved).* _l._ linear, spirally inserted - round the branchlets, but pointing laterally in two directions, - 3/4in. to 1-1/2in. in length; lower ones longest, obtusely pointed - or emarginate, bright green above, with two silvery lines beneath. - _cones_ 3in. to 4in. long, purple. _h._ 120ft. Japan, 1870. A - recently introduced magnificent fir, with an erect stem, regularly - whorled horizontal branches. - - =A. bracteata= (bracted).* _l._ rigid, linear, flat, distichous, - 2in. to 3in. long, bright glossy green above, and glaucous beneath. - _cones_ about 4in. long, with the bracts developed into long rigid - leaf-like linear spines, 2in. long, and slightly curved inwards. - _h._ 25ft. Southern California, 1853. A very handsome tall slender - tree, but, owing to its very early growth of new shoots, it is much - injured by the spring frosts. - - =A. Brunoniana= (Brown's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_. - - =A. canadensis= (Canadian). A synonym of _Tsuga canadensis_. - - =A. cephalonica= (Cephalonian).* _l._ subulate, flat, dark green - above, and silvery beneath, acute. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, - green when young, afterwards reddish, and brown when ripe, 5in. to - 6in. in length, and about 1-1/2in. in diameter; scales broad, thin, - and rounded, shorter than the bracts. _h._ 50ft. to 60ft. Mountains - of Greece, 1824. A very desirable tree for growing in exposed - situations. - - =A. cilicica= (Cilician). _l._ linear, slightly curved or straight, - 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, dark green above, and glaucous beneath, - crowded, in two ranks. _cones_ cylindrical, 6in. to 8in. long; - scales broad, thin, entire, coriaceous. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Mount - Taurus, in Asia Minor. This species seldom produces a good specimen - tree in England, and cannot, therefore, be recommended for general - cultivation. - - =A. concolor= (one-coloured).* _l._ linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous - green, distichously arranged in double rows, those in the lower - rows 2in. to 3in. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above. - _cones_ cylindrical, obtuse both at base and top, 3in. to 5in. - long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. in diameter; scales numerous, imbricated, - larger than the bracts. _h._ 80ft. to 150ft. California, &c., 1851. - A very beautiful species, with yellow bark on the young branches. - SYNS. _A. lasiocarpa_ and _A. Parsonii_. - - =A. Douglasii= (Douglas'). A synonym of _Pseudotsuga Douglasii_. - - =A. dumosa= (short-leaved). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_. - - =A. excelsa= (tall). A synonym of _Picea excelsa_. - - =A. firma= (solid).* _l._ rigid, coriaceous, spirally arranged - around the branchlets, but point laterally in two directions, 1in. - to 1-1/4in. long, very variable in young and old trees. _cones_ - cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, 3in. to 6in. long; scales - imbricated, bearing protruding keeled bracts. _h._ 100ft. Japan, - 1861. An erect tree, of great beauty. - - =A. Fortunei= (Fortune's). It is said that in its native country, - its aspect is peculiar rather than handsome, and that but one - living representative is believed to be in existence in this - country--at Veitch's Nursery. SYN. _Keteleeria Fortunei_. - - =A. Fraseri= (Fraser's). Double Balsam Spruce Fir. _l._ linear, - emarginate, silvery beneath. _cones_ oblong, squarrose, somewhat - leafy, obcordate, mucronate, half exserted, reflexed. _h._ 30ft. - to 40ft. North Carolina, 1811. This species closely resembles _A. - balsamea_, from which it differs in having shorter and more erect - leaves, and smaller cones. - - =A. grandis= (splendid).* _l._ in double rows, on each side of the - branchlets, flat, obtuse, emarginate, pectinate, silvery beneath, - from 3/4in. to 1in. long. _cones_ lateral, solitary, cylindrical, - obtuse at base and apex, 4in. to. 5in. long, 2in. wide; bracts - ovate, acuminate, irregularly dentate, very short. _h._ 100ft. - California, 1831. A handsome tree of symmetrical habit, and rapid - growth. - - =A. lasiocarpa= (woolly-coned). Synonymous with _A. concolor_. - - =A. magnifica= (magnificent).* _l._ densely crowded, two-rowed, - 1in. to nearly 2in. long, olive green, very glaucous on the upper - surface when young, becoming duller with age, and marked with - two silvery lines beneath. _cones_ 6in. to 7in. long, 2-1/2in. - to 3in. in diameter; scales, outer edge incurved. _h._ 200ft. - North California, 1851. A very tall and stately species, with, at - successive intervals, whorls of horizontal branches. - - =A. Mariesii= (Maries'). _l._ erect, evenly disposed around the - stem, linear-oblong, obtuse; apex notched, 1/3in. to not quite 1in. - long; bracts ovate, oblong, retuse. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, - 3-1/2in. to 5-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. wide, narrowed at the - base and apex, blackish purple; scales entire, nearly 1in. wide, - not quite so long as wide. Japan, 1879. A tall, pyramidal tree. - - =A. Mertensiana= (Merten's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Mertensiana_. - - =A. miniata= (vermilion). Synonymous with _Picea eremita_. - - =A. Morinda= (Morinda). Synonymous with _Picea Morinda_. - - =A. nobilis= (noble).* _l._ linear, mostly on one side of the - branches, falcate, short, acute, silvery beneath, 1-3/4in. long. - _cones_ cylindrical, erect, sessile, 6-1/2in. long, 2-3/4in. broad, - brownish; scales triangular, without the bractea, 1-1/4in. long, - and the same in breadth; bractea spathulate, imbricated backwards, - 5/8in. long. _h._ 200ft. to 300ft. California, 1831. A majestic - tree. - - =A. Nordmanniana= (Nordmann's).* _l._ linear, rigid, flat, and - minutely bifid at the apex, on young trees spreading in two rows, - with a half-twist at the base, 1in. long. _cones_ erect, slightly - ovoid, pedunculate, 4in. to 6in. long, and 2-1/4in. to 2-3/4in. - wide; bracts large, coriaceous, three-lobed, fringed, greatly - exceeding the scales. _h._ 80ft. to 100ft. Crimea, &c., 1848. A - magnificent and stately tree, of regular growth. - - =A. Numidica= (Numidian). Synonymous with _A. baborensis_. - - =A. obovata= (reversed-egg-coned). A synonym of _Picea obovata_. - - =A. orientalis= (eastern). Synonymous with _Picea orientalis_. - - =A. Parsonii= (Parson's). Synonymous with _A. concolor_. - - =A. pectinata= (comb-like).* _l._ linear, solitary, flat, obtuse, - stiff, turned-up at the points, two-ranked, 1/2in. to 1in. long, - shining green above, with two lines of silvery white on each side - of the midrib beneath. _cones_ axillary, cylindrical, erect, 6in. - to 8in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, when ripe, brown; scales with - a long dorsal bractea, 1/6in. to 1-1/4in. long, and 1-1/4in. broad. - _h._ 80ft. to 100ft. A very noble silver fir, of slow growth when - young only. Central Europe, 1603. There are several unimportant - varieties of this splendid species. - - =A. Pindrow= (Pindrow). In its native home, the Himalayas, this - is a very beautiful tree, attaining the height of 150ft., but - it has generally failed in England, in consequence of our late - spring frosts destroying the young growth. It comes very near _A. - Webbiana_, but is readily distinguished by its longer and more - acutely bidented leaves, and smaller cones. - - =A. Pinsapo= (Pinsapo).* The Spanish Silver Fir. _l._ linear, - disposed around the branches, nearly terete, and entire at the - apex, not quite 1/2in. long, bright green, with faint silvery - lines on the inner side. _cones_ sessile, oval, or oblong, 4in. - to 5-1/2in. long, about 2in. wide; bracts short, concealed by the - broad rounded scales. _h._ 60ft. to 80ft. South Spain, 1839. A very - magnificent species, very regular and symmetrical in habit. The one - or two varieties offered for sale are not desirable. - - =A. polita= (neat).* _l._ arranged spirally, short, erect, rigid, - falcate, acute at the apex, tetragonal, but compressed. _cones_ - ellipsoid, 3in. to 4in. long; scales light brown, coriaceous, - minutely notched at the edge. Island of Nippon, 1861. This is a - beautiful species, admirably adapted as a specimen tree for lawns. - - =A. religiosa= (sacred). _l._ linear, acute, quite entire, 1-1/2in. - long. _cones_ roundish-oval, 2-3/4in. long, and 2-1/2in. broad; - scales trapezoided-cordate; bracts the length of the scapes, - spathulate-oblong. _h._ 100ft. to 150ft. Mexico, 1839. A very - handsome species, but not hardy in this country. - - =A. sachalinensis= (Sachalin). _l._ in many rows, 1in. or very - slightly more long, 1/12in. broad, twisted to one side, rigid, - linear, obtuse. _cones_ sessile, erect, cylindrical, bluntly - rounded at the apex, 3in. long, 1in. wide; scales transversely - oblong, reniform; margin inflexed, denticulate; bracts 1/2in. wide, - 1/4in. long, obovate, serrulate, terminating in a reflexed angular - point, exceeding the scale. Japan, 1879. A tall pyramidal robust - species. - - =A. Schrenkiana= (Schrenk's). Synonymous with _Picea Schrenkiana_. - - =A. sibirica= (Siberian). Like the last, this species is not - recommended; its growth is very slow, even under the most - favourable circumstances. Siberia. - - =A. Smithiana= (Smith's). A synonym of _Picea Morinda_. - - =A. subalpina= (sub-alpine).* On the high mountains of Colorado, - &c., a tree 60ft. to 100ft. in height. Has not been long enough - in English gardens for any decided opinion to be formed as to its - merits as an ornamental tree. - - =A. Tsuga= (Tsugan). A synonym of _Tsuga Sieboldi_. - - =A. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ crowded, lateral ones spreading - in a distichous manner, those on the upper side much shorter and - pointing forwards, 1/2in. to 1in. long, linear, flat, glaucous - above, silvery beneath; emarginate on the sterile branches, - entire on the fertile ones. _cones_ erect, sub-cylindrical, - purplish-brown, 2in. to 2-1/2in. long, 3/4in. to nearly 1in. wide; - scales horizontal, reniform, densely packed, each enclosing a - short, wedge-shaped bract as long as the scale. _h._ 120ft. to - 140ft. Japan, 1860, and again in 1879. Described as a beautiful and - interesting tree, as well as perfectly hardy; it should be planted - on elevated spots open to the south or south-east. - - =A. Webbiana= (Webb's).* _l._ two-rowed, linear, flat, obtusely - emarginate, silvery beneath, 1-1/2in. to 2-1/2in. long. _cones_ - cylindrical, 6-1/2in. to 7in. long, 2in. or more broad, deep - purple; scales kidney-shaped, roundish, closely compressed, - imbricated, about 1in. long, and 1-1/4in. broad; bracts oblong, - apiculate. _h._ 70ft. to 90ft. Himalayan Mountains, 1822. A - large handsome pyramidal tree, with numerous branches spreading - horizontally, much divided, and densely clothed. - - =A. Williamsoni= (Williamson's). A synonym of _Tsuga Pattoniana_. - -=ABOBRA= (its Brazilian name). ORD. _CucurbitaceA|_. A genus of stove -or greenhouse plants, having solitary axillary diA"cious flowers, and -finely divided leaves. The only species in cultivation is a very pretty -half-hardy climbing perennial, having a fleshy root about 1ft. or more -beneath the surface of the soil. It thrives well in warm sunny spots, -and in a light soil; seeds may be sown in pots or pans of light soil -early in April; the young plants can be planted out about the middle -of June. The fleshy tuberous roots may be stored during winter in a -greenhouse or frame. _See_ also =Gourds=. - - =A. viridiflora= (green-flowered). _fl._ pale green, fragrant; - females succeeded by small oval scarlet fruits, which are about - as large as a filbert. _l._ dark green, glossy, much divided into - narrow segments. South America. A rapid growing plant, admirably - adapted for training over arbours or trellis-work. It is a very - pretty form of ornamental gourd. - -=ABORTION.= An imperfect formation, or the non-formation of an organ; -any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which -fails in its progress before it is matured, frequently from a defect in -the male or female flowers. - -=ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA.= _See_ =Gooseberry or Magpie Moth=. - -=ABRICOCK.= A former mode of writing Apricot. - -=ABROMA= (from _a_, not, and _broma_, food; from its unwholesomeness). -ORD. _SterculiaceA|_. Handsome, free-flowering evergreen trees, with -hairy lobed leaves, and extra axillary or terminal few-flowered -peduncles. Of easy culture, in a stove temperature, in loam and peat -soil. Propagated by seeds or cuttings, the former sown in March, the -latter made in April from half-ripened wood, and placed under a bell -glass. - - =A. augusta= (smooth-stalked).* _fl._ dingy purple, drooping. - August. _l._ lower, cordate, three to five lobed; upper, - ovate-lanceolate, undivided. _h._ 10ft. East India, 1770. - - =A. fastuosa= (prickly-stalked). _fl._ dark purple. June. _l._ - lower, cordate, acutely five lobed; upper, ovate, entire. _h._ - 10ft. New Holland, 1800. - -=ABRONIA= (from _abros_, delicate; referring to its involucrum). -Sand Verbena. ORD. _NyctaginaceA|_. A small genus of seven species, -mostly natives of California, four of which only are known in general -cultivation. They are of a dwarf trailing habit, producing showy -blossoms in dense verbena-like clusters. Corolla funnel-shaped; limb -spreading. They succeed best in light sandy soil, in a position fully -exposed; if well drained, the rockery is perhaps the best place. -Increased by seeds, the outer skin of which should be peeled off before -sowing; sow during autumn in pots of sandy soil, and keep in a frame -until the following spring, when they may be placed in their flowering -quarters; or by young cuttings, set in spring, and also in sandy soil. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1. ABRONIA UMBELLATA, showing Flower and Habit.] - - =A. arenaria= (sand-loving).* _fl._ lemon-yellow, about 1/2in. - long, in dense clusters, with a honey-like fragrance. July. _l._ - broadly ovate, or reniform, on short, thick petioles. _h._ 9in. to - 18in. 1865. Half-hardy perennial. SYN. _A. latifolia_. - - =A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _fl._ pure white, in terminal and - axillary clusters, very delicately perfumed, expanding in the - evening. May. 1865. A perennial, more or less erect in growth, - forming large branching tufts from 1ft. to 2ft. high. Imported - seeds only of this species will grow. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). A synonym of _A. arenaria_. - - =A. pulchella= (pretty). _fl._ pink. July. _h._ 6in. 1848. - - =A. rosea= (rose-coloured). _fl._ rose-coloured. June. _h._ 6in. - 1847. An unimportant species. - - =A. umbellata= (umbel-flowered).* _fl._ rosy pink, in dense - terminal clusters, slightly scented. April. _l._ oval or oblong. - _h._ 6in. to 24in. 1823. An elegant prostrate half-hardy annual; - but under greenhouse culture it is a perennial. SYN. _Tricratus - admirabilis_. See Fig 1. - -=ABRUPT.= Suddenly terminating, as abruptly pinnate; when pinnate -leaves are without a terminal or odd leaflet. - -=ABRUS= (from _abros_, soft, in reference to the extreme softness of -the leaves). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A very ornamental and delicate much -branched deciduous stove climber, whose roots have the virtues of -the common liquorice. Leaves abruptly pinnate, bearing many pairs of -leaflets. Requires a strong heat to keep it in a growing, healthy -condition, and to flower it well; and thrives best in sandy loam. -Increased by cuttings under a hand glass, in sand, or seeds raised in -heat. - - =A. precatorius= (prayer). _fl._ pale purple, butterfly-shaped, - disposed in axillary clusters. Seeds bright scarlet, with a black - spot at the base, used by the Buddhists for making rosaries, whence - the specific name. March to May. _l._ leaflets ligulate, oblong. - _h._ 12ft. East Indies, 1680. Varieties are now and then met with - having rose coloured or white flowers. - -=ABSORPTION.= The action by which liquids and gases become incorporated -with various bodies, through molecular or other invisible means, to -which function all parts of a growing plant contribute, the roots more -especially. - -=ABUTA= (native name). ORD. _MenispermaceA|_. A strong growing -ornamental stove evergreen climber. Used medicinally in Cayenne. -Flowers diA"cious, fascicled, males racemosely panicled; females loose -and simply racemose. It grows freely in a mixture of loam and peat. -Cuttings will root readily if planted in a pot of sand, with a hand -glass placed over them, in heat. About half-a-dozen species are known. - - =A. rufescens= (rusty-coloured). _fl._ grey-velvety on the outside, - dark purple on the inside. March. _l._ ovate; under surface - brownish. _h._ 10ft. Cayenne, 1820. - -=ABUTILON= (Arabic name for a plant analogous to the Marsh Mallow). -ORD. _MalvaceA|_. Very showy, decorative, and free-growing shrubs, -both for the greenhouse and outside culture. Calyx naked, five-cleft, -usually angular; style multifid at apex. The many beautiful hybrids -(of which Fig. 2 represents a group) now in cultivation, far supersede -the true species. Cultivation: Few plants are more easily grown and -worthy of liberal treatment than these. The best soil for them is equal -parts turfy loam, peat, and leaf mould, with some gritty sand. They -may either be grown in pots, or planted out; but in all cases thorough -drainage is indispensable, as they require an abundance of water, -and stagnancy must be guarded against. At the end of May they may be -planted outside, when they will flower profusely through the summer. In -a free growing and flowering state they enjoy weak manure water. From -the latter part of autumn till early spring they may be kept almost -dry without injury, though in a warm conservatory some of the later -struck plants will go on flowering throughout the greater part of the -winter; or plants may be specially prepared for winter flowering. They -are admirably adapted for forming standards of various heights, from -2ft. to 6ft. Some of the taller sorts are very useful for training -under roof rafters. As pillar plants, too, very loosely trained, so -as to allow the upper and side branches to droop to a considerable -distance from the pillar, they are very effective. Propagation: They -strike readily from cuttings made of the young wood, at almost any -season; the best time, however, is early spring and September. Inserted -in pots, in a compost of equal parts peat, leaf mould, loam, and -sand, and placed in a temperature of from 65deg. to 70deg., they will -then quickly root, and form good plants. Seeds may be sown in pans -filled with soil as recommended for cuttings, and placed in a similar -temperature. Those followed by a dagger (aEuro ) are the best for training -to pillars, roofs, &c. - - =A. Bedfordianum= (Bedford's). _fl._ yellow and red. November. _l._ - deeply-lobed. _h._ 15ft. Brazil, 1838. - - =A. Darwini= (Darwin's).aEuro * _fl._ bright orange, with darker - veinings, fine cupped form. April. _l._ large, broad. _h._ 4ft. - Brazil, 1871. A handsome species, of good habit, equally suitable - as a stove or greenhouse plant during winter, and for outdoor - culture during summer months. There are a great number of garden - hybrids from this. - - =A. globiflorum= (globe-flowered). _fl._ solitary, large, globose, - cream-coloured. November. _l._ on long stalks, cordate, serrate. - _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Mauritius, 1825. - - =A. igneum= (bright). Synonymous with _A. insigne_. - - =A. insigne= (handsome-flowered).* _fl._ large, purplish crimson, - with dark venation, in axillary pendulous racemes; petals short, - broad, much reflexed. Winter. _l._ large, cordate, thick, rugose. - Stem deep green, with short brown hairs. _h._ 6ft. New Grenada, - 1851. SYN. _A. igneum_. See Fig. 3. - - =A. megapotamicum= (big river).aEuro * _fl._ small, bell-shaped, - singularly beautiful, the sepals being dark red, petals pale - yellow, and stamens dark brown. Autumn and winter. _l._ small, - pointed. _h._ 3ft. Rio Grande, 1864. A free-flowering species, with - a graceful drooping habit; the shoots should be well pressed in - during spring. SYN. _A. vexillarium_. - - =A. pA|oniflorum= (pA|ony-flowered). _fl._ pink, smaller than those - of _A. insigne_, but very distinct. January. _l._ large, ovate. - _h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1845. - - =A. pulchellum= (pretty).aEuro * _fl._ white, on few-flowered axillary - racemes. July. _l._ cordate, unequally crenated, downy beneath. - _h._ 8ft. Habit very branching. New Holland, 1824. - - =A. striatum= (striped).* _fl._ orange yellow, with a thick - veining of blood-red, on long curving stalks. _l._ large, lobed, - on long slender petioles. Brazil, 1837. A free grower, and makes - an excellent greenhouse plant. In sheltered positions, in the - south-west of England, this species proves to be almost hardy. It - requires to be freely pinched. A very continuous bloomer. - - =A. Thompsoni= (Thompson's). _fl._ striated yellow, large. Summer. - _l._ small, vine-like, richly mottled with yellow and dark green. - _h._ 3ft. or 4ft. Habit very neat and erect. - - =A. venosum= (veined).aEuro * _fl._ orange, with red veins, very - large, bell shaped, 3in. long; pedicels nearly 12in. long. July. - _l._ large, deeply palmate. _h._ 10ft. This splendid species is - distinguished by its unusually large flowers. - - =A. vexillarium= (standard). Synonymous with _A. megapotamicum_. - - =A. vitifolium= (vine-leaved).* _fl._ porcelain blue, large, - cupped. May. _l._ cordate, five to seven lobed, assuming, towards - the autumn, a fine golden hue. _h._ 30ft. Chili, 1837. This fine - shrub, or tree, is hardy in Ireland and the south of England, but - should have a protection from frost. It is not a fast grower. - -The following are some of the best varieties, which, although they -do not include all the newest sorts, yet afford a good selection of -first-rate kinds, which will give general satisfaction. They are -arranged according to their respective colours. Those marked with a -dagger (aEuro ) are best for roofs and pillars. - - =Orange-flowered.= AUREUM GLOBOSUM,* flowers deep orange, heavily - red shaded, of medium size, with good form and substance; DARWINI - MAJUS,* bright orange, deeply veined, extremely free, and of good - form and size; FLEUR D'OR,aEuro light orange, veined pale red, very - free and dwarf; GRANDIFLORUM,* deep orange, red shaded, deeply - veined with red, a robust, large-flowered variety; LEO, flowers - pale below, deeper above, red-veined, of medium size; PRINCE OF - ORANGE,aEuro * a strong grower, and very free. - - =Ornamental-foliaged.= DARWINI TESSELATUM,aEuro * foliage mottled - with yellow, invaluable for sub-tropical bedding; SELLOWIANUM - MARMORATUM,* very large maple-like foliage, heavily mottled with - bright yellow, a most effective variety; THOMPSONI, leaves very - freely blotched with yellow; VEXILLARIUM IGNEUM,aEuro * very free, - of good habit, prettily blotched. All these ornamental-foliaged - varieties are invaluable for bedding purposes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 2. GROUP OF ABUTILONS.] - - =Purple-coloured.= EMPEROR,* flowers large, rich purple magenta - shaded, habit vigorous; LOUIS VAN HOUTTE, very free, rosy purple; - PURPUREA,* deep purple shaded lake, very attractive; SOUVENIR DE - ST. MAURICE, flowers medium size, very profuse; VIOLET QUEEN,* - bright violet purple, very distinct and free. - - =Red and Crimson-flowered.= BRILLIANT,* flowers of good form and - substance, brilliant red inside, rather paler outside, dwarf and - free; CRIMSON BANNER,* rich crimson, dwarf, very floriferous; FIRE - KING,* bright red, orange shaded, veined with crimson; LUSTROUS,* - brilliant red crimson, large, most profusely produced, habit dwarf; - NE PLUS ULTRA,* intense crimson, of excellent form; SCARLET GEM,* - flowers medium sized, brilliant scarlet, habit dwarf and free. - - =Rose-coloured.= ADMIRATION, light pink, shaded salmon, of good - form and shape; ANNA CROZY,* deep pink, lilac shade, veined white, - very showy; CLOCHETTE,* deep rosy pink, with crimson veins, - very dwarf and free; DELICATUM, pale salmon rose, with deeper - vein, flowers very large; KING OF THE ROSES,* rich deep rose, - of good size and substance, habit dwarf and very free; LADY OF - THE LAKE,* flowers medium sized, rich pink; LOUIS MARIGNAC, pale - pink, veined white, splendid habit, a charming variety; PRINCESS - MARIE,aEuro * flowers rich rosy lake, very profuse, of excellent form; - ROSA†FLORUM,aEuro * pale salmon rose, veined with crimson. - - =White-flowered.= BOULE DE NIEGE,aEuro * very fine pure white flowers, - the best in its class; PURITY,* very free, of good habit, and pure - white; SERAPH,* dwarf, and very floriferous. - -[Illustration: FIG. 3. FLOWER OF ABUTILON INSIGNE.] - - =Yellow-flowered.= CANARY BIRD,aEuro * similar in habit to Boule de - Niege, bright primrose, very lovely; COURONNE D'OR,* bright yellow, - of the finest form and substance, very bold foliage; GOLDEN GEM, - rich canary yellow, extremely free, of dwarf habit; LEMOINEI,aEuro very - fine, pale yellow, good size; QUEEN OF THE YELLOWS,* very large, - lemon yellow, good substance; YELLOW PRINCE,* rich golden yellow, - of medium size, very profuse. - -=ABYSSINIAN PRIMROSE.= A common name for =Primula Boveana= (which -_see_). - -=ACACIA= (from _ac_, a point, in Celtic; or from _akazo_, to sharpen; -many of the species are furnished with spines). _See_ also _Albizzia_. -ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Shrubs or trees, very variable in habit and leaves. -Flowers yellow, white, rarely red, disposed in globular heads or -spikes, decandrous or polyandrous. Spines stipular, scattered, or -wanting. This is a very polymorphous genus, and the majority of species -described are known in this country only from herbarium specimens. It -is very doubtful whether the entire genus is represented in our gardens -by more than about fifty species, many of which are only to be found -in botanic gardens; but this number is, without doubt, sufficiently -characteristic. The number of species is close upon 400, and the genus -one of the largest known. In our enumeration, we have strictly confined -ourselves to describing such as are unquestionably in cultivation, -and to this end we have adopted the only accurate method of deciding -which are and which are not grown, viz., by consulting the trade lists -of nurserymen, both in this country and on the Continent. Such lists, -however, are not always correct, from a scientific point of view, in -the matter of nomenclature. The species best deserving of cultivation -are all natives of Australia, New South Wales, or other temperate -regions, and are among the hardiest and most easily cultivated of all -greenhouse plants. They are very floriferous. The greenhouse species -are sufficiently hardy to withstand the winter in a temperature very -little higher than freezing point. Cultivation: Some have a tendency -to make long straight shoots; these should be selected for training -upon rafters or pillars, on which they thrive well and form splendid -ornaments in spring; whilst the more shrubby kinds will be equally -at home in pots in the form of bushes. Roots and tops grow with -great rapidity, and an abundance of water is required at all times. -Immediately after flowering (usually about May) is the best time to -prune Acacias; they may then be placed in the open air, and fully -exposed to the sun, until October. They make a far healthier, cleaner -growth, and ripen their wood much better outside than under glass; all -they require is copious waterings, never allowing them to become dry, -and keeping clear of weeds. In the first week in October house the -plants, and winter in a temperature of 40deg. to 50deg. They delight in -a light rich compost of equal parts turfy loam and leaf mould, freely -intermixed with sand, or peat may be used instead of the leaf mould. -Propagation: Cuttings of the half-ripened wood, put in with a heel, -root readily during the summer. They do not bear heat well, nor do -they require it. The soil should be equal parts peat and sand, covered -with pure sand, thoroughly consolidated. Insert the cuttings as soon -as made; water home, and leave them in the shade till dry. Then place -the bell glasses over them, shade and water so as to prevent flagging. -Pot off as soon as rooted, and keep in a close pit or house until the -plants are thoroughly established. Seeds should be sown as soon as -ripe, in sandy peat; about 1/4in. deep, or a little more, for large -seeds. A temperature of 55deg. to 60deg. suits them well. Pot off when -large enough to handle, and place in a cool close pit or house until -quite established. The culture and propagation of the stove species -are the same as for the greenhouse sorts, but the former require, of -course, greater heat. Their flowers, however, are much less frequently -produced than their more temperate congeners, consequently they are not -so much grown. - - =A. affinis.=* _fl._ yellow. May. _h._ 5ft. New Holland, 1822. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. albicans= (whitish).* _fl._ white; heads, two to five, - aggregate, rising in racemes from the axils to the leaves. _l._ - with eight to nine pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing nineteen to - twenty-two pairs of oblong linear-leaflets. _h._ 5ft. Swan River. - - =A. amA"na= (pleasing). This closely resembles _A. heterophylla_. - - =A. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in heads two to - four together, pedunculate. April. _l._ with fifteen to twenty - pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing thirty to forty pairs of - linear-acute, ciliated leaflets. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1816. - One of the numerous varieties of _A. longifolia_. - - =A. arabica= (Arabian).* Gum Arabic. _fl._ white; heads - pedunculate, axillary, usually in threes. _l._ with four to - six pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing ten to twenty pairs of - oblong-linear leaflets. _h._ 20ft. Arabia, East Indies, &c., 1820. - Greenhouse species. See Fig. 4. - - =A. argyrophylla= (silver-leaved). A synonym of _A. brachybotrya_. - - =A. armata= (armed, simple leaved).* _fl._ yellow, in solitary - globular heads. April. _l._ phyllodia obliquely ovate-oblong, quite - entire, one-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Australia, 1803. - - =A. Benthami= (Bentham's). A synonym of _A. cochlearis_. - - =A. brachybotrya= (short-bunched).* _fl._ yellow, in axillary - stalked globular heads. April. _l._ phyllodia silvery silky, - obliquely obovate, or oblong. _h._ 8ft. Swan River. SYN. _A. - argyrophylla_. - - =A. Catechu= (catechu). _fl._ yellow; spikes cylindrical, solitary, - twin, or tern, axillary. March. _l._ with ten pairs of pinnA|, each - of which bears forty to fifty pairs of linear pubescent leaflets. - _h._ 20ft. to 40ft. East Indies, 1790. - - =A. cavenia= (Cavenia).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in globose heads, - peduncles, axillary, aggregate. _l._ with usually about five pairs - of pinnA|, each of which bears nine to ten pairs of linear-oblong - leaflets, clothed with scabrous pubescence. _h._ 20ft. Chili. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. cochlearis= (spoon-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in solitary globular - heads. April. _l._ phyllodia linear lanceolate, many-nerved at the - base, quite entire, mucronate. _h._ 4ft. West Australia, 1818. SYN. - _A. Benthami_. - - =A. cultriformis= (knife-formed).* _fl._ yellow, in crowded heads, - disposed in either axillary or terminal racemes. April. _l._ - phyllodia eight to ten lines long, four lines broad, cultriform, - ending in an acute hooked point, which bears to one side. _h._ 4ft. - New South Wales, 1820. - - =A. cuneata= (wedge-shaped).* _fl._ yellow. April. Swan River, - 1837. Greenhouse species. - - =A. cyanophylla= (blue-leaved). _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary; - heads globose. March. _l._ phyllodia lanceolate, often 1ft. long, - glaucous green, almost blue; branches drooping. _h._ 18ft. Swan - River, 1838. Arboreous. - - =A. dealbata= (whitened).* The Silver Wattle. _fl._ yellow, in - pedicellate heads, disposed in racemes along the axillary branches. - July. _l._ from ten to twenty pairs of pinnA|, each of which bears - thirty to thirty-five pairs of linear, much crowded pubescent - leaflets. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. Australia and Tasmania, 1820. - - =A. diffusa= (spreading). _fl._ yellow, in globular heads, which - are usually twin. May. _l._ phyllodia linear, one-nerved, ending - in an oblique acumen; branches diffusely procumbent, angular. _h._ - 2ft. Victoria and Tasmania, 1814. - - =A. Drummondi= (Drummond's).* _fl._ pale lemon; spikes axillary, - drooping, cylindrical, simple. April. _l._ with two pairs of pinnA|, - each pinna bearing two to three pairs of linear obtuse leaflets. - Plant unarmed, silky. _h._ 10ft. Swan River. Very handsome and one - of the best grown, forming a somewhat dwarf shrub. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4. ACACIA ARABICA (_a_) Flowering Branch, (_b_) -Seed-pod.] - - =A. Farnesiana= (Farnesian). _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented, disposed - in axillary, usually twin, unequally pedunculate heads. July. _l._ - with five to eight pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing from fifteen - to twenty pairs of linear glabrous leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. St. - Domingo, 1656. Greenhouse species. - - =A. glauca= (milky white).* _fl._ white; spikes globose, stalked, - axillary, usually twin. July. _l._ with four to six pairs of - pinnA|, each pinna bearing about twelve to fifteen pairs of linear, - distant, acute leaflets, which are glaucous beneath. _h._ 5ft. to - 10ft. South America, 1690. - - =A. glaucescens= (greyish). _fl._ yellow; spikes twin, but solitary - on the peduncles, axillary. June. _l._ phyllodia linear-lanceolate, - attenuated at both ends, falcate, three-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. - Queensland, 1822. SYN. _A. homomalla_. - - =A. grandis= (great).* _fl._ yellow; heads globular; peduncles - solitary or twin, axillary, one-headed. February to May. _l._ - with one pair of pinnA|, each pinna bearing eight to ten pairs - of linear-lanceolate leaflets; branches hairy. _h._ 6ft. West - Australia, 1850. A variety of _A. pulchella_. - - =A. heterophylla= (variable-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, in heads, - disposed in a kind of raceme. May. _l._ phyllodia linear, - attenuated at both ends, many-nerved. _h._ 5ft. Isle of Bourbon, - 1824. _A. amA"na_ is very like this. - - =A. hispidissima= (hairiest). A variety of _A. pulchella_. - - =A. holosericea= (all silky). _fl_. yellow, in axillary spikes, - usually twin. May. _l._ 6in. long, oblong-lanceolate, ending - in a soft point at the apex, three-nerved. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. - Australia, 1818. The whole aspect of this tree is silky. SYN. _A. - leucophylla_. - - =A. homomalla= (equal-woolled). A synonym of _A. glaucescens_. - - =A. Hugelii= (Baron Hugel's). _fl._ pale yellow. February. West - Australia, 1846. Greenhouse species. - - =A. ixiophylla= (Ixia-leaved). _fl._ yellow; heads about - twenty-flowered; peduncles downy, shortly racemose or solitary. - March. _l._ narrow, oblong-lanceolate, sub-falcate, obtuse, - obliquely mucronate, much branched. _h._ 2ft. New South Wales, 1844. - - =A. juniperina= (juniper-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in solitary heads. - May. _l._ linear-subulate, ending in a pungent point; branches - terete, pubescent. _h._ 6ft. Australia and Tasmania, 1790. - Greenhouse. - - =A. Lebbek= (Lebbek).* _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented; heads - many-flowered, pedunculate, three or four together, from the - crowded upper nodes. May. _l._ with two to four pairs of pinnA|, - each pinna bearing about six to eight pairs of oval, somewhat - dimidiate leaflets, which are obtuse at both ends. _h._ 20ft. East - and West Indies, 1823. Stove species. - - =A. leprosa= (leprous). _fl._ yellow, mostly five-parted, numerous - in a globular head; peduncles mostly in pairs or clusters, 1/4in. - long. May. _l._ narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with a - small callous point, narrowed at base, 1-1/2in. to 3in. long, those - of the barren shoots broader. Branchlets pendulous, more or less - glutinous. Australia, 1817. (B. R. 1441.) - - =A. leucophylla= (white-leaved). A synonym of _A. holosericea_. - - =A. lineata= (lined). _fl._ yellow, mostly five-parted, ten to - fifteen or rarely more in a small, globular head; peduncles - slender, rarely exceeding the leaves. April. _l._ linear, with a - small hooked point, about 1/2in., rarely 3/4in., long, one-nerved. - Branches nearly terete, usually pubescent or villous. _h._ 6ft. - Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3346.) - - =A. l. longissima= (longest). Synonymous with _A. longissima_. - - =A. longifolia= (long-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; spikes loose, - axillary, cylindrical. March. _l._ phyllodia linear-lanceolate, - narrowed at each end, three-nerved, striated. _h._ 10ft. Australia, - 1792. A fine erect-growing greenhouse species. - - =A. longissima= (longest-leaved). _fl._ yellow; spikes several, - axillary, generally branched. May. _l._ phyllodia very long, - filiform, one-nerved, spreading. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1819. - Stove species. SYN. _A. linearis longissima_. - - =A. lunata= (half-moon).* _fl._ yellow; heads disposed in racemes, - which are longer than the phyllodia. April. _l._ phyllodia - obliquely oblong, rather falcate, narrowed at the base, terminating - in an oblique callous mucrone. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Australia, 1810. - Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. oleA|folia_. - - =A. melanoxylon= (black wooded). _fl._ yellow; heads few, disposed - in a kind of raceme. April. _l._ phyllodia lanceolate-oblong, - rather falcate, obtuse, quite entire, many-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to - 10ft. Australia, 1818. Greenhouse species. - - =A. mollissima= (softest-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; heads pedicellate, - disposed in racemes along the axillary peduncles. July. _l._ with - eight to eighteen pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing thirty to - forty pairs of linear, much crowded, pubescent leaflets, which - are clothed with yellowish velvety down when young; branches and - petioles angular. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. Van Diemens Land, 1810. - - =A. oleA|folia= (olive-leaved). A synonym of _A. lunata_. - - =A. oxycedrus= (sharp-cedrus).* _fl._ yellow; spikes axillary, - solitary, elongated. April. _l._ phyllodia scattered, or somewhat - verticillate, lanceolate-linear, ending in a pungent point, - three-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New South Wales, 1823. Greenhouse - species. - - =A. paradoxa= (paradoxical). _fl._ yellow, disposed in solitary - heads. March. _l._ phyllodia obliquely oblong-lanceolate, entire, - wavy, one-nerved; branches clammy, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. New Holland. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. penninervis= (feather-nerved). _fl._ yellow; heads about the - size of a pea, racemose. April. _l._ phyllodia oblong, acuminated - at both ends, straight, 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. broad, feather - veined. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1824. - - =A. platyptera= (broad-winged).* _fl._ yellow; heads solitary, on - short peduncles. March. _l._ phyllodia short, bifarious, decurrent, - obliquely truncate, mucronate; branches broadly winged. _h._ 3ft., - Swan River, 1840. Greenhouse species. - - =A. pubescens= (downy).* _fl._ yellow; heads small, globose - pedicellate, disposed in racemes along the axillary peduncles. - March. _l._ with three to ten pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing - six to eighteen pairs of linear glabrous leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to - 10ft. Branches terete, hairy. New Holland, 1790. - - =A. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ yellow; heads solitary. April. - _l._, pinnA| bearing five to seven pairs of oblong-ovate, obtuse - leaflets. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1803. Greenhouse species. - The variety _hispidissima_ has white flowers. - - =A. Riceana= (Rice's).* _fl._ pale yellow, in long, solitary, - axillary spikes. May. _l._ linear, in clusters, dark green, - scattered or whorled. _h._ 20ft. Tasmania. Habit graceful, like a - weeping willow. Very handsome and distinct. SYN. _A. setigera_. See - Fig. 5. - - =A. rotundifolia= (round-leaved). _fl._ yellow; heads globose, - solitary, on long peduncles. March. _l._ phyllodia on short - petioles, obliquely rounded, obtuse or retuse, mucronate. Branches - angular, puberulous. _h._ 6ft. New Holland, 1842. - - =A. saligna= (willow-like). _fl._ yellow; heads solitary, on short - peduncles. March. _l._ phyllodia linear, attenuated at both ends, - quite entire, almost nerveless. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New Holland, - 1818. Greenhouse species. - - =A. Senegal= (Senegal). Gum Senegal. _fl._ white, small, glabrous, - distant; spikes axillary, solitary, slender. _l._ with five to - eight pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing fifteen to eighteen - pairs of oblong-linear, obtuse, glabrous leaflets; branches white; - prickles sometimes wanting. _h._ 20ft. Arabia, 1823. Stove species. - - =A. setigera= (bristly). Synonymous with _A. Riceana_. - - =A. sophorA|= (sophora-podded). _fl._ yellow; spikes usually twin, - axillary. May. _l._ phyllodia obovate, oblong or lanceolate, quite - entire, many nerved; sometimes there are bipinnate leaves at the - tops of the branches. _h._ 20ft. New Holland, 1805. - - =A. sphA|rocephala= (round-headed).* _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary, - usually twin, ovate-roundish. _l._ with numerous close-set linear - falcate pinnules, which are usually tipped by a glandular yellow - "food body;" spines twin, hollow. Mexico. A very remarkable stove - species, inhabited by ants during certain seasons in its native - country. - - =A. uncinifolia= (hook-leaved). _fl._ yellow; spikes usually twin, - dense, on short peduncles, cylindrical. March. _l._ phyllodia long, - linear-subulate, flat, recurved, mucronate, three-nerved; branches - angular. _h._ 6ft. Swan River, 1846. - - =A. vera= (true). Egyptian Thorn; Gum Arabic. _fl._ white, usually - in twin heads, pedunculate, axillary. July. _l._ with two pairs - of pinnA|, each pinna bearing eight to ten pairs of oblong linear - leaflets; branches and spines red. _h._ 20ft. Egypt, 1596. - -[Illustration: FIG. 5. A FLOWERING BRANCH OF ACACIA RICEANA.] - - =A. verticillata= (whorl-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; spikes axillary, - solitary, oblong. March. _l._ phyllodia linear, ending in a pungent - mucrone, disposed somewhat verticillately. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. A - spreading, prickly, greenhouse species, of variable habit. New - Holland, 1780. - - =A. vestita= (clothed).* _fl._ yellow, in loosely racemose heads, - along the peduncles; upper ones solitary. June. _l._ phyllodia - obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, one-nerved, ending in an awnlike - mucrone, hispid. _h._ 4ft. New Holland, 1820. - - =A. viscidula= (clammy).* _fl._ yellow; heads globular, on short - stalks, axillary, solitary or twin. February. _l._ linear, clammy; - branches slender, clammy. _h._ 6ft., erect. New South Wales, 1844. - -=ACA†NA= (from _akaina_, a thorn; in allusion to the slender spines -on the calyx or fruit). ORD. _RosaceA|_. A genus of dwarf sub-shrubby -plants. Flowers capitate, or interruptedly spicate, uninteresting; -petals absent. Leaves alternate, impari-pinnate. Excepting for -rockwork, or as edgings to flower beds, they are not of much value; -their habit is, however, very compact and neat. They require similar -treatment to other hardy herbaceous plants, in ordinary soil. Increased -by cuttings, creeping rootlets, divisions, and by seeds. - - =A. microphylla= (small-leaved).* _fl._ green, small, in close - heads, furnished with showy, long crimson spines. Summer. _l._ - small, pinnate. _h._ 1in. to 2in. New Zealand. A neat evergreen - with a compact and cushion-like growth; it is a very effective - subject for the rock garden, and grows freely in most situations. - The crimson globular heads of spine-formed calyces form a - conspicuous and ornamental feature of the plant. SYN. _A. NovA| - ZealandiA|_. See Fig. 6. - - =A. millefolia= (myriad-leaved).* _fl._ inconspicuous. A very - distinct species with finely-cut pale green leaves. The fruiting - spikes of this are not collected in globular heads, as in the - others, and their presence detract from its value as an ornamental - plant. Otherwise, it is very graceful. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6. ACA†NA MICROPHYLLA.] - - =A. myriophylla= (many-leaved).* _fl._ green, small, in rounded - spikes. June. _l._ pinnate; leaflets deeply cut. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. - Chili, 1828. Small, fern-like. - - =A. NovA| ZealandiA|= (New Zealand). A synonym of _A. microphylla_. - - =A. ovalifolia= (oval-leaved). _fl._ green. Summer. _h._ 9in. - Chili, 1868. Good for rock gardens. - - =A. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ inconspicuous. A pretty - bronzy-leaved species, admirably suited for rockwork crevices, - where space is no object. It grows very rapidly, and forms handsome - tufts. - -=ACALYPHA= (the name given by Hippocrates to the Nettle). ORD. -_EuphorbiaceA|_. Stove ornamental and variegated nettle-like leaved -shrubs. Flowers greenish or reddish, inconspicuous, in erect or -drooping bracted axillary or terminal spikes; those of the upper -portion sterile, of the lower, fertile. The undermentioned only are -those most worthy of cultivation. They are very easily grown, with -ordinary stove treatment, and in a peat and loam compost. When well -cultivated, the leaves of the hybridised varieties are highly coloured, -but rather coarse than otherwise. Increased by cuttings under a glass -in sandy soil, in stove heat, during April. - - =A. Macafeeana= (Macafee's). _l._ red, blotched with bronzy - crimson. 1877. - - =A. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _l._ cordate ovate, russet brown, - blotched with paler spots. The best and handsomest stove species. - - =A. marginata= (margined). _l._ large, very hairy, ovate-acuminate, - centre brown, with a distinct margin of rosy carmine, about 1/4in. - wide. Fiji Islands, 1875. - - =A. musaica= (mosaic).* _l._ bronzy green, variegated with orange - and dull red. Polynesia, 1877. - - =A. torta= (twisted). _l._ dark olive, tinted green; margin cut - into blunt, oblong segments. Samoan Islands. Remarkable for its - curiously contorted foliage. It has erect stems, which are terete, - and covered by the leaves in a very singular way. - - =A. tricolor= (three-coloured). A synonym of _A. Wilkesiana_. - - =A. Wilkesiana= (Wilkes').* _l._ ovate-acuminate, curiously - blotched, mottled, and splashed with red and crimson; ground colour - coppery green. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New Hebrides, 1866. SYN. _A. - tricolor_. - - =A. W. marginata= (Wilkes's margined).* _l._ large, olive brown, - margined with rosy carmine. Fiji Islands, 1875. - -=ACANTHACEA†.= A large order of soft-wooded, herbaceous plants, usually -having gamopetalous axillary flowers; calyx composed of deeply -imbricated scales; bracts large, leafy. - -=ACANTHEPHIPPIUM= (the derivation of this word is not apparent). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. A peculiar class of terrestrial stove orchids. Flowers -rather large, racemose, few; sepals combined in a broad oblique -pitcher, including the petals, which are adnate to the base of the -column; column short, produced into a long foot. Pseudo-bulbs oblong. -Leaves few, large, longer than the scapes. The best species are the -two first-mentioned. They will thrive well in sandy peat, with a -quantity of small stones, broken pots, or gravel. A great deal of -heat and moisture are absolutely essential during the growing period. -Propagated, as soon as growth commences, by dividing the pseudo-bulbs. - - =A. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ purple and yellow, about 2in. - long, campanulate, produced in clusters of three or four together; - petals oblong-lanceolate, acutish; lateral lobes of lip rounded. - June. _h._ 9in. Ceylon, 1833. - - =A. Curtisii= (Curtis's).* _fl._ same shape as above (except the - lip), with numerous purple spots, light rose, and flush; column - white, nail of lip yellow, keels yellowish, laciniA| white with - purple. Malay Archipelago, 1881. The five keels between the - side laciniA| distinguish it from the foregoing species and _A. - sylhetense_. - - =A. javanicum= (Javanese).* _fl._ yellow and red, with distinct - longitudinal stripes; petals triangular; lip three-lobed; lateral - lobes truncate; intermediate lobe constricted in middle, ovate, - and tuberculate at the apex, fleshy on both sides at base, with - truncate emarginate inflexed teeth. September. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Java, - 1843. - - =A. sylhetense= (Sylhet). _fl._ white, with many irregular spots - and blotches towards the extremities of the outer portions. June. - _h._ 9in. Sylhet, 1837. - -=ACANTHOLIMON= (from _akanthos_, a spine, and _limon_, sea lavender). -ORD. _PlantagineA|_. Dwarf hardy tufted evergreen plants, distinguished -from allied genera in having sharp-pointed rigid leaves. They are of -rather slow growth, thriving best in a sandy soil, and sunny position, -on rockwork more particularly. The flowers are similar to _Statice_ and -_Armeria_. Increased by seeds (which germinate slowly), sown carefully -on a warm but rather shaded border, and transplanted when large -enough to handle; or by cuttings and very carefully made divisions. -The cuttings should be made in late summer, and placed in a frame, to -remain there during the winter. - - =A. glumaceum= (prickly).* _fl._ rose, spicate, about 1/2in. - across, six to eight in a spikelet. Summer. _l._ densely packed and - sharply pointed with spines. _h._ 6in. Armenia, 1851. Very compact - and distinct. SYN. _Statice Ararati_. - - =A. Kotschyi= (Kotschy's). _fl._ white. A good species, but very - rarely seen in British gardens. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7. ACANTHOLIMON VENUSTUM.] - - =A. venustum= (charming).* _fl._ rose, spicate, from twelve to - twenty in each spike. Summer. _l._ broader than in the last, and - glaucous. _h._ 6in. or 8in. Cilicia, 1873. A rare and handsome - alpine. Larger than the preceding. See Fig. 7. - -=ACANTHOPHA'NIX= (from _akantha_, a spine, and _phoinix_, the Date -Palm). ORD. _PalmA|_. A very elegant stove palm, differing from _Areca_ -principally in habit, and requiring a light sandy soil and a summer -temperature of 65deg. to 80deg., winter 55deg. to 65deg. Increased by -seeds only; these germinate best in a moist bottom heat, and a well -decomposed compost of one part loam, one of peat, one of leaf mould, -and the remainder of sand. They may remain in this soil for two or -three years. - - =A. crinita= (hairy).* _fl._ spirally arranged, in threes, the - central one being female. _l._ the fronds are arched, broadly ovate - in outline, pectinately pinnate in division, with long linear - acuminate segments, paler beneath. The stem is densely armed with - black, needle-shaped spines, and much swollen towards the base. - Seychelles, 1868. - -=ACANTHORHIZA= (from _akantha_, a spine, and _rhiza_, a root). ORD. -_PalmA|_. A small genus of stove palms, differing from _Trithrinax_ -by the aA"rial roots of the trunk hardening into spines (which are -horizontal or pointed upwards), and by the blade of the leaf being -divided down to the petiole. They delight in a rich loamy soil, and are -propagated by seeds, in a moist, sweet hotbed, in spring. - - =A. aculeata= (spiny).* _l._ orbicular, palmately slit into - numerous linear-lanceolate, glabrous segments, deep-green above, - silvery beneath; petioles slender; the trunk is covered with - a network of branching spines. Mexico, 1879. SYN. _ChamA|rops - stauracantha_. - - =A. Wallisii= (Wallis's).* A recent introduction from tropical - America, and not yet much cultivated; it is a tall palm with - orbicular palmate leaves. - - =A. Warzcewiczii= (Warzcewicz's).* This differs from the preceding - species by its more irregularly divided leaf blade, which is white - below. Tropical America. - -=ACANTHOSTACHYUM= (from _akanthos_, a spine, and _stachys_, a spike). -ORD. _BromeliaceA|_. A monotypic genus of stove evergreen herbaceous -plants; of easy culture in a compost of equal parts sand, decayed wood, -and rotten leaves. Propagated by suckers, which strike readily in -bottom heat. - - =A. strobilacea= (cone-fruited). _fl._ red and yellow; scape - simple, long, scurfy; bracts coloured. June. _l._ radical, very - long, incurved, narrow, thick, pungent, channelled, spiny-toothed, - covered with white scurf. _h._ 4ft. Brazil, 1840. - -=ACANTHUS= (from _akanthos_, a spine; several species being spiny -or prickly). Bear's Breech. ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. A group of stately, -ornamental perennial plants, mostly hardy, remarkable for their -vigorous growth and beautiful foliage. Flowers sessile, crowded, -spicate; corolla tubular, one-lipped; lip three lobed. To attain -perfection they require a deep soil, and a situation fully exposed to -the sun. They will, however, thrive moderately well in common soil and -partial shade. The habit being generally a bold one, they are most -suited for isolated tufts, backgrounds of mixed borders, and the wild -garden. Propagated by seeds, sown in gentle heat, or by division of the -roots, in autumn or early spring. - - =A. carduifolius= (thistle-leaved). _fl._ blue. August. _h._ 3ft. - Cape of Good Hope, 1816. Greenhouse species. - - =A. hispanicus= (Spanish). _fl._ white. August. _l._ large, - shining, and deeply cut. _h._ 2ft. Spain, 1700. - - =A. longifolius= (long-leaved).* _fl._ purple, rose, in the axils - of the bracts, which are oval, acuminate, spiny, of a reddish hue, - forming a spike nearly 1ft. long. June. _l._ radical, 2ft. to 3ft. - long; numerous. _h._ 3ft. to 4-1/2ft. Dalmatia, 1869. - - =A. lusitanicus= (Portugal). Synonymous with _A. mollis latifolius_. - - =A. mollis= (soft).* _fl._ white or rose, sessile in the axils - of the deeply-toothed bracts; spikes about 1-1/2ft. Summer. _l._ - sinuated, unarmed, heart-shaped in outline, 2ft. long by 1ft. - broad. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Italy, 1548. - - =A. m. latifolius= (broad-leaved).* A variety of _A. mollis_, but - larger and more robust in every part. This very handsome form - is probably the best grown; it is one of the most suitable for - sub-tropical gardening. A warm sunny spot is needful. SYN. _A. - lusitanicus_. See Fig. 8. - - =A. montanus= (mountain).* _fl._ rose. August. _h._ 3ft. West - Africa, 1865. A shrubby species. - - =A. niger= (black). _fl._ purplish white. July to September. _l._ - sinuated, unarmed, glabrous, shining green. _h._ 3ft. Portugal, - 1759. - - =A. spinosissimus= (most spiny).* _fl._ rosy, sessile, on a - very handsome spike, with acute, recurved spines. Autumn. _l._ - laciniate, pinnatifid, blistered, spiny; spines white. _h._ - 3-1/2ft. South Europe, 1629. - -[Illustration: FIG. 8. ACANTHUS MOLLIS LATIFOLIUS.] - - =A. spinosus= (spiny).* _fl._ purplish, spicate; sepals spiny. - Summer. _l._ deeply and regularly cut, each division terminated by - a short spine. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. South Europe. See Fig. 9. - -=ACAULESCENT.= With apparently no stem. - -=ACCESSORY.= Something additional, not usually present. - -=ACCRETE.= Fastened with another body, and growing with it. - -=ACCUMBENT.= Lying against anything, in distinction to _incumbent_, or -lying upon. - -=ACER=, (from _acer_, hard or sharp; wood is extremely hard, and -was formerly much used for making pikes and lances). Maple. ORD. -_SapindaceA|_. A genus comprised, for the most part, of handsome -hardy deciduous shrubs, or trees, adapted for forming shrubberies, -plantations, &c. Flowers greenish, except where mentioned. _A. -Pseudo-platanus_ is one of our most useful forest trees. Several of the -species produce very useful timber; sugar is one of the constituent -parts of the sap of all of them, and is obtained in large quantities -from _A. saccharinum_, in North America. They all prefer a somewhat -sheltered position. The most satisfactory soil is one free, deep, -loamy, and well drained; the latter is especially desirable with -some of the Japanese varieties. The varieties of _A. japonicum_, and -_palmatum_ are well worth growing in pots for conservatory decoration. -Propagation: By seeds, sown either in autumn or spring, covering them -not more than a 1/4in. deep; the common varieties may be sown outside, -while the rarer ones should be sown in a frame. By layers, and by -grafting; the latter method is adopted with many of the rarer species -and varieties, especially the variegated kinds; they are also readily -increased by budding in summer. - - =A. austriacum= (Austrian). Synonymous with _A. campestre - austriacum_. - - =A. campestre= (field).* Common Maple. _fl._ on erect racemes. May. - _fr._ wings of fruit much divaricated. _l._ small, cordate, with - five-toothed lobes. _h._ 20ft. Britain. A small tree with rough - bark, full of deep fissures; wood often beautifully veined, when it - is highly valued. - - =A. c. austriacum= (Austrian).* _fl._ much larger than those of the - species. _fr._ smooth. Lobes of leaves somewhat acuminated. SYN. - _A. austriacum_. - - =A. c. collinum= (hill-loving).* _fl._ smaller. _fr._ smooth. Lobes - of leaves obtuse. France. - - =A. c. hebecarpum= (downy-fruited).* _fr._ clothed with velvety - pubescence. - -[Illustration: FIG. 9. LEAF AND FLOWER SPIKE OF ACANTHUS SPINOSUS.] - - =A. c. lA|vigatum= (smooth-leaved). _l._ very smooth and shining. - - =A. c. nanum= (dwarf). Dwarf habit. - - =A. c. tauricum= (Taurian).* _l._ larger and less divided than in - the species. - - =A. c. variegatum= (variegated).* _l._ beautifully variegated with - blotches and stripes of white or whitish yellow; very distinct. - - =A. circinatum= (circinate).* _fl._ deep red, umbellate. April. - _l._ seven to nine-lobed, serrulated. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. North West - America, 1827. A very beautiful species, having pendulous branches - clothed with leaves, which change into a bright scarlet colour in - the autumn. - - =A. creticum= (Cretan). _fl._ on few-flowered erect corymbs. May. - _fr._ smooth, with the wings hardly diverging. _l._ cuneated at - the base, acutely three-lobed at the top. _h._ 4ft. Levant, 1752. - Nearly evergreen. - - =A. dasycarpum= (thick-fruited).* _fl._ conglomerate, on short - pedicels, apetalous. April. _l._ truncate at the base, palmately - five-lobed, with blunt recesses, and unequally and deeply-toothed - lobes. _h._ 40ft. North America, 1725. SYNS. _A. eriocarpon_, _A. - tomentosum_, _A. glaucum_, and _A. virginianum_. - - =A. Douglasii= (Douglas). Synonymous with _A. glabrum_. - - =A. eriocarpon= (hairy-fruited). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_. - - =A. Ginnala= (Ginnalian).* _fl._ on compound, crowded, erect - racemes. Amur River. This is generally classed as a variety of _A. - tartaricum_, but its habit is much more graceful, and in this form - the leaves are prettily cut and lobed, whilst the leafstalks and - midrib are more deeply coloured. - - =A. glabrum= (smooth).* _fl._ corymbose, on short two-leaved - branchlets, greenish-yellow. June. _l._ roundish-cordate, deeply - three to five-lobed, or partite; the lobes biserrate, of a - light green. _h._ 15ft. to 30ft. North West America. SYNS. _A. - Douglasii_, _A. tripartitum_. - - =A. glaucum= (glaucous). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_. - - =A. heterophyllum= (various-leaved).* _fl._ corymbose. May. _l._ - small, ovate, entire, and three-lobed, slightly serrated, smooth. - _h._ 4ft. Levant, 1759. An evergreen. SYN. _A. sempervirens_. - - =A. ibericum= (Iberian). _fl._ corymbose. May. _l._ bluntly - three-lobed; lobes with one or two teeth, lateral ones marked - with the middle nerve to the insertion of the petiole. _h._ 20ft. - Iberia, 1826. - - =A. japonicum= (Japanese).* _fl._ deep purplish-red, large. April. - _l._ many-lobed, in early spring very light green. _h._ 20ft. - Japan, 1863. The varieties of this species, although not well fixed - in many cases, rank amongst the most handsome of the deciduous - small shrubs grown, but often change in character as they attain - any considerable size. Plants from 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. high are very - useful in cool conservatories, and in the highly kept grounds - surrounding the house. - - =A. laurifolium= (laurel-leaved). Synonymous with _A. oblongum_. - - =A. Lobelii= (Lobel's). _l._ very slightly heart-shaped, - irregularly toothed, five-lobed; lobes more or less abruptly - pointed. - - =A. macrophyllum= (large-leaved).* _fl._ on erect, compound, - racemes. May. _l._ digitately five-palmate, with roundish recesses; - lobes somewhat three-lobed. _h._ 60ft. Northern California, 1812. - - =A. monspessulanum= (Montpelier).* _fl._ on few-flowered corymbs, - erect. May. _l._ cordate, three-lobed; lobes almost or quite - entire, equal. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. South Europe, 1739. - - =A. montanum= (mountain). _fl._ on compound, erect racemes. May. - _l._ cordate, three or slightly five-lobed, unequally and coarsely - serrated. _h._ 18ft. Canada, 1750. SYN. _A. spicatum_. - - =A. Negundo.= _See_ =Negundo fraxinifolium=. - - =A. oblongum= (oblong). _fl._ on compound racemes, pale yellow. - February. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, quite entire. _h._ - 20ft. Nepaul, 1824. SYN. _A. laurifolium_. - - =A. obtusifolium= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ drooping, corymbose. May. - _l._ rounded, bluntly three-lobed, crenately serrulate, about the - length of the petioles. _h._ 15ft. Crete. - - =A. Opalus= (Opalus). A synonym of _A. opulifolium_. - - =A. opulifolium= (Guelder-rose-leaved).* _fl._ on nearly sessile - corymbs. May. Ovaries and fruit smooth. _l._ cordate, five-lobed; - lobes obtuse, bluntly and coarsely toothed. _h._ 8ft. France, 1823. - SYN. _A. Opalus_. - - =A. o. obtusatum= (bluntish).* A larger, strong growing, - round-headed tree, with dark green leaves, which are covered with - a whitish or rusty tomentum on the under surface. - - =A. palmatum= (palmate-leaved).* _fl._ on five to seven-flowered - umbels. May. _l._ palmately divided into five to seven lobes beyond - the middle; lobes oblong, acuminated, serrated. _h._ 20ft. Japan, - 1820. - - =A. p. atropurpureum= (dark purple).* A vigorous handsome plant, - with bold dark purple foliage. Japan. - - =A. p. crispum= (crispy or waved).* _l._ green, with red stalked, - convoluted edges. Japan, 1871. Very distinct, and like a miniature - Lombardy poplar in habit of growth. - - =A. p. dissectum= (finely-divided).* _fl._ red, on terminal-stalked - racemes, five to six-flowered. May. _l._ nine to ten parted; lobes - oblong, acuminated, deeply serrated. _h._ 30ft. Japan, 1845. - - =A. p. ornatum= (beautiful).* Very ornamental, having finely cut - deep red leaves, with lighter midribs. Japan, 1871. This variety is - also known as _dissectum_. - - =A. p. palmatifidum= (palmatifid).* _l._ very finely palmately - divided, the lobes cut down quite to the midrib, of a beautiful - light green colour. 1875. - - =A. p. reticulatum= (netted).* _l._ palmately seven-lobed; lobes - unequal, sharply serrate, emerald green, with dark green veins. - Japan, 1875. A very elegant variety, with slender branches. - - =A. p. roseo-marginatum= (rose-margined).* _l._ freely divided, the - lobes deeply cut, light green, margined with rose. Japan, 1874. A - very distinct and charming variety. - - =A. p. sanguineum= (blood-red).* _l._ deeply five-lobed, the lobes - serrated, of a deep reddish-crimson colour, much brighter than - the variety _atropurpureum_. 1874. This presents a very striking - contrast to the last. - - =A. p. septemlobum= (seven-lobed).* _fl._ purplish, on numerous - flowered umbels. Spring. _l._ varying much, from palmately - five-lobed, with toothed undivided lobes, to deeply seven to - nine-lobed, with more or less finely cut divisions. Japan, 1864. - There are numerous beautiful forms of this variety. - -There are many varieties of this much varying species, but we have only -mentioned those best known; many are only known by their native names, -and there is some doubt as to their distinctive characteristics. They -are all extremely handsome. - - =A. pennsylvanicum= (Pennsylvanian).* _fl._ in long drooping, - simple racemes. May. _l._ cordate, three-lobed, acuminated, finely - and acutely serrated. _h._ 20ft. Trunk elegantly striped with white - lines. North America, 1755. SYN. _A. striatum_. - - =A. pictum= (painted).* _fl._ corymbose, stalked. _l._ five to - seven-lobed; lobes triangular or oblong, entire, acuminated. - _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Temperate Asia, 1840. _A. p. connivens_ - (converging), _A. p. marmoratum_ (spotted), _A. p. rubrum_ (red), - and _A. p. variegatum_ (variegated), are varieties differing - principally in the colouring of the leaves. All are very desirable. - - =A. platanoides= (plane-like).* The Norway Maple. _fl._ on nearly - erect stalked corymbs. May, June. _l._ cordate, smooth, five-lobed; - lobes acuminated, with a few coarse acute teeth. _h._ 50ft. Europe, - 1683. A very ornamental hardy tree, growing with great rapidity - when young. It prefers a deep, well-drained soil. - - =A. p. aureo variegatum= (golden-variegated).* _l._ variegated with - yellow. Europe, 1383. This, to retain the variegation, requires to - be propagated by budding or grafting. The same remarks are equally - applicable to the other varieties. - - =A. p. laciniatum= (cut-leaved).* _l._ deeply and variously cut, - green and yellow. - - =A. p. Schwedleri= (Schwedler's).* _l._ very large, deep - bronzy-red. A vigorous grower, and most effective. - - =A. p. variegatum= (variegated).* _l._ variegated with white. - There are several other varieties, but of less importance than the - foregoing. - - =A. Pseudo-platanus= (Mock-plane tree).* Sycamore. _fl._ on rather - compound pendulous racemes. May. _l._ cordate, with five acuminated - unequally-toothed lobes. _h._ 30ft. to 60ft. Europe. There are - few deciduous trees so well adapted for standing singly in rough - exposed situations. A deep, soft, dry soil is most suitable for it, - but it will grow in soils of very opposite qualities. - - =A. P. albo variegata= (white-variegated).* A very beautiful form, - in spring especially. _l._ white and green. - - =A. P. flavo variegata= (yellow-variegated). _l._ variegated with - yellow. - - =A. P. longifolia= (long-leaved).* _l._ more deeply cut, and the - petioles much longer than in the species. - - =A. P. purpureum= (purple).* _l._ purple underneath. The tree, - when slightly ruffled by the wind, alternately appearing clothed - in purple and pale green. Numerous other varieties of more or less - excellence are grown. - - =A. rubrum= (red).* Scarlet Maple. _fl._ scarlet, handsome, - conglomerate, corymbose. _l._ cordate at the base, deeply and - unequally toothed, palmately five-lobed, with acute recesses. - Branches and fruit also scarlet. _h._ 20ft. Canada, 1656. A variety - with leaves splashed with yellow is rare. An excellent species, - thriving well in damp, swampy situations, and is commonly increased - by layers. - - =A. rufinerve= (red-nerved).* "The leaves vary both in size and - outline, from 2-1/2in. to 4in. each way; three to five-lobed, with - irregularly toothed margins, glabrous above, but with reddish - hairs along the nerves beneath. The young branches are conspicuous - on account of the bluish-grey glaucescence with which they are - covered." - - =A. r. albo-limbatum= (white-margined).* differs only from the - species in having a very distinct white margin--not always - constant. Japan, 1869. - - =A. saccharinum= (Sugar Maple).* _fl._ yellow, on drooping corymbs, - on short peduncles; pedicels pilose. April. _l._ cordate, smooth, - palmately five-lobed; lobes accuminated, sinuately toothed. _h._ - 40ft. N. America, 1735. - - =A. s. nigrum= (blackish).* _fl._ on sessile corymbs, nodding. - April, May. _l._ cordate, with the recess closed; palmately - five-lobed. _h._ 40ft. North America, 1812. - - =A. Semenovi= (Semenov's).* A slender and graceful species, with - leaves closely resembling those of _A. Ginnala_, but smaller. - Turkestan, 1879. - - =A. sempervirens= (evergreen). Synonymous with _A. heterophyllum_. - - =A. spicatum= (spiked). Synonymous with _A. montanum_. - - =A. striatum= (striated). Synonymous with _A. pennsylvanicum_. - - =A. tartaricum= (Tartarian).* _fl._ white, on crowded, erect, - compound racemes. May. _l._ more or less cordate, acuminated, - serrated, with obsolete lobes. _h._ 20ft. 1759. This species is one - of the first to expand its leaves in spring. - - =A. tomentosum= (tomentose). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_. - - =A. tripartitum= (three-parted). Synonymous with _A. glabrum_. - - =A. Van Volxemii= (Van Volxem's). _fl._ not known in England. _l._ - palmately three to five-lobed, very large, light green above, - silvery and quite glabrous beneath. Caucasus, 1877. Distinct and - fine. - - =A. villosum= (hairy). _fl._ fragrant, on lateral racemes. April. - Buds, fruit, and young leaves, silky, villous. _l._ cordate, - five-lobed, villous beneath as well as the petioles; lobes ovate - acute. _h._ 50ft. Himalaya, at high elevations. Not hardy. - - =A. virginianum= (Virginian). Synonymous with _A. dasycarpum_. - -=ACERACEA†.= An order of very ornamental hardy trees, of which the -sycamore and maple are well-known representatives. - -=ACERAS= (from _a_, without, and _keras_, a horn; the lip having no -spur). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. An interesting genus of terrestrial orchids. -Calyx of three ovate, equal, converging sepals; petals two, narrow, -oblong; lip spurless, much longer than the calyx, narrow, oblong, with -four linear lobes. The most interesting species is the native one. -Indigenous to dry, chalky pastures in the south-east of England, and it -will only thrive in similar soils when grown in gardens. Propagated by -careful divisions of tubers only. - -[Illustration: FIG. 10. FLOWER OF ACERAS ANTHROPOPHORA.] - - =A. anthropophora= (The Green Man Orchis). _fl._ greenish, on - a long spike, lip longer than the ovary; lip and petals often - margined with red. June. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 1ft. See Fig. 10. - -=ACERATIUM= (from _a_, not, and _keras_, a horn; the stamens being -destitute of the terminal bristles so conspicuous in its near ally, -_ElA|ocarpus_). ORD. _TiliaceA|_. An interesting stove evergreen tree, -very closely allied to _Tilia_. It thrives well in a mixture of loam -and peat, and is increased by ripe cuttings, which root readily if -placed in sand, under a hand glass, in heat. - - =A. oppositifolium= (opposite-leaved).* _fl._ white, on terminal - three-flowered peduncles. June. _l._ opposite, elliptic-oblong, - furnished with a few mucronated teeth. _h._ 20ft. Amboyna, 1818. - -=ACEROSE, ACEROSUS.= Needle-pointed, fine, and slender, with a sharp -point. - -=ACETARIOUS.= An adjective applied to plants used in salads. - -=ACEUS.= A termination expressing a resemblance to the thing whose name -it terminates--_foliaceus_, leaf-like, of the texture of a leaf or -_folium_. - -=ACHANIA.= _See_ =Malvaviscus=. - -=ACHENE.= A hard, dry, one-seeded, superior seed-vessel. - -=ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.= _See_ =Sphinx Atropos=. - -=ACHILLEA= (named after Achilles, who is said to have first discovered -the medicinal qualities of this plant). Including _Ptarmica_. -Milfoil. ORD. _CompositA|_. A large genus (about fifty species), -containing numerous hardy, border and alpine plants. Flower-heads -small, corymbose; involucral scales oblong, often with a shrivelled -appearance; receptacle with membranous scales, resembling chaff; ray -florets few, sometimes rather large and showy; pappus none. Leaves -ternate, simple or compound. All the species are easily cultivated in -ordinary garden soil. _A. Eupatorium_ and other large-growing kinds are -well suited for borders or groups, whilst the alpine section should be -planted on the rockery. A great number of species, although excellent -for naturalising in rough shrubberies, are totally unfitted for garden -culture. Propagated, during spring, by root divisions, cuttings, and -seeds. - - =A. A|gyptiaca= (Egyptian).* _fl.-heads_ rich bright yellow, in - closely packed terminal corymbs, which are from 2in. to 4in. - across. Summer. _l._ pinnate; leaflets obtusely lanceolate, - serrate, silvery white, 6in. to 8in. long. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to - 2-1/2ft. Levant, 1640. Handsome perennial, thriving best in a warm - position. - - =A. Ageratum= (ageratum-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ pure white, large, - borne singly on stalks about 6in. or 8in. high. Summer. _l._ - narrow, arranged in a dense silvery rosette, the margins prettily - crimped. Greece. A pretty alpine, of compact habit. - - =A. asplenifolia= (asplenium-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ rose-coloured, - small, in a compound corymb. June to September. _l._ lower ones - stalked, pinnatifid, lobes pinnate; upper ones pinnate. _h._ 18in. - North America, 1803. - - =A. atrata= (black-cupped).* _fl.-heads_ white. August. _l._ in a - rosette, pinnatifid, deep shining green. Austria, 1596. A pretty - alpine. - - =A. aurea= (golden-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ golden yellow, borne - singly on stems 18in. high. Summer and autumn. _l._ larger than in - _A. ageratifolia_, with which species it is sometimes confused. - Levant, 1739. Habit tufted. Requires a warm position. - -[Illustration: FIG. 11. ACHILLEA CLAVENNA†, showing Habit and detached -Flower-heads.] - - =A. ClavennA|= (Clavenna's).* _fl.-heads_ white, in neat and compact - heads. Spring and summer. _l._ bipinnatifid; segments linear, - obtuse, slightly denticulated at the apex. _h._ 10in. Austria, - 1656. A very neat and pretty species, having dwarf tufted habit and - a hoary appearance. See Fig. 11. - - =A. decolorans= (staining). _fl.-heads_ whitish yellow. July. _l._ - undivided. _h._ 1ft. Native country unknown. 1798. - -[Illustration: FIG. 12. ACHILLEA EUPATORIUM, showing Habit and detached -Flower-head.] - - =A. Eupatorium= (fern-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ brilliant yellow, - in dense convex, compound corymbs, which are often 5in. across, - lasting two months in full beauty. June to September. _l._ - numerous, linear, pinnate, lobed and serrated, hairy, rough. - _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Caucasus, 1803. This noble plant should be - grown at the back of the border, and kept neatly staked. SYN. _A. - filipendula_. See Fig. 12. - - =A. filipendula= (dropwort-leaved). Synonymous with _A. - Eupatorium_. - - =A. Herba-rota= (Herba-rota).* _fl.-heads_ white, in lax corymbs, - on slender stems. May. _l._ lanceolate, serrated. _h._ 6in. France, - 1640. When touched, this pretty little plant gives off an agreeable - aromatic perfume. To attain full beauty it requires sandy loam and - a sunny position. - - _A. macrophylla_ (large-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white. July. _l._ long - and broad pinnate; leaflets horizontal. _h._ 3ft. Italy, 1810. - - =A. Millefolium roseum= (rosy).* _fl.-heads_ rose-coloured, in - small ovoid heads, which are produced continuously for several - months. _l._ strap-shaped; segments very narrow. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. - England. It is well worth growing, both as a border plant, and for - cutting purposes. - - =A. mongolica= (Mongolian). _fl.-heads_ white. July. _l._ - undivided. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1818. - - =A. moschata= (musky).* _fl.-heads_ white, in lax corymbs. June. - _h._ 6in. _l._ bright green, about 2in. long, pinnatifid. Italy, - 1775. A pretty tufted alpine. - - =A. nana= (dwarf). _fl.-heads_ white. June to August. _l._ pinnate; - leaflets horizontal. _h._ 6in. Italy, 1759. A rockery species. - - =A. odorata= (sweet-scented). _fl.-heads_ white, fragrant. June to - August. _l._ bipinnate. _h._ 6in. Spain, 1729. - - =A. pectinata= (comb-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ white. June. _l._ bright - green, about 2in. long, pinnatifid. Italy, 1775. A pretty tufted - alpine. - - =A. Ptarmica flore-pleno= (double sneezewort).* _fl.-heads_ pure - white, freely produced in terminal corymbs. All through the summer - and autumn. _l._ lanceolate, serrulate. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. England. - This is one of the most useful white border perennials grown, - increasing very readily. When out of flower the stems should be cut - down to the surface. - - =A. santolinoides= (lavender-cotton-like). _fl.-heads_ white. July. - _l._ pinnate; leaflets transverse. _h._ 1ft. Spain. - - =A. serrata= (serrated).* _fl.-heads_ clear white, large, in small - corymbose clusters, forming a somewhat spreading panicle. Summer. - _l._ white, with adpressed hairs, sessile, lanceolate, deeply - serrated. _h._ 15in. Switzerland, 1686. - -[Illustration: FIG. 13. ACHILLEA TOMENTOSA, showing Habit and detached -Portion of Inflorescence.] - - =A. tomentosa= (downy).* _fl.-heads_ bright yellow, in repeatedly - compound corymbs. Summer. _l._ woolly, bipinnatifid; segments - linear, acute. _h._ 8in. to 12in. Europe. One of the best - yellow-flowered species for the rock garden, having a dense habit. - See Fig. 13. - - =A. umbellata= (umbel-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ white, six to eight - in a simple umbel. June. _l._ regularly lobed; lobes obovate, - entire; clothed with a dense, silvery pubescence, on which account - the plant is chiefly cultivated. _h._ 4in. to 5in. Greece. A very - pretty, dwarf rock plant. - - =A. vallesiaca= (Vallesian). _fl.-heads_ white. June to August. - _l._ pinnate; leaflets horizontal. _h._ 1ft. Switzerland, 1819. - -=ACHIMENES= (from _cheimaino_, to suffer from cold; alluding to -the general tenderness of the species). Including _Scheeria_. ORD. -_GesneraceA|_. A large genus of handsome, stove or warm greenhouse, -branched, generally hairy, herbaceous perennials, with scaly, -catkin-like stolons underground (see Fig. 14), and sometimes from -the axils of the leaves. Corolla funnel-shaped; tube rather oblique, -gibbous behind at the base; pedicels one-flowered, axillary, solitary -or fasciculated, bracteated. Leaves opposite, or three in a whorl, -serrated. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14. ROOT OF THE ACHIMENE, showing Tubercles.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 15. BOUQUET OF VARIOUS ACHIMENES.] - -To be successfully cultivated, they must be started and grown in stove -heat till they commence flowering, when they may be removed to the -conservatory or greenhouse, there to remain till after flowering. -Batches of tubercles should be started in heat from February till -the end of April, so as to give a succession of blossom. Shake each -variety out of the old compost and insert separately in light, sandy -soil; water sparingly at first, but when active they may receive -more frequent supplies. When the shoots are about 2in. high, the -tubercles may be transplanted to the pots, pans, or baskets in which -it is intended to grow them, using as potting compost fibrous peat and -leaf-soil in equal proportions, with about a sixth part of sheep's or -rotten cow manure, and sufficient silver sand to make the whole porous -and of a whitish appearance. Thorough drainage is indispensable, and -a layer of the rougher soil, or sphagnum, should be placed over the -potsherds, to prevent the loose soil stopping the drainage. Place the -pans as near the glass as possible, and shade from bright sunshine. -Give liberal supplies of water, with occasional doses of liquid manure; -and, as the shoots lengthen, they may be pinched, to induce sturdy -growth and a larger number of flowering branches. Place neat stakes to -each stem, and keep well tied, arranging the stakes as symmetrically -as possible, so as to ensure an even outline, but do not allow them -to be seen. Light syringing with clear water, morning and evening, is -beneficial. After the plants have done flowering, they should gradually -have less water as the foliage and stems decay; a light airy situation -is needed to mature and ripen the tubers. When the tops are quite dead, -they may be removed, and the pots stored on the sides in any warm dry -corner where the temperature will not fall below 50deg., keeping -the plants quite dry until the time of starting again. Achimenes are -liable to attacks of thrips, red-spider, and green-fly, especially if -the atmosphere is kept dry; these are easily destroyed by fumigation -with tobacco. This must only be done when the foliage is quite dry, -otherwise the plants will suffer. Achimenes are especially beautiful -when well arranged, especially if two or three varieties are mixed -together, as white, red, and purple (Fig. 15). There are several -methods of increasing these:--(1) By cuttings; these need not be cut -off at a joint, as they will root from any portion of the stem. Insert -them thickly in well-drained pots of sandy soil--say a mixture of equal -parts of peat and sand--and place in bottom heat. (2) By leaves, which -should be severed from the stems, and pricked in pots of similar soil -to the cuttings, placing all the petiole below the surface; stand the -pots in bottom heat. (3) By scales from the corms, which should be -carefully rubbed off and sown, like seeds, in pots or pans of the same -compost, barely covered with sand, and placed in bottom heat. (4) By -seeds, which are very small, and, consequently, require to be carefully -sown. The pans must be thoroughly drained and filled nearly to the -rim, levelled, and well watered with a fine rose, after which the seed -should be thinly scattered, covered very lightly with sand, and placed -in a shady position. Keep nicely moist, and apply water very lightly, -or the tiny germs will be disturbed. Place a sheet of glass over the -seed-pans. When the seedlings are large enough to handle, they may be -pricked off and afterwards treated like rooted cuttings. The best time -for all modes of propagating is early spring. - -[Illustration: FIG. 16. FLOWER OF ACHIMENES LONGIFLORA.] - - =A. atrosanguinea= (dark-crimson).* _fl._ crimson; tube of corolla - 1-1/2.in. long, cylindrical, saccate at base, pilose; limb small, - spreading; peduncle one-flowered. July, August. _l._ pilose, - oblong, sub-cordate, serrated, unequal. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, - 1848. - - =A. candida= (white).* _fl._ white; tube of corolla gibbous at - base; limb oblique, the front segment largest; peduncles axillary, - pilose, three-flowered. June. _l._ unequal, oblique at base, - serrated, pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, 1848. - - =A. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet; peduncles solitary, - axillary. August. _l._ three in a whorl, ovate, acuminated, - serrated, with minute leaves in the axils. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Jamaica, - 1778. - - =A. cupreata= (coppery). _fl._ scarlet; calyx spotted inside, with - a fringed mouth; petals ciliately toothed; peduncles one-flowered. - April. _l._ elliptic, serrated, wrinkled, coloured. _h._ 6in. - Mexico, 1845. Plant creeping, downy. - - =A. gloxiniA|flora= (gloxinia-flowered).* _fl._ whitish, large, - axillary; tube of corolla 2in. long; limb broad, spreading; lobes - finely serrated, dotted with purple inside. June. _l._ serrated - from middle to top. Stem slender, flexuous. _h._ 1ft. Mexico, 1845. - - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ violet purple, very - large, solitary, axillary; limbs of corolla spreading. June. _l._ - equal, ovate, oblique at base, sparingly serrated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - Mexico, 1842. - - =A. heterophylla= (various-leaved). _fl._ solitary or twin; corolla - scarlet; lobes ciliated. July. _l._ opposite, one smaller than the - other, cordate ovate, acuminated, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft. - Mexico. Plant rather hairy. - - =A. hirsuta= (hairy). _fl._ reddish, with yellow eye; limb - of corolla flat, with rounded serrulate segments; peduncles - one-flowered. July. _l._ cordate, serrated. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Stem - bulbiferous. Guatemala, 1842. Plant hairy. - - =A. Kleei= (Klee's).* _fl._ lilac; corolla dark near the mouth, - with a dash of yellow in the throat; calyx downy; peduncles - one-flowered. August. _l._ ovate, acuminate, serrated. _h._ 6in. - Guatemala, 1848. Plant hairy. - - =A. longiflora= (long-flowered).* _fl._ violet; segments of calyx - lanceolate, erect; corolla with a long tube, and an ample spreading - limb; pedicels one-flowered. July and August. _l._ three to four in - a whorl, ovate or oblong, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft. Guatemala, - 1841. Plant hairy. See Fig. 16. - - =A. multiflora= (many-flowered).* _fl._ pale lilac; sepals linear; - corolla funnel-shape; tube curved; lobes roundish, lower one - fringed; peduncles axillary, three to five-flowered. August. _l._ - opposite, or three in a whorl, ovate, deeply and doubly serrated. - _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1843. Plant hairy. - - =A. ocellata= (eye-spotted).* _fl._ reddish yellow, with dark - spots, solitary, drooping; petals nearly equally spotted. Autumn. - _l._ on longish petioles, ovate, acuminate, serrated, wrinkled, - coloured beneath. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1845. Plant hairy. - - =A. patens= (spreading). _fl._ violet, blue; calyx downy; tube of - corolla shorter than limb, which is spreading. June. _l._ ovate, - acuminate, hispid above, serrate. _h._ 1ft. Mexico, 1845. - - =A. pedunculata= (long-stalked).* _fl._ scarlet, with yellow eye; - corolla drooping, gibbous at base; peduncles in the axils of the - upper leaves. July. _l._ rather unequal, obliquely cordate, ovate, - serrated. _h._ 2ft. Stem simple, downy. Guatemala, 1840. - - =A. picta= (painted).* _fl._ scarlet, with yellow eye; tube - of calyx turbinate; lobes of corolla roundish, three lower - ones smallest; peduncles solitary or two-flowered, axillary - one-flowered. July. _l._ opposite, or three in a whorl, - cordate-ovate, coarsely serrated, velvety, and elegantly painted. - _h._ 1-1/2ft. Mexico, 1843. - - =A. rosea= (rosy). _fl._ rose, pilose; limb of corolla equal to - tube; peduncles filiform, many-flowered. June. _l._ sometimes three - in a whorl, pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, 1848. - -The foregoing are the most important species known. Hybrid varieties -are innumerable, and even surpass the species in beauty, the best of -which are enumerated below in their respective colours. - - =Blue and Purple Flowered.= ADVANCE,* flowers reddish-purple, - lighter at the eye, dwarf, and free habit; ARGUS,* rich plum, with - deep orange eye, large and free; DR. BUENZOD,* flowers rich crimson - purple, spotted with orange in the centre, very free; EXCELSIOR, - rich violet-purple, very large and free, with compact habit; GEM,* - flowers small, of good form, rich carmine-purple; GIBSONI,* flowers - very large, clear mauve, with the tube white outside; GRANDIS, rich - violet purple, with large orange eye, carmine shaded, a charming - variety; LADY SCARSDALE,* flowers of fair size, very free, rich - plum purple, shaded carmine; LONGIFLORA MAJOR,* a stronger grower - than the type, freely producing large rich blue flowers, one of the - finest varieties grown; MADAME GEORGE, deep purple shaded crimson; - MAUVE QUEEN,* flowers very large, of a distinct mauve, with a - brownish eye-shade, very profuse, with a grand habit, one of the - best; PURPUREA ELEGANS,* deep claret purple, orange throat with - dark spots, a very attractive variety; ROLLISONII,* flowers large, - deep lavender-blue, yellow throat, spotted with deep crimson, very - effective; VIVICANS,* dark carmine-purple, with crimson eye, a few - blue rays streaking from the eye, habit good, and very free. - - =Crimson and Scarlet Flowered.= AURORA,* rich rosy-scarlet, with - yellow throat, very large, fully 2in. across; CARL WOOLFORTH,* deep - crimson, shaded lighter at the eye, very free; DAZZLE, flowers - small, brilliant scarlet, pale yellow eye, very pretty and free; - DIADEM,* crimson lake, shaded carmine, with deep yellow eye; - ECLIPSE,* rich orange-scarlet, spotted with carmine, extremely - floriferous, with a good habit; FIREFLY,* deep carmine red, golden - eye, spotted with crimson, one of the best; HARRY WILLIAMS,* bright - cerise red, yellow, maroon spotted, the edge prettily fringed, a - very charming variety; LOVELINESS, rich magenta crimson, golden - eye, spotted with maroon; METEOR, flowers rather large, bright - crimson-scarlet, yellow eye, spotted carmine, very dwarf and - free; SCARLET PERFECTION,* rich carmine-scarlet, deep orange eye, - very beautiful; SIR TREHERN THOMAS,* deep crimson-lake, very - profuse, with a good habit; STELLA, deep magenta, with orange eye, - the margins fringed, very large and free, 2in. or more across; - WILLIAMSII,* flowers large, stout, brilliant scarlet, orange - throat, habit dwarf and free-branching, one of the finest varieties - grown. - - =Orange-Flowered.= GEORGIANA DISCOLOR, flowers large, bright - orange, with a distinct yellow centre; HENDERSONI,* rich - orange-salmon, with yellow eye; MAGNET,* deep orange, spotted with - crimson, with a distinct carmine zone, a very free-flowering and - beautiful variety; PARSONSI* is a decided improvement upon the last. - - =Rose-Flowered.= ADMIRATION, deep rose, white throat, spotted with - carmine; CARMINIATA SPLENDENS,* bright rose yellow, spotted in the - centre, a charming variety; LEOPARD, bright magenta rose, freely - spotted at the throat; LONGIFLORA ROSA,* rich lilac rose, deeper - in centre, of medium size, very free and dwarf; MASTERPIECE,* - deep rose, violet shaded, with a distinct white throat; _Pink - Perfection_,* rich rose, the eye rich carmine and violet rayed, - one of the best; ROSEA MAGNIFICA,* bright rose, with a yellow - eye, very finely spotted, a very lovely variety; ROSE QUEEN,* - flowers very large, rich rosy-lake, shaded deep purple, with a well - defined orange throat; UNIQUE,* rosy-pink, deep yellow eye, spotted - crimson, a very charming variety. - - =White-Flowered.= AMBROSE VERSCHAFFELT,* flowers of good size, pure - white, with a dark rayed centre; LONGIFLORA ALBA,* similar in form - and habit to Longiflora, but with large white flowers, slightly - marked in the centre; MADAME A. VERSCHAFFELT,* flowers large, - pure white ground, heavily veined with purple, a very attractive - variety; MARGARETTA,* flowers of medium size, pure white, and - destitute of any markings whatever. - -=ACHLAMYDEOUS.= Without floral envelope. - -=ACHRAS.= _See_ =Sapota=. - -=ACHYRANTHES.= _See_ =Chamissoa= and =Iresine=. - -=ACHYRONIA.= Included under =Priestleya= (which _see_). - -=ACHYROPAPPUS.= Included under =Schkuhria= (which _see_). - -=ACICULAR.= Needle-shaped. - -=ACINETA= (from _akineta_, immovable; the lip being jointless). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. A small genus of cool house, robust, sub-terrestrial -orchids allied to _Peristeria_. Flowers sub-globose, fleshy, arranged -on stout, pendulous racemes. Leaves lanceolate, membranous, ribbed. -Pseudo-bulbs angular, about as large as hens' eggs. The compost -should consist of equal parts of fibrous peat and living sphagnum. In -planting, first place a somewhat thick layer of the moss all round -the inside of the basket, and press the soil firmly round the plant. -During the growing season, the baskets should be taken down twice or -three times a week and dipped into a tub of water, so that the whole -may become saturated. In addition, the plants should be sprinkled with -the syringe morning and evening, for they delight in an abundant supply -of water and plenty of shade. When the growth is finished, they must -be kept very dry, an occasional syringing, to keep the leaves from -shrivelling, being all that is necessary. - - =A. Arcei= (Arce's). _fl._ yellow. Central America, 1866. - - =A. Barkeri= (Barker's).* _fl._ yellow and dark crimson, on stout - scapes, produced from the base of the bulbs, and bearing fifteen - to thirty fragrant flowers. Midsummer. _l._ broadly lanceolate, - 2ft. long. Pseudo-bulbs 5in. to 7in. long. Mexico, 1837. SYN. - _Peristeria Barkeri_. - - =A. chrysantha= (yellow-flowered).* _fl._ yellow, white, and - crimson, fragrant; lower part of the lip having a blunt, papillose - horn; racemes erect. May. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1850. - - =A. densa= (dense-flowered).* _fl._ sub-globose, and of a waxy - consistence, lemon-yellow, dotted brown, sweet-scented; racemes - rather short. Costa Rica, 1849. A robust-growing species, very like - _A. Barkeri_. SYN. _A. Warczewiczii_. - - =A. Humboldtii= (Humboldt's).* _fl._ straw-colour, dotted with - brown; scapes 2ft. long. May. _l._ broadly lanceolate, generally - four. Columbia, 1872. A handsome species, but the flowers speedily - fade. SYNS. _Anguloa superba_, _Peristeria Humboldtii fulva_. - - =A. sulcata= (grooved). _fl._ bright yellow. Columbia, 1879. Very - like the last species, from which it differs in mere botanical - detail. - - =A. Warczewiczii= (Warczewicz's). A synonym of _A. densa_. - -=ACINOS.= _See_ =Calamintha=. - -=ACIOTIS= (from _akis_, a point, and _ous_, an ear; in allusion to the -shape of the petals). ORD. _MelastomaceA|_. A small genus of pretty, -stove, evergreen plants. Flowers small; panicles slender, loose, -terminal; petals four, obliquely awned at the apex. Leaves thin, -membranous. For culture, _see_ =Melastoma=.. - - =A. aquatica= (water-loving). _fl._ white, small, on loose, - terminal, filiform panicles. June. _l._ cordate, ovate-oblong. _h._ - 6in. to 12in. South America, 1793. The pots in which this species - is grown should be kept in pans of water. - - =A. discolor= (various-coloured).* _fl._ small, red, in spicate - racemes. _l._ petiolate, elliptic-oblong, purple beneath, deep - shining green above. _h._ 1ft. Trinidad, 1816. - -=ACIPHYLLA= (from _ake_, a point, and _phyllon_, a leaf, referring -to the sharply pointed segments of the leaf). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. A -genus of curious and remarkable erect hardy perennials, with densely -fascicled, spicate, or panicled umbels of flowers; and pinnate or -bi-tripinnate leaves. They are most suited for the rockwork, in a light -sandy soil. Propagated by seeds or divisions in spring. - - =A. Colensoi= (Colenso's).* _fl._ white. This extraordinary - evergreen forms a circular bush, 5ft. or 6ft. in. diameter, of - bayonet-like spines, having flowering stems 6ft. to 9ft. high, - covered with spreading spinous leaflets. New Zealand, 1875. - - =A. squarrosa= (rough-headed).* _fl._ white. _h._ 6ft. to 9ft. New - Zealand. More frequently met with than the preceding, of very dense - growth. Commonly known as the Bayonet Plant. - -=ACIS= (named after Acis, shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and -the nymph SimA|this). ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. A genus of very pretty -dwarf bulbous plants, suitable for the rockery, in sunny sheltered -situations. This genus was formerly included with _Leucojum_, from -which it is distinguished by its dwarf slender habit, filiform style, -and membranous capsule. All are delicate little plants, with narrow -linear leaves and bell-shaped flowers. They require a free, open, rich -soil, and should remain and bloom undisturbed for years; divide the -clumps every three or four years, and renew the soil. - - =A. autumnalis= (autumn-blooming).* _fl._, perianth white, delicate - pink at the base, preceding the leaves; two to three on a stem. - Autumn. _l._ few in number, very slender, sheathing the stems at - the base. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Portugal, 1629. A charming species, and - the only one at all common. - - =A. grandiflorus= (large-flowered).* _fl._, perianth white, larger - than those of the last. August. _h._ 6in. Numidia, 1820. Somewhat - rare in cultivation. - - =A. roseus= (rose-coloured).* _fl._, perianth rose red, not more - than 1/4in. long; scape one to three-flowered. August. _l._ narrow, - blunt, linear. _h._ 3in. Corsica, 1820. Very rare. - - =A. tingitanum= (Tangiers). Of recent introduction; has a - many-flowered umbel, and very long leaves. - - =A. trichophyllus= (hair-leaved).* _fl._, perianth white, about - 1/2in. long; segments loosely nerved, with a faint flush of red at - the base. January. _h._ 6 in. Spain, 1820. - -=ACISANTHERA= (from _akis_, a point, and _anthera_, an anther; anthers -jointed). ORD. _MelastomaceA|_. A monotypic stove genus allied to -Rhexia, of semi-shrubby habit. It grows well in a mixture of loam, -sand, and peat; and cuttings root freely in the same soil in stove -temperature. - - =A. quadrata= (square-branched). _fl._ purple, ventricose, - alternate, axillary, solitary. July. _l._ three-nerved, ovate, - crenated; branches square. Habit erect, branched at the apex. _h._ - 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Jamaica, 1804. More curious than ornamental. - -=ACMADENIA= (from _akme_, a point, and _aden_, a gland; in allusion -to the anthers being terminated by pointed glands). ORD. _RutaceA|_. A -small genus of beautiful greenhouse shrubs. Flowers terminal, solitary, -or few, furnished with imbricate sepal-like bracts; petals five, -with long claws, which are bearded on the inside. Leaves imbricate, -linear-oblong, or roundish. They thrive best in a mixture of peat and -sand, with a little turfy loam; thorough drainage is also necessary. -Young cuttings pricked in a pot of very sandy soil, covered with a bell -glass, and shaded, will root freely in a cool house. - - =A. tetragona= (four-angled).* _fl._ white, large, sessile, - solitary. June. _l._ roundish-rhomboidal, with scabrous margins. - _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1798. - -=ACMENA= (from _AcmenA|_, nymphs of Venus, who had an altar at Olympia). -ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. A small genus of greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers -in dense trichotomous cymes, with five small distant petals, and very -conspicuous and pretty berries. They grow well in an equal mixture -of peat, loam, and sand. Propagated readily by placing half-ripened -cuttings in sand, under a glass, without heat. - - =A. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._ white, in threes, disposed - in a terminal panicled thyrse. May to September. _l._ full of - pellucid dots, oval-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends. Berries - globose, bright purple. _h._ 4ft. New Holland, 1790. - - =A. ovata= (ovate-leaved).* A new species, having, according to Mr. - W. Bull, ovate leaves, which, along with the stems and petioles, - are dark purple, giving the plants, when making new growth, a - striking appearance. It has a neat habit. - -=ACOKANTHERA.= _See_ =ToxicophlA"a=. - -=ACONIOPTERIS.= _See_ =Acrostichum=. - -=ACONITE.= _See_ =Aconitum=. - -=ACONITE, WINTER.= _See_ =Eranthis=. - -=ACONITUM= (from _AconA|_, or _Acone_, a harbour of Heraclea, in -Bithynia, near where it is said to abound). Aconite; Monk's Hood; -Wolf's Bane. ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. An extensive genus of very ornamental -hardy perennials. Flowers in terminal racemes; sepals five, the upper -one helmet shaped, the two sides broader than the two back ones; petals -five, small, the two upper with long claws hooded at the tip; the three -inferior smaller or undeveloped. Leaves palmate. They thrive well -in any ordinary garden soil. If left undisturbed for several years, -they will attain a goodly size, and produce fine panicles of handsome -flowers. They are invaluable for growing beneath the shade of trees, -where they succeed better than almost any other class of plants. All -are very easily propagated by divisions of the roots and seeds; the -latter should be sown as soon as ripe in a cold frame. Care should -be taken not to leave pieces of the roots about, for, with but one -exception, those of all the species are very poisonous. Although very -unlike horse-radish, they have frequently been mistaken for it, with -fatal results; and none of the species should be cultivated in or near -the kitchen garden. - - -Sect. I. Roots Tuberous. - - =A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed). _fl._ bluish purple; spur - capitate; helmet closed, conical, beaked. July. _l._ with cuneate, - bipinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Switzerland, 1819. - - =A. album= (white-flowered).* _fl._ pure white, large, with erect - helmet, very freely produced. _l._ dark green, with oblong-cuneate - divisions. August. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Levant, 1752. This is a rare - and very handsome species. - - =A. alpinum= (alpine). Synonymous with _A. rostratum_. - - =A. ampliflorum= (large-flowered). _fl._ bluish-purple, large; spur - obtuse, straight. June. _l._ with blunt segments. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Austria, 1823. - - =A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _fl._ deep blue, in spiked - panicles; spur capitate; helmet closed, hemispherical; lip bifid. - June. _l._ palmately cut into linear lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Siberia, 1824. - - =A. biflorum= (twin-flowered).* _fl._ pale blue, usually twin, - sessile, the middle rather obscure and with yellowish edges, - covered on the back with spreading down; spur truncate; helmet - depressed; beak drawn out. June. _l._ lower ones on long stalks, - with linear segments. _h._ 6in. Siberia, 1817. A very rare alpine - species. - - =A. Cammarum= (Cammarum). _fl._ rich deep purple, on rather loose - spikes; spur capitate; helmet closed, hemispherical. July to - September. _l._ with short, bluntish lobes. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. - Austria, 1752. - - =A. cernuum= (drooping). _fl._ violet, large, on nodding, loose, - hairy racemes; spur capitate, or a little hooked; helmet large, - arched, beaked. July and August. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate - lobes. Branches axillary, spreading. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1800. - - =A. delphinifolium= (Delphinium-leaved).* _fl._ pale bluish - purple, large, on loose racemes; spur a little hooked; helmet - hemispherical. June. _l._ smooth, deeply cut into five parts. Stems - slender. _h._ 6in. to 2ft. North America, 1820. A rare alpine - species. - - =A. elatum= (tall). _fl._ blue, very large, in loose panicled - spikes; peduncles pubescent; spur capitate, inclining. June. _l._ - with linear acute segments. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1822. - - =A. eminens= (eminent).* _fl._ blue, on erectly spreading pubescent - peduncles; spur capitate; helmet closed; lip very long, refracted. - June. _l._ with cuneate bipinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Europe, - 1800. - - =A. eriostemon= (woolly-stamened). _fl._ bluish-purple, disposed - in long, beautiful, erect-spreading spikes; spur capitate; helmet - closed, arched. June. _l._ with cuneate, bipinnate lobes. _h._ 4ft. - Switzerland, 1821. - - =A. exaltatum= (exalted). _fl._ blue, on loose panicles, with - ascending stiff branches; spur thick, somewhat hooked; helmet - conical; beak elongated. July. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate - lobes. _h._ 6ft. Pyrenees, 1819. SYN. _A. hamatum_. - - =A. flaccidum= (flaccid). _fl._ pale violet, large, on erect - spreading peduncles; racemes branched; spur hooked at the apex; - helmet high, arched, inclining forwards, gaping. July and August. - _l._ multifid, ciliated (as well as the petioles), when young. _h._ - 6ft. Siberia, 1822. - - =A. gibbosum= (swollen). Synonymous with _A. nasutum_. - - =A. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). _fl._ cream-coloured, middle-sized, on - very long loose racemes; spur straight, obtuse; bottom of the - helmet rounded, cylindrical. July. _l._ on long stalks, villous - beneath and shining above; lobes divided into narrow segments. _h._ - 2ft. Siberia, 1817. SYN. _A. nitidum_. - - =A. gracile= (slender).* _fl._ pale blue or violet, large, on loose - racemes; spur erect, clavated-hooked; helmet with a middle sized - beak. June. _l._ smooth, with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. Stems - slender. _h._ 2ft. Italy, &c. - - =A. Halleri= (Haller's).* _fl._ opaque violet, on elongated, loose - racemes, with a few lateral ascending ones; spur capitate; helmet - convex-hemispherical, gaping. June. _l._ lobes linear, dilated, - very long. Stem straight, long, branched. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. - Switzerland, 1821. - - =A. H. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ white, variegated with blue, - disposed in spikes or panicles. June. - -[Illustration: FIG. 17. FLOWER OF ACONITUM NAPELLUS, nearly Full Size.] - - =A. hamatum= (hooked). Synonymous with _A. exaltatum_. - - =A. hebegynum= (blunt-styled). Synonymous with _A. paniculatum_. - - =A. heterophyllum= (various-leaved). _fl._ pale yellow, and deep - blue in front, large, numerous, dense. August. _l._ petiolate - below, sessile above, broadly cordate, coarsely toothed at - the edge, and deep green. _h._ 2ft. Himalayas, 1874. A new - introduction, said to be non-poisonous, and used as a tonic in - India. - - =A. illinitum= (anointed). _fl._ pale or deep violet, on very loose - and much branched panicles, large; spur thick, long, abruptly - pointed; beak blunt; helmet sub-conical. July. _l._ with broad - cuneiform lobes, and obtuse lobules. _h._ 4ft. 1821. - - =A. intermedium= (intermediate). _fl._ blue, on a loose panicle, - with ascending stiff branches; spur supine, somewhat hooked; helmet - arched. June. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 3ft. to - 4ft. Alps of Europe, 1820. - - =A. japonicum= (Japanese).* _fl._ flesh-coloured, on loose - panicles, with ascending branches; helmet exactly conical, abruptly - mucronate; beak acute, straight. July to September. _l._ stalked, - trifid; lateral lobes bifid, middle lobe trifid, all blunt and - deeply toothed. Stem round, smooth. _h._ 6ft. Japan, 1790. One of - the best species grown. - - =A. j. cA"ruleum= (blue). _fl._ blue. Japan. - - =A. laciniosum= (jagged). _fl._ pale blue, or with a white base, - large, on somewhat contracted racemes; spur clavated-hooked; - helmet arched, conical. June. _l._ with jagged, trapeziform pinnate - lobes. _h._ 3ft. Switzerland, 1820. - - =A. lycoctonum= (true Wolf's-bane).* _fl._ livid-violet, rather - large; racemes more or less pubescent, branched at the base; - bottom of helmet cylindrical; beak elongated. July. _l._ large, - seven-parted. Stem slender, simple, upright. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. - Europe, 1596. - - =A. maximum= (largest). _fl._ pale blue; panicle loose, furnished - with a few long distant, few-flowered, pubescent branches; spur - short, incurved; helmet hemispherico-conical, obtuse. July. _l._ - multifid, large, smooth. _h._ 6ft. Kamtschatka, 1823. - - =A. meloctonum= (Badger's-bane). _fl._ cream-coloured, loose, - pubescent; panicle large, with diverging branches; spur arched; - bottom of helmet conico-cylindrical. July. _l._ five to - seven-parted, deep green. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Piedmont, 1821. - - =A. Meyeri= (Meyer's). _fl._ bluish purple, on pubescent peduncles; - spur capitate, inclining. June. _l._ with cuneate bipinnate lobes. - _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Bavaria, 1823. - - =A. molle= (soft). _fl._ violet, large, puberulous; racemes - panicled, pubescent; helmet irregularly conical, obtuse; front - erect; spur capitate, or a little hooked. June. _l._ smooth, with - trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. 1820. - -[Illustration: FIG. 18. ACONITUM NAPELLUS, showing Root, Seed-pod, -Flower-spike, Leaf, and Flower with Sepals removed.] - - =A. Napellus= (little turnip).* Common Monk's Hood. _fl._ blue, - large, on a large terminal raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; - spur capitate; helmet convex-hemispherical, gaping, smoothish; - lip revolute. Summer. _l._ pedately five-lobed. _h._ 3ft. to - 4ft. There are a great number of varieties of this species - cultivated and introduced. The following are some of the names - representing slightly varying forms which have, however, - been regarded as species by Reichenbach and other authors: - _acutum_, _amA"num_, _Bernhardianum_, _Braunii_, _callibotryon_, - _Clusianum_, _commutatum_, _firmum_, _formosum_, _Funkianum_, - _hians_, _Hoppeanum_, _KA"hleri_, _lA|tum_, _laxiflorum_, _laxum_, - _Mielichhoferi_, _napelloides_, _neomontanum_, _neubergense_, - _oligocarpus_, _rigidum_, _strictum_, _tenuifolium_, _venustum_, - _virgatum_. One of the most virulent of poisonous plants, both to - cattle as well as human beings; and, notwithstanding its eminently - handsome appearance, it should only be planted in places where no - danger is likely to arise from its presence. See Figs. 17 and 18. - - =A. nasutum= (great-nosed). _fl._ violet; panicle contracted, quite - smooth; spur elongated, arched; helmet conical, bending forward; - beak short. June. _l._ with broad, trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ - 3ft. Caucasus, &c., 1818. SYN. _A. gibbosum_. - - =A. nitidum= (shining). Synonymous with _A. Gmelini_. - - =A. Ottonianum= (Otto's).* _fl._ blue, variegated with white; young - peduncles nodding; spur supine, somewhat hooked; helmet arched. - July, August. _l._ with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. to - 4ft. Carpathian Mountains, 1824. - - =A. paniculatum= (paniculate).* _fl._ large, violet; panicle - terminal, much branched, loose or contracted, more or less - pubescent; helmet conical, beaked; front sinuate. June to - September. _l._ smooth, with trapeziform, pinnate lobes. _h._ 2ft. - to 3ft. France and Switzerland, 1815. SYN. _A. hebegynum_. - - =A. plicatum= (folded). Synonymous with _A. tauricum_. - - =A. productum= (long-lipped). _fl._ violet, downy, on few-flowered, - loose, pubescent racemes; helmet straight, irregularly - convex-conical, with a drawn-out beak; spur capitate. June. _l._ on - long stalks with three-parted lobes. _h._ 1ft. Siberia. - - =A. rostratum= (beaked).* _fl._ violet; panicle rather loose; spur - thick, depressed, globose; helmet conical, elongated, abruptly - pointed in front; beak stretched out. June. _l._ with trapeziform, - pinnate lobes. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Switzerland, 1752. SYN. _A. - alpinum_. - - =A. Schleicheri= (Schleicher's). _fl._ blue or violet, - middle sized, on short racemes; spur capitate; helmet - convex-hemispherical, gaping, smoothish. Summer. _l._ with finely - jagged lobes. Stem straight (or infracted), simple, slender. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. Europe. SYN. _A. vulgare_. - - =A. semigaleatum= (half-helmeted). _fl._ pale blue, pubescent when - young, on very loose racemes; peduncles elongated; spur hooked; - helmet convex, navicular. June. _l._ multifid, few, membranous, - smooth; root about the size and form of a pea. _h._ 6in. to 2ft. - Kamtschatka, 1818. - - =A. Sprengelii= (Sprengel's). _fl._ bluish purple; spur obtuse, - straight. June. _l._ with blunt, bipinnate lobes. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. - Europe, 1820. - - =A. tauricum= (Taurian).* _fl._ deep blue, disposed in dense - racemes; peduncles erect, smooth; lateral sepals smooth inside; - spur blunt; helmet closed, hemispherical. June. _l._ segments - almost pedately disposed and divided into linear acuminate lobes. - _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Germany, 1752. SYN. _A. plicatum_. - - =A. tortuosum= (twisting). _fl._ pale or deep violet, large; - panicle loose, few flowered; spur thick, long, abruptly pointed - (neither arched, nor convolute). July. _l._ smooth, with narrow - wedge-shaped lobes, and acute lobules. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. North - America, 1812. - - =A. toxicum= (very poisonous). _fl._ violet, large, pubescent, on - loose, also pubescent, racemes; spur hooked; helmet large, arched, - with a blunt beak. June. _l._ smooth, with trapeziform pinnate - lobes. Stem flexuous, almost simple. _h._ 2ft. America, 1825. - - =A. uncinatum= (hooked).* _fl._ generally lilac, large, smooth; - racemes loose, rather umbellate at the apex, very rarely panicled; - spur somewhat spiral, inclined; helmet regularly conical, - compressed. July. _l._ with trapeziform pinnate lobes. Stem with - branches rising from the axils of the leaves. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. - North America, 1768. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19. ACONITUM VARIEGATUM, showing Habit and Flower.] - - =A. variegatum= (variegated).* _fl._ blue, large, smooth; racemes - panicled, loose; spur erect, clavated-hooked; helmet bent forward, - inflated; beak ascending. July. _l._ lower, on long stalks; upper, - sessile, smooth, thickish. _h._ 1ft. to 6ft. Europe, 1597. See Fig. - 19. - - =A. v. albiflorum= (white-flowered).* _fl._ white, small; helmet - straight. - - =A. v. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ white, edged with blue or - lilac; helmet straight. - - =A. vulgare= (common). A synonym of _A. Schleicheri_. - - =A. Willdenovii= (Willdenow's).* _fl._ bluish-purple; peduncles - pubescent; spur obtuse, straight. June. _l._ with blunt segments. - _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Carniola, 1823. - - -Sect. II. Roots Fibrous or Napiform. - - =A. Anthora= (Anthora).* _fl._ pale yellow; panicles generally - pubescent; spur refracted; lip obcordate; helmet arched. July. _l._ - palmately cut into linear lobes. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Pyrenees, 1596. - The following varieties of _A. Anthora_ are erroneously classed as - species by some authors: - - =A. a. Decandollii= (Decandolle's). _fl._ yellow; panicle and - flowers pubescent; helmet rather conical, bent, with a short, - abrupt, and acuminated beak. _l._ with rather large dark green - lobes. Alps of Jura, 1873. - - =A. a. eulophum= (well-crested). _fl._ yellow; panicles and flowers - puberulous; helmet conical. Caucasus, 1821. - - =A. a. grandiflorum= (large-flowered). _fl._ yellow, large; - panicle, flowers, and fruit pubescent; helmet rather conical. Alps - of Jura, 1821. - - =A. a. Jacquinii= (Jacquin's). _fl._ yellow, smooth; helmet - somewhat conical, drawn out into an elongated beak. - - =A. a. nemorosum= (grove-loving).* _fl._ yellow; panicle and - flowers pubescent; helmet somewhat conical, bent; beak short. _l._ - with broad lobes. - - =A. autumnale= (autumn-flowering).* _fl._ bluish-purple, in - loose panicles; peduncles rigidly spreading; spur capitate; - helmet closed; lip very long, refracted. July. _l._ with cuneate, - bipinnate lobes. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Europe. - - =A. barbatum= (bearded).* _fl._ cream coloured, middle sized; - racemes dense, puberulous; spur straightish, obtuse; bottom of - helmet conical; middle sepals densely bearded. July. _l._ opaque, - with the lobes divided into many linear segments, on long stalks, - which are villous as well as the nerves. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. Siberia, - 1807. SYN. _A. squarrosum_. - - =A. chinense= (Chinese).* _fl._ intense and very bright blue, in - large compound racemes; pedicels slightly hairy above. Summer. _l._ - lower ones large, deeply cut into three wedge-shaped segments, - tapering at the base; upper ones sessile, gradually becoming more - entire. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. China, 1833. - - =A. Lamarckii= (Lamarck's). _fl._ cream-coloured, pubescent; - racemes long, cylindrical, crowded, branched at the base; spur - spiral; helmet constricted, clavate. July. _l._ large, seven to - nine-parted, with the lobes unequally cleft. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Pyrenees, 1800. - - =A. lupicidum= (Wolf's-bane). Synonymous with _A. Vulparia_. - - =A. macrophyllum= (large-leaved). _fl._ yellow, numerous, panicled; - spur arched; helmet large, somewhat ventricose at the apex. July. - _l._ large, more or less dissected. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. Germany. - - =A. Nuttallii= (Nuttall's). Synonymous with _A. ochroleucum_. - - =A. ochroleucum= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ cream coloured, large; - spur arched; bottom of helmet conico-cylindrical; middle sepals - covered with short hairs; racemes puberulous, rather loose. - July. _l._ five to seven-parted, deep green, the first ones are - puberulous above. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Russia, 1794. SYNS. _A. - Nuttallii_, _A. pallidum_. - - =A. Pallasii= (Pallas'). Probably a mere variety, with a continuous - spur, of _A. anthora_. - - =A. pallidum= (pale). Synonymous with _A. ochroleucum_. - - =A. pyrenaicum= (Pyrenean).* _fl._ yellow, rather large; spur - hooked; bottom of helmet cylindrical, rounded; racemes elongated, - dense, puberulous. June. _l._ parted almost to the base, with - pinnatifid lobes, rather hispid beneath, but smooth above, on long - stalks. _h._ 2ft. Pyrenees, &c., 1739. - - =A. squarrosum= (rough). Synonymous with _A. barbatum_. - - =A. vulparia= (Fox-bane).* _fl._ pale yellow, smooth; spur spiral; - helmet cylindrical, large; beak stretched out, acute; racemes - crowded. July. _l._ three or five-lobed, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. to - 3ft. Europe, 1821. SYN. _A. lupicidum_. The principal varieties of - this species are:-- - - =A. v. carpaticum= (Carpathian). _fl._ panicled, of a lurid colour, - sometimes variegated with yellow; helmet conico-cylindrical, - compressed; peduncles smooth. _l._ profoundly cut. Stems smooth. - _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Carpathian Mountains, 1810. - - =A. v. Cynoctonum= (tall Dog's-bane). _fl._ (and stem) yellow, - smoothish, numerous, panicled. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. France, 1820. - - =A. v. moldavicum= (Moldavian). _fl._ violet, panicled; helmet - cylindrical, compressed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Moldavia. - - =A. v. rubicundum= (reddish). _fl._ livid violet, panicled, - villous, variegated with yellow; helmet conico-cylindrical, - compressed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1819. - - =A. v. septentrionale= (northern).* _fl._ blue, panicled, villous; - helmet conico-cylindrical, compressed. _h._ 4ft. North Europe, 1800. - -=ACONTIAS.= _See_ =Xanthosoma=. - -=ACORN.= The seed or fruit of the oak. _See_ =Quercus=. - -=ACORUS= (from _a_, without, and _kore_, the pupil of the eye; in -allusion to its reputed medicinal qualities). ORD. _AroideA|_. A small -genus of hardy herbaceous plants. Flowers on a sessile spadix; perianth -six-cleft, inferior, persistent. They thrive best in a moist soil, -and are very suitable for the banks of water, or even as aquatics in -shallow water. Propagated easily by divisions during spring. - - =A. Calamus= (sweet-flag).* _fl._ yellowish, small, borne on a - cylindrical spadix 4in. to 6in. long. Summer. _l._ sword-shaped, - erect, striated 3ft. long. The root is cylindrical, channelled, and - very fragrant. Europe. The variety with gold-striped leaves is more - useful as a decorative plant. See Fig. 20. - -[Illustration: FIG. 20. ACORUS CALAMUS.] - - =A. gramineus= (grass-leaved). China, 1796. This is much smaller in - all its parts than the above, but very pretty. - - =A. g. variegatus.=* A pretty variety with white striped leaves, - forming handsome little tufts. - -=ACOTYLEDONS.= Plants having no cotyledons, or seed leaves, as in -_Cuscuta_, but usually applied to cryptogamic or flowerless plants, -such as ferns, mosses, &c. - -=ACRADENIA= (from _akra_, top, and _aden_, a gland; referring to the -five glands on the top of the ovary). ORD. _RutaceA|_. An excellent neat -and compact evergreen bush, suitable for the cool conservatory. It -requires a rich loam and leaf mould. Propagated by seeds and cuttings -under a bell glass. - - =A. FrankliniA|= (Lady Franklin's).* _fl._ white, produced in great - profusion, in terminal clusters. August. _l._ fragrant, opposite, - trifoliate, gland-dotted. _h._ 8ft. Tasmania, 1845. - -=ACRE= (from _agros_, an open field). The English Statute acre -consists of 160 square rods (perches, poles, roods, or lugs); or -4840 square yards; or 43,560 square feet. The following list shows -the differentiation in the number of square yards per acre in the -various districts of Great Britain and Ireland: Cheshire, 10,240; -Cornish, 5760; Cunningham, 6250; Derby (W.), 9000; Devonshire, 4000; -Herefordshire, 3226-2/3; Irish, 7840; Leicestershire, 2308-3/4; Scotch, -6150; Wales, North (customary), 3240; ditto (erw), 4320; Westmoreland, -6760; Wiltshire, 3630. - -=ACRIDOCARPUS= (from _akris_, a locust; and _karpos_, fruit; meaning -not obvious). ORD. _MalpighiaceA|_. A handsome sub-tropical or warm -greenhouse climber, requiring plenty of water, and a very free -drainage. Increased by imported seeds, and by cuttings in bottom heat. - - =A. natalitius= (Natal).* _fl._ pale yellow; petals five, rounded, - wedge-shaped, crenately-toothed at the edge; racemes simple, - elongated, terminal. July. _l._ oblong or obovate, obtuse, - leathery. Natal, 1867. - -=ACRIOPSIS= (from _akros_, top, and _opsis_, eye). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. -A small genus of pretty stove epiphytal orchids, almost unknown to -cultivation. Flowers small, arranged in loose panicles; lip adnate to -the very curious column, from which it projects at right angles. - - =A. densiflora= (crowded-flowered).* _fl._ green and pink. May. - _l._ linear-lanceolate. _h._ 6in. Borneo, 1845. - - =A. javanica= (Javanese). _fl._ yellow, green. May. _l._ - linear-lanceolate. _h._ 3in. Java, 1840. - - =A. picta= (painted).* _fl._ white, green, and purple. May. _l._ - solitary, linear. _h._ 6in. Bantam, 1843. - -=ACROCLINIUM= (from _akros_, top, and _kline_, a bed; referring to the -open flowers). ORD. _CompositA|_. A small genus of elegant half hardy -annuals with "everlasting" flower heads, which are solitary, terminal, -and consist of tubular florets; involucrum many-leaved, imbricated. -Leaves numerous, linear, smooth, acuminated. Stems numerous, erect. -They thrive best in a loamy soil, and constitute very neat summer -flowering annuals if sown out of doors in patches in June; they are -also useful as winter decorative greenhouse plants if seed is sown -in August in pots placed in a cold frame. The flower-heads should be -gathered when young, if it is desired to preserve them. - -[Illustration: FIG. 21. ACROCLINIUM ROSEUM, showing Habit and -Flower-head.] - - =A. roseum= (rosy).* _fl.-heads_ pretty rose, solitary, terminal, - on erect, slender, and gracefully disposed branches. _l._ linear, - acute. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. S. W. Australia, 1854. See Fig. 21. - - =A. r. album= (rosy white).* A very pretty white form of the - preceding. - - =A. r. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ rose, larger - than in the type. - -=ACROCOMIA= (from _akros_, top, and _kome_, tuft; referring to the -position of the leaves). ORD. _PalmeA|_. A genus of South American -palms, containing about eleven species, which are not easily -distinguished, but having the following general characteristics: Trunk -from 20ft. to 50ft. high, and clad with long prickles. The flowers, -which appear in the axils of the lower leaves, are greenish or yellow, -and their drupes are much the same colour. Leaves pinnate, with seventy -to eighty leaflets on each side of the pinnA|. They require a warm -greenhouse and rich sandy loam. Increased by suckers. Two species only -are in general cultivation. - - =A. aculeata= (prickly). _h._ 40ft. West Indies, 1791. - - =A. fusiformis= (spindle-shaped). _h._ 40ft. Trinidad, 1731. - - =A. globosa= (globular). =h.= 20ft. St. Vincent, 1824. - - =A. horrida= (horrid). _h._ 30ft. Trinidad, 1820. - - =A. lasiospatha= (hairy spathed). _l._ drooping. Trunk about 40ft. - high, smooth and ringed. Para, 1846. - - =A. sclerocarpa= (hard-fruited).* A very elegant species bearing a - head of spreading pinnate leaves, with the rachises and petioles - aculeate, and the leaflets linear, taper-pointed, glaucous - underneath, about 1ft. long. _h._ 40ft. West Indies, 1731. SYN. - _Cocos fusiformis_. - - =A. tenuifolia= (fine-leaved). _h._ 30ft. Brazil, 1824. - -=ACROGENS.= Plants increasing at the summit, as Ferns, &c. - -=ACRONYCHIA= (from _akron_, tuft, and _onux_, a claw; referring to the -curved points of the petals). ORD. _RutaceA|_. An ornamental rue-like -greenhouse evergreen shrub. Petals and sepals four; stamens eight, -inserted on a disk; fruit berry-like. It requires ordinary greenhouse -treatment. Increased by cuttings in July in sand, under a bell glass. - - =A. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's).* _fl._ white, in clusters, - resembling those of an orange, with an exquisite fragrance. July. - _h._ 7ft. Moreton Bay, 1838. - -=ACROPERA.= _See_ =Gongora=. - -=ACROPHORUS.= _See_ =Davallia=. - -=ACROPHYLLUM= (from _akros_, top, and _phyllon_, a leaf; referring -to the way in which the leaves are produced at the summit of the -branches, above the flowers). ORD. _CunoniaceA|_. Handsome greenhouse -small, erect-growing, evergreen shrubs, flowering profusely during the -spring months. They require a mixture of fibrous peat, a little loam, -and sharp sand; thorough drainage, an airy situation, and as little -artificial heat as possible, are important to its well-being. Re-pot -in February. Propagated by cuttings of the half ripened shoots, which -strike freely in a soil of sand and peat, if covered with a hand glass, -and placed in a cool house. The roots should not be allowed to get -dry, and light syringing during late spring and summer will be found -beneficial in assisting to keep down thrips. - - =A. verticillatum= (whorled). A synonym of _A. venosum_. - - =A. venosum= (veined).* _fl._ pinkish white, in dense axillary - spikes, which are borne on the upper part of the stems and - branches. May and June. _l._ nearly sessile, oblong, cordate, - acute, serrate, in whorls of threes. _h._ 6ft. New South Wales. - SYN. _A. verticillatum_. - -=ACROPTERIS.= _See_ =Asplenium=. - -=ACROSTICHUM= (from _akros_, top, and _stichos_, order; meaning -very obscure). ORD. _Filices_. This genus includes _Aconiopteris_, -_Chrysodium_, _Egenolfia_, _Elaphoglossum_, _Gymnopteris_, _Olfersia_, -_Photinopteris_, _PA"cilipteris_, _Polybotrya_, _Rhipidopteris_, -_Soromanes_, _StenochlA|na_, _Stenosemia_. A large and almost entirely -tropical genus; it includes groups with a wide range in venation and -cutting. Sori spread over the whole surface of the frond or upper -pinnA|, or occasionally over both surfaces. The species having long -fronds, are admirably suited for growing in suspended baskets, and the -dwarfer sorts do well in Wardian cases. A compost of peat, chopped -sphagnum, and sand, is most suitable. For general culture, _see_ -=Ferns=. - - =A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _rhiz._ thick, climbing. _sti._ - 4in. to 6in. long, firm, erect, scaly throughout. _barren fronds_ - 1ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, deltoid, bipinnate; upper - pinnA| oblong-lanceolate, slightly lobed, truncate on the lower - side at the base, 2in. to 3in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad; lower - pinnA|, 6in. to 8in. long, 4in. to 5in. broad, with several small - pinnules on each side; light green, with a firm texture. _fertile - fronds_ 1ft. long, deltoid, tripinnate. Brazil. Stove species. SYN. - _Polybotrya acuminatum_. - - =A. alienum= (foreign). _rhiz._ woody. _sti._ 6in. to 18in. long, - scaly downwards. _barren fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, often 1ft. - broad, the upper part deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate lobes, - the lower part pinnate, with entire or deeply pinnatifid lower - pinnA|. _fertile fronds_ much smaller, with distant narrow linear - or pinnatifid leafy pinnA|. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN. - _Gymnopteris aliena_. - - =A. apiifolium= (parsley-leaved).* _cau._ stout, woody, erect. - _sti._ of barren fronds 2in. to 3in. long, erect, densely clothed - with tomentum. _barren fronds_ 4in. to 6in. each way, deltoid, - tripinnate; pinnA| close, only the lowest pair with pinnatifid - pinnules, ultimate divisions oblong-rhomboidal, 1/4in. to - 1/3in. long, the base cuneate, the outer edge slightly toothed. - _fertile fronds_ on a slender naked stem 6in. to 8in. long, the - fronds panicled with a few distant, slender, simple, or compound - branches. Philippine Islands, 1862. Stove species. SYN. _Polybotrya - apiifolia_. - - =A. apodum= (stemless).* _cau._ thick, woody, the scales dense, - linear, brown, crisped. _sti._ tufted, very short, or obsolete. - _barren fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, the - apex acuminate, the lower part narrowed very gradually, the edge - and midrib densely fringed with soft, short, brown hairs. _fertile - fronds_ much smaller than the barren ones. West Indies to Peru, - 1824. Stove species. SYN. _Elaphoglossum apodum_. - - =A. appendiculatum= (appendaged).* _rhiz._ firm, woody. _barren - fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, simply pinnate. - _sti._ 3in. to 6in. long, erect, naked, or slightly scaly; pinnA| - 2in. to 4in. long, 3/8in. to 3/4in. broad, the edge varying from - sub-entire to cut half-way down to the midrib of the blunt lobes, - the upper side often auricled, the lower one obliquely truncate, - dark green. _fertile fronds_ narrower, on a longer spike, the pinnA| - roundish or oblong, often distinctly stalked. India, &c., 1824. - Stove species. SYN. _Egenolfia appendiculata_. - - =A. aureum= (golden).* _cau._ erect. _sti._ erect, 1ft. to 2ft. - long, strong. _fronds_ 2ft. to 6ft. long, 1ft. to 2ft. broad, the - upper pinnA| fertile, rather smaller than the barren ones, which are - usually stalked, ligulate oblong, 3in. to 1ft. long, 1/2in. to 3in. - broad, acute or blunt, sometimes retuse with a mucro; edge quite - entire, base sub-cuneate. Widely distributed in the tropics of both - hemispheres, 1815. An evergreen aquatic stove species, requiring - abundance of heat and moisture. SYN. _Chrysodium aureum_. - - =A. auritum= (eared).* _cau._ erect, woody. _barren fronds_ with a - stipe 6in. to 9in. long, deltoid, 8in. to 12in. each way, ternate, - the central segments deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate entire - lobes; the lateral ones unequal sided, with lanceolate oblong-lobed - lower pinnules. _fertile fronds_ with a stem 12in. to 18in. - long, deltoid, with distant linear pinnA| half line broad; upper - simple, lower pinnatifid. Philippine Islands. Stove species. SYN. - _Stenosemia aurita_. - - =A. axillare= (axillary). _rhiz._ slender, wide scandent. _barren - fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, about 1in. broad, simple, the point - bluntish, the edge entire, the lower half tapering very gradually - to the base or short stem. _fertile fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, - one to three lines broad, flexuose, on a stem 1in. to 6in. long. - Himalayas. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Chrysodium axillare_. - - =A. barbatum= (bearded). Synonymous with _A. scolopendrifolium_. - - =A. bifurcatum= (twice-forked). _sti._ densely tufted, 2in. to 4in. - long, slender, stramineous, naked. _fronds_ 3in. to 4in. long, - about 1/2in. broad, pinnate; lower pinnA| of fertile fronds two - or three cleft, with linear divisions; those of the barren pinnA| - broader, and not so deep. St. Helena. Greenhouse species. SYN. - _Polybotrya bifurcata_. - - =A. Blumeanum= (Blume's).* _rhiz._ woody, wide climbing. _sti._ - of barren fronds 6in. long, scaly. _barren fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. - long, 1ft. or more broad, with numerous sessile pinnA| on each - side, which are 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. broad; apex acuminate, the - edge slightly toothed; base rounded. _fertile fronds_ with distant - pinnA| 4in. to 8in. long, 1/8in. to 1/4in. broad. Assam. Greenhouse - species. SYN. _Chrysodium Blumeanum_. - - =A. callA|folium= (calla-leaved). A form of _A. latifolium_. - - =A. canaliculatum= (channelled).* _rhiz._ woody, wide climbing, - spinulose and scaly. _sti._ 1ft. or more long, scaly throughout. - _fertile fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 18in. broad, - tripinnate; lower barren pinnA|, 6in. to 9in. long, 4in. to 5in. - broad; pinnules lanceolate, stalked, with oblong segments, both - surfaces naked; fertile pinnules close, the segments 1/4in. long, - bearing three to four sessile balls of sori. Venezuela. Stove or - greenhouse species. SYN. _Polybotrya canaliculata_. - - =A. caudatum= (tailed). A synonym of _A. petiolosum_. - - =A. cervinum= (stag-horned).* _rhiz._ woody, creeping, scaly. - _sti._ 1ft. or more long, scaly. _barren fronds_ 2ft. to 4ft. long, - pinnate; pinnA| 4in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, entire or - nearly so, unequal at the base; fertile pinnA| distant, linear, - lanceolate, bipinnate, with short spreading sub-cylindrical - pinnules. Brazil, 1840. Stove species. SYN. _Olfersia cervina_. - - =A. conforme= (conformed). _rhiz._ wide creeping, scaly. _sti._ - 1in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, stramineous, naked or slightly - scaly. _fronds_ 2in. to 9in. long, 1/2in. to 2in. broad, acute or - bluntish, the base cuneate or spathulate, the edge entire. _barren - fronds_ narrower than the fertile one. _A. laurifolium_, _A. - obtusilobum_, and several others, are identical with the foregoing. - Tropical America, also in the Old World. Stove species. SYN. - _Elaphoglossum conforme_. - - =A. crinitum= (hairy).* _cau._ woody, erect. _sti._ of barren - fronds 4in. to 8in. long, densely clothed with long scales. _barren - fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 9in. wide, broadly oblong; - apex blunt, base rounded, edge entire and ciliated, texture - subcoriaceous, both sides scattered over with scales like those of - the stipes. _fertile fronds_ like the others, but much smaller, - the stipes longer. West Indies, &c., 1793. Stove species. SYNS. - _Chrysodium_ and _Hymenodium crinitum_. - - =A. cylindricum= (cylindrical). Synonymous with _A. osmundaceum_. - - =A. Dombeyanum= (Dombey's). A form of _A. lepidotum_. - - =A. flagelliferum= (rod-shaped). _rhiz._ woody, creeping. _sti._ - of barren fronds 6in. to 12in. long, nearly naked. _barren fronds_ - simple or with one to three pairs of pinnA|, the terminal one ovate - lanceolate, entire or repand, often elongated and rooting at the - point, the lateral ones 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad; - fertile pinnA| 2in. to 3in. long, about 1/2in. broad. India, &c., - 1828. Stove species. SYN. _Gymnopteris flagellifera_. - - =A. fA"niculaceum= (fennel-leaved).* _rhiz._ slender, creeping. - _sti._ distant, slender, 2in. to 8in. long, scaly. _barren fronds_ - 1in. to 2in. broad, usually dichotomously forked, with filiform - divisions. _fertile fronds_ 3/8in. broad, two-lobed. Andes of - Ecuador. Stove species. (For culture, see _A. peltatum_). SYN. - _Rhipidopteris fA"niculaceum_. - - =A. Herminieri= (Herminier's).* _rhiz._ stout, creeping. _sti._ - very short, or none. _barren fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. long, 1in. - to 1-1/2in. broad, simple, acuminate, the lower part narrowed very - gradually. _fertile fronds_ short-stalked, 3in. to 4in. long, 1in. - to 1-1/2in. broad. Tropical America, 1871. Stove species. SYN. - _Elaphoglossum Herminieri_. - - =A. heteromorphum= (various-formed). _rhiz._ slender, wide - creeping, scaly. _sti._ 1in. to 3in. long, slender, slightly scaly. - _barren fronds_ 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, - simple, bluntish, the base rounded, both surfaces scattered over - with linear dark castaneous scales. _fertile fronds_ much smaller, - and the stipes much longer. Columbia and Ecuador. Stove species. - SYN. _Elaphoglossum heteromorphum_. - - =A. Langsdorffii= (Langsdorff's). Synonymous with _A. muscosum_. - - =A. latifolium= (broad-leaved).* _rhiz._ thick, woody, creeping, - scaly. _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, naked, or scaly. - _barren fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, simple, - acute, gradually narrowed below, entire; texture leathery. - _fertile fronds_ considerably narrower than the barren ones. _A. - longifolium_, _A. callA|folium_, &c., are only varieties of this - species. Mexico, Brazil, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Elaphoglossum - latifolium_. - - =A. lepidotum= (scaly).* _rhiz._ thick, woody, very scaly. _sti._ - 1in. to 3in. long, firm, scaly throughout. _barren fronds_ 3in. - to 6in. long, about 1/2in. broad, simple, usually blunt, the base - cuneate or rather rounded, both surfaces and midrib very scaly. _A. - Dombeyanum_, of garden origin, is a varietal form of this, of which - there are several others. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN. - _Elaphoglossum lepidotum_. - - =A. longifolium= (long-leaved). A form of _A. latifolium_. - - =A. Meyerianum= (Meyer's). Synonymous with _A. tenuifolium_. - - =A. muscosum= (mossy).* _rhiz._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ 4in. - to 6in. long, firm, clothed with large pale brown scales. _barren - fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, simple, - narrowed at both ends; upper surface slightly scaly; lower quite - hidden by imbricated brownish scales. _barren fronds_ much smaller - than the others, the stipes longer. Madeira. Greenhouse species. - SYN. _A. Langsdorffii_. - - =A. Neitnerii.= Synonymous with _A. quercifolium_. - - =A. nicotianA|folium= (tobacco-leaved).* _rhiz._ woody, wide - creeping, scaly. _sti._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft., scaly below. _barren - fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, with a large - terminal pinna, and one to three lateral pairs, which are 6in. to - 9in. long, 1in. to 3in. broad, acuminate, entire, or nearly so, - the base slightly rounded, fertile pinnA| distant, 3in. to 4in. - long, 3/4in. broad. Cuba, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Gymnopteris - nicotianA|folium_. - - =A. osmundaceum= (osmunda-like).* _rhiz._ woody, wide scandent, - scaly. _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, firm, erect, scaly at the base. - _barren fronds_ ample, bi- or tripinnate; the lower pinnA| 1ft. - to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad; pinnules stalked, lanceolate, - with closely set sub-entire segments, of a light green colour; - both surfaces naked. _fertile fronds_ nearly or quite as large as - the barren ones; segments linear cylindrical, 1/4in. to 1/2in. - long. Tropical America. Stove species. SYNS. _A. cylindricum_, and - _Polybotrya osmundaceum_. - - =A. paleaceum= (chaffy). Synonymous with _A. squamosum_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22. ACROSTICHUM PELTATUM.] - - =A. peltatum= (peltate-leaved).* _rhiz._ slender, wide creeping. - _sti._ distant, slender, 1in. to 4in. long, scaly throughout. - _barren fronds_ 1in. to 2in. each way, repeatedly dichotomously - forked, with narrow linear ultimate divisions, quarter to half line - broad. _fertile fronds_ 1/2in. broad, often two-lobed. West Indies. - Stove or greenhouse species. This elegant little fern requires a - liberal supply of water all the year round, and is best grown in a - well drained pan of good fibrous peat, leaf soil, and sand, with - some nodules of sandstone raised above the rim of the pan; do not - disturb it more than is necessary. SYN. _Rhipidopteris peltata_. - See Fig. 22. - - =A. petiolosum= (petioled). _rhiz._ woody, wide scandent. - _sti._ woody, erect, scaly at the base. _fronds_ bipinnate, or - tripinnatifid, 2ft. to 4ft. long, 1ft. to 3ft. broad, deltoid; the - upper barren pinnA| lanceolate, pinnatifid, the longest sometimes - 18in. long, and 6in. to 10in. broad; pinnules with long falcate - lobes reaching half-way down to the midrib, both surfaces naked; - fertile pinnules very narrow, and dangling, continuous or beaded. - West Indies, Mexico, &c. Stove species. SYNS. _Polybotrya_ and _A. - caudatum_. - - =A. piloselloides= (mouse ear-leaved). Synonymous with _A. - spathulatum_. - - =A. platyrhynchos= (broad-beaked). _sti._ tufted, scarcely any. - _fronds_ 12in. to 16in. long, 1in. broad, simple. _sori_ in a patch - at the apex, 1in. to 2in. long, 3/8in. broad, which does not reach - to the entire edge; the lower part narrowed gradually, with naked - surfaces, and a coriaceous texture. Philippines. Stove species. - SYN. _Hymenolepis platyrhynchos_. - - =A. quercifolium= (oak-leaved).* _rhiz._ stout, wide creeping. - _sti._ of barren fronds 1in. to 2in. long, clothed with brownish - hairs. _barren fronds_ 3in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, - the terminal pinnA| with blunt rounded lobes. _fertile fronds_ with - a terminal pinna, 1in. to 2in. long, one line broad, and a pair - of smaller lateral ones, with slender stipes 6in. to 9in. long, - hairy at the base. Ceylon. Stove species. SYNS. _A. Neitnerii_ (of - gardens), _Gymnopteris quercifolia_. - - =A. scandens= (climbing).* _rhiz._ woody, wide climbing. _sti._ - 3in. to 4in. long, firm, erect, naked. _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, - 1ft. or more broad, simply pinnate; barren pinnA|, 4in. to 8in. - long, 3/4in. to 1-1/2in. broad, acuminate, the edge thickened - and serrulate, the base cuneate, sessile, or slightly stalked, - articulated; fertile pinnA|, 6in. to 12in. long, one and a half to - two lines broad, the lower ones distant. Himalayas, &c., 1841. - Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. _StenochlA|na scandens_. - - =A. scolopendrifolium= (scolopendrium-leaved).* _rhiz._ woody, - creeping, scaly. _sti._ 4in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, densely - clothed with blackish scales. _barren fronds_ often 1ft. long, - 1-1/2in. to 3in. broad, simple, acute, the base narrowed gradually; - edge and midrib scaly. _fertile fronds_ much smaller than the - barren ones. Guatemala, &c. Stove species. SYN. _A. barbatum_. - - =A. serratifolium= (serrate-leaved). _rhiz._ woody, short - creeping. _sti._ of barren fronds 12in. to 18in. long, slightly - scaly. _barren fronds_ 2ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, with - numerous sessile pinnA| on each side, 3in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. to - 1-1/2in. broad, inciso-crenate, the base cuneate; fertile pinnA| - distant, 2in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, blunt, entire. - Venezuela, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Chrysodium serratifolium_. - - =A. simplex= (simple-leaved). _rhiz._ woody, creeping, scaly. - _sti._ 1in. to 4in. long, firm, erect, naked. _barren fronds_ 4in. - to 12in. long, about 1-1/2in. broad, very acute, the lower part - narrowed very gradually. _fertile fronds_ narrower than the barren - ones, with longer stipes. Cuba to Brazil, 1798. Stove species. SYN. - _Elaphoglossum simplex_. - - =A. sorbifolium= (service-leaved).* _rhiz._ thick, woody, often - 30ft. to 40ft. long, clasping trees like a cable, sometimes - prickly. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, simply - pinnate; barren pinnA| 4in. to 6in. long, about 1/2in. broad, three - to twenty on each side, articulated at the base, entire or toothed; - fertile pinnA| 1in. to 2in. apart, 2in. to 4in. long, about 1/4in. - broad. West Indies, 1793. There are several varieties of this - species, chiefly differing in the number of pinnA|. Stove species. - SYN. _StenochlA|na sorbifolia_. - - =A. s. cuspidatum= (cuspidate).* This is only a variety of the - above species with long-stalked, ligulate-cuspidate pinnA|; but it - is usually regarded as a distinct species in gardens. - - =A. spathulatum= (spoon-shaped). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in. long, - firm, erect, scaly. _barren fronds_ 1/2in. to 4in. long, 1/4in. - to 1/2in. broad, obovate-spathulate, blunt, tapering narrowly or - gradually at the base, with a coriaceous texture; both surfaces - and the margins copiously scaly. _fertile fronds_ smaller than the - barren, with longer stipes. Tropical America, South Africa, &c. - Stove species. SYN. _A. piloselloides_. - - =A. spicatum= (spiked). _rhiz._ woody, short creeping. _sti._ 1in. - to 2in. long, firm. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. - broad, the upper part contracted and fertile, entire, the lower - part narrowed very gradually. Himalayas, &c. Greenhouse species. - SYN. _Hymenolepis brachystachys_. - - =A. squamosum= (scaly).* _rhiz._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ 2in. - to 4in. long, densely clothed with pale or dark-coloured scales. - _barren fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, about 1in. broad, simple, - acute, the base narrowed gradually; both sides matted, and the edge - densely ciliated with reddish scales. _fertile fronds_ as long as - the barren ones, but much narrower, the stipes much longer. Widely - distributed in both hemispheres. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. - _A. paleaceum_. - - =A. subdiaphanum= (semi-transparent).* _cau._ woody, erect. _sti._ - tufted, 2in. to 6in. long, firm, erect, scaly. _barren fronds_ 4in. - to 8in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, simple, both ends narrowed, - the edge entire. _fertile fronds_ much narrower, on longer stipes. - St. Helena. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Aconiopteris subdiaphana_. - - =A. subrepandum= (slighty-waved).* _rhiz._ woody, wide-creeping. - _sti._ of barren fronds stout, erect, nearly naked. _barren fronds_ - from 1ft. to 2ft. long, 2in. to 12in. broad, copiously pinnate, - with linear-oblong entire or subrepand pinnA| on each side, which - are sometimes 6in. to 8in. long, and 2in. broad. _fertile fronds_ - like the others, but smaller. Isle of Luzon, &c. Stove species. - SYN. _Gymnopteris subrepanda_. - - =A. taccA|folium= (yew-leaved).* _cau._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ - of barren fronds 1in. to 4in. long, scaly. _barren fronds_ from - 1ft. to 2ft. long, 3in. to 12in. broad, simple, oblong-lanceolate, - entire, copiously pinnate, with oblong-lanceolate pinnA|, 1in. - to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. broad, the upper ones narrowly - decurrent, the lower ones forked at the base on the under side. - _fertile fronds_ simple, 6in. to 12in. long, 1/8in. broad, or - pinnate, with forked linear pinnA|. The three-lobed form of this - species is sometimes known as _A. trilobum_. Philippines. Stove - species. SYN. _Gymnopteris taccA|folia_. - - =A. tenuifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _rhiz._ wide scandent, woody, - slightly scaly. _barren fronds_ simply pinnate, the stipes 4in. - to 6in. long, naked, firm, erect, the fronds 3ft. to 5ft. long, - 12in. to 18in. broad; pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 3/4in. to 1-1/2in. - broad, acuminate, the edge thickened and serrulate, short-stalked. - _fertile fronds_ bipinnate, with longer stipes; pinnA| long-stalked, - with numerous distant pinnules. South Africa. Stove or greenhouse - species. SYNS. _A. Meyerianum_ and _StenochlA|na tenuifolia_. - - =A. trilobum= (three-lobed). A form of _A. taccA|folium_. - - =A. villosum= (hairy).* _rhiz._ woody, densely scaly. _sti._ 2in. - to 4in. long, slender, densely clothed with scales. _barren fronds_ - 6in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, acute, the lower part - narrowed gradually; both surfaces scaly, and the edge more or less - ciliated. _fertile fronds_ much smaller than the others. Mexico, - &c. Stove species. - - =A. viscosum= (clammy).* _rhiz._ woody, creeping, densely scaly. - _sti._ 3in. to 6in. long, firm, erect, scaly, often viscous. - _barren fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, simple, - acute, the lower part narrowed gradually; both surfaces more or - less viscid, and minutely scaly. _fertile fronds_ smaller, with - longer stipes. Tropical America and the tropics of the Old World, - 1826. Very variable in form. Stove species. - -=ACROTRICHE= (from _akros_, top, _i.e._, outermost--and _thrix_, a -hair; the tips of the petals are bearded). ORD. _EpacridaceA|_. A genus -of eight or nine species of dwarf, much branched, ornamental greenhouse -evergreen shrubs. Flowers white or red; spikes axillary, short; corolla -funnel-shaped; petals with deflexed hairs at apex. Cultivated in an -equal mixture of sandy loam and peat, and propagated by cuttings made -of the young shoots, pricked in sand, covered with a bell glass, and -placed in a cool house; afterwards treated like _Epacris_. - - =A. cordata= (heart-leaved).* _fl._ white, small, axillary, twin, - or solitary. April. _l._ cordate, flat, striated below. _h._ 1ft. - New Holland, 1823. - - =A. divaricata= (straggling).* _fl._ white, small, in axillary - spikes. May. _l._ lanceolate, mucronate, divaricate, flat, both - surfaces green. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. New South Wales, 1824. - - =A. ovalifolia= (oval-leaved). _fl._ white, small, in axillary - spikes. March. _l._ ovate and oval, obtuse, flat, with smooth - margins. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. New Holland, 1824. - -=ACTA†A= (from _aktaia_, an Elder; in allusion to the resemblance of -the foliage to that of the Elder). Baneberry. ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. A -small genus of perennial herbaceous plants, with bi- or triternate -leaves, and long, erect racemes of whitish flowers, which are succeeded -by poisonous berries. They are excellent subjects for shady places, -beneath trees, or in the wild garden. Easily increased by division of -the roots, and seed during spring. - - =A. alba= (white).* _fl._ white; racemes simple. May, June. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, serrate or cut. Berries white, ovate-oblong, _h._ - 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. N. America. - -[Illustration: FIG. 23. ACTA†A SPICATA, showing Habit and Raceme of -Flowers.] - - =A. spicata= (spiked).* _fl._ white, or bluish; racemes ovate. - Summer. _l._ bi- or triternate, serrated. Berries oblong, black, - poisonous. _h._ 1ft. England. See Fig. 23. - - =A. s. rubra= (red).* This differs from the type in having bright - red berries, which are disposed in dense clusters on spikes - overtopping the foliage. North America. A very handsome hardy - perennial. - -=ACTINELLA= (from _aktin_, a ray; small rayed). SYN. _Picradenia_. ORD. -_CompositA|_. A small genus of hardy herbaceous plants, having radiate -capitules. The only species worth cultivating is _A. grandiflora_. It -thrives in an open border with a light soil. Increased by divisions of -the root in spring. - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, large, and - handsome, 3in. in diameter. Summer. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Colorado. A - very pretty branched perennial, suitable for the alpine garden. - - =A. lanata= (woolly). _See_ =Eriophyllum cA|spitosum=. - -=ACTINIDIA= (from _aktin_, a ray; the styles radiate like the spokes of -a wheel). ORD. _TernstrA"miaceA|_. A genus of ornamental hardy deciduous -climbing shrubs, with axillary corymbs of flowers; sepals and petals -imbricate. Leaves entire. Excellent for trellis-work or walls, and -thriving best in a light rich soil. Increased by seeds, layers, or -cuttings; the latter should be put in under a hand light in autumn, in -sandy soil. - -[Illustration: FIG. 24. ACTINIDIA VOLUBILIS.] - - =A. Kolomikta= (Kolomikta).* _fl._ white, solitary, axillary, or - cymose, 1/2in. in diameter; peduncles about 1/2in. long. Summer. - _l._ ovate-oblong, petiolate, rounded or sub-cordate at the base, - and tapering into a long point, serrate; the autumnal tints are - very handsome, changing to white and red. N. E. Asia, 1880. Rarely - met with. - - =A. polygama= (polygamous). _fl._ white, fragrant. Summer. _l._ - cordate, serrate, petiolate. Japan, 1870. The berries of this - species are edible. - - =A. volubilis= (twining).* _fl._ white, small. June. _l._ oval on - flowering branches, elliptic on climbing stems. Japan, 1874. A very - free growing species. See Fig. 24. - -=ACTINIOPTERIS= (from _aktin_, a ray, and _pteris_, a fern; the -fronds are radiately cut into narrow segments). ORD. _Filices_. Sori -linear-elongated, sub-marginal; involucres (= indusia) the same shape -as the sorus, folded over it, placed one on each side of the narrow -segments of the frond, opening towards the midrib. A small genus of -beautiful and distinct stove ferns. They thrive in a compost of equal -parts crocks and charcoal, about the size of peas, which must be mixed -with silver sand and a very small portion of loam and peat. About -half the pot should be filled with crocks, perfect drainage being -necessary. A moist atmosphere is also essential, and the plants may be -syringed two or three times a day. A mean summer temperature of 78deg. -to 80deg., with a night one of not less than 65deg., is desirable. In -winter, a mean temperature of about 73deg., and a night one of not less -than 60deg., should be maintained. - - =A. radiata= (rayed).* _sti._ densely tufted, 2in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ fan shaped, 1in. to 1-1/2in. each way, composed of - numerous dichotomous segments, half line broad, those of the - fertile frond longer than those of the barren one. India, &c. (very - widely distributed), 1869. In form this elegant little species is - a perfect miniature of the Fan Palm, _Latania borbonica_. - - =A. r. australis= (southern).* _fronds_, segments fewer, larger, - and subulate at the point. Plant much larger and more vigorous. - -=ACTINOCARPUS= (from _aktin_, a ray, and _karpos_, fruit; referring -to the curiously radiated fruit, resembling a star fish). ORD. -_AlismaceA|_. Pretty little aquatic perennials, with habit and -inflorescence of _Alisma_. Carpels six to eight, connate at base, -spreading horizontally. Excellent for naturalising in bogs and pools. -Increased by seeds and divisions during spring. - - =A. Damasonium= (Damasonium). Ray Pod. _fl._ white, very delicate; - each petal has a yellow spot at the base; scapes with a terminal - umbel. June. _l._ radical, on long petioles, sometimes floating, - elliptical, five-nerved. A native aquatic. The proper name of this - plant is _Damasonium stellatum_. - - =A. minor= (smaller).* This greenhouse species, also with white - flowers, from New South Wales, is smaller. - -=ACTINOMERIS= (from _aktin_, a ray, and _meris_, a part; referring -to the radiated aspect of the plants). SYN. _Pterophyton_. ORD. -_CompositA|_. A small genus of herbaceous perennials allied to -_Helianthus_, but with compressed and winged achenes. Flower-heads -corymbose, Coreopsis-like. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. They -are hardy, ornamental plants, and of easy cultivation, in a loamy -soil. Increased in spring, by seeds and division of the roots, on a -warm border, with or without hand lights, or in cold frames. With the -exception of _A. helianthoides_, they are but little known in this -country. - - =A. alata= (wing-stalked). _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _h._ 3ft. - America. 1803. - - =A. helianthoides= (sunflower-like).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, 2in. - across, July to September. _h._ 3ft. S. America, 1825. - - =A. procera= (tall).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. September. _h._ 8ft. N. - America, 1766. - - =A. squarrosa= (rough-headed).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, in loose - terminal panicles. July and August. _l._ decurrent, broadly - lanceolate, coarsely toothed. Stem square, winged. _h._ 3ft. North - America, 1640. SYN. _Verbesina Coreopsis_. - -=ACTINOPHYLLUM.= _See_ =Sciadophyllum=. - -=ACTINOSTACHYS.= Included under =SchizA|a= (which _see_). - -=ACTINOTUS= (from _actinotos_, furnished with rays; referring to the -involucre). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. An Australian genus of greenhouse -herbaceous perennials. Flowers shortly pedicellate, numerously disposed -in simple umbels; petals none. Leaves alternate, petiolate. They -thrive best in loam and peat, and are increased by root division and -seeds. The latter should be sown on a hotbed, in spring, and in May -the seedlings may be transplanted out in the open border in a warm -situation, where they will flower and seed freely. - - =A. helianthus= (sunflower).* _fl._ white, in many-flowered - capitate umbels; involucre many leaved, radiating, longer than the - flowers. June. _l._ alternate, bipinnatifid; lobules bluntish. _h._ - 2ft. 1821. SYN. _Eriocalia major_. - - =A. leucocephalus= (white-headed). _fl._ white. June. _h._ 2ft. - 1837. - -[Illustration: FIG. 25. ADA AURANTIACA.] - -=ACULEATUS.= Armed with prickles. - -=ACULEOLATUS.= Armed with small prickles. - -=ACULEUS.= A prickle; a conical elevation of the skin of a plant, -becoming hard and sharp-pointed. - -=ACUMEN.= An acute terminal angle. - -=ACUMINATE.= Extended into an acute terminal angle; this word is -confined to considerable extension. - -=ACUNNA OBLONGA.= _See_ =Bejaria A|stuans=. - -=ACUTE.= Sharp-pointed. - -=ACYNTHA.= A synonym of =Sanseviera= (which _see_). - -=ADA= (a complimentary name). ORD. _OrchideA|_. An evergreen orchid, -very closely allied to _Brassia_, from which it differs chiefly -in having the lip parallel with, and solidly united to, the base -of the column. Some authorities now refer the plant to the genus -_Mesospinidium_. It requires to be potted in peat and sphagnum, in -equal parts. The drainage must be perfect, and, during summer, the -water supply profuse. Although in winter far less will suffice, the -plant should not be allowed to become dry. Propagated by divisions as -soon as the plant commences growth. - - =A. aurantiaca= (orange).* _fl._ orange-scarlet, in long terminal - nodding racemes, each bearing from six to ten blossoms; petals - elongated, streaked with black inside. Winter and spring. _l._ two - or three to each plant, linear, dark green, about 6in. in length. - Habit erect, with somewhat cylindrical pseudo-bulbs, which taper - upwards. See Fig. 25. - -=ADAMIA= (named after John Adam, some time Governor-General of -India, and a promoter of natural history). ORD. _SaxifrageA|_. A -small genus of Hydrangea-like greenhouse evergreen shrubs, having -many flowered terminal corymbs of flowers, and opposite, petiolate, -oblong-lanceolate, serrated leaves. They thrive well in a mixture of -loam, peat, and sand; and cuttings will root readily in a similar -compost, under a hand glass. - - =A. cyanea= (blue-berried). _fl._ whitish, or pink. June. _h._ 6ft. - Nepaul, in rocky places, 1829. - - =A. sylvatica= (wood). _fl._ blue; cymes nearly undivided, on short - peduncles, disposed in a close panicle. June. _h._ 6ft. Java, 1846. - - =A. versicolor= (many-coloured). _fl._ blue. August. China, 1844. - -=ADAM'S APPLE.= _See_ =Citrus Limetta= and =Musa paradisiaca=. - -=ADAMSIA.= _See_ =Geum=, =Puschkinia=, =Sieversia=. - -=ADAM'S NEEDLE.= _See_ =Yucca=. - -=ADANSONIA= (named after Michael Adanson, an eminent French botanist). -Baobab Tree. ORD. _SterculiaceA|_. This is reputed to be one of the -largest trees in the world, as far as the girth of the trunk is -concerned; but it is seldom seen in cultivation in this country. - - =A. digitata= (finger-leaved). _fl._ white, about 6in. across, - with purplish anthers, on long, axillary, solitary pedicels. _l._ - palmate, with three leaflets in the young plants, and five to seven - in adult ones. _h._ 40ft. Africa. - -=ADDER'S FERN.= _See_ =Polypodium vulgare=. - -=ADDER-SPIT.= _See_ =Pteris aquilina=. - -=ADDER'S TONGUE.= _See_ =Ophioglossum=. - -=ADELOBOTRYS= (from _adelos_, obscure, and _botrys_, a cluster). ORD. -_MelastomaceA|_. Stove climbing shrubs with terete branches. Flowers -white, crowded in cymose heads at the tops of the branches. Leaves -clothed with rufous hairs on both surfaces when young, but in the -adult state glabrous, except the nerves, petiolate, ovate, cordate, -acuminated, ciliately serrated, five-nerved. For general culture, _see_ -=Pleroma=. - - =A. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _fl._ white, changing to purple. Brazil, - 1866. - - =A. scandens= (climbing).* This, the original species, possibly not - now in cultivation, is a native of French Guiana. - -=ADENANDRA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _aner_, a male; the anthers -terminate in a globose gland). ORD. _RutaceA|_. Very beautiful little -greenhouse shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers large, usually -solitary at the tops of the branches; stamens ten, the five opposite -the petals sterile, five fertile ones similar in form, but shorter. -Leaves usually alternate, flat, glandularly dotted. They thrive in a -mixture of sand and peat, with a little turfy loam. The young tops, -before they begin to throw out their buds, made into cuttings, and -planted in a pot of sand, with a bell glass placed over them, will root -without bottom heat. - - =A. acuminata= (acuminate). Synonymous with _A. amA"na_. - - =A. amA"na= (pleasing).* _fl._ large, whitish above, and reddish - beneath, solitary, sessile, terminal. June. _l._ scattered, oblong - or oval, bluntish, smooth, dotted beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1798. - SYN. _A. acuminata_. - - =A. coriacea= (leathery-leaved). _fl._ large, pink, usually - solitary on the tops of the branches. June. _l._ scattered, oblong, - obtuse, revolute, quite smooth. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1720. - - =A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _fl._ rose colour, on long peduncles, - fragrant; pedicels clammy, aggregate, umbellate. May. _l._ - scattered, smooth, spreading very much, ovate-oblong, glandular, a - little crenulated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1812. - - =A. linearis= (linear-leaved). _fl._ white, terminal, on long, - usually solitary, pedicels. June. _l._ opposite, linear, obtuse, - spreading; branches and pedicels smooth. _h._ 1ft. 1800. - - =A. marginata= (margined).* _fl._ pale flesh-colour, on long - peduncles; umbels terminal. June. _l._ scattered, smooth, - transparent, cordate, lower ones ovate, upper ones lanceolate. _h._ - 1ft. to 2ft. 1806. - - =A. umbellata= (umbel-flowered).* _fl._ pink, almost sessile, - terminal, umbellate, petals fringed. June. _l._ oblong or obovate, - dotted beneath, fringed on the edges. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1790. - - =A. u. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ large, pink, nearly sessile, - terminal, umbellate. June. _l._ scattered, oblong or obovate, - revolute, dotted beneath, smooth, but a little fringed on the - edges. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1790. - - =A. uniflora= (one-flowered).* _fl._ large, whitish inside, and - pinkish outside, nearly sessile, solitary, terminal. June. _l._ - scattered, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, revolute, smooth, - dotted beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1775. - - =A. villosa= (shaggy).* _fl._ pink, nearly sessile, terminal, - umbellate; sepals, petals, and stamens fringed. June. _l._ crowded, - ovate-oblong, fringed, pubescent and glandular beneath. _h._ 1ft. - to 2ft. 1786. - -=ADENANTHERA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _anthera_, an anther; in -reference to the anthers, which are each terminated by a deciduous, -pedicellate gland). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A small genus of stove -evergreen trees, with racemose spikes of small flowers and bipinnate -or decompound leaves. They thrive well in a mixture of peat and loam. -Increased by cuttings, which should be taken off at a joint and planted -in heat in a pot of sand, placing a bell glass over them. - - =A. chrysostachys= (golden-spiked). _fl._ golden. _h._ 15ft. - Mauritius, 1824. - - =A. falcata= (sickle-shaped). _fl._ yellowish. _h._ 6ft. India, - 1812. - - =A. pavonina= (peacock-like).* Peacock Flower Fence. _fl._ white - and yellow mixed. May. _l._ leaflets oval, obtuse, glabrous on both - surfaces. _h._ 5ft. India, 1759. - -=ADENANTHOS= (from _aden_, a gland, and _anthos_, a flower; referring -to the glands on the flowers). ORD. _ProteaceA|_. Ornamental greenhouse -evergreen pilose shrubs, thriving in sandy peat. Propagated in spring -by cuttings, which should be placed in sandy soil under a bell glass, -with a gentle bottom heat. - - =A. barbigera= (bearded).* _fl._ red, axillary, solitary, - pedunculate; perianth pilose, bearded at top; involucre spreading, - villous. June. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, triple-nerved. _h._ - 7ft. Swan River, 1845. - - =A. cuneata= (wedge-leaved). _fl._ red. July. _h._ 5ft. New - Holland, 1824. - - =A. obovata= (obovate-leaved).* _fl._ red. July. _h._ 5ft. New - Holland, 1826. - -=ADENIUM= (from Aden, where it is found). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. Greenhouse -evergreen succulent shrubs. The species mentioned below is remarkable -in having a globose thick caudex or stem; branches dichotomous; corolla -salver-shaped. They require a well-drained compost of sand and loam. -Half-ripened cuttings strike root readily in sand, under a hand glass. -But little water is required when the plants are not in a growing state. - - =A. obesum= (fat). _fl._ pinky-crimson, downy; corymbs terminal, - many-flowered; pedicels short. June. _l._ close together at the - tops of the branches, 3in. long, oblong, narrowed at the base, - abruptly terminated by a hard, short point. _h._ 3ft. or 4ft. Aden, - 1845. - -=ADENOCALYMNA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _calymna_, a covering; -referring to the conspicuous glands on the leaves and floral -coverings). ORD. _BignoniaceA|_. An elegant genus of stove evergreen -climbers. Flowers racemose, trumpet-shaped, bracteate. Leaves ternate -or binate. Stems slender. They require a hot and moist temperature to -grow them successfully, and thrive best in a compost of loam and peat. -Cuttings will root in sand, if placed under a bell glass, with bottom -heat. - - =A. comosum= (hairy).* _fl._ yellow; racemes spicate, axillary, and - terminal; bracts comose. September. _l._ trifoliate and conjugate, - tendrilled; leaflets ovate, leathery, glandular. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, - 1841. - - =A. longeracemosum= (long-racemed). _fl._ yellow. October. Brazil. - - =A. nitidum= (shining).* _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary, nearly - terminal, velvety; corolla velvety; bracts narrow, glandular. - February. _l._ trifoliate or conjugate, tendrilled; leaflets - elliptic, oblong. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, 1848. - -=ADENOCARPUS= (from _aden_, a gland, and _karpos_, a fruit; in -reference to the legumes being beset with pedicellate glands). ORD. -_LeguminosA|_. Shrubs, with numerous racemes of yellow flowers; -divaricate branches, trifoliate usually aggregate leaves, having -petiolar stipulas, and complicated leaflets. All the species are -elegant when in flower, and well suited for ornamenting the fronts of -shrubberies. Except where otherwise mentioned, all are hardy. They -thrive best in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand; and may be readily -increased by seeds or layers, or by grafting the rarer on the commoner -kinds. Young cuttings will root freely in sand, covered by a hand -glass, which should be taken off and wiped occasionally. Seeds may be -sown in March, the hardy species out of doors, and the others in a cold -house. - - =A. foliolosus= (slightly-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; racemes terminal; - calyx covered with glandless hairs, with the lower lip elongated - and trifid at the apex; the segments equal. May. _l._ (and - branches) much crowded, hairy, trifoliate. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Canary - Islands, 1629. A half-hardy evergreen species. - - =A. frankenioides= (frankenia-like).* _fl._ yellow, crowded; - racemes terminal; calyx beset with glandular pubescence, with the - lower lip having the middle segment longer than the lateral ones, - and exceeding the lower lip. April. _l._ trifoliate, much crowded, - hairy; branches velvety. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Teneriffe, 1815. - Requires protection in winter; an evergreen. - - =A. hispanicus= (Spanish).* _fl._ yellow, crowded; racemes - terminal; calyx beset with glands and hairs; lower lip of calyx - with three equal segments, hardly longer than the upper lip. June. - _l._ trifoliate, grouped; branchlets hairy. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. - Spain, 1816. Deciduous. - - =A. intermedius= (intermediate).* _fl._ yellow, not crowded; - racemes terminal; calyx beset with glandular pubescence, with the - lower lip trifid, the lateral segments shorter than the middle - ones, and much exceeding the upper lip. May. _l._ trifoliate, - grouped; branches rather shaggy. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Sicily and - Naples, on mountains, 1816. Deciduous. - - =A. parvifolius= (small-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, not crowded; - racemes terminal; calyx clothed with glandular pubescence, with - the middle segment of the lower lip longer than the lateral ones, - much exceeding the upper lip. May. _l._ trifoliate, grouped, small; - branches glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. France, on exposed heaths, - 1800. Deciduous. - - =A. telonensis= (Toulon).* _fl._ yellow, not crowded; racemes - terminal; calyx clothed with glandless pubescence, the segments of - the lower lip about equal in length, a little longer than the upper - lip. June. _l._ trifoliate, grouped; branchlets smoothish. _h._ - 2ft. to 4ft. South France, 1800. Deciduous. - -=ADENOPHORA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _phoreo_, to bear; in reference -to the cylindrical nectary which girds the base of the style). ORD. -_CampanulaceA|_. A genus of elegant hardy border perennials, very -similar in habit, shape of flower, &c., to _Campanula_, from which -genus _Adenophora_ differs in having the style surrounded by a -cylindrical gland. Flowers stalked, drooping, spicate. Leaves broad, -stalked, somewhat whorled. They grow best in light rich garden soil, -with a warm sunny position, and should be increased by seeds, as -dividing the roots is the sure way to lose them. They are easily raised -from seeds, which may be sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in pots -placed in a cold frame. - - =A. coronopifolia= (buckhorn-leaved).* _fl._ blue, large, three to - ten, racemose, at the top of the stem, on short pedicels. July. - _l._ radical ones petiolate, ovate-roundish, cordate, crenately - toothed; upper ones sessile, linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, - quite glabrous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Dahuria, 1822. - - =A. denticulata= (toothed-leaved).* _fl._ blue, small, numerous, on - short pedicels, disposed in a more or less loose elongated raceme. - July. _l._ serrated, smoothish; radical ones petiolate, rounded; - upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Dahuria, 1817. - SYN. _A. tricuspidata_. - - =A. Fischeri= (Fischer's).* _fl._ blue, or whitish blue, numerous, - sweet-scented, disposed in a more or less compound, elongated, - and loose pyramidal panicle. August. _l._ radical ones petiolate, - ovate-roundish, cordate, crenately toothed; upper ones sessile, - ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1784. - SYN. _A. liliiflora_. - - =A. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). _fl._ blue, secund, three to ten, on - the top of each stem, rising from the axils of the upper leaves, - disposed in a long raceme. July. _l._ upper ones erect, linear, - very narrow, entire, glabrous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Dahuria, in dry - stony places, 1820. - - =A. intermedia= (intermediate). _fl._ pale blue, small, racemose. - May. _l._ radical ones petiolate, cordate, toothed; upper ones - lanceolate, tapering to a point at the base, serrated, crowded. - _h._ 3ft. Siberia, 1820. - - =A. Lamarckii= (Lamarck's).* _fl._ blue; corolla funnel-shaped, - disposed in an elongated, many-flowered, raceme, which is compound - at the base. June. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated, - ciliated, glabrous, except on the margins. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - Eastern Europe, 1824. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. pereskiA|folia_. - - =A. liliiflora= (lily-flowered).* _fl._ numerous, sweet-scented, in - a loose pyramidal panicle. Central and Eastern Europe. - - =A. pereskiA|folia= (pereskia-leaved).* _fl._ blue, rather numerous, - scattered over the upper part of the stems, rarely subverticillate; - peduncles one to two, or three-flowered. July. _l._ three to five - in a whorl, ovate-oblong, acuminated, coarsely serrated, roughly - ciliated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Dahuria, 1821. SYN. _A. latifolia_. - - =A. periplocA|folia= (periploca-leaved). _fl._ pale blue, at the - top of the stem, sometimes only one. June. _l._ petiolate, ovate, - acute, somewhat cordate, crenately serrated. Stem ascending. _h._ - 3in. Siberia, 1824. Rockery species. - - =A. stylosa= (long-styled).* _fl._ pale blue, small, few, disposed - in a loose, naked, raceme. May. _l._ petiolate; lower ones obovate, - sinuate; upper ones ovate, acuminated, glabrous. Stem ascending. - _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Eastern Europe, 1820. - - =A. tricuspidata= (three-cusped). Synonymous with _A. denticulata_. - - =A. verticillata= (whorl-leaved).* _fl._ pale blue, small, - irregularly disposed at the tops of the stems; lower whorls many - flowered, distant; peduncles one to three-flowered. June. _l._ in - whorls, serrately toothed; radical ones petiolate, roundish; upper - ones ovate-lanceolate; stems simple. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Dahuria, - 1783. - -=ADENOSTOMA= (from _aden_, a gland, and _stoma_, a mouth). ORD. -_RosaceA|_. Hardy shrubs, having small racemose, five-petalled flowers. -They grow freely in rich loam and peat in equal proportions. Propagated -in spring or autumn, by cuttings made of the young shoots, placed in -sand, under glass. - - =A. fasciculata= (fascicled).* _fl._ white, small, produced in - terminal panicles. _h._ 2ft. California, 1848. A hardy, heath-like - evergreen bushy plant, allied to _Alchemilla_. - -=ADESMIA= (from _a_, without, _desmos_, a bond; in reference to the -stamens being free). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Chiefly greenhouse evergreen -shrubs, or trailers, from South America, with lanceolate stipulas, -abruptly pinnate leaves, ending in a bristle; axillary one-flowered -pedicels, or the flowers racemosely disposed at the tops of the -branches, in consequence of the upper leaves being abortive. They will -grow well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Propagated by cuttings -placed in sand, covered by a hand glass, in a gentle heat; or by -seeds, which are generally more satisfactory. The annual species--_A. -muricata_, _A. papposa_, and _A. pendula_--are not worth growing. The -following are fairly representative of the most ornamental species. - - =A. glutinosa= (sticky).* _fl._ yellow; racemes elongated, - terminal, simple, spinescent, and are (as well as the linear - bracteas) clothed with white hairs. May. _l._ with about three - pairs of elliptic, hairy leaflets; branches spreading, beset with - glandular, glutinous hairs. Stem shrubby; legumes three-jointed, - very long. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1831. - - =A. Loudonii= (Loudon's). _fl._ yellow. May, _h._ 2ft. Valparaiso, - 1830. - - =A. microphylla= (small-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; racemes somewhat - capitate, terminal, simple, spinescent. June. _l._ with six pairs - of small orbicular leaflets, on short petioles, pubescent; branches - spinose. Stem shrubby. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1830. - - =A. Uspallatensis= (Uspallatan). _fl._ yellow. July. _h._ 1ft. - China, 1832. - - =A. viscosa= (clammy). _fl._ yellow. August. _h._ 12ft. Chili, 1831. - -=ADHATODA= (its native name). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. Allied to _Justicia_. -Very ornamental stove shrubs, requiring a good fibrous peat and loam, -with a moderate addition of silver sand. To grow them well, they -require liberal treatment and plenty of heat, when the flowers will be -produced in great profusion. Increased by young cuttings in spring, -placed in sandy soil, in bottom heat. _See_ =Justicia=. - - =A. cydoniA|folia= (quince-leaved).* _fl._ produced in rather dense - clusters at the point of every branch; tube of corolla white, the - upper lip white tipped with purple; the lower lip large, rich - deep purple, with a white stripe down the centre. October. _l._ - opposite, ovate, dark green, and are, as well as the branches, - slightly downy. Brazil, 1855. This species is an excellent subject - for training up pillars or rafters; and, when in bloom, makes a - pretty basket plant. It has a somewhat straggling habit, but a - little care only is needed in pruning and training to grow it into - an elegant shape. - - =A. vasica= (Vasica). _fl._ purple. July. _h._ 10ft. India, 1699. - -=ADHERENT.= Strictly signifies sticking to anything, but is more -commonly employed in the sense of adnate. - -=ADHESION.= The union of parts usually distinct. - -=ADIANTOPSIS.= _See_ =Cheilanthes=. - -=ADIANTUM= (from _adiantos_, dry, as if plunged in water it yet -remains dry). Maidenhair. ORD. _Filices_. A large genus of handsome -tropical and temperate ferns. _Sori_ marginal, varying in shape from -globose to linear, usually numerous and distinct, sometimes confluent -and continuous. Involucre the same shape as the sorus, formed of the -reflexed margin of the fronds, bearing the capsules on its upper -side. None of the Adiantums are truly hardy except the American _A. -pedatum_; even our own native species requires protection. The chief -requirements of this handsome genus of ferns are good drainage, and a -compost of fibrous peat, loam and sand. In most cases, plenty of pot -room is essential, and a larger quantity of loam will be needed for -strong-growing sorts. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - - =A. A|mulum= (rival).* _sti._ slender, about 6in. long. _fronds_ - slender, pyramidate, tri-subquadripinnate; pinnA| distinct, - obliquely pyramidate, unequally-sided; pinnules rhomboid or oblong, - tapering to the base, the terminal one distinctly cuneate, all - sparingly lobate. _sori_, 2in. to 4in., circular, or nearly so. - Brazil, 1877. Stove or greenhouse species. - - =A. A|thiopicum= (A†thiopian).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, rather - slender, erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, - deltoid, tri- or quadripinnate; lower pinnA| 3in. to 4in. long, 2in. - to 3in. broad, deltoid; ultimate segments 1/4in. to 1/2in. across, - 1/4in. deep, suborbicular, the upper part broadly lobed; rachis and - surfaces naked. _sori_ in several roundish patches. _A. Chilense_ - (Chilian), _A. scabrum_ (scurfy), _A. sulphureum_ (sulphured) are - mere forms of this species. Spain, and almost cosmopolitan. A very - pretty greenhouse fern. SYNS. _A. assimile_, _A. emarginatum_. - - =A. affine= (related).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_ - with a terminal central pinna 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. - broad, and several smaller erecto-patent lateral ones, the lowest - of which are again branched; pinnules, 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, - 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, the lower edge straight, the upper nearly - parallel with it, crenate, like the oblique or bluntly rounded - outer edge. _sori_ numerous, roundish. New Zealand. Greenhouse - species. SYN. _A. Cunninghami_. - - =A. amabile= (lovely). Synonymous with _A. glaucophyllum_. Also a - garden name for _A. Moorei_. - - =A. amA"num= (pleasing). Synonymous with _A. flabellulatum_. - - =A. andicolum.= A synonym of _A. glaucophyllum_. - - =A. aneitense= (Aneiteum).* _sti._ and _rachises_ castaneous, the - latter glabrous beneath, ferrugino-pilose above; _fronds_ deltoid, - three to four pinnate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, and broad; segments, - about 1/2in. long, rhomboidal, ascending, nearly sessile, inner - side close to rachis, lower erecto-patent, shallowly lobed. _sori_ - round, reniform, in centre of lobes, four to six to a segment. - Aneiteum Isles, 1880. Stove or greenhouse species. - - =A. assimile= (assimilated). An Australian form of the - widely-distributed _A. A|thiopicum_. - - =A. Bausei= (Bause's).* _fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, - spreading, triangular, tri-quadripinnate; pinnA| stalked, the lower - ones obliquely triangular; pinnules broad, laterally deflexed, the - basal ones obliquely ovate with a truncate base, the intermediate - somewhat trapeziform, the terminal cuneate--all shallowly lobed and - pedicellate. _sori_ oblong reniform, set across the apices of the - lobes, 1879. A beautiful stove or greenhouse hybrid, between _A. - trapeziforme_ and _A. decorum_. - - =A. bellum= (handsome).* _fronds_ tufted, 3in. to 6in. high, - bipinnate. ovate-lanceolate; pinnA| of three to six pinnules, - 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. long, stalked; pinnules cuneate or irregular - transverse-oblong, the somewhat larger terminal ones cuneate, - lobed, the margin erose, all shortly stalked. _sori_ two to three - on the smaller pinnules, roundish, or sublunate. Bermuda, 1879. - Greenhouse or Wardian case species. - - =A. Capillus-Veneris= (Venus's hair).* Common Maidenhair. _sti._ - sub-erect, rather slender, 4in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ very - variable in size, with short terminal and numerous erecto-patent - lateral branches on each side, the lowest slightly branched - again; segments 1/2in. to 1in. broad, deeply lobed, and the lobes - again bluntly crenated. _sori_ placed in roundish sinuses of the - crenation. Great Britain, and world-wide in its distribution. - Greenhouse, case, or frame species. - - =A. C.-V. cornubiense= (Cornish).* _fronds_ very numerous, and - dwarf, more or less oblong in general outline, with large, broad - pinnules of a deep green, with finely-waved margins, and an almost - pellucid, but firm texture. One of the best forms, but somewhat - delicate in constitution. - - =A. C.-V. crispulum= (crisped).* _fronds_, with the stipes, from - 6in. to 12in. long, more attenuated than those of the type, and - narrower at the base; pinnules less numerous, but broad and thin, - crisp, of a light green colour, more or less cut at the broadest - part. A handsome variety, of vigorous growth. - -[Illustration: FIG. 26. ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS DAPHNITES.] - - =A. C.-V. daphnites= (glistening).* _sti._ and _rachises_ dark - brown, reaching a height of from 9in. to 14in. pinnA| and ultimate - pinnules more or less confluent, the latter being broad, and - of a dull green colour, usually forming a tufted crest at the - extremities of the fronds. A charming subject for the Wardian case. - Very distinct. See Fig. 26. - - =A. C.-V. fissum= (divided). Very dwarf in habit, with pinnules - rather broader than those of the type, which are deeply and - variously cut, so as to give the plant a distinctive appearance - from most of the forms. - - =A. C.-V. Footi= (Foot's). Closely allied to the variety _fissum_, - having fronds a foot or more long, with very ample pinnules deeply - incised, light green. Vigorous. - - =A. C.-V. incisum= (deeply cut). Very closely allied to _A. C.-V. - fissum_, but rather more vigorous in growth; pinnules broad, and - deeply slit into segments near the base. - - =A. C.-V. magnificum= (magnificent).* _fronds_ from 9in. to 16in. - long, more or less elongated in outline, 3in. to 4in. across; - pinnules ample, rich green, with the margins finely cut and - imbricated. The arching character gives this form a most distinct - appearance. A very fine variety. - - =A. C.-V. rotundum= (rounded). Pinnules usually round, without the - cuneiform base of the normal form; neither are the fronds so broad. - Isle of Man. Variable in its habit. - - =A. C.-V. undulatum= (wavy).* _fronds_ dense, compact, having - broad, roundish dark green pinnules, which are undulated at the - edges. An elegant dwarf-growing form. - - =A. cardiochlA|na= (heart-form indusium). A synonym of _A. - polyphyllum_. - - =A. caudatum= (tailed).* _sti._ 2in. to 4in. long, tufted, wiry. - _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, simply pinnate, often elongated, and - rooting at the extremity; pinnA| about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. deep, - dimidiate, nearly sessile, the lower line straight and horizontal, - the upper rounded, more or less cut, the point usually blunt, the - lower ones slightly stalked. _sori_ roundish or transversely oblong - on the edge of the lobes; _rachis_ and both sides of the frond - villose. _A. ciliatum_ (of gardens) is probably a mere form, if - not a synonym, of this species. Throughout the Tropics everywhere. - Greenhouse or stove species; very fine for hanging baskets. - - =A. colpodes= (deep hollow).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long, slender, - slightly fibrillose. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in. - broad, deltoid, tripinnate, light green; lower pinnA| spreading at - right angles from the rachis, 2in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, - slightly branched below; ultimate segments about 1/2in. long, - 1/4in. broad, the lower line often straight, the upper rounded, - lobed, and toothed, all nearly or quite sessile. _sori_ placed - in distinct teeth of the outer edge. Ecuador and Peru, 1875. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. concinnum= (neat).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ 12in. to - 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tripinnate; pinnA| - numerous, spreading, flexuous, the lowest 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. - to 3in. broad; segments 1/4in. to 3/8in. across, broadly cuneate - at the base, the upper edge irregularly rounded, deeply lobed, the - lobes crenate, the lowest segment of each pinna and pinnule large, - sessile. _sori_ numerous, ob-reniform. Tropical America. A most - elegant species for baskets and the rockery. - - =A. c. Flemingi= (Fleming's). This variety, of garden origin, is - also very handsome. - - =A. c. latum= (broad).* Differs from the type in being more erect - and robust in habit, and broader in all its parts. It constitutes - an excellent stove plant. - - =A. crenatum= (crenated).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ - with a terminal central pinna 6in. to 9in. long and several large - erecto-patent lateral ones on each side, the lowest of which are - branched again; segments about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, - the lower line upcurved, the upper nearly straight, slightly - crenate. _sori_ numerous, round, placed on the upper and sometimes - outer edge. This is closely allied to _A. tetraphyllum_. Mexico. - Stove species. SYN. _A. Wilesianum_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 27. ADIANTUM DECORUM.] - - =A. cristatum= (crested). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, strong, erect, - tomentose. _fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad, - with a terminal central pinna 6in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. - broad, and numerous rather distant lateral ones on each side, the - lowest of which are sometimes again branched; segments 1/2in. to - 3/4in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, dimidiate, the lower line - nearly straight, the upper nearly parallel or rounded, the point - blunt. _sori_ in several oblong or linear patches. West Indies and - Venezuela, 1844. Stove species. SYN. _A. Kunzeanum_. - - =A. cubense= (Cuba).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long, nearly black, - erect. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, simply - pinnate, or with a single pair of short branches; pinnA| 1in. to - 2in. long, and about 3/4in. to 1in. broad, unilateral, the lower - line slightly recurved, the upper rounded and broadly lobed, of - a deep green colour, with a soft herbaceous texture. _sori_ in - hollows of the lobes. Cuba and Jamaica. A very distinct stove - species. - - =A. cuneatum= (wedge-shaped).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, slender, - erect. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, deltoid, - tri- or quadripinnate; lower pinnA| 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. - broad; segments numerous, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, cuneate at the - base, the upper edge deeply lobed. _sori_ four to six, obversely - reniform. Brazil, 1820. This fine greenhouse species is more - generally grown than any other; and a number of garden forms have - received distinctive names. - - =A. c. dissectum= (dissected).* A pretty variety, with the pinnules - more deeply lobed than in the type. - - =A. c. Lawsonianum= (Lawson's). This is a very abnormal form, - curiously and finely cut, with the ultimate segments narrowly - cuneate at the base, stalked, and distant. Of garden origin. - Greenhouse variety. - - =A. c. mundulum= (neat).* _sti._ 3in. to 4in. high. _fronds_ dwarf, - tufted, erect, hardly 3in. broad, deltoid, tripinnate; pinnA| and - pinnules crowded; pinnules narrowly cuneate, rarely three-parted, - with narrow wedge-shaped lobes; apex slightly crenate, and bears a - roundish sorus set in a notch of the lobe or crenature. Of garden - origin, 1879. Greenhouse variety. - - =A. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's). Synonymous with _A. affine_. - - =A. curvatum= (curved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long. _fronds_ - dichotomous, with main divisions again once or twice forked; - pinnA| 8in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; pinnules 1-1/4in. - to 1-1/2in. long, about 1/2in. deep, not truly dimidiate, but - only the lower two-thirds of the under half cut away, the upper - margin rounded and broadly lobed, with the lobes finely toothed and - point often lengthened out. _sori_ linear, or transversely oblong. - Tropical America, 1841. Stove species. - - =A. decorum= (decorous).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ - sub-deltoid, 9in. to 15in. long, three to four pinnate; lower - pinnA| and pinnules stalked, deltoid; side segments rhomboid, - 1/4in. to 3/8in. long; outer edge distinctly lobed; lower segments - equilateral, imbricated over main rachis. _sori_ round, in final - lobes, four to six to a segment. This greenhouse species ranks - midway between _A. concinnum_ and _A. cuneatum_. Peru. SYN. _A. - Wagneri_. See Fig. 27. - - =A. deltoideum= (deltoid).* _sti._ densely tufted, 3in. to 4in. - long, wiry, erect. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. broad, - with a terminal lobe and numerous sub-opposite pinnA|, the lower - ones distant, distinctly stalked, 1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. - broad, hastate-deltoid, cordate or cuneate at the base. _sori_ - in interrupted lines along the sides of the pinnA|. West Indian - Islands. Stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 28. ADIANTUM DIAPHANUM.] - - =A. diaphanum= (transparent).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long, slender, - erect. _fronds_ 6in. to 7in. long, simply pinnate, or with one to - three branches at the base; pinnules 1/2in. long, 1/4in. broad, - the lower line rather decurved, the upper nearly parallel with - it, crenate like the blunt outer edge. _sori_ obversely reniform, - numerous. S.E. China, New Zealand, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. - setulosum_. See Fig. 28. - - =A. digitatum= (finger-leaved).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, erect. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 1ft. 6in. broad, furnished with - numerous distant spreading or erecto-patent branches, gradually - shortened upwards, the lowest of which are branched again; lower - pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad; segments 3/4in. to - 1in. each way, varying from deflexed to cuneate at the base, the - upper edge rounded, deeply cut, and the lobes again less deeply - cut, the lower ones distinctly stalked. _sori_ in lines along the - edge of the lobes. Peru. It is generally cultivated under the name - of _A. speciosum_. Stove or greenhouse species. - - =A. dolabriforme= (axe-shaped). Synonymous with _A. lunulatum_. - - =A. dolosum= (deceiving). Synonymous with _A. Wilsoni_. - - =A. Edgworthii= (Edgeworth's).* This differs from _caudatum_ by - having more membranous texture, glabrous surfaces, and sub-entire - pinnA|. Himalaya and China. - - =A. emarginatum= (notched at the end). Synonymous with _A. - A|thiopicum_. - - =A. excisum= (bluntly cut).* _sti._ 2in. to 3in. long, wiry, - densely tufted. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, - with numerous flexuose short pinnA| on each side, the lowest of - which are slightly branched again; segments two to three lines - broad, cuneate at the base, the upper edge rounded and bluntly - lobed. _sori_ two to four, large, obversely reniform, placed in - distinct hollows on the lobes. Chili. - - =A. e. Leyi= (Ley's).* This is a very dwarf, copiously crested - form, of garden origin, most suitable for case culture. Greenhouse - variety. - - =A. e. multifidum= (much-cut).* A handsome garden variety; the apex - of every frond is frequently divided into several branches, which - oftentimes are again divided and crested, thus forming a beautiful - tassel 2in. to 3in. long. Greenhouse species. - - =A. Feei= (Fee's).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, strong, scandent. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, tripinnate, the - main and secondary rachises zigzag, all the branches firm and - spreading at a right angle; lower pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to - 4in. broad; pinnules 1in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. broad, consisting of - a terminal segment and several distant suborbicular-cuneate lateral - ones. _sori_ marginal, roundish, more than half line deep. Tropical - America. Stove species. SYN. _A. flexuosum_. - - =A. flabellulatum= (small fan-leaved).* _sti._ erect, strong. - _fronds_ dichotomously branched, and the divisions once or twice - branched again; central pinnA| 4in. to 8in. long, 3/4in. broad; - pinnules about 1/4in. broad and deep, dimidiate, the lower edge - nearly straight, the upper rounded, the outer blunt, both entire or - slightly toothed. _sori_ in several transversely oblong notches. - Tropical Asia. Stove species. SYN. _A. amA"num_. - - =A. flexuosum= (zigzagly-bent). Synonymous with _A. Feei_. - - =A. formosum= (beautiful).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, strong, - erect. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 12in. to 18in. broad, bi-, - tri-, or quadripinnate; lower pinnA| 12in. to 15in. long, 6in. to - 9in. broad, deltoid; pinnules deltoid; ultimate segments 1/4in. - to 3/8in. broad, one and a half to two lines deep, dimidiate, the - lower edge straight, the upper and outer rather rounded and deeply - lobed, the lower ones distinctly stalked. _sori_ numerous, between - obreniform and transversely oblong. Australia, 1820. Greenhouse - species. - - =A. fovearum.= Synonymous with _A. intermedium_. - - =A. fulvum= (tawny).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, strong, erect. - _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, deltoid in general - outline, with a terminal pinna 4in. to 6in. long, about 1-1/2in. - broad, and several erecto-patent branches, the lower of which are - branched again; pinnules about 3/4in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, - the lower edge nearly straight, the upper almost parallel, sharply - toothed like the oblique outer edge. _sori_ large, numerous. New - Zealand. Greenhouse species. - - =A. Ghiesbreghti= (Ghiesbreght's).* _fronds_ 18in. to 30in. long, - ovate, deltoid, tripinnate; pinnules large, slightly crenate on - the margins. A very fine stove fern, with the habit of _A. tenerum - Farleyense_, but less dense. It is undoubtedly a variety of - _tenerum_, having originated in Mr. Williams's nursery some years - since. SYN. _A. scutum_. - - =A. glaucophyllum= (grey-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, - erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, 9in. to 15in. broad, deltoid, - quadripinnate; lower pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, - deltoid, erecto-patent; segments 1/4in. broad, cuneate at the base, - the upper edge irregularly rounded, more or less lobed. _sori_ four - to six, obversely reniform, placed in distinct hollows in the apex - of the lobes of the upper edge, deep green above, glaucous beneath. - Closely allied to _A. cuneatum_. Mexico. Greenhouse. SYNS. _A. - amabile_, _A. andicolum_, _A. mexicanum_. - - =A. gracillimum= (most graceful).* _fronds_ deltoidly ovate, 9in. - to 24in. long, and 6in. to 10in. across, decompound, rich green; - ultimate pinnules distant, minute, distinctly stalked, obovate, - emarginate, or two to three lobed, the sterile lobes blunt. _sori_ - solitary on the entire pinnules, two to three on the larger lobed - ones. One of the most graceful and beautiful of greenhouse ferns; - the very numerous minute segments and the ramifications of the - rachis impart to a well grown plant a very charming appearance. Of - garden origin. A form of _A. cuneatum_. - - =A. Henslovianum= (Henslow's).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, - erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, ovate, - tripinnate, furnished with numerous distant pinnA| on each side, - the upper of which are simple, but the lowest slightly branched; - segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, 1/4in. to 3/8in. deep, dimidiate, - the lower line nearly straight, the upper rather rounded and lobed, - the point bluntly rounded. _sori_ obversely reniform, placed in the - hollows of the lobes. Columbia, Peru, &c., 1833. A most distinct - and beautiful stove species. SYNS. _A. lA|tum_, _A. Reichenbachii_, - _A. sessilifolium_. - - =A. Hewardia= (Heward's). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_ - simply pinnate or bipinnate, with a terminal pinna and two to four - lateral ones on each side, the lowest pair of which sometimes with - two to four pinnules each; pinnules 3in. to 4in. long, about 1in. - broad, nearly equal sided, ovate lanceolate, nearly entire. _sori_ - in continuous lines along both edges. Jamaica, &c., occurring over - a wide area. Stove species. SYN. _Hewardia adiantoides_. - - =A. hispidulum= (hairyish).* _sti._ 6in. to 15in. long, strong, - erect. _fronds_ dichotomous, with the main divisions flabellately - branched; central pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad; - pinnules 3/8in. to 3/4in. long, two to four lines broad, dimidiate, - subrhomboidal, the outer edge bluntly rounded, upper and outer - margin finely toothed, slightly stalked. _sori_ roundish, numerous, - contiguous. Tropics of Old World, 1822. Greenhouse. SYN. _A. - pubescens_. - - =A. intermedium= (intermediate). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect, - strong. _fronds_ with a terminal pinna 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. - to 3in. broad, and one to three small spreading lateral ones on - each side; pinnules 1in. to 1-1/2in. long; 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, - unequal sided, but not dimidiate, the point bluntish or acute, - the inner edge nearly parallel with the stem, the upper nearly - straight, scarcely toothed. _sori_ in interrupted marginal patches, - one to two lines across, placed round the upper and lower edges. - Stove. Tropical America, from the Antilles southwards to Peru and - Rio Janeiro, 1824. SYNS. _A. fovearum_, _A. triangulatum_. - - =A. Kunzeanum= (Kunze's). Synonymous with _A. cristatum_. - - =A. lA|tum= (joyful). Synonymous with _A. Henslovianum_. - - =A. Lathomi= (Lathom's).* A garden variety, said to be a sport from - _A. Ghiesbreghti_, which it closely resembles, being between it and - _A. Farleyense_. It is a magnificent plant, producing _fronds_ from - 18in. to 24in. long, with imbricated deeply-cut pinnules. Stove - variety. - - =A. Legrandi= (Legrand's). Very closely allied to, if not identical - with, _A. Pecottei_. Greenhouse variety, of garden origin. - - =A. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _sti._ black, naked. _fronds_ erect, - large, pentagonal, tripinnate; rachises pubescent above, naked - beneath; segments sub-distant, 1-1/2in. long, oblong-rhomboidal, - falcate, acuminate, outer margins closely but bluntly lobed, of a - deep green colour, the lobes toothed. _sori_ oblong or reniform. - Amazons, 1866. A magnificent stove species. - - =A. lucidum= (shiny).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, strong, erect. - _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, simply pinnate, - with a large terminal pinna and six to ten lateral ones on each - side, or the lowest very slightly branched, 3in. to 4in. long, - 1/2in. to 1in. broad, nearly equal sided, lanceolate acuminate, - slightly serrated towards the point. _sori_ in a continuous row - along each side. West Indian Islands and Tropical America. Stove - species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 29. ADIANTUM LUDDEMANNIANUM.] - - =A. Luddemannianum= (Luddemann's).* A very striking variety of - the common Maidenhair, _A. Capillus-Veneris_, of garden origin, - with smooth, dark, almost black stipes, branching about a third - of the way up, while the pinnules are crested, usually clustered, - at the extremities of the branches, of a deep green, sub-glaucous - character. It is a very elegant little greenhouse variety. See Fig. - 29. - - =A. lunulatum= (crescent-leaved).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long, - tufted, wiry. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, - simply pinnate; pinnA| 3/4in. to 1in. broad, 1/2in. to 1in. deep, - sub-dimidiate, the lower edge nearly in a line with the petiole, - the upper edge rounded and, like the sides, usually more or less - lobed. _sori_ in continuous lines along the edge. Hongkong, &c., - widely distributed in both hemispheres. Stove species. SYN. _A. - dolabriforme_. - - =A. macrocladum= (long-branched). Synonymous with _A. polyphyllum_. - - =A. macrophyllum= (long-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, - strong, erect, nearly black. _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, 4in. to - 8in. broad, simply pinnate; the lower pinnA| of the barren frond - 3in. to 4in. long, 2in. broad, ovate, so broad at the base that the - opposite ones frequently overlap, the margin rather deeply lobed; - fertile ones narrower. _sori_ in long continuous, or slightly - interrupted, marginal lines. Tropical America, 1793. One of the - finest stove species in cultivation. - - =A. macropterum= (long-winged). Synonymous with _A. Wilsoni_. - - =A. mexicanum= (Mexican). Synonymous with _A. glaucophyllum_. - - =A. microphyllum= (short-leaved). A synonym of _A. venustum_. - - =A. monochlamys= (one-covered).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, wiry, - erect, dark, chestnut brown; _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to - 6in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tripinnate, the pinnA| rather distantly - placed; segments 1/4in. broad, cuneate at the base, the upper edge - rounded, slightly toothed, of a light green colour, with a firm - texture. _sori_ single, or very rarely two, in a hollow of the - upper edge. Japan. A very distinct and pretty greenhouse species. - - =A. monosorum= (uni-soriate). A pretty species, from Solomon - Islands, not yet in cultivation. - - =A. Moorei= (Moore's).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ deltoid, - 6in. to 15in. long, two to three pinnate; side segments about - 1/2in. long, rhomboid, lower edge deflexed from tip of pedicel, - outer lobed half way down. _sori_ round, placed in tip of lobes. - Andes of Peru. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. _A. amabile_, - under which name it is frequently grown. - - =A. Moritzianum= (Moritz's). This appears to be a stronger, more - robust grower (fronds from 12in. to 18in. high), with thicker - stipes and larger pinnules than the typical _A. Capillus-Veneris_. - South America. Greenhouse species. - - =A. neoguineense= (New Guinea).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. long, chestnut - brown, erect. _fronds_ spreading, deltoid, tri-quadripinnate, dark - olive green with a glaucous tinge on both surfaces; pinnA| ovate; - terminal pinnules cuneate, lateral ones trapezoid, about 1/2in. - long, crenately lobed, the lobes rather large, entire. _sori_ - small, 6in. to 8in., orbicular, entirely sunk in closed sinuses of - the marginal lobes. New Guinea, 1877. A very charming stove species. - - =A. obliquum= (oblique). _sti._ 3in. to 6in. long, erect, wiry, - pubescent. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, with - a terminal lobe and three to twelve pairs of alternate pinnA|, the - lowest 1in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, costate nearly - to the apex, the upper half the largest, rounded at the base, the - lower half obliquely truncate at the base, those of the barren - frond slightly toothed. _sori_ in numerous interrupted marginal - patches, one to two lines broad. West Indies, &c., 1826. Stove - species. - - =A. palmatum= (palmate).* _fronds_ with elongated zigzag rachises, - elongate-oblong, narrowed to the apex, tripinnate, often reaching - 3-1/2ft. long, 10in. broad; pinnules distinct; ultimate segments - large, smooth, distant, distinctly stipitate, varying from obovate - wedge-shaped to semi-orbicular in outline, but all deeply, - palmately cut, 1in. to 1-3/4in. broad. _sori_ oblong, variable in - length, situate at the tips of the segments, usually one to each. - This is a very beautiful and graceful stove or greenhouse species. - Peru, 1877. - - =A. patens= (spreading). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_ - dichotomously divided and the branches once or twice divided again; - central pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 1-1/2in. broad; pinnules 1/2in. to - 3/4in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, the two sides nearly parallel, - the upper and outer ones broadly and bluntly lobed. _sori_ placed - round the upper and outer edge, obversely reniform. Brazil, &c., - 1824. Stove species. - - =A. Pecottei= (Pecot's).* This is a charming little variety, of - garden origin, with short decompound fronds, imbricated segments, - comparatively large, of a deep green colour, and likely to prove - one of the most useful maidenhair ferns grown. - - =A. pedatum= (pedate).* _sti._ 9in. to 24in. long, erect, polished. - _fronds_ dichotomous, with the main divisions flabellately - branched; central pinnA| 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; - pinnules 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, broadest - on the side nearest the stem, the upper and outer margin lobed, - shortly stalked. _sori_ roundish, one to two lines broad. North - Hindostan, the United States, &c. Hardy species. See Fig. 30. - - =A. peruvianum= (Peruvian).* _sti._ 9in. to 18in. long, strong, - erect. _fronds_ simply pinnate, or with one to three branches at - the base, some of the latter sometimes again slightly divided; - pinnules 2in. or more broad, 1-1/2in. deep, unequally ovate, - cuneate at base, finely toothed and lobed round the upper and - outer edge. _sori_ in interrupted patches round the sides of the - pinnules. Peru. This is one of the finest of the large growing, - evergreen stove kinds. - - =A. polyphyllum= (many-leaved).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, - strong, erect. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 18in. broad, - the upper part simply pinnate; lower pinnA| sometimes 1ft. long; - 6in. broad, with a long terminal and numerous lateral pinnules; - segments 3/4in. to 1in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, with nearly - parallel edges, the point obtuse, the upper edge sharply toothed. - _sori_ in numerous sub-orbicular patches, placed in hollows in - lobes along the upper edge. Columbia. A magnificent stove species. - SYNS. _A. cardiochlA|na_ and _A. macrocladum_. - - =A. populifolium= (poplar-leaved). A synonym of _A. Seemanni_. - - =A. princeps= (princely).* _sti._ 9in. to 12in. long, stout, - nearly erect. _fronds_ large, 12in. to 24in. long, 9in. to 18in. - across the base, deltoid, pendent, quadripinnate, pale greyish; - lower pinnA| obliquely elongate, triangular, the posterior side - tripinnate, the anterior bipinnate; upper ones pinnate, with - a large cuneately flabellate terminal pinnule, apex of fronds - pinnate; pinnules 1in. long, 3/4in. broad, roundish rhomboidal or - shortly trapeziform, shortly stalked; basal margin entire, slightly - concave, the anterior margins and apex lobate, the lobes serrulate - in the sterile parts, and, where fertile, bearing each a concave - sorus, so that the lobes appear two-horned. New Grenada, 1875. A - magnificent stove species. - - =A. prionophyllum= (saw-leaved). Synonymous with _A. tetraphyllum_. - - =A. pubescens= (downy). Synonymous with _A. hispidulum_. - - =A. pulverulentum= (covered with powder).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. - long, strong, erect; _fronds_ with a terminal pinna and several - spreading lateral ones on each side, which are 4in. to 8in. long, - 1in. broad; pinnules 1/2in. long, one and a half to two lines deep, - dimidiate, the lower line nearly straight, the upper one nearly - parallel, both it and the outer edge finely toothed. _sori_ in a - continuous line along the lower and upper edges. West Indies, &c. - Stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 30. ADIANTUM PEDATUM.] - - =A. Reichenbachii= (Reichenbach's). Synonymous with _A. - Henslovianum_. - - =A. reniforme= (kidney-shaped).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ simple, orbicular, reniform, of a deep green colour, - 1-1/2in. to 2-1/2in. across, with usually a broad, open sinus. - _sori_ all around the edge, one and a half to three lines broad. - Madeira, &c., 1699. Greenhouse species. - - =A. r. asarifolium= (asarum-leaved). A rather larger growing - variety of above species. - - =A. rhomboideum= (rhomboid). S. America, 1820. Probably identical - with _A. villosum_. - - =A. rubellum= (reddish).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ 4in. - to 6in. long, deltoid, bipinnate; uppermost side of the pinnules - cuneate, flabellate, nearly sessile, entire; lower rhomboid 1/2in. - long, with lower border in a line with petiole, or rather decurved, - inner produced over rachis, outer deeply lobed and finely toothed; - end and lowest pinnules deltoid, 1/2in. broad. _sori_ round, placed - in the tips of the lobes. This pretty species is purplish crimson - when in a young state, changing to light green with age, but even - then tinged with pink. Allied to _A. tinctum_ and _A. decorum_. - Bolivia, 1868. Greenhouse species. - - =A. scutum= (shield). Synonymous with _A. Ghiesbreghti_. - - =A. Seemanni= (Seemann's).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect. - _fronds_ 9in. to 20in. long, simply pinnate or the lower pinnA| - compound; pinnA| 3in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, ovate, - acuminate; but rather unequally sided, the barren ones finely - serrated, one side usually cordate at the base, the other obliquely - truncate, petioles of the lowest, nearly an inch long. _sori_ in - long continuous marginal lines. This is a very fine and distinct - stove species. Central America, 1868. SYNS. _A. populifolium_, _A. - Zahnii_ (of gardens). - - =A. sessilifolium= (sessile-leaved). Synonymous with _A. - Henslovianum_. - - =A. setulosum= (bristly). Synonymous with _A. diaphanum_. - - =A. speciosum= (showy). Synonymous with _A. digitatum_. - - =A. subvolubile= (somewhat twining). _fronds_ subscandent, 2ft. - to 4ft. long, oblong, tripinnate, 6in. to 8in. broad, with naked - glossy castaneous stipes and zigzag rachises; central pinnA| - lanceolate, with a few short spreading pinnules; side pinnules - rhomboidal, about 1/4in. long, lower edge in a line with petiole, - or deflexed, inner end touching or wrapped over rachis, outer - shallowly lobed; lowest pinnules equilateral, much wrapped over - rachis. _sori_ minute, round, six to twelve to a segment. E. Peru. - Stove species. - - =A. tenerum= (tender).* _sti._ 1ft. or more high, erect. _fronds_ - 1ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 18in. broad, deltoid, tri- or - quadripinnate; segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, cuneate or tending - towards rhomboidal, dimidiate in shape, the upper edge rounder or - somewhat angular, broadly and deeply lobed, all stalked. _sori_ - placed in numerous roundish patches in the lobes of the upper half. - Mexico, &c., widely distributed. Stove species. - - =A. t. Farleyense= (Farley's).* A subfertile, subcristate - variety of the foregoing; but, is, nevertheless, one of the most - magnificent of Adiantums. It is nearly always known under the name - of _A. Farleyense_. Barbados, 1865. Stove variety. - - =A. tetraphyllum= (four-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, - strong, erect. _fronds_ nearly as broad as long, with a terminal - pinna 6in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, and numerous - spreading lateral ones; segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, 1/4in. - deep, subdimidiate, the lower line straight or somewhat decurved, - the upper nearly parallel, finely toothed, the outer oblique. - _sori_ interrupted, marginal. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN. - _A. prionophyllum_. - - =A. t. Hendersoni= (Henderson's). A stove variety with small blunt - pinnules. - - =A. tinctum= (tinted).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ 6in. - to 12in. long, deltoid, bipinnate; side pinnules rhomboid, three - to four lines long, lower edge straight, inner parallel with - rachis, or just wrapped over it, outer shallowly, bluntly lobed; - lower pinnules equilateral, imbricated over main rachis; surfaces - glabrous, when young of a delicate rose red colour, changing to - a bright green. _sori_ round, placed in final lobes. Tropical - America. Stove or greenhouse species. - - =A. trapeziforme= (rhomb-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, firm, - erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, with a central pinna 4in. to - 8in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and two to four large spreading - ones on each side, the lowest of which are often branched again; - segments 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, dimidiate, - the sides nearly parallel, the outer edge oblique, both it and the - upper one bluntly lobed, the lowest on stalks 1/4in. to 1/2in. - long. _sori_ numerous, contiguous, placed round the upper and outer - edge. West Indies, 1793. Stove species. - - =A. t. cultratum= (sharpened).* Outer edge of the segment bluntly - rounded. - - =A. t. pentadactylon= (five-fingered). Lower margin of the segments - somewhat decurved obliquely from the petiole. - - =A. t. SanctA| CatherinA|= (of gardens).* This is a deeply cut, - rather copiously divided variety of _A. trapeziforme_. - - =A. t. S. C. Funcki= (Funck's).* A deeply lobed, drooping variety, - of garden origin. - - =A. triangulatum= (triangle-leaved). Synonymous with _A. - intermedium_. - - =A. varium= (various). Probably identical with _A. villosum_. - - =A. Veitchianum= (Veitch's).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ - 9in. to 18in. long, deltoid, bipinnate in lower half, reddish when - young; side pinnules rhomboid, about 1/2in. long, lower border - straight, more or less deflexed from tip of pedicel, inner distant - from rachis, upper and outer shallowly lobed; end segments 1/2in. - to 3/4in. broad, equilateral, rounded in upper, deltoid in lower - half. _sori_ eight to ten to a segment, round, minute. Peruvian - Andes, 1868. A very elegant and distinct stove species. - - =A. velutinum= (velvety).* _sti._ as long as fronds, slightly - velvety. _fronds_ deltoid, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, three to four - pinnate; rachises densely pubescent on both sides; pinnA| 6in. - to 9in. long; segments twenty to thirty-jugate, sub-sessile, - sub-rhomboidal, 1in. long, 1/2in. broad, lower border decurved, - outer blunt or sub-acute, upper straight, shallowly, bluntly lobed. - _sori_ straight, one to one and a half lines long at tips of - lobes of upper edge, four to six to a segment. Columbia, 1866. A - magnificent stove species. - - =A. venustum= (charming).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, wiry, erect, - glossy. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, deltoid, - tri-quadripinnate; ultimate segments about 1/4in. across, cuneate - at the base, the upper edge rounded, and usually finely toothed, - of a light green colour, with a firm texture. _sori_ one to three, - roundish; in hollows of the upper edge. Himalayas, up to 8000ft. - Greenhouse or frame, nearly hardy in sheltered places. SYN. _A. - microphyllum_. - - =A. villosum= (hairy stalked).* _sti._ 9in. to 12in. long, strong, - erect. _fronds_ with a terminal central and several spreading pinnA| - on each side, 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules - dimidiate, about 1in. long, 1/2in. broad, the lower line nearly - straight, the upper edge nearly parallel with it, but considerably - larger, slightly toothed, and the outer edge auriculed at the base. - _sori_ in a continuous line round the upper and outer edge. West - Indies, &c., 1775. Stove species. - - =A. Wagneri= (Wagner's). Synonymous with _A. decorum_. - - =A. Wilesianum= (Wiles's). Synonymous with _A. crenatum_. - - =A. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ - 9in. to 18in. long, tripinnate, triangular; pinnA| ovate, distant, - pinnules sub-rotund, slightly trapeziform, the basal line rather - concave, the margin entire or slightly undulated, or divided into - three to four lobes, crenately notched between the _sori_, the - sterile portions with an erose diaphanous margin. _sori_ eight - to ten, elongate reniform or lunate, occupying the whole of the - semicircular outer edge. Mountains of Peru, 1877. In a young state, - the stipes and fronds are dusted with a yellow powder. This is one - of the most beautiful of the Maidenhair ferns. Greenhouse species. - - =A. Wilsoni= (Wilson's).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect. - _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, simply pinnate, - with a large terminal pinna and two to six sub-sessile lateral ones - on each side, which are 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, - ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire. _sori_ in - continuous lines along both edges. Jamaica. Stove species. SYNS. - _A. dolosum_, _A. macropterum_. - - =A. Zahnii= (Zahn's). Synonymous with _A. Seemanni_. - -=ADIKE.= A synonym of =Pilea= (which _see_). - -=ADINA= (from _adinos_, crowded; in reference to the flowers being -disposed in heads). ORD. _RubiaceA|_. A very pretty evergreen cool -stove shrub, with opposite terete branches, and solitary, axillary -peduncles. It thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Propagated -by cuttings, inserted in a rich, loamy soil, under a hand glass, in -heat. - - =A. globifera= (globe-bearing).* _fl._ yellowish, sessile, crowded, - collected into globose heads; corolla funnel-shaped; peduncles - axillary, rarely terminal, solitary. July. _l._ lanceolate, - glabrous, longer than the peduncles. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. China, 1804. - -=ADLUMIA= (from _adlumino_, to fringe with purple; flowers bordered -with purple). ORD. _FumariaceA|_. An interesting, delicate, and nearly -hardy climber from North America. Flowers with four spongy, cohering -petals. A warm, good soil is most suitable; sow seeds about May in a -shady spot. It is a biennial, but in favourable spots is self-sowing, -and thus may be treated as a perennial. If placed either against a wall -or in the open it is a pretty subject for trailing over a shrub or -twiggy branch. From its fragile character, it can only be seen to the -best advantage under glass. - - =A. cirrhosa= (tendrilled).* _fl._ pale rose-coloured, about - 1/2in. long; peduncles axillary, generally four-flowered. June. - _l._ triply pinnate, pale green. _h._ 15ft. 1788. The Maidenhair - fern-like leaves are borne in profusion on the slender twining - stems. SYN. _Corydalis fungosa_. - -=ADNATE.= Grown to anything by the whole surface; anthers are said to -be Adnate when they are attached to the filaments by their whole length. - -=ADONIS= (name of classical derivation). ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. Handsome -hardy herbaceous plants. Flowers solitary, terminal; petals five to -fifteen. Leaves divided into numerous linear segments. Some of the -annuals are much inferior to the perennial species. The latter section -constitute very ornamental subjects for rockwork, borders, margins of -shrubberies, &c. All the species will grow freely in common soil, and -are propagated by seeds. The perennials may be divided at the root. - - =A. A|stivalis= (summer).* Pheasant's Eye. _fl._ deep crimson; - petals flat, oblong, obtuse, one-half longer than the calyx. June. - Stem almost simple, elongated. _h._ 1ft. South Europe, 1629. - Annual. See Figs. 31 and 32. - - =A. autumnalis= (autumnal).* Pheasant's Eye; Red Morocco. _fl._ of - an intense blood-red, with a black centre, rarely pale, globose - from the six to eight concave conniving petals, which are scarcely - larger than the calyx. May. Stems branched. _h._ 1ft. Britain. - Annual. - - =A. pyrenaica= (Pyrenean).* _fl._ almost sessile, yellow; petals - eight to ten, smaller and more obtuse than in _A. vernalis_. - July. _l._, lower ones on long stalks, with trifid petioles and - many-parted segments; upper ones sessile, multifid, with linear - very entire lobules. Stem 1ft. or more high, and usually much - branched. Pyrenees, 1817. Perennial. - -[Illustration: FIG. 31. FLOWER OF ADONIS A†STIVALIS.] - - =A. vernalis= (spring).* _fl._ yellow, large; petals, ten to - twelve, oblong, rather denticulated. March. _l._ lower ones - abortive, or reduced to somewhat sheathing scales, the middle and - upper ones sessile and multifid, with very entire lobes. _h._ 9in. - to 1ft. Europe, 1629. Charming rock plant. This handsome species - requires a rich moist sandy loam, and should not be disturbed for - years. Perennial. - -[Illustration: FIG. 32. ADONIS A†STIVALIS, showing Habit and Flowers.] - - =A. v. sibirica= (Siberian) differs only in having larger flowers. - - =A. volgensis= (Volga). An intermediate species between _A. - vernalis_ and _A. pyrenaica_, differing from the first in the stems - being branched, leaves more distant; from the last by the lower - leaves being abortive, and formed like scales; and from both in the - sepals being pubescent on the outside, not smooth. _fl._ yellow. - _h._ 1ft. Russia, 1818. - -=ADPRESSED.= Brought into close contact with anything without adhering. - -=ADULT.= The full grown of anything. Full grown leaves are termed adult. - -=ADVENTITIOUS.= Developed in an unusual position. Applied to buds, -roots, &c. - -=ADVENTURE BAY PINE.= _See_ _Phyllocladus rhomboidalis_. - -=ADVERSE.= Opposite. - -=A†CHMEA= (from _aichme_, a point; in reference to the rigid points -on the calyces, or flower-envelopes). Including _Pironneaua_. ORD. -_BromeliaceA|_. Very handsome stove plants. Flowers scapose, panicled; -perianth six-cleft, three outer segments sepaloid, longer than the -three inner or petaloid ones. Leaves ligulate or sword-shaped, -sometimes with marginal spines. The species thrive best in a -well-drained compost of rich fibrous loam and leaf mould. They like -plenty of light, which may be afforded by standing them on inverted -pots, so as to raise their heads well up above the surrounding plants. -Propagation: When the flower-spikes, which are sent up from the heart -or crown of the plant, die away, suckers or offsets are produced near -the base, and from these other flowers appear the year after. If large -plants are desired, these suckers should be left to grow and spread -around; but to produce single plants, the suckers must be taken off -and potted singly, in sharp soil, and then stood where they can get -a moist heat till rooted. To enable them to do this it is necessary -to strip off a few of the lower leaves, and trim the bottom with a -sharp knife, in order that it may heal over and callus more readily -than it otherwise would. When rooted, the plants may be shifted into -larger-sized pots; but for single crowns 32-sized pots are large -enough, as the plants, being epiphytal in their nature, do not require -much soil or any great supply of water, except when growing freely or -sending up their flower-spikes. In winter, they should be kept rather -on the dry side, to induce partial rest; and an important point is to -see that water is not allowed to lie for any length of time in the -crown of the plant, as when that is the case it is likely to cause them -to rot. - -[Illustration: FIG. 33. A†CHMEA FULGENS.] - - =A†. calyculata= (calycled).* _fl._ bright yellow, tubular, with red - bracts, borne in close roundish heads at the top of an erect scape. - _l._ strap-shaped, with the ends having the appearance of being cut - off, but armed with a sharp spine. _h._ 9in. Brazil, 1862. SYN. - _Hoplophytum calyculatum_. - - =A†. cA"lestis= (heavenly blue).* _fl._ sky-blue, in close pyramidal - panicles, on erect snipes. Winter. _l._ ligulate, concave, - spiny-edged, scaly beneath. Brazil, 1874. SYN. _Hoplophytum - cA"leste_. - - =A†. cA"rulescens= (bluish). _fl._ bluish. _h._ 1ft. South America, - 1870. This pretty species is very attractive on account of the - large dense head of deep blue and pure white berries which are - produced in October. SYN. _Lamprococcus cA"rulescens_. - - =A†. discolor= (two-coloured-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet, borne on a - loose, branched panicle. June. _l._ broad, minutely toothed on the - margin, deep green above, and rather purplish beneath. _h._ 2ft. - Brazil, 1844. - - =A†. distichantha= (two-ranked-flowered).* _fl._ sepals - rose-coloured; petals bright purple; spikes densely clothed with - bright red bracts. _l._ long, glaucous, linear-oblong, tapering to - a sharp point, and distinctly armed with reddish brown spines. _h._ - 1ft. South Brazil, 1852. SYN. _Billbergia polystachya_. - - =A†. exudans= (exuding). _fl._ orange-coloured (exuding a white - greasy substance, whence the specific name) interspersed with - green bracts; scape erect, with scattered crimson lanceolate - bracts, terminating in a dense head. _l._ oblong, spine-margined, - grey-coated. _h._ 2ft. West Indies, 1824. SYN. _Hohenbergia - capitata_. - - =A†. fasciata= (banded).* _fl._ scape upright, clothed with leafy - bracts of a rosy-pink colour; each of the pink blossoms in - the dense conical head is subtended by a narrow, spiny-edged, - similarly-coloured bract, longer than its own. _l._ broad, - recurved, banded with white. Rio Janeiro, 1826. SYN. _Billbergia - fasciata_. Lasts in perfection for a considerable length of time. - - =A†. fulgens= (glowing).* _fl._ deep rich red, with a bluish tip, - fifty or more in a large branching panicle; scape stout, erect, - scarlet. August, September. _l._ somewhat sword-shaped, terminating - rather abruptly. Cayenne, 1842. See Fig. 33. - - =A†. Furstenbergi= (Furstenberg's). _fl._ rose; flower spike dense, - with overlapping showy pink bracts. _l._ tufted, linear, spinous at - the edge, recurved. _h._ 1ft. Bahia, 1879. - - =A†. glomerata= (glomerate).* _fl._ violet; scape erect, stout, 8in. - to 10in. high, with glomerate branches of crowded blood-red bracts. - _l._ oblong-ligulate, cuspidate, about 18in. long, dull green; - margin with short wide-set spines. Bahia, 1868. SYN. _Hohenbergia - erythrostachys_. - - =A†. hystrix= (bristly).* _fl._ in very dense, oblong spikes; - floral leaves and bracts scarlet. February. _l._ densely crowded, - ascending, linear lanceolate, saw-toothed. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Cayenne, - 1880. - - =A†. Legrelliana= (Legrell's). A synonym of _Portea Legrelliana_. - - =A†. Lindeni= (Linden's). _fl._ yellow, in dense terminal heads, - with lanceolate red bracts, shorter than the flowers. _l._ - linear-oblong, rounded, apiculate; margins saw-toothed; habit - tufted. _h._ 1ft. South Brazil, 1864. - - =A†. MariA| ReginA|= (Queen Maria's).* _fl._ tipped with blue, - changing to salmon colour with age, arranged compactly upon the - upper portion of the spike; scape erect, about 2ft. high; half the - length is clothed with large boat-shaped bracts, some 4in. long, - intensely rich rose-pink. June, July. _l._ 18in. long, with a - tufted habit. Costa Rica, 1873. This is perhaps the best species. - - =A†. Melinoni= (Melinon's). _fl._ bright scarlet, tipped with pink, - cylindric; panicle dense, terminal. _l._ oblong, leathery, about - 18in. in length, dark green; margin spiny. South America. - - =A†. Ortgiesii= (Ortgies'). _fl._ red, on short spikes. _l._ - numerous, channelled, recurved, spongy, broad at the base, and - tapering to a point; stem short, gouty. Tropical America, 1860. - SYN. _Ortgiesia tillandsioides_. - - =A†. paniculigera= (panicled). _fl._ rose-coloured; petals - projecting beyond the sepals, deep bright purple; panicle large, - compound, 1ft. to 2ft. long; scape reddish, downy; rachides and - bracts rose-coloured. _l._ ligulate, shortly acuminate. West - Indies, 1881. - - =A†. spectabilis= (showy).* _fl._ rosy; calyx fleshy, ovate; corolla - 1in. long, rosy crimson. _l._ spreading, channelled, ligulate, - 2-1/2ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad. Guatemala, 1875. - - =A†. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _fl._ scarlet; spike densely clothed - with scarlet toothed bracts, closely investing flowers. _l._ - tufted, leathery in texture, broadly strap-shaped, spotted, and - minutely serrulate. _h._ 1ft. Columbia, 1877. SYN. _Chevalliera - Veitchii_. - -=A†GICERAS= (from _aix_, a goat, and _keras_, a horn; alluding to the -shape of its fruit). ORD. _MyrsineA|_. Small trees, with obovate entire -leaves. Flowers white, fragrant, in terminal or axillary umbels. For -culture, _see_ =Jacquinia=. - - =A†. fragrans= (fragrant). _fl._ white, fragrant; umbels - pedunculate, axillary, terminal. April. _l._ obovate, margin - undulated, and unequally dilated, veiny; upper surface covered with - saline excrescence. _h._ 6ft. New Holland, 1824. - -=A†GILOPS.= _See_ =Quercus A†gilops=. - -=A†GIPHILA= (from _aix_, a goat, and _philos_, dear; a favourite -with goats). ORD. _VerbenaceA|_. Stove ornamental evergreen shrubs, -generally with ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth leaves; and flowers -in axillary and terminal panicles. They require a rich sandy loam. -Propagated from cuttings, which will root in sand, under a glass, with -bottom heat. - - =A†. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ yellow, terminal, - corymbose; corolla downy. November. Berry compressed, blue. - _l._ verticillate oblong, entire, sub-cordate at base. _h._ - 3ft. Havannah, 1843. The other species are probably not now in - cultivation, and this one is not generally so. - -=A†GLE= (from A†gle, one of the Hesperides). Bengal Quince. ORD. -_RutaceA|_. A stove evergreen tree, producing very large fruit, which -much resembles an orange in general appearance, very delicious to the -taste, and exquisitely fragrant. This genus differs principally from -_Citrus_ by its numerous disunited stamens. The pulp of the fruit is -an aperient, and a valuable remedy in dysentery, the thick rind and -the dried unripe fruit are astringent. It thrives best in a rich loamy -soil. Propagated by ripe cuttings, which, if not deprived of any of -their leaves, will root in sand under a hand glass, in heat. - - =A†. Marmelos= (Marmelos). _fl._ white, very fragrant; panicles - axillary, terminal. April. _fr._ fifteen-celled. _l._ trifoliate; - leaflets toothletted. _h._ 10ft. India, 1759. - -=A†OLANTHUS= (from _aiollo_, to vary, and _anthos_, a flower; referring -to the variableness of the flowers). ORD. _LabiatA|_. A genus of few -herbs, with thickish leaves. Flowers loosely panicled. They thrive in -sandy loam, and increase freely from seeds sown in a similar compost. - - =A†. Livingstonii= (Livingstone's). _fl._ brown. East Africa, 1859. - - =A†. suaveolens= (sweet-scented). _fl._ lilac, secund; cymes - axillary and terminal, erect, usually trifid, with floral leaves - under the divisions. July. _l._ nearly sessile, obovate, obsoletely - denticulated, thickish, pale green. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1859. A - pretty stove annual, with a sweet odour. - -=AERANTHUS= (from _aer_, air, and _anthos_, a flower; referring to the -habit). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A genus of a couple of species of remarkable -stove orchids, requiring treatment similar to =Anguloa=, to which they -are allied. - - =A†. arachnitis= (spider-like). _fl._ green. _l._ linear. _h._ 4in. - Madagascar, 1850. - - =A†. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish-green, large, - solitary, terminal. _h._ 8in. Madagascar, 1823. - -=AERATION.= The exposure of the soil to the free action of the air, as -essential to the growth of plants. - -=AERIDES= (from _aer_, the air; in reference to the power the -species have of deriving their sustenance from the atmosphere). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. An extensive genus of epiphytal orchids, confined to the -tropics of the Old World, including many large and showy-flowered -species. The majority of them are extremely handsome. The thick -fleshy leaves are noteworthy for their characteristically distichous -arrangement--that is to say, they are arranged in two opposite rows. -They are usually truncate at the apex, and for the most part deeply -channelled down the centre, but in some species terete or nearly -cylindrical. All of them throw out large fleshy roots from various -parts of their stems, by which they absorb the moisture from the -atmosphere; and, in order to grow them successfully, they must be fixed -upon blocks of wood. But this method should be adopted only whilst the -plants are young, as it is almost an impossibility for the cultivator -to maintain a sufficient amount of atmospheric moisture to meet their -requirements; and, unless this is managed, the leaves will shrivel and -fall off, leaving only a few at the extremity. Therefore, as soon as -the plants are established upon the blocks of wood, let them be removed -and potted. Fill the pot three parts full of broken potsherds and lumps -of charcoal, and then use nothing, but clean, living sphagnum, placing -a few roots in the moss and leaving the others free. By this means a -greater amount of moisture can be supplied to them, and thus beautiful -and symmetrical specimens obtained. The Aerides are easily grown into -handsome plants, which usually bloom profusely, and thus recommend -themselves to all who cultivate orchids. From early spring until the -end of September they should be treated liberally with water, at the -same time taking care never to wet the flowers. After the above-named -time, a gradual diminution in the water supply to the roots should -take place; and the atmosphere, too, should be less densely charged -with moisture. But drought should never be carried far enough to cause -the leaves to shrivel, for, if this is done, the uniformity of the -specimen is marred; and, although we are quite willing to admit the -possibility of the plants producing a greater quantity of flower spikes -after a thorough shrivelling, we prefer to advocate the system that -gives a fair amount of flower coupled with good leafage. As before -remarked, the Aerides are peculiarly eastern, and therefore are usually -classed amongst the orchids which require the hottest houses. This is, -in one sense, correct; yet they do not require the great amount of heat -which many imagine, and which has, until recently, been given them. -They must not, therefore, be excluded from the amateur's collection of -orchids. During the winter season many of the species may be kept in -a temperature of 58deg. to 60deg.; whilst during the growing season -the temperature may run up by sun heat without limit, so long as a -free circulation of air and a sufficiency of moisture are secured. The -following status of temperature may be observed: In spring, from 65deg. -in the night, to 70deg. or 80deg. by day; in summer, from 70deg. in the -night, to 80deg. or 85deg. through the day; in winter, about 60deg. -night, and 65deg. day. - - =A. affine= (related).* _fl._ delicate rose, produced, in great - profusion, on branching spikes, which are sometimes 2ft. in - length, and continue in bloom two or three weeks; the sepals and - petals equal, rounded at the apex; the lip is sharply rhomboid and - three-lobed, with a short spur. _l._ light green, about 1ft. long. - _h._ 3ft. A very handsome species from India, forming an excellent - exhibition plant. - - =A. a. superbum= (superb).* An improved variety, with larger and - richer coloured flowers, and more compact habit. - - =A. Brookii= (Sir A. Brooke's).* _fl._ purple and white; labellum - bright purple; sepals and petals white, very fragrant. _l._ very - ornamental, of a glaucous (milky green) hue. Bombay. This species, - although one of the handsomest, is very rare. - - =A. crassifolium= (thick-leaved).* This is a dwarf, densely-habited - plant, with broad, thick, purple-dotted obliquely-bilobed leaves. - The flowers, which are borne on long and drooping spikes, are - bare--larger than those of _A. falcatum_, which they resemble in - form, and have the segments tipped with rich purple or amethyst, - the centre or throat of the flower being ivory-white. Compared with - _A. falcatum_, the spur is here bent under at an angle, while in - that plant it is straight; the side laciniA| of the lip are much - broader and shorter in the present plant, and the two keels on the - lip here stand close together at the base, and become divergent, - whilst in _falcatum_ they are distant at the base, and become - convergent near the middle of the lip. This species is described - as being the best in the genus. It may be grown near the glass, - suspended in a basket. Burmah, 1877. - -[Illustration: FIG. 34. FLOWER OF AERIDES CRISPUM.] - - =A. crispum= (curled).* _fl._ white, suffused with purplish rose, - nearly 2in. in diameter; sepals and petals ovate, acute; lip - three-lobed, the middle lobe being very large, toothed at the base, - and fringed at the margin; the horn-like spur is slightly incurved; - racemes ascending, more than double the length of the leaves, - many-flowered. _l._ deep green, flat and broad, blunt at the ends, - and two-lobed, about 4in. or 5in. long. Bombay, 1840. Lasts a long - time in beauty. See Fig. 34. - - =A. c. Lindleyanum= (Lindley's). A robust-growing variety, - producing a large, much-branched panicle of flowers; sepals and - petals white; lip large, bright rich rose-coloured. - - =A. c. Warneri= (Warner's).* The leaves are smaller, and more - slender than in the species; the sepals and petals are white, with - a soft, rich, rose-coloured lip. - - =A. cylindricum= (cylindric).* _fl._ white and pink, as large as - those of _A. crispum_; sepals and petals crispy. _l._ elongate, - subulate, terete, 4in. to 6in. long. East Indies. A very rare and - distinct species. SYN. _A. vandarum_. - - =A. dasycarpum= (thick-fruited). _fl._ brownish, rosy. India, 1865. - - =A. dasypogon.= _See_ =Sarcanthus erinaceus=. - - =A. difforme= (deformed). _fl._ green and brown. India, 1865. - - =A. Dominiana= (Dominy's).* This is a garden hybrid between _A. - Fieldingii_ and _A. affine_, with the colour of the former, but - markings and shape of the latter. Very rare. - - =A. falcatum= (sickle-leaved).* _fl._ sepals and petals white, - dotted with reddish crimson, and tipped with soft rose; lip white - at the sides, with a rosy-crimson centre; spur short, parallel with - the lip; racemes pendulous, many flowered. _l._ closely set upon - the stem, peculiar blue-green, coriaceous, obtuse and mucronate. - This species is very closely allied to _A. crassifolium_. SYN. _A. - LarpentA|_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 35. AERIDES ODORATUM.] - - =A. Fieldingii= (Fielding's).* The Fox-brush A†rides. _fl._ white, - numerous, large, beautifully mottled with bright rose colour; the - much branched racemes are 2ft. to 3ft. long, and continue blooming - three or four weeks. _l._ 8in. to 10in. long, in some plants light - green, and in others dark green; long, broad, thick, and fleshy, - obliquely two-lobed at the apex. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Assam. - - =A. Houlletianum= (Houllet's).* _fl._ sepals and petals buff, - shading off into cream white at the base, with a purplish eye-spot - at their tips; lip white; front part dark purplish, with some lines - of the same colour on the sides; on densely crowded spikes. _l._ - and growth similar to _A. virens_. Cochin China. SYN. _A. Mendelii_. - - =A. japonicum= (Japanese).* _fl._ white, with the lateral sepals - slightly barred with brown purple; several on the pendent racemes; - lip purple, spotted, marked with a dark violet central ridge. _l._ - short, linear-oblong, obtusely bilobed. Stems short, about 4in. - high. A pretty cool house species from Japan, 1862. - - =A. LarpentA|= (Lady Larpent's). Synonymous with _A. falcatum_. - - =A. Lobbii= (Lobb's).* _fl._ white in the centre, slightly tinted - with blush-rose towards the outside, somewhat spotted with violet; - lip marked with a whitish central bar, and stained with a deep - violet on either side; on long, dense, cylindrical, pendent - spikes. _l._ ligulate, obliquely two-lobed at the apex, thick - and fleshy in texture, about 18in. long, and of a light green - hue. Moulmein, 1868. This elegant plant, of which many distinct - varieties are in cultivation, is one of the most delicate of the - genus. - - =A. maculosum= (spotted). _fl._ large, with obtuse pale - rose-coloured sepals and petals, which are spotted with purple; - lip flat and undivided, bluntly ovate, and of a deep rosy-purple; - racemes pendulous, proceeding from among the upper leaves, somewhat - lax and branching. _l._ ligulate, thick, and fleshy, obtuse at - the apex, 8in. or 9in. long, dark green. A somewhat slow growing - species, with a rather stiff, dwarf habit. Bombay, 1840. - - =A. m. SchrA"deri= (SchrA"der's).* _fl._ very delicate white, tinged - with lilac and spotted with rose; labellum beautiful rose coloured. - _l._ dark green, 10in. long. _h._ 18in. East Indies. A very free - growing and handsome variety, superior to the species, but rare in - cultivation. - - =A. Mendelii= (Mendel's). Synonymous with _A. Houlletianum_. - - =A. mitratum= (mitred).* _fl._ waxy-white; lip violet coloured, on - numerous dense erect racemes. April. _l._ cylindrical, attenuated, - about 2ft. long, dark green. Moulmein, 1864. A rare but elegant - species. - - =A. nobile= (noble).* _fl._ sepals and petals white tipped, and - spotted with bright rose; lip three-lobed, the side lobes creamy - yellow, and the middle lobe slightly bifid at the apex, white, - dotted with rose-purple, very fragrant; racemes 2ft. to 3ft. - long, pendulous, much branched, many flowered. _l._ strap-shaped, - obliquely emarginate at the apex, light green, slightly spotted - with brown. Not unlike _A. suavissimum_, but with larger and better - coloured flowers, and more robust growth. East Indies. - - =A. odontochilum= (tooth-lipped). _h._ 2ft. Sylhet, 1837. - - =A. odoratum= (fragrant).* _fl._ sepals and petals creamy and - white, tipped with pink; lip cucullate, with even side lobes, - the middle lobe being ovate and inflexed, the spur conical and - incurved, of the same colour as the sepals, very fragrant; racemes - longer than the leaves, many-flowered, pendulous. _l._ oblique, - obtuse, mucronate at the apex, and dark green. East Indies, 1800. - See Fig. 35. - - =A. o. cornutum= (horned). _fl._ pink and white. Distinct. - - =A. o. majus= (greater).* Like _A. odoratum_ in growth, but with - larger and longer spike of flowers. - - =A. o. purpurascens= (purplish).* A very robust variety, with broad - dark green leaves and massive spike of large flowers, which are - white, tipped with bright pink. - - =A. pachyphyllum= (thick-leaved). _fl._ light crimson lake; spur - and column white, the small laciniA| of the blade of the lip on - front part of spur painted with more or less warm purple (these - laciniA| are just as insignificant as the spur is preponderant); - raceme short, few-flowered. _l._ fleshy, short; apex obtuse, and - unequally two-lobed. Burmah, 1880. - - =A. quinquevulnerum= (five-wounded).* _fl._ fragrant; sepals and - petals obtuse, white, marked with five reddish crimson blotches, - and tipped with purple; lip cucullate and funnel-shaped, the - side lobes being erect and the centre lobe oblong, incurved - and serrated, of the same colour as the sepals; spur conical, - green, large; racemes longer than the leaves, pendulous, and - many-flowered. Late summer and early autumn. _l._ ligulate, about - 12in. long, tightly clasping the stem at the base, obliquely - mucronate at the apex, bright shining green. Philippines, 1838. - - =A. q. Farmeri= (Farmer's).* A very rare variety of the above, - with similar habit, but the flowers are pure white throughout, and - fragrant. - - =A. Reichenbachii= (Reichenbach's).* _fl._, sepals neatly striped - (not blotched); lip deep orange colour; racemes densely crowded. - Borneo, 1858. A very rare species. - - =A. roseum= (rose-coloured).* _fl._, sepals and petals narrow, - acute, pale rose colour, with darker spots; lip flat, entire, and - acute, of a bright rose, freckled--like the sepals and petals--with - spots of a darker hue; raceme pendulous, dense, and many-flowered, - upwards of 1ft. in length. _l._ coriaceous, recurved, and - channelled above with a blunt two-lobed apex. Moulmein, 1840. As - this does not root freely, it requires less moisture than any other - species. - - =A. r. superbum= (superb).* A fine variety, with stronger growth - and larger and richer-coloured flowers. The spikes of this, as well - as the typical species, are apt to die off if much water is given. - - =A. rubrum= (red). A synonym of _Sarcanthus erinaceus_. - - =A. suavissimum= (sweetest). _fl._ sepals and petals obtusely - ovate, white, tipped or tinged throughout with deep lilac; lip - three-lobed, pressed to the column, the side lobes being oblong - and denticulate, the middle lobe linear and bifid, the whole lip - being of a pale lemon colour, and the spur rosy-eyed; the numerous - racemes are half pendulous and branched, bearing a profusion of - deliciously fragrant flowers. _l._ flaccid, about 10in. long, light - green, profusely freckled with brown dots. Malacca, 1848. There are - one or two varieties. - - =A. tesselatum= (chequered). _fl._ lined and streaked with green, - white, and purple. East Indies, 1838. A scarce species. - - =A. testaceum= (testaceous). A synonym of _Vanda testacea_. - - =A. Thibautianum= (Thibaut's). A synonym of _Saccolabium Huttoni_. - - =A. vandarum= (Vanda). A synonym of _A. cylindricum_. - - =A. virens= (vigorous). _fl._ deliciously fragrant; sepals and - petals ovate, obtuse, soft white, tipped with rosy-purple; lip - large; side lobes toothed at the apex, white, dotted with crimson; - middle lobe bearing a red inflated tongue; racemes long, drooping, - many-flowered, commencing to bloom early in April, and lasting - until July. _l._ broad, oblique, rounded at the apex, with a - depression in the centre, and very bright green, about 8in. long. - - =A. v. Ellisii= (Ellis's).* _fl._ sepals and petals large, white, - suffused with rose, and tipped with amethyst; the lower sepals very - round and broad; lip large; side lobes white, beautifully freckled - towards the base, with short lines of amethyst; middle lobe broad, - and deep rich amethyst in colour; spur stout, curved upwards, and - tipped with brown; racemes about 18in. long, bearing generally - from thirty to forty, or more, large flowers. _l._ pale green. A - splendid variety. - - =A. Wightianum.= _See_ =Vanda testacea=. - - =A. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _fl._ delicate pinkish white, - produced in great abundance; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. long, and - branched, _l._ broad, dark green, drooping. A very scarce and - pretty species. - -=AEROBION.= _See_ =AngrA|cum=. - -=AEROPHYTES.= Plants that are grown entirely in the air. - -=A†SCHYNANTHUS= (from _aischuno_, to be ashamed, and _anthos_, a -flower). ORD. _GesneraceA|_. A genus of very beautiful twining, radicant -or parasitical stove shrubs, with opposite, simple, entire leaves, and -axillary, terminal, few flowered, umbellate peduncles. They possess all -the qualifications worthy of extensive cultivation--handsome flowers, -fine deep green leaves, an agreeable fragrance, and are easily grown on -blocks, which must be covered with green moss, fastened on with small -copper wire. Preparatory to fastening them on, the roots should be -covered with moss, and the plants secured to the block also by wire. -After this, but little attention is requisite, except duly syringing -and occasionally dipping in tepid water. As pot plants they are very -beautiful, and in this method perfection is only obtained by growing -them on fast and strong by generous treatment, which consists in -frequently repotting in light rich compost till they are large enough -to be trained up a trellis, formed of slender rods of willow or hazel. -Propagated by seeds and cuttings. The former are very unsatisfactory; -the latter root readily during spring in a well-drained pot, filled -with a light compost, and having a surface of pure white sand, about -1in. deep. The best are obtained from half-ripened wood, cut into 2in. -or 3in. lengths, and all leaves, with the exception of one or two at -the top, removed. The cuttings should then be covered over with a bell -glass, and placed in moderate bottom heat. So soon as rooted, transfer -them singly to small pots, and again place under hand glasses, until -they are thoroughly established, then gradually harden off. When about -twelve months old, place the plants in their permanent quarters. -Baskets are commonly and very effectively employed. Line these with -moss, and fill with a light rich compost; place the plant as near the -centre as possible, and, to promote a uniform growth, fasten down the -branches with small neat pegs, at equal distances. During the summer, -give copious supplies of water, to produce a liberal growth, which is -of the utmost importance the first season, when they should not be -permitted to flower. The following winter they should be kept cool and -rather dry, thus giving them a rest. The year following, if properly -managed, they will bloom profusely. - - =A†. atrosanguinea= (dark-red).* _fl._ dark red; corolla 1-1/2in. - long, cylindrical, saccate at base, pilose; peduncle one-flowered. - July. _l._ pilose, oblong, sub-cordate, serrated, unequal. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, 1848. - - =A†. Aucklandi.= (Lord Auckland's). Synonymous with _A†. speciosus_. - - =A†. Boschianus= (Bosch's).* _fl._ scarlet, axillary, clustered; - corolla tubular, with wide throat; calyx tubular, smooth, - purplish-brown. July. _l._ ovate, obtuse, entire. _h._ 1ft. Java, - 1844. See Fig. 36. - - =A†. cordifolius= (heart-leaved).* _fl._ deep red, striped with - black, inside of the tube orange, axillary, clustered. Summer. _l._ - cordate, quite smooth, dark green on the upper side, paler below. - _h._ 1ft. Borneo, 1858. - - =A†. fulgens= (shining).* _fl._ bright crimson, very long; - throat and the under side of the tube orange; lobes striped - with black, disposed in terminal umbels. October. _l._ large, - oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thick and fleshy, bright dark green. - _h._ 1ft. East Indies, 1855. - - =A†. grandiflorus= (large-flowered).* _fl._ deep crimson and orange, - large; corolla clavate; segments obtuse, with a dark mark at top, - equal; umbels many-flowered. August. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, - acuminated, serrated, obscurely-nerved, fleshy, dark green, _h._ - 5ft. East Indies, 1838. - - =A†. javanicus= (Java). _fl._ bright red, stained with yellow in the - throat; corolla downy, tubular; corymbs terminal, bracteate. June. - _l._ small, ovate, slightly toothed, with sunk veins. Java, 1848. - Plant scandent. - - =A†. Lobbianus= (Lobb's).* _fl._ rich scarlet; calyx large, - campanulate; corolla downy; corymbs terminal, bracteate. June. _l._ - elliptic, entire or slightly serrated, glaucous. Java, 1845. Plant - subscandent. - -[Illustration: FIG. 36. A†SCHYNANTHUS BOSCHIANUS.] - - =A†. longiflorus= (long-flowered).* _fl._ scarlet, erect, fascicled; - corolla with a long clavate curved tube, and oblique constructed - bilobed mouth; upper lobe bifid. Summer. _l._ broad-lanceolate, - acuminate, entire. Java, 1845. Plant pendulous. - - =A†. miniatus= (vermilion).* _fl._ rich vermilion; corolla - tomentose; upper lip bilobed, lower one tripartite; peduncles - axillary, three-flowered. June. _l._ oval acute, entire. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Java, 1845. SYN. _A†. radicans_. - - =A†. pulcher= (fair).* _fl._ bright scarlet; corolla three times - larger than the calyx; corymbs terminal, bracteate. June. _l._ - ovate, obscurely toothed. Java, 1845. Scandent. - - =A†. radicans= (stem-fibred). Synonymous with _A†. miniatus_. - - =A†. speciosus= (showy).* _fl._ rich orange-coloured; corolla with - long clavate curved tube, and obliquely four-lobed limb; upper lobe - bifid, terminal, numerous, downy. Summer. _l._ upper ones always - verticillate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate. _h._ - 2ft. Java, 1845. SYN. _A†. Aucklandi_. - - =A†. splendidus= (splendid).* _fl._ bright scarlet, spotted with - black on the margins; corolla clavate, 3in. long, in terminal - fascicles. Summer, lasting in perfection for a considerable time. - _l._ elliptic lanceolate, acuminated, entire, rather undulated. - _h._ 1ft. Hybrid. - - =A†. tricolor= (three-coloured).* _fl._ deep blood red, usually - twin; throat and base of the lobes bright orange, the three upper - lobes being striped with black. July. _l._ cordate, dark green - above, paler on the under side; edges, under surface, and stem, - slightly hairy. _h._ 1ft. Borneo, 1857. - - =A†. zebrinus= (zebra-marked). _fl._ green, brown. Autumn. Java, - 1846. - -=A†SCHYNOMENE= (from _aischuno_, to be ashamed; in reference to the -leaves of some of the species falling on the slightest touch, like -those of the Sensitive plant). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Stove herbs and -shrubs, with impari-pinnate leaves, having many pairs of leaflets, and -axillary racemes of usually yellow flowers. They thrive well in a good -rich loam. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under a bell glass, -in a brisk heat. Seeds of the herbaceous species require a good heat to -start them into growth. The annuals are not worth growing. There are -about forty other species known besides those mentioned, some of which -may prove worthy of cultivation when introduced. - - =A†. aristata= (awned). A synonym of _Pictatia aristata_. - - =A†. aspera= (rough-stemmed). _fl._ yellow; racemes compound; - peduncles, bracteas, calyces, and corollas, hispid. June. _l._ with - thirty to forty pairs of linear leaflets, which (as well as the - legumes) are smooth. Stem herbaceous, erect. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. East - Indies, 1759. Perennial. - - =A†. sensitiva= (sensitive).* _fl._ white; legumes and racemes - glabrous; peduncles branched, few-flowered. June. _l._ with sixteen - to twenty pairs of linear leaflets. Stem smooth. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. - Jamaica, 1733. This shrub requires a sandy soil. - -=A†SCULUS= (a name given by Pliny to a kind of oak having an edible -fruit; derived from _esca_, nourishment). The Horse Chestnut. ORD. -_SapindaceA|_. A genus of hardy showy trees, well adapted for lawns -or parks, having a beautiful appearance when in flower. They will do -well in any soil, but the more loamy the better. Increased by layers, -put down in the spring, or by grafting or budding on the common horse -chestnut. Seeds, where procurable, should be sown singly in rows in -spring, where they may remain until they are of sufficient size to be -permanently planted out. This genus is distinguished from _Pavia_, in -having its capsules echinated, _i.e._, covered with prickles, like a -hedgehog; but this character is not always consistent. - - =A†. carnea= (flesh-coloured). Synonymous with _A†. rubicunda_. - - =A†. glabra= (smooth-leaved).* _fl._ greenish yellow; corolla of - four spreading petals, with their claws about the length of the - calyx; stamens longer than the corolla. June. _l._ with five - leaflets, very smooth; foliage larger than the common species. _h._ - 20ft. North America, 1821. SYNS. _A. ohioensis_, _A. pallida_. - - =A†. Hippocastanum= (Common Horse-Chestnut). _fl._ white, tinged - with red, on very handsome terminal racemes, which are produced - in great profusion; petals five. April and May. _l._ with seven - obovately-cuneated, acute, toothed leaflets. Asia, 1629. This, the - common horse chestnut, is well known by the beautiful parabolic - form in which it grows, and during the period of its flowering no - tree possesses greater beauty. It has two or three unimportant - varieties, differing in the variation of their leaves, and one also - with double flowers. These are increased by grafting only. - - =A†. ohioensis= (Ohio). A synonym of _A. glabra_. - - =A†. pallida= (pale-flowered). A synonym of _A. glabra_. - - =A†. rubicunda= (red-flowered).* _fl._ scarlet, in very fine - terminal racemes; petals four, having the claws shorter than - the calyx; stamens eight. June. _l._ with five to seven - obovately-cuneated, acute, unequally serrated leaflets. _h._ - 20ft. North America, 1820. This is a very distinct and beautiful - tree when in flower, and does not attain so large a size as _A†. - Hippocastanum_. SYN. _A†. carnea_. - -=A†STIVATION.= The manner of the folding of the calyx and corolla in the -flower bud. - -=A†THIONEMA= (from _aitho_, to scorch, and _nema_, a filament; -apparently in allusion to some tawny or burnt appearance in the -stamens). ORD. _CruciferA|_. A genus of elegant little plants, -distinguished from allied genera in having the four larger stamens -winged, and with a tooth. Herbs or sub-shrubs, perennial or annual, -branched from the base, diffuse or erect. Flowers in crowded terminal -racemes. Leaves fleshy, sessile. They are well worth cultivating in -sunny situations, where they form a freer flowering habit than when -growing in a wild state. Some of the more hardy species may be planted -on rock work, which, by their dwarf growth, they are well adapted for. -The annual and biennial species may either be sown on rockwork or in -the front of the flower-border. A light dry soil suits them best. The -shrubby kinds of this genus should be kept in pots, which should be -well drained with potsherds, and treated like other alpine plants. -Propagated by seeds, sown in May; or by cuttings, planted in summer. - - =A†. Buxbaumii= (Bauxbaum's). _fl._ pale red; racemes crowded, - aggregate. June. _l._ oblong-spathulate, glaucous. _h._ 6in. - Thrace, 1823. A pretty annual, with erect branched stems. SYN. - _Thlaspi arabicum_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 37. A†THIONEMA CORIDIFOLIUM, showing Habit and -Flowers.] - - =A†. coridifolium= (Coris-leaved).* _fl._ rosy lilac, small, in - terminal dense rounded racemes. June. _l._ linear, glaucous, - crowded. Asia Minor, 1871. A pretty perennial, shrubby below, with - erect stems 6in. to 8in. high. See Fig. 37. - - =A†. gracile= (slender). _fl._ purplish; racemes crowded, terminal; - when in fruit, loose. June. _l._ lanceolate, pointed. _h._ 8in. - Branches and branchlets slender, elongated. Sandy hills in - Carniola, 1820. Shrubby perennial. - -[Illustration: FIG. 38. A†THIONEMA GRANDIFLORUM, showing Habit and -Flowers.] - - =A†. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* _fl._ of a warm shaded - rose; racemes crowded, terminal, numerous. May to August. _l._ - ovate-oblong, glaucous. Mount Lebanon, 1879. This perennial species - forms a spreading bush about 1-1/2ft. high, and is perhaps the - handsomest of the genus. It succeeds well in the ordinary border, - but is far better suited for the rockery. See Fig. 38. - - =A†. membranaceum= (membranous-podded). _fl._ purplish, in terminal - racemes. June. _l._ linear, distant, somewhat fleshy, strictly - appressed. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Persia, 1828. A small shrub, with - filiform branches. - - =A†. monospermum= (one-seeded). _fl._ purple, largish, in terminal - racemes. July. _l._ oval or obovate, blunt, coriaceous; pods - one-celled, one-seeded. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Spain, 1778. A pretty - little biennial, with hardish branches. - - =A†. pulchellum= (pretty).* This is said to be a new species, - but it much resembles _A†. coridifolium_. It is scarcely in full - cultivation yet, but it proves one of the hardiest as well as one - of the most handsome kinds. - - =A†. saxatilis= (rock).* _fl._ purplish; racemes loose, terminal. - May and June. _l._ lanceolate, acutish. _h._ 8in. Spain, 1820. A - pretty annual. - -=AFRICAN ALMOND.= _See_ =Brabejum=. - -=AFRICAN BLADDER NUT.= _See_ =Royena lucida=. - -=AFRICAN FLEABANE.= _See_ =Tarchonanthus=. - -=AFRICAN HAREBELL.= _See_ =Roella ciliata=. - -=AFRICAN LILY.= _See_ =Agapanthus=. - -=AFRICAN LOTUS.= _See_ =Zizyphus=. - -=AFRICAN MARIGOLD.= _See_ =Tagetes erecta=. - -=AFRICAN OAK OR TEAK.= _See_ =Vitex Doniana=. - -=AFRICAN SATIN-BUSH.= _See_ =Podalyria sericea=. - -=AFZELIA= (named after Adam Afzelius, M.D., Professor of Botany in the -University of Upsal, and for many years resident at Sierra Leone). -ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A pretty stove evergreen tree. For culture, _see_ -=A†giphila=. - - =A. africana= (African).* _fl._ crimson, disposed in racemes; - petals four (furnished with claws), upper one largest. June. Legume - ligneus, many-celled; seeds black, with scarlet aril. _l._ abruptly - pinnate. _h._ 30ft. Sierra Leone, 1821. - -=AGALMYLA= (from _agalma_, an ornament; and _hule_, a wood; the -species are great ornaments to the woods in which they grow wild). -ORD. _GesneraceA|_. A small but very handsome genus of climbing or -radicant herbs, with simple alternate leaves and axillary fascicles of -flowers, something like the blooms of a Gesnera. Corolla limb oblique, -five-lobed, scarcely two-lipped. _A. staminea_, the most generally -cultivated species, is best grown in a basket, planted in a compost of -rough peat, a little leaf soil, fresh sphagnum moss, and nodules of -charcoal. Give an abundance of moisture when growing, which should be -lessened after flowering, and allow the plant to rest during winter. It -may be planted out on rockwork in the stove. Half-ripened cuttings will -root freely in heat under a glass. The temperature in summer should not -be less than 75deg. by day, and 65deg. by night. - - =A. longistyla= (long-styled). _fl._ crimson. Java, 1873. - - =A. staminea= (long-stamened).* _fl._ scarlet, disposed in axillary - fascicles; corolla tubular, incurved, with a dilated throat. - Summer. _l._ alternate, oblong, acuminated, denticulated, nearly - equal at the base, downy beneath, and on the edges. Stem and - petioles hairy. _h._ 2ft. Java, 1846. Stove species. - -=AGANISIA= (from _aganos_, desirable; in reference to the beauty -of these neat little plants). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. A small genus of -epiphytal orchids, requiring to be grown upon a block of wood suspended -from the rafters of the stove. A damp atmosphere, syringing the roots -and leaves freely when in a growing state, and shade during very bright -sunshine, are primary points to be observed in their cultivation. -Increased by dividing the pseudo-bulbs just previous to starting into -new growth. - - =A. cA"rulea= (dark blue).* _fl._ peduncles axillary, few flowered. - "The colour is the well known one of _Vanda cA"rulea_. There are, - however, darker blue blotches quasi-tesselated over the flower. - The lip is veiled, and has two very small basilar teeth, and - then a veiled middle lacinia, that is sacciform, bordered with - most remarkable long bristles, and with a deep violet blotch on - its middle part beneath. The white column has two cartilaginous - quadrate arms close to the stigmatic hollow." _l._ cuneate, oblong, - acuminate. Pseudo-bulbs distichous, depresso-ovoid. Brazil, 1876. - - =A. fimbriata= (fringed).* _fl._ white; lip blue. Demerara, 1874. - This species has also a sacciform, fimbriate lip, but, when - compared with the foregoing, its flowers, leaves, and bulbs are - much smaller, and the lip is not slit up to the apex, but the sac - is round. - - =A. graminea= (grass-leaved). A weedy looking species, of no garden - value. Guiana, 1836. - - =A. ionoptera= (violet-winged). The flowers, not very much larger - than those of the lily of the valley, are white, with violet - petals, and violet tips and streaks on the sepals. Peru, 1871. - - =A. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ white, with a blotch of yellow in - the centre of the lip; the spike is produced from the bottom of the - bulb. _h._ 8in. Demerara, 1838. It blossoms at different times of - the year, and lasts two or three weeks in perfection. This species - is very rare and pretty, and is best grown in a pot, with peat, and - good drainage; requires a liberal supply of water at the roots, and - the hottest house. - -=AGANOSMA= (from _aganos_, mild, and _osme_, a smell; scent of -flowers). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. A genus of showy stove or warm -greenhouse shrubs, with opposite leaves and terminal corymbs of -large funnel-shaped flowers, the coronet of which is cup-shaped or -cylindrical, "having its parts so united that they appear only as lobes -around the mouth of the cup." All the species mentioned are well worth -cultivating. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat, -in equal proportions. Propagated by cuttings in sand, under glass, and -with bottom heat. - - =A. acuminata= (pointed-leaved).* _fl._ large, white, fragrant; - petals linear, falcate, curled; panicles axillary, longer than - the leaves, scattered. _l._ from oblong to broad-lanceolate, - acuminated, glabrous. Sylhet. Shrubby climber. - - =A. caryophyllata= (clove scented).* _fl._ pale yellow, tinged - with red, deliciously clove scented; corymbs terminal. October. - _l._ oval, acutish at both ends, tomentose beneath as well as the - branches. India, 1812. Shrubby twiner. - - =A. cymosa= (cymose-flowered).* _fl._ small, whitish, fragrant; - calyx and corolla hoary outside; cymes terminal, shorter than the - leaves. _l._ elliptic, acuminated. Sylhet. Shrub. - - =A. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ small, purple; corolla downy - outside, as well as the calyces, bracteas, and pedicels; sepals - longer than the tube of the corolla; corymbs terminal, crowded. - _l._ elliptic, short-acuminated, glabrous. India. Shrubby twiner. - - =A. marginata= (bordered).* _fl._ numerous, large, white, fragrant; - petals linear, falcate; panicles terminal, loose, corymbose, - glabrous. _l._ lanceolate, smooth. Sylhet. Shrubby climber. - - =A. Roxburghii= (Roxburgh's).* _fl._ pure white, large, fragrant; - calyx and corolla hoary outside; petals triangular; corymbs - terminal. October. _l._ ovate-cordate, acuminated; petioles and - veins red, glabrous, pale beneath, and shining above. India, 1812. - Shrubby twiner. - - =A. Wallichii= (Wallich's).* _fl._ white, fragrant; calyx and - corolla downy outside; corymbs terminal. _l._ elliptic-acuminated, - shining above and pale beneath, glabrous. India. This species - differs from the last in the veins of the leaves being parallel, - not longitudinal, from the base to the apex. Shrubby twiner. - -=AGAPANTHUS= (from _agape_, love, and _anthos_, a flower). ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. African Lily. A genus, with numerous varieties, of very -handsome greenhouse or conservatory herbaceous plants. Flowers -large, scapose; perianth tubular, tube short; stamens six, having -the filaments somewhat declinate. Leaves linear or lorate, arching, -radical. They are of easy culture, and thrive best in strong turfy -loam, leaf mould, decomposed manure, and river sand. They may be grown -in large pots or tubs outside, to be removed in autumn, and placed -under the stage in the greenhouse, or where they will be protected -from frost, and kept moderately dry. If planted and left outside, the -crowns should be well covered with cocoa-nut fibre in winter. During -the summer, and especially in dry weather, the plants can hardly -be over watered. They thrive admirably on the margins of lakes or -running streams, and few plants, alike in flower and foliage, are -more effective. Clear manure water may be given previous to or when -the plants are in flower, and, after flowering, gradually lessen the -quantity of water, until they are stowed away for the winter. They -increase very rapidly, by offsets, and, if necessary, the old plants -may be divided in early spring, to any extent required. In the more -southern parts of this country they are quite hardy. - -[Illustration: FIG. 39. AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS.] - - =A. umbellatus= (umbelled).* _fl._ bright blue; perianth - funnel-shaped, regular, deeply six-parted; tube short; scape tall, - naked, bearing a many-flowered umbel. Summer and autumn. _l._ - numerous, radical, linear, somewhat fleshy. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Cape - of Good Hope, 1692. See Fig. 39. - - =A. u. albidus= (whitish).* _fl._ pure white, on large full-sized - umbels, smaller than those of the species, but very showy. Cape of - Good Hope. This requires carefully drying off during the winter. - - =A. u. aureus= (golden). A variety in which the leaves are marked - longitudinally with yellow. 1882. - - =A. u. flore-pleno= (double-flowered).* Identical in all respects - with the species, except that it has double flowers, which are - therefore, much more lasting than the single ones. A very handsome - variety. - - =A. u. Leichtlinii= (Leichtlin's).* _fl._, perianth deep bright - hyacinthine blue, 1-1/4in. long; scape about 1-1/2ft. long, with a - more compact umbel than any other known form. June. _l._ similar in - size to the species. Cape of Good Hope, 1878. - - =A. u. maximus= (larger).* _fl._ bright blue, in immense umbels. - This is larger in all its parts than the type, and when well grown - is truly a noble plant. There is also a white-flowered form of this - variety, which is most desirable, being equally as large. - - =A. u. minor= (smaller).* This is smaller in all its parts, with - narrow leaves, and slender scapes of deep blue flowers. A very - elegant variety. - - =A. u. Mooreanus= (Moore's).* _fl._ dark blue. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1879. - A new variety, with shorter, narrower, and more upright leaves than - the species; it has a dwarf habit. Perfectly hardy. - - =A. u. variegatus= (variegated).* Where variegated-leaved plants - are desired, few could be more useful than this; its leaves are - almost entirely white, with a few green bands, but they are neither - so broad nor so long as in the type. It is an excellent subject for - the domestic garden. - -=AGAPETES= (from _agapetos_, beloved; in reference to the showy -character of the plants). ORD. _VacciniaceA|_. A genus containing about -eighteen species of warm greenhouse or stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers -corymbose and racemose; corolla tubular. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. -They are all worthy of cultivation, but only two or three species are -grown in England. Peat, turfy loam, and sand, in equal parts, is the -best compost for them; and young hardened cuttings will strike in sandy -soil, under a hand glass, in stove temperature. - - =A. buxifolia= (box-leaved).* _fl._ bright red, about 1in. long, - tubular, wax-like, disposed in corymbs. April. _l._ small, oval - oblong, bright green, leathery; branches spreading, twiggy. _h._ - 5ft. Bootan. - - =A. setigera= (bristly). _fl._ red, about 1in. long, tubular, - numerous, in lateral and corymbose racemes, furnished with bristly - hairs. _l._ scattered, lanceolate, acuminated, on very short robust - petioles. Pundua Mountains, 1837. - - =A. variegata= (variegated). _fl._ scarlet, about 1in. long, - tubular, lateral, corymbose. _l._ on short petioles, lanceolate, - acuminated, denticulated, attenuated at the base, veiny. Khasia, - 1837. - -=AGARICUS= (derived from _Agaria_, the name of a town in Sarmentosa). -Mushroom. ORD. _Fungi_. The most extensive genus known. It, however, -contains but one or two species of cultural value. The most important -ones are the common field mushroom, _A. campestris_ (Fig. 44), the -Fairy Ring mushroom, _A. pratensis_, and _A. vaginatus_. Familiar -species are the Parasol mushroom, _A. procerus_ (Fig. 43); St. George's -mushroom, _A. gambosus_ (Fig. 42); and the deadly Fly Agaric, _A. -muscarius_ (Fig. 41). For practical purposes the majority of this genus -are poisonous, and many virulently so. Great care must be exercised in -experimenting with unknown species, even by experienced fungologists. -_See_ =Mushroom=. - -=AGASTACHYS= (from _agastos_, admirable, and _stachys_, a spike). ORD. -_ProteaceA|_. A greenhouse evergreen shrub, with four sepalled apetalous -flowers, which are disposed in numerous spikes. It thrives in a compost -of equal parts loam, sand, and peat. Cuttings of ripened wood will -strike in sandy soil under a glass, in a cool house. - - =A. odorata= (fragrant).* _fl._ pale yellow, sweet scented, - crowded; spikes 4in. to 5in. long. April. _l._ bluntly lanceolate, - sub-sessile, thickish, about 2in. long. _h._ about 3ft. New - Holland, 1826. - -=AGATHA†A= (from _agathos_, excellent; in reference to the beauty of the -flowers). ORD. _CompositA|_. Allied to _Cineraria_, and requiring the -same greenhouse treatment. It makes a very pretty object for summer -decoration in the flower garden. Young cuttings root freely, in a -gentle heat, at all times; and the plant may be had in bloom all the -year round. - - =A. cA"lestis= (sky-blue).* _fl.-heads_ blue; peduncle one-headed. - June. _l._ opposite, ovate, naked. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, - 1753. Herbaceous perennial. See Fig. 40. - -[Illustration: FIG. 40. AGATHA†A CA'LESTIS.] - -=AGATHA ROSE.= _See_ =Rosa gallica Agatha=. - -=AGATHIS.= _See_ =Dammara=. - -=AGATHOPHYLLUM= (from _agathos_, pleasant, and _phyllon_, a leaf; -referring to the pleasant clove-like smell of the leaf). Madagascar -Nutmeg. ORD. _LauraceA|_. A stove evergreen tree, of economic value -only, having the fruit enclosed by the persistent calyx; thriving in -peat and light rich loam. Of easy propagation by cuttings in sand, with -a moderate bottom heat. - - =A. aromaticum= (aromatic). _fl._ white. _l._ stalked, alternate, - obovate, obtuse, leathery, entire, smooth. _h._ 30ft. Madagascar, - 1823. - -=AGATHOSMA= (from _agathos_, pleasant, and _osme_, smell; the plants -contained in this genus have a pleasant smell). SYNS. _Bucco_, -_Dichosma_. ORD. _RutaceA|_. Beautiful small heath-like greenhouse -shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers in terminal heads, or -umbels; petals five, divided, with long claws, and scattered, short, -narrow leaves, usually with revolute edges. They are of easy culture, -thriving best in a mixture of sand and peat, with the addition of a -little turfy loam. Young cuttings will strike root freely in a pot of -sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house. They require to be shaded -somewhat in the summer. Winter temperature, 40deg. to 45deg. About -forty-six species are known. - - =A. acuminata= (taper-pointed leaved).* _fl._ violet; calyces - smooth, glandular, on terminal subcapitate heads. April. _l._ - ovate, somewhat cordate, long acuminated, fringed, at length - spreading. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1812. - - =A. bruniades= (Brunia-like).* _fl._ lilac or white, on terminal - sub-umbellate heads; peduncles fastigiate, elongated. April. _l._ - scattered, linear-trigonal, awl-shaped, dotted, and a little - fringed; branches hairy. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1820. - - =A. cerefolia= (chervil-leaved). _fl._ white, small; pedicels and - calyces beset with glandular hairs; heads terminal sub-umbellate. - April. _l._ crowded, lanceolate, acute, spreading, keeled, fringed. - _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1794. - - =A. ciliata= (ciliated).* _fl._ white; pedicels smoothish; heads - terminal sub-umbellate. April. _l._ scattered, lanceolate, acute, - with toothletted-fringed, revolute edges, dotted beneath, and - bearing hairs on the middle nerve, becoming at length reflexed. - _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1774. - - =A. erecta= (upright).* _fl._ pale violet, terminal, sub-umbellate; - peduncles short, villous. April. _l._ imbricate, trigonal, blunt, - dotted beneath, a little fringed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1818. - - =A. hirta= (hairy). _fl._ purple, densely capitate; petals bearded - at the claws. April. _l._ somewhat imbricate, linear, awl-shaped, - channelled, hairy on the back, decurrent. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1794. - -[Illustration: FIG. 41. AGARICUS MUSCARIUS (FLY AGARIC).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 42. AGARICUS GAMBOSUS (ST. GEORGE'S MUSHROOM).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 43. AGARICUS PROCERUS (PARASOL MUSHROOM).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 44. AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS (COMMON MUSHROOM).] - - =A. hispida= (rough-haired). _fl._ violet, on terminal - sub-umbellate heads; pedicels and sepals pubescent; petals quite - smooth. May. _l._ crowded, linear, trigonal, blunt, spreading, - hispid, keeled, and two-furrowed beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1786. - - =A. imbricata= (imbricated). _fl._ pale purple, in terminal - sub-capitate heads; petals with a roundish limb; sepals smoothish; - pedicels pubescent. April. _l._ imbricate, crowded, ovate, - acuminated, dotted, fringed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1774. - - =A. orbicularis= (round-leaved). _fl._ white, on terminal - sub-umbellate heads; stamens twice as long as the corolla; pedicels - pubescent. April. _l._ scattered, spreading, orbicular, ovate, - or reniform, smooth, reflexed, small, thickish, without any dots - beneath; branches villous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1790. - - =A. prolifera= (proliferous). _fl._ white, on terminal - sub-umbellate heads; sepals smooth; pedicels somewhat fastigiate, - pubescent. April. _l._ spreading, lanceolate, cuspidate; keel and - edges fringed, dotted; branches whorled, proliferous. _h._ 1ft. to - 3ft. 1790. - - =A. pubescens= (downy). _fl._ white; umbels terminal; peduncles and - sepals villous. April. _l._ lanceolate, trigonal, pointless, with - margins and rib ciliated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1798. - - =A. rugosa= (coarsely-wrinkled). _fl._ white, on terminal - sub-umbellate heads; sepals pubescent; pedicels capillary, clothed - with glandular hairs. April. _l._ spreading, oblong or ovate, - blunt, keeled, wrinkled, villous beneath, reflexed. _h._ 1ft. to - 2ft. 1790. - - =A. vestita= (clothed). _fl._ lilac, on terminal sub-capitate - heads; pedicels quite smooth. May. _l._ closely imbricated, ovate, - acuminated, keeled, fringed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1824. - -=AGATHYRSUS.= _See_ =Mulgedium=. - -=AGATI= (its Sanscrit name). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Ornamental stove -trees from India, with lanceolate stipulas, abruptly-pinnate leaves, -having many pairs of leaflets. Flowers large, few, racemose. Legumes -1-1/2ft. long. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand is most suitable. -Young cuttings will root in a pot of sand, with a hand glass over them, -placed in heat. - - =A. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ red, rather smaller than the next - species. Legumes rather terete. _l._ leaflets powdery. July. _h._ - 20ft. to 30ft. 1768. - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered). _fl._ rosy red. July. Legumes - evidently compressed. _l._ leaflets glabrous. _h._ 14ft. to 26ft. - 1768. - - =A. g. flore-albo= (white flowered). _fl._ white, double. N. - Australia, 1869. - -=AGAVE= (from _agauos_, admirable; referring to the stately form -in which some of them flower). ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. Flower-scape -tall, proceeding from the centre of the rosette of leaves; perianth -funnel-shaped, six-parted. Leaves large, fleshy, tufted. Mr. B. S. -Williams describes them as follows: "They are noble, massive-growing -plants, and form magnificent ornaments in the greenhouse or -conservatory; whilst, from their slow growth, they do not rapidly get -too large, even for a small greenhouse. Indeed, some of the real gems -of this genus are neat, compact-growing plants, seldom exceeding 2ft. -in height. Besides being fine ornamental plants for indoor decoration, -the larger growing kinds are unquestionably the finest objects for the -embellishment of terrace-walks, or surmounting flights of steps in the -open air during the summer season, and also for plunging in rockwork, -or about any rustic nooks in the pleasure-grounds, as, in such -situations, they are quite in keeping, and thrive admirably. As is well -known, they attain maturity very slowly; but when this condition is -reached, the plant sends up a flower spike, and, after perfecting this, -dies." _A. Sartorii_, and a few others are, however, exceptional, and -go on flowering year after year. It is certainly fallacious to suppose -it takes them a hundred years to flower. Agaves succeed well potted in -good loam and river sand, to which may be added a little peat and leaf -mould for some of the smaller-growing kinds. The drainage should be -good, as they enjoy a liberal supply of water during the summer season, -but during winter considerably less will be required. They can be -increased by suckers when these are to be obtained, and also by seeds, -to secure the production of which, in the species that do not yield -suckers, the flowers should be carefully impregnated. In the following -descriptive list of species, only those of horticultural value are -mentioned, some of which are still rare; and in describing them we -have availed ourselves of Mr. J. G. Baker's excellent monograph, -which appeared in the columns of the _Gardener's Chronicle_. Many are -omitted, not from any deficiency in horticultural beauty, but because, -in several instances, only one plant of a species is known to exist -in cultivation, and such cannot, therefore, hope to become in general -cultivation for many years hence. - - =A. albicans= (whitened). Probably a variety of _A. micrantha_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 45. AGAVE AMERICANA.] - - =A. americana= (American).* _fl._ yellowish green, 2in. to 3-1/2in. - long; in very dense globose clusters, on pedicels 1/4in. to 1/2in. - long; scape, including the thyrsoid panicle, 24ft. to 36ft. August. - _l._ usually thirty to forty, sometimes more, in a rosette, - oblanceolate-spathulate, 3ft. to 6ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad - above the middle, glaucous green, more or less concave all down - the face, the outer leaves recurved, the dark brown pungent point - 1in. to 2in. long; prickles brown tipped, 1/6in. to 1/4in. long. S. - America, 1640. See Fig. 45. - - =A. a. mexicana= (Mexican). A variety much shorter in the leaves - than the species, of which it may be regarded as one of the many - small forms. - - =A. a. picta= (painted).* _l._ 2ft. to 3ft. long, about 4in. wide, - lower ones recurved, upper ones erect, moderately thick, rich - golden yellow on both sides, bordered with dark green. A very - splendid variety. SYN. _A. ornata_. - - =A. a. variegata= (variegated). _l._ 6ft. or more in length, 6in. - or 8in. wide, dark green in the centre, broadly margined with rich - yellow. A very desirable variety. - - =A. amA"na= (pleasing). Referred to _A. Scolymus_. - - =A. amurensis= (Amur River). Synonymous with _A. xylacantha_. - - =A. applanata= (plano-convex-leaved). _fl._ unknown. _l._ twenty - to forty in a dense sessile rosette, reaching a couple of feet in - diameter, oblong-spathulate, 8in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3-1/2in. - broad, the lower half of the face flat, the upper half concave, - suddenly terminating in a pungent brown spine above 1in. long, - blue-green bordered with brown; prickles 1/4in. to 1/3in. long, - bright brown. Mexico, 1869. - - =A. atrovirens= (dark-green). Synonymous with _A. Salmiana_. - - =A. attenuata= (attenuated).* _fl._ greenish-yellow, 2in. long; - pedicels about 1/4in. long, on a dense spike, 6ft. to 8ft. - long, and 6in. in diameter; bracts overtopping the perianth. - _l._ ten to twenty, in a dense rosette at the top of the stem, - oblong-spathulate, 2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, 8in. to 9in. broad - two-thirds of the way up, narrowed to 2-1/2in. to 3in. above the - base, persistently glaucous, one of the most fleshy of all in - texture; face rather concave when young; tip not pungent, edge - quite entire. Stem 4ft. to 7ft. high, 3in. to 4in. thick. Mexico, - 1834. A most distinct species. - - =A. Beaucarnei= (Beaucarne's). Synonymous with _A. Kerchovei_. - - =A. Botterii= (Botteri's).* _fl._ greenish-yellow, about 1in. - long, on a dense spike, longer than the leaves; primary bracts - lanceolate, with a long point, the lower ones as long as the - flowers; scape covered with adpressed lanceolate bracts. _l._ about - fifty in a rosette, oblong-spathulate, about 2ft. long, 6in. broad - above the middle, narrowed to 4-1/2in. above the base; pale green, - concave in the centre; spine hard, pungent, about 1/2in. long; - marginal teeth crowded, 1/8in., upcurved at the tip. Stemless. - Mexico, about 1865. - - =A. bulbifera= (bulb-bearing). Synonymous with _A. vivipara_. - - =A. cA|spitosa= (tufted). Synonymous with _A. Sartorii_. - - =A. cantula.= Synonymous with _A. vivipara_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 46. AGAVE CELSIANA.] - - =A. Celsiana= (Cels's).* _fl._ tinged purplish-brown, 2in. long, - in a dense spike, 1ft. or more long, and 6in. to 8in. in diameter - when expanded; scape 4ft. long, the lower bract leaves lanceolate, - the upper ones subulate. _l._ twenty to thirty in a rosette, - oblong-spathulate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 5in. broad at the - middle, narrowed to 2-1/2in. to 3in. above the base, persistently - glaucous, the point hardly at all pungent; spines very unequal in - size and shape, green, largest brown and horny at the top. Mexico, - 1839. This is a beautiful species, the stem of which scarcely rises - off the surface of the ground. See Fig. 46. - - =A. coccinea= (scarlet). _fl._ unknown. _l._ twenty to thirty in - a dense rosette, oblanceolate-spathulate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, - 4in. to 6in. broad two-thirds of the way up, narrowed to 3in. - above the dilated base, where it is 1in. to 1-1/4in. thick, deep - heavy green; terminal spine 1-1/2in. or more in length, red; side - prickles irregular, deltoid, unequal, nearly straight, 1/6in. to - 1/4in. long, red. Mexico, 1859. - - =A. cochlearis= (cochleate). _fl._ yellowish green, above 4in. - long, in dense clusters. _l._ forming a sessile rosette 10ft. - broad, oblong-spathulate, 5ft. to 6ft. long, above 1ft. broad, 5in. - thick at the base, opaque green, with a deeply excavated face; - terminal spine very stout, pungent; side prickles curved variously, - middle sized, deltoid. Stems 26ft. high. Mexico, previous to 1867. - - =A. Consideranti= (Considerant's). Synonymous with _A. VictoriA| - Regina_. - - =A. Corderoyi= (Corderoy's).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ forty to fifty - in a dense rosette, rigidly erecto-patent, ensiform, 1-1/2ft. - long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, bright green; terminal spine hard, - brown, 1in. long; side prickles moderately close, erecto-patent, - dark brown, 1/6in. long. Mexico, 1868. A very distinct and pretty - species. - - =A. crenata= (crenated). Referred to _A. Scolymus_. - - =A. cucullata= (hooded). Referred to _A. Scolymus_. - - =A. dasylirioides= (Dasylirion-like).* _fl._ yellow, about 1-1/2in. - long; spike as long as the scape, often decurved; lower bracts - much longer than the flowers; pedicels obsolete; scape 6ft. long, - densely clothed with spreading subulate bract leaves, the lower - ones 1ft. long. _l._ eighty to a hundred in a dense rosette, - linear-ensiform, 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. long, about 1in. broad, narrowing - gradually from the middle to a short brown pungent point, pale - glaucous green, rigidly leathery; edge minutely denticulate. - Mexico, 1846. - - =A. d. dealbata= (whitened). A variety of preceding, but with more - glaucous foliage. - -[Illustration: FIG. 47. AGAVE DENSIFLORA.] - - =A. densiflora= (close-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish-red, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. long, on a dense spike, 2ft. long; pedicels very short; scape, - including the spike, 6ft. long, the lower bracts ascending, the - upper ones spreading. _l._ thirty to forty in a stemless rosette, - oblanceolate-spathulate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, and 2-1/2in. to 5in. - broad, bright green when mature; terminal spine 1/2in. long, thick, - pungent, slightly decurrent; side spines crowded, short, bright - chestnut brown. Mexico (previous to) 1857. See Fig. 47. - - =A. Deserti= (Desert's).* _fl._ yellow, under 2in. long, on a - thyrsoid panicle, the branches very short, the lower horizontal, - the upper ascending; pedicels short; scape 4ft. to 10ft. high, - 1in. to 2in. thick at the base, furnished with distant lanceolate - acuminate toothed bracts. _l._ few, in a rosette, oblanceolate, - 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad above the middle, thick, - fleshy, very glaucous; face deeply concave; terminal spine 1in. to - 2in. long, slender; prickles crowded, strong, hooked, horny, nearly - 1/4in. long. California, 1877. - - =A. Desmetiana= (De Smet's). Probably synonymous with _A. - miradorensis_. - - =A. Elemeetiana= (Elemeet's).* _fl._ yellowish-green, 1in. to - 1-1/2in. long, in a dense spike 8ft. to 9ft. long, 7in. to 8in. - in diameter when expanded; pedicels 1/4in. long; scape, including - the spike, 12ft. to 13ft. high, stiffly erect, lower 3ft. to - 4ft., barren, with squarrose lanceolate bracts. _l._ twenty to - twenty-five in a rosette, lanceolate-oblong, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, - 3in. to 6in. wide, slightly glaucous; face flat above the middle - terminal spine, not pungent, the margin pale and quite entire. - Stemless. A very distinct species. Mexico, 1864. - - =A. Fenzliana= (Fenzl's). Synonymous with _A. Hookeri_. - - =A. ferox= (fierce). _fl._ unknown. _l._ about twenty in a rosette, - oblong-spathulate, 4in. to 8in. broad; face nearly flat, except at - the top, slightly glaucous green; terminal spine above 1in. long, - hard, pungent; margin slightly wavy between the large dark brown - teeth, which are about 1/4in. long, and curved at the top. Mexico, - 1861. - - =A. filifera= (thread-bearing).* _fl._ greenish, about 2in. long; - pedicels very short and stout, in a dense spike 2ft. to 3ft. long; - scape 3ft. to 4ft. long, its bract-leaves subulate, the lower - ones ascending, the upper squarrose. _l._ sixty to a hundred in a - dense rosette, stiff, straight, ensiform, 6in. to 9in. long, 1in. - broad at the middle, gradually narrowing to a grey pungent tip; - face flat, the continuous grey edge splitting off copiously into - irregular spreading grey wiry threads; outer leaves of the rosette - not all recurved, but spreading stiffly. Mexico. - - =A. f. filamentosa= (thready).* A form with larger leaves and - scape; including the spike, 10ft. to 12ft. high. A well-known, - handsome variety. - - =A. Galeotti= (Galeotti's). _fl._ unknown. _l._ thirty to forty - in a dense rosette, 2ft. to 3ft. broad, oblong-spathulate, 1ft. - to 1-1/2ft. long, 2in. to 6in. broad; face rather flat or convex, - green; terminal spine hard, pungent; prickles close, straight, or - slightly hooked, purplish-black. Mexico, 1877. - - =A. Ghiesbreghtii= (Ghiesbreght's). _fl._ unknown. _l._ thirty to - forty in a dense rosette, rigid, lanceolate, 9in. to 12in. long, - 2in. to 3in. broad, bright glossy green; terminal spine 1/2in. - long, pungent; border narrow, red-brown till a late stage; side - prickles numerous, irregular, two to three lines long. Mexico, - 1862. Very handsome dwarf species. _A. Rohanii_ and _A. Leguayana_ - are mere varieties. - - =A. heteracantha= (various-spined).* _fl._ greenish, 1-1/2in. long, - on a dense spike 3ft. long; scape 3ft. to 4ft. long. _l._ fifty to - eighty in a rosette, rigid, ensiform, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 2in. - to 2-1/2in. broad in the middle, dull green, with numerous darker - green lines on the back; terminal point 1in. long; side spines - numerous, strongly hooked, lanceolate. Stemless. Mexico. - - =A. Hookeri= (Hooker's).* _fl._ large, yellow, very numerous, - in stalked panicled cymes. _l._ thirty to forty in a sessile - rosette, 8ft. or 9ft. in diameter, oblanceolate-spathulate, - bright green on the face, rather glaucous on the back, 4ft. to - 5ft. long, 5in. to 9in. broad, 2in. to 3in. thick; terminal spine - 2in. long, and decurrent for nearly half a foot; face flattish or - slightly concave; side prickles irregular, brown and horny, about - 1/4in. long, and curved in different directions. Mexico. SYN. _A. - Fenzliana_. A rare and noble species, very massive. - - =A. horrida= (horrid).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ thirty to forty in a - dense rosette, rigid, lanceolate-spathulate, 8in. to 12in. long, - 1in. to 2in. broad, bright green; terminal spine pungent, nearly - 1in. long; margin furnished with a continuous broad grey border, - with copious prickles 3/8in. to 1/2in. long. - - =A. h. Gilbeyi= (Gilbey's).* _l._ about thirty, 3in. to 4in. long, - 2in. broad, dark green with a pale stripe down the middle, three to - four large spines on each side. Mexico, 1873. - - =A. h. lA|vior= (smoother). _l._ somewhat narrower, longer, with - marginal spines less strongly developed, and of a paler colour. - Mexico, 1870. - - =A. h. macrodonta= (long-toothed). _l._ fifty to sixty, 2-1/2in. - broad; spines larger than in the typical form. Mexico, 1876. - - =A. h. micrantha= (small-toothed). Border of leaf narrower, and - spines smaller, than in the typical form. - - =A. Jacobiana= (Jacob's). Synonymous with _A. Salmiana_. - - =A. Kerchovei= (Kerchove's).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ thirty to forty - in a stemless rosette, stiff, rigid, typically ensiform, 6in. - to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, narrowing gradually to a - pungent spine 1in. long, dull green, with a distinct pale central - band, rounded on the back, without any stripes of dark green, - the margin with a continuous moderately broad grey border; side - prickles irregular, grey, lanceolate, curved, 1/6in. to 1/4in. - long. SYN. _A. Beaucarnei_. - -There are several varieties of _A. Kerchovei_, of which the following -are the most important:-- - - =A. K. diplacantha= (double-spined).* With very few distant, small - teeth, often collected or united in pairs. - - =A. K. inermis= (unarmed). Dwarf, with spines entirely obsolete. - - =A. K. macrodonta= (long-toothed). _l._ 1-1/2ft. long, without any - distinct central band, and with copious irregular grey lanceolate - prickles, about 1/3in. long. - - =A. K. pectinata= (comb-like). _l._ 1ft. long, 2-1/4in. broad, - without any central band. - - =A. lophantha= (crest-flowered).* _fl._ greenish, arranged in a - dense spike 4ft. to 5ft. long; scape 7ft. to 8ft. long, its leaves - brown, the lower ones 6in. long. _l._ thirty to forty in a rosette, - rigid, ensiform, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1-1/2in. broad at the middle, - rather concave down the face, rounded on the back, not marked with - any lines, dull green; terminal spine 1in. long; margins bordered - by a very narrow continuous grey hoary line, furnished with distant - linear falcate teeth, about 1/12in. long, sessile. Mexico. - - =A. l. cA"rulescens= (bluish).* _l._ with a decided glaucous bloom. - - =A. l. longifolia= (long-leaved). A mere variety of above species. - - =A. macracantha= (long-spined).* _fl._ greenish, 2in. long, ten - to twelve in a loose raceme 6in. long, all solitary on ascending - pedicels 1/4in. to 1/2in. long; scape 2ft. to 3ft. long; bracts - erect. _l._ thirty to fifty in a stiff rosette 1ft. to 2ft. broad, - oblanceolate, 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, very - stiff and rigid, very glaucous; face rather thicker in the lower - half; terminal spine nearly black, very pungent, 1/2in. long; - side prickles purplish-black, sub-distant, 1/8in. long, with a - large point straight or slightly hooked. With a short stem, or - stemless. Mexico, 1830. It has many varieties, among which are _A. - Bessereriana_ and _A. flavescens_. - - =A. Maximiliana= (Maximilian's).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ about - twenty in a sessile rosette, oblanceolate-spathulate, 1-1/2ft. to - 2ft. long, 1-3/4in. to 3in. broad; face slightly glaucous green; - terminal spine pungent, brown, 1in. broad; side prickles bright - chestnut brown, larger and more irregular than in _A. americana_, - more hooked, and furnished with longer and sharper points, reaching - 1/4in. long. Mexico. A very distinct species. - - =A. micracantha= (small-spined). _fl._ yellowish, 1-1/2in. long, in - a dense spike 3ft. to 4ft. long, 6in. to 7in. broad when expanded. - _l._ twenty to thirty in a shortly stalked rosette, oblanceolate - oblong, 15in. to 18in. long, 3in. to 5in. broad above the middle, - narrowed to 2in. to 3in. above the base, bright green; face - flattish above the centre; terminal spine red brown, moderately - firm; the copious close reddish-brown horny teeth about 1/12in. - long, the upper ones ascending, the lower deflexed. Mexico, 1860. - - =A. miradorensis= (Mirador).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ about thirty in - a sessile rosette, oblanceolate-spathulate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, - 2in. to 2-1/2in. broad above the middle, thin but firm in texture, - very glaucous, with a firm red-brown terminal spine 1in. long; - side prickles very minute, crowded, colourless, five or six to an - inch in the centre of the leaf. Mexico, 1869. SYN. (probably) _A. - Desmetiana_. - - =A. Noackii= (Noack's). A synonym of _A. Sartorii_. - - =A. ornata= (adorned). A synonym of _A. americana picta_. - - =A. Ortgiesiana= (Ortgies'). A dwarf form of _A. schidigera_ with a - pale central band to the leaf. Mexico, 1861. A widely-distributed - and desirable species. - - =A. pendula= (pendulous). Synonymous with _A. Sartorii_. - - =A. polyacantha= (many-spined).* _fl._ greenish-yellow, 1-1/2in. - to 2in. long; flowering-stem 8ft. to 12ft. high, including the - dense spike, which is 3ft. to 4ft. long. _l._ about thirty in a - sessile rosette, oblanceolate-spathulate, rigid, 1ft. to 2ft. long, - 2-1/2in. to 5in. broad above the middle, bright green, slightly - glaucous when young; terminal spine dark brown, pungent, 1/2in. to - 3/4in. long; side prickles crowded, deltoid, dark chestnut brown, - irregular, 1/12in. or 1/8in. long, all sub-patent. Mexico, 1800. - SYNS. _A. uncinata_, _A. xalapensis_. - - =A. Poselgerii= (Poselger's). _fl._ purplish, rather more than 1in. - long; scape, including the spike, 6ft. to 10ft. _l._ twenty to - thirty in a dense rosette, rigid, ensiform, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long; - 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad at the middle, dull green, with a broad pale - band down to the face, rounded and marked with numerous distinct - green lines down the back; margin furnished with a continuous - straight, moderately broad edge; terminal spine 1in. long, brown, - pungent; side prickles moderately close, lanceolate, hooked, 1/6in. - long. Trunk, 4in. to 6in. long. Texas. - - =A. potatorum= (drinkers'). _fl._ greenish yellow, 3in. long; scape - 12ft. high, including the thyrsoid panicle, which is 4ft. to 5ft. - long. _l._ about twenty in a dense sessile rosette, 4ft. to 5ft. - broad, oblong-spathulate, 2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, 7in. to 9in. broad - above the middle, a dull glaucous green; face slightly concave; - terminal spines hard, pungent, 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; side prickles - deltoid-cuspidate, about 1/4in. long, with the edge slightly wavy - between them. Mexico, 1830. - - =A. pruinosa= (frosty).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ ten to twenty in a - dense rosette, spreading, oblanceolate-oblong, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. - long, 4in. to 5in. broad above the middle, soft and fleshy in - texture, pale glaucous green; terminal spine very weak; edge - furnished with minute irregular spreading deltoid serrations, not - more than quarter line long. Mexico, 1863. A very distinct species. - - =A. Roezliana= (Roezl's). _fl._ unknown. _l._ twenty to thirty in - a sessile rosette, stiff, ensiform, 6in. to 7in. long, 1in. to - 1-1/2in. broad at the middle, bright glossy green, with a distinct - pale band down the centre, broadly rounded on the back, without any - darker green lines, margined with a continuous moderately broad - border, red brown at first, fading into grey when old; terminal - spines bright reddish brown, pungent, 1/2in. to 3/4in. long; side - prickles copious, spreading, lanceolate, curved, 1/4in. long. - Mexico, 1869. - -[Illustration: ACACIA LEPROSA (LEMON). A. LINEATA (ORANGE).] - - =A. Salmiana= (Prince Salm-Dyck's).* _fl._ greenish yellow, 4in. - long; panicle thyrsoid, 6ft. to 8ft. long, with erecto-patent - branches and flowers in dense clusters; scape, exclusive of the - panicle, 20ft. high. _l._ twelve to thirty in a dense rosette, - which is often 5ft. to 6ft. broad, oblanceolate-spathulate, 2ft. to - 4ft. long, 4in. to 6in. broad above the middle, a dull, slightly - glaucous green; face more or less concave; terminal spine 1-1/2in. - to 2in. long, hard and pungent; side prickles 1/4in. long, chestnut - brown, hooked up or down. Mexico, 1860. SYNS. _A. atrovirens_, _A. - Jacobiana_, _A. tehuacensis_. - - =A. S. latissima= (very broad). _l._ 2ft. to 3ft. long, by 8in. to - 9in. broad above the middle. - - =A. Sartorii= (Sartor's). _fl._ greenish, 1-1/2in. long; pedicels - very short, in a dense spike about 3ft. long, 5in. to 6in. broad - when expanded; scape 3ft. to 4ft. long, the green linear ascending - bracts 2in. to 4in. long. _l._ thirty to forty spaced out in a - loose rosette, ensiform, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 3in. broad at the - middle, bright green, with a pale band down the middle; face flat; - terminal spine small, not pungent; side prickles minute, crowded, - spreading, tipped with red-brown. Caudex 1ft. to 2ft. long, - sometimes forked. SYNS. _A. cA|spitosa_, _A. Noackii_, _A. pendula_. - - =A. schidigera= (spine-bearing).* _fl._ almost identical with _A. - filifera_. _l._ fifty to eighty in a dense sessile rosette, stiff, - ensiform, 12in. to 15in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad at the middle, - similar in colour and texture to those of _A. filifera_, but the - grey marginal border, and splitting off into flat shavings, not - mere threads. - - =A. Schnittspahni= (Schnittspahn's). Referred to _A. Scolymus_. - - =A. Scolymus= (Scolymus). _fl._ greenish yellow, 2-1/2in. to - 3in. long; branches few, with the flowers at the end in very - dense clusters; scape 14ft. to 16ft. high, including the thyrsoid - panicle, which is 4ft. long and 2ft. broad, furnished with green - bracts. _l._ twenty to thirty in a dense rosette 1-1/2ft. to - 3ft. broad, oblong-spathulate, 9in. to 18in. long, 3in. to 6in. - broad above the middle, very glaucous, abruptly terminating in a - pungent spine, 1in. or more long; side prickles chestnut brown, - about 1/4in. long; edge wavy between them; those on the lower half - smaller and directed downwards. Mexico, 1830. Other so-called - species referred to this are _A. amA"na_, _A. crenata_, _A. - cucullata_, _A. Schnittspahni_, and _A. Verschaffeltii_. - - =A. S. Saundersii= (Saunders'). _fl._ about 1ft. long; teeth very - large. - - =A. Seemanni= (Seemann's).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ twenty in a sessile - rosette, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. broad, oblong-spathulate, 6in. to 9in. - long, 3in. to 3-1/2in. broad at the middle, narrowed to 2in. above - the dilated base, slightly glaucous; face flat, except close to the - top; terminal spine pungent, dark brown, 1/2in. long; side prickles - large, moderately close, slightly curved upwards or downwards. - Guatemala, 1868. There are two or three garden forms of this - species. - - =A. Shawii= (Shaw's).* _fl._ greenish yellow, 3in. to 3-1/2in. - long; panicle thyrsoid, about 2ft. long and broad; clusters - dense, composed of thirty to forty flowers, surrounded by large - foliaceous fleshy bracts. _l._ fifty to sixty, or more, forming a - dense globose sessile rosette 2ft. in diameter, oblong-spathulate, - 8in. to 10in. long, 3-1/2in. to 4-1/2in. broad at the middle, - deep green; terminal spine brown, 1in. long, the upper third or - quarter entire, the rest furnished with crowded upcurved lanceolate - prickles, 1/4in. to 1/2in. long. California, 1877. This species is - very rare at present, but is a most distinct and handsome plant. - - =A. sobolifera= (soboliferous). _fl._ greenish yellow, 2in. to - 2-1/2in. long, in a deltoid panicle, of which the lower panicles - are 9in. to 12in. long, and bear a hundred flowers each; pedicels - 1/4in. to 1in. long; scape 8ft. to 10ft. high, 2-1/2in. thick at - the base. _l._ twenty to forty in a shortly caulescent rosette, - oblanceolate-oblong-spathulate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 3in. to 5in. - broad at the middle, very bright green; face deeply channelled, - the border much raised and tip often recurved; terminal spine - sub-pungent, chestnut brown, 1/2in. long; side prickles distant, - brown, hooked, 1/12in. to 1/8in. long. West Indies, 1678. - - =A. striata= (striated-leaved).* _fl._ brownish green outside, - yellow inside, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long; pedicels very short; spike - dense, 2ft. to 3ft. long; bracts linear, shorter than the flowers; - scape 6ft. to 8ft. high, including the spike, furnished with - numerous spreading subulate bracts, which are 2in. to 3in. long. - _l._ 150 to 200 in a dense rosette, linear-ensiform, 2ft. to - 2-1/2ft. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad above the deltoid dilated - base, where they are 1/4in. thick and 1in. broad, narrowed - gradually from the top of the base to the point, rigid in texture, - glaucous green; face rather keeled, and the back more so; point - brown, pungent, 1/2in. long; edges minutely serrulate. Mexico, 1856. - - =A. s. echinoides= (Echinus-like). _l._ about 6in. long, 1/3in. - broad at the middle; face flat. Mexico, 1869. Dwarfer and stiffer - in habit than the variety _stricta_. - - =A. s. recurva= (recurved-leaved). _l._ longer than in the type, - 3ft. to 4ft., more or less falcate, narrower, and decidedly convex - on both surfaces. - - =A. s. stricta= (upright). _l._ about 1ft. long, very stiff, 1/4in. - broad at the middle, both faces convex. _A. Richardsii_ comes near - to this variety. - - =A. tehuacensis= (Tehuan). Synonymous with _A. Salmiana_. - - =A. uncinata= (hooked). Synonymous with _A. polyacantha_. - - =A. univittata= (one-striped).* _fl._ green, 1-1/2in. long (or - less); spike 10ft. to 12ft. long, 6in. to 7in. thick; pedicels - 1/4in. long; scape 4ft. long, exclusive of the spike, its bracts - dense and squarrose. _l._ fifty to eighty in a stemless rosette, - rigid, ensiform, 2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, 2in. to 3in. broad at the - middle, narrowed slightly downwards, and very gradually upwards, - dull green, with a broad pale band down the face, faintly lineate - on the back; margin bordered by a narrow, continuous grey horny - line, furnished with hooked lanceolate prickles, 1/8in. long, from - 1/2in. to 1in. apart; terminal spine brown, pungent, 1in. long. - Mexico, 1830. - - =A. utahensis= (Utahan).* _fl._ yellowish, about 1in. long; - peduncles ultimately 1/4in. long; scapes, 5ft. to 7ft. high, - including the 1ft. to 2ft. spike. _l._ stemless, ensiform, 6in. to - 12in. long, 1in. to nearly 2in. broad, thick, glaucous; terminal - spine channelled, pungent, about 1in. long; marginal prickles, - 1/8in. to 1/2in. long, white, with a darker base. Southern Utah, - 1881. This is a true alpine species, perfectly hardy, and of very - easy culture. - - =A. Vanderdonckii= (Vanderdonck's). Synonymous with _A. xylacantha_. - - =A. variegata= (variegated).* _fl._ greenish, about 1-1/2in. long; - spike about 1ft. long, fifteen to twenty flowered; bracts minute, - deltoid; scape 2ft. long, exclusive of the spike, bearing about - twelve lanceolate bract leaves. _l._ fifteen to eighteen in a - sessile rosette, spreading, ligulate-lanceolate, finally 12in. to - 15in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad below the middle, narrowed slightly - downwards, and gradually to the point, deeply channelled down the - face, and copiously spotted with brown on a green ground; edge - hard and tough, very obscurely serrulate. Texas, 1865. This very - desirable variegated species is extremely rare in cultivation. - - =A. Verschaffeltii= (Verschaffelt's). Referred to _A. Scolymus_. - - =A. VictoriA| Regina= (Queen Victoria).* _l._ forty to fifty in a - sessile rosette, stiff, rigid, lanceolate, 6in. long, 1-1/2in. to - nearly 2in. broad above the dilated base, narrowed gradually to a - rather obtuse point, dead green, margined with a continuous white - border, like that of _A. filifera_, not splitting up into threads, - but leaving distinct white vertical bands where it is pressed - against the neighbouring leaves; terminal spine 1/2in. long, - black, pungent, with usually one or two small spines on each side - of it. Mexico, 1875. This is also much too rare a plant. SYN. _A. - Consideranti_. - - =A. virginica= (Virginian).* _fl._ greenish yellow, 1in. to - 1-1/4in. long; spike very loose, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long; lower - flowers with very short pedicels and lanceolate bracts, about - 1/4in. long; scape 2ft. to 3ft. high, exclusive of the spike, with - only a few distant small bract leaves. _l._ ten to fifteen in a - sessile rosette, spreading, lanceolate, 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to - 1-1/2in. broad below the middle, narrowed gradually to the point - and a little downwards; face channelled, undulated, pale green, or - mottled with brown spots, the narrow hard and tough margin very - obscurely serrulate. North America, 1765. _A. conduplicata_ is said - to be allied to this species. - - =A. vivipara= (viviparous).* _fl._ greenish yellow, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. long, often changed into bulbillA|, which bear lanceolate - leaves 6in. long before they fall and take root; inflorescence - reaching a height of 20ft. or more, the deltoid panicle about a - quarter of the length of the scape; corymbs on stout peduncles, - pedicels short. _l._ twenty to fifty in a dense, shortly caulescent - rosette, ensiform, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad at the - middle, whence it gradually narrows to the point, dull green when - mature, thin but firm in texture, flat or channelled down the face; - terminal spine firm, brown, 1/2in. long; side teeth brown, hooked, - 1/12in. or less long. A very widely spread species throughout - tropics of the Old World, 1731. SYNS. _A. cantula_, _A. bulbifera_. - - =A. Warelliana= (Warell's).* _l._ about thirty in a rosette, - oblong-spathulate, 9in. to. 10in. long, 3in. broad above the - middle, narrowed to 2in. above the dilated base; face nearly - flat, green, scarcely at all glaucous, tipped with a strong brown - channelled spine 1in. long; border margined with close, very short - teeth, dark purple when mature. Mexico. A rare but very handsome - species. - - =A. Wislizeni= (Wislizenius's). _fl._ 2-1/2in. long; panicle - thyrsoid, its branches 3in. to 6in. long; pedicels very short; - scape 12ft. high. _l._ about thirty in a dense, rigid, sessile - rosette, which is under 2ft. broad, oblong-spathulate, 3in. to - 3-1/2in. broad above the middle, very glaucous, concave in the - upper part; terminal spine hard, pungent, dark brown, 1in. long, - and decurrent down the border a little; side prickles 1/8in. long, - dark purple, moderately close, those below the middle of the leaf - smaller and curved downward. Mexico, 1847. - - =A. xalapensis.= Synonymous with _A. polyacantha_. - - =A. xylacantha= (woody-spined).* _fl._ green, 1-1/2in. long; spike - dense, rather shorter than the scape, its bracts linear-subulate; - scape 5ft. to 6ft. long, its bracts subulate, all ascending, - the lower ones 6in. to 8in. long. _l._ not more than twenty in - a stemless rosette, ensiform, diverging irregularly and often - curving, 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. long, 2in. to 3in. (rarely 4in.) broad at - the middle, narrowed gradually upwards, a slightly glaucous dead - green, marked with a few darker green lines on the back, furnished - with a broad continuous horny border and a few very large irregular - hooked teeth, often united or collected in pairs, 1/2in. to 3/4in. - long, and 3/8in. to 1/2in. broad; terminal spine brown, pungent, - 1in. long. Mexico. A long-known, widely-spread, and distinct - species. SYNS. _A. amurensis_ and _A. Vanderdonckii_. - - =A. x. hybrida= is a striking dwarf variety with vittate leaves, - and smaller, more crowded deltoid-cuspidate prickles than in - the type. It is also commonly known as _A. x. vittata_ and _A. - perbella_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 48. AGAVE YUCCA†FOLIA.] - - =A. yuccA|folia= (Yucca-leaved).* _fl._ greenish yellow, 1-1/4in. - to 1-1/2in. long, in a dense spike 6in. to 15in. long, about - 14in. in diameter, sessile, solitary, or in pairs; scape 12ft. - to 20ft. high. _l._ twenty to forty in a dense, shortly-stemmed - rosette, linear, much recurved, 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, 3/4in. - to 1in. broad at the middle; face deeply channelled, dull, rather - glaucous green, with a pale band down the centre, the tip not at - all pungent, the back broadly rounded, edge entire, or obscurely - serrulate. Mexico, 1816. A most distinct species. See Fig. 48. - -=AGERATUM= (from _a_, not, and _geras_, old; in reference to the -flowers being always clear). SYN. _CA"lestina_. ORD. _CompositA|_. This -genus includes several American species, for the most part half-hardy -annuals and biennials; or, if the seed is not allowed to ripen, they -become perennials. Involucre cup-shaped, of many imbricated linear -bracts; receptacle naked. Leaves opposite. A light rich soil is most -suitable. Very easily increased by cuttings or seeds; if required true, -the former is the only sure method of propagation. To grow large plants -for greenhouse decoration, sow the seeds in January, in heat, in sandy -soil, barely covering them. As soon as the young plants are large -enough, prick them off into thumb pots, and keep in heat till they grow -freely, then place them into a cooler house. Transfer into larger pots -as soon as the others are full of roots, until they are finally shifted -into 10in. or 12in. pots. When these are full of roots, the plants -should be watered with liquid manure twice a week, and they soon flower -well, making fine specimens. During hot weather especially, they should -be well syringed with clear water daily, to keep down red spider. -The plants required for bedding (for which purpose the dwarf garden -varieties are mostly used) should be raised about the same time, kept -in small pots, gradually hardened off, and planted out in the middle -or end of June. Cuttings of all the varieties strike readily in heat, -treated like most soft-wooded plants, and, when rooted, may be managed -as recommended for the seedlings. - - =A. Lasseauxii= (Lasseaux's). _fl.-heads_ rose-coloured, small, - disposed in corymbose heads. Summer. _l._ lanceolate-elliptic. - _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Monte Video, 1870. A much-branched plant, - requiring greenhouse protection in winter, and suitable for - planting out in summer. - - =A. latifolium= (broad-leaved). A synonym of _Piqueria latifolia_. - - =A. mexicanum= (Mexican).* The commonest and most useful species, - with a profusion of lilac-blue flowers. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1822. - When used for bedding purposes it may be pegged down like the - Verbena, or be allowed to grow its full height. Several very dwarf - varieties of it have originated under cultivation, which supersede - the species for bedding, the best of which are:--CUPID,* rich blue, - very dwarf and floriferous; IMPERIAL DWARF, about 9in. high, with - porcelain blue flowers; LADY JANE, of the same colour, very free; - QUEEN,* silvery grey, about 9in. high; SNOWFLAKE,* white, very free - and showy; SWANLEY BLUE,* very deep blue, 6in. to 8in. high. There - is also a white-flowered variety of _Mexicanum_, which is very - showy; and a variegated form, sometimes grown for the sake of its - pretty foliage. - -=AGGLOMERATE, AGGLOMERATED.= Collected into a heap or head. - -=AGGLUTINATED.= Glued together. - -=AGGREGATE, AGGREGATED.= Gathered together; usually applied to the -inflorescence. - -=AGLAIA.= (mythological: from Aglaia, the name of one of the Graces, -and given to this genus on account of its beauty and the sweet scent of -the flowers). ORD. _MeliaceA|_. Stove evergreen trees or shrubs having -very small flowers, disposed in branched axillary panicles. Leaves -alternate, trifoliate, or impari-pinnate. There are several species, -but the undermentioned is the only one worth growing yet introduced. -It thrives well in a mixture of turfy loam and peat. Young cuttings -ripened at the base, and taken off at a joint, will root in sand under -a hand glass, in heat. - - =A. odorata= (sweet-scented). _fl._ yellow, small, in axillary - racemes, very sweet-scented, said to be used by the Chinese to - scent their teas. February to May. _l._ pinnate, with five or seven - glossy leaflets. _h._ 8ft. to 10ft. China, 1810. - -=AGLAOMORPHA.= _See_ =Polypodium=. - -=AGLAONEMA= (from _aglaos_, bright, and _nema_, a thread; supposed to -refer to the shining stamens). ORD. _AroideA|_. Stove perennials, allied -to _Arum_, and requiring similar treatment to the stove species of that -genus. - - =A. commutatum= (changed).* _fl._ white. _l._ greyish-blotched. - _h._ 1ft. Philippines, 1863. SYN. _A. marantA|folium maculatum_. - - =A. Mannii= (Mann's).* _fl._, spathe 2in. long, whitish, with - a spadix one-third shorter, bearing white anthers and scarlet - ovaries. _l._ elliptic-oblong, dark green. Stems thickish, erect. - _h._ 1-1/2ft. Victoria Mountains, 1868. - - =A. marantA|folium maculatum= (Maranta-leaved, spotted). A synonym - of _A. commutatum_. - - =A. pictum= (painted).* _fl._, spathe pale creamy yellow, folded - round so as to appear globular-oblong, opening at top; spadix - projecting, white. August. _l._ elliptic-acuminate, light green, - blotched irregularly with broadish angulate patches of grey. Stems - slender, erect. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Borneo. - -=AGNOSTUS.= _See_ =Stenocarpus=. - -=AGRAPHIS.= Included under =Scilla= (which _see_). - -=AGRIMONIA= (from _argos_, white; the cataract of the eye being white. -Once reputed to contain medicinal qualities). Agrimony. ORD. _RosaceA|_. -A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, with interruptedly pinnate -leaves, each accompanied by a pair of stipules united to the petioles. -Flowers small, numerous, spiked; calyx turbinate, involucrated by -bristles; petals five. They are all of the easiest culture, growing -in ordinary soil. Readily increased by root-division. The most showy -species in cultivation are described below. - - =A. Eupatoria= (Eupatoria). _fl._ yellow, on an elongated spike. - _l._ with elliptic-oblong, coarsely serrated leaflets, odd one - stalked. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Britain. - - =A. nepalensis= (Nepaul). _fl._ yellow, on erect, slender racemes. - _l._ with ovate, serrated leaflets, odd one stalked, villous. _h._ - 1ft. to 2ft. Nepaul, 1820. - - =A. odorata= (sweet-scented).* _fl._ yellow; spikes several. _l._ - with oblong lanceolate, deeply crenate-toothed leaflets, hairy. - _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Italy, 1640. - -=AGRIMONY.= _See_ =Agrimonia=. - -=AGRIOTES.= _See_ =Wireworm=. - -=AGROSTEMMA= (from _agros_, a field, and _stemma_, a crown; alluding -to the beauty of the flowers, which were formerly made into crowns -or garlands). Rose Campion. ORD. _CaryophyllaceA|_. Hardy evergreen -perennials and annuals, with broadish leaves, and one-flowered -peduncles. Of easy culture, and well adapted for borders. They will -all grow freely in common garden soil. Increased by division of the -roots, and seed. _A. cA"li-rosa_, and _A. flos-Jovis_ are, perhaps, -species of _Lychnis_, but the generic name which we have adopted is the -most common one. All the species of this genus are exceedingly pretty -free-flowering plants, and both annuals and perennials are well worth -growing. - - =A. cA"li-rosa= (rose of Heaven).* _fl._ delicate rose, white, or - bright purple, solitary, terminal. Summer. Levant, &c., 1713. An - annual species about 1ft. high, not tomentose; should be grown in - patches. Sow the seed in April. - -[Illustration: FIG. 49. AGROSTEMMA CA'LI-ROSA FIMBRIATA.] - - =A. c.-r. fimbriata= (fimbriate). A form having fimbriated petals. - Known also as _nana_. _h._ 9in. See Fig. 49. - - =A. c.-r. purpurea= (purple).* A very pretty form, having dark - purple flowers, and compact habit. See Fig. 50. - - =A. coronaria= (crowned).* _fl._ white, with the middle red; petals - emarginate, crowned, serrated; peduncles elongated, one-flowered. - July. _l._ lanceolate, very broad, leathery; plant woolly - throughout. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1596. This species is - admirably adapted for naturalising on dry hill sides, and in the - wild garden. There are several varieties seen in gardens with - a great diversity of colour, including dark crimson, white, and - sometimes double flowers. See Fig. 51. - -[Illustration: FIG. 50. AGROSTEMMA CA'LI-ROSA PURPUREA.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 51. AGROSTEMMA CORONARIA, showing Habit and Flower.] - - =A. flos-Jovis.=* Flower of Jove. _fl._ purple or scarlet, in - umbellate heads; peduncles short, rather branched. July. _l._ - lanceolate, stem-clasping, silky, tomentose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - Switzerland, 1726. Plant white from tomentum. See Fig. 52. - -[Illustration: FIG. 52. AGROSTEMMA FLOS-JOVIS, showing Habit and -Flower.] - -=AGROSTIS= (from _agros_, a field; the Greek name for a kind of grass). -Bent Grass. ORD. _GramineA|_. Annual or perennial grasses. Panicle -loose; spikelets compressed. Several of the species are very effective, -and well worth growing; and the spikes are pretty objects, when dried, -for window vases, &c. They are of easy culture, in ordinary garden -soil. Sow seeds during spring in the open border, in tufts, among -ferns, &c., or in pots for decorative purposes. - - =A. elegans= (elegant). _h._ 1ft. Russia, 1834. - -[Illustration: FIG. 53. AGROSTIS NEBULOSA.] - - =A. nebulosa= (cloud).* Cloud Grass. _fl._ panicles resemble, when - developed, a cloud resting over the ground. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Very - light and elegant. Annual. See Fig. 53. - - =A. pulchella= (pretty).* Dwarfer, and with a more rigid habit than - _A. nebulosa_. It is, nevertheless, a most graceful plant, and - valuable for bouquet making, and for winter decorative purposes. - _h._ 6in. to 12in. Russia. Annual. - - =A. spica-venti= (windward-spiked). _fl._ panicle large, silky - looking, loosely spreading. England. Annual. - -=AGROTIS.= _See_ =Pot-herb Moths= and =Turnip Moth=. - -=AILANTUS= (from _ailanto_, referring to its lofty growth). Tree of -Heaven. ORD. _XanthoxylaceA|_. Tall deciduous trees. The stove species -will grow freely in a mixture of loam and peat; and the best way to -increase these is by pieces of the roots, planted in a pot with their -points above the ground, and placed in a hotbed, where they will soon -make fine plants. - - =A. excelsa= (tall). _fl._ whitish green, disposed similar to the - following. _l._ abruptly pinnate, 3ft. long, with ten to fourteen - pairs of leaflets coarsely toothed at the base, without glands. - _h._ 66ft. India, 1800. A stove tree. - - =A. glandulosa= (glandulous).* _fl._ whitish green, disposed - in large branched, terminal, fascicled panicles, exhaling a - disagreeable smell. August. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets coarsely - toothed at the base with glands. (The leaves on vigorous young - trees are sometimes 6ft. in length.) _h._ 60ft. China, 1751. This - tree grows with great rapidity for the first ten or twelve years, - in favourable situations, afterwards its growth is much slower. It - is quite hardy, and thrives in almost any soil, though one that is - light and somewhat humid, and a sheltered situation, suits it best. - It is a very desirable tree for plantations, or to stand singly on - lawns, and is easily increased by slips of the roots. - -=AINSLA†A= (in honour of Dr. Whitelaw Ainslie, author of a work on -Indian drugs). ORD. _CompositA|_. Herbaceous perennials, of recent -introduction. Although, no doubt, both species will prove tolerably -hardy, they should have slight protection during winter. They thrive in -light rich soil. Propagated by divisions of the root. - - =A. aptera= (wingless). _fl.-head_ purple, disposed in an elongated - spike-like panicle. _l._ deeply cordate, sinuately toothed; - petioles wingless, whence the name. Sikkim Himalayas, 1882. - - =A. WalkerA|= (Mrs. Walker's).* _fl.-heads_ slender, distant, - shortly stalked, borne in erect or somewhat nodding racemes; the - white corolla-lobes and the red purple anthers make a pretty - contrast. _h._ about 1ft. Hong Kong, 1875. A very rare and graceful - species. - -=AIR.= Pure atmospheric air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and a very -small quantity of carbonic acid gas, all of which are essential to the -growth of plants. Air-giving is a term used by gardeners to lessen the -temperature of a greenhouse, or to equalise it with that outside. _See_ -=Ventilation=. - -=AIRA= (from _aira_, applied by the Greeks to _Lolium temulentum_). -Hair Grass. ORD. _GramineA|_. Chiefly hardy grasses, of agricultural -value. Panicle loose; spikelet compressed, with two perfect flowers, -and sometimes a neuter. Of easy culture, in ordinary garden soil. Sow -seeds in spring. - - =A. flexuosa= (waved).* The Waved Hair Grass. _fl._ shining - brown; panicle erect, spreading, with waved angular branches and - flower-stalks. _l._ short. Stem upwards of 1ft. high, erect, - smooth. England. A very pretty and graceful perennial. - -[Illustration: FIG. 54. AIRA PULCHELLA.] - - =A. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ panicles loose, very delicate - and graceful. _l._ very short. _h._ 6in. to 8in. South Europe. - An elegant plant, with tufted filiform stems. One of the best of - dwarf-growing ornamental grasses. See Fig. 54. - -=AIR-PLANT.= _See_ =Aerides=, also =Epiphytes=. - -=AITONIA= (in honour of W. Aiton, once Head Gardener at Kew). ORD. -_MeliaceA|_. A small and rather interesting greenhouse evergreen shrub -from the Cape of Good Hope, and thriving well in an equal mixture of -sandy loam and peat. Young cuttings will root in sand, under a bell -glass, with bottom heat. The cuttings must not be put in very close -together, and the glass should be wiped frequently, as they are apt to -damp off. - - =A. capensis= (Cape). _fl._ pink; petals four, shorter than the - projecting stamens. July. _h._ 2ft. 1777. - -=AIZOON= (from _aei_, always, and _zoos_, alive; tenacious of life). -ORD. _PortulacaceA|_. Greenhouse annuals, biennials, or evergreen -shrubs. Flowers apetalous; calyx five-cleft, coloured on the inner -surface. The undermentioned species is the only one worth growing. It -requires no shade, a dry atmosphere, and light sandy soil. Propagated -by seeds and cuttings. - - =A. sarmentosum= (sarmentose). _fl._ greenish, sessile. Summer. - _l._ opposite, linear-filiform, rather connate, glabrous; branches - rather villous, three-flowered at the apex, the two lateral flowers - are bracteated, and spring from the sides of the middle one. - Sub-shrub, erect, diffuse, glabrous, branched. South Africa, 1862. - -=AJAVA SEED.= _See_ =Ptychotis=. - -=AJAX MAXIMUS.= _See_ =Narcissus=. - -=AJOWAN.= _See_ =Ptychotis=. - -=AJUGA= (from _a_, not, and _zugon_, a yoke; in reference to the calyx -being equal, not bilabiate). Bugle. ORD. _LabiatA|_. Hardy annual -or perennial herbaceous plants, usually procumbent or ascending, -sometimes stoloniferous. Whorls two or many flowered, dense, sometimes -all axillary, when the floral leaves conform to those of the stem; -sometimes the superior whorls are approximate into spikes, then the -floral leaves are small, and of a different form from the stem ones. -All the species are of easy cultivation in ordinary garden soil. -Perennials increased by divisions, or by seeds sown in the open border, -during spring or autumn. The seeds of annual kinds may be sown in the -open border in spring, where they are intended to remain. - - =A. alpina= (alpine). Synonymous with _A. genevensis_. - - =A. australis= (southern). _fl._ blue; whorls six or more flowered; - lower whorls remote, upper ones sub-spicate, floral leaves similar - to the stem ones, exceeding the flowers. May to July. _l._ - narrow-oblong, narrowed at the base, quite entire or sinuated, - thickish, rather villous. Stem ascending, or erect. _h._ 6in. New - Holland, 1822. Perennial. - - =A. ChamA|pitys= (ground-pine). _fl._ yellow, dotted with red, - pubescent outside; whorls two-flowered; floral leaves similar to - the others, exceeding the flowers. April. _l._ deeply trifid, with - linear, quite entire, or trifid lobes. Stem procumbent at the base, - much branched, beset with long hairs, like the leaves. _h._ about - 6in. England (rare). Annual. - - =A. genevensis= (Geneva).* _fl._ varying from blue to rose colour - and white; upper whorls spicate, lower ones distant, six or more - flowered. May. _l._ stem ones oblong-elliptic or obovate, narrowed - at the base; lower ones petiolate; floral ones ovate or cuneated; - superior ones scarcely equalling the flowers or shorter, all - usually coarsely toothed, membranaceous, green on both surfaces, - and beset with scattered hairs. Stem erect, pilose. _h._ 6in. to - 1ft. Europe. A very variable species, admirably adapted as an - alpine plant, and succeeds best in bog soil, where its roots will - have plenty of room; it increases rapidly. Perennial. SYNS. _A. - alpina_, _A. rugosa_. - - =A. orientalis= (oriental).* _fl._ blue; whorls six or more - flowered, distant, or the upper ones are approximate. May. _l._ - lower ones large, petiolate; ovate, coarsely and sinuately toothed, - narrowed at the base; floral ones sessile, broad ovate, deeply - lobed or toothed, exceeding the flowers. Stem ascending, pilosely - woolly. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Eastern Europe, 1732. This species - should be grown in a dry, sunny spot. - - =A. pyramidalis= (pyramidal).* _fl._ blue or purple; whorls - many-flowered, upper ones or all spicate. May and June. _l._ - stem ones approximate, scarcely petiolate, obovate; floral ones - broad-ovate, clasping the flowers, tetragonally pyramidate; the - upper ones often coloured, all quite entire or obscurely sinuated. - Stem erect. _h._ 6in. Scotland. Perennial. Of this there are - several handsome garden varieties. - -[Illustration: FIG. 55. FLOWER OF AJUGA REPTANS.] - - =A. reptans= (creeping).* _fl._ varying from blue to rose-colour; - lower whorls remote; upper ones spicate, six to twenty flowered. - May. _l._ ovate or obovate, quite entire or sinuated, and are, as - well as the stem, nearly glabrous; radical one petiolate, stem ones - nearly sessile. Stem creeping. The variegated and darkest leaved - forms of this are superior to the type for horticultural purposes. - Britain. Perennial. See Fig. 55. - - =A. rugosa= (wrinkled). Synonymous with _A. genevensis_. - -=AKEBIA= (its Japanese name). SYN. _Rajania_. ORD. _LardizabalaceA|_. A -pretty twining shrub, succeeding well in the south-western counties of -England, or in Scotland, trained to a trellis, or rambling over other -shrubs in the open; but, when so grown, it requires the protection of -a mat in winter. It makes an excellent twiner for the cool greenhouse. -Sandy loam, leaf soil, and peat are most suitable for its culture. -Increased by root divisions and cuttings. - - =A. quinata= (five-leafletted).* _fl._ purplish brown, small, - in axillary racemes, very fragrant. March. _l._ on very slender - petioles, and palmately divided into usually five distinct - petiolulate oval or oblong emarginate leaflets, the bottom pair - smallest. _h._ 10ft. Chusan, 1845. - -=AKEE-TREE.= _See_ =Blighia sapida=. - -=ALA.= A lateral petal of a papilionaceous flower. - -=ALANGIACEA†.= A very small order of trees or shrubs, usually with -inconspicuous flowers, in axillary fascicles. Fruit succulent, eatable. -The two genera best known in this country are _Alangium_ and _Nyssa_. - -=ALANGIUM= (from _Alangi_, the Malabar name of the first species). -ORD. _AlangiaceA|_. Very showy stove evergreen trees, with alternate, -exstipulate, entire leaves. Flowers few, sessile, in axillary -fascicles; calyx campanulate; petals linear, spreadingly reflexed. -They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat, or any light rich soil. -Cuttings root readily if planted in a pot of sand, with a hand glass -placed over them, in heat. - - =A. decapetalum= (ten-petaled).* _fl._ pale purple, with a - grateful scent, solitary, or two to three together in the axils - of the leaves; petals ten or twelve. June. _l._ alternate, - oblong-lanceolate, quite entire; branches glabrous, spinescent. - _h._ 30ft. Malabar, 1779. - - =A. hexapetalum= (six-petaled). _fl._ purple, six-petaled. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, velvety beneath. _h._ 30ft. Malabar, - 1823. - -=ALATUS.= Furnished with a membranous or thin wing or expansion. - -=ALBESCENT.= Growing white. - -=ALBICANT.= Growing whitish. - -=ALBINISM.= A pale condition due to the absence of chlorophyl. - -=ALBIZZIA= (named after an Italian). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Ornamental -greenhouse or hardy trees or shrubs. For culture, _see_ =Acacia=, to -which they are often referred. - - =A. Julibrissin= (Julibrissin). _fl._ white; heads pedunculate, - forming a terminal somewhat corymbose panicle. August. _l._ with - eight to twelve pairs of pinnA|, each pinna bearing about thirty - pairs of dimidiate-oblong, acute, rather ciliated leaflets. _h._ - 30ft. to 40ft. Hardy. Levant, 1745. SYN. _A. Nemu_. - - =A. lophantha= (crest-flowered).* _fl._ yellow; racemes - ovate-oblong, axillary, twin. May. _l._ with eight to ten pairs of - pinnA|, each pinna bearing twenty-five to thirty pairs of linear, - bluntish leaflets; petioles and calyces clothed with velvety down. - _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. New Holland, 1803. A very distinct unarmed - greenhouse species, and one of the best for window gardening. - - =A. Nemu.= A synonym of _A. Julibrissin_. - -=ALBUCA= (from _albicans_, or _albus_, white; the colour of the earlier -species). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A rather extensive genus of Cape of Good -Hope bulbs, requiring ordinary greenhouse culture. Closely allied to -_Ornithogalum_. Perianth six-cleft, three outer segments spreading; -three inner ones closed over the stamens. They, however, succeed -admirably when grown in a warm sunny position out of doors, if covered -with a hand glass, or litter, during winter. A light loamy soil, with -leaf mould and sand, suits them well. Propagated by offsets from the -old bulb, or seeds. There are but few species worthy of cultivation. - - =A. angolensis= (Angolan). _fl._ yellowish, large, in cylindrical - racemes 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long. _l._ linear-lorate, sub-erect, - fleshy, pale green, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long. _h._ 3ft. Angola. - - =A. aurea= (yellow).* _fl._ pale yellow, upright; peduncle very - long, erect, spreading. June. _l._ linear-lanceolate, flat. _h._ - 2ft. 1818. - - =A. fastigiata= (peaked).* _fl._ white; peduncle very long, - spreading. May. _l._ linear, flattish, longer than the scape. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. 1774. - - =A. flaccida= (weak). _fl._ pale yellow, with a green keel, - drooping, six to eight in a loose raceme; peduncles spreading at - right angles. July. _l._ lanceolate-linear, obliquely bent. _h._ - 2ft. 1791. - - =A. Nelsoni= (Nelson's).* _fl._, perianth, 1-1/2in. long, - ascending, white, with a dull red stripe down the back of each - segment; scape stout, 4ft. to 5ft. high. Summer. _l._ bright green, - very concave at the basal part, nearly flat in the upper part, 3ft. - to 3-1/2ft. long, l-1/4in. to 2-1/4in. broad, at about one-third - the way up, whence they are gradually narrowed to an acute point. - Natal, 1880. This very handsome species is the best of the genus. - -=ALBUMEN.= The substance under the inner coat of the testa of seeds, -surrounding the embryo. It is sometimes absent. - -=ALBUMINOUS.= Furnished with albumen. - -=ALBURNUM.= The white wood of a tree; the younger wood, not choked up -by sedimentary deposit, and therefore permeable to fluids. - -=ALCHEMILLA= (from _Alkemelyeh_, the Arabic name of one of the -species). Lady's Mantle. ORD. _RosaceA|_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, -with corymbose, apetalous flowers; calyx tubular, with the tube rather -contracted at the apex. Leaves palmate or lobed. Of very easy culture, -in common, but well drained soil. They are well adapted for rockwork -and planting near the front of borders. Easily increased by divisions -of the roots, and seeds. All here described are hardy, except _A. -sibbaldiA|folia_. - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ greenish, small; corymbose. June. _l._ - digitate; leaflets five to seven, lanceolate-cuneated, obtuse, - serrated, clothed with white satiny down beneath. _h._ 6in. Britain. - - =A. pubescens= (pubescent). _fl._ greenish; corymbs terminal, - crowded, clothed with a coating of long weak hairs. June. _l._ - roundish-reniform, seven-lobed, toothed, silky beneath. _h._ 6in. - to 8in. Caucasus (Higher), 1813. - - =A. sericea= (silky).* _fl._ greenish, corymbose. June. _l._ - digitate; leaflets seven, lanceolate-obovate, obtuse, connected at - the base, serrated at the apex, clothed with satiny down beneath. - _h._ about 6in. Caucasus, 1813. Much larger in every part than _A. - alpina_, to which it is closely allied. - - =A. SibbaldiA|folia= (Sibbaldia-leaved). _fl._ white, conglomerate; - stem corymbosely many-flowered at the apex. July. _l._ deeply - three-parted, clothed with adpressed pubescence beneath; segments - deeply serrated, lateral ones bifid. _h._ 6in. Mexico, 1823. A - greenhouse species, which should be grown in small well-drained - pots, with a mixture of leaf soil and sandy loam. - -=ALDEA.= A synonym of =Phacelia= (which _see_). - -=ALDER.= _See_ =Alnus=. - -=ALETRIS= (from _aletron_, meal; referring to the powdery appearance -of the whole plant). The American Star Grass. SYN. _Tritonia_. ORD. -_HA|modoraceA|_. Interesting hardy herbaceous perennials, closely allied -to the _Amaryllids_. Perianth half-inferior, tubular; limb spreading or -funnel-shaped; stamens inserted at base of perianth segments, filaments -flat. They delight in a sunny but damp situation, with peat, leaf -mould, and sand, and are slowly increased by division of the roots. - - =A. aurea= (golden).* _fl._ yellow, bell-shaped. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - North America, 1811. Similar in habit to _A. farinosa_. - - =A. capensis= (Cape). _See_ =Veltheimia viridifolia=. - - =A. farinosa= (mealy).* _fl._ white, bell-shaped, in a terminal - spiked raceme, upon stems 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. high. _l._ lanceolate, - ribbed. North America, 1768. A pretty species, forming a spreading - tuft, and possessing intensely bitter properties. - -=ALEURITES= (from the Greek word signifying floury; all the parts of -the plant seeming to be dusted with a farinaceous substance). ORD. -_EuphorbiaceA|_. A handsome stove evergreen tree, with small, white, -clustered flowers. Leaves alternate, stalked, exstipulate. Of easy -culture in a loamy soil. Ripe cuttings, with their leaves untouched, -root readily in sand, under a hand-glass. - - =A. triloba= (three-lobed).* Candleberry Tree. _l._ three-lobed, - 4in. to 8in. long. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Moluccas and South Pacific - Islands, 1793. - -=ALEXANDERS.= _See_ =Smyrnium=. - -=ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL.= _See_ =Ruscus racemosus=. - -=ALGAROBA BEAN, or CAROB.= _See_ =Ceratonia=. - -=ALGAROBIA.= Included under =Prosopis= (which _see_). - -=ALHAGI= (its Arabian name). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Manna Tree. Greenhouse -shrubs or sub-shrubs, with simple leaves, and minute stipulas. Flowers -few, in clusters. They thrive in pots filled with a mixture of sand, -loam, and peat. Young cuttings will root in sand, with a bell glass -placed over them, in heat; but by seeds, if they can be procured, sown -in a hotbed, is a preferable mode of increasing the plants. They may be -placed out of doors during the summer months. - - =A. camelorum= (camels). _fl._ red, few, disposed in racemes along - the peduncles. July. _l._ lanceolate, obtuse, simple; stipulas - minute. Stem herbaceous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus, 1816. - - =A. maurorum= (Moors'). _fl._ purple in the middle, and reddish - about the edges, disposed in racemes along the axillary, spinose - peduncles. July. _l._ obovate-oblong, simple; spines strong, and - longer than those of the above species. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Egypt, - &c. The Manna is a natural exudation from the branches and leaves - of this shrub, which takes place only in very hot weather. - -=ALIBERTIA= (in honour of M. Alibert, a celebrated French chemist, -author of "Traite des Fievres Attaxiques," wherein he mentions the -effects of Peruvian bark). ORD. _CinchonaceA|_. A small stove evergreen -tree, very ornamental when in flower. Flowers solitary or fascicled, -diA"cious; corolla leathery, tubular. A mixture of loam and peat is the -best soil. Cuttings strike root freely, in a similar kind of soil, -under a hand glass, in a moist heat. - - =A. edulis= (edible). _fl._ cream-coloured, solitary or in - fascicles, terminating the branches, almost sessile. June. _fr._ - edible. _l._ opposite, leathery, oblong, acuminated, shining above, - and bearded in the axils of the veins beneath. _h._ 12ft. Guiana, - 1823. - -=ALICANT SODA.= _See_ =Salsola=. - -=ALISMA.= (from _alis_, the Celtic word for water). Water Plantain. -SYN. _Actinocarpus_. ORD. _AlismaceA|_. A genus entirely composed of -hardy aquatic species. Flowers three-petalled. Leaves parallel-veined. -Increased by division or seeds. The latter should be sown in a pot -immersed in water, filled with loam, peat, and sand, and the former -root freely in a moist loamy soil. The British species are most easily -grown. - -[Illustration: FIG. 56. ALISMA NATANS.] - - =A. natans= (floating).* _fl._ white; peduncles simple. July. - _l._ elliptical-obtuse; stem ones floating, on long stalks, - scarcely nerved; those at the base of the plant are long, - linear-lanceolate, membranous scales, or abortive root leaves. - North Wales and Cumberland, but very rare; abundant in other parts - of Europe. See Fig. 56. - - =A. Plantago= (plantain).* _fl._ delicate pale rose coloured; scape - branched upwards. July. _l._ ovate, acute, all radical, on long - stalks; branches all whorled, bracteated, compound. _h._ 2ft. to - 3ft. Britain. A very handsome aquatic for naturalising. See Fig. 57. - -[Illustration: FIG. 57. PORTION OF INFLORESCENCE OF ALISMA PLANTAGO.] - - =A. P. lanceolata= (lance-shaped leaves). _fl._ pure white. July. - _l._ lanceolate. Britain. - - =A. ranunculoides= (ranunculus-like). In general appearance very - like the last named species, but smaller. Britain. - -=ALISMACEA†.= A small order of aquatic or marsh plants, with -three-petaled flowers, on leafless scapes, and simple radical leaves. -The genera best known are _Alisma_ and _Sagittaria_. - -=ALKANET.= _See_ =Anchusa tinctoria=. - -=ALLAMANDA= (named in memory of Dr. Allamand, of Leyden, who first -communicated seeds of this genus to LinnA|us). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. -Elegant climbing evergreen stove plants. Peduncles terminal and -many-flowered; corolla funnel-shaped, with a narrow tube, gamopetalous, -large, inflated, five-cleft at the apex. Leaves verticillate. This -genus differs from all others of the same order, in the figure of -the corolla. Of comparatively easy culture. To obtain their beauty -of foliage and flowers, the shoots should be tied to wires placed -within 8in. or 9in. of the glass that forms the roof of the structure -in which the plants are growing. Trained in this way, and the shoots -allowed to ramble in a somewhat natural manner, the effect, when the -plants are in flower, is grander and more pleasing in every respect -than when the shoots are tied to a formal trellis, of whatever shape. -When thoroughly established, they succeed admirably in a compost of -three parts good fibry loam, and one part wood charcoal or coarse river -sand, with some rotten cow manure added. When potting the plants, -make the fresh compost firm round the old balls of soil, and do not -fill the pots too full; leave room for plenty of water, as, when in -active growth, they require a liberal daily supply. They must be pruned -annually in January or February, cutting the previous year's shoots -back to within a joint or two of the old wood. Allamandas should be -exposed to the light as much as possible at all seasons of the year. -In winter months they require but little water, but the drainage must -always be perfect. They are remarkably free from insect attacks of -any kind. It may be also observed that the temperature should never -fall below 55deg. This genus is easily propagated by cuttings, which -will root at any time of the year in a bottom heat of from 70deg. to -80deg. The usual time is, however, in spring, when the old plants are -pruned back. Choose the tops of the shoots, retaining two or three -joints to each cutting; place these in a compost of sand and peat or -leaf mould in equal proportions, singly, in small pots. Press the soil -firmly around each cutting, and, when all are inserted, give a good -watering, and plunge the pots in the propagating bed. Attend to shading -and watering, and in about three weeks' time they will have emitted -roots, and started to grow at the tops. The pots should now be raised -out of the plunging material, and placed upon the surface thereof, and -there allowed to remain two or three weeks longer; when the young roots -will have, by this time, filled the little pots, and a shift into the -larger ones will be necessary. Return the plants to the propagating -bed, but do not plunge them therein. As soon as it is certain that the -roots have commenced growth in the fresh soil, pinch the point of each -plant that is intended to be grown on a trellis. This will cause the -remaining buds to push out fresh shoots; and these, as soon as they -have made two joints or whorls of leaves each, should have their points -pinched out also. By repotting the plants as often as they fill their -pots with roots during the first season of their growth, and pinching -the points out of the shoots twice or thrice in the same time, a good -foundation will be formed, from which the future specimens will spring. -In the case of plants intended to be trained up rafters or pillars, -they should not have their points pinched out until they attain to the -height where it is desirable they should have more than one shoot, and -be repotted as recommended above, for the first year; but, after that, -they will require to be repotted only once a year, and this should be -done soon after the buds have started to grow afresh in the spring. - - =A. Aubletii= (Aublet's).* _fl._ yellow, large. June. _l._ four to - five in a whorl, broad-oblong, acuminated, rather hairy beneath. - Guiana, 1848. - - =A. cathartica= (purging).* _fl._ yellow, large. June. _l._ four - in a whorl, obovate, obtuse, acutish, with sub-undulated edges, - glabrous. Guiana, 1785. SYN. _A. LinnA|i_. - - =A. chelsoni= (Chelsea).* _fl._ yellow, large. Summer. This - splendid plant is least suited of any for trellis training, from - its wood being stiffer and harder, and is therefore best for the - roof of a house; it is one of the best kinds for cutting. Garden - hybrid. - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ distinct pale yellow, - rather large, very free bloomer. June. Brazil, 1844. - - =A. LinnA|i= (LinnA|us's). Synonymous with _A. cathartica_. - - =A. neriifolia= (oleander-leaved).* _fl._ deep golden yellow, - elegantly streaked with orange, between funnel and bell shaped, - the tube being wide, 1in. long; panicle many-flowered. June. _l._ - oblong, on short petioles, acuminate. _h._ 3ft. South America, - 1847. Shrub erect, glabrous. - - =A. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ bright yellow, rather deeper tinted in - the throat, large, full circular form, but without streaks or any - other markings. July. _l._ in whorls of four or of three, tapered - to the base, sessile, oblong, abruptly acuminate, membranaceous, - hairy on both surfaces, especially beneath and on the midrib. - Brazil, 1867. One of the best species. - - =A. Schottii= (Schott's).* _fl._ yellow, large, throat beautifully - striped with rich brown. September. _l._ oblong, acuminated, four - in a whorl, quite glabrous, on both surfaces. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, - 1847. This species is a very strong grower, and suits the roof - system best; it is also a very free bloomer. - - =A. verticillata= (whorl-leaved). _fl._ yellow, large. June. _l._ - usually six in a whorl, ovate-oblong, obtuse, quite glabrous. South - America, 1812. - - =A. violacea= (violet). _fl._ purple. Brazil, 1859. - -=ALLANTODIA= (from _allantos_, a sausage; in reference to the -cylindrical form of the indusium). ORD. _Filices_. A greenhouse -monotypic genus, differing from _Asplenium_ in the dehiscence of the -involucre, and it may receive similar treatment to the Spleenworts. -Sori dorsal, linear-oblong, attached to the primary veins. Involucre -the same shape as the sorus and quite inclosing it, bursting in an -irregular line down to the centre. - - =A. Brunoniana= (Brown's).* _fronds_ often 1ft. to 2ft. long, - 1/2ft. to 1ft. broad; pinnA| 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. broad, entire. - _sori_ confined to the anterior vein of the first fork. Himalayas, - up to 6000ft., &c. SYN. _Asplenium javanicum_. - -=ALLARDTIA.= _See_ =Tillandsia=. - -=ALLEYS.= Small walks of various widths, but generally 1-1/2ft. or -2ft. wide, and formed in right lines, parallel to the main walks, or -borders, sometimes covered with a thin coat of sand, gravel, or shells, -or paved with flints, pebbles, &c. Spaces left between beds of seedling -plants are generally meant when alleys are referred to. - -=ALL-HEAL.= _See_ =Prunella vulgaris=. - -=ALLIACEOUS.= Pertaining to the _Garlic_ family. - -=ALLIARIA.= _See_ =Sisymbrium=. - -=ALLIGATOR APPLE.= _See_ =Anona palustris=. - -=ALLIGATOR PEAR.= _See_ =Persea gratissima=. - -=ALLIUM= (from _all_, meaning hot or burning; in allusion to the -well-known properties of the Onion tribe). Including _Porrum_, -_SchA"noprasum_. ORD. _LiliaceA|_. Hardy bulbous plants, with flat or -terete radical leaves, and capitate or umbellate flowers, enclosed in -a membranous spathe at the summit of a slender, naked, or leafy scape; -perianth spreading or campanulate. They are of very easy culture, -increasing rapidly by offsets. The little bulbs, which are produced in -clusters, may be separated and replanted, in autumn or early spring, -about 4in. deep. Seeds are also easily obtainable. These may be sown -thinly in light soil, in February or March, where they should remain -until the autumn or following spring, when they may be transplanted -to their flowering situations. During the growing season, all the -attention required will be to keep the plants free of weeds, and place -stakes to the tall-growing kinds. - - =A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _fl._ deep rose, 1/2in. to 1in. - across, in many-flowered umbels. July and August. _l._ rather - shorter than the stems, very narrow, only about a line wide. _h._ - 6in. to 10in. North-West America, 1840. - - =A. a. rubrum= (red). _fl._ deep red-purple; in other respects like - the type. California. - - =A. ascalonicum= (Eschallot). _fl._ purple; umbels globose; scape - rounded. Summer. _l._ subulate. _h._ 9in. Palestine, 1546. For - culture, _see_ =Eschallot=. - - =A. azureum= (sky-blue).* _fl._ deep sky-blue, with a dark line - through the middle of each division; umbels dense, globular, longer - than the spathes which envelop them before expanding. Summer. _l._ - triangular, from 6in. to 12in. long. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, - 1830. One of the handsomest species grown. - - =A. BidwelliA|= (Mrs. Bidwell's).* _fl._ bright rose, about 1/2in. - across, in few-flowered umbels. July. _l._ narrow, rather longer - than the stem. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Sierra Nevada, 1880. A very - charming little species for the rockery. - - =A. Breweri= (Brewer's).* _fl._ deep rose, nearly or quite 1in. - across, in few-flowered umbels. July. _l._ much longer than the - flower-stem, 1/4in. or more broad. _h._ 1in. to 3in. California, - 1882. - - =A. Cepa= (common Onion). _fl._ white; scape ventricose, longer - than the leaves. June, July. _l._ fistular, rounded. _h._ 3ft. For - culture, _see_ =Onion=. - - =A. C. aggregatum.= Aggregated, Tree, or Potato Onion. _See_ - =Onion=. - - =A. cA"ruleum= (blue-flowered).* _fl._ blue, in large compact - globular heads. June. _h._ 8in. Russia, 1840. Very distinct. - - =A. Douglasii= (Douglas'). Synonymous with _A. unifolium_. - - =A. Erdelii= (Erdel's). _fl._ white, keeled with green, in compact - umbels. _h._ 6in. Palestine, 1879. A rare but pretty species, and - should be planted in a warm position on the rockery. - - =A. falcifolium= (sickle-leaved).* _fl._ pale rose, 1/2in. to - 3/4in. across, in few-flowered umbels. August. _l._ two in number, - thick, broadly linear, falcate. _h._ 2in. to 3in. North-West - America, 1880. - - =A. falciforme= (sickle-formed). Probably a variety of _A. - unifolium_, with pure white flowers, in several-flowered umbels. - _h._ 6in. California, 1882. - - =A. flavum= (golden). _fl._ yellow, bell-shaped, and somewhat - drooping, in pretty umbels; scape leafy at the base. _l._ round, - not hollow, flattish above the base. _h._ about 1ft. Italy, 1759. - A slender species. - - =A. fragrans.= _See_ =Nothoscordum=. - - =A. karataviense= (Karatavian). _fl._ white, in dense globose - heads. May. _l._ very broad, flat, glaucous, sometimes variegated. - _h._ 6in. Turkestan, 1878. - - =A. Macnabianum= (MacNab's).* _fl._ deep magenta, a colour quite - unique in this family, in large umbels. _l._ nearly as long as the - stem, channelled, about 1/4in. broad. _h._ 1ft. North America. - - =A. magicum= (enchanting). Synonymous with _A. nigrum_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 58. ALLIUM MOLY.] - - =A. Moly= (Moly).* _fl._ bright yellow, numerous, in compact - umbels. Spring. _l._ few, broadly lanceolate. Stem sub-cylindrical. - _h._ 10in. to 15in. South Europe, 1604. A very old favourite; - bright-flowered and very fine in masses. See Fig. 58. - - =A. Murrayanum= (Murray's).* _fl._ rosy purple, in large heads. - _l._ narrow, longer than the stem. _h._ 1ft. North America. A good - variety of _A. acuminatum_. - - =A. mutabile= (changeable). _fl._ white, changing to rose, in - many-flowered umbels. July. _l._ shorter than the stem, narrow, - channelled. _h._ 12in. to 24in. North America, 1824. - - =A. neapolitanum= (Neapolitan).* _fl._ white, with green stamens, - numerous, in a loose umbel, on stems exceeding the leaves in - length; pedicels much longer than the flowers. Early summer. _l._ - two or three, sheathing the flower stem, strap-shaped, about 1in. - across. _h._ 15in. to 18in. South Europe, 1823. Probably the most - ornamental white-flowered species. - - =A. nevadense= (Sierra Nevada). _fl._ white, or pale rose, about - 1/2in. across, in several-flowered umbels. July. _l._ flat, rather - longer than the stem, about 1/4in. wide. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Sierra - Nevada and Utah, 1882. - - =A. nigrum= (blackish).* _fl._ dull violet, or whitish, with a - green vein, very numerous, in a large umbel. Summer. _l._ thick, - broadly lanceolate, acute, ciliated, toothed at the edges, at first - erect and glaucescent, afterwards green and spreading, much shorter - than the stem. _h._ 2-1/2ft. to 3-1/4ft. South of Europe. Very - vigorous and free flowering. SYN. _A. magicum_. - - =A. paradoxum= (wonderful). _fl._ white, gracefully pendulous, - borne on long footstalks springing from little nests of yellow - bulbils. Spring. _l._ one or two, as long as the scape, - linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled, striated, smooth, 1/4in. broad, - drooping and recurved. _h._ 9in. to 14in. Siberia, 1823. - - =A. pedemontanum= (Piedmont).* _fl._ rosy-purple, large, - bell-shaped, in large, graceful drooping clusters. July. _l._ - lanceolate, shorter than the stem. Piedmont, 1817. A neat little - plant for rockwork, or warm border. One of the handsomest species - grown. - - =A. reticulatum= (netted). _fl._ varying from pink to white. - Summer. _l._ narrow, or almost filiform, shorter than the stem. - _h._ 9in. to 15in. North-West America, 1882. A rare species. - - =A. r. attenuifolium= (attenuate-leaved).* This may be regarded as - an extremely handsome white-flowered variety. North-West America. - - =A. roseum= (rose-coloured).* _fl._ pale lilac-rose, large, in - umbels of ten or twelve; stems round, rather longer than the - leaves. Summer. _l._ strap-shaped, channelled, rolled inwards at - the top, not hairy. _h._ 12in. to 16in. South Europe, 1752. - - =A. sativum= (cultivated). Garlic. _fl._ white; umbel bulbiferous. - Summer. _l._ flat. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Sicily, 1548. For culture, _see_ - =Garlic=. - - =A. schA"noprasum= (rush-leaved onion). Chives. _fl._ purple; umbel - many-flowered, globose, without bulbils. June and July. _l._ - cylindrical, somewhat tapering towards the point; stem with one - leaf, or naked. _h._ 1ft. England. For cultivation, _see_ =Chives=. - - =A. Scorodoprasum.= Rocambole; Sand Leek. _fl._, perianth - 1/3in. long, the segments red-purple, with white margins; head - loose-flowered, with purple bulbils; scape slender. May to August. - _l._ 6in. to 8in. long, flat, keeled, the edges scabrid. _h._ 3ft. - Europe (Britain), 1596. _See also_ =Rocambole=. - - =A. sphA|rocephalum= (globe-headed).* _fl._ densely packed - in a subspherical head; in a bud state the upper ones are - reddish-purple, the lower green. June. _l._ narrow, shorter than - the long terete stems. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. South Europe, 1759. - - =A. stramineum= (straw-coloured). _fl._ yellow, in dense globular - umbels. July. _l._ narrow, shorter than the stems. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to - 2ft. Siberia. - - =A. striatum= (striated). _See_ =Nothoscordum=. - - =A. triquetrum= (three-cornered). _fl._ white, somewhat - bell-shaped, with a narrow streak of pure green down each petal, in - a loose, slightly drooping umbel, on erect triangular stems shorter - than the leaves. Summer. _l._ green, broadly strap-shaped, keeled - in a triangular manner, sometimes very long. _h._ 12in. to 18in. - South Europe, 1789. - - =A. unifolium= (one-leaved). _fl._ bright rose. July. _h._ 1ft. - to 2ft. California, 1873. A handsome species, from California, - resembling _A. roseum_, but differing from all known species by the - circumstance that its bulbs are developed at a distance from each - other, and are connected by a thread-like rhizome, 1/2in. to 1in. - long. SYN. _A. Douglasii_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 59. ALLIUM URSINUM.] - - =A. ursinum= (bear). Broad-leaved Garlic; Ramsons. _fl._ pure - white, with acute perianth segments; umbel level at top; scape - triangular. Summer. _l._ one or two, radical, ovate-lanceolate, - stalked, large, bright green. _h._ 1ft. Britain. See Fig. 59. - - =A. validum= (strong). _fl._ pure white or rose-coloured, in large, - rather drooping umbels. Summer. _l._ 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, nearly - as long as the stem. _h._ 12in. to 30in. Oregon and California, - 1881. A pretty species. - - =A. Victorialis= (Victoria's). _fl._ greenish-white, in - many-flowered, spicate umbels. May. _l._ broadly ovate-oblong, - channelled, shorter than the stem. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Southern - and Eastern Europe, 1739. Conspicuous from its broad leaves. Rare. - -=ALLOBROGIA.= A synonym of =Paradisia= (which _see_). - -=ALLOCHLAMYS.= A synonym of =Pleuropetalum= (which _see_). - -=ALLOPHYLLUS.= A synonym of =Schmidelia= (which _see_). - -=ALLOPLECTUS= (from _allos_, diverse, and _pleco_, to plait; the calyx -appears as if it was plaited in diverse directions). ORD. _GesneraceA|_. -Very handsome stove evergreen shrubs. Corolla tubular or club-shaped, -straightish; calyx coloured. Leaves opposite, one in each pair -smaller than the other, petiolate, fleshy, scattered or decumbent, or -erect, the under surface generally reddish; branches opposite. For -cultivation, _see_ =Gesnera=. - - =A. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ yellow, purple; corolla pilose; - pedicels axillary, one-flowered. June. _l._ ovate, oblong, - acuminate, denticulate, pilose above, downy beneath; branches - tetragonal. _h._ 1ft. New Grenada, 1840. Plant erect, rather woody. - - =A. capitatus= (headed). _fl._ capitate; sepals red, leafy; corolla - silky, ventricose above the middle; peduncles axillary. March. - _l._ large, ovate, serrated, downy, reddish beneath. Stem bluntly - tetragonal, red. _h._ 2ft. South America, 1847. - - =A. dichrous= (two-coloured). _fl._ purple, yellow, axillary, - crowded, nearly sessile. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, quite entire, - pubescent. Brazil, 1845. A climber. - - =A. peltatus= (peltate-leaved).* _fl._ whitish, about 2in. long, in - axillary tufts. August. _l._ opposite, one is 1in. to 2in. long, - and the other 6in. to 9in. long, and 2in. wide, oblong, shortly - acuminate, rounded, peltate at the base, and raised on stout - footstalks, 1in. to 2in. long. _h._ 1ft. Costa Rica, 1877. - - =A. repens= (creeping). _fl._ yellow; corolla with curved tube, - four lobed; sepals ovate, spotted; peduncles axillary, solitary. - February. _l._ ovate, rather fleshy, serrate, on short petioles. - St. Martha, 1845. Plant downy; an evergreen trailer. - - =A. vittatus= (striped). _fl._, calyx crimson; corolla pale yellow; - terminal and fasciculate, surrounded by vivid red foliaceous - bracts. _l._ large, shortly-stalked, broadly-ovate, of a deep - velvety green, having a broad greyish-green band down the centre, - branching off along the course of the principal veins. Stems erect, - fleshy. Peru, 1870. - - =A. zamorensis= (Zamora).* _fl._ yellow; sepals orange-red. _h._ - 1ft. Columbia, 1875. - -=ALLOSORUS.= _See_ =Cryptogramme= and =PellA|a=. - -=ALLOTMENT GARDENS.= A system of assigning small portions of land to be -cultivated by labourers after their ordinary day's work. - -The following are the most important rules to be carried out; but, -should occasion arise, other rules must be made to meet particular -cases:-- - -1. Each Allotment should consist of a rood of land (=1/4 acre) to be -let yearly at a rent of not more than 10s. - -2. The Allotment to be let for one year only, to be re-let to the same -occupier, provided his character has been satisfactory during the -preceding year. - -3. The rent shall be considered due at Michaelmas. If it remains unpaid -for one month after that date, the Allotment shall be forfeited. - -4. The Allotment to be cultivated solely by spade husbandry, and the -same crop shall not be planted on the same part two years in succession. - -5. Separate Allotments shall be divided by a space not less than 18in. - -6. Any occupier trespassing on his neighbour's Allotment, or in any -way interfering or damaging the same, shall not be allowed to hold his -Allotment after the expiration of the year. - -=ALLSPICE.= _See_ =Calycanthus=. - -=ALLSPICE TREE.= _See_ =Pimenta=. - -=ALMEIDEA= (in honour of J. R. P. de Almeida, a Brazilian, who was -of great assistance to St. Hilaire while travelling in Brazil). ORD. -_RutaceA|_. Stove trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, entire, -stalked leaves. Racemes terminal, divided at the apex into compound -thyrse-like panicles. The undermentioned species will grow freely in a -mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Partly ripened cuttings will root in -sand under a hand glass, in heat. - - =A. rubra= (red). _fl._ pink; petals very blunt; racemes compound. - September. _l._ lanceolate, acute at base. _h._ 12ft. Brazil, 1849. - Evergreen shrub. - -=ALMOND.= _See_ =Amygdalus=. - -=ALMOND-LEAVED WILLOW.= _See_ =Salix triandra=. - -=ALNUS= (from _al_, near, and _lan_, the bank of a river; general -habitat of the genus). The Alder Tree. ORD. _BetulaceA|_. A genus of -deciduous trees and shrubs. Flowers monA"cious; barren ones in long -drooping autumnal catkins, lasting through the winter; fertile ones, -produced in spring, in oval catkins, resembling a fir-cone in shape, -the fleshy scales of which become indurated and ligneous as they -approach maturity. Leaves stalked, roundish, blunt. Propagated usually -by seeds, which are gathered towards the end of October; they require -to be well dried, in order that the cones do not become mouldy. The -seeds are sprinkled lightly on the ground with the slightest possible -covering. Towards the end of the year, the seedlings will be about -10in. high. They are then planted in rows 1-1/2ft. apart, and 6in. -from each other, where they may remain for two years, after which they -can be placed out in the situations where they are intended to stand. -Planting is best done in November or March; and, if it is designed to -make a plantation of Alder, the young trees should be put in holes, -made with an ordinary garden spade, about 9in. deep, and about 4ft. -apart. They are also increased, but rarely, by cuttings, by suckers, -and by grafting. - - =A. cordifolia= (heart-shaped-leaved).* _fl._ greenish-brown. March - and April, before the development of the leaves. _l._ heart-shaped, - acuminate, dark green, and shining. _h._ 15ft. to 50ft. Calabria - and Naples, 1820. A large, very distinct, and handsome round-headed - tree. It grows rapidly in dry soil, and is one of the most - interesting of ornamental trees. - - =A. firma= (firm).* _l._ oval lanceolate, acuminate, sharply - serrated, many-nerved. Japan. One of the most distinct of all the - Alders. - -[Illustration: FIG. 60. ALNUS GLUTINOSA, showing Catkins and Fruit.] - - =A. glutinosa= (sticky).* _barren catkins_ long, large, and - cylindrical, pendent, their footstalks branched. _fertile - catkins_ small, ovate, with deep red scales. Spring. _l._ - roundish-cuneiform, obtuse lobed at the margin, and serrated, - somewhat glutinous, downy in the axils of the nerves beneath. - _h._ 50ft. to 60ft. Britain. The Alder affects moist and damp - situations, and, as it grows quickly, it is a useful tree to plant - in bare situations. It is valuable as a nurse to other trees by the - sea-side. See Fig. 60. - - =A. g. aurea= (golden).* Foliage golden colour. - - =A. g. incisa= (incised).* Compact form, with leaves quite like - those of common hawthorn. SYN. _A. g. oxyacanthifolia_. - - =A. g. laciniata= (cut).* _l._ oblong and pinnatifid, with the - lobes acute. This has elegant drooping branches and fern-like - leaves, and is one of the best. - - =A. g. oxyacanthifolia= (sharp-prickled). Synonymous with _A. g. - incisa_. - - =A. g. quercifolia= (oak-leaved).* _l._ with a sinuate outline, - like that of the common oak. A very distinct form. The variety - _imperialis_ (=_asplenifolia_) slightly differs in its more or less - lobed or cut foliage; _A. g. variegata_ is a variegated form. - - =A. incana= (hoary).* _l._ broadly oval or ovate, rounded at - the base, sharply serrate, whitened, and mostly downy beneath. - _h._ 8ft. to 20ft. North Temperate regions. This affects drier - situations than our native _A. glutinosa_. - - =A. viridis= (green). _fertile catkins_ slender stalked, clustered, - ovoid. _l._ round oval or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and - smooth or softly downy beneath, serrate, with very sharp and - closely set teeth. Mountainous regions of northern hemisphere. - -=ALOCASIA= (from _a_, without, and _Colocasia_). Allied to _Colocasia_. -ORD. _AroideA|_. Stove plants of great beauty, often with large and -handsomely variegated, usually peltate, leaves, and shortly petiolate -glaucous spathes. They are not difficult to grow, with a strong moist -heat, and an abundant supply of water to the roots. The soil should -consist of fibrous peat, with a little light fibry loam, in large -lumps; to this add a good proportion of sphagnum and lumps of charcoal, -with plenty of silver sand. Keep the bulbs and soil raised well above -the rim of the pots, and finish off with a surfacing of either sphagnum -or cocoa-nut fibre. The latter will soon encourage new rootlets. Crock -the pot quite two-thirds up with clean, broken potsherds. Water freely -when in good growth, and give liquid manure once or twice a week -through the growing season. Shade during bright sunshine in the spring -and summer months. Increased by seeds and division of the stems or -rhizome. Winter temperature, 60deg. to 65deg.; summer, 75deg. to 85deg. -_See also_ =Caladium= and =Colocasia=. - - =A. alba= (white). _fl._ white. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Java, 1854. - - =A. amabilis= (lovely). Synonymous with _A. longiloba_. - - =A. chelsonii= (Chelsea).* An interesting hybrid between _A. - cuprea_ and _A. longiloba_. _l._ large, upper surface deep green, - glossy and metallic, under side purplish, as in _A. cuprea_. - - =A. cucullata= (hood-leaved). _fl._ green, whitish. Spring. _h._ - 2ft. India, 1826. - - =A. cuprea= (coppery).* _fl._, spathe purplish-red, with short - lamina. _l._ cordate-ovate, peltate, deflexed, 12in. to 18in. long, - rich bronze colour, purple beneath. _h._ 2ft. Borneo, 1860. SYNS. - _A. metallica_, _Xanthosoma plumbea_. - - =A. gigantea= (gigantic). Synonymous with _A. longiloba_. - - =A. guttata= (spotted). _fl._, spathe white, spotted with purple. - _l._ leafstalk also spotted. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Borneo, 1879. - - =A. hybrida= (hybrid).* A cross between _A. Lowii_ and _A. cuprea_. - _l._ elliptic in outline, with a very short acuminate point, and - very slightly parted at the base, deep olive-tinted green on the - upper surface, having stout, well-defined ribs, and the margin of - an ivory white; dull purple at the back. - - =A. illustris= (bright). _l._ ovate-sagittate, rich green, with - olive-black patches, deflexed, 1-1/2ft. long. India, 1873. - - =A. Jenningsii= (Jennings's).* _l._ peltate, cordate-ovate, - acuminate, with their blades deflexed from the top of the erect - mottled stalks, ground colour green, surface marked with large - wedge-shaped blotches of dark brown; veins bright green, 6in. to - 8in. long. India, 1867. A very distinct and free growing species. - - =A. Johnstoni= (Johnston's).* _l._ semi-erect, arrow-shaped, - peltate, the front lobe being about 12in. long, and the two back - lobes 14in. long and divergent, olive-green, prettily variegated - and strikingly veined with bright rosy red. The leafstalks are - furnished at intervals with irregular whorls of stiff spines, - the points of which are turned upwards. Stem darkly mottled with - flesh-coloured bands just above the spines. Solomon Isles, 1875. - This plant has quite a unique appearance. - - =A. Liervalii= (Lierval's). _l._ bright green. Philippines, 1869. - - =A. longiloba= (long-lobed). _l._ large, sagittate, with the upper - part spreading out, green, with silvery veins. _h._ 4ft. Java, - 1864. SYNS. _A. amabilis_, _A. gigantea_. - - =A. Lowii= (Low's). _fl._, spathe white. _l._ cordate-sagittate, - 14in. to 16in. long, peltate, deflexed, olive-green, with thick - white ribs, deep purple beneath. Borneo, 1862. - - =A. macrorhiza= (long-rooted). _fl._ green, whitish. _h._ 5ft. - Polynesia. - - =A. m. variegata= (variegated). _l._ large, somewhat cordate, with - slightly waved margins, bright green, blotched and marbled with - white, sometimes nearly quite white; footstalks broadly streaked - with pure white. Ceylon. A very striking and effective large - growing plant. - - =A. Marshallii= (Marshall's). _l._ green, with dark blotches, and - broad central silvery band. India, 1811. - - =A. metallica= (metallic). Synonymous with _A. cuprea_. - - =A. navicularis= (boat-shaped spathe). _fl._, spathe boat-shaped, - whitish. _h._ 1ft. India, 1855. - - =A. Roezlii.= _See_ =Caladium marmoratum=. - - =A. scabriuscula= (roughish).* _fl._, spathe entirely white; - limb 3in. long, oblong, cuspidate. _l._ spreading, not deflexed, - sagittate, not in the least peltate, deep shining green above, pale - green beneath, extreme length 22in. to 31in. _h._ 4ft. to 4-1/2ft. - North-West Borneo, 1878. Although this is not such an ornamental - species as _A. Lowii_, _A. Thibautiana_, or _A. cuprea_, it has the - merit of being a much larger and bolder plant than either of these, - and is one of the largest species in the genus. - - =A. Sedeni= (Seden's).* A hybrid between _A. Lowii_ and _A. - cuprea_. _l._ oval, cordate, sagittate, deflexed, bronzy green, - purple beneath, veins distinct ivory white. - - =A. Thibautiana= (Thibaut's).* _l._ ovate-acute, deeply cordate; - basal lobes rounded and not sharply pointed, deep olive - greyish-green, traversed by numerous grey veinlets branching from - the midrib, which is greyish-white, purple beneath. Borneo, 1878. - This is said to be by far the finest of the genus. - - =A. variegata= (variegated). _fl._ whitish. _l._ leafstalk mottled - with violet. India, 1854. - - =A. zebrina= (zebra).* _l._ erect, broadly sagittate, rich dark - green borne upon stout footstalks, which are pale green, mottled - and striped with zigzag bands of dark green. _h._ 4ft. or more. - Philippine Isles, 1862. - -=ALOE= (from _Alloeh_, its Arabic name). Allied genera: _Apicra_, -_Haworthia_, _Pachidendron_, _Phylloma_. Including _Rhipodendron_. ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. This hitherto much confused genus, and its allies, have -been completely revised by Mr. J. G. Baker (_vide_ "Journal of the -Linnean Society," vol. xxviii. pp. 152-182), to whose account we are -indebted for many of the following particulars:--Plant with or without -stems; shrubs or (rarely) trees; leaves thick, fleshy, frequently -in a rosette; peduncles simple or racemed, endowed with few or many -empty bracts. Flowers racemed; pedicels bracteated at base, solitary; -perianth-tube straight or slightly recurved; segments elongated; -stamens hypogynous, as long as the perianth, or longer. Mr. Baker -describes over eighty species, many of which, for various and important -reasons, have no claim upon our space. Natives of the Cape of Good -Hope, except where otherwise stated. These very interesting and curious -plants thrive well in a mixture of open loam and peat, together with a -small quantity of well decomposed manure. If old brick rubbish, or any -other similar material is mixed with the soil to ensure perfect and -rapid drainage, so much the better. Water, especially during winter, -must be carefully administered. They thrive in an ordinary greenhouse, -and cannot have too much light at any time. - - =A. abyssinica= (Abyssinian).* _fl._, perianth twelve to fifteen - lines long; raceme dense-oblong, 3in. to 4in. long, and 2in. to - 3in. broad; lower pedicels nine to twelve lines long; peduncle - branched, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. _l._ about twenty in a rosette, - ensiform, 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, acuminate, green, sometimes - spotted, five to six lines thick in middle; back rounded; marginal - prickles distant, deltoid, one to two lines long. Stem simple, 1ft. - to 2ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Abyssinia, 1777. SYN. _A. - maculata_. - - =A. a. Peacockii= (Peacock's). This is a rare variety. - - =A. africana= (African). _fl._, perianth yellow, fifteen to - eighteen lines long; racemes dense, 1ft. in length, 3in. in - diameter; peduncle very strong, branched. _l._ in a dense rosette, - ensiform, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 2-1/2in. to 3in. broad, slowly - narrowing from base to the apex, channelled above the middle, where - it is four to five lines thick; marginal prickles close, one and a - half to two lines long. Stem simple, when fully grown, 20ft. - - =A. albispina= (white-spined).* _fl._, perianth red, 1-1/2in. long; - raceme dense, nearly 1ft. long, 4in. broad; lower pedicels fifteen - to eighteen lines long; peduncles simple, 1-1/2ft. _l._ loosely - disposed, lanceolate, ascending, 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. broad, - green, without spots or lines; face concave upwards; middle three - to four lines thick; back sparingly tubercled; marginal prickles - white, horny, two lines long. Stem simple, short, 1in. to 1-1/2in. - in diameter. 1796. - - =A. albocincta= (white-banded).* _fl._, perianth brilliant red, ten - to twelve lines long; racemes twenty or more, shortly capitate, - 2in. to 2-1/2in. in diameter when expanded; pedicels ascending, - six to nine lines long; scape stout, branched, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. - _l._ twelve to twenty in a dense rosette, outer ones recurved, - lanceolate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, glaucous, - obscurely lined and spotted; middle three to four lines thick; - margin red or white tinted. Stems in old specimens, 1ft. to - 2ft. long, 3in. to 4in. in diameter. SYNS. _A. Hanburyana_, _A. - paniculata_, and _A. striata_. - - =A. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl._, perianth red, fifteen to - eighteen lines long; raceme dense, about 1ft.; pedicels ascending, - twelve to fifteen lines long; peduncles strong, 1-1/2ft., simple - or branched. _l._ (rosette 3ft. to 4ft. in diameter) dense, - aggregate, ensiform, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft.; base 2in. broad, thence to - apex attenuated, acuminated, green, rather glaucous, without spots - or lines; middle three to four lines long; base five to six lines - thick; upper surface beyond the base channelled; marginal prickles - close, one and a half to two lines long, horny. Stem simple, - finally 10ft. to 12ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. 1700. - - =A. a. frutescens= (shrubby). Dwarfer. _l._ often loose, and - shorter, intensely glaucous; peduncle simple. Stem slender, - sometimes racemosed. - - =A. aristata= (awned). _fl._, perianth red, fourteen to sixteen - lines long; raceme simple, loose, 4in. to 6in. long, and about - 4in. broad; pedicels sub-patent, thirteen to eighteen lines long; - scape simple, 1ft. _l._ about fifty in a dense rosette, ascending, - lanceolate, 3in. to 4in. long, six to eight lines broad, without - spots or lines; face flat, sparingly tubercled; middle one and a - half lines thick; back copiously tubercled; apex bearded with a - pellucid awn; marginal teeth diffuse, white, half line long. 1824. - - =A. Bainesii= (Baines').* _fl._, perianth fifteen to sixteen lines - long, yellowish red; raceme simple, dense, oblong, 3-1/2in. to - 4in. in diameter when expanded; pedicels thick, two to three lines - long; peduncles upright, strong, eight to nine lines in diameter. - _l._ closely packed at the top of the branch, ensiform, 1ft. to - 1-1/2ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in diameter, green, spotted, deeply - channelled, recurved; middle two to three lines thick; marginal - prickles pale, rather distant, one to one and a half lines long. - Arborescent, branched. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft.; trunk 4ft. to 5ft. in - diameter. SYNS. _A. BarberA|_, _A. Zeyheri_. - - =A. barbadensis= (Barbadoes). Synonymous with _A. vera_. - - =A. BarberA|= (Barber's). Synonymous with _A. Bainesii_. - - =A. brevifolia= (short-leaved).* _fl._, perianth red, fifteen to - eighteen lines long; raceme dense, 6in. long, 2-1/2in. to 3in. in - diameter; pedicels upright, six to twelve lines long; peduncles - simple, hardly 1ft. long. _l._ thirty to forty in a dense rosette, - lanceolate, 3in. to 4in. long, and 1in. broad at the base, - glaucous, without spots or lines; face unarmed, below swollen or - flat; middle three to four lines thick; back convex, sparingly - tubercled; marginal teeth whitish, one to one and a half lines - long. Stem short, simple. SYN. _A. prolifera_. - - =A. b. depressa= (depressed). _fl._ somewhat larger; peduncles - 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long. _l._ 6in. long; bottom 1-1/2in. to 2in. - broad; face sometimes sparingly tubercled. - - =A. cA|sia= (bluish-grey).* _fl._, perianth red, fifteen to sixteen - lines long; racemes dense, nearly 1ft. long, 2in. to 3in. in - diameter; pedicels twelve to fifteen lines long; scape simple, 6in. - _l._ rather dense, lanceolate acuminate, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft.; bottom - 2in. to 3in. broad, intensely glaucous, without spot or lines, - slightly channelled upwards; middle 3in. to 4in. thick; marginal - prickles red, one to one and a half lines long. Stem simple, - finally, in old specimens, 12ft. to 14ft. 1815. - - =A. Candollei= (De Candolle's). A mere form of _A. humilis_. - - =A. chinensis= (Chinese). _fl._, perianth yellow, 1in. long; raceme - loose, simple, 6in. to 8in. long, and 2in. broad; pedicels one - and a half to two lines long; peduncle simple, 6in. to 12in. _l._ - fifteen to twenty in a dense rosette, ensiform, 9in. to 12in. long, - 1-1/2in. broad at the bottom, pale green, not lined; base nearly - flat; middle three to four lines thick; upper surface channelled; - marginal prickles distant, pale, one to one and a half lines long. - Stem short, simple. China, 1817. - - =A. ciliata= (ciliated).* _fl._, perianth brilliant red, twelve - to fifteen lines long; raceme simple, loose, 2in. to 4in. long; - pedicels three to four lines long; peduncles slender, simple. _l._ - linear, widely spreading, amplexicaul, green, 4in. to 6in. long; - base six to nine lines broad, slowly narrowing towards the apex, - without spots or lines; middle one line thick; marginal teeth - minute, white. Stems long, sarmentose; branches three to four - lines in diameter; internodes six to twelve lines long, obscurely - striated with green. 1826. - - =A. Commelyni= (Commelin's). A mere form of _A. mitrA|formis_. - - =A. consobrina= (related). _fl._, perianth yellowish red, twelve to - fifteen lines long; raceme rather loose, oblong, cylindrical, 3in. - to 4in. long, and 2in. in diameter; pedicels three to four lines - long; scape 1-1/2ft., slender, branched. _l._ loosely disposed, - ensiform, 6in. to 8in. long, and 1in. broad, green, spotted white; - face channelled; middle three lines thick; marginal prickles - minute, brownish; rosette 10in. to 12in. (sometimes 2ft.) in - diameter; upper leaves ascending; central ones spreading half open; - lower ones deflexed. Stem 2ft., simple, 1in. in diameter. South - Africa, 1845. - - =A. Cooperi= (Cooper's).* _fl._, perianth fifteen to eighteen - lines long; raceme close, 3in. to 6in. long, and 3in. to 4in. in - diameter; lower pedicels 1in. to 2in. long; scape simple, 1-1/2ft. - to 2ft. _l._ when mature, 8in. to 10in. long, distichous, falcate, - lined; outer ones 1-1/2ft. to 2ft., above the base six to eight - lines broad, greenish, deeply channelled, sparingly spotted; middle - one and a half to two lines thick; marginal teeth minute, close, - white. Plant stemless. Natal, 1862. SYN. _A. Schmidtiana_. - - =A. dichotoma= (two-branched).* Quiver-tree. _fl._, perianth - oblong, ten to twelve lines long; raceme loose, 2in. to 4in. long, - and 2in. in diameter; pedicels three to four lines long; peduncles - stout, branched. _l._ closely packed, at the top of the branch, - lanceolate, 8in. to 12in. long; bottom twelve to fifteen lines - broad, glaucous, without spots or lines, slightly channelled above - the base; middle three to four lines thick, narrow-margined with - white; marginal prickles minute, pale. Trunk short, sometimes - 3ft. to 4ft. in diameter. _h._ 20ft. to 30ft. 1781. Arborescent, - branched. - - =A. distans= (distant).* _fl._, perianth pale red, fifteen to - eighteen lines long; raceme densely capitate, 3in. to 4in. in - diameter; lower pedicels twelve to fifteen lines long; peduncles - 1-1/2ft., usually simple. _l._ ascending, loosely disposed, - ovate-lanceolate, 3in. to 5in. long, and 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, - green, slightly glaucous, without spots and lines; face concave; - middle three to four lines thick; back sparingly tubercled; - marginal prickles close, white, horny, one to one and a half lines - long. Stem short, simple, 1in. in diameter; internodes pale, - striated green. 1732. - - =A. glauca= (milky-green).* _fl._, perianth pale red, fifteen - to sixteen lines long; peduncles simple, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long, - 3-1/2in. to 4in. in diameter; pedicels 1in. to 1-1/2in. long. _l._ - thirty to forty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 6in. to 8in. long; - at the base 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, slowly narrowing towards the - apex, intensely glaucous, spotless, obscurely lined; middle three - to four lines thick; face above the base slightly concave; back - tubercled at apex; marginal teeth spreading, brownish, one to one - and a half lines long. Stem simple, at length, about 1ft., 1-1/2in. - to 2in. in diameter. 1731. - - =A. gracilis= (graceful). _fl._, perianth yellow, straight, - fourteen to sixteen lines long; raceme densely packed, simple, - 2in. to 3in.; pedicels three to four lines long; peduncle simple, - 6in. to 9in. long, two-edged at the base. _l._ loosely disposed, - spreading, 6in. to 10in. long; base ten to twelve lines broad, - ensiform, acuminated, glaucous, spotless and without lines; face - slightly channelled; back rounded; marginal prickles close, minute. - Stem leafy, simple. 1822. - - =A. Greenii= (Green's).* _fl._, perianth pale red, fourteen to - fifteen lines long; raceme oblong, 4in. to 8in. long, and 3in. - in diameter; lower pedicels five to six lines long; scape 2ft. - long. _l._ in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 15in. to 18in. long; - bottom 2-1/2in. to 3in. broad, slowly narrowing from middle to the - apex; middle three to four lines thick; face flat, shining green, - obscurely lined and spotted white; marginal prickles spreading, one - and a half to two lines long, horny. Stem short, simple, 1-1/2in. - in diameter. South Africa, 1875. - - =A. Hanburyana= (Hanbury's). Synonymous with _A. albocincta_. - - =A. humilis= (humble).* _fl._, perianth brilliant red, eighteen - lines long; raceme loose, simple, 6in. long, and 2in. to 2-1/2in. - in diameter; pedicels nine to twelve lines long; peduncles - about 1ft. _l._ thirty to forty in a dense rosette, ascending, - lanceolate, acuminate, 3in. to 4in. long, six to eight lines - broad, glaucous green, obscurely lined; face slightly concave - above, sparingly tubercled; middle three lines thick; back convex; - marginal prickles pale, one line long. Plant stemless. 1731. - - =A. h. acuminata= (taper-pointed). _l._ ovate-lanceolate, 4in. to - 5in. long, fifteen to eighteen lines broad; marginal prickles pale, - two to two and a half lines long. _A. incurva_, _A. suberecta_, - and _A. subtuberculata_, of Haworth; _A. Candollei_, and _A. - macilenta_, of Baker, are mere forms of the foregoing species. - - =A. incurva= (incurved). A mere form of _A. humilis_. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved).* _fl._, perianth brilliant golden - scarlet, fifteen to eighteen lines long; raceme dense, corymbose, - terminal, 4in. to 5in. long and wide; lower pedicels 1-1/2in. to - 2in. long; peduncle robust, 2ft., often branched. _l._ twelve to - twenty in a dense rosette, ovate-lanceolate, 6in. long, 2-1/2in. to - 3-1/2in. broad at bottom, slowly narrowing from below the middle - upwards, green, not lined, but copiously spotted white; middle - three to four lines thick; marginal prickles one and a half to two - lines long, horny, brownish. Stem at length, 1ft. to 2ft., 1-1/2in. - to 2in. in diameter, simple. 1795. - - =A. lineata= (line-marked).* _fl._, perianth red, fifteen - to eighteen lines long; raceme dense, 6in.; pedicels hardly - perpendicular, fifteen to eighteen lines long; scape simple, 1ft. - _l._ in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 6in. long, 2in. broad at base, - narrowing slowly from thence to the apex, pale green, spotless, - lined; middle three lines thick, channelled upwards on both sides, - unarmed; marginal teeth numerous, red, one and a half to two lines - long. Stem finally 6in. to 1ft., simple, 2in. in diameter. 1789. - - =A. macilenta= (thin). A mere form of _A. humilis_. - - =A. macracantha= (long-spined). _fl._ unknown. _l._ fifteen to - twenty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 15in. to 20in. long, and - 3in. to 4in. broad at the bottom, slightly narrowed from middle to - apex; middle four lines thick; face flat, green, obscurely lined, - spotted; marginal prickles horny, three to four lines long. Stem - simple, 2ft. to 3ft., 1-1/2in. to 2in. in diameter. South Africa, - 1862. - - =A. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* _fl._, perianth club-shaped, - brilliant red, fifteen to sixteen lines long; raceme loose, - terminal, 6in. long, and 2-1/2in. to 3in. in diameter; lower - pedicels 1/2in. long; peduncles 2ft. _l._ twelve to twenty in a - dense rosette, ovate-lanceolate, less than 1ft. long; bottom 3in. - to 4in. broad; top channelled; middle three to four lines thick, - green, copiously spotted; marginal prickles spreading, half line - long. Stem short, simple. Abyssinia, 1870. - - =A. maculata= (spotted). Synonymous with _A. abyssinica_. - - =A. margaritifera= (pearl-bearing). _See_ =Haworthia margaritifera=. - - =A. mitrA|formis= (mitre-shaped).* _fl._, perianth brilliant red, - eighteen to twenty-one lines long; raceme dense, corymbose, 4in. - to 6in. long, and nearly as much in diameter; pedicels ascending; - lower ones fifteen to eighteen lines long; peduncles strong, - 1-1/2ft., sometimes branched. _l._ rather loosely disposed, - ascending, lanceolate, about 1ft. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; green, - slightly glaucous, without spots or lines; face concave; middle - three to four lines thick; back convex, sparingly tubercled; apex - horny, pungent; marginal prickles rather close, pale, one to one - and a half lines long. Stem finally 3ft. to 4ft., simple, 1in. to - 2in. in diameter. - - =A. m. flavispina= (yellow-spined). Differs from the type in - having narrower and more lanceolate leaves, and yellow spines. - _A. Commelyni_, _A. spinulosa_, _A. pachyphylla_, and _A. - xanthacantha_, are also forms of this species. - - =A. myriacantha= (many-spined). _fl._, perianth pale red, eight - to nine lines long; racemes densely capitate, 2in. in diameter; - pedicels four to six lines long; peduncles slender, simple, 1ft. - _l._ ten to twelve, falcate, linear, 5in. to 6in. long, four to - five lines broad, green, glaucous; face deeply channelled; back - convex, spotted white; marginal teeth numerous, white. Plant - stemless. 1823. - - =A. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._, perianth red, fifteen to eighteen - lines long; raceme dense, 6 or more inches long, 4in. broad; lower - pedicels 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; peduncles simple, 1-1/2ft. _l._ - rather loosely disposed, lanceolate, 9in. to 12in. long, 2-1/4in. - to 4in. broad; face green, without spots or lines, concave above - the base; middle three to four lines thick; apex rather pungent; - back prickly upwards; marginal prickles rather close, one and a - half to two lines long, horny. Stem simple, at length 3ft. to 4ft. - high, 1-1/2in. to 2in. in diameter. 1800. - - =A. pachyphylla= (thick-leaved). A mere form of _A. mitrA|formis_. - - =A. paniculata= (panicled). Synonymous with _A. albocincta_. - - =A. Perryi= (Perry's).* _fl._, perianth greenish, nine to ten lines - long; raceme dense, 3in. to 4in. long; pedicels three to four - lines long; inflorescence 1-1/2ft. long, commonly two-headed. _l._ - in a rosette, lanceolate, 7in. to 8in. long, and 2-1/2in. broad, - from below the middle to the apex narrowed, pale glaucous green, - spotless, obscurely lined, channelled above the base; middle three - to four lines thick; marginal teeth close, horny, one line long. - Stem simple, 1in. in diameter. Socotra, 1879. - - =A. prolifera= (proliferous). Synonymous with _A. brevifolia_. - - =A. purpurascens= (purplish). _fl._, perianth reddish, twelve to - fifteen lines long; raceme dense, 6in. to 9in. long, and about 3in. - in diameter; pedicels nine to twelve lines long; scape strong, - simple, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. _l._ forty to fifty in a dense rosette, - 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long, ensiform, 2in. broad at the base, slowly - narrowed towards the apex, green; base flat; middle three lines - thick, slightly channelled upwards, sometimes spotted; marginal - prickles small, white. Stem 2ft. to 3ft., sometimes forked. 1789. - - =A. rhodocincta= (red-margined), of gardens, is probably a form of - _A. albocincta_. - - =A. saponaria= (soapy).* _fl._, perianth brilliant red, eighteen to - twenty-one lines long; raceme dense, corymbose, 3in. to 4in. long - and wide; lower pedicels 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; scape 1ft. to 2ft., - simple, or sparingly branched. _l._ twelve to twenty in a dense - rosette, lanceolate, 9in. to 12in. long, eighteen to twenty-four - lines broad, narrowed from below the middle upwards; middle three - to four lines broad; face flat at bottom; back swollen, green, - copiously spotted, distinctly lined; marginal prickles adjoining, - horny, one and a half to two lines long. Stem short, simple, - 1-1/2in. to 2in. in diameter. 1727. - - =A. Schimperi= (Schimper's).* _fl._, perianth bright red, eighteen - to twenty-one lines long; racemes densely corymbose, 4in. in - diameter; pedicels twelve to fifteen lines long; scape strong, 3ft. - long, strongly branched above. _l._ twenty in a dense rosette, - oblong-lanceolate, about 1ft. long, 4in. broad, glaucous green, - lined, sometimes spotted, three to four lines thick at middle, - above which they are channelled; teeth minute, spreading. Stem - short, simple. Abyssinia, 1876. - - =A. Schmidtiana= (Schmidt's). Synonymous with _A. Cooperi_. - - =A. serra= (saw). _fl._, perianth brilliant red, eighteen lines - long; raceme simple, dense, 6in. long or more, 3in. to 4in. in - diameter; pedicels six to twelve lines long; scape simple, 1-1/2ft. - to 2ft. _l._ thirty to forty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 3in. - to 5in. long, twelve to eighteen lines broad below, without spots - and lines; base swollen, concave towards the apex; middle three to - four lines thick, sparingly tubercled; marginal prickles close, one - to one and a half lines long. Plant shortly stemmed. 1818. - - =A. serratula= (finely-toothed).* _fl._, perianth red, fifteen to - eighteen lines long; raceme rather dense, 6in. long; pedicels six - to nine lines long; peduncles simple, about 1ft. _l._ twelve to - twenty in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 6in. to 9in. long; bottom - 1-1/2in. to 2-1/4in. broad, pale green; face below the top flat - or slightly concave, obscurely lined, spotted; margin minutely - denticulated. Stem simple, finally 1ft. to 2ft. high, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. in diameter. 1789. - - =A. spinulosa= (spiny). A mere form of _A. mitrA|formis_. - - =A. striata= (striated). Synonymous with _A. albocincta_. - - =A. striatula= (slightly striped).* _fl._, perianth yellow, twelve - to fifteen lines long; raceme oblong, rather dense, simple, 3in. to - 6in. long, and 2in. in diameter; pedicels short; peduncles simple, - nearly 1ft. _l._ linear, spreading, green, 6in. to 9in. long; base - not dilated, six to eight lines broad, above the base upwards - narrowed, slightly channelled; middle one line thick; marginal - prickles deltoid. Stem long, sarmentose; floral branches three to - six lines in diameter; internodes 6in. to 12in. long. 1823. - - =A. suberecta= (slightly erect). A mere form of _A. humilis_. - - =A. subtuberculata= (slightly knobbed). A mere form of _A. humilis_. - - =A. succotrina= (Socotrine).* _fl._, perianth reddish, fifteen - lines long; raceme dense, about 1ft. long, 2-1/2in. to 3in. in - diameter; lower pedicels nine to twelve lines long; peduncles - simple, 1-1/2ft. _l._ thirty to forty in a dense rosette, ensiform, - acuminate, falcate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long; base 2in.; middle 1in. - broad, green, slightly glaucous, sometimes spotted, slightly - channelled upwards; marginal prickles pale, one line long. Stem - 3ft. to 5ft., often forked. Isle of Socotra. 1731. - - =A. tenuior= (thinned). _fl._, perianth pale yellow, five to six - lines long; racemes rather loose, simple, oblong, nearly 1ft. 2in. - in diameter; pedicels three to four lines long; peduncles slender, - simple, 4in. to 8in. _l._ loose, linear, 5in. to 8in. long, slowly - narrowing from middle towards apex, green, spotless, slightly - channelled; middle one line thick; marginal prickles minute, pale. - Stem long, sarmentose. 1821. - - =A. tricolor= (three-coloured).* _fl._, perianth coral red, fleshy; - raceme loose, oblong, 3in. to 4in. long, and 2in. broad; pedicels - ascending, three to four lines long; scape 1-1/2ft. long, glaucous - purple; panicle deltoid. _l._ twelve to sixteen in a close rosette, - lanceolate, 5in. to 6in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad at bottom, - slowly narrowing from below the middle to apex; middle five to - six lines thick; back rounded; face slightly swollen, copiously - spotted, not lined; marginal prickles close, spreading, about one - line long. Stem short, simple. South Africa, 1875. - - =A. variegata= (variegated).* _fl._, perianth reddish, fifteen - to sixteen lines long; raceme simple, loose, 3in. to 4in. long - and about 3in. in diameter; pedicels three to four lines long; - scape simple, tapering, 6in. to 8in. _l._ close, erecto-patent, - lanceolate, 4in. to 5in. long, 1in. broad; face concave; back - keeled, bright green, copiously spotted grey on both sides; margin - whitish, denticulated. 1790. This is the variegated Aloe so - frequently seen in cottage windows. - -[Illustration: FIG. 61. ALOE VERA.] - - =A. vera= (true).* _fl._, perianth yellow, cylindrical, 3/4in. to - 1in. long; raceme dense, 6in. to 12in. long; scape strong, 2ft. to - 3ft. long, simple or branched. _l._ ensiform, dense, aggregate, - 2in. to 4in. broad, narrowing from the base to apex, pale green; - middle about 1/2in. thick; face channelled above the base; marginal - prickles subdistant, deltoid, horny. Stem rarely more than 1ft. or - 2ft. 1596. SYNS. _A. barbadensis_, _A. vulgaris_. See Fig. 61. - - =A. vulgaris= (common). Synonymous with _A. vera_. - - =A. xanthacantha= (yellow-spined). A mere form of _A. mitrA|formis_. - - =A. Zeyheri= (Zeyher's). A garden synonym of _A. Bainesii_. - -=ALOMIA= (from _a_, not, and _loma_, a fringe). ORD. _CompositA|_. -Allied to _Eupatoria_. An ornamental half-hardy evergreen plant. Grows -freely in sandy loam, and may be propagated by cuttings. - - =A. ageratoides= (ageratum-like). _fl.-heads_ white, many flowered; - involucrum campanulate, imbricate; scales narrow, acute; receptacle - naked, convex. July. _l._ opposite, or upper ones alternate, - petiolate, denticulated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. New Spain, 1824. - -=ALONA= (primitive name, _Nolana_--letters transposed; from _nola_, -a little bell, in allusion to the shape of the flowers). ORD. -_NolanaceA|_. A genus of pretty evergreen shrubs closely allied to -_Nolana_, but differing principally in having several ovaries from one -to six-celled, whereas _Nolana_ has five four-celled ovaries. Leaves -fasciculate; stems woody. They require ordinary greenhouse treatment, -in a peat and loam compost. Cuttings root freely in sandy loam, with a -very gentle bottom heat, in about a fortnight. - - =A. cA"lestis= (sky-blue).* _fl._ pale blue, very large, axillary, - solitary; peduncle elongated. July. _l._ terete, fascicled; plant - nearly glabrous. _h._ 2ft. Chili, 1843. This pretty species is an - excellent one for growing out-of-doors during summer months. - -=ALONSOA= (in honour of Z. Alonso, formerly Spanish secretary for -Santa Fe de Bogota). ORD. _ScrophularineA|_. A genus of very pretty -little half-hardy shrubs, herbaceous perennials, or annuals, with -axillary, sub-racemose flowers, which are resupinate, with a sub-rotate -five-cleft limb. Leaves opposite, or ternately whorled. They will grow -freely in light rich soil; and are readily increased by cuttings in -August or March, which should be placed in sandy soil in gentle heat, -or by seeds sown in March. The herbaceous species may be treated as -outdoor summer annuals, and should be raised in a little heat, and -planted out early in May. - - =A. albiflora= (white-flowered).* _fl._ pure white, with yellow - eye, in long terminal spikes. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Mexico, 1877. - This is recommended for pot culture, as in the conservatory it will - provide a succession of flowers throughout the autumn and winter. - - =A. caulialata= (wing-stemmed). _fl._ scarlet, racemose. June. _l._ - ovate, acute, serrated. Stems and branches quadrangular, winged. - _h._ 1ft. Peru, 1823. Half-hardy, herbaceous. - - =A. incisifolia= (cut-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet; peduncles long, - alternate, disposed in terminal racemes. May to October. _l._ - opposite, ovate, acute, deeply toothed, or serrate. _h._ 1ft. - to 2ft. Chili, 1795. Glabrous greenhouse shrub. SYN. _Hemimeris - urticifolia_. - - =A. linearis= (linear-leaved). _fl._ scarlet, with a dark bottom, - like most of the species. May to October. _l._ opposite, or three - in a whorl, linear, entire or remotely denticulated; young leaves - fascicled in the axils of the old ones. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Peru, - 1790. Greenhouse shrub. SYN. _Hemimeris coccinea_. - - =A. linifolia= (flax-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. - New Holland. This is an elegant little annual, forming symmetrical, - graceful, and very free flowering plants, either for pot or outdoor - culture. - - =A. Matthewsii= (Matthew's). _fl._ scarlet, in loose, terminal - racemes. July. _l._ lanceolate, toothed, about 1in. long. Stem - slender, quadrangular. _h._ 1ft. Peru, 1871. Greenhouse shrub. - - =A. myrtifolia= (myrtle-leaved). _fl._ scarlet, very large. New and - pretty species. - - =A. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _fl._ rosy scarlet. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1858. This is probably a herbaceous variety of _A. - incisifolia_, and one of the best annuals. - -=ALOYSIA= (in honour of Maria Louisa, mother of Ferdinand VII., King -of Spain). Sweet-scented Verbena. ORD. _VerbenaceA|_. This genus is -nearly allied to _Verbena_, which _see_ for generic characters. A -greenhouse deciduous shrub, with a very fine perfume and graceful -habit. The most satisfactory plan of culture is to obtain well-grown -thrifty young plants in spring, and grow them on for the season. As -the wood ripens, give less water until they are at rest, when it must -be nearly withheld. About the end of January, bring into the light and -warmth, and water thoroughly. As soon as the plants break, cut back to -three or four eyes; and when the young shoots are about an inch long, -transfer into rich sandy soil, using pots a size or two smaller than -those they were in before. When the pots are full of roots, transfer -to those that are to hold the plants for the season. By this mode of -culture, good plants are to be maintained for any length of time. -Aloysias form excellent pillar subjects for either a cold greenhouse, -or out-of-doors, in which latter situation they thrive remarkably -well, but require thorough protection, with straw bands or mats, from -November until March, and afterwards at night, until danger from severe -frosts has passed. They require no summer training, their young growth -being continually cut off for the many purposes of decoration to which -they are applied, and to which they are so well adapted. They are -easily increased by young cuttings in spring, which should be placed in -sandy soil and gentle heat, when they will root in about three weeks. - - =A. citriodora= (lemon-scented).* _fl._ whitish or lilac, very - small, in terminal panicles. August. _l._ pale green, lanceolate, - agreeably scented, arranged in whorls of threes; branches slender. - Chili, 1781. SYNS. _Lippia citriodora_, _Verbena triphylla_. - -=ALPINE GARDEN.= A very interesting style of gardening, which succeeds -best by imitating Nature as closely as possible. The situation may -be an open or a sheltered one. In building a Rock or Alpine Garden, -it should be so arranged that all aspects are secured--shady and -sunny--fully or in degree only. Pockets and crevices of various -sizes may be made, and filled with soil suitable for the subjects -to be planted therein, each one having a direct connection with the -bulk of the soil; and the constructing material should be arranged -with a gentle fall, so that moisture drains towards rather than from -the roots. Alpine plants, as a rule, flourish better on a properly -constructed rockery than if placed in any other position, because -thorough drainage is effected, and the long and fine roots can run -down in the crevices, where the soil is cool and moist. Although most -alpine plants are naturally exposed to the full action of sun and wind, -they should be placed out in early autumn, or early spring, so as to -become thoroughly established before the approach of scorching summer -weather. Failing materials necessary for the construction of a rockery, -many alpines are easily grown in the ordinary border, in a naturally or -artificially well drained situation. Excavate to the depth of 18in., -put in a layer of stones, broken bricks, &c., 6in. deep; fill up with -rich fibrous loam and leaf mould, adding sufficient sand to keep the -soil porous. When the desired subjects are firmly planted, cover the -surface with small gravel or stone chippings, which, while allowing the -rain to penetrate the soil, effectually checks evaporation, and keeps -it moist and cool, as well as giving the appearance of rocky _dA(C)bris_. -The effect will be better if the surface is slightly undulated. - -=ALPINE ROSE.= _See_ =Rhododendron ferrugineum=. - -=ALPINIA= (in honour of Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist). ORD. -_ZingiberaceA|_. A rather large genus of stove herbaceous perennials, -with considerable grace and beauty. Flowers disposed in terminal -spikes. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, even, entire, sheathed at the base, -and having transverse veins. Roots fleshy, branched, having much of -the smell and taste of ginger. The soil can hardly be too rich for the -successful culture of these plants. A mixture of equal parts loam, -peat, leaf mould, or thoroughly rotted hotbed manure, freely mixed with -sharp sand or fine charcoal dust, forms an excellent compost. During -the growing season, a top dressing of rotten dung, and a frequent -application of weak manure water, prove excellent stimulants. They -grow rapidly and consume a great deal of food in the production of -so much stem and so many leaves. Unless the former is vigorous and -of considerable thickness, it will fail to be crowned with spikes -of flower. Alpinias require a high temperature, a rich, light soil, -abundance of water, and not a little space, to grow them well. Soon -after flowering, the plants will assume the yellow leaf, when water may -be gradually withheld; but no attempt should be made to dry them off -too severely, even after the stems die down. Nor must they be stored -when at rest in a low temperature; in fact, they require as much heat -to preserve them in health when resting as at any other time. The best -time to divide the plants is after the young shoots have made an inch -of growth in spring. - - =A. albo-lineata= (white-lined).* _l._ elliptic lanceolate, pale - green, marked with oblique broad bands of white. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. - New Guinea, 1880. - - =A. mutica= (beardless). _fl._ in pairs on a spike-like raceme; - calyx white; corolla duplex, consisting of three outer oblong white - segments; upper lobe concave and projecting, broad; lip large, - bright yellow, veined with crimson; mouth finely crispulate at the - edge. Borneo, 1882. A very handsome species. - - =A. nutans= (nodding).* _fl._ pink, sweetly-scented; racemes - drooping. May. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, even, entire. _h._ 13ft. - India, 1792. This species looks best in considerable masses, even - larger than those shown in the illustration, grown in large pots or - tubs, or planted out in borders of tropical houses. It should on - no account be severely divided. See Fig. 62. - -[Illustration: FIG. 62. ALPINIA NUTANS, showing Form of Individual -Flower.] - - =A. vittata= (striped).* _l._ 6in. to 8in. long, elliptic - lanceolate, tapering to a long fine point, and also narrowed - gradually towards the sheathing base, pale green, marked by broad - stripes of dark green and creamy white, running off from the midrib - in divergent lines, corresponding to the venation. South Sea - Islands. See Fig. 63, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull. - -=ALSIKE.= _See_ =Trifolium hybridum=. - -=ALSODEIA= (from _alsodes_, leafy; plants thickly beset with leaves). -ORD. _ViolarieA|_. Ornamental evergreen stove shrubs. Flowers small, -whitish, racemose; petals equal; racemes axillary and terminal; -pedicels bracteate jointed. Leaves usually alternate, feather-nerved; -stipules small, deciduous. They thrive best in a mixture of loam and -sand, and young cuttings root readily under a bell glass if planted in -sand, in heat. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved).* _fl._ on dense, glabrous racemes. - _l._ ovate, obtusely acuminated. _h._ 6ft. Madagascar, 1823. - - =A. pauciflora= (few-flowered). _fl._ few, somewhat corymbose; - pedicels reflexed. _l._ wedge-shaped, on short footstalks. _h._ - 4ft. Madagascar, 1824. - -=ALSOPHILA= (from _alsos_, a grove, and _phileo_, to love; in reference -to the situation which they affect in Nature). ORD. _Filices_. A -magnificent genus of tropical and temperate tree ferns. Sori globose, -dorsal, on a vein or in the forking of a vein; receptacle mostly -elevated, frequently villous; involucre none. The species of this genus -require an abundant supply of water, particularly in summer, and the -young fronds must be carefully shaded from solar heat. They thrive well -in a peat and loam compost. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - - =A. aculeata= (prickly).* _fronds_ ample, tripinnate. _rachises_ - brown-stramineous; pinnA| ovate-lanceolate, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long; - pinnules sessile, ligulate, 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. - broad; segments close, ligulate, blunt, denticulate, often less - than one line broad; both sides bright green, slightly hairy on - the ribs, not scaly. _sori_ minute, medial; texture herbaceous. - Tropical America; very common. A very effective stove species. SYN. - _A. ferox_, &c. See Fig. 64. - - =A. armata= (armed).* _fronds_ ample, tripinnatifid or tripinnate. - _rachises_ stramineous, densely pilose; pinnA| oblong-lanceolate, - 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long; pinnules ligulate-lanceolate, sessile, 3in. - to 5in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad; segments falcate, blunt, one - to one and a half lines broad, sub-entire or toothed; both sides - densely pilose on the ribs, not scaly. _sori_ subcostular. Tropical - America; extremely abundant. Stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 63. ALPINIA VITTATA.] - - =A. aspera= (rough).* _cau._ slender, 10ft. to 30ft. high. _sti._ - and _rachises_ strongly aculeated; main and partial rachis above - strigillose, slightly scaly beneath and on the costa, the rest - glabrous, often glossy. _fronds_ bipinnate; pinnules shortly - petiolate, oblong; apex acuminated, pinnatifid half or two-thirds - of the way down to the costa; lobes oblong-ovate, often acutely - serrulate; costa bearing small, deciduous, bullate scales beneath. - _sori_ very deciduous. West Indies, &c. Stove species. - - =A. australis= (southern).* _sti._ with very long, firm, subulate - scales, 1-1/2ft. long, and as well as the main rachises, - muricato-asperous, stramineous. _fronds_ ample, subglaucous - beneath, more or less villous on the costA| and costule above, and - very minutely bullato-paleaceous beneath, often quite naked, from - 6ft. to 30ft. long; primary pinnA| 1-1/2ft. long, 6in. to 10in. - wide; pinnules 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. wide, oblong, - acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, or towards the base even pinnate; - ultimate pinnules or lobes oblong, acute, serrated, subfalcate. - _sori_ copious, rather small. New Holland, &c., 1833. A very - handsome greenhouse species. - - =A. comosa= (hairy). Synonymous with _A. Scottiana_. - - =A. contaminans= (contaminating).* _cau._ slender, growing from - 20ft. to 50ft. high. _sti._ and _rachises_ purplish brown, glossy, - aculeate. _fronds_ 6ft. to 10ft. long, ample, glabrous, deep green - above, glaucous beneath; primary pinnA| 2ft. or more in length, - oblong-ovate, acuminate; pinnules sessile, 4in. to 5in. long, - 1/2in. to 1in. wide, deeply pinnatifid, linear-oblong, sub-falcate, - entire. _sori_ nearer the costule than the margin. Java and Malaya. - Stove species. SYN. _A. glauca_. - - =A. Cooperi= (Cooper's).* _fronds_ ample, tripinnate. _rachises_ - stramineous, muricated, glabrous beneath; basal scales large, - linear, pale, spreading; pinnA| oblong-lanceolate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. - long; pinnules ligulate, 4in. to 5in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, - lowest long-stalked; segments ligulate, blunt, toothed, one and a - half to two and a half lines broad. _sori_ small. Queensland, &c. - Greenhouse. - - =A. excelsa= (tall).* _trunk_ about 30ft. high. _sti._ and main - _rachises_ muricated. _fronds_ ample, dark green above, paler - beneath; primary pinnA| 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 10in. - wide; pinnules numerous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, deeply - pinnatifid, often quite pinnate; ultimate divisions 1/4in. to - 3/4in. long, oblong, acute or obtuse, falcate, the margins - sub-recurved, serrated. _sori_ copious near the costules. Norfolk - Island. This rapid-growing and splendid species proves nearly hardy - in the neighbourhood of Cornwall; and is a most effective plant for - sub-tropical gardening purposes generally. Greenhouse species. - - =A. ferox= (fierce). Synonymous with _A. aculeata_. - - =A. Gardneri= (Gardner's). Synonymous with _A. paleolata_. - - =A. gigantea= (gigantic). _cau._ growing from 20ft. to 40ft. high. - _sti._ asperous; _fronds_, primary pinnA| 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. and more - long, deeply pinnatifid at the apex; pinnules, upper ones sessile, - lower ones petiolate, oblong-acuminate, 3in. to 6in. long, five to - nine lines wide, deeply pinnatifid; lobes triangular or rounded, - serrated. _sori_ copious. India, &c. Stove species. SYN. _A. - glabra_. - - =A. glabra= (glabrous). Synonymous with _A. gigantea_. - - =A. glauca= (grey). Synonymous with _A. contaminans_. - - =A. infesta= (troublesome). _fronds_ ample, tripinnatifid; pinnA| - oblong-lanceolate, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long; pinnules ligulate, - 3in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, cut down to a narrow wing; - segments 1/8in. broad, ligulate, blunt, nearly entire; texture - sub-coriaceous; colour deep green on both sides. Tropical America; - widely distributed. Stove species. - - =A. Leichardtiana= (Leichardt's).* _cau._ 10ft. to 20ft. high. - _sti._ jointed upon the caudex; main and secondary rachises purple, - deciduously powdery, spiny. _fronds_ 6ft. to 10ft. long, firm, dark - green above, sub-glaucous beneath, naked and glaucous (or nearly - so), tripinnate; primary pinnA| 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. wide, - oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; pinnules oblong-acuminate, sessile, - pinnatifid only at the apex; ultimate divisions linear-oblong, - acute, spinulose-serrate. _sori_ copious, close to the costa. - Australia, 1867. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. Macarthurii_, _A. - Moorei_. - - =A. lunulata= (moon-shaped pinnuled). _fronds_ ample, tripinnate. - _rachises_ stramineous, glabrous below, densely muricated; pinnA| - oblong-lanceolate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long; pinnules close, ligulate, - sessile, 4in. to 5in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad; segments close, - ligulate, falcate, blunt, one line broad, obscurely crenulate. - _sori_ minute. _h._ 25ft. Polynesia. Greenhouse species. - - =A. Macarthurii= (MacArthur's). Synonymous with _A. Leichardtiana_. - - =A. Moorei= (Moore's). Synonymous with _A. Leichardtiana_. - - =A. paleolata= (scaly).* _cau._ slender, 10ft. to 20ft. high. - _fronds_ ample, tripinnatifid. _rachises_ stramineous, smooth, - pubescent below; pinnA| oblong-lanceolate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long; - pinnules ligulate, sessile or shortly stalked, 3in. to 4in. long, - 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, deeply cut, the segments blunt and nearly - entire; texture sub-coriaceous; colour deep green, both surfaces - deeply pilose, the lower scaly on the ribs. _sori_ large, medial. - Columbia, &c. Stove species. SYN. _A. Gardneri_. - - =A. procera= (tall). _sti._ aculeated and paleaceous below, with - large glossy, dark brown scales. _fronds_ bipinnate, glabrous, - pinnatifid at the apex; primary pinnA| 1ft. or more long, the - rachis winged above; pinnules 2in. to 3in. long, oblong-acuminate - or obtuse, pinnatifid half way down to the costa; lobes short, - sub-rotundate, often acute, mostly entire. _sori_ small on all the - lobes, between the costule and the margin. Tropical America. Stove - species. - - =A. pruinata= (as if hoar-frosted).* _sti._ densely woolly at the - base. _fronds_ glaucous, bi-tripinnate; primary pinnA| petiolate, - 12in. to 18in. long, ovate-lanceolate; pinnules 3in. to 4in. long, - 1in. wide, petiolulate, from a broad base, oblong-acuminate, - deeply pinnatifid, or again pinnate; ultimate divisions 1/2in. - long, lanceolate, very acute, deeply and sharply serrated. _sori_ - solitary. Tropical America, extending to Chili. Stove or greenhouse - species. - - =A. radens= (rasping). _cau._ 3ft. high, 3in. diameter. _sti._ 2ft. - to 3ft. long, clothed with ovate, pale brown scales. _fronds_ 6ft. - to 8ft. long, lanceolate-ovate, bipinnatisect; primary segments - 1-1/2ft. long, elongato-oblong, acuminate; secondary ones 2in. - to 3in. long, petiolulate, linear-lanceolate, pinnati-partite; - segments oblong, denticulate. _sori_ between the costule and the - margin. Brazil. Stove species. - - =A. RebeccA|= (Rebecca's).* _cau._ slender, 8ft. high. _fronds_ - ample, bipinnate; pinnules twenty to thirty on each side, the - lower ones stalked, linear, 2in. to 3in. long, more or less - inciso-crenate, apex acuminate. _sori_ principally in two rows - between the midrib and edge. Queensland. Greenhouse species. See - Fig. 65, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull. - - =A. sagittifolia= (arrow-leaved).* _fronds_ oblong-deltoid, 4ft. - to 6ft. long, bipinnate. _rachises_ stramineous, muricated; pinnA| - lanceolate, 3/4ft. to 1ft. long, the lower shorter, deflexed; - pinnules sessile, ligulate, crenulate, cordate on both sides at the - base, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, nearly 1/4in. broad. _sori_ large. - Trinidad, 1872. Very handsome and distinct stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 64. ALSOPHILA ACULEATA.] - - =A. Scottiana= (Scott's).* _fronds_ ample, tripinnatifid. - _rachises_ castaneous, naked and smooth beneath; pinnA| - oblong-lanceolate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long; pinnules sessile, 3in. - to 4in. long, about 1/2in. broad, ligulate, cut down to a narrow - wing on the rachis; segments ligulate, blunt, dentate, sub-falcate, - not 1/8in. broad. _sori_ sub-costular. Sikkim, 1872. Greenhouse - species. SYN. _A. comosa_. - - =A. TA|nitis= (TA|nitis-like).* _fronds_ 3ft. to 6ft. long, - bipinnate; pinnules distant, 3in. to 5in. long, lanceolate, - acuminate, glabrous, sub-entire, petioled; petiole articulated on - the rachis. _sori_ in a single series, equidistant between the - costa and the margin, mixed with long, copious hairs. Brazil. An - elegant stove species. - - =A. villosa= (villous).* _cau._ 6ft. to 12ft. high. _sti._ 1ft. or - more long, tubercular, densely clothed at the base with ferruginous - scales. _fronds_ from 6ft. to 8ft. long, bi- or sub-tripinnate, - broadly lanceolate in outline; pinnules 1in. to 3in. long, - oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, deeply pinnatifid; lobes - oblong, obtuse, entire or coarsely serrated. _sori_ copious. - Tropical America. A very beautiful stove species. - -=ALSTONIA= (in honour of Dr. Alston, once Professor of Botany -at Edinburgh). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. Usually tall, lactescent, or -milk-bearing stove evergreen shrubs or trees, with small white flowers, -which are disposed in terminal cymes. Leaves entire, opposite or often -whorled. Of easy culture, thriving best in a mixture of peat, loam, -and sand. Cuttings root readily in sand, in heat. Besides the one -mentioned, there are eleven other species. - - =A. scholaris= (school). _fl._, corolla salver-shaped, white; cymes - on short peduncles. March to May. _l._ five to seven in a whorl, - obovate-oblong, obtuse, ribbed; upper surface glossy, under white, - and having the veins approximating the margin. _h._ 8ft. India, - 1803. SYN. _Echites scholaris_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 65. ALSOPHILA REBECCA†.] - -=ALSTRA-MERIA= (in honour of Baron AlstrA¶mer, a Swedish botanist and -friend of LinnA|us). ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. Tall handsome hardy or -half-hardy tuberous rooted plants, with leafy stems and terminal -umbels of richly-coloured flowers; perianth regular, six-parted, -subcampanulate; inner segments narrower, two of which are somewhat -tubulose at the base; stamens included within, and inserted with -perianth; stigma trifid. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or ovate, and -resupinate, or inverted in position by the twisting of the petiole. -Cultivation: Few plants need less attention to grow them successfully, -either in pots or planted out. The best position for those kinds which -succeed outside is a deep and dry, sloping, sheltered border, in a -compost of two-parts peat and leaf soil, and one loam with some sharp -sand. Water freely if severe drought sets in; a surface covering of -common moss, or cut fern in winter, will prove an advantage. They are -very effective in masses. Propagation: They may be increased by seed or -root division. Sow the former when ripe, or in early spring, thinly in -pans, pots, or boxes, and place in a cool house or frame, so that they -will receive some fostering in their early stages. The seedlings should -be pricked out singly, when large enough to handle, and grown on till -well established under glass. A mixture of peat, leaf mould, and sandy -loam, is the best compost in which to sow the seeds and grow the young -plants. When sufficiently established, they may be placed in a warm -sheltered spot outside, and about 1ft. apart. The fasciculated masses -of fleshy roots are readily separated into as many pieces as there are -crowns; this operation may be performed during September or October, or -February and March; but it must be done carefully. Except for the sake -of increase, the less they are disturbed the better. They are excellent -subjects for pot culture (some can only be managed thus, unless planted -out in a house), and may be potted as early in the autumn as possible, -in 8in., 10in., or 12in. pots. Thorough drainage is essential; arrange -the crocks carefully, and place a layer of thin turfy loam over them. -A compost of equal parts turfy loam, leaf mold, and fibrous peat, -with an abundance of sand, will suit them admirably. Water sparingly -at first, but when root-action is fully resumed, they must never be -allowed to get dry. Support the stems by staking when they require it, -and just previous to flowering, top-dress with some rotten manure and -leaf soil. Occasional syringings will be necessary to keep down red -spider, especially if the atmosphere is very dry. As the plants finish -flowering, and the leaves fade, gradually diminish the supply of water -until the stems are quite down, when they may be placed somewhere out -of the way, free from frost, for the winter, but not kept dry enough -to make them shrivel. In repotting, as much of the old soil as is -practicable should be removed, without seriously disturbing the roots, -and the plants shifted into larger or the same sized pots, according to -their condition. AlstrA¶merias were at one time much more largely grown -than they are at present, and the genus was represented in nearly every -garden. - -[Illustration: FIG. 66. ALSTRA-MERIA AURANTIACA, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. aurantiaca= (golden).* _fl._ orange; two upper perianth - segments lanceolate, streaked with red; arranged in a five to six - stalked umbel, bearing ten to fifteen blooms. Summer and autumn. - _l._ numerous, linear-elliptical, obtuse, glaucous, twisted and - turned back at the base, about 4-1/2in. long. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. - Chili, 1831. A variable but very showy species, quite hardy. See - Fig. 66. - - =A. caryophyllA|a= (clove-like scent).* _fl._ scarlet; very - fragrant, perianth two-lipped; peduncles longer than the involucre. - February and March. _l._ spathulate-oblong. Stem erect. _h._ 8in. - to 12in. Brazil, 1776. This stove species requires perfect rest in - winter. SYN. _A. Ligtu_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 67. FLOWER OF ALSTRA-MERIA PELEGRINA.] - - =A. chilensis= (Chilian).* _fl._ blood-red or pink, large, the two - upper interior petals longer and narrower, variegated with yellow - lines; in pairs on a five to six stalked umbel. Summer and autumn. - _l._ scattered, obovate, spathulate; upper ones lanceolate, twisted - at the base, minutely fringed on the edges, glaucescent. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. Chili, 1849. Hardy. There are many varieties of this - species, varying in colour from a rosy white to a deep orange or - red. - - =A. densiflora= (thickly-flowered).* _fl._, perianth scarlet, - dotted with black spots inside towards the base; umbels - many-flowered, dense; pedicels pubescent, rarely bracteated. _l._ - alternate, ovate, shortly acuminate, pubescent underneath. Stem - climbing, glabrous. Peru, 1865. Tender species. - - =A. Flos Martini= (St. Martin's flower). Synonymous with _A. - pulchra_. - - =A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). Synonymous with _A. Simsii_. - - =A. Ligtu= (Ligtu). Synonymous with _A. caryophyllA|a_. - - =A. Pelegrina= (the native name).* _fl._ white, or pale yellow, - striped with rose, and yellow spot on each segment; pedicels - one-flowered, on a six or more stalked umbel. Summer. _l._ - lanceolate, twisted at the base. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1754. Rather - tender. See Fig. 67. - - =A. p. alba= (white).* Lily of the Incas. _fl._ white. Perhaps - this is the most chaste of all the AlstrA¶merias, and more tender - than many others; it should have a specially warm spot, or the - protection of glass. 1877. - - =A. peruviana= (Peruvian). Synonymous with _A. versicolor_. - - =A. psittacina= (parrot-like).* _fl._ bright crimson at the base, - greenish upwards, spotted with purple; upper perianth segments - slightly hooded, hence the specific name; umbels many-flowered; - peduncles angular. September. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute, - twisted at the base. Stem erect, spotted. _h._ 6ft. Mexico, 1829. - Hardy. - - =A. p. Erembaulti= (Erembault's). _fl._ white, spotted with purple. - August. _h._ 2ft. 1833. A beautiful but rather tender hybrid. - - =A. pulchella= (pretty). Synonymous with _A. Simsii_. - - =A. pulchra= (fair).* St. Martin's Flower. _fl._ in umbels of - from four to eight in each; the lower perianth segments purplish - outside, and edges of a sulphur-white; the upper part of the upper - segments of a fine yellow, dotted with deep red spots, the lower - part of a flesh colour; pedicels twisted. _l._ linear lanceolate. - Stem erect. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1822. A beautiful species, but one - requiring protection. SYNS. _A. Flos Martini_, _A. tricolor_. - - =A. rosea= (rosy). A synonym of _A. Simsii_. - - =A. Simsii= (Sims's).* _fl._ brilliant yellow, with red streaks, - very showy; umbels many-flowered; peduncles two-flowered. June. - _l._ spathulate, ciliated. Stem weak. _h._ 3ft. Chili, 1822. Tender - species. SYNS. _A. Hookeri_, _A. pulchella_, _A. rosea_. - - =A. tricolor= (three-coloured). A synonym of _A. pulchra_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 68. ALSTRA-MERIA VERSICOLOR, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. versicolor= (various coloured).* _fl._ yellow, with purple - marks; lowest segment the broadest; umbel of usually three - shortly-stalked blooms, very floriferous. Late summer. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, sessile, scattered. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Peru, - 1831. This is a very robust species, with several beautiful - varieties, which are both easily obtained and very cheap. SYN. _A. - peruviana_. See Fig. 68. - - =A. v. niveo-marginata= (snowy-margined).* _fl._ rose, crimson and - white, with green tips and black spots. _l._ lanceolate, stalked, - white-edged. 1875. A charming but scarce variety. - -=ALTERNANTHERA= (in allusion to the anthers being alternately -barren). ORD. _AmaranthaceA|_. Well known ornamental-leaved half-hardy -plants, with inconspicuous flowers in axillary heads. Some of the -undermentioned species and varieties belong, technically speaking, to -_Telanthera_, in which genus the five stamens are inseparate below, and -alternate with as many sterile filaments. They are so universally known -in gardening under the present generic name, that we have here included -them for convenience' sake. Where Alternantheras are used in large -quantities (and if they are to be used effectively, a considerable -number must be provided), their economical propagation becomes a matter -of importance. A good colour can only be secured by growing them in -some house or pit in the full light and warmth of the sun; for, unless -so grown, green or badly coloured plants will be the result. The best -and quickest way of producing this class of plants in large quantities, -is to make up a special hotbed for them about the end of March or -beginning of April. If a pit be used, it should be filled up within -6in. of the glass with leaves and manure, or any other material that -will produce a steady bottom heat of 80deg. or 85deg., and will last -for three weeks or so at that point; which, at this season, will be an -easy matter. When the heat has become regular and steady, about 4in. or -5in. of light, rich, sandy soil should be placed all over the surface, -adding, at the same time, a sprinkling of silver sand on the top, and -pressing it moderately firm with a flat board. The cuttings may now be -prepared and dibbled in, 1in. apart each way. If kept close, moist, and -shaded from bright sunshine, in a few days they will be forming roots, -and so soon as that takes place the shading should be discontinued, and -the ventilation gradually increased until they are finally hardened off -and planted out. If carefully lifted, and placed in trays or baskets, -with a rhubarb leaf over them, they may be taken any distance, and -planted without flagging; with this advantage-A--that the plants being -in good colour, the beds are effective at once. April is early enough -to commence striking them, and these will be fit to plant out by the -middle of June. The several species quoted in various dictionaries -hitherto are unknown in English gardens. - - =A. amabilis= (lovely).* _l._ elliptic, acuminate, greenish in - some stages, with the principal ribs stained with red, but under - free growth becoming almost entirely suffused with rose colour, - mixed with orange, the midribs continuing to be of a deep red hue. - Brazil, 1868. - - =A. a. amA"na= (charming).* _l._ small, spathulate, orange red and - purple in colour, which is shaded with deep green and bronze. - Brazil, 1865. A most elegant little plant, with a spreading habit. - - =A. a. tricolor= (three-coloured).* _l._ broadly ovate, glabrous, - dark green at the edge, and have a centre of vivid rose, traversed - by purple veins, an irregular band of orange yellow intervening - between the centre and margin. Brazil, 1862. - - =A. Bettzichiana= (Bettzich's). _l._ olive and red. Brazil, 1862. - - =A. B. spathulata= (spathulate-leaved). _l._ spathulate, but more - elongated than the others; the principal colours are reddish pink - and light brown; these are shaded with bronze and green. Brazil, - 1865. A rather tall species. - - =A. ficoidea= (fig-like).* _l._ variegated with green, rose, and - red. India, 1865. - - =A. paronychioides= (Paronychia-like).* _l._ narrow, spathulate, - ground colour deep orange red, beautifully shaded with olive green. - Dense and compact grower, forming a little clump about 4in. high. - - =A. p. magnifica= (magnificent).* A very fine variety, with a much - higher colour than the type. - - =A. p. major= (greater).* _l._ bronze, with rich orange tips; very - effective. - - =A. p. m. aurea= (greater-golden).* _l._ bright golden yellow, - which colour they retain all through the season. - - =A. versicolor= (various-colour).* _l._ medium sized, ovate, bright - rosy pink and crimson, shaded with bronzy green, branching freely, - and making a compact and handsome plant. Brazil, 1865. - -=ALTERNATE.= Placed on opposite sides of an axis on a different line, -as in alternate leaves. - -=ALTHA†A= (from _altheo_, to cure; in reference to the medicinal -qualities of some of the species). Marsh Mallow. ORD. _MalvaceA|_. Hardy -biennials or perennials, closely allied to _Malva_. Outer calyx six -to nine-cleft, inner one five-cleft. Most species belonging to this -genus are worthy of cultivation, particularly in woods, coppices, and -shrubberies; they will thrive in almost any kind of soil. They may be -either increased by dividing the plants at the roots, or by seeds; the -biennial species must be raised from seed every year, which may be -sown in spring where they are intended to remain, or in pans placed in -a cold frame, from which the young plants may be removed when large -enough. - - =A. cannabina= (Hemp-leaved).* _fl._ rose-coloured; peduncles - axillary, many-flowered, loose, longer than the leaves. June. _l._ - pubescent, lower ones palmately-parted, upper ones three-parted; - lobes narrow, and grossly toothed. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. South France, - 1597. Perennial. - - =A. caribA|a= (Caribean).* _fl._ rose coloured, with a yellow - base, solitary, almost sessile. March. _l._ cordate, roundish, - lobed, crenate-serrated. Stem straight, hispid. _h._ 3ft. Caribbee - Islands, 1816. Biennial. - - =A. ficifolia= (fig-leaved). Antwerp Hollyhock. _fl._ generally - yellow or orange coloured, in terminal spikes, large, single or - double. June. _l._ divided beyond the middle into seven lobes; - lobes oblong, obtuse, irregularly toothed. _h._ 6ft. Siberia, 1597. - Biennial. - - =A. flexuosa= (zigzag).* _fl._ scarlet, axillary, solitary, - stalked; petals obcordate. June. _l._ cordate, somewhat - seven-lobed, obtuse, on long footstalks. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North - India, 1803. Perennial. - - =A. frutex= (shrubby). Synonymous with _Hibiscus syriacus_. - - =A. narbonensis= (Narbonne).* _fl._ pale red; peduncles - many-flowered, loose, longer than the leaves. August. _l._ - pubescent, lower ones five or seven-lobed, upper ones three-lobed. - _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. France, 1780. Perennial. - -[Illustration: FIG. 69. FLOWER AND BUDS OF ALTHA†A OFFICINALIS.] - - =A. officinalis= (officinal). Common Marsh Mallow. _fl._ of a - delicate, uniform blush colour; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, - much shorter than the leaves. July. _l._ clothed with soft, white - tomentum on both surfaces, cordate or ovate, toothed, undivided, or - somewhat five-lobed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Marshes, Britain. Perennial. - See Fig. 69. - - =A. rosea= (rose).* Hollyhock. _fl._ rose-coloured, large, - axillary, sessile, somewhat spiked at the top. July. _l._ cordate, - with five or seven angles, crenated, rough. Stem straight, hairy. - _h._ 8ft. China, 1573. For special culture and varieties, _see_ - =Hollyhock=. - - =A. striata= (streaked). _fl._ white, 2-1/2in. in diameter, - solitary, on short pedicels; calyx striped. July. _l._ cordate, - bluntly three-lobed, crenated. Stem puberulous, and somewhat - scabrous. _h._ 5ft. Biennial. - -=ALUMINOUS.= Pertaining to, or containing alum, or alumina; as -Aluminous soils. - -=ALUM-ROOT.= _See_ =Heuchera=. - -=ALYSSUM= (from _a_, not, and _lyssa_, rage; in reference to a fable -that the plant allayed anger). Madwort. Including _Psilonema_, -_Ptilotrichum_, _Schivereckia_. ORD. _CruciferA|_. Annuals or dwarf, -branching, shrubby perennials, often clothed with hoary, stellate -hairs. Flowers small, cruciform, white or yellow. Leaves distant, or -the radical ones tufted, usually entire. Several of the species are -very much alike. They are excellent plants for the rockery, or for the -front of borders, growing freely in common but well-drained garden -soil. They may be increased by cuttings, by division of the roots, or -by seed. The cuttings should be made from young shoots, 2in. to 3in. in -length, inserted in sandy loam, early in the season, in a shady place. -Seed may be raised outside, or in a frame in pans in sandy soil, most -of them germinating in two or three weeks. - - =A. alpestre= (alpine).* _fl._ yellow; raceme simple. June. _l._ - obovate, hoary. Stem rather shrubby at the base, diffuse, greyish. - _h._ 3in. South Europe, 1777. Perennial. A very neat little tufted - species. _A. argenteum_ (silvery), _A. Bertolonii_ (Bertoloni's), - and _A. murale_ (wall), are larger growing species allied to the - above, but of less cultural merit. - -[Illustration: FIG. 70. ALYSSUM SAXATILE.] - - =A. a. obtusifolium= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ yellow, corymbose. - June. _l._ obovate-spathulate, blunt, silvery on the under surface. - _h._ 3in. Tauria, 1828. A rare alpine. - -[Illustration: FIG. 71. ALYSSUM SAXATILE VARIEGATUM, showing Flower and -Habit.] - - =A. atlanticum= (Atlantic). _fl._ yellow; raceme simple. June. - _l._ lanceolate, hoary, and pilose. Stems shrubby at the base, - erect. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. S. Europe, 1820. _A. Marschallianum_ is - intermediate between _A. alpestre_ and _A. a. obtusifolium_; but is - seldom met with under cultivation. - - =A. gemonense= (German).* _fl._ yellow, in close corymbs. April to - June. _l._ lanceolate, entire, greyish-velvety from stellate down. - Stem shrubby at the base. _h._ 1ft. Italy, 1710. Closely allied to - _A. saxatile_, but not so hardy; it is very desirable for rockeries. - - =A. macrocarpum= (large-fruited). _fl._ white, racemose. June. _l._ - oblong, blunt, silvery. Stem shrubby, branched, somewhat spiny. - _h._ 8in. South of France, 1828. _A. spinosa_ (thorny), and _A. - halimifolia_ (purslane-leaved), are very like this species. _A. - dasycarpum_ (thick-fruited) is an annual with yellow flowers. - - =A. maritimum.= _See_ =KA"niga=. - - =A. montanum= (mountain). _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented; raceme - simple. May to July. _l._ somewhat hoary; lower ones obovate; - upper ones oblong. Stems rather herbaceous, diffuse, pubescent. - _h._ 2in. or 3in. Europe, 1713. A distinct and charming species - for the rockery, forming compact tufts of slightly glaucous green. - _A. cuneifolium_ (wedge-leaved), _A. diffusum_ (diffuse), and _A. - Wulfenianum_ (Wulfenius') come close to this species, the latter - being the most desirable. - - =A. olympicum= (Olympian). _fl._ deep yellow, small, in roundish - corymbose heads. Summer. _l._ spathulate, sessile, very small, - greyish. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Northern Greece. - - =A. orientale= (Oriental).* _fl._ yellow, corymbose. May. _l._ - lanceolate, repandly-toothed, waved, downy. Stems suffruticose at - the base. _h._ 1ft. Crete, 1820. There is a variety with variegated - leaves. - - =A. saxatile= (rock).* _fl._ yellow, in close corymbose heads. - April. _l._ lanceolate, entire, clothed with hoary tomentum. Stems - shrubby at the base. _h._ 1ft. Eastern Europe, 1710. A very common - and showy spring plant. See Fig. 70. - -[Illustration: FIG. 72. FLOWER SPIKE OF AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS.] - - =A. s. variegatum= (variegated).* A constant and prettily - variegated form, which is even more handsome than the type. On - the rockery it does well, as it requires a sunny, well drained, - position. See Fig. 71. - - =A. serpyllifolium= (Thyme-leaved).* _fl._ pale yellow, in simple - racemes. April to June. _l._ very small, 1/4in. to 1/2in. long, - ovate, scabrous, hoary. _h._ 3in. to 4in. Branches spreading, - sub-woody at the base. South Europe, 1822. - - =A. tortuosum= (twisted). _fl._ yellow; raceme corymbose. June. - _l._ hoary, somewhat lanceolate. Stem shrubby at the base, twisted, - diffuse. _h._ 6in. Hungary, 1804. - - =A. Wiersbeckii= (Wiersbeck's).* _fl._ deep yellow, in close - corymbose heads, about 1-1/2in. across. Summer. _l._ 2in. long, - oval-oblong-pointed, sessile, attenuated at the base, roughish and - hairy. Stems erect, scabrous, simple, rigid. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Asia - Minor. - -=AMARANTHACEA†.= An extensive order of herbs or (rarely) shrubs, with -opposite or alternate leaves, and inconspicuous apetalous flowers, -which are spicately or capitately disposed. The majority of this order -are weeds; well-known exceptions being many species of _Amaranthus_. - -=AMARANTH, GLOBE.= _See_ =Gomphrena=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 73. FLOWER SPIKE OF AMARANTHUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS.] - -=AMARANTHUS= (from _a_, not, and _maraino_, to wither; in reference -to the length of time some of the flowers retain their colour). ORD. -_AmaranthaceA|_. Hardy or half-hardy annuals, with alternate entire -leaves and small green or red flowers in large bracteate clustered -spikes. Flowers polygamous, furnished with three bracts at the base -of a three or five-lobed glabrous perianth. Stamens four or five. Of -very easy culture; they thrive best in rich loamy soil, and are largely -employed for sub-tropical and other bedding, for vases and conservatory -decorations, being very ornamental. The seed should be sown in April in -a hotbed, and the plants thinned out in the same situation when about -1/2in. high. About the end of May, they can be transplanted out of -doors in their permanent situations. They are also very handsome when -grown in pots. The young plants should be potted off early, and freely -encouraged, allowing plenty of pot-room and moisture, and be kept near -the glass, to bring out their brightest colouring. To develop their -full beauty, plenty of room is required. There are about twelve species -(indigenous to warm and tropical countries). - - =A. bicolor= (two-coloured). _l._ green, variously streaked with - light yellow. _h._ 2ft. India, 1802. This species is rather - delicate, and must have a warm sunny situation. - - =A. b. ruber= (red).* _l._ brilliant glistening scarlet, merging - into a dark violet red, mixed with green. Hardier than the type. - - =A. caudatus= (caudate).* Love Lies Bleeding. _fl._ dark - purplish, collected in numerous whorls, which are disposed in - handsome drooping spikes. August. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. India, 1596. - A very common and vigorous growing hardy annual. There is a - yellowish-flowered variety, which, though less ornamental, is an - effective contrast. See Fig. 72. - - =A. cruentus= (dark bloody). Synonymous with _A. hypochondriacus_. - - =A. Henderi= (Hender's). _l._ lanceolate, undulated, intense rosy - carmine, varying with orange buff, golden yellow, and olive green. - _h._ 3ft. A garden hybrid, closely allied to _A. salicifolius_. - Pyramidal habit. - - =A. hypochondriacus= (hypochondriac).* Prince's Feather. _fl._ - deep crimson, on densely packed, erect spikes. July. _l._ purplish - beneath. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Asiatic, 1684. SYN. _A. cruentus_. See - Fig. 73. - - =A. h. atropurpureus= (dark purple).* An improved variety of above. - - =A. melancholicus ruber= (melancholy-red).* _h._ about 1ft. Japan. - A compact growing variety, with large shaded crimson leaves. - Largely used for bedding purposes. - - =A. salicifolius= (willow-leaved).* _l._ 7in. to 15in. long, - willow-shaped, linear, and wavy, which, by their drooping outline, - present a very elegant and effective appearance. When fully grown, - the leaves are brilliantly banded and tipped with orange, carmine, - and bronze. _h._ 3ft. Philippine Isles, 1871. - - =A. s. Princess of Wales.=* _l._ carmine, orange green, and bright - yellow, beautifully blended. _h._ 3ft. A garden hybrid. - - =A. sanguineus= (bloody). _fl._ purple, disposed partly in small - heads in the axils of the upper leaves, and partly in slender, - flexible spikes, which form a more or less branching panicle. July. - _l._ blood red. _h._ 3ft. Bahama, 1775. - -[Illustration: FIG. 74. AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR.] - - =A. speciosus= (showy).* _fl._ dark crimson purple, disposed in - large erect spikes, forming a fine plumy panicle. July. _l._ - suffused with a reddish tinge, which disappears at the time of - flowering. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Nepaul, 1819. - - =A. s. aureus= (golden). _fl._ of a fine brownish-golden hue. Very - effective when grown in masses. - - =A. tricolor= (three-coloured).* _l._ of a fine, transparent, - purplish-red or dark carmine from the base to the middle; a large - spot of bright yellow occupies the greater part of the upper end of - the leaf; point generally green; leafstalks yellow. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - East Indies, 1548. See Fig. 74. There are several garden varieties - of this species, requiring a somewhat warmer situation. - -=AMARYLLIDEA†.= A large and important order of usually bulbous plants, -sometimes with a stem. Flowers solitary, umbellate, or paniculate; -perianth superior, six-lobed, often with a corona at the top of -the tube. Leaves ensiform or linear. This order contains many -very beautiful genera, including _Agave_, _Amaryllis_, _Crinum_, -_HA|manthus_, _Hippeastrum_, _Narcissus_, _Pancratium_, and several -others. - -=AMARYLLIS= (from _Amaryllis_, the name of a country-woman mentioned -by Theocritus and Virgil). ORD. _AmaryllideA|_. Half-hardy or hardy, -deciduous, bulbous plants. Flowers large, sweet-scented, pedicelled; -spathe two-leaved; umbels few-flowered; perianth with a very short -tube, funnel-shaped, six-parted, sub-regular or irregular; segments -many-nerved, broad, undulate, spreading somewhat at the apices; -stamens at the summit of the tube, unequal, declined; anthers fixed -by the middle, incumbent, curved into a circular arch after bursting; -style declined; stigma thickened, sub-three-lobed; scape tall, solid, -compressed. Capsule obovate; seeds globose, fleshy. Leaves appearing -at a different season from the scapes, numerous, strap-shaped. The -following genera are sometimes arranged hereunder, but in this work are -treated separately: _Brunsvigia_, _Crinum_, _Hippeastrum_, _Nerine_, -_Sprekelia_, _Sternbergia_, _Vallota_, _Zephyranthes_. Warm, dry, and -well-drained positions in front of hothouses, or at the base of south -or south-west walls, are the most suitable sites for _A. Belladonna_ -and its varieties. The soil should be composed of good, fibrous loam, -leaf mould, and sand, in equal parts. Insert the bulbs 6in. to 8in. -deep, and surround with sand, after which they may be covered with -the compost, which should be pressed firmly about them; they should -not be again disturbed for years, when they will ultimately establish -themselves, and produce grand masses of blossom. The best time to -plant a fresh stock is June or July, when they commence root-action, -before the flower-stems are sent up. In their growing season, and in -dry weather, an occasional soaking of clear water, or liquid manure, -will be greatly beneficial. The extremely ornamental plants now -largely grown, and frequently classed as _Amaryllis_ in nurserymen's -catalogues, belong to the genus _Hippeastrum_. For pot-culture of the -Belladonna Lily, _see_ =Hippeastrum=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 75. AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA, showing Habit at -Flowering Season.] - - =A. Belladonna.=* Belladonna Lily. This splendid species is very - variable, both in the size and colour of the flowers, frequently - producing variously-shaded flowers, from almost white to a reddish - or purplish hue. Autumn. West Indies, 1712. See Fig. 75. The leaves - and flowers are not produced together. In Fig. 76 they are both - shown in the same illustration for economy of space. - - =A. B. pallida= (pale).* A pale-coloured variety. _h._ 2ft. - -=AMASONIA= (named in honour of Thomas Amason, one of the earlier -American travellers). SYN. _Taligalea_. ORD. _VerbenaceA|_. A -genus comprising six species (which may be reduced to four) of -stove sub-shrubs, natives of tropical America. Flowers yellow or -sulphur-coloured, racemose or panicled; calyx five-cleft; corolla -five-cleft, sub-bilabiate. Leaves alternate, toothed or rarely entire. -For culture of the only species introduced, _see_ =Clerodendron=. - - =A. punicea= (reddish-brown). _fl._ yellow, with pretty, brownish - bracts; peduncles once or twice trifid, cymose or one-flowered. - May and June. _l._ slender, 3in. to 2in. long, oblong- or - elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, unequally toothed. Stem - erect, simple or slightly branched. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1884. - -=AMATEUR.= This term is usually meant to refer to one who has a taste -for a particular pursuit, and who is, in a pecuniary point of view, -independent of it. An Amateur gardener is one who rears and grows his -plants, and cultivates his garden, for his own amusement--for mere love -of horticulture. - -[Illustration: FIG. 76. AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA, showing Bulb and Flower -Spike.] - -=AMBER, SWEET.= _See_ =Hypericum AndrosA|mum=. - -=AMBER-TREE.= _See_ =Anthospermum=. - -=AMBROSINIA= (commemorative of Professor Giacinti Ambrosini, of -Bologna). ORD. _AroideA|_ (_AraceA|_). A curious, half-hardy, tuberous -perennial, thriving in any light soil, with protection in winter. -Increased by seeds, and by divisions. The former should be sown, as -soon as ripe, in a cool house; and the latter should be made just -previous to new growth in spring. - - =A. Bassii= (Bass's).* _fl._, spathes prolonged into a long tail, - and a tongue-shaped spadix, with the male flowers on one side, and - so placed as to preclude the access of pollen to the stigma on - the other side of the spathe, save by insect agency. _l._ oblong, - stalked. _h._ 4in. Corsica, Sardinia, 1879. - -=AMBURY=, or =ANBURY=. The name given to galls of small Weevils -(_Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis_) which appear on the roots of -Cabbages and Turnips, as well as of the Wild Mustard, and of other -weeds belonging to the genus _Brassica_. The galls form swellings -individually about the size of split peas, but often two or more are -joined to form considerable masses. In each is a space inclosing a -white grub. Anbury is usually not very hurtful. It is quite distinct -from Clubbing. The galled roots should be collected, before the grubs -emerge, and burned. - -=AMELANCHIER= (Savoy name of the Medlar, to which this genus is closely -allied). TRIBE _PomaceA|_ of ORD. _RosaceA|_. Hardy, deciduous shrubs -or small trees, with racemes of white flowers, and simple, serrated -leaves; bracteas linear-lanceolate. Pome, when mature, three to -five-celled. They are of easy cultivation, in a somewhat rich, loamy -soil, and are propagated by layers or cuttings, in autumn, in sheltered -situations; by seeds, and by grafting, in early spring, on the Hawthorn -or the Quince, or the weaker on the stronger-growing species. - - =A. canadensis= (Canadian).* Grape Pear. _fl._ white. April. Pome - purple. _l._ oblong-elliptic, cuspidate, when young rather villous, - but at length glabrous. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Canada, 1746. A very - ornamental tree, having a profusion of flowers in early spring, and - rich autumnal foliage. SYN. _Pyrus Botryapium_. - - =A. c. florida= (flowery).* _fl._ white, numerous, in upright - racemes. May. Pome purple. _l._ oblong, obtuse at both ends, - coarsely serrate in the terminal portion, glabrous in every state. - _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. North America, 1826. - - =A. c. ovalis= (oval-leaved). _fl._ white; racemes pressed - together. April. _l._ roundish-elliptic, acute when rather young, - velvety beneath, glabrous when mature. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. North - America, 1800. - - =A. c. parvifolia= (small-leaved). This has a dwarfer habit, and - shorter leaves, than the type. - - =A. sanguinea=, (bloody). _fl._ white; racemes capitate. April. - Pome blackish-purple. _l._ oblong, rounded at both ends, sharply - serrated, always naked. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. North America, 1800. This - form differs principally from _A. canadensis_ in the fewer flowers, - much shorter raceme, and shorter, broader, and more ovate petals. - - =A. vulgaris= (common).* _fl._ white. April. Pome darkish-purple. - _l._ roundish-oval, bluntish, pubescent beneath, at length - glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 9ft. Europe, 1596. A desirable shrub, - producing an abundance of flowers. SYN. _Mespilus Amelanchier_. - -=AMELLUS= (a name employed by Virgil for a blue, Aster-looking plant -growing on the banks of the river Mella). ORD. _CompositA|_. Pretty, -branched, ascending or diffuse, perennial herbs. Flowers in solitary -heads. Leaves hairy, lower ones opposite, upper alternate. Of very easy -culture, in ordinary garden soil. Increased by divisions, or cuttings, -inserted under glass, in spring. - - =A. Lychnitis= (Lychnitis). _fl.-heads_ violet, solitary, terminal, - and lateral. June. _l._ linear, lanceolate, entire, hoary. _h._ - 6in. Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen, greenhouse trailer. - -=AMENTUM.= A catkin. A deciduous spike of unisexual, apetalous flowers. - -=AMERICAN ALMOND.= _See_ =Brabejum=. - -=AMERICAN ALOE.= _See_ =Agave americana=. - -=AMERICAN BLIGHT=, or =WOOLLY APHIS= (_Schizoneura lanuginosa_). The -white, cottony-looking matter which is found upon the bark of the Apple -and other trees of a similar nature, belongs to a species of Aphis, -which has short legs: the females are wingless, while the males are -winged; the latter appear in July and August. The insects belong to -a group of Aphides unprovided with honey tubes on the hinder part of -the body, and in which the third vein of the front wing shows only one -fork The woolly coating also distinguishes them from true Aphides. The -Blight is said to have been imported from America in 1787, but this is -uncertain. - -As these insects get into the cracks and under the bark of trees, they -are hard to dislodge. The injury inflicted is not apparent for some -time; but, in process of time, large, cankerous wounds are produced, -which gradually (with the aid of the insects) destroy the branches, and -render the tree useless. If young trees are attacked, they are rendered -valueless in a very short time. The insects hide in crevices of the -bark of the trees each autumn, and remain dormant during the winter, -ascending to their old quarters as the weather becomes warm. Trees -which are covered with moss and lichens probably serve as places for -hybernation; hence, it is desirable to remove such hiding-places, as -well as all pieces of dead bark. To their being left may be frequently -attributed the severe attacks of Blight experienced where they exist -on trees. So soon as the cottony substance makes its appearance, one -of the following remedies should be applied, and, if persisted in for -a few seasons, the trees will be quite cleared. - -_Brushing and Scraping._ In winter, the trees should be thoroughly -cleaned; and, so long as there is a chance of the insects being in the -bark, all loose pieces, moss, &c., should be brushed off, and the parts -affected should be thoroughly saturated with a strong solution of soft -soap or of soft soap and lime-water, applied with a stiff brush, so as -to enter all the crevices. - -_Gas Liquor._ This is the ammoniacal liquor from gas works. It must be -diluted with from eight to twelve times its bulk of water, or it is -dangerous to the trees; in fact, after dilution, it is advisable to -test it, previous to using to any great extent. As the woolly covering -of the insects resists water, it is desirable that the liquor be -applied with a brush, and forced amongst the Blight. - -_Infusion of Tobacco Leaves_ (1/2lb. to 1 gallon) kills the insects on -shoots dipped into it. - -_Paraffin or Petroleum._ This is a simple and useful remedy. Obtain a -painter's half-worn sash-tool, free from paint, and just moisten it -in the oil. Then brush out each infested place as often as the Blight -appears, and in one season the trees will be cleared. - -_Spent Tan._ Collect spent tan into a heap a month or two before it is -to be used, and if it has heated well and rotted, so much the better. -In winter, clear away all leaves, rubbish, grass, &c., and spread the -tan at the rate of about thirty loads to the acre, taking care that it -surrounds the base of each tree infested with Blight. Practical proof -of its utility has been given. - -_Turpentine and other Spirits._ The mode of applying these is the same -as for paraffin, but they frequently injure the bark, and sometimes -kill young trees. - -To kill insects on the roots, it is well to clear away the soil as -far as possible from them, and to saturate the place with soapsuds or -ammoniacal solutions; soot, quicklime, or other applications to the -soil would also prove useful. - -Other remedies that have been suggested are the drainings of stables, -and grafting-clay plastered over the bark. - -=AMERICAN CENTAURY.= _See_ =Sabbatia=. - -=AMERICAN CHINA ROOT.= _See_ =Smilax=. - -=AMERICAN COWSLIP.= _See_ =Dodecatheon=. - -=AMERICAN CRANBERRY.= _See_ =Oxycoccus macrocarpus=. - -=AMERICAN CRESS.= _See_ =Barbarea=. - -=AMERICAN DEWBERRY.= _see_ =Rubus canadensis=. - -=AMERICAN GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Pereskia aculeata=. - -=AMERICAN GREAT LAUREL.= _See_ =Rhododendron maximum=. - -=AMERICAN HIGH BLACKBERRY.= A common name for =Rubus villosus= (which -_see_). - -=AMERICAN MANDRAKE.= _See_ =Podophyllum peltatum=. - -=AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH.= _See_ =Pyrus americana=. - -=AMERICAN PLANTS=. This term includes _Rhododendron_, _Azalea_, and -several others of similar habit and constitution; indeed, any hardy, -flowering shrubs requiring a moist peat border. - -=AMERICAN SPANISH OAK.= _See_ =Quercus falcata=. - -=AMERICAN SWAMP LILY.= _See_ =Saururus cernuus=. - -=AMERICAN WHITE OAK.= _See_ =Quercus alba=. - -=AMERICAN WILD BLACK CURRANT.= _See_ =Ribes floridum=. - -=AMERICAN WILD RED RASPBERRY.= _See_ =Rubus strigosus=. - -=AMERIMNON= (from _a_, privative, and _merinna_, care; in allusion -to the little attention the plant requires; name originally applied -to the House-leek). SYN. _Amerimnum_. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Ornamental, -evergreen, stove shrubs, with alternate, stalked, ovate, somewhat -cordate, simple leaves. For culture, _see_ =Anona=. - - =A. Brownei= (Browne's).* _fl._ white, sweet-scented; peduncles - axillary, ten-flowered, glabrous or puberulous. May. _l._ ovate, - somewhat cordate, acute, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Jamaica, - 1793. Requires a trellis or other support. - - =A. strigulosum= (strigulose). _fl._ white; racemes axillary, - solitary, three times longer than the petioles. May. _l._ ovate, - rather cordate, obtuse, clothed with adpressed hairs on both - surfaces; branches and petioles clothed with light brown, dense, - short hairs. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Trinidad, 1817. - -=AMERIMNUM.= A synonym of =Amerimnon= (which _see_). - -=AMHERSTIA= (commemorative of Countess Amherst, a zealous promoter of -natural history, particularly botany). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A stove, -evergreen tree of almost unsurpassed magnificence and brilliancy, -requiring a very high and moist temperature. It delights in a rich, -strong loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened -wood, inserted in sand, under a glass in bottom heat of about 80deg.; -also by seeds. - - =A. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ of a fine vermilion colour, - diversified with yellow spots, large; racemes long, pendulous, - axillary. May. _l._ large, impari-pinnate, bearing six to eight - pairs of leaflets. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. India, 1837. The flowers - are, unfortunately, somewhat ephemeral, lasting but a few days in - perfection, during which period, however, no object in the whole - range of the vegetable kingdom presents a more striking aspect than - this tree. - -=AMICIA= (commemorative of J. B. Amici, a celebrated French physician). -ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A pretty, greenhouse or half-hardy perennial, -succeeding in any warm, sheltered spot. Young cuttings will root in -sand, under a hand glass, in heat. - - =A. Zygomeris= (two-jointed-podded).* _fl._ yellow, splashed with - purple on the keel; peduncles axillary, five or six-flowered. - Autumn. Legumes with two joints. _l._ abruptly pinnate, with two - pairs of cuneate-obcordate, mucronate leaflets, which are full of - pellucid dots; branches and petioles pubescent. _h._ 8ft. Mexico, - 1826. - -=AMMOBIUM= (from _ammos_, sand, and _bio_, to live; in reference to the -sandy soil in which it is found). ORD. _CompositA|_. This well-known -everlasting is closely allied to _Gnaphalium_, from which it differs -principally in habit. Receptacle with oblong, pointed, toothed, chaffy -scales; involucre of imbricated leaflets. It may be treated as a -half-hardy annual, or as a biennial, if seeds are sown in September and -kept in a cool greenhouse during the winter, and this is the best way -to grow it. Any moderately good soil suits it. - - =A. alatum= (winged). _fl.-heads_ about 1in. across, of a silvery - whiteness, with the exception of the yellow disk florets, very - numerous, in loose, corymbose panicles. May to September. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate; radical ones in a tufted rosette. Stems - winged--hence the specific name. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. New Holland, - 1822. See Fig. 77. - - =A. a. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ purer white, - nearly twice the size of those in the type. This variety, which - comes true from seed, is a great acquisition. - -=AMMOCHARIS.= _See_ =Brunsvigia=. - -=AMMODENDRON= (from _ammos_, sand, and _dendron_, a tree; in reference -to its natural habitat). SYN. _Sophora_. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A small, -neat, hardy evergreen, silky shrub, having the petioles hardening into -spines; an excellent subject for shrubberies. It thrives in an ordinary -soil, with good drainage, and is propagated by layers and seeds. - - =A. Sieversii= (Sievers').* _fl._ purple, disposed in racemes. - June. _l._ bifoliolate; leaflets lanceolate, silky-white on both - surfaces. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Siberia, 1837. - -=AMMYRSINE.= _See_ =Leiophyllum=. - -=AMOMOPHYLLUM.= _See_ =Spathiphyllum=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 77. INFLORESCENCE OF AMMOBIUM ALATUM.] - -=AMOMUM= (from _a_, not, and _momos_, impurity; in reference to -the quality of counteracting poison). ORD. _ZingiberaceA|_. Stove, -deciduous, herbaceous perennials, chiefly aromatic, formerly used in -embalming. Flowers produced close to the ground, in spikes or clusters, -bracteate. Leaves distichous, sheathing at the base, lanceolate, -entire. For culture, _see_ =Alpinia=. - - =A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _fl._ sometimes of a uniform - chrome-yellow, sometimes crimson, with the labellum of a yellow - colour, more or less pale, and sometimes entirely crimson; scape - naked, from 3in. to 8in. in length; spike capitate. July. _l._ - linear-lanceolate. _h._ 8ft. Madagascar. - - =A. Cardamomum= (Cardamom).* _fl._ brownish; lip three-lobed, - spurred; scape compound, flexuous, procumbent. August. _h._ 8ft. - East Indies, 1823. - - =A. Danielli= (Daniel's). _fl._ 4in. across; outer sepals fine red; - the spreading labellum whitish, tinged with rose and yellow; scape - short, arising from the bottom of the stem. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, - 9in. long. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Western Africa. - - =A. grandiflorum= (large-flowered). _fl._ white, numerous, close; - spike short. June. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate, pointed. _h._ 3ft. - Sierra Leone, 1795. - - =A. Granum Paradisi.=* Grains of Paradise. _fl._ white, tinged with - yellow and rose. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate, long-pointed. Stems very - red at base, and dull purplish-red above from the long, sheathing - leafstalks. _h._ 3ft. West Africa. - - =A. Melegueta= (Melegueta).* Grains of Paradise. _fl._ pale pink, - solitary, with an orbicular, irregularly toothed lip. May. _l._ - narrow, linear-elliptic, distichous, sessile. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - Sierra Leone, 1869. Habit creeping. - - =A. sceptrum= (sceptre). _fl._ bright rose purple, large, - sub-erect; the most conspicuous portion is the lip, which is - 2-1/2in. in diameter; flower-scapes 6in. high. January. _l._ - narrow, oblong-lanceolate. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Old Calabar, 1863. - - =A. vitellinum= (yolk-of-egg-coloured). _fl._ yellow; lip oblong, - obtuse, toothed; spike oblong, sessile, rather loose. April. _l._ - oval. _h._ 2ft. East Indies, 1846. Plant stemless, glabrous. - -=AMORPHA= (from _a_, not, and _morphe_, form; incomplete formation -of the flowers). Bastard Indigo. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A handsome genus -of hardy deciduous shrubs with very graceful impari-pinnate leaves, -and many pairs of leaflets, which are full of pellucid dots. Racemes -spicate, elongated, usually in fascicles at the tops of the branches; -corolla without wings and keel; vexillum or standard ovate, concave. -They are well adapted for small shrubberies, requiring a sheltered -situation, and thrive well in common garden soil. Increased by layers, -or cuttings, taken off at a joint, and planted in a sheltered situation -early in autumn; these should be allowed to remain undisturbed till the -following autumn. Amorphas produce an abundance of suckers, from which -they may be readily propagated. - - =A. canescens= (hoary).* The Lead Plant. _fl._ dark blue. July. - _l._, leaflets ovate-elliptic, mucronate. _h._ 3ft. Missouri, 1812. - Whole plant clothed with hoary hairs. - - =A. fruticosa= (shrubby).* The False Indigo. _fl._ very dark bluish - purple. June. _l._, leaflets elliptic-oblong; lower ones distant - from the stem. _h._ 6ft. Carolina, 1724. Shrub glabrous, or a - little villous. There are several varieties, having mucronate, - emarginate, or narrower leaflets, but all with purple flowers. A - host of names, representing the merest forms of _A. fruticosa_, - are to be found in nurserymen's catalogues. Amongst them are: - _caroliniana_, _crocea_, _crocea-lanata_, _dealbata_, _fragrans_, - _glabra_, _herbacea_, _nana_, _pubescens_, &c. These differ so - slightly from the type and from each other, that it is impossible - to distinguish them. - -=AMORPHOPHALLUS= (from _amorphos_, deformed, and _phallos_, a -mace; alluding to the inflorescence). SYN. _Pythion_. Including -_Proteinophallus_. ORD. _AroideA| (AraceA|)_. A very remarkable genus, -closely allied to _Arum_, but distinguished therefrom by "their -spreading, not convolute, spathes; by their anthers opening by pores, -not by longitudinal slits; by the numerous cells to the ovary; and by -the solitary, erect ovules, those of _Arum_ being horizontal." A soil -consisting of two-thirds good rich loam, with the additional third of -sweet manure, thoroughly rotted, suits them well. Other essentials are -plenty of pot room, a genial atmosphere, and a temperature ranging from -55deg. to 65deg., or even 70deg. They require to be kept dry, and warm -in winter, as nothing is more fatal to them than cold or damp. Beneath -a shelf or stage in the stove is an excellent spot for them, or they -may be stored in sand, and kept free from frost. They are difficult to -increase; the corms of most of them are of great size, and rarely make -offsets. Efforts should consequently be made to induce the plants to -seed whenever practicable. All the species are strikingly effective in -sub-tropical bedding. For fertilising and growth of seedlings, _see_ -=Arum=. - - =A. campanulatus= (bell-shaped).* Similar to _A. Rivieri_, but the - flowers are brown, red, and black, and the scape is neither so - stout nor so tall. _h._ 2ft. India, 1817. SYN. _Arum campanulatum_. - - =A. grandis= (large). _fl._, spathe green, white inside; spadix - purplish. _h._ 3ft. Java, 1865. Stove species. - - =A. Lacourii= (Lacour's).* _l._ pedatisect, the ultimate segments - lanceolate, yellow-spotted; petioles transversely mottled with - yellow markings. Cochin China, 1879. Greenhouse. The correct name - of this species is _Pseudodracontium Lacourii_. - - =A. nivosus.= _See_ =Dracontium asperum=. - - =A. Rivieri= (Rivier's).* _fl._, spadix, spathe, and scape, - reaching 3ft. or more in height, appearing before the leaves; scape - stout and strong, of a deep green colour, speckled or dotted with - rose; spadix projecting, deep red; spathe of a rosy-green colour. - March to May. _l._ solitary, decompound, 40in. to 50in. across, - on tall marbled petioles. Cochin China. Perhaps the most useful - species. SYN. _Proteinophallus Rivieri_. See Fig. 78. - -[Illustration: FIG. 78. AMORPHOPHALLUS RIVIERI, Foliage and -Inflorescence.] - - =A. Titanum= (Titan's).* _fl._, spadix 5ft. high, black purple; - spathe nearly 3ft. in diameter, campanulate in shape, with patent - and deeply toothed edges. The deeper portion of the interior is - pale greenish, but the limb is of a bright black purple hue; the - outside is pale green, smooth in the lower portion, but thickly - corrugated and crisp above; scape about 1-1/2ft. long, green, - marked with small whitish orbicular spots. _l._ the divided blade - covers an area of 45ft. in circumference. West Sumatra, 1878. - As will be seen from the above, this extraordinary plant is of - gigantic proportions, and, in size of the flowers, eclipsing nearly - all others in the vegetable kingdom. SYN. _Conophallus Titanum_. - -=AMORPHOUS.= Without definite form. - -=AMPELOPSIS= (from _ampelos_, a vine, and _opsis_, resemblance; -resembling the Grape Vine in habit, and to which it is closely allied). -SYN. _Quinaria_. ORD. _AmpelideA|_. A genus nearly allied to _Vitis_. -Calyx slightly five toothed; petals concave, thick, expanding before -they fall; disk none. Fast growing and ornamental climbing, hardy -deciduous shrubs, of very easy culture in common garden soil. Cuttings, -having a good eye, may be taken in September, and pricked either under -handlights in sandy soil on the open border, or in pots stood on the -stage or shelf in a greenhouse; they root readily, and will be fit for -transplanting early in the spring. Or cuttings made from the young -soft wood, expressly grown for the purpose, in spring, root freely in -gentle heat. This applies especially to _A. tricuspidata_. They are -also easily increased by layers. Most of the species will thrive with -equal vigour in almost any position, however exposed. - - =A. aconitifolia= (Aconite-leaved).* _l._ palmisect, with - pinnatifid segments. China, 1868. A slender and very elegant - free-growing species, with long reddish branches. There are two or - more varieties. SYNS. _A. lucida_, _A. triloba_, _A. tripartita_, - and _Vitis dissecta_. See Fig. 79. - - =A. bipinnata= (bipinnate). _fl._ green, small; raceme stalked, - twice bifid. Berries globose. June. _l._ bipinnate, smooth; - leaflets deeply lobed. _h._ 10ft. Virginia, 1700. - - =A. hederacea= (Ivy-leaved). Synonymous with _A. quinquefolia_. - - =A. japonica= (Japanese). Synonymous with _A. tricuspidata_. - - =A. lucida= (shining). Synonymous with _A. aconitifolia_. - - =A. napiformis= (turnip-like).* Greenish. China, 1870. See Fig. 80. - - =A. quinquefolia= (five-leaved).* Virginian Creeper. _fl._ - greenish-purple; raceme corymbose. June. _l._ palmate, with three - and five leaflets, smooth on both surfaces; leaflets stalked, - oblong-acuminated, mucronately toothed; autumnal tint red. North - America, 1629. SYN. _A. hederacea_. - - =A. q. hirsuta= (hairy). _l._ downy on both surfaces. - - =A. serjaniA|folia= (Serjania-leaved).* _l._ green, palmately - five-parted, or the upper ones three-parted, the intermediate - division being often ternate or pinnate; leaflets obovate acute, - and incisely toothed or sublobate; the rachis is articulately - winged. Japan, 1867. SYNS. _A. tuberosa_, _Cissus viticifolia_. - Roots tuberous; see Fig. 81. - -[Illustration: FIG. 79. STEM AND LEAVES OF AMPELOPSIS ACONITIFOLIA.] - - =A. tricuspidata= (three-pointed).* _l._ very variable in shape; - younger ones almost entire; older ones larger, roundish-cordate, - divided to the middle into three deltoid lobes, which run into - little tails, and are coarsely toothed at the margin. Japan, 1868. - SYNS. _A. Veitchii_, _Vitis japonica_ (of gardens). - - =A. triloba= (three-lobed). A synonym of _A. aconitifolia_. - - =A. tripartita= (three-parted). A synonym of _A. aconitifolia_. - - =A. tuberosa= (tuberous). A synonym of _A. serjaniA|folia_. - - =A. Veitchii= (Veitch's). A synonym of _A. tricuspidata_. - -=AMPHIBLEMMA CYMOSUM.= _See_ =Melastoma corymbosum=. - -=AMPHIBLESTRA.= Included under =Pteris= (which _see_). - -=AMPHICARPA†A= (from _amphi_, both, and _karpos_, a fruit; in -allusion to the two kinds of pods--those of the upper flowers being -scimitar-shaped, three or four-seeded; those of the lower, pear-shaped, -fleshy, usually ripening but one seed; these lower pods bury themselves -in the ground after fertilisation). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A genus of -ornamental annuals, with herbaceous, twining stems, and sometimes -apetalous flowers, allied to _Wistaria_. The species are of easy -culture. Seeds should be sown in the open border, in spring, in a sunny -situation. - - =A. monoica= (monA"cious). Hog Pea-nut. _fl._ with a pale violet - vexillum, and white keel and wings; racemes axillary, pendulous. - June to August. _l._ pinnately-trifoliate; leaflets ovate, - glabrous. North America. 1781. - -[Illustration: FIG. 80. TUBERS AND LEAF OF AMPELOPSIS NAPIFORMIS.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 81. ROOTS OF AMPELOPSIS SERJANIA†FOLIA.] - -=AMPHICOME= (from _amphi_, on both sides, and _kome_, a head of hair; -in reference to the seeds being furnished with a tuft of hairs at -both ends). ORD. _BignoniaceA|_. Flowers axillary or terminal. Leaves -alternate, unequally pinnate. Very ornamental greenhouse or half-hardy -rock herbaceous plants. If planted outside, they must be protected -during the winter from wet and severe frosts. A mixture of loam, sand, -and leaf soil suits them well. Increased by striking the young shoots -in spring in sandy soil in gentle heat; or by seed, which should be -sown in early spring, in pots of sandy soil placed in a greenhouse. - - =A. arguta= (finely-cut).* _fl._ red, drooping; racemes axillary, - terminal; corolla tubular near the base, ventricose above. August. - _l._ alternate, impari-pinnate; leaflets opposite, on short - petioles, three to four pairs, lanceolate, acuminated, deeply - serrated. _h._ 3ft. Himalaya, 1837. - - =A. Emodi= (Emodian).* _fl._ rose and orange, erect; racemes - axillary; corolla 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, bell-shaped, slightly - tubular below. August to October. _l._ impari-pinnate, with - numerous leaflets. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. India, at high altitudes, - 1852. A very beautiful plant. - -=AMPHILOPHIUM= (from _amphilophos_, crested on all sides; limb of -corolla much curled). SYN. _Amphilobium_. ORD. _BignoniaceA|_. A -handsome stove evergreen climber. Corolla somewhat coriaceous, with a -short tube, and a large ventricose throat. Loam and peat, well mixed, -suits it best; cuttings from young shoots root readily in sand, under -a hand glass, with bottom heat, during the spring months. - - =A. paniculatum= (panicled).* _fl._ rose-coloured; panicle - terminal, composed of three-flowered peduncles. June. _l._ - joined by pairs, opposite; leaflets ovate-roundish, acuminated, - sub-cordate. West Indies, 1738. - -=AMPLEXICAULIS.= Embracing the stem; usually applied to leaves. - -=AMPULLACEOUS.= Resembling a bladder or flask. - -=AMSONIA= (in honour of Charles Amson, a scientific traveller in -America). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. Very pretty hardy, herbaceous perennials, -with alternate leaves, and terminal panicles of pale blue flowers; -corolla with linear lobes, and a narrow funnel-shaped tube. They thrive -in half shady positions in borders, or the edges of shrubberies, -where they will not need to be frequently transplanted. Propagated by -cuttings during the summer months, or by divisions of the roots in -spring. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. TabernA|montana_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 82. AMSONIA SALICIFOLIA, showing Habit and Flower.] - - =A. salicifolia= (willow-leaved).* _fl._ light blue, in terminal - corymbose cymes; corolla small, funnel-shaped, with a rounded tube; - throat whitish, bearded. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, acute. - _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. North America, 1812. Habit less erect - than the following species. See Fig. 82. - - =A. TabernA|montana= (TabernA|montanus).* _fl._ pale blue, in cymes; - petals lanceolate, acute, slightly hairy on the outside; sepals - also lanceolate, acute. Summer. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acute, - shortly stalked. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. North America, 1759. - SYNS. _A. latifolia_, _TabernA|montana Amsonia_. - -=AMYGDALUS= (from _amysso_, to lacerate; fissured channels in the stone -of the fruit). Almond. ORD. _RosaceA|_. TRIBE _DrupaceA|_. Well known, -ornamental, deciduous spring flowering shrubs. Drupe clothed with -velvety pubescence, with a fibrous dry rind, separating irregularly, -having the stone of the fruit pitted or smooth. The larger-growing -species are very excellent for shrubberies, or as specimen trees; -being in blossom before most other trees, they make a fine appearance -in early spring. The dwarfer kinds are also well fitted for small -shrubberies or the fronts of large ones. For greenhouse culture they -should be obtained in a small pyramidal shape; they are not, however, -suited to a small house, as the plants, to bloom well and be effective, -ought to be at least 2ft. or 3ft. high, and proportionately wide. -Plenty of root room is essential. After potting, water thoroughly, and -place the trees in an orchard house for a few weeks, when they may be -removed to their permanent station. A temperature of about 50deg. or -55deg. is sufficient to hasten the flowering; a higher temperature is -apt to frustrate the object in view. After flowering, gradually harden -off the plants until about the end of May, when they may be plunged out -of doors for the season. Repotting should be done as soon as the leaves -fall. Increased by budding upon seedling plum-stocks in summer. The -Almond is grown on the Continent for its fruit. _See also_ =Prunus=. - - =A. argentea= (silvery). A synonym of _A. orientalis_. - - =A. Besseriana= (Besser's). A synonym of _A. nana_. - - =A. cochinchinensis= (Cochin China). _fl._ white; racemes small, - sub-terminal. _fr._ ovate, ventricose, acute at the apex. March. - _l._ oval, quite entire. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Cochin China, 1825. - Greenhouse. - -[Illustration: FIG. 83. FLOWERING BRANCH OF AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS.] - - =A. communis= (common).* Common Almond. _fl._ white or rose - coloured, solitary. March. _fr._ compressed, egg-shaped, tomentose. - _l._ oblong lanceolate, serrulated. _h._ 10ft. to 30ft. Barbary, - 1548. See Fig. 83. - - =A. c. amara= (bitter).* Bitter Almond. _fl._ larger, white, but - rose coloured at the base. April. Seeds bitter. - - =A. c. dulcis= (sweet). Sweet Almond. _fl._ red, earlier; fruit - ovate, compressed, acuminated. Seeds sweet. _l._ of a greyish green - colour. - - =A. c. flore-pleno= (double-blossomed).* _fl._ flesh colour, full - double, rosy in the bud. _l._ oval-elliptic, acuminate. - - =A. c. fragilis= (brittle). _fl._ pale rose coloured, rising with - the leaves; petals broader, deeply emarginate. _l._ shorter than - those of the type. - - =A. c. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* _fl._ whitish rose colour, - large, rising before the leaves, with broadly obcordate undulated - petals. _fr._ larger than that of the type, umbilicate at the base, - but acuminated at the apex. _l._ broader than the type, acuminated. - There are also numerous other varieties. - - =A. incana= (hoary).* _fl._ red, solitary. April. Drupe compressed, - pubescent. _l._ obovate, serrated, clothed with white tomentum - beneath. _h._ 2ft. A handsome dwarf shrub. Caucasus, 1815. - - =A. nana= (dwarf).* _fl._ rose coloured, solitary. March. _fr._ - of the same form as that of _A. communis_, but much smaller. _l._ - oblong-linear, attenuated at the base, serrated, quite glabrous. - _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Tartary, 1683. SYN. _A. Besseriana_. - - =A. orientalis= (Oriental). _fl._ rose coloured. March. _fr._ - mucronate. _l._ lanceolate, quite entire, almost permanent, clothed - with silvery tomentum, as well as the branches. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. - Levant, 1756. SYN. _A. argentea_. - -=AMYLACEOUS.= Starch-like. - -=AMYRIDACEA†.= _See_ =BurseraceA|=. - -=AMYRIS= (from _a_, intensive, and _myron_, balm; the whole of -the trees in this genus smell strongly of balm or myrrh). ORD. -_BurseraceA|_. Ornamental stove evergreen trees, abounding in a resinous -fluid. Flowers white, disposed in panicles. Leaves unequally pinnate. -They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat; and cuttings root -freely in sand, under a hand glass with bottom heat, during the spring -months. - - =A. balsamifera= (balsam-bearing). Synonymous with _A. toxifera_. - - =A. braziliensis= (Brazilian).* _fl._ white; panicles axillary, - shorter than the leaves. August. _l._ with one to three pairs of - opposite leaflets; leaflets lanceolate, tapering to the base, - rounded at the apex, mucronate, quite entire, veiny, shining above, - discoloured beneath. _h._ 20ft. Brazil, 1823. - - =A. heptaphylla= (seven-leaved). _fl._ whitish yellow; - panicles branched, axillary, and terminal. _l._ with three to - four pairs of alternate, simple leaflets, which are stalked, - obliquely-lanceolate, acuminated, entire. _h._ 16ft. India, 1823. - - =A. Plumieri= (Plumier's).* Gum Elemi Tree. _fl._ white; panicles - branched, terminal. The fruit of this species is the shape and size - of an olive, but red, having an odoriferous pulp within it. _l._ - leaflets three to five, all stalked, somewhat serrated, ovate, - acuminate, villous beneath. _h._ 20ft. West Indies, 1820. - - =A. toxifera= (poison-bearing).* _fl._ white; racemes simple, about - the length of the petioles. _fr._ the shape of a pear, and of a - purple colour, hanging in bunches. _l._, leaflets five to seven, - stalked, ovate, somewhat cordate, acuminated. _h._ 50ft. West - Indies, 1818. The wood, known as Rhodes Wood, bears a fine polish, - and has a pleasant smell. SYN. _A. balsamifera_. - -=ANACAMPSEROS= (from _anakampto_, to cause return, and _eros_, love). -SYN. _Rulingia_. ORD. _PortulacaceA|_. Very dwarf greenhouse succulent -herbs or sub-shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers large, -expanding only in the heat of the sun; petals five, very fugacious; -sepals five, opposite, oblong, rather concrete at the base; pedicels -one-flowered, short or elongated, disposed in racemes. Leaves ovate, -fleshy. They grow freely in sandy loam, mixed with some lime rubbish; -but little water is needed. Cuttings root freely if laid to dry a few -days before planting. Leaves taken off close to the plants, and also -left to dry for a short time before being planted, will take root. -Seed, when obtainable, should be sown in the spring. - - =A. arachnoides= (cobwebbed).* _fl._ white; petals lanceolate; - racemes simple. July. _l._ ovate, acuminated, difformed, green, - shining, cobwebbed. _h._ 6in. to 9in. 1790. - - =A. filamentosa= (thready). _fl._ reddish, or deep rose coloured; - petals oblong. August. _l._ ovate-globose, gibbous on both sides, - and cobwebbed, rather rugged above. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. 1795. - - =A. intermedia= (intermediate). Very like _A. filamentosa_, but has - broader and more numerous leaves. - - =A. rubens= (reddish).* _fl._ red; racemes simple. July. _l._ - ovate, difformed, shining, dark green, somewhat reflexed at the - apex. _h._ 6in. to 9in. 1796. - - =A. rufescens= (rusty-coloured). _fl._ reddish, similarly disposed - to _A. varians_. July. _l._ crowded, expanded and recurved, ovate, - acute, thick, green, usually dark purple beneath. _h._ 6in. 1818. - - =A. Telephiastrum= (Telephium-like). Synonymous with _A. varians_. - - =A. varians= (varying).* _fl._ reddish; racemes few-flowered, - sub-panicled. July. _l._ ovate, difformed, glabrous. _h._ 3in. - 1813. SYN. _A. Telephiastrum_. - -=ANACAMPTIS.= _See_ =Orchis=. - -=ANACARDIACEA†.= A rather large order of trees or shrubs, with a -resinous, milky juice. Flowers inconspicuous. Leaves generally dotless. -Ovary containing a single ovule. This order contains, among other -genera, _Anacardium_, _Mangifera_, and _Rhus_. - -=ANACARDIUM= (origin doubtful; probably from _ana_, like, and _kardia_, -the heart; in reference to the form of the nut). ORD. _AnacardiaceA|_. -An ornamental stove evergreen tree with entire, feather-nerved leaves -and terminal panicles of flowers; nut reniform, umbilicated, seated -laterally on a fleshy, wide, pear-shaped peduncle. It requires a light -loamy soil. Ripened cuttings, with their leaves left on, root freely in -sand under a hand glass, in heat. - - =A. occidentale= (Western). Cashew Nut. _fl._ reddish, small, - very sweet scented, succeeded by an edible pome-like fruit of a - yellow or red colour. _l._ oval, cuneated, very blunt, somewhat - emarginate, obovate-oblong, entire, smooth. _h._ 16ft. West Indies, - 1699. - -=ANADENIA.= _See_ =Grevillea=. - -=ANAGALLIS= (from _anagelas_, to laugh; removing despondency: -meaning doubtful). Pimpernel. ORD. _PrimulaceA|_. Annual or perennial -trailers with angular stems, opposite or verticillate leaves, and -solitary pedunculate flowers; corolla rotate or funnel-shaped, deeply -five-cleft. All are very pretty and free flowering plants, of easy -culture. The annuals are raised from seed sown in a sunny spot in -spring; the perennials are increased by striking cuttings of the young -shoots, or division, at any time, either under a hand glass or in a -close frame. Keep in the shade until well established, and gradually -harden off. Plant outside in light rich soil for summer flowering, and -each year secure a stock in frames during the winter. They require, if -left out of doors, a protection during the winter, except _A. tenella_. - - =A. fruticosa= (shrubby).* _fl._ axillary, large, vermilion, with a - dark throat. May to August. _l._ verticillate, four in each whorl. - _h._ 2ft. Morocco, 1803. A biennial. - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ very variable, but - intense blue and deep vermilion red are predominant. May to autumn. - _h._ 4in. Habit very compact and neat, and very floriferous. There - are several varieties. Annual. - - =A. indica= (Indian). _fl._ deep blue, small. July. _h._ 1ft. - Nepaul, 1824. Annual; trailing. - -[Illustration: FIG. 84. ANAGALLIS LINIFOLIA, showing Habit and Flowers.] - - =A. linifolia= (flax-leaved).* _fl._ brilliant blue, large, about - 1/2in. in diameter. July. _l._ opposite. _h._ 9in. to 12in. - Portugal, 1796. Perennial. There are many varieties, the best of - which are the following. SYN. _A. Monelli_. See Fig. 84. - - =A. l. Brewerii= (Brewer's).* _fl._ red. June. _h._ 9in. Known also - as _Phillipsii_. - - =A. l. Eugenie= (Eugenie's).* _fl._ blue, margined with white. - - =A. l. lilacina= (lilac-flowered). _fl._ lilac. May. _h._ 1ft. - - =A. l. Napoleon III.= (Napoleon's).* _fl._ crimson maroon, distinct - and pretty. - - =A. l. Parksii= (Parks'). _fl._ red, large. - - =A. l. phA"nicea= (PhA"nician).* _fl._ scarlet. May. Morocco, 1803. - - =A. l. sanguinea= (bloody). _fl._ bright ruby colour. - - =A. l. Wilmoreana= (Wilmore's).* _fl._ bright blue purple, with - yellow eye. _h._ 6in. - - =A. Monelli= (Monell's). A synonym of _A. linifolia_. - - =A. tenella= (delicate).* _fl._ delicate pink, with deeper veins; - corolla bell-shaped. Summer. _l._ roundish, very small, opposite. - A beautiful little native bog trailer, and one of the prettiest in - the whole genus. Requires a boggy and wet soil. - - =A. Webbiana= (Webb's). _fl._ blue; petals with their tops slightly - denticulated. June to August. _l._ several, verticillate. _h._ 4in. - Portugal, 1828. - -=ANAGYRIS= (from _ana_, backwards, and _gyros_, a circle; the pods -are curved backwards at their extremities). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. An -ornamental greenhouse or half-hardy shrub, having the two stipules -placed opposite the leaves. It thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and -peat in equal proportions. Young cuttings should be planted in July in -a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass. - - =A. fA"tida= (fA"tid). _fl._ yellow, hairy, like those of the - Laburnum; racemes short. May. _l._ trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate, - acute, entire. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. South Europe, 1750. This shrub is - fA"tid in every part when bruised. - -=ANALOGY.= Resembling a thing in form but not in function; or _vice -versAc_. Corresponding with a thing in many points, but differing in -more, or in points of more importance. - -=ANANAS= (from _nanas_, the South American name for the Pine Apple). -SYN. _Ananassa_. Pine Apple. ORD. _BromeliaceA|_. Stove herbaceous -perennials, having the berries collected with the bracts into a -compound fruit. Leaves rigid; edges spiny. The variegated form is a -useful plant for decorative purposes, and may be employed without the -usual harmful consequences attending stove plants generally, but it -must not be subjected to cold draughts. The soil should consist of -two parts fibrous loam, one of peat, one of dung and leaf mould, and -another of sand. Those propagated from suckers, which should be laid -by a day or two and then inserted in a strong heat, have, as a rule, -longer and lighter-coloured leaves. Offsets are often produced at the -base of the fruit, and make stout plants, with high-coloured foliage. -When the plants are potted in spring, plunge them in bottom heat, to -hasten their growth; but this is not absolutely necessary. Should it -be desired to fruit the variegated form, the plants may be submitted -to the same process of culture as detailed under =Pine Apple= (which -_see_). - - =A. bracamorensis= (Bracamora). Brazil, 1879. - - =A. bracteata= (bracted). _fl._ crimson. April. _h._ 3ft. Brazil, - 1820. - - =A. lucida= (shining). _fl._ pink. April. _h._ 3ft. South America, - 1820. - - =A. macrodonta= (large-toothed).* _fl._ reddish, tinted buff; spike - elongate-ovoid, with imbricating dentate bracts. _fr._ conical, - about 8in. long and 4in. wide, with conspicuous bracts, and highly - perfumed. _l._ with conspicuous teeth. 1878. SYN. _Bromelia - undulata_. - - =A. Mordilona= (Mordilona; native name). _fr._ large, with a fine - aroma. _l._ distinguished in being without spines. Columbia, 1869. - - =A. Porteana= (Porter's).* _l._ armed on the margins with sharp - spines, deep olive green, with a broad band of pale yellow running - down the centre from base to apex. This species has a somewhat - erect habit of growth. Philippines, 1866. - - =A. sativa= (cultivated). Pine Apple. For culture, _see_ =Pine - Apple=. - - =A. s. variegata= (variegated).* _l._ rosulate, finely arched, - 2ft. or 3ft. long, serrated on the edges; centre bright green, - sometimes with a few lines of white, broadly margined with rich - creamy-yellow, tinged with red towards the margins. A very elegant - variegated plant for vases, &c. - -=ANANASSA.= _See_ =Ananas=. - -=ANANTHERIX= (from _a_, without, and _antherix_, an awn; there are no -horn-formed processes from the base of the leaflets of the corona, as -in _Asclepias_, to which it is closely allied). ORD. _AsclepiadeA|_. A -small genus of pretty, hardy herbs. _A. viridis_ is of easy culture in -an open situation, and light soil. Increased by division of the root; -or by seeds, which ripen in abundance. - - =A. viridis= (green). _fl._ purplish-green, large; corolla - sub-campanulate, five-cleft; umbels proceeding from the stem, - sub-panicled, few-flowered. August. _l._ opposite, sessile, - obovate-oblong, pointed, smoothish. _h._ 1ft. North America, 1812. - -=ANAPELTIS.= Included under _Polypodium_. - -=ANARRHINUM= (from _a_, without, and _rhin_, a snout; the corolla -being without a spur, or furnished with a very short one). ORD. -_ScrophularineA|_. Elegant little half-hardy biennials or perennials -allied to _Antirrhinum_. Flowers small, drooping, in long spike-formed, -twiggy, and interrupted racemes. Radical leaves usually in a rosette; -stem and branch leaves palmate-parted, or toothed at the apex; superior -ones quite entire. They are of easy culture in ordinary garden soil; -seed may be sown outside in spring, or they can be increased by growing -cuttings, but they require protection during severe weather. - - =A. bellidifolium= (Daisy-leaved).* _fl._ white, or pale blue; - racemes slender, elongated. June. _l._ radical ones spathulate or - obovate-lanceolate, deeply toothed; branch leaves deeply three to - seven-parted. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1629. - - =A. Duriminium= (Douro). A synonym of _A. hirsutum_. - - =A. fruticosum= (shrubby). _fl._ white, without a spur. July. _l._ - lower ones mostly tridentate at the apex; superior ones oblong, - quite entire. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. South Europe, 1826. Shrubby. - - =A. hirsutum= (hairy). _fl._ whitish, a little larger than those of - _A. bellidifolium_, of which it is, perhaps, only a downy variety. - _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Portugal, 1818. SYN. _A. Duriminium_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 85. DRY FRUITING PLANT OF ANASTATICA HIEROCHUNTINA.] - -=ANASTATICA= (from _anastasis_, resurrection; plant recovering its -original form, however dry it may be, on immersion in water). ORD. -_CruciferA|_. A very curious and interesting little annual, the leaves -of which fall off from the plant after flowering, the branches and -branchlets then become dry, hard, and ligneous, and rise upwards and -bend inwards at their points. This plant has the remarkable property of -resuming vitality on being placed in water, after being kept in a dry -state for many years. Seeds should be sown in heat, in the spring, and -the plants afterwards potted off and plunged again in heat to hasten -their growth, which cannot otherwise be fully developed with our -precarious and sunless summers. - -[Illustration: FIG. 86. ANASTATICA HIEROCHUNTINA.] - - =A. Hierochuntina.= Rose of Jericho. _fl._ small, white, sessile, - disposed in spikes along the branches; petals obovate. July. _fr._, - or silicle, ventricose, with the valves bearing each an appendage - on the outer side at the end. _l._ obovate, with stellate hairs; - lower ones entire, upper ones slightly toothed. Branches crowded - lattice-wise into a globular form. _h._ 6in. Syria, &c., 1597. - Supposed by some commentators to be the "_rolling thing_ before the - whirlwind" mentioned by Isaiah. See Figs. 85 and 86. - -=ANASTOMOSE.= Branching of one vein into another. - -=ANBURY.= _See_ =Ambury=. - -=ANCEPS.= Two-edged; as the stem of an Iris. - -=ANCHIETEA= (named in honour of P. Anchietea, a celebrated Brazilian -writer on plants). SYNS. _LucinA|a_, _Noisettia_. ORD. _ViolarieA|_. An -ornamental, stove, evergreen climber. Petals five, very unequal, two -upper ones smallest, two intermediate ones longer, lowest one largest, -with a spur at the base. The species thrives in a mixture of loam, -sand, and peat. Young cuttings root freely under a bell glass if -planted in sand, and placed in a moderate heat. - - =A. pyrifolia= (pear-leaved). _fl._ whitish, veined with red at - the base, in axillary fascicles; lower petal obovate. July. _l._ - alternate, stalked, stipulate, ovate, acute, crenated. Brazil, 1826. - -=ANCHOMANES= (name of doubtful origin). ORD. _AroideA|_. A remarkable -and beautiful stove tuberous-rooted perennial aroid, allied to -_Amorphophallus_, and requiring somewhat similar treatment. As soon as -the leaves die down, the plants should be repotted in rich sandy loam -and leaf mould, with ample drainage. They will need scarce any water or -attention until growth commences the following spring, when they must -have an abundance of water, and a moist atmosphere. Summer temperature, -60deg. to 85deg.; winter, 55deg. to 60deg. Propagated by seeds and -offsets. - - =A. Hookeri= (Hooker's).* _fl._, spathe pale purple, appearing - before the leaf, much expanded; spadix whitish; scape prickly, - shorter than the petiole. June. _l._, petiole slender, prickly, - bearing on its summit the horizontal blade, about 3ft. in diameter; - this is divided into three primary divisions, which are again cut - up into several leaflets, the largest of these being toothed. _h._ - 3ft. Fernando Po, 1832. There is a variety with a paler coloured - spathe. SYN. _Caladium petiolatum_. - -=ANCHOVY PEAR.= _See_ =Grias cauliflora=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 87. ANCHUSA CAPENSIS, showing Flower and Habit.] - -=ANCHUSA= (from _anchousa_, paint for the skin; use of some species). -ORD. _BoraginaceA|_. Very pretty hardy annuals, biennials, or -perennials. Flowers in scorpoid racemes; corolla funnel-shaped; throat -closed by erect, obtuse processes; nuts four, one-celled, inversely -conical, with a contraction towards the point, fixed to the bottom of -the calyx, perforated and concave at the base. Of easy culture, in -ordinary soils, and preferring a sunny situation. Propagated by seeds, -which should be sown in early spring in pots of sandy soil, when most -of them will germinate in three or four weeks, some less. The honey-bee -is very partial to this genus. - - =A. Agardhii= (Agardh's). _fl._ purple, on short pedicels, distant, - disposed in terminal racemes, which are generally conjugate. July. - _l._ linear-lanceolate, tubercled, strigose. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, - 1820. Perennial. Rare. - - =A. azurea= (blue). Synonymous with _A. italica_. - - =A. Barrelieri= (Barrelier's). _fl._ blue, with a white tube and - yellow throat; racemes conjugate, panicled, bracteate. May. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, denticulated, hispid. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South - Europe, 1820. Perennial. SYNS. _Buglossum Barrelieri_, _Myosotis - obtusum_. - - =A. capensis= (Cape).* _fl._ blue; racemes terminal, panicled. - July. _l._ linear lanceolate, hispid. Stem simple, hairy. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1800. Requires greenhouse protection in - winter. Biennial. See Fig. 87. - -[Illustration: FIG. 88. INFLORESCENCE OF ANCHUSA ITALICA.] - - =A. italica= (Italian). _fl._ bright blue or purple, in panicled - racemes. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, entire, shining; radical ones - sometimes 2ft. long. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Caucasus, &c., 1810. One of - the best. SYNS. _A. azurea_, _A. paniculata_. See Fig. 88. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _Nonnea rosea_. - - =A. myosotidiflora= (Myosotideum-flowered). _fl._ fine blue; throat - yellow; raceme terminal, panicled, bractless. July. _l._ large, - radical ones on long petioles, reniformly cordate; those of the - stem sessile, ovate, hairy. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, 1825. A pretty - plant. SYN. _Myosotis macrophylla_. - - =A. officinalis= (officinal). _fl._ blue or purple, sessile, - imbricate; spikes joined by pairs, terminal. June to October. _l._ - lanceolate, hispid; radical ones tufted. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Britain, - naturalised here and there. - - =A. o. incarnata= is a variety with flesh coloured flowers. - - =A. paniculata= (panicled). Synonymous with _A. italica_. - - =A. sempervirens= (evergreen). _fl._ rich blue, in short axillary - spikes, generally leafy at the base. May. _l._ broadly ovate, lower - ones upon long stalks. Stem erect. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Perennial; - here and there naturalised in Britain. See Fig. 89. - - =A. tinctoria= (dyers'). Alkanet. _fl._ deep blue; tube - blood-colour; racemes usually twin, terminal, many-flowered. June. - _l._ oblong, hispid. _h._ 6in. South Europe, 1596. A diffuse - perennial. - -=ANCYCLOGYNE.= A synonym of =Sanchezia= (which _see_). - -=ANDERSONIA= (in honour of Messrs. Anderson, surgeons, great -promoters of botany). ORD. _EpacridaceA|_. Elegant and delicate little -greenhouse shrubs. Flowers terminal, solitary, or spicate; corolla -sub-campanulate, hypocrateriform, five-lobed. The undermentioned, which -is the only species yet introduced, grows freely in a sandy peat with -perfect drainage, which latter is most essential. Cuttings from the -tips of young shoots may be made in autumn, winter, or spring, and -planted in sand in a gentle heat, with a bell glass placed over them. - - =A. sprengelioides= (Sprengelia-like).* _fl._ pink, furnished with - two small bracteas, spicate. March. _l._ spreading, bases curved - inwards, so as to resemble a hood, ending in a flat point. _h._ - 1ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1803. Evergreen squarrose shrub. SYN. - _Sprengelia Andersoni_. - -=ANDIRA= (its Brazilian name). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Large ornamental -stove evergreen trees, nearly allied to =Geoffroya= (which _see_ for -cultivation). Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Pod drupaceous. -Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate. - - =A. inermis= (unarmed). _fl._ purple, on short pedicels; panicles - terminal. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen to fifteen, - ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous on both surfaces. _h._ 20ft. to - 30ft. Jamaica, 1773. Known as the Cabbage Tree. - - =A. racemosa= (branchy). _fl._ purple, in panicled racemes. _l._ - impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen, ovate-oblong, acuminated, - glabrous on both surfaces. _h._ 20ft. to 60ft. Brazil, 1818. - -[Illustration: FIG. 89. ANCHUSA SEMPERVIRENS.] - -=ANDROCYMBIUM= (from _aner_, a man, and _cymbos_, a cavity; the -stamens are enclosed in a hollow formed by the folding of the limb of -the petals). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A peculiar greenhouse bulbous plant, -requiring a light sandy soil, dry atmosphere, no shade, and a season -of rest; during the latter period, scarcely any water is required. -Propagated by seeds and offsets. - - =A. punctatum= (dotted). _fl._ whitish, few, in a dense sessile - umbel, surrounded by about four spreading lanceolate, acuminate - leaves, which are 5in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad above - the base, channelled down the centre from base to tip. South - Africa, 1874. - -=ANDRA"CIUM.= The male organ of the flower. - -=ANDROGYNOUS.= Producing male and female flowers on the same spike. - -=ANDROLEPIS= (from _aner_, a man, and _lepis_, a scale; referring to -the scaly stamens). ORD. _BromeliaceA|_. Stove evergreen epiphyte. For -culture, _see_ =A†chmea=. - - =A. Skinneri= (Skinner's). _fl._ white. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala, - 1850. SYN. _Billbergia Skinneri_. - -=ANDROMEDA= (named after the daughter of Cepheus, who was rescued from -the sea monster by Perseus). ORD. _EricaceA|_. A dwarf, hardy shrub, -found in peaty bogs in the temperate and Arctic regions of the northern -hemisphere. Sow seeds as soon as ripe in pots or pans, very thinly, in -sandy peat soil, and place in a cool frame, giving plenty of air. Place -the young plants out in spring. Layers, pegged carefully down during -September, will generally take twelve months to make sufficient roots -to allow of their being separated, and thus become independent plants. -For other species often included under this genus in catalogues, _see_ -=Cassandra=, =Cassiope=, =LeucothoA"=, =Lyonia=, =Oxydendrum=, =Pieris=, -and =Zenobia=. - - =A. polifolia= (Polium-leaved). Wild Rosemary. _fl._ pinky white, - drooping, sometimes tipped with red; corolla ovate, furnished with - ovate, rather leafy imbricated bracteas, terminal, umbellate. June. - _l._ linear-lanceolate, mucronulate, with the margins more or less - revolute, quite entire, glaucous beneath, with an elevated rib, and - reticulated veins. _h._ 1ft. The numerous varieties of this very - beautiful native shrub principally differ in the colouring of the - flowers. - -=ANDROPOGON= (from _aner_, a man, and _pogon_, a beard; tufts of hair -on flowers). ORD. _GramineA|_. A large genus of grasses with polygamous -flowers. The majority of species are of no horticultural value; -several, however, are very ornamental subjects, and thrive well in -a rich, deep soil. Easily propagated by seeds or by division of the -roots. The South European kinds succeed in the open air if planted in -a warm dry border. - - =A. citratum= (Citrus-leaved). Synonymous with _A. SchA"nanthus_. - - =A. SchA"nanthus.= Lemon Grass. _fl._ in threes; spikes imbricate, - conjugate, panicled. A handsome species, the leaves of which emit - a very fragrant odour when bruised. _h._ 2ft. India, 1786. Stove - species. SYN. _A. citratum_. - -Other species worth growing are _furcatus_, _halepensis_, _muricatus_, -_pubescens_, _scoparius_, _squarrosus_, and _strictus_. - -=ANDROSACE= (from _aner_, a man, and _sakos_, buckler; in reference -to the resemblance of the anther to an ancient buckler). Including -_Aretia_. ORD. _PrimulaceA|_. Dwarf annuals or perennials, entirely -alpine, agreeing in most characters with _Primula_, but having the -tube of the corolla narrowed at the mouth. An airy, well-drained, -and partially sunny position is essential in their culture. They -thrive well between fissures of rocks or stones with a rich sandy -peat soil. Drought and a sour soil are alike fatal, and both will be -greatly obviated if small pieces of sandstone are mixed with the soil. -The woolly species are best arranged beneath a jutting ledge of the -rockery, which will afford them protection from the hottest sunshine, -and from excessive wet in winter; additional comfort will be provided -from the latter ill if a piece of glass is placed over them during -the autumn and winter months. They can also be well grown, and make -charming little specimens, in pots, with rich sandy soil and thorough -drainage. Sprinkle sand among the small rosettes of leaves. They are -increased by divisions, cuttings, or seed; the latter should be sown as -early as possible, and raised in a frame. - - =A. alpina= (alpine). _fl._ purplish rose; throat and tube yellow, - solitary; peduncles about 1/2in. long. June. _l._ crowded, small, - tongue-shaped, in small rosettes. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Switzerland, - 1775. This species requires a rather shady aspect, and to be - planted almost perpendicularly in a soil composed of leaf mould, - peat, fibrous loam, and sharp sand. SYN. _A. glacialis_. - - =A. Aretia= (Aretius'). Synonymous with _A. helvetica_. - - =A. aretioides= (Aretia-like). Synonymous with _A. obtusifolia_. - - =A. argentea= (silvery).* _fl._ white, sessile, very numerous. - June. _l._ densely imbricated, lanceolate, oblong, covered with - short hairs, forming very pretty silvery-grey rosettes. _h._ - about 2in. Switzerland, 1826. This requires a well drained, sunny - fissure. SYN. _A. imbricata_. - - =A. carnea= (flesh-coloured).* _fl._ pink or rose, with a - yellow eye, three to seven, on hairy stalked umbels. July. _l._ - awl-shaped, smooth, acuminated, not forming rosettes. Stem somewhat - elongated. _h._ 3in. or 4in. Switzerland, 1768. This forms charming - little cushions if allowed to remain undisturbed; it is easily - increased. SYNS. _A. Lachenalii_, _A. puberula_. - - =A. c. eximia= (select).* Larger and more robust than the typical - species, and a more rapid grower. Forms compact tufts of dense - rosettes, bearing heads of rosy-crimson yellow-eyed flowers, on - stems 2in. or 3in. high. Auvergne Alps, 1871. It requires moist - sunny ledges and fissures of rockwork in peat, loam, and sand. - - =A. ChamA|jasme= (rock jasmine).* _fl._ blush, ultimately deep pink, - with a yellow eye, umbellate. June. _l._ lanceolate, tapering - to a point towards the base, in comparatively large, not dense, - rosettes. _h._ about 2in. to 4in. Austria, &c., 1768. A very free - flowering species, growing freely when established, ultimately - forming large tufts. It thrives best in a deep, well drained and - rich loam soil. - - =A. ciliata= (ciliated). _fl._ deep carmine red, on stems double as - long as the leaves. June. _l._ lanceolate-oblong, smooth on both - surfaces, with ciliated margins, imbricated. _h._ 2in. to 3in., - forming dense cushions. Pyrenees. - - =A. coronopifolia= (buckhorn-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, on slender - pedicels, umbellate on peduncles, about 6in. high. April to June. - _l._ lanceolate, distantly serrated, smooth, in flattish rosettes. - Russia, 1755. This is a charming little biennial, well worthy of a - place on the rockery. A colony of it is extremely pretty; it seeds - freely, and a batch of young plants almost invariably takes the - place of the old ones. SYN. _A. septentrionalis_. - - =A. glacialis= (glacial). Synonymous with _A. alpina_. - - =A. helvetica= (Swiss).* _fl._ white, nearly sessile, with a - yellow eye, larger than the little rosettes of leaves on the stalk - from which they spring. May. _l._ lanceolate, obtuse, closely - imbricated, small, ciliated. _h._ 1in., forming dense cushions. - Switzerland, 1775. A rare little gem, requiring a partially shaded - position, and very sandy soil. SYN. _A. Aretia_. - - =A. imbricata= (imbricated). Synonymous with _A. argentea_. - - =A. Lachenalii= (Lachenal's). Synonymous with _A. carnea_. - - =A. lactea= (milk-white).* _fl._ pure white, with yellow throat, - large, on long graceful stalks, umbellate. June. _l._ linear, - or nearly so, in rosettes, sometimes scattered on the elongated - branches. _h._ about 4in. Austria, 1752. Very floriferous and - strong growing. Should have an eastern or western aspect, and be - propagated from seeds. SYN. _A. pauciflora_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 90. ANDROSACE LAGGERI.] - - =A. Laggeri= (Lagger's).* _fl._ pink, sessile; when approaching - maturity the stem becomes elongated, and bears a tuft of stalked - flowers. March. _l._ awl-shaped, sharply pointed, in tiny rosettes. - _h._ 3in. Pyrenees, &c., 1879. Very like _A. carnea_, but more - delicate, earlier, and more abundant flowering, with deeper green - foliage. It suffers from exposure to the sun, and therefore - requires a partially shady position. Should be propagated from - seeds or cuttings, which latter strike freely. See Fig. 90. - - =A. lanuginosa= (woolly-leaved).* _fl._ delicate rose, with a - small yellow eye, umbellate. June to October. _l._ nearly 1in. - long, clothed with shiny silken hairs. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Himalaya, - 1842. A very beautiful species, with spreading or trailing shoots, - easily multiplied by cuttings or layers. It requires a warm sunny - spot on the rockery, with a sandy peat soil. When planted so that - its shoots drape the face of a rocky ledge, it is one of the most - charming plants possible to grow. - - A. obtusifolia (blunt-leaved). _fl._ white or rose, with yellow - eye; umbels five or six-flowered. Spring. _l._ lanceolate or - rather spathulate, in rather large rosettes. Stems downy. _h._ - 2in. to 6in. European Alps. A very pretty form, closely allied to - _A. ChamA|jasme_, and differing principally in its somewhat larger - rosette of leaves and stronger growth. SYN. _A. aretioides_. - - =A. pauciflora= (few-flowered). Synonymous with _A. lactea_. - - =A. penicillata= (finely hairy). Synonymous with _A. villosa_. - - =A. puberula= (puberulous). Synonymous with _A. carnea_. - - =A. pubescens= (downy). _fl._ white, with a faint yellow eye, - solitary, at the ends of the branchlets, very numerous. June. _l._ - oblong-ovate, ciliated, in a crowded rosette. Stem with a small - swelling close to the flower. _h._ 2in. Alps, 1869. Treat like _A. - ChamA|jasme_. - - =A. pyrenaica= (Pyrenean). _fl._ white, with yellowish eyes, on - a scape about 1/4in high. Summer. _l._ narrow-oblong, ciliated, - recurved, keeled at the back. _h._ 1in. Pyrenees. An exceedingly - pretty and diminutive little alpine plant, grown, according to Mr. - Robinson, "to great perfection in fissures between large rocks, - with, however, deep rifts of sandy peat and loam in them. It will - also grow on a level exposed spot, but in such a position should be - surrounded by half-buried stones." - - =A. sarmentosa= (trailing).* _fl._ bright rose, with a white eye, - in umbels of ten to twenty, on an erect scape. May and June. _l._ - very silvery, forming dense rosettes, whence spring a number of - runners, bearing at their extremities other tufts, which should - be pegged down and covered with soil, when they will root freely. - Himalayas, 1876. It requires rich sandy loam, a sunny position, and - to be wedged between pieces of sandstone. Cover the rosettes during - winter with a sheet of glass. See Fig. 91. - - =A. septentrionalis= (northern). Synonymous with _A. coronopifolia_. - - =A. villosa= (hairy).* _fl._ rose or blush, with a deeper coloured - eye, and a honey-like perfume, umbellate. May. _l._ narrow, oblong, - covered with soft white down, chiefly on the under surface, in - compact tufts. _h._ 2in. to 4in. Pyrenees, &c., 1790. When well - grown, the flowers are produced in great abundance, almost covering - the green cushions. Plant in a sunny fissure of the rockery, in - sandy loam and leaf soil. SYN. _A. penicillata_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 91. ANDROSACE SARMENTOSA, showing Habit, and the -two kinds of Leaves, &c.] - - =A. Vitaliana= (Vital's).* _fl._ rich yellow, comparatively large; - tube inflated at the middle, almost nestling among the leaves. - May to July. _l._ linear, acute, greyish. Stems numerous. _h._ - 1in. to 2in. Pyrenees, &c., 1787. When well grown, it produces - flowers in abundance, and is the only species in cultivation having - yellow flowers. A well-drained, sunny pocket is desirable, with a - calcareous soil, covering the surface with nodules of sandstone. - SYN. _Gregoria Vitaliana_. - - =A. Wulfeniana= (Wulfen's).* _fl._ rosy or crimson, large. Summer. - _l._ oval, acuminated, in dense rosettes. _h._ 2in. Styria. A very - rare species in cultivation in this country. - -=ANDROSA†MUM.= _See_ =Hypericum=. - -=ANDROSTEPHIUM= (from _aner_, a man, and _stephos_, a crown; some -of the stamens are barren and petaloid, forming a corona). ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. A very pretty little hardy bulb, of dwarf habit, allied -to _BrodiA|a_. It requires a rich sandy loam, in a sunny position, and -may be propagated by offsets and seeds; the latter should be sown as -soon as ripe in a cold frame. Plant 6in. deep, when it will require no -protection in winter. - - =A. violaceum= (violet). _fl._ violet blue, about 1in. long, three - to six in an umbel, on pedicels about their own length; tube - infundibuliform, about as long as the spreading segments; corona - half as long. Spring. _l._ four to six, very narrow. _h._ 6in. - Texas, 1874. - -=ANDRYALA= (the meaning of this is unknown). ORD. _CompositA|_. These -are pretty half-hardy evergreen herbaceous perennials, easily grown in -ordinary well-drained garden soil. Increased by seeds and divisions in -spring. Two species only are in cultivation. - - =A. lanata= (woolly).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, Hieracium-like. May. - _l._ white, woolly, thick, oblong-ovate; radical ones stalked; - upper ones sessile. Stems with a leaf at each joint. _h._ about - 1ft. South Europe, 1732. - - =A. mogadorensis= (Mogador). _fl.-heads_ bright yellow, as large - as a half-crown; disk bright orange. April. Morocco, 1871. This - species is rare in cultivation. - -=ANEILEMA= (from _a_, not, and _eilema_, involucre; in reference -to the absence of the involucre). ORD. _CommelynaceA|_. Greenhouse -and stove evergreen perennials, with generally a trailing habit. -A genus resembling _Commelyna_, from which it is distinguished by -the inflorescence being sub-paniculate, and the peduncles entirely -exserted from the bracts at the branching of the panicle. Flowers -without any involucre. They thrive in a compost of loam, peat, leaf -mould, and sand, well mixed. Increased by seeds and root divisions. -There are a large number of species known to botanists. - - =A. biflora= (two-flowered).* _fl._ blue; floral stalks - two-flowered. July. _l._ lanceolate. Stem creeping; plant smooth. - New Holland, 1820. Greenhouse species. - - =A. sinicum= (Chinese). _fl._ pale blue; racemes about - seven-flowered, alternate, placed in a panicle form. May. _l._ - ligulate, acuminate. Stems branched, diffuse. _h._ 1ft. China, - 1820. Greenhouse species. - -=ANEMIA= (from _aneimon_, naked; in reference to the naked panicles of -sporangia). Including _Anemidictyon_. ORD. _Filices_. A well-marked -genus of stove and greenhouse ferns, chiefly confined to Tropical -America. Capsules small, very abundant, forming a copiously-branched -panicle, quite distinct from the leafy part of the frond. This genus -of handsome dwarf-growing ferns is of easy culture, in a compost of -fibrous peat, leaf soil, and sand. Several species are exceedingly -pretty for fern cases. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - - =A. adiantifolia= (maidenhair-leaved).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, - firm, naked. _fronds_, barren portion shortly-stalked, 6in. to 9in. - long, 4in. to 6in. broad, deltoid, bi-tripinnate; pinnA| close, - lanceolate, the lowest the largest; ultimate divisions oblong or - linear-cuneate, the outer toothed, with a firm texture; panicle - 3in. to 4in. long, the peduncle 1in. to 3in. long. West Indies, - 1793. A very handsome stove fern. - - =A. ciliata= (ciliated). Synonymous with _A. hirsuta_. - - =A. collina= (hill). _sti._ 8in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, - densely clothed with fine ferruginous hairs. _fronds_, barren - portion sessile, 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, with about - twelve sessile pinnA| on each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, - and about 1/2in. broad, unequal-sided, obliquely-truncate below, - blunt, sub-entire, with a sub-coriaceous texture; panicle 2in. to - 3in. long, close, the peduncle 4in. to 6in. long. Brazil, 1829. - Very rare stove species. SYN. _A. hirta_. - - =A. deltoidea= (deltoid-like). Synonymous with _A. tomentosa_. - - =A. Dregeana= (Drege's).* _sti._ 8in. to 12in. long, firm, slightly - villose. _fronds_, barren portion sub-sessile, 8in. to 12in. long, - 2in. to 3in. broad, about equal in width in the lower half, with - eight to twelve pinnA| on each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. - long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, ovate-deltoid, unequal at the base, - the upper side sub-cordate, the edge inciso-crenate; panicle 3in. - to 4in. long, the lower branches elongated; peduncle same length. - Natal. Stove species. - - =A. flexuosa= (wavy). Synonymous with _A. tomentosa_. - - =A. hirsuta= (hairy). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, slender, naked. - _fronds_, barren portion 2in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 3in. broad, - sessile, oblong-deltoid, bipinnatifid; pinnA| in six to eight - opposite pairs, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/4in. broad, - varying from oblong, obtuse, sub-entire, truncate at the base on - the lower side, to deeply pinnatifid with narrow divisions; panicle - 1in. to 2in. long, close; peduncle 2in. to 6in. long, slender. - Jamaica, 1704. Very handsome stove species. SYNS. _A. repens_ and - _A. ciliata_. - - =A. hirta= (hairy). Synonymous with _A. collina_. - - =A. mandioccana= (Mandioccan).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, - deciduously villose. _fronds_, barren portion 1ft. or more long, - 2in. to 4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, the lower half about equal - in width; pinnA| in twenty or more close pairs, the point narrowed, - but scarcely acute; edge finely serrulate, the upper base parallel - with the stem, the lower obliquely truncate; rachis and surfaces - finely pilose; texture sub-coriaceous; panicle very compound, - 3in. to 4in. long: peduncle longer. Brazil. A very beautiful and - distinct stove species. - - =A. Phyllitidis= (Phyllitis-like).* _sti._ 6in. to 18in. long, - stramineous, naked, or fibrillose. _fronds_, barren portion - sessile, 4in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 8in. broad, ovate-oblong, - simply pinnate; pinnA| in four to twelve sessile pairs, the lowest - the largest, ovate, 1in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 2in. broad, the - apex acute, the edge crenulate, the base rounded or cuneate, or - unequal, with a firm texture; panicle dense, 3in. to 9in. long, the - branches short; peduncles the same length. Cuba, Mexico, &c. SYN. - _Anemidictyon Phyllitidis_. Greenhouse species. - - =A. P. lineata= (lined). _fronds_ with a yellowish-green central - stripe down the pinnA|. South America, 1868. - - =A. P. plumbea= (leaden). Synonymous with _A. P. tessellata_. - - =A. P. tessellata= (tessellated). PinnA| dark green, with bright - green centre and leaden-grey border. Brazil, 1875. The forms of - this species are numerous: _fraxinifolia_ and _macrophylla_ are - names often met with, but only show slight deviations. They all - have a more hardy constitution than the other species, and grow - well in the greenhouse. SYN. _A. P. plumbea_. - - =A. repens= (creeping). Synonymous with _A. hirsuta_. - - =A. tomentosa= (tomentose).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, strong, - erect, clothed with ferruginous hairs. _fronds_, barren portion - 6in. to 12in. long, half as broad, ovate-deltoid, bipinnatifid - or bipinnate; lowest pinnA| the largest, the blunt lobes 1/2in. - to 3/4in. long, 1/4in. broad, nearly entire; rachis and surfaces - densely pilose, with a firm texture; panicle 4in. to 9in. long, - loose; peduncle 1in. to 2in. long. Tropical America. Greenhouse - species. SYNS. _A. deltoidea_, _A. flexuosa_, _A. villosa_. - - =A. villosa= (hairy). Synonymous with _A. tomentosa_. - -=ANEMIDICTYON.= _See_ =Anemia=. - -=ANEMONE= (from _anemos_, wind; the greater part of the species grow -in elevated places, much exposed to the wind). Wind Flower. ORD. -_RanunculaceA|_. An extensive genus of very ornamental hardy perennials. -The generic characters of Anemone proper are: Involucre of three cut -leaflets, distant from the flower; calyx of five to twenty petal-like -sepals; petals absent. Of sub-genus Hepatica: Involucre of three entire -leaflets, just under the flowers; calyx of six to nine petal-like -sepals; petals absent. For botanical purposes, they are both now -included under the one generic name of Anemone; but in gardens the -Hepaticas are frequently regarded as a distinct genus. They delight in -a rich sandy loam, but most will thrive in ordinary garden soil. Some -are suitable for borders, while others thrive best on the rockery, -most of them preferring a damp and partially shady position. For the -numerous varieties of _A. coronaria_, both double and single flowered, -the soil can hardly be too rich, and the position, though open, should -be a sheltered one, and well drained. The tubers may be planted early -in October, about 6in. apart, and 3in. deep, various colours being -intermixed, when a splendid effect is produced in the following spring. -After flowering, the tubers should be taken up--say in June--and spread -out thinly, in a shady, airy situation, until they are dry, when they -should be thoroughly cleaned, and, if necessary, divided, and finally -stored away in a cool place, in pots or boxes of dry sand until the -planting season. Anemones make admirable pot plants if placed in a -compost of two parts turfy loam, and one of leaf mould or rotten hotbed -or cow manure, with about a sixth part of sharp gritty sand; but, if -so grown, they should be protected through severe weather, and brought -into warmth as required. The herbaceous species are propagated by root -divisions or root cuttings, or by seeds, in autumn or early spring; -the seeds are better sown as soon as ripe in pans in a cold frame. -Some, such as _A. japonica_, are freely increased by division; while -others, such as _A. narcissiflora_, are very slow; and the tuberous -rooted ones, by root division and seeds. The best and most rapid means -of propagating the invaluable varieties of _A. coronaria_, and also of -obtaining new ones, is by seed. A careful selection of flowers, and -skilful hybridising, will produce results commensurate with the trouble -incurred. So soon as the seed ripen, they should be gathered and sown -at once in a warm sheltered situation outside, or in pans under glass, -covering lightly with sandy soil, and keeping moist. They are somewhat -difficult to sow on account of a mass of cotton-like down which adheres -closely to them; they should be thoroughly separated therefrom by -rubbing them in dry sand. Of course, if the seed are sown at different -times, plants will be produced which will flower at different periods, -and a succession of bloom may be had from April to November--indeed, -nearly all the year. - - =A. alba= (white). _fl._ white; pedicel solitary; sepals five, - obovate, very blunt. June. _l._ ternate or quinate; segments deeply - toothed at top; those of the involucre stalked. _h._ 6in. Siberia, - 1820. - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ variously coloured, sometimes white, - white with the back purple, cream, yellowish or yellow with their - backs paler; sepals six, spreading, elliptical, rarely ovate. May. - _l._ sometimes smooth, sometimes clothed with long crowded silky - hairs, biternate; segments pinnate and deeply serrated; involucre - of the same form. _h._ 6in. Middle Europe, 1658. Very handsome - alpine. Plant on the rockery in rich deep soil, with a damp - situation. SYN. _Pulsatilla alpina_. - - =A. a. sulphurea= (sulphur).* _fl._ beautiful soft yellow, 2in. to - 2-1/2in. across when expanded, but they are usually cup-shaped; - sepals six, covered with a silky down outside; anthers of a rich - golden colour. May and June. _l._ radical, stalked, drooping, - more than 1ft. long; leaflets pinnatifid, deeply toothed. A very - beautiful form, thriving in ordinary garden soil, and a rather - moist situation. See Fig. 92. - -[Illustration: FIG. 92. ANEMONE ALPINA SULPHUREA, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. americana= (American). A synonym of _A. Hepatica_. - - =A. angulosa= (angled).* _fl._ fine sky blue, over 2in. across, - with numerous black anthers surrounding a tuft of yellow styles; - sepals eight to nine, elliptical, spreading. February. _l._ - palmately five-lobed; lobes serrated. _h._ 8in. to 12in. East - Europe. A very fine species, twice the size of _A. Hepatica_ in all - its parts; it is well suited for the border or rockery, enjoying a - deep rich soil. SYN. _Hepatica angulosa_. - - =A. apennina= (Apennine).* _fl._ blue, 1-1/2in. across; sepals ten - to fourteen, oblong, obtuse, erect; pedicel one-flowered. March. - _l._ binately pinnate; segments lanceolate, deeply-toothed, acute. - _h._ 6in. England (naturalised here and there), and Southern - Europe. An exceedingly pretty plant, with soft-looking feathery - foliage. It thrives best under the partial shade of trees, where - the flowers retain their colour longer. Tuberous rooted. - - =A. baldensis= (Mount Baldo).* _fl._ white, clothed with adpressed - hairs on the outside, and reddish tinged with blue; sepals eight - to ten, oblong-oval; pedicels one-flowered. May. _l._ biternate; - segments many-parted; lobes linear; involucral leaves multifid. - _h._ 6in. Switzerland, 1792. _A. cA"rulea_ is probably identical - with this species. Shady parts of the rockery. Rare. Tuberous - rooted. - - =A. blanda= (fair).* _fl._ deep blue, nearly 2in. across; sepals - nine to fourteen, narrow. Winter or early spring. _l._ triternate; - segments deeply cut and acute; involucral leaves stalked, trifid, - deeply cut. _h._ 6in. Eastern Europe. A very handsome early - flowering plant. It requires a rich, light, and well drained sandy - loam, and a warm, sheltered position. It closely resembles _A. - apennina_, of which it is merely a form, with deeper blue flowers. - Tuberous rooted. - - =A. caroliniana= (Carolina). _fl._ purple or whitish, pubescent - on the outside, on a long one-flowered pedicel; sepals ten to - twenty, oblong-linear. May. _l._ ternate, with three-parted, or cut - acutely-toothed lobes; involucral leaves trifid, with cut lobes. - _h._ 9in. Carolina, 1824. A very slender and delicate plant. Shady - parts of the rockery. Tuberous rooted. - - =A. cernua= (drooping). _fl._ somewhat drooping, dark purple; - sepals six, spreading, elliptical-oblong. May. _l._ pinnate, - villous underneath; segments pinnatifid; lobes cut, oblong; scapes, - petioles, and peduncles clothed with downy hairs. _h._ 6in. Japan, - 1806. Rare. - - =A. coronaria= (garland).* Poppy Anemone. _fl._ very various in - colouring, solitary; sepals six, oval, approximate. April to May. - _l._ ternate; segments multifid; lobules linear, mucronated; - involucral leaves sessile, multifid. South Europe, 1596. This is - one of the species from which the majority of "florists' varieties" - have originated, which can be purchased at such a cheap rate, - either in named varieties, or in mixture, and are invaluable for - spring flowering. It thrives best in a good loamy soil, and should - be somewhat shaded from the mid-day sun. Tuberous rooted. See Fig. - 93. - -[Illustration: FIG. 93. ANEMONE CORONARIA FLORE-PLENO.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 94. ANEMONE FULGENS.] - - =A. decapetala= (ten-petaled).* _fl._ cream white or pale sulphur, - about 1in. to 2in. across, erect; sepals eight to twelve, oblong, - spreading. May to June. _l._ tripartite, and freely divided into - numerous linear-acute segments, of a deep green colour. _h._ 12in. - to 18in. North-West America, &c. A pretty free-flowering species, - suitable for naturalising in woods, &c. It is less ornamental than - many others, but is very distinct. - -[Illustration: FIG. 95. ANEMONE HEPATICA.] - - =A. dichotoma= (forked).* _fl._ white, with a tinge of red on - the under side; sepals five, elliptical; pedicels many, usually - bifid. May. _l._ three parted; lobes oblong, deeply-toothed at - top; those of the involucrum sessile. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, North - America, &c., 1768. Border, or for naturalising in woods. SYN. _A. - pennsylvanica._ - -[Illustration: FIG. 96. FLOWER AND LEAF OF ANEMONE JAPONICA.] - - =A. fulgens= (shining).* _fl._ of a dazzling vermilion or scarlet, - with a black central patch of stamens, about 2in. across; sepals - obovate. May. Greece, South Europe, &c., 1865. A very beautiful - variety, much more showy than _A. hortensis_ (of which it is - generally regarded as a variety), and a universal favourite. In - "Hardy Perennials," Mr. Wood says of this splendid species: "It may - be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration. It needs - no forcing for such purposes; a cold frame will prove sufficient - to bring the flowers out in winter. Borders or the moist parts of - rockwork are suitable for it; but perhaps it is seen to greatest - advantage in irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front - of a shrubbery; and, after all, it is impossible to plant this - flower wrong as regards effect. To grow it well, however, it must - have a moist situation and good loam." See Fig. 94. - - =A. Halleri= (Haller's).* _fl._ purplish inside, large, erect; - sepals six, oval-lanceolate. April. _l._ pinnate, very villous; - segments three parted; lobes with lanceolate-linear, acuminated - divisions. _h._ 6in. Switzerland, 1816. A sunny border or the - rockery. SYN. _Pulsatilla Halleri_. - - =A. Hepatica= (supposed remedy for liver diseases). Common - Hepatica. _fl._ usually blue; sepals six to nine. February. _l._ - cordate, three-lobed; lobes quite entire, ovate, acutish; petioles - and scapes rather hairy. _h._ 4in. to 6in. There are numerous - varieties of this species. England, &c. SYN. _Hepatica triloba_. - Varieties: _alba_ has large pure white flowers; _cA"rulea_ (blue), - the double form of _cA"rulea_ is scarce and very showy; _rubra_ - produces reddish-pink flowers, and of which there is also a double - variety, very bright and lasting; _Barlowi_ has large sky-blue - flowers. Besides these there are many others. They are all charming - early spring-flowering plants, preferring rich light soil, and to - remain undisturbed for years, when they form grand clumps, often - producing seedlings where they stand. SYN. _A. americana_. See Fig. - 95. - - =A. Honorine Jobert= (Honorine Jobert). Synonymous with _A. - japonica alba_. - - =A. hortensis= (garden). Nearly approaches _A. coronaria_, the - parent of a large number of garden forms. _A. fulgens_ and _A. - stellata_ are by competent authorities placed as varieties. - - =A. Hudsoniana= (Hudson's). Synonymous with _A. multifida_. - - =A. japonica= (Japanese).* _fl._ rosy carmine, from 2in. to - 2-1/2in. across, on footstalks which spring from a whorl of three - or four leaves; anthers golden yellow. Autumn. _l._ ternate, with - unequally lobed, toothed segments. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Japan, 1844. - See Fig. 96. - -[Illustration: FIG. 97. ANEMONE JAPONICA ALBA.] - - =A. j. alba= (white).* This is a splendid variety, with a profusion - of large pure white flowers, which are produced from August to - November. This white form is one of the handsomest of border - flowers. The blooms are 2in. to 3in. across, with a centre of - dense lemon coloured stamens. For cutting purposes the flowers - are invaluable. It thrives best in deep soil. SYN. _A. Honorine - Jobert_. See Fig. 97. - - =A. j. elegans= (elegant).* Very like _A. japonica_, with broader - leaves, and pale rose-coloured flowers, which are more than 3in. - across. This is also called _rosea_ and _hybrida_. Japan. - - =A. lancifolia= (lance-leaved). _fl._ white; sepals five, - ovate-acute; scapes one-flowered. May. _l._ all stalked, ternate; - segments lanceolate, crenate-toothed. _h._ 3in. Pennsylvania, 1823. - Very rare. Rockery. Tuberous rooted. - - =A. multifida= (many-cleft).* _fl._ red, whitish yellow, or citron - colour, small; sepals five to ten, elliptical, obtuse; peduncles - three, one-flowered, one of which is naked and earlier, the other - two longer, and bearing two-leaved multifid involucels on their - middle. June. _l._ radical ones ternate; segments cuneated, three - parted, multifid, with linear lobes; those of the involucrum - multifid, on short petioles. _h._ 6in. to 12in. North America. - Border or rockery. SYN. _A. Hudsoniana_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 98. ANEMONE NARCISSIFLORA, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. narcissiflora= (Narcissus-flowered).* _fl._ usually cream - coloured, sometimes purplish on the outside; umbels generally - many-flowered; pedicels in some instances twice or three times - longer than the involucrum, and in others very short; sepals five - or six, ovate or oval, blunt or acute. May. _l._ radical ones - palmately three to five parted; lobes deeply toothed; lobules - linear, acute; those of the involucrum three to five cleft. _h._ - about 1ft. Europe, North America, 1773. An extremely variable and - beautiful species. Rockery. See Fig. 98. - - =A. nemorosa= (grove).* Wood Anemone. _fl._ generally white; sepals - six, elliptical; scapes one-flowered. March. _l._ ternate; segments - trifid, deeply toothed, lanceolate, acute; involucral leaves - stalked. _h._ 6in. This species varies greatly in the colour of - its flowers. It is a most beautiful little plant, frequent in our - native woods, and suitable for planting in shaded shrubberies, &c. - Tuberous rooted. - - =A. n. cA"rulea=, (blue),* from the North-west States of America, is - very near, if not identical with, the variety _Robinsoniana_, of - our native woods. - - =A. n. flore-pleno= (double-flowered).* _fl._ pure white, over 1in. - across, solitary, double. This is an exceedingly pretty plant, and - remains in beauty considerably longer than the type. It should be - grown in large clumps, and in rich loam. - - =A. n. Robinsoniana= (Robinson's).* _fl._ bright azure blue, large, - over 1-1/2in. in diameter. A charming variety for the rockery or - border, and one of the prettiest in the whole genus. - - =A. n. rosea= (rosy).* A very pretty form, with rose-coloured - flowers, of which there is a double flowered sub-variety; there is - also a double form of the type, named _bracteata_ _fl.-pl._, white - flowers, surrounded with a large involucrum. - - =A. obtusiloba= (blunt-lobed-leaved). _fl._ cream coloured; sepals - five, obovate; peduncles two to three, one-flowered, villous, - naked, or the lateral ones are bracteate. June. _l._ three lobed - cordate, and are, as well as petioles, very villous; segments - broadly cuneated, and deeply crenate; involucral leaves trifid. - Himalaya, 1843. This species requires a warm and sheltered position. - - =A. palmata= (palmate).* _fl._ golden yellow; sepals ten to twelve, - oblong, obtuse; scape one, rarely two, flowered. May. _l._ cordate, - sub-orbicular, bluntly three to five-lobed, toothed; involucral - leaves trifid. South-west Europe, 1597. A white flowered variety, - though scarce, is in cultivation, and is very pretty. True alpines, - which should be grown on the rockery, where the soil is both rich - and deep, with a somewhat damp situation. Tuberous rooted. - - =A. patens= (spreading).* _fl._ purplish, or rarely yellow, erect, - spreading, in the involucre almost sessile; sepals five to six. - June. _l._ pinnate, rising after the flowers; segments three - parted; lobes toothed at the top. Northern Europe, &c., 1752. - - =A. p. Nuttalliana= (Nuttall's).* _fl._ purple, sometimes cream - coloured, erect, villous on the outside; sepals five or six, erect, - connivent. June. _l._ three parted; segments cuneate, trifid, cut; - lobes linear-lanceolate, elongated; those of the involucre with - linear lobes. _h._ 1ft. North America, 1826. A pretty border plant. - - =A. pavonina= (peacock). Synonymous with _A. stellata_. - - =A. pennsylvanica= (Pennsylvanian). Synonymous with _A. dichotoma_. - - =A. pratensis= (meadow).* _fl._ dark purple, pendulous; sepals - six, erect, reflexed at the top, acute. May. _l._ pinnate, many - parted; lobes linear. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Northern Europe, &c., - 1731. Differs chiefly from the following species in having smaller - flowers, sepals narrower and more acute, connivent at base, and - reflexed at apex. SYN. _Pulsatilla pratensis_. - - =A. Pulsatilla= (common Pulsatilla).* Pasque Flower. _fl._ - generally violet, sub-erect; sepals six, spreading, externally - silky, very handsome. April. _l._ pinnate; segments many parted; - lobes linear. _h._ 6in. to 12in. England, &c. A singular - and beautiful species, thriving best in a dry situation and - well-drained soil of a calcareous nature. It is a very pretty - plant for a border or rockery; when well grown, it forms handsome - tufts, and flowers very freely. See Fig. 99. SYN. _Pulsatilla - vulgaris_. There are numerous varieties, the best of which are: - - =A. P. dahurica= (Dahurian). _fl._ erect; sepals oblong, very - villous. Plant dwarf. Sunny border or rockery. - -[Illustration: FIG. 99. ANEMONE PULSATILLA.] - - =A. P. lilacina= (lilac). _fl._ lilac. - - =A. P. rubra= (red). _fl._ erect; sepals blunter. Plant dwarfer. - - =A. ranunculoides= (Ranunculus-like).* _fl._ usually yellow (but in - the Pyrenean variety purple), generally solitary, single or double; - sepals five to six, elliptical. March. _l._ radical ones three - to five parted; segments subtrifid, deeply toothed; those of the - involucrum on short stalks three parted, deeply toothed. _h._ 3in. - Naturalised in English woods, but rarely. Tuberous rooted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 100. ANEMONE STELLATA.] - - =A. rivularis= (river).* _fl._ white; anthers purple; sepals five, - oval, smooth; pedicels three, one of which is naked. April. _l._ - villous, as well as petioles, three parted; lobes cuneated, trifid; - lobules cut, acutely toothed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North India, - 1840. Should be grown on the banks of running water, or in a damp - situation in the border. - - =A. sibirica= (Siberian). _fl._ white; sepals six, orbicular; - scapes one-flowered. June. _l._ ternate; segments deeply toothed, - ciliated, those of the involucrum on short stalks, ternate; - segments lanceolate. _h._ 6in. Siberia, 1804. Rockery; very rare. - - =A. stellata= (star-leaved).* _fl._ purple, or rose red, or - whitish, solitary; sepals ten to twelve, oblong, bluntish. April. - _l._ three parted; lobes cuneated, deeply-toothed; involucral - leaves sessile, oblong. _h._ 8in. to 10in. South Europe, 1599. A - pretty and gay spring flowering plant. Tuberous rooted. SYN. _A. - pavonina_. Double forms of this occur in cultivation. See Fig. 100. - -[Illustration: FIG. 101. ANEMONE SYLVESTRIS.] - - =A. sylvestris= (wood).* Snowdrop Windflower. _fl._ pure satin - white, slightly drooping, 1-1/2in. across when fully open, - fragrant; sepals six, elliptical; pedicel solitary. April. _l._ - ternate or quinate, hairy beneath; segments deeply toothed at top, - those of the involucrum stalked. _h._ 6in. to 18in. Europe, 1596. - This distinct and showy species thrives best in a light vegetable - soil in a rather shady and moist situation. The roots are creeping, - and should be allowed plenty of room, so that they may ramble - without check. See Fig. 101. - -[Illustration: FIG. 102. ANEMONE VERNALIS.] - - =A. trifolia= (three-leaved). _fl._ white, erect; sepals five, - elliptical, obtuse. April. _l._ all stalked, ternate; segments - ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed. _h._ 6in. France, 1597. This - species comes close to _A. nemorosa_. - - =A. vernalis= (spring).* _fl._ whitish inside, violet and covered - with silky down outside, erect, sub-sessile or on pedicels; sepals - six, straight, elliptic-oblong. April. _l._ pinnate; segments - cuneate-lanceolate, trifid; involucrum very villous. _h._ 6in. - Europe, 1816. A curious rather than a showy species; it makes a - pretty pot plant, but must not, under any consideration, be allowed - to want water. It can be plunged in sand or ashes in the open, and - just as the flowers commence to expand, transfer to a cool frame. - It thrives best in a peat and loam compost, to which small pieces - of charcoal may be added. SYN. _Pulsatilla vernalis_. See Fig. 102. - - =A. virginiana= (Virginian).* _fl._ purplish green or pale purple, - small; sepals five, elliptical, silky-pubescent on the outside; - pedicels often rising in pairs from the involucel. May. _l._ - ternate; segments trifid, acuminated, deeply toothed; those of - the involucre and involucels stalked; peduncles three to four, - much elongated, middle one naked, sometimes 1ft. high; lateral - ones bearing two-leaved involucels. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1722. - Border or woodlands, and damp places. - - =A. vitifolia= (vine-leaved). _fl._ white, villous on the outside; - anthers copper colour; sepals eight, oval, oblong; pedicels - one-flowered. July. _l._ large, cordate, five-lobed, beneath - as well as the stems clothed with white wool; lobes broadly - ovate, cut, and crenate; those of the involucrum stalked, woolly - underneath, smooth above, bluntly cordate, five-lobed. _h._ 2ft. - Upper Nepaul, 1829. This requires a warm sheltered position to - stand the winter. Very near _A. japonica alba_, and probably the - progenitor of it. - -=ANEMONOPSIS= (from _anemone_, and _opsis_, resemblance; flowers like -those of the Anemone). ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. A handsome and remarkable -hardy herbaceous perennial, not unlike _Anemone japonica_, but smaller. -It thrives in any light soil. Propagated by seeds and divisions of the -root-stock in spring. - - =A. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _fl._ in loose racemes; sepals - about nine, concave, the outer three purple, internally pale lilac; - petals twelve, in many rows, one-third the length of the sepals, - linear-oblong. July. _l._ large, biternate, coarsely toothed, - glabrous. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Japan, 1869. - -=ANEMOPA†GMA= (from _anemos_, the wind, and _paigma_, sport). ORD. -_BignoniaceA|_. A handsome stove climbing shrub. For culture, _see_ -=Bignonia=. - - =A. racemosum= (racemose).* _fl._ delicate buff coloured, in - axillary racemes, large. September. Brazil, 1879. This beautiful - and vigorous climber is, as yet, very rare in cultivation. - -=ANETHUM= (from _ano_, upwards, and _theo_, to run; in reference to its -quick growth). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. A genus of erect glabrous annuals. -Flowers yellow; involucre and involucels wanting. Leaves decompound, -with linear-setaceous lobes. This genus is of no ornamental value, its -most important species being the garden Dill (_A. graveolens_), which -_see_ for culture. - -=ANGELICA= (in reference to the supposed angelic medicinal virtues -of some species). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. Perennial or biennial herbs. -Flowers white; umbels terminal; involucra wanting or of few leaves; -involucels of many leaves. Leaves bipinnate. The common Angelica (_A. -Archangelica_) is the only species that calls for mention. It is a -native biennial, and was at one time in much request for confectionery, -and as a herb of supposed great medicinal value. Seed should be sown in -September or March in ordinary soil, and the young plants thinned out -to about 18in. apart. - -=ANGELICA TREE.= _See_ =Aralia spinosa=. - -=ANGELONIA= (from _angelon_, the local name of _A. salicariA|folia_ -in South America). SYN. _Schelveria_. ORD. _ScrophulariaceA|_. Very -pretty stove herbaceous perennials. Flowers axillary, racemose; corolla -irregular, bilabiate; lower lip saccate at the base, trifid; upper -one smaller, bifid. Leaves opposite. Stem and branches quadrangular. -A mixture of light turfy loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand, is a good -compost. Cuttings of young shoots in spring strike readily under a hand -glass, or plunged in the propagating bed, giving plenty of air daily. - - =A. salicariA|folia= (Willow-leaved).* _fl._ blue, hairy, axillary, - solitary, pedicellate, disposed in terminal racemes. August. _l._ - sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrated towards the apex, finely - pubescent on both surfaces. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. South America, - 1818. - -=ANGIOPTERIS= (from _aggeion_, a vessel, and _pteris_, a wing). -Including _Psilodochea_. ORD. _Filices_. A genus of gigantic greenhouse -ferns. Capsules eight to fifteen, opening by a slit down the side, -sessile, very close but not concrete, arranged in linear-oblong or -boat-shaped sori near the edge of the frond. These ferns require a very -liberal supply of water, and plenty of room to fully expand. The most -suitable compost is a mixture of strong loam and peat, with some sharp -sand. Thorough drainage must be afforded. - - =A. evecta= (evectic). _cau._ erect, 2ft. to 6ft. high, 1-1/2ft. - to 2ft. thick, very fleshy. _sti._ swollen and articulated at - the base, furnished with two large leathery persistent auricles. - _fronds_ 6ft. to 15ft. long, bi- or tripinnate; pinnA| 1ft. to - 3ft. long, spreading, the lowest the largest; rachis swollen at - the base; pinnules 4in. to 12in. long, 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. broad, - linear-oblong, sessile or shortly stalked, acuminate; edge entire - or finely toothed. Tropics of Old World. This is the only clearly - defined species; the others usually known as distinct species are - but varieties of it, and its culture should not be attempted if - plenty of room cannot be afforded it. - -=ANGOPHORA= (from _aggos_, a vessel, and _phero_, to bear; in reference -to the shape of the fruit). ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. Australian evergreen -greenhouse ornamental trees or shrubs. Flowers corymbose; calyx five or -six-cleft. Leaves large, opposite. A mixture of leaf soil, peat, and -sand suits them well. Ripened cuttings will root in sandy soil under a -hand glass in a cool house, in a few weeks. - - =A. cordifolia= (heart-leaved).* _fl._ yellowish, corymbose, large. - May. _l._ sessile, ovate, cordate at the base, glabrous. _h._ 7ft. - to 10ft. New Holland, 1789. - - =A. lanceolata= (lanceolate-leaved).* _fl._ white, corymbose. May. - _l._ petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. - New Holland, 1816. - -=ANGRA†CUM= (deduced from _angurek_, a Malayan name for air plants). -ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. TRIBE _VandeA|_. These are among the most beautiful -of epiphytal orchids. One characteristic, both remarkable and peculiar, -is the long, hollow, tail-like spur depending from the base of the lip. -The flowers are produced on spikes from the axils of the leaves. The -leaves are evergreen, and arranged in two rows, the one opposite to the -other, and, in many kinds, being curved, give the plant a very graceful -appearance. The fact of these plants producing their blooms during -the winter--a period when flowers are generally scarce--considerably -enhances their value. They usually continue six or eight weeks in -perfection, or even more. The following table of night temperatures -should be almost universally adhered to for all the species enumerated, -except _A. falcatum_, which thrives best in a cool house. From November -to February, 58deg. to 63deg.; March to May, September and October, -65deg.; June to August, 70deg. The day temperature should be 7deg. or -8deg. higher than that of the night. A compost of crocks, charcoal, -and sphagnum is best. A layer of a few large crocks at the bottom of -the pot or pan will be required; over these spread another layer of -charcoal and smaller crocks, just enough to allow the roots to support -the plant; so that the first pair of leaves will be, in large plants, -about 4in. above the rim of the pot, or proportionately less in the -case of small plants. When the plant is carefully adjusted in its -proper position, and held there with one hand, the other hand should -work in among the roots more crocks and charcoal, ceasing so to do -when within 2in. of the rim; the remaining space must be occupied with -fresh sphagnum, pressed firm (this is most essential) in a cone shape, -which may be built up to within 1/2in. of the lower pair of leaves. -Prior to potting, which ought to be done between February and April, -water should be withheld for a short time; but give a good soaking -immediately after the operation. In the process of repotting, clear -the roots of the old moss, all rotten stems, and particles of decayed -roots. If plants are potted as we have recommended, a thorough soaking -once a week only, or if grown on blocks of wood, or in suspended -baskets or pans, about twice weekly will be found sufficient. Excessive -fumigation, drought, whether atmospherical or at the roots, will cause -the leaves to drop, and prevent any growth being made, in which case -the plant ought to be lowered. If the stems have emitted but few roots, -a ring of moss fastened round the stems, and kept constantly wet, will -induce the plant to throw out additional roots, when the lowering -may be proceeded with. To keep the plants free from insect pests, -frequently sponge the foliage. Thrips generally prove very troublesome, -and a moderate fumigation is needful, dislodging the insects that may -be secreted low down in the centre of the plant, shortly before the -operation, by dropping a little weak tobacco water or sulphur among -them. - - =A. arcuatum= (curved).* _fl._ white; racemes from the axils of - the two-year-old leaves, two or three being produced from a single - growth, about 6in. long, arching. _l._ about 4in. long, and 3/4in. - broad. Natal. SYNS. _Listrostachys arcuata_. _A. (Listrostachys) - Sedeni_ comes close to the above species, but is excessively rare - in cultivation. - - =A. bilobum= (two-lobed).* _fl._ white, with a tinge of rose, about - 1-1/2in. in diameter; spur 2in. long, produced from the side of - the stem, just above the two-year-old leaves; racemes pendulous, - 6in. or more long, bearing about a dozen flowers, which possess - a slight fragrance. October to December. _l._ 4in. long by 2in. - broad, two-lobed at the apex, about eight on a plant. Stem erect, - about 6in. high. Cape Coast, 1841. Should be grown in a basket. - - =A. caudatum= (tailed). _fl._ greenish yellow, mixed with brown; - labellum pure white; spur thick, pale green, about 9in. long, - two-lobed at the lowest portion; racemes arching, 1ft. or more - long, produced from the base of the two-year-old leaves. Autumn. - _l._ pale green, drooping, about 10in. long by 1in. broad. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Stem erect, or nearly so. Sierra Leone, 1834. - - =A. cephalotes= (capitate).* _fl._ white. Tropical Africa, 1873. - - =A. Chailluanum= (Chaillu's).* _fl._ white; sepals and petals - narrow, acute; spur yellowish green, 4in. or more long; racemes - pendulous, 8in. or 10in. long, about twelve medium sized flowers - produced from the side of the stem, just above the axils of - two-year-old leaves. _l._ 6in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, slightly - wavy, two-lobed at the apex, arranged in an imbricate manner. West - Africa, 1866. A rare species. - - =A. Christyanum= (Christy's). A curious species, with yellow or - greenish-white flowers, having a much developed three-lobed lip. - The plant has the aspect of _A. arcuatum_. 1880. - - =A. citratum= (citron-like).* _fl._ creamy white, or pale yellow, - nearly 1in. in diameter; spurs about 1-1/2in. long; racemes - three, on strong plants, produced from the axils of two-year-old - leaves, arched, about 1ft. long, bearing sometimes twenty flowers. - _l._ 4in. to 6in. long and 2in. broad, six or eight on a plant, - occupying about 1-1/2in. of stem. Madagascar, 1868. Habit compact; - stem nearly erect. - - =A. distichum= (two-rowed-leaved). _fl._ whitish, 1/4in. across, - on one-flowered pedicels, which are produced from the axils of the - leaves. _l._ very short, closely imbricated, deep bright green. - _h._ 6in. Sierra Leone, 1834. A very neat growing little species, - and quite distinct. - - =A. eburneum= (ivory-lipped).* _fl._ sepals and petals greenish - white; lip uppermost, white, very large; racemes about 18in. long, - from the axils of two-year-old leaves; footstalks erect, but - gradually becoming pendulous from the commencement of the flowers. - _l._ 20in. long by 2in. broad, light green, stiff. Madagascar, - 1826. SYN. _A†robion eburneum_. _A. virens_ is an inferior variety, - but _A. e. superbum_ surpasses the type in beauty; it is, however, - at present extremely rare. - - =A. Ellisii= (Ellis's).* _fl._ pure white, fragrant, about 2in. - across, with narrow reflexed sepals and petals, the column - standing very prominent; spur pale brownish, 6in. to 8in.; racemes - frequently 2ft. long, on the side of the stem just above the axils - of the two-year-old leaves, bearing about twenty blossoms. _l._ - dark green, 9in. or 10in. long, and 2in. broad, divided at the apex - into two unequal lobes. Madagascar, 1879. - - =A. falcatum= (sickle-shaped).* _fl._ pure white, very fragrant; - spur upcurved, 2in. long; racemes from the axils of the - two-year-old leaves, short, bearing from two to five blooms. _l._ - 2in. to 4in. long, very narrow and fleshy, dark green. 1815. - An elegant little cool house species, and one of the smallest - belonging to this genus. It should be grown in peat, in a basket or - small pot suspended about 2ft. from the glass, but rather shaded. - - =A. Kotschyi= (Kotschy's).* _fl._ yellowish white, perfume - similar to the common white pink, 1in. to 1-1/2in. across; spur - reddish-tinted, 6in. or 7in. long, distinguished by the two spiral - twistings; racemes from the axils of the lower leaves, 18in. long, - bearing about twelve blossoms. _l._ 6in. long by 3in. broad, of - which there are generally six or more on a good plant. Zanzibar, - 1880. Should be grown in a basket, or on a cylindrical block of - teak wood. - - =A. modestum= (modest).* _fl._ pure white, 1in. to 1-1/2in. across. - _l._ distichous, 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, - elliptic or linear-oblong, acute, tip entire, pale bright green, - leathery, nerveless. Stem short. Madagascar, about 1880. - - =A. pellucidum= (transparent).* _fl._ white, of a delicate - semi-transparent texture, and with a finely fringed labellum; - racemes from the axils of the lowest leaves, hanging - perpendicularly from the stems, about 1ft. long, bearing thirty - to forty blossoms. _l._ 12in. long by 2in. or 3in. broad. Sierra - Leone, 1842. Must be grown in a suspended basket. - - =A. pertusum= (broken).* _fl._ pure white; spur comparatively - short, with a well-marked yellow tinge; racemes from the axils of - two-year-old leaves, horizontal, or slightly nodding, 6in. to 7in. - long, with from forty to sixty densely packed, small blossoms. _l._ - dark green, arching, 10in. long by 1in. broad. _h._ 1ft. Sierra - Leone, 1836. Very distinct and attractive. - - =A. Scottianum= (Scott's).* _fl._ pure white, very delicate in - texture, the lip is uppermost, 1in. or more across; spur narrow, - yellowish, 3in. to 4in. long; peduncle slender, a little longer - than the spur, usually but one-flowered. _l._ narrow, terete--thus - differing from most of its congeners--tapering or awl-shaped, about - 4in. long, 1/8in. to 1/4in. in diameter, channelled in the upper - surface and ridged below. Comoro Islands, 1878. - - =A. Sedeni= (Seden's). A rare form of _A. arcuatum_. - - =A. sesquipedale= (foot-and-a-half).* _fl._ beautiful ivory white, - on stout, solitary, axillary peduncles, with sepals and petals - spreading out like rays, from 6in. to 8in. across; the whip-like - spur or nectary hangs down from the labellum, often from 10in. to - 18in. long. November, December, and January, and lasts about three - weeks in beauty. _l._ dark green, distichous, about 10in. long. - _h._ 1ft. Madagascar, 1823. It is one of the grandest of winter - flowering orchids. - - =A. virens= (green). An inferior variety of _A. eburneum_. - -=ANGULAR.= Having angles, or forming angles. - -=ANGULOA= (commemorative of Angulo, a Spanish naturalist). ORD. -_OrchidaceA|_. A small genus containing about six species. The flowers, -which are large and beautiful, are borne singly on scapes from 12in. to -16in. high, several of which are produced from the ripened pseudo-bulbs -of the preceding year's growth. Pseudo-bulbs from 5in. to 8in. high, as -thick as a man's wrist, bearing two to three erect, broad, lanceolate -leaves, 2ft. to 4ft. long. Temperature, summer, day (maximum), 70deg.; -night (minimum), 60deg. Winter, day (maximum), 60deg.; night (minimum), -45deg. These are bold growing cool-house plants, best grown in rough -fibrous peat, with good drainage. They delight in an abundant supply -of water both to the roots and foliage when growing, and require to -be kept in a somewhat dark or heavily-shaded place. During the season -of rest, and until young shoots commence growth, they should be kept -rather dry. They are propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs, just -before they commence to grow. The flowering season is summer. - - =A. Clowesii= (Clowes's).* _fl._ fragrant; sepals and petals - concave, clear golden yellow; lip pure white; whole conformation - globular, or tulip-like. Columbia (at 5000ft. to 6000ft. - elevation), 1842. This is the largest growing species, of which - there are one or two rare varieties. - - =A. eburnea= (ivory-flowered).* _fl._, sepals and petals of the - purest white; lip spotted with pink. New Grenada. In other respects - similar to above, but is very rare. - - =A. Ruckeri= (Rucker's).* _fl._, sepals and petals yellow, with - crimson spots; lip deep crimson. Columbia, 1845. Not so large a - grower as either of the foregoing, but with same sized flowers. - - =A. R. sanguinea= (bloody).* This variety has flowers of a deep - blood red colour, but is rare. - - =A. superba= (superb).* Synonymous with _Acineta Humboldtii_. - - =A. uniflora= (one-flowered).* _fl._ sub-globose, pure white, - sometimes freckled with brown, spotted profusely with pink inside. - Columbia, 1844. One of the best in cultivation. - -=ANGURIA= (one of the Greek names for the cucumber). ORD. -_CucurbitaceA|_. A stove genus of evergreen climbers allied to -_Momordica_. Flowers monA"cious; corolla joined to the calyx, -ventricose, red, with a five-parted spreading border. Fruit somewhat -tetragonal. Several species have been introduced from time to time, but -they are rarely seen in our gardens. Some of them are handsome plants, -and well worthy of cultivation. - -=ANHALONIUM.= _See_ =Mammillaria=. - -=ANIGOZANTHUS= (from _anoigo_, to expand, and _anthos_, a flower; -in reference to the branching expansion of the flower stalks). SYN. -_SchwA|grichenia_. ORD. _HA|modoraceA|_. Greenhouse or half-hardy -perennial herbs. Flowers large, racemose or corymbose; perianth -tubular, elongated, woolly. Leaves linear ensiform. The species thrive -in a turfy compost of peat and loam, three parts of the former to one -of the latter; the whole intermixed with sand to make it porous. In the -growing season they must be kept well watered, and somewhat dry during -their period of rest in winter. They are very easily propagated by -dividing the roots in spring. - - =A. coccineus= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet; perianth swelling - towards the summit, hairy, segments a little reflexed; disposed in - dichotomously-forked panicles; pedicels rather long. June. _l._ - lanceolate, deep green. Stem ciliated. _h._ 5ft. Swan River, 1837. - -[Illustration: FIG. 103. INFLORESCENCE AND LEAF OF ANIGOZANTHUS -FLAVIDUS.] - - =A. flavidus= (yellowish-green-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish green, - panicled; scapes long. May. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, as is also - the stem; down of branches deciduous. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, 1808. - There is a scarlet and green-flowered variety of this species. See - Fig. 103. - - =A. Manglesii= (Mangle's). _fl._ green; stigma capitate, projecting - beyond the tube, in a short terminal spiked raceme. May. Stem - erect, clothed with short thick crimson persistent velvety down. - _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1833. - - =A. pulcherrimus= (beautiful).* _fl._ yellow; panicles much - branched, clothed with rufous bristles. May. _l._ equitant, linear - falcate, covered with stellate tomentum. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, - 1844. - - =A. tyrianthinus= (purple).* _fl._ purple and white; panicle - clothed with purple tomentum. May. _l._ linear, stiff, straight, - glabrous. Stem tall, ternate, panicled, clothed with hoary tomentum - below. _h._ 3ft. Swan River, 1844. - -=ANIL.= _See_ =Indigofera Anil=. - -=ANIME RESIN.= _See_ =HymenA|a Courbaril=. - -=ANIMATED OAT.= _See_ =Avena sterilis=. - -=ANISANTHUS.= _See_ =Antholyza=. - -=ANISE= (_Pimpinella Anisum_). A hardy annual, occasionally used for -garnishing or seasoning. Sow seed, in ordinary garden soil, on a warm -sunny border, in May, where it is intended for the plants to remain. - -=ANISEED TREE.= _See_ =Illicium=. - -=ANISOCHILUS= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _cheilos_, a lip; in -reference to the inequality of both lips of calyx and corolla). ORD. -_LabiatA|_. A very ornamental genus of stove perennials or biennials. -Whorls of flowers densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical spikes; -corolla with an exserted, defracted tube, inflated throat, and -bilabiate limb. They thrive in any light rich soil. Cuttings will root -in a sandy soil under a bell glass, in heat; seeds may be sown in -February in heat. - - =A. carnosum= (fleshy). _fl._ lilac; whorls densely imbricate into - oblong cylindrical pedunculate spikes. June to September. _l._ - petiolate, ovate-roundish, obtuse, crenated, cordate at the base, - thick, fleshy, tomentose on both surfaces. Stem erect. _h._ 2ft. - East Indies, 1788. - -=ANISOMELES= (from _anisos_, unequal, and _melos_, a member; in -reference to the anthers of the longer stamens being halved). ORD. -_LabiatA|_. Ornamental greenhouse or evergreen stove shrubs, herbaceous -perennials, or annuals. Whorls sometimes densely many-flowered, at -others few, and loose; corolla with upper lip erect, oblong, entire; -lower lip larger, spreading, and lateral lobes ovate, obtuse. They are -of very easy culture in light rich soil; young cuttings strike freely -in spring, in heat, under a bell glass. _A. furcata_ requires little or -no artificial heat, but the protection of a bell glass is beneficial. -Seeds of _A. ovata_ may be sown in spring, in heat, and, after due -hardening off, the seedlings may be planted outside in May. - - =A. furcata= (forked).* _fl._ small, elegantly variegated with - white, red, and purple, in loose many-flowered racemose cymes. - July. _l._ petiolate, ovate, acuminated, crenated, cordate at the - base, hispid on both surfaces. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824. - - =A. malabarica= (Malabar). _fl._ purplish; whorls distant, - many-flowered, dense. July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. in - length, obtuse, serrately crenated in the upper part, quite entire - at the base. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. Tropical Asia, in humid places, - 1817. Shrub. - - =A. ovata= (ovate-leaved).* _fl._ purple; lower lip of a deeper - colour; whorls many-flowered, lower ones distant, upper ones - interruptedly spicate. August. _l._ ovate, obtuse, broadly - crenated. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Nepaul, 1823. An annual. Habitat - similar to last. - -=ANISOMEROUS.= Unequally-parted; unsymmetrical. - -=ANISOPETALUM.= _See_ =Bulbophyllum=. - -[Illustration: THREAD-LEAVED PINE, AGAVES, AND YUCCA, IN A GUERNSEY -GARDEN.] - -=ANNUALS.= All plants which spring from the seed, flower, and die -within the course of a year. A number of things, however, which are -not strictly of annual duration, but which are sown every year in -preference to housing the roots before they are killed by late autumn -or winter frosts, are generally classed, for the sake of convenience, -under the head of Annuals. Hardy Annuals are those which require no -artificial aid to enable them to develop, but grow and flower freely -in the open air. These are best sown in the spots where they are -intended to remain during March and April, and care must subsequently -be taken to keep the ground clear of weeds, and also to thin out the -seedlings, allowing each sufficient room to develop and exhibit its -true character. If allowed to remain too crowded, the plants, as a -matter of course, suffer, and the size and number of the flowers and -the general effect are considerably decreased. Successional sowings -of a good many of the showy species will be found to prolong their -flowering season. In well-kept establishments, where Annuals are duly -appreciated, several sowings are made in pots at intervals of a few -weeks. As the previously-sown clumps begin to get shabby, they are -removed, and replaced by others which have still to flower. By this -means a continual sheet of blossom can be maintained for a long time. -It is much better to trust to plants grown in pots in order to carry -out the plan just sketched, as these receive no check when placed in -their new quarters; whilst transplanted clumps frequently fail, and -many species do not transplant at all readily from an open border. -In order to secure, in early spring, a fine show of such plants as -several of the _Silenes_, _Myosotis_, _Saponaria_, and a number of -others, it is best to sow the seeds in an open, sheltered border, about -the end of July or beginning of August, taking care to keep a small -reserve stock in a cold frame, in case very severe weather kills the -unprotected plants. Half-hardy Annuals are those for which our climate -is not sufficiently warm, or, rather, our summer is not, as a rule, -either hot enough or long enough, to allow them to grow, flower well, -and ripen seeds, if sown in the open air. Many of these are amongst -the showiest of garden plants, so it is worth while to give them the -shelter of a warm frame during their earlier stages, and gradually -harden them off, planting out at the end of May or beginning of June, -when danger resulting from severe weather is passed. After germination, -the seedlings should have plenty of light and air, or a weak, spindly -growth, and, as a consequence, poor flowers, will result. The most -satisfactory method of watering very tiny seeds is to place a piece of -fine muslin over the seed-pot, through which the water will be easily -conveyed to the seeds, and thus prevent disturbance. Tender Annuals -require the same treatment as the half-hardy ones, except that they -need throughout their existence the protection of a glass structure. -All, or nearly all, garden Annuals delight in full sunlight and plenty -of air. In the open, these requirements, as a rule, obtain, but -sometimes mistakes are made under glass by keeping the plants too close -and over much shaded, as well as too great a distance from the glass. - -=ANNULAR.= Having a ring-like form. - -=ANNULATE.= With the appearance of rings. - -=ANA'CTOCHILUS= (from _anoiktos_, open, and _cheilos_, a lip; in -reference to the spreading apex of the lip). SYNS. _Anecochilus_, -_Chrysobaphus_. ORD. _OrchideA|_. Stove terrestrial orchids, the radical -leaves of which are the chief attraction, being amongst the most -beautiful and delicate objects in the vegetable kingdom. The flowers, -which should be pinched off so soon as they appear, are, as a rule, -small and unattractive. Few of the species exceed 6in. in height, -with leaves from 2in. to 6in. long, including the fleshy petioles. -They require a good deal of attention. To one part of silver sand, -thoroughly washed twice or three times, add two of sphagnum, which -should also be well washed and picked over, when it should be chopped -into minute particles, in order that it may freely amalgamate with -the sand; mix a little loam and peat with the whole. In the pots, -when well drained by first placing a large piece of potsherd over the -bottom and nearly half filling up with pieces broken small and of -uniform size, place a thin layer of crude sphagnum, afterwards filling -firmly with the mixture above mentioned, and bringing it up more or -less in the form of a cone above the rim of the pot, into which the -plants should be firmly fixed. Plants which have been propagated by -division should be carefully transferred to 32-sized pots. About five -separate pieces might be placed evenly over the surface. Make holes -with a neat dibble, and into these drop the roots their entire length, -pressing the soil firmly with the dibble. Fix them so that they may -grow inwardly, and not out over the rim of the pots, pegging each -creeping root needing such attention firmly down upon the surface of -the soil afterwards; after a good soaking, they may be replaced in any -warm, shady situation. For propagating, a strong plant is necessary; it -may be cut into pieces just below the first joint, each piece having -a root. The bottom piece should have two eyes--one to root from, and -the other to push into a shoot. The "bottom," or plant which has been -cut, should be replaced in its pot, and then put under a bell glass. -It will soon throw up a young shoot; this ought to be left on until -well rooted, when it may be separated and treated similarly to the -portion first removed, still leaving the old part in the pot. These -plants must be grown in glass cases, or under bell glasses, but they -should always have a little air, for, as Mr. Williams says, when too -much confined, they grow up spindly, and damp off in the stem; the -latter, being fleshy, requires more substance and sturdiness. Air -should be admitted through a space of about 1in. or 2in. The following -ranges of temperature are advised: Winter, night, 55deg. to 60deg.; -day, 65deg. to 70deg. during March, April, and May; night, 60deg. to -70deg.; and, afterwards, a few degrees higher, with a maximum day -temperature of 80deg. Bottom heat should not be given, as it induces -a weak, fast growth. Great care will be needed to prevent ravages of -insects. The most suitable month for repotting is March, just before -growth commences, when the plants will need plenty of water up to -October, excepting when it is desirous to utilise them as drawing-room -ornaments, in which case they should be kept rather dry for a short -time previous. _See also_ =Dossinia=, =Goodyera=, =HA|meria=, =Macodes=, -=Physurus=, and =Zeuxine=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 104. ANA'CTOCHILUS FRIDERICI-AUGUSTI.] - - =A. argenteus pictus= (silvery-painted). A synonym of _Physurus - pictus_. - - =A. argyroneurus= (silvery-veined).* _l._ light green, dark - mottled; veins forming a beautiful silvery network. Java. - - =A. Boylei= (Boyle's).* _l._ ovate, acuminate, 2in. long and broad, - olive-green, netted and pencilled with gold. India. - - =A. Bullenii= (Bullen's).* _l._ 2-1/2 in. long, ground colour - bronzy green, with three broad distinct lines of coppery-red, or - golden stripes running the entire length. Borneo, 1861. - - =A. concinnus= (neat). _l._ ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, dark - olive-green, netted and striped with shining coppery-red. Assam. - - =A. Dawsonianus= (Dawson's).* _l._ ovate, of a dark velvety, rich - olive-green, traversed by about seven longitudinal copper-coloured - veins; the space on each side of the midrib being filled with fine - reticulations of the same colour. Malay Archipelago, 1868. The - proper name of this plant is _HA|meria discolor Dawsoniana_. - - =A. Dayi= (Day's). A synonym of _Dossinia marmorata Dayi_. - - =A. Dominii= (Dominy's). _l._ dark olive-green, streaked down - the centre with pale coppery-yellow, the main ribs marked by - pale lines. Hybrid between _Goodyera discolor_ and _A. Friderici - Augusti_. - - =A. Eldorado= (Eldorado). _l._ dark green, with small tracery of a - lighter colour, deciduous. Central America. - - =A. Friderici-Augusti= (Frederick Augustus').* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, - and 1-1/2in. broad, dark velvety green, with broad orange and green - stripes down the centre, covered with a beautiful golden network. - _h._ 5in. Very distinct. See Fig. 104. SYN. _A. xanthophyllus_. - - =A. Heriotii= (Heriot's). _l._ 3-1/2in. long, 2-1/2in. broad, dark - mahogany-colour, golden-reticulated, and with shadowy network. - India. - - =A. hieroglyphicus= (hieroglyphic-marked). _l._ small, dark green, - with hieroglyphic-like, silvery-grey blotches. Assam. - - =A. intermedius= (intermediate).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, and 1-1/2in. - broad, with a silky surface, dark olive, striped and veined with - gold. _h._ 3in. Will succeed with a glass covering, in a stove, if - shaded. - - =A. javanicus= (Java). _fl._ pink, small, spicate; scape 9in. high. - _l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, dark olive-green, with lighter - blotches and faint golden reticulation, pinkish beneath. Java. - - =A. latimaculatus= (broad-spotted).* _l._ dark green, with silvery - markings. Borneo. A distinct and free-growing kind. - - =A. Lowii= (Low's).* _l._ 4in. to 5in. long, 3in. broad, dark - velvety-green, shading to orange-brown, lined from base to apex - with deep golden veins, crossed by lines of the same hue. _h._ 6in. - Borneo. The correct name of this plant is _Dossinia marmorata_. - - =A. L. virescens= (greenish).* _l._ brighter green, with brighter - markings over the whole surface. - - =A. Ordianus= (Ordi's).* _l._ shape and habit of _A. Dawsonianus_, - but the colour is a vivid green, and lined with golden veins. Java, - 1869. The proper name of this plant is _HA|meria discolor Ordiana_. - - =A. pictus= (painted). A synonym of _Physurus pictus_. - - =A. querceticola= (forest-dwelling). A synonym of _Physurus - querceticolus_. - - =A. regalis= (royal).* King Plant. _l._ 2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad; - surface a beautiful velvety green, veined in regular lines, and - covered with a network of gold. _h._ 4in. Java, 1836. If examined - with a lens in sunshine, the beauty of the network will be plainly - seen. SYN. _A. setaceus_ (of gardens). There are several varieties, - the best of which are: - - =A. r. cordatus= (heart-shaped). _l._ rounder, and gold markings - broader. Very rare. - - =A. r. grandifolius= (large-leaved).* _l._ light green, beautifully - laced and banded with a network of gold. Also rare. - - =A. r. inornatus= (unadorned). _l._ dark rich velvety, with a few - slight markings, destitute of the golden reticulation. Java. - - =A. Reinwardtii= (Reinwardt's).* _l._ rich, deep velvety-bronze, - intersected with bright golden lines. Java. - - =A. Roxburghii= (Roxburgh's).* _l._ 2-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, - dark velvety-green, striated with well-defined lines of silver. - _h._ 3in. India. The true species is very rare; several are sold as - such. - - =A. Ruckerii= (Rucker's).* _l._ broadly ovate-bronzy-green, with - six rows of distinct spots running from base to apex. Borneo, 1861. - - =A. setaceus= (bristly). A garden synonym of _A. regalis_. - - =A. striatus= (striated). A synonym of _Zeuxine regia_. - - =A. Turneri= (Turner's).* _l._ large, rich bronze, freely - golden-reticulated. One of the handsomest; a very free grower. - - =A. Veitchii= (Veitch's). A synonym of _Macodes Petola_. - - =A. xanthophyllus= (yellow-leaved). A synonym of _A. - Friderici-Augusti_. - - =A. zebrinus= (striped).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate, deep olive green, - with copper-coloured veins. India, 1863. Dwarf and elegant. - -=ANOMATHECA= (from _anomos_, singular, and _theca_, a capsule, or -seed-pod). ORD. _IrideA|_. Very pretty little bulbous perennials. -Perianth hypocrateriform; tube triquetrous, constricted at the throat. -The species are hardy when planted in warm sunny situations in the -open border. Their dwarf stature, brilliance, profusion of flowers, -and habit of blossoming continuously over a long period, render them -very popular subjects amongst growers of hardy perennials. Although -generally credited with being hardy, when cultivated out of doors they -should be lifted and stored in frost-proof quarters before winter -commences, until the following March. They are excellent as window -garden plants, and also for pot culture. If grown in pots, they should -be shaken out, and repotted in February or March. They multiply very -rapidly, and may be divided in patches, not by single bulbs, once -yearly. Light sandy loam, mixed with a little leaf mould, is the best -compost. Anomathecas are sometimes increased by seed, which may be sown -so soon as ripe, very thinly, in seed pans. Thin out the seedlings if -growing very close together; the next season they may be put out four -or five in a pot. When they become crowded, shift into a much larger -pot, but do not disturb the ball. The young seedlings will probably -produce flowers the second season. - - =A. cruenta= (bloody).* _fl._ rich carmine-crimson; perianth - segments elliptical, three lower ones broader than the others, - with a dark blotch at the base; tube long, whitish; scapes secund, - bearing about five or six flowers. Summer and autumn. _l._ - two-ranked, about 1/2in. broad, sword-shape, somewhat tapering. - Bulb ovate, rather large. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Cape of Good Hope, - 1830. - - =A. juncea= (rushy). _fl._ very bright pink, with a dark spot at - the base, produced in profusion. The leaves are narrower than those - of the foregoing. Cape of Good Hope, 1791. A rare species. - -=ANONA= (_Anona_ is the name applied to these plants in St. Domingo). -Custard Apple. ORD. _AnonaceA|_. Stove evergreen shrubs, with fragrant -leaves. Petals six, in two rows. Carpels indefinite, joined into one -fleshy, many-celled, edible, roundish fruit, with a muricated, scaly, -or reticulated skin. Anonas thrive best in rich loamy soil, mixed with -a little peat. Ripened cuttings, with leaves intact, will root if -inserted in sand and placed under a hand glass, in a moist heat. When -seeds are procurable, they should be sown in pots, and plunged into a -hotbed. - - =A. Cherimolia= (The Cherimoyer). _fl._ outer petals somewhat - concave, linear-oblong, brown on the outside, each marked with a - dark spot at the base; peduncles opposite the leaves, solitary. - July. _fr._ somewhat globose and scaly, dark purple; esteemed by - the Peruvians as one of their most delicate, and as being not - inferior to any fruit in the world. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, not - dotted; under surface silky tomentose, strong scented. _h._ 20ft. - Peru, 1739. - - =A. glabra= (smooth-fruited).* _fl._ outer petals ovate, obtuse, - brown; calyx leathery, large; peduncles opposite the leaves, - two-flowered. July. _fr._ greenish-yellow, conoid, blunt, smooth. - _l._ ovate-lanceolate, smooth. _h._ 10ft. West Indies, 1774. - - =A. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ purplish; outer petals - concave, thick, all acute, large, axillary, solitary, stalked. May. - _fr._ ovate-globose, dotted, and reticulated, flesh-coloured. _l._ - oblong, acuminated, mucronate, smooth. _h._ 20ft. Guiana, 1820. - - =A. muricata= (muricated-fruited).* The Sour Sop. _fl._ outer - petals cordate, concave, thick, acuminated, green on the outside, - yellow inside, and spotted; peduncles solitary, one-flowered, - sweet-scented. _fr._ muricated, with fleshy points, green. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, smooth, shining. _h._ 15ft. West Indies, 1656. - - =A. palustris= (marsh). Alligator Apple; Cork-wood. _fl._ yellow; - petals all acute. _fr._ rather areolate, large, heart-shaped, - sweet-scented. _l._ ovate-oblong, leathery, quite smooth. _h._ - 10ft. to 20ft. South America, 1788. - - =A. reticulata= (netted). The Custard Apple, or Bullock's Heart. - _fl._ outer petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat concave at - the base, brownish on the outside, whitish-yellow on the inside, - marked with dark purple spots. _fr._ ovate-globose, reticulate, - as large as a tennis ball, with yellowish soft flesh; it is much - esteemed by some people. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, - somewhat dotted. _h._ 15ft. to 25ft. Brazil, 1690. - - =A. squamosa= (scaly). Sweet Sop. _fl._, outer petals - linear-oblong, somewhat concave at the base, nearly closing, - greenish-yellow. _fr._ egg-shaped, scaly. _l._ oblong, bluntish, - smooth, full of pellucid dots, rather glaucous beneath. _h._ 20ft. - South America, 1739. - -=ANONACEA†.= An order of trees or shrubs, mostly tropical, with axillary -peduncles, lateral or opposite the leaves, and with alternate, simple, -entire or hardly toothed leaves, without stipules. _Anona_ is the -typical genus. - -=ANONYMO.= A synonym of =Saururus= (which _see_). - -=ANONYMOS BRACTEATA.= _See_ =Zornia tetraphylla=. - -=ANOPLANTHUS= (in part). A synonym of =PhelipA|a= (which _see_). - -=ANOPLOPHYTUM.= _See_ =Schlumbergeria= and =Tillandsia=. - -=ANOPTERUS= (from _ano_, upwards, and _pteron_, a wing; in reference -to the seeds, which are winged at the apex). ORD. _SaxifrageA|_. A very -handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, having a free branching habit, -large dark shining green leaves, and long panicles of salver-shaped -flowers. It would probably prove quite hardy in the south and west -of England, and parts of Scotland, provided it had a slight winter -protection. It grows well in sandy loam and peat. When grown in pots, -it requires plenty of room and water. Half-ripened cuttings root freely -under a bell glass in a cool house or frame in summer. - - =A. glandulosa= (glandular).* _fl._ white, rose tinted, large; - racemes erect, simple, terminal. April, May. _l._ alternate, rarely - nearly opposite, ovate-oblong, attenuated at both ends, nearly - sessile, leathery, toothed. _h._ 3ft. Van Diemen's Land, 1823. - -=ANSELLIA= (named after Mr. Ansell, the botanical collector who -accompanied the ill-fated Niger Expedition). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. Strong -growing, free flowering stove epiphytal orchids. Best grown in large -pots, as they produce a quantity of roots. They require a compost of -turfy peat, with moderate drainage. An ample supply of water during the -growing season is needed; but care must be taken not to let any remain -in the heart of the plants, as they are very likely to rot. During the -season of rest, little or no water, but a damp atmosphere, are the -chief requirements. Propagated by divisions of the bulbs just after -flowering. - - =A. africana= (African).* _fl._, sepals and petals nearly 2in. - long, greenish yellow, spotted with brownish red; lip small, - yellow; spikes large, drooping, branched, each sometimes bearing - nearly a hundred blooms. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, with light - evergreen foliage. Fernando Po, 1844. Lasts two months in - perfection. - - =A. a. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ on upright spikes from the top - of the pseudo-bulbs, but smaller, of a light yellow tint, with - very few narrow, transverse, brown bars, and a deep yellow lip, - without warts of any kind on its middle lobe, and with more or less - crenulated keels. Natal, 1847. The perfume is very peculiar. Very - rare. - - =A. a. lutea= (yellow). Not so strong a grower; producing clusters - of light yellow flowers from the top of the pseudo-bulbs. Natal. - - =A. a. nilotica= (Nile district).* As a garden plant this is - much superior to the type. The habit is dwarfer, the colours of - the flowers brighter and more distinctly defined. The sepals and - petals, too, are more spreading. Eastern Africa. - -=ANSERINA.= _See_ =Potentilla anserina=. - -=ANTENNA†.= Two movable, articulated organs attached to the heads of -insects and crustacea, commonly called "horns" or "feelers." They are -variable in form and length. AntennA| seem to serve for touch, and, -perhaps, for smell and hearing. - -[Illustration: FIG. 105. ANTENNARIA MARGARITACEA, showing Habit and -Inflorescence.] - -=ANTENNARIA= (from _antennA|_; in reference to the similarity which -exists between the seed down of the plant and the antennA|, or feelers, -of an insect). ORD. _CompositA|_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, -distinguished by the dry, coloured, chaffy scales encircling each -head of flowers, of which the stamens and pistils are on different -plants. These are charming little alpine plants, admirably adapted for -rockwork, pots, edgings, or borders, in any light soil. Propagated by -divisions of the roots in spring, and seeds; the latter should be sown -in spring in a cold frame. Grown chiefly for their leaves. - - =A. dioica= (diA"cious).* _fl.-heads_ pink, in crowded corymbs, 3in. - to 4in. high. June. _l._ radical ones spathulate, woolly chiefly - beneath; upper ones lanceolate. Stems simple; shoots procumbent. - Britain. The two or three varieties of this pretty species exceed - the type in beauty. SYN. _Gnaphalium dioicum_. - - =A. d. hyperborea= (northern). _l._ woolly on both surfaces. - - =A. d. minima= (smallest).* A very small growing variety. - - =A. margaritacea= (pearly).* _fl.-heads_ white, corymbose. August. - _l._ linear-lanceolate, acute, alternate, cottony, especially - beneath. Stems branched above. _h._ 2ft. Naturalised in England - and on the Continent. Said to have been introduced from America - about the sixteenth century. The prettier but much rarer _A. - triplinervis_, from Nepaul, comes close to this species. See Fig. - 105. - - =A. tomentosa= (downy).* _fl.-heads_ corymbose. Summer. One of the - dwarfest and best of silvery-leaved plants, either as an edging for - small beds or for covering the higher portions of rockwork; it is - much used in carpet bedding. It scarcely grows more than 1in. high, - and forms a dense carpet in a short space of time. It should be - grown separate from other plants. It is frequently known under the - name of _A. candida_. - -=ANTERIOR.= Placed in front, or outwards. - -=ANTHEMIS= (from _anthemon_, a flower; referring to their general -floriferous character). Camomile. ORD. _CompositA|_. Receptacle convex, -chaffy. Involucre hemispherical or nearly flat; scales imbricated, -membranaceous at the margin. Pappus none; ray florets ligulate; disk -tubular. This is a large genus, principally of medicinal value, and -contains very few species worth the cultivator's trouble. Of easy -culture in any ordinary soil. Propagated by divisions. - - =A. Aizoon= (Aizoon).* _fl.-heads_ resembling a white Daisy; - florets of the ray fourteen to eighteen, trifid, twice as long as - the breadth of the disk. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, or broadly so, - acutely and deeply serrated, narrowed towards the base, covered - with white down; lower ones crowded; stem-leaves rather acute, - gradually lessening in size. _h._ 2in. to 4in. Northern Greece. - Free grower, dwarf, and compact. - - =A. Biebersteinii= (Bieberstein's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. Summer. - _l._ pinnately divided into linear three-lobed segments, which are - covered with white silky pubescence. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus. - - =A. Chamomilla fl. pl.= _See_ =Matricaria=. - - =A. nobilis= (noble). Common Chamomile. _fl.-heads_ solitary; disk - yellow; ray white; scales of the receptacle membranaceous, scarcely - longer than the disk. _l._ bipinnate, segments linear-subulate, a - little downy. Stem procumbent, and much branched. England. A very - strong smelling plant, of great medicinal value. For culture, _see_ - =Chamomile=. - - =A. tinctoria= (dyer's). _fl._ bright yellow, in large heads. - July and August. _l._ bipinnatifid, serrate, downy beneath. Stem - angular. _h._ 1-1/2ft. England. A very pretty plant. - -=ANTHER.= The male part of a flower containing the pollen. - -=ANTHERICUM= (from _anthos_, a flower and _kerkos_, a hedge; in -reference to the tall flower stems). SYN. _Phalangium_. ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. A large genus, belonging to the capsular group of the -order, and inhabiting, for the most part, the Cape of Good Hope. -Flowers white, racemose or panicled, scapose; perianth segments either -spreading from near the base or campanulately united; stamens short, -with naked or bearded filaments. Leaves radical, filiform or linear. -The hardy varieties are now extensively grown, and are among the most -ornamental of border plants. They thrive best in rich light soil, and -are excellent subjects for pot culture; for which purpose use a compost -of fibrous loam, leaf mould, or well-decayed manure, and coarse sand. -The pots should be about 12in. across, well drained, and the plants -potted just previous to, or so soon as, growth commences. During -activity, plenty of water is needed, until the plants have finished -flowering, when the quantity may be lessened; but never allow them -to get dry. Propagated by division of the roots or seeds, sowing the -latter, as early as possible after they are ripe, in a cold frame. - - =A. graminifolium= (grass-leaved). A garden name of _A. ramosum_. - - =A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _See_ =Chrysobactron Hookeri=. - - =A. Liliago= (Liliago).* St. Bernard's Lily. _fl._ pure white, 1in. - to 1-1/2in. across; perianth segments spreading; style curved. May - to August. _l._ tufted, narrow, channelled, 12in. to 18in. high. - South Europe, 1596. A very free flowering species, of which there - is a _major_ variety in gardens. SYNS. _Phalangium_ and _Watsonia - Liliago_. - - =A. Liliastrum= (Liliaster).* St. Bruno's Lily. _fl._ much larger - than the last, 2in. long, and as much across, fragrant, of a - transparent whiteness, with a delicate green spot on the point - of each segment, campanulate, arranged in loose spikes. Early - summer. _l._ long, narrow, six or eight to each plant, about 1ft. - to 2ft. long, _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1629. SYNS. _Czackia - Liliastrum_ and _Paradisia Liliastrum_ (this is the correct name). - See Fig. 106. - -[Illustration: FIG. 106. ANTHERICUM LILIASTRUM, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. L. major= (greater). _fl._ about 1in. larger than the type. - _h._ about 6ft. A very desirable border plant. - - =A. ramosum= (branched).* _fl._ white, rather smaller than those - of _A. Liliago_; perianth segments narrow and spreading; style - straight; flower stems much branched. June. _l._ long, narrow, - channelled, grass-like. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1570. A rapid - grower. SYN. _A. graminifolium_ (of gardens). - - =A. serotinum= (late-flowering). _See_ =Lloydia=. - - =A. variegatum= (variegated). _l._ keeled, grass-like, striped and - margined with white. South Africa, 1875. Half hardy. The proper - name of this plant is _Chlorophytum elatum variegatum_. SYNS. _A. - Williamsii_ and _Phalangium argenteo-lineare_. - - =A. Williamsii= (Williams'). Synonymous with _A. variegatum_. - -=ANTHERIDIA.= The reproductive organs in cryptogamic plants, analogous -to anthers in flowering plants. - -=ANTHERIFEROUS.= Bearing anthers. - -=ANTHESIS.= The opening period of flowers. - -=ANTHOCARPOUS.= Bearing a fruit resulting from many flowers. - -=ANTHOCERCIS= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _kerkis_, a ray; in -reference to the radiated corolla). ORD. _SolanaceA|_. Handsome -greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with alternate leaves, attenuated into -the petioles or base, thick, sometimes glandularly dotted. Flowers -axillary, generally solitary; corolla campanulate. Cuttings strike -freely in sand under a bell glass, with a mild bottom heat. So soon as -they have well rooted, pot off into very small pots in two-thirds good -loam and one of peat. After having made a little headway, the leading -shoots should be pinched off, to induce a lateral growth; they may -be transferred to pots a size larger when the roots have filled the -first pot. Continue growing throughout the summer in frames or in the -greenhouse, near the glass, allowing plenty of air. Vigorous growth -should be checked; thus encouraging bushy plants. - - =A. albicans= (whitish-leaved).* _fl._ white, streaked with - bluish-purple inside the tube, fragrant; petals longer than the - tube. April. _l._ oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose on both - surfaces, as well as the branches. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. New South - Wales, 1824. - - =A. floribunda= (many-flowered). _fl._ white. _h._ 3ft. New South - Wales. - - =A. ilicifolia= (Holly-leaved). _fl._ yellowish green. June. _h._ - 6ft. Swan River, 1843. - - =A. littorea= (shore). _fl._ white. June. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, - 1803. - - =A. viscosa= (clammy).* _fl._ large, white. May. _l._ obovate, - glandularly dotted with scabrous margins; young leaves and branches - clothed with fine down. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1822. - -=ANTHOLOMA= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _loma_, a fringe; in allusion -to the fringed or crenulated limb of the corolla). ORD. _TiliaceA|_. A -very fine greenhouse evergreen tree; it thrives best in a light loamy -soil, mixed with a little peat. Cuttings of ripened wood will strike -root in sand, under a hand glass. - - =A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._ white; corolla ovately cylindrical, - with a crenate, rather toothed margin; racemes axillary, somewhat - umbellate, reflexed. May. _l._ elliptical-oblong, leathery, - stalked, scattered at the top of the branchlets. _h._ 20ft. New - Caledonia, 1810. - -=ANTHOLYZA= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _lyssa_, rage; in reference -to the opening of the flowers, which resemble the mouth of an enraged -animal). SYN. _Petamenes_. Including _Anisanthus_. ORD. _IrideA|_. A -very pretty genus of bulbous plants from the Cape of Good Hope, having -narrow, erect, Iris-like leaves, and flower-spikes that over-top the -foliage, bearing numerous bright-coloured flowers. Perianth tubular, -six-cleft, unequal, the upper segments longest; stamens three. The -species may be grown in a greenhouse, or planted out in a frame. They -also thrive excellently out of doors, and should be planted 8in. or -9in. deep for fear of frost, or have a winter protection of several -inches of cocoa-nut fibre refuse or litter. The safer plan is to -raise the roots, winter them in some dry part of the greenhouse; but, -previous to storing, divide the clumps, clean them, and re-plant or pot -in February, or early in March. A mixture of equal parts peat, sandy -loam, and leaf soil is most suitable for their culture. Just previous -to flowering, if in pots, frequent doses of weak manure water will be -found beneficial. They may be propagated by offsets, which are produced -in abundance, at almost any time. Seeds are sometimes procured, which -should be sown so soon as ripe, in light soil, in a cool house, where -they will germinate the following spring, and will be fit to plant out -in the summer of the same year. With the exception of _A. Cunonia_, -they all much resemble each other. Only four or five species of this -genus are worth cultivating. - - =A. A|thiopica= (A†thiopian).* _fl._ scarlet and green. June. _h._ - 3ft. 1759. SYNS. _A. floribunda_, _A. prA|alta_. - - =A. A|. ringens= (gaping). _fl._ red and yellow, rather smaller than - those of the type. SYN. _A. vittigera_. - - =A. bicolor= (two-coloured). Synonymous with _A. Cunonia_. - - =A. caffra= (Caffrarian).* _fl._ rich scarlet; spike distichous, - many-flowered. June. _l._ long, linear, or linear-ensiform. _h._ - 2ft. 1828. A very showy and pretty species, but rarely seen in our - gardens. SYN. _Anisanthus splendens_. - - =A. Cunonia= (Cunon's).* _fl._ scarlet and black, a combination of - colours uncommon among bulbous plants; spikes secund. June. _h._ - 2ft. 1756. SYN. _Anisanthus Cunonia_. - - =A. floribunda= (much-flowered). A synonym of _A. A|thiopica_. - - =A. prA|alta= (very tall). Synonymous with _A. A|thiopica_. - - =A. vittigera= (glandular). Synonymous with _A. A|. ringens_. - -=ANTHOMYIA.= _See_ =Beet Fly=, =Cabbage Fly=, and =Onion Fly=. - -=ANTHONOMUS.= _See_ =Grubs=. - -=ANTHOSPERMUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _sperma_, a seed). Amber -Tree. ORD. _RubiaceA|_. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub from -the Cape of Good Hope. It thrives in peat, loam, and sand, with a -summer temperature of 50deg. to 65deg., and winter, 40deg. to 45deg. -Increased by cuttings, in sand, under a bell glass. There are above -twenty other species belonging to this genus. - - =A. A|thiopicum= (A†thiopian).* _fl._ diA"cious, male brownish, and - the female ones green, disposed in verticillate spikes. June. - _l._ linear-lanceolate, three in a whorl, shining above, glabrous - beneath, about 1/4in. long. Stem much branched, downy above. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. 1692. - -=ANTHOTAXIS.= The arrangement of flowers on an inflorescence. - -=ANTHOXANTHUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _xanthus_, yellow). Spring -Grass. Calyx of two valves, glumaceous, one-flowered; corolla double, -each of two valves: the exterior awned; the interior small, awnless; -stamens two, not three, as is usually the case with grasses. ORD. -_GramineA|_. A pretty native hardy perennial, of easy culture in common -garden soil. - -[Illustration: FIG. 107. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM.] - - =A. odoratum= (sweet). _fl._ panicle spiked, oblong, dense, - becoming dullish yellow. _l._ short, pale green. _h._ 1ft. The - pleasant smell of new-made Hay is chiefly owing to this plant, - which in drying emits an odour similar to that of _Asperula - odorata_. See Fig. 107. - -=ANTHURIUM= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _oura_, a tail; referring -to the inflorescence). ORD. _AroideA|_. Flowers densely disposed on a -cylindrical spadix, at the base of which is a large bract-like spathe, -that ultimately bends backwards. Leaves of various shapes. This very -large genus of handsome stove and greenhouse plants is remarkable -both for the peculiar inflorescence and often noble leaves, and is -distinguished in structure from all the European members of the order -in the flowers being hermaphrodite. Fibry peat, loam, sphagnum, broken -crocks, or charcoal, and silver sand, form the most suitable compost. -In preparing the peat, it should be broken up into small lumps, and -then have most of the earthy matter knocked out of it by giving it a -few raps with a stick, or by shaking it about in a sieve. To this, -after so treated, add about one-fourth its bulk of sphagnum, and about -half its bulk of fibrous loam, and just a sprinkling of fresh broken -crocks, or small pieces of charcoal and sharp silver sand. In placing -them in the pots--A--which must be well drained--A--carefully spread out the -roots and work the mixture among them, keeping the plant well up, so -that when finished it stands clear above the rim of the pot at least -2in. or 3in., and forms a kind of mound or hillock. They must then be -kept freely syringed or watered, and placed in a moist atmosphere, -where they can enjoy a temperature ranging between 60deg. and 70deg., -or a few degrees lower for the less tender species. Raising plants -from seed requires patience. About a year elapses from the time the -flowers are fertilised--A--which should be done artificially--before -the seed ripens, and often another to get up plants. Sow as soon as -ripe in shallow, well-drained pans or pots, filled with the potting -mixture, and cover slightly, and place in a close, moist propagating -case, where a temperature of from 75deg. to 85deg. is maintained, or -they may be covered with bell glasses. The principal thing is to keep -the air about them constantly humid, and the material in which they -are sown in a uniformly moist condition; if this is done, the young -seedlings will make their appearance in due course. When these are of -sufficient size to handle, they should be pricked off in the same sort -of compost, and be kept close and moist till they get a start, after -which gradually inure them to more air. January is the best month of -the year wherein to propagate these plants by divisions. This is done -by carefully turning them out of their pots and shaking out what soil -they have amongst their roots, which must be tenderly dealt with, so as -not to bruise or injure them. This done, they may then be pulled apart, -and as many plants made as there are separate crowns, or the mass may -be simply halved or quartered, according to the stock required. Treat -now as recommended above for potting. They are all moisture-loving -plants, and must have a copious supply of water at all times, although, -of course, much less during the winter than spring and summer months. -There is no season of the year when they can be handled for any purpose -with less risk or check than January. A moderate moist stove heat is -advisable for them generally. The species enumerated are selected from -nearly 150, and will be found to be a very representative collection. -_See also_ =Spathiphyllum=. - - =A. acaule= (stemless).* _fl._, spadix blue in a young state, borne - on long footstalks, sweetly scented. Spring. _l._ broad, oblong, - acuminate, 1ft. to 3ft. in length, erect, arranged in a rosulate - manner, dark shining green on the upper surface, somewhat paler - beneath. West Indies, 1853. A noble species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 108. ANTHURIUM ANDREANUM.] - - =A. Andreanum= (AndrA(C)'s).* _fl._, spadix about 3in. long, - yellowish, with a broad central band of white; spathe open, - cordate-ovate, orange red, leathery, 3in. to 4in. across, - and 6in. to 9in. long; surface irregularly corrugated. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, deeply cordate, green. Columbia, 1876. A very - beautiful species. See Fig. 108. - - =A. Bakeri= (Baker's).* _fl._, spathe small, green, reflexed; the - spadix, wherein lies the plant's principal beauty, exhibits a - lovely combination of pink and bright scarlet; the fleshy rachis - being pink, and the pea-sized fruits bright scarlet. July. _l._ - linear, leathery, green, with stout midribs. Costa Rica, 1872. - - =A. cordifolium= (cordate-leaved).* _l._ 3ft. long and 20in. broad, - heart-shaped, deep shining green on the upper surface, and paler - below. _h._ 4ft. New Grenada. One of the best, and may be grown in - a greenhouse or even in a sheltered spot of the sub-tropical garden - during July and August. _A. Browni_, although quite distinct, comes - close to this species. - - =A. coriaceum= (leathery).* _l._ very thick, leathery, ovate, - about 2ft. long; petioles stout, about the same length. Brazil. An - admirable sub-tropical species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 109. ANTHURIUM CRYSTALLINUM.] - - =A. crystallinum= (crystalline).* _l._ large, ovate-cordate, - acuminate, bright rich velvety green, principal veins elegantly - banded with pure crystal white; when young, the leaves are violet - colour; petioles terete. _h._ 2ft. Columbia. See Fig. 109. - - =A. cuspidatum= (cuspidate). _fl._, spathe crimson, reflexed, - shorter than the purplish spadix. _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminate, - 10in. to 20in. long, green. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Columbia. - - _A. ferrierense_ (FerriA"res).* _fl._, spathe cordate, about 5in. - long, and 4in. wide, bright red; spadix erect, about 4in. long, - ivory white. _l._ large, cordate. A handsome hybrid between _A. - ornatum_ and _A. Andreanum_. - - =A. fissum= (cut-leaved). _fl._, spathe green, erect, narrowly - lanceolate-acuminate. _l._ cut into four to seven elliptic - oblong-acuminate segments, green; petioles longish, terete. _h._ - 2ft. Columbia, 1868. - - =A. Harrisii pulchrum= (beautiful).* _fl._, spathe - linear-lanceolate, creamy white, deflexed, and pinkish at top; - spadix erect, deep crimson; scape about 1ft. long, pale green. _l._ - lanceolate, rounded at the base, pale green, with confluent white - markings intermixed with dark green. Stem short. Brazil, 1882. A - beautiful variegated plant. The typical _A. Harrisii_ is extremely - rare. - - =A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _fl._, spathe green; spadix green or - violet. _l._ obovate-spathulate, narrowed to a wedge-shaped base, - and shortly stalked, shining, about 30in. long and 8in. broad. _h._ - 3ft. Tropical America, 1840. SYNS. _A. Huegelii_, _Pothos acaulis_. - - =A. Huegelii= (Huegel's). A synonym of _A. Hookeri_. - - =A. insigne= (showy).* _l._ three-lobed, middle lobe lanceolate, - the two lateral ones are nearly ovate, and have from three to five - longitudinal ribs; when young, the leaves have a bronzy tinge; - petioles terete, slightly sheathing at the base. Columbia, 1881. A - very handsome species. - - =A. Kalbreyeri= (Kalbreyer's).* _l._ palmate, about 2-1/2ft. - across; leaflets nine, obovate-oblong, acuminate, sinuate, thick, - glabrous, rich deep green, those furthest from the stem are much - larger than those next the axis; petiole cylindrical, thickened at - the top. New Grenada, 1881. A very handsome climbing species. - - =A. lanceolatum= (lanceolate). _fl._, spathe lanceolate, deflexed, - yellowish green; spadix dark brown. _l._ lanceolate, stalked, - green, 1ft. long, narrowed to the base. There appears to be much - confusion as regards this and many varieties of _A. Harrisii_; - and the specific designation is indiscriminately applied to - lanceolate-leaved forms generally. The true species was introduced - to Kew from the West Indies. SYN. _A. Wildenowii_. - - =A. leuconeurum= (white-nerved). Green. Mexico, 1862. - - =A. Lindenianum= (Linden's).* _fl._ fragrant, spathe very pretty, - white, not reflexed, but the pointed apex slightly arches over - and shelters the white or purplish spadix. October. _l._ deeply - cordate, of a roundish outline; petioles long. _h._ 3ft. Columbia, - 1866. SYN. _A. Lindigi_ (of gardens). - - =A. Lindigi= (Lindig's). A garden synonym of _A. Lindenianum_. - - =A. macrolobum= (large-lobed).* _l._ large, deflexed, cordate, - acuminate, with an open sinus at the base, and about three acute - marginal lobes, dark green, marked with about five pale green ribs; - petioles green, terete. Stem erect, short. A fine hybrid. - - =A. nymphA|ifolium= (NymphA|a-leaved). _fl._, spathe white; spadix - purplish. Venezuela, 1854. - - =A. ornatum= (adorned).* _fl._, spathe linear-oblong, white, - 5in. to 6in. long, on terete green scapes, enclosing cylindrical - purplish spadices of about the same length as the spathes, and - studded with white points arranged spirally. Spring. _l._ ovate - or oblong-cordate, on slender terete petioles. _h._ 2-1/2ft. - Venezuela, 1869. - - =A. regale= (royal).* _l._ large, cordate-acuminate, 1ft. to 3ft. - long, dull metallic green, with white veins; young leaves tinged - with rose, on long smooth footstalks. East Peru, 1866. An excellent - species for conservatory or window decoration during summer. - -[Illustration: FIG. 110. ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM.] - - =A. Scherzerianum= (Scherzer's).* _fl._ on bright red peduncles, - which spring from among the base of the leafstalks; spathe - ovate-oblong, 3in. long and nearly 2in. broad, intense and - brilliant scarlet; spadix orange coloured. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, - 12in. to 18in. long, and 2in. or more broad, deep rich green, - leathery. Costa Rica. A very compact dwarf-growing evergreen about - 1ft. high. It continues in beauty about four months. See Fig. 110. - - =A. S. album= (white). A synonym of _A. Scherzerianum Williamsii_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 111. ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM MAXIMUM.] - - =A. S. maximum= (greater).* A very fine variety, with "gigantic - flower spathes, which measure about 9in. in length by 4in. in - breadth, and are of the most brilliant scarlet colour." See Fig. - 111. - - =A. S. pygmA|um= (small).* Altogether smaller than the type, with - narrow leaves, which are from 4in. to 6in. long, and about 1/2in. - broad. It is one of the best varieties, and produces flowers very - freely. 1880. - - =A. S. Rothschildianum= (Rothschild's). _fl._, spathe creamy white, - spotted with crimson; spadix yellow. 1880. Exactly intermediate - between its parent plants--the typical species and the following - variety. - - =A. S. Wardii= (Ward's).* _fl._, spathe 6in. long, 4in. broad, very - brilliant. _l._ broader and more robust than those of the typical - species. A splendid variety. - - =A. S. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _fl._, spathe white; spadix - yellowish. May. _l._ lanceolate-acuminate. Costa Rica, 1874. SYN. - _A. Scherzerianum album_. - - =A. signatum= (well-marked). _l._ apparently three-lobed; front - lobe about 1ft. long and 4in. wide; the two side ones 4in. long, - and about 6in. from the midrib to the extremity, dark green; - petioles about 1ft. long. Venezuela, 1858. - - =A. spathiphyllum= (Spathiphyllum). _fl._, spathe about 1-3/4in. - long, and nearly as much broad, erect, boat-shaped, broadly ovate, - white; spadix nearly 1in. long, very obtuse, pale yellow. _l._ - narrow lanceolate, 16in. to 24in. long, and about 2in. wide, bright - green above, pale greyish green beneath; midrib prominent; petiole - 3in. to 6in. long, trigonous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Tropical America, 1875. - - =A. splendidum= (splendid).* _l._ cordate, with an open sinus, - the lobes meeting behind; "the course of the nerves is marked by - a broadish band of deep lustrous velvety green, the intervening - spaces of about equal width being in striking contrast, of a pale - yellowish green; the leaf surface is scabrous, and the portions - between the ribs strongly bullate, as if raised in papillose - blisters; the veins on the under surface are angular, with - tooth-like projections at intervals, while the whole under surface - is punctuated with small pallid dots" (W. Bull). Stem short, thick. - South America, 1882. A very beautiful species, quite distinct from - any others of the genus. See Fig. 112. - -[Illustration: FIG. 112. ANTHURIUM SPLENDIDUM.] - - =A. subsignatum= (nearly allied to Signatum).* _l._ thick and - fleshy, hastate, with blunt points, 12in. to 18in. long, and as - much in breadth at the widest part; dark shining green above, paler - beneath; petioles about 1ft. long. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Costa Rica, 1861. - An excellent species. - - =A. tetragonum= (four-angled). _l._ erect, commences very - narrow, 1ft. wide at its broadest part; margins undulate, deep - shining green on the upper surface, paler below; petioles short, - quadrangular. Tropical America, 1860. An excellent sub-tropical - species. - - =A. triumphans= (superior). _fl._, spathe narrow, green; spadix - stout, greenish-white; peduncle quadrangular. _l._ alternate, - elongately cordate, bright green; ribs prominent, and of a paler - hue. Stem erect. Brazil, 1882. A handsome plant. - - =A. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ ovate-oblong, greatly elongated, - 2ft. to 3ft. long, with a breadth of less than one-third of these - dimensions, leathery, deep green, with a glossy metallic surface - when first expanded that becomes paler with age; the principal - nerves are arched and deeply sunk, imparting a curiously waved - appearance to the surface. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Columbia, 1877. Rare but - very handsome. - - =A. Waluiewi= (Walujew's).* _l._ broadly cordate, 12in. to 14in. - long, 8in. to 10in. broad, olive metallic green, when young, bright - reddish crimson; petioles four to five-angled. _h._ 2ft. Venezuela, - 1880. A very distinct and noble species. - - =A. Waroqueanum= (Waroque's).* _l._ elongated, from 24in. to - sometimes 36in. long, and 8in. to 11in. broad, very rich deep - green, of a velvety lustre; midribs and veins light, forming a very - pleasing contrast. Columbia, 1878. A very free grower. - - =A. Wildenowii= (Wildenow's). A synonym of _A. lanceolatum_. - - It may be here remarked that by far the majority of species - enumerated in the _Supplement_ of Johnson's Dictionary are - chiefly of botanical interest, and will, therefore, never become - extensively cultivated. - -=ANTHYLLIS= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _ioulos_, down; flowers -usually downy). Kidney Vetch. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Herbaceous or -sub-shrubby plants, of variable habit. Flowers in spikes or heads; -calyx tubular, five toothed, permanent after flowering, more or less -inflated. Petals nearly equal. Although not extensively grown, all -the species are very beautiful when in flower, the hardy sorts being -admirably adapted for rockwork. The herbaceous perennials may be easily -propagated by seed or division. The seeds of the annual kinds should be -sown in a rather dry, warm situation in the open ground. The shrubby -evergreens will need the protection of a frame or cool greenhouse in -cold northern climates, and are best grown in a mixture of loam, sand, -and peat. Young cuttings of most species will root in a pot of sandy -soil, with a bell glass placed over them, in a cool house or frame. - - =A. Barba-Jovis= (Jupiter's beard).* _fl._ pale yellow, numerous, - in globose, bracteate heads. March. _l._ pinnate, and are as well - as the branches, clothed with silky tomentum; leaflets nine to - thirteen, oblong-linear. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. Spain, 1640. Shrub. - - =A. erinacea= (prickly).* _fl._ bluish-purple; heads few flowered, - on short peduncles, bracteate. April. _l._ very few, oval, or - oblong. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Spain, 1759. A much branched, spiny, - almost leafless, and slow-growing species; hardy in a dry sunny - position on the rockery. SYN. _Erinacea hispanica_. - - =A. HermanniA|= (Hermann's). _fl._ yellow; heads few flowered, - nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. April. _l._ almost - sessile, simple, or trifoliate; leaflets oblong-cuneated, glabrous - or clothed with adpressed pubescence. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Corsica, - 1739. Shrubby, much branched. - - =A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._ pink or purplish, in dense heads, - on peduncles, with a leafy involucre. June. _l._ pinnate, and - are as well as the branches, silky and hoary; leaflets numerous, - oval-oblong, acute, small, entire. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Alps of - Europe, 1769. A very handsome little rock plant, with a dwarf and - tufted habit. - - =A. tetraphylla= (four-leaved). _fl._ white; heads axillary, - sessile, few flowered. July. _l._ pinnate, the terminal leaflets - ovate and large, the other three small and acute. South Europe, - 1640. A procumbent annual. - - =A. Vulneraria= (Common Woundwort).* _fl._ generally yellow, - sometimes white, red, or pinkish, in crowded twin heads. Summer. - _l._ pinnate, with five or more unequal leaflets; the lower ones - smallest. An elegant native herbaceous, perennial, admirably - adapted for rockwork. It is plentiful in most dry pastures. There - are several varieties, the best of which is _alba_. - -=ANTIARIS TOXICARIA.= This is the famous Upas tree of Java, from which -is obtained poison of a most deadly nature. It belongs to the NAT. ORD. -_UrticaceA|_. - -=ANTIGONON= (from _anti_, against, or opposite, and _gonia_, an -angle). ORD. _PolygonaceA|_. Elegant stove climbers. Flowers racemose, -cirrhose at the apex of the rachides; petals five, three outer ones -broadly cordate, two inner oblong. Leaves alternate, cordate. Although -extremely handsome plants, they are difficult to flower. They seem to -succeed best when planted out in a very thoroughly drained border over -hot-water pipes or flues, the long climbing stems being trained near -the glass in full light. - - =A. amabile= (lovely).* _fl._ bright rose, profusely borne - in axillary and terminal racemes. _l._ 3in. to 5in. long, - ovate-cordate, and deeply lobed at the base. It is of free slender - growth, the young shoots are pubescent, and having a slight reddish - tinge. An exceedingly attractive and effective species. - - =A. guatemalensis= (Guatemala). Probably the same as _A. insigne_. - - =A. insigne= (remarkable).* _fl._ very numerous, borne in tufts - along the sides of long racemes or panicles, which terminate in - branched tendrils; the calyx, which is the showy part of the - flower, has five membranous sepals, the three outer are of a - beautiful rosy pink colour, about 1in. in length by rather less in - breadth, cordate at the base, oblong, rounded towards the apex; the - two inner sepals about the same length as the outer ones, but much - narrower, falcate, lanceolate; pedicels 3/4in. long. _l._ broadly - ovate oblong, deeply cordate at the base, with two rounded lobes; - 4in. by 3in., the upper ones smaller, supported on short terete - downy stalks. Stems slender, angular, pubescent. Columbia, 1876. - - _A. leptopus_ (slender-stemmed). _fl._ numerous; the outer three - sepals of a beautiful rose colour, the centre of a much deeper - tint; racemes secund, bearing several coloured bracts as well as - flowers, and end in a branched tendril. _l._ alternate, cordate, - petiolate. Stem slender, sub-pubescent. Mexico, 1868. - -=ANTIGRAMME.= _See_ =Scolopendrium=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 113. ANTIRRHINUM CAPSULE, with Persistent Style.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 114. ANTIRRHINUM ASARINA, showing Habit and Flower.] - -=ANTIRRHINUM= (from _anti_, like, and _rhin_, a nose or snout; alluding -to the shape of the corolla). Snapdragon. ORD. _ScrophulariaceA|_. -Hardy herbaceous plants. Flowers in terminal racemes, or solitary and -axillary; corolla personate; tube ample, saccate at the base; lobes -of the upper lip erect; lower lip spreading, having the middle lobes -smaller than the lateral ones, with an ample bearded palate, which -closes the throat. Seed pod or capsule two-celled, upper cell bursting -by one pore, lower by two many-toothed pores. See Fig. 113. Leaves -entire, rarely lobed. The genus contains several very handsome species, -suitable for borders and the rockery, while innumerable varieties have -originated from _A. majus_, which are very popular, and extremely -useful for bedding purposes; these may be increased by cuttings or -seeds; if it is desired to increase certain colours or varieties, -the former is the only sure method to adopt. They should be taken in -September, when they will readily root in a cold frame, or under a -hand glass, or they may be rapidly propagated in gentle heat in spring. -Seeds should be sown in July or August, when they will produce good -plants by the following season; or if sown in March in warmth, the -plants will bloom late in the same year. The "Tom Thumb" strain is -especially desirable for bedding, being very dwarf and free. All the -other species may be increased by cuttings and seeds treated in the -same way. Light soil, well enriched with manure, is most suitable for -all of them, especially for the varieties of _A. majus_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 115. FLOWER-SPIKE OF ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS.] - - =A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved). Synonymous with _A. siculum_. - - =A. Asarina= (Asarina).* _fl._ axillary, solitary; corolla - 1-1/2in. long, white, sometimes tinged with red; palate yellow; - tube glabrous, compressed on the back, marked by purple spots, - and bearded by yellow hairs inside. June. _l._ opposite, on long - petioles, five-nerved, five-lobed, cordate, and crenated. South - France, &c., 1699. A greyish clammy procumbent plant, requiring a - warm position on the rockery. See Fig. 114. - - =A. hispanicum= (Spanish). _fl._ in loose spikes; corolla hardly - an inch long, purple, with a golden yellow palate; tube villous. - Summer. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, contracted at the base, bluntish; - lower ones opposite; superior ones alternate, narrower. _h._ 1ft. - Spain, 1878. SYN. _A. latifolium_. - - =A. latifolium= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. hispanicum_. - - =A. majus= (large).* Greater, or Common Snapdragon. _fl._ racemose, - approximate; corolla 1in. to 2in. long, shades infinite; palate - yellow at top, very prominent; tube downy outside. Spring, - summer, and autumn. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, 1in. to 3in. long; - upper ones narrower, attenuated at both ends, glabrous. Branches - erect, usually branched again. _h._ 2ft. Europe (naturalised in - Britain). The named varieties are numerous, but it is unnecessary - to enumerate any, as an equal amount of variation can be obtained - from seed. See Fig. 115. - - =A. molle= (soft).* _fl._ few, at the tops of the branchlets; - corolla 1in. long, whitish, with a yellow palate; upper lip striped - with purple. July. _l._ opposite, petiolate, clothed with glandular - and clammy hairs, about 1/2in. long, and little more than 1/4in. - broad; branches procumbent, slender, clothed with woolly hairs. - Pyrenees, 1752. A very pretty plant, which should have a warm - position on the rockery. _A. sempervirens_ comes close to this - species. - - =A. Orontium= (Orontium). _fl._ axillary, distant; corolla - rose-coloured or white, striped with purple; tube furnished - with a few glandular hairs; palate veined with purple; sepals - linear-lanceolate, large. June. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acutish, - attenuated at both ends, glabrous, 2in. long. _h._ 6in. to 12in. - Europe (British cornfields). Annual. See Fig. 116. - -[Illustration: FIG. 116. ANTIRRHINUM ORONTIUM.] - - =A. O. grandiflorum= (large-flowered). A variety with larger, - paler, and more approximate flowers, and with broader leaves, than - the type. Europe (British cornfields). - - =A. siculum= (Sicilian). _fl._ in loose racemes; corolla hardly - 1in. long, white or yellowish, rarely purple; tube rather hairy; - lobes of the upper lip and the middle lobe of the lower lip - emarginate. July. _l._ 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, linear-lanceolate, - opposite, alternate or three in a whorl, narrowed into petioles at - the base. Branches erect. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Sicily, 1804. SYN. _A. - angustifolium_. - - =A. tortuosum= (twisted).* _fl._ disposed in spiked racemes, - approximating by threes and fours; corolla (the largest of the - genus) purple; tube short; upper lip large. June. _l._ linear, - acute, opposite or three in a whorl, 2in. long, attenuated at both - ends; upper ones very narrow. Branches erect. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. - Italy. - -=ANTONIA.= A synonym of =Rhynchoglossum= (which _see_). - -=ANTROPHYUM= (from _antron_, a cavern, and _phuo_, to grow; referring -to its place of growth). Including _PolytA|nium_. ORD. _Filices_. -A small genus of stove ferns, very rarely seen in cultivation, -all with simple fronds, of firm but fleshy texture, and copious, -uniform, hexagonal areolA|. Sori carried along the veins, imperfectly -reticulated. For culture, &c., _see_ =Ferns=. - - =A. cayennense= (Cayenne). _sti._ 1in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ 6in. - to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed - at both ends; edge thickened, entire; areolA| half as broad as long. - _sori_ sub-superficial, often forked. Guiana, &c. - - =A. coriaceum= (leathery). _fronds_ 6in. to 8in. long, about - 1/2in. broad, narrowed very gradually from the centre to the base, - very acute at the apex, very thick; areolA| very long and narrow, - distinctly raised on the upper surface. _sori_ quite immersed, - sometimes confluent. Himalayas, &c. - - =A. lanceolatum= (lance-leaved).* _fronds_ 1ft. or more long, - 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, point acute, edge entire, the lower half - narrowed very gradually to the base; areolA| two or three times as - long as broad, about three rows between the midrib and the edge. - _sori_ slender, superficial, often joining. West Indies, southwards - to New Grenada, 1793. - -=ANTS= (_FormicidA|_). Well-known pests, easily distinguished from -all other insects. There are a great number of species, differing -more or less in habits; but, as a rule, they dwell underground in -communities, and construct extensive ant-cities, which are occupied -by three classes--the neuters or workers (by far the most numerous), -the males, and the females. There are often, in addition to these, -larger and stronger neuters, known as the "soldiers," or defenders -of the community. Ants have a long, slender body, supported on long -and slender legs. The head bears a pair of elbowed horns or antennA|, -constantly waving about and touching everything the insect comes -across. They have powerful mandibles for cutting, sawing, and biting, -and it is with these instruments that Ants do mischief in gardens. The -winged males and females become mature in summer, and on a warm day -they ascend in a body into the air; after a short time, they fall to -the ground, the females at once free themselves from the henceforth -useless wings, and begin to form new colonies. Vast numbers of eggs -are laid, from which issue larvA|, and these soon become pupA|, and -then perfect Ants. Some kinds are injurious from their habit (in some -species) of collecting aphides together, and farming them for the -sake of the honey secreted by the aphides, and that passes out from -their honey-tubes (thus helping to perpetuate the stock of these most -injurious insects); and also from the mechanical damage they do in -pots, and other receptacles for plants. They likewise cause unsightly -hills on lawns and paths, and the large black species that live in -decayed wood often injure the framing of greenhouses, &c., when the -woodwork has become somewhat decayed. Where fruit, such as peaches -or wall pears, are grown, Ants will at times inflict damage, and, -therefore, they should be kept away; but this is a comparatively easy -matter, as the placing of an obnoxious substance along the base of -the walls and around the stems of the trees will deter them. For the -extirpation of Ants from indoors, the Arsenical solution described -below is most efficacious, but it is extremely dangerous. - - * * * * * - -_Lime._ Air-slaked lime plentifully dusted, in warm, dry, weather, over -and around the hills and other places infested, will cause the Ants to -vacate them in a short time. A thick chalk line drawn round a smooth -tree, or across an upright board or post, will render it impassable. - -_Arsenic._ This must be used with the utmost caution, as it is a poison -most fatal to animal life. Recipe: 1oz. of ordinary arsenic is placed -in an old iron pot with a quart of water, and then boiled until reduced -to a pint or a little more of liquid, to which is added 1/2lb. of -coarse sugar. This mixture can either be dropped about the runs and -around the nests, or placed in saucers in the Ants' haunts. - -_Ferrocyanide of Potassium._ This is also very dangerous: Ferrocyanide -of potassium, 1dr.; raspings of quassia, 1dr.; and enough sugar to form -a syrup. Use in the same way as the preceding. - -_Calomel and Sugar._ Mix together one part of calomel and ten parts -of finely-powdered loaf sugar, and lay it in little heaps about their -nests and runs; the Ants will eat it and die. Spring is the best season -for this method. - -_Guano_, when fresh, if sprinkled on and around their quarters, is said -to be efficacious in driving them away. - -_Camphor._ If a piece of camphor, about the size of a filbert, be -placed in two quarts of hot water, and this, when cool enough, applied -to pot or other plants infested with Ants, the insects will be driven -off without injury to the plants. - -_Bones._ Lay a quantity of partially-picked boiled bones in the haunts, -and they will be quickly covered with insects. As soon as this occurs, -throw the bones into hot water. Before laying them down again, let -all superfluous moisture drain off. This is a cheap remedy, and, if -persisted in, is very effectual. - -_Carbolic Acid._ This, if of good strength, diluted with about ten or -twelve times its bulk of water, and well sprinkled over paths or other -places where there is no vegetation, will keep the Ants away. It has, -however, an objectionable smell. - -_Paraffin Oil._ Paraffin, mixed with six times its bulk of water, and -sprinkled over the nests every few days, will kill and drive away Ants; -but the smell is disagreeable. - -_Quassia._ 4oz. of quassia chips, boiled in a gallon of water for about -ten minutes, and 4oz. of soap added to the liquor as it cools, if used -like the preceding, is fairly effectual; but this, like the other -remedies, must be persisted in for some time. - -Fly pans or saucers, nearly filled with thin honey or sweet oil, -attract Ants, and they are drowned in them. Ants are very hard to clear -effectually out of a place, and therefore it is very desirable, in all -attempts to be rid of them, to persist in the above remedies. When -not living close to the roots or stems of plants, the best and surest -remedy of all is to flood them out or scald them in with boiling water. -The specifics are endless, but the best are mentioned above. - -=ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK.= _See_ =AlthA|a ficifolia=. - -=AOTUS= (from _a_, without, and _ous_, an ear; in allusion to the -absence of appendages in the calyx, which distinguishes it from its -allied genus, _PultenA|a_). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Elegant little greenhouse -evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers, and simple, linear-subulate -leaves, revolute at the margins, alternate or nearly opposite, or three -in a whorl. They should be grown in a compost of equal parts loam, -sand, and peat, with a little charcoal, and the pots should be well -drained. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, made in April, root freely in -sand, under a bell glass. - - =A. gracillima= (most slender).* _fl._ yellow and crimson, small, - on long, dense, graceful spikes, which are often over a foot long; - pedicels short. May. _h._ 3ft. New Holland, 1844. A very pretty - slender growing shrub. - - =A. villosa= (soft-haired). _fl._ axillary, disposed in racemose - spikes along the branches; calyx silky. April. _l._ smoothish on - the upper surface. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. New Holland, 1790. - -=APEIBA= (the native name in Guiana.) ORD. _TiliaceA|_. Very handsome -stove evergreen trees or shrubs, clothed with starry down. Flowers -large, golden yellow, pedunculate, bracteate. Capsule spherical, -depressed, rough from rigid bristles. Leaves broad, alternate, entire -or serrate. They thrive in a mixture of loam and peat. The best way -to induce them to flower in this country is by cutting a ring round -the bark of a large branch; by this means the growth is stopped. Well -ripened cuttings should be planted in sand in heat, under a bell glass, -which should be tilted occasionally, so as to give a little air to the -cuttings, otherwise they are apt to damp off. - - =A. aspera= (rough).* _fl._ golden yellow; peduncles opposite the - leaves, branched, many flowered. May. _l._ ovate-oblong, somewhat - cordate, quite entire, smooth. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Guiana, 1792. - - =A. Petoumo= (Petoumo). _fl._ yellow, similarly disposed to - _A. aspera_. August. _fr._ densely clothed with bristles. _l._ - ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate at the base, entire, hoary beneath. - _h._ 40ft. Guiana, 1817. - - =A. Tibourbou= (Tibourbou).* _fl._ dark yellow. August. _fr._ - densely clothed with bristles. _l._ cordate, ovate-oblong, - serrated, hairy beneath. _h._ 10ft. Guiana, 1756. - -=APETALOUS.= Without petals. - -=APEX.= The summit or point of anything. - -=APHELANDRA= (from _apheles_, simple, and _aner_, a male; the anthers -being one-celled). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. Very handsome stove evergreen -shrubs, mostly of an erect habit of growth, and having handsome shining -leaves, which in some instances are variegated. Flowers produced in -terminal four-sided spikes-A--the preponderating colours being brilliant -shades of orange or scarletA---conspicuously situated above the foliage; -they are exceedingly attractive; corolla ringent, two-lipped, upper -lip three-lobed; central lobe large. They bloom generally during the -autumn months, and if the plants are removed to a warm dry atmosphere -so soon as the flowers begin to open, they will continue much longer -in perfection than if left in the moisture-laden atmosphere of the -stove. From the time the flower spikes are at first seen till they -bloom, the plants will derive much benefit from frequent applications -of clear manure water. When the plants have finished flowering, they -should be allowed to rest, by reducing the supply of water, but never -allow them to shrivel. During this time they may be kept in a house or -pit, where the atmosphere is rather dry, with a night temperature of -50deg. to 55deg. Here they may remain till March, when they should be -pruned. This operation is commenced by thinning out the weakest shoots -altogether, and cutting the others back to one or two of the strongest -joints or buds above the old wood in order to keep the plants dwarf and -bushy. When pruned, the plants should be placed in the stove, giving -moderate supplies of water at the roots, and occasionally sprinkling -the stems overhead till growth commences. When the young shoots have -attained an inch or so in length, the plants should be turned out of -the pots, removing the crocks and as much of the old soil as can be -got away easily, at the same time shortening-in any of the straggling -roots. They should then be placed into smaller-sized pots, keeping -them rather close, and watering them carefully for a time till growth -has commenced. When fairly started, they may be transferred into -larger-sized pots, in which they are to flower. During the summer, -these plants require a moist atmosphere, with a temperature of 65deg. -by night, allowing it to rise 15deg. or 20deg. by day, and whilst -active growth is taking place they should be frequently supplied with -moisture at the roots, keeping them well exposed on all sides to the -light. After growth has commenced, it is not advisable to stop the -shoots, for the stouter and stronger they grow up the finer will be the -flower spikes when they appear. The compost should consist of equal -parts fibry loam, leaf soil, and peat, with a good proportion of sand -added. In preparing it, it should be rather lumpy, and, before using, -should be warmed to about the temperature of the house in which the -plants are grown. Clean pots and perfect drainage are most essential. -Cuttings are best prepared from half ripened wood, or taken off when -young with a heel. The base of each cutting should invariably be cut -clean across. These may be inserted an inch apart, in pots of sandy -soil, and plunged in a brisk bottom heat. To obtain young shoots for -cuttings, if the old plants break freely after pruning, and very large -specimens are not required, when the shoots are 2in. long they should -be thinned out, leaving the requisite number of the strongest to form -the plant. If the surplus pieces are removed with a slight heel of the -older wood, they make good cuttings, and should be treated the same -as the others. These cuttings strike root quickest, and when rooted, -if potted into 5in. or 6in. pots, and allowed to grow up without -stopping or pinching out the tops, they will flower the first season. -Although Aphelandras can be grown into large sized specimens, it will -be found to be more generally satisfactory to have specimens of neat -and moderate dimensions. The mealy bug and scale insects are very -troublesome, and must be kept down, otherwise they will prove most -prejudicial to the plants. - - =A. acutifolia= (acute-leaved). _fl._ large, deep vermilion red; - the upper lip of corolla concave, and projected forward, the lower - one consists of three oblong-obtuse spreading lobes. October. _l._ - broad, oblong-ovate, acuminate. Columbia, 1868. - - =A. aurantiaca= (orange-coloured).* _fl._ deep orange scarlet; - upper lip of corolla erect, bidentate, concave; lower one spreading - horizontally, three lobed. December. _l._ broad, ovate, opposite, - dark green, somewhat wavy at the edge. _h._ 3ft. Mexico, 1844. - - =A. a. Roezlii= (Roezl's).* Differs chiefly from the type in the - curiously twisted leaves, which are dark green, shaded with a - silvery hue between the primary veins; in the brighter scarlet of - the flowers; and a few other, but purely technical, points. It is - one of the best. Mexico, 1867. SYN. _A. Roezlii_. - - =A. cristata= (crested).* _fl._ brilliant orange scarlet, 2in. or - 3in. long, in large terminal branching spikes. August to November. - _l._ large, broadly ovate, and tapering to a point. _h._ 3ft. West - Indies, 1733. A handsome and continuous bloomer. SYN. _Justicia - pulcherrima_. - - =A. fascinator= (fascinating).* _fl._ bright vermilion, in - very large spikes. Autumn. _l._ ovate acuminate, olive green, - beautifully banded with silvery white, whilst the under side is of - a uniform purplish violet. _h._ 1-1/2ft. New Grenada, 1874. - - =A. Leopoldi= (Leopold's).* _fl._ citron-yellow. _l._ opposite, - ovate-oblong, acuminate; ground colour on the upper surface dark - green, the midrib and primary veins pure white; under surface - uniformly pale green. Brazil, 1854. - - =A. medio-aurata= (golden-centred). _fl._ unknown. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, sinuate, bright green, with yellow central brand. - Brazil, 1871. SYN. _Graptophyllum medio-auratum_. - - =A. nitens= (shining).* _fl._ glowing vermilion-scarlet, very - large, in erect, simple, terminal spikes, which, after the flowers - have fallen, are clothed with the imbricating, lanceolate, - appressed bracts. _l._ ovate, sub-acute, leathery, brilliant glossy - on the upper surface, dark vinous purple underneath. _h._ 2ft. to - 3ft. Columbia, 1867. - - =A. Porteana= (Porte's).* _fl._ in fine terminal heads; corolla and - bracts bright orange. _l._ rich green, with metallic silvery-white - veins. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, 1854. - - =A. pumila= (dwarfish).* _fl._ orange-coloured; upper lip erect, - concave, entire; bracts large, purplish. _l._ large, cordate, - ovate-oblong, acute. _h._ 8in. Brazil, 1878. Very distinct from all - others. - - =A. punctata= (dotted).* _fl._ bright yellow, in large and rather - dense spikes; the spiny-edged long pointed bracts are also yellow, - with the exception of the tip, which is green, and forms a pleasing - contrast. November. _l._ opposite, elliptic, acuminate; the green - midrib is conspicuous in the middle of a white central band, which - also extends beside the green veins, this silvery band breaking up - on its margin into numerous small white dots, producing a pretty - and distinct form of variegation. South America, 1881. - - =A. Roezlii.= A synonym of _A. aurantiaca Roezlii_. - - =A. variegata= (variegated). _fl._ yellow; spike, 6in. long, with - bright orange-red bracts. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark - green with white veins. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil. - -=APHELEXIS= (from _apheles_, simple, and _exis_, habit). ORD. -_CompositA|_. A genus of elegant dwarf evergreen greenhouse shrubs. -Flower-heads large, solitary, or small and two or more together. Leaves -small. These plants are valuable for exhibition purposes, on account of -their bright colours, and the length of time they last in perfection; -they are included among what are familiarly known as "everlastings." -The most suitable soil is a compost of two parts of good fibrous peat -and one of leaf mould, with a liberal supply of silver sand, and a few -pieces of charcoal added to it. Repot the plants firmly in February, -and allow thorough drainage. Cuttings can be made in spring or summer; -small half-ripened side shoots are best; and these will root in sandy -soil, under a bell glass, in a cool greenhouse. - - =A. ericoides= (heath-like).* _fl.-heads_ white. April. _l._ very - small, three-cornered, imbricated, appressed; branches numerous, - very fine, filiform. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1796. - - =A. fasciculata= (fascicled). _fl.-heads_ purplish, solitary, - terminal; peduncles scaly. March. _l._ acerose linear, roundish, - downy above; lower spreading; upper appressed. _h._ 2ft. Cape of - Good Hope, 1779. There are two or three forms of this species, - varying in the colour of the flowers. - - =A. humilis= (humble, or dwarf).* _fl.-heads_ pink, solitary, - terminal, opening only in sunshine; peduncles scaly. April. _l._ - subulate, erect, imbricate. Branches numerous, slender, covered - with white tomentum. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1810. A handsome - greenhouse plant, with much-branched stems, terminated by the - flower-head. SYNS. _A. macrantha_ and _Helipterum humile_. - - =A. h. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ rosy-purple, - produced in great abundance. Habit rather dwarf, and free - branching. Very highly esteemed. - - =A. h. purpurea= (purple).* _fl._ dark purple, very abundant. _l._ - silvery white and shining. A vigorous grower, and perhaps the best - for exhibition purposes. It is known in gardens as _A. macrantha - purpurea_; also under the name of _A. spectabilis_. - - =A. h. rosea= (rose-coloured).* _fl.-heads_ delicate rose, very - profuse. Habit very compact and free-branching. A very showy and - desirable variety, known in gardens as _A. macrantha rosea_. - - =A. macrantha= (large-flowered). Synonymous with _A. humilis_. - - =A. sesamoides= (Sesamum-like). _fl.-heads_ purple and white, - sessile, solitary, terminal. April. _l._ acerose linear, keeled, - smooth, appressed. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1739. - -=APHIDES=, or =PLANT LICE=. These belong to the order _Homoptera_, -meaning "same winged," and the name has reference to the fact that -the fore wings are uniform in their structure from base to apex, not -divided into a leathery base and a membranous tip. Aphides are all -minute in size, soft bodied, and generally long legged; the mouth is -furnished with a curiously-constructed beak, or rostrum, for sucking -the juice of plants; the antennA|, or feelers, are long and slender; the -legs have usually two joints in the tarsi, one of which is generally -very ill-developed; and near the tip of the abdomen, on the back of a -ring, in many kinds, stand two prominent tubes, called honey-tubes, -from which a sweet secretion, much sought after by ants, is emitted. -They are very destructive, and nearly every plant has its own peculiar -Aphis; but among the worst are the cherry fly and bean fly. All these -insects are very destructive to the young shoots and foliage of plants, -on which they cluster in large numbers, sometimes completely hiding -the stems, increasing with marvellous rapidity. They produce eggs in -autumn, which lie dormant through the winter, and upon the approach of -warm weather in spring, hatch and produce individuals which, during -the summer, are viviparous, budding off young insects at a surprising -rate, which quickly in turn become possessed of the same marvellous -power; hence the enormous number which are produced in so surprisingly -short a time. It has been computed that in a few weeks many millions -of young might be produced directly or descended from a single female. -_See also_ =Black Fly= and =Bean Fly=. - -The following remedies may be successfully employed: - -_Tobacco._ This is applied, as a rule, in three forms, each of which -is useful for particular purposes. Tobacco powder is useful as a -dry application to plants where, from any cause, the other modes of -employing it are not desirable. It causes no smell, and is useful in -conservatories, &c., for that reason. The mode of applying it is to -dredge or dust it over the foliage of the plants affected, and to -syringe off in from three to thirty hours, according to the nature of -the plants. Fumigation with tobacco, if done in a proper way, is very -effective, but it leaves an unpleasant smell. The foliage of the plants -should be quite dry, and a still day must be chosen for the work; the -house should be filled with smoke, but no flame must arise in the -burning. The plants should be well syringed the next morning, and full -ventilation allowed; if the fumigation is repeated twice or thrice, it -will prove very effectual. Tobacco water is made by soaking a pound of -coarse shag in 6gals. of hot water, to which 1/2lb. of size or soft -soap has been added. The plants should be dipped into or syringed with -this mixture, and well syringed with clean tepid water about twelve -hours after. It should not be employed for plants having woolly or -hairy foliage. Tobacco paper and cloth are used for fumigating in -the same manner as tobacco; but as they vary in strength, more care -is necessary, as they sometimes cause the leaves to become spotted. -Judiciously employed, they are cheaper than Tobacco. - -_Quassia._ Boil 1lb. quassia chips in 4gals. of soft water, for about -ten minutes, and after straining off the chips, add 1lb. of soft soap. -Apply in the same way as Tobacco water, and syringe the plants with -clean water after ten minutes or a quarter of an hour. - -_Soft Soap._ This, in proportion of 8lb. to 12gals. of rain water, and -1gal. of tobacco water added after it is cold, is a cheap and good -remedy out of doors, and requires the same mode of application as -tobacco water. - -_Soap Suds._ Where bleaching powder, or much soda, is not mixed with -these, they make a good insect killer for hard-foliaged plants, but -should be washed off with clean water in twelve hours. No mixture -containing chloride of lime should be used. - -_Various._ Fir-tree Oil, Gishurst's Compound, and Fowler's Insecticide, -are all serviceable, if used as directed on the labels. Hardeman's -Beetle Powder, applied with the little French powder-bellows which is -sold with it, is very efficacious. For outdoor work, nothing surpasses -clean cold water, applied often and forcibly with a syringe. - -The best mode of clearing Aphis off Beaus, Currants, &c., is to remove -the tops of the infested shoots, and to wash the plants with soapy -water, or a solution of Gishurst's Compound. In some cases, a good -dusting with soot and wood ashes, while the plants are wet, will keep -them in check. The "Golden Eyes" or "Lacewing" fly, and also ladybirds, -are to be encouraged, as the larvA| of each of these wage incessant war -against Aphides, especially the green varieties, and thin them out -considerably. - -=APHROPHORA.= _See_ =Frog Hopper=. - -=APHYLLANTHES= (from _aphyllos_, leafless, and _anthos_, a flower; the -flowers are on rush-like branches). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A very pretty -rush-like hardy perennial, forming dense, erect tufts. It thrives best -in sandy peat, requires a warm sunny situation, and slight protection -in winter. Increased by division of the roots, and seeds; the latter -should be sown in pots in a cool greenhouse as soon as ripe. - - =A. monspeliensis= (Montpelier).* _fl._, perianth six-cleft, - spreading at the apex, deep blue, nearly an inch across, disposed - in a small head, on slender scapes. June. _l._ absent; the very - slender scapes are leaflike, with membranous sheaths at the base. - South of France, 1791. - -=APHYLLOUS.= Without leaves. - -=APICRA= (from _apicros_, not bitter). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A group of -succulents allied to _Aloe_, and having the following among other -characters:--Flowers small, loosely sub-spicate; perianth regular, -cylindrical, with short spreading segments; peduncles simple or forked. -Plants small; rosette leaves always elongated. Leaves thick, diffuse, -never spinosely dentated. They require treatment similar to Aloes, -under which genus they are included by some authors. - - =A. aspera= (rough).* _fl._, perianth 1/2in. long; raceme loose, - 3in. to 4in.; pedicels three to four lines long; peduncle slender, - simple, nearly 1ft. _l._ dense, in many rows, spreading, rounded, - deltoid, six to seven lines long and broad; face rather flat; - middle three to four lines thick; back convex hemispherical, - wrinkled. Cape of Good Hope, 1795. - - =A. bicarinata= (double-keeled).* _fl._ unknown. _l._ dense, in - many rows, ascending, deltoid-lanceolate, nine to twelve lines - long, six lines broad, dirty green; face flat; middle two lines - thick; margin scabrous; back copiously tubercled. Cape of Good - Hope, 1824. - - =A. congesta= (congested). _fl._, perianth six to seven lines, - whitish; raceme loose, sub-spicate, about 1ft.; pedicels short; - peduncles 6in. long, simple. _l._ dense, spreading, in many rows, - deltoid-lanceolate, eighteen to twenty-one lines long, three to - four lines thick; back convex; top unevenly keeled towards the - margins. 1843. - - =A. deltoidea= (deltoid). _fl._, perianth greenish, five to six - lines long; raceme about 1ft. long, sub-spicate; pedicels short; - peduncles 6in., simple or branched. _l._ in five regular rows, - spreading, nine to twelve lines long, deltoid, shining green; - when mature, upper surface rather flat, apex pungent; middle two - to three lines thick; back distinctly keeled upwards; margins and - keels minutely serrated. South Africa, 1873. - - =A. foliolosa= (small-leafy).* _fl._, perianth greenish, five to - six lines long; raceme loose, sub-spicate, about 1ft.; pedicels two - to three lines long; peduncle 6in., simple. _l._ dense, spreading, - in many rows, rounded deltoid, cuspidate, six to eight lines long - and broad, without spots or tubercles; face rather flat; middle - one and a half to two lines thick; back obliquely keeled upwards - towards the margins. Cape of Good Hope, 1795. - - =A. imbricata= (imbricated). Synonymous with _A. spiralis_. - - =A. pentagona= (five-angled).* _fl._, perianth whitish, 1/2in. - long; raceme about 1ft., loose; lower pedicels two to three lines - long; peduncles 1ft., often branched. _l._ dense, regular, lower - ones spreading, upper ones ascending, lanceolate-deltoid, fifteen - to eighteen lines long; bottom six to eight lines broad, shining - green; face flat; middle three to four lines thick; apex pungent; - margin scabrous; back irregularly one to two keeled at top. Cape of - Good Hope, 1731. - - =A. p. bullulata= (little-blistered). _l._ irregularly spiral, five - rowed; back with spreading close wrinkled tubercles. - - =A. p. spirella= (small spiral). _l._ smaller and more deltoid, - 1in. long, six to eight lines broad at the bottom, irregularly five - rowed, or as if in many rows. - - =A. spiralis= (spiral).* _fl._, perianth reddish-white, 1/2in. - long; raceme loose, nearly 1ft.; pedicels ascending, two to three - lines long; peduncles 6in., simple or branched. _l._ dense, in many - rows, strong, ascending, lanceolate-deltoid, twelve to fifteen - lines long, six to eight lines broad; face almost flat, without - tubercles; apex pungent; back swollen, scarcely keeled; margins - obscurely crenulated. Cape of Good Hope, 1790. SYN. _A. imbricata_. - -=APICULATE=, =APICULATED=. Terminated in a little point. - -=APIOS= (from _apion_, a pear; in reference to the form of the tubers -of the root). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. An elegant little hardy twining -perennial, easily trained into almost any shape. It must have a -well-exposed, sunny position, and the soil should be of a warm or light -sandy nature. Propagated by division of the tubers. - -[Illustration: FIG. 117. APIOS TUBEROSA, showing Habit and Flower.] - - =A. tuberosa= (tuberous).* Ground Nut. _fl._ brownish-purple, - sweet-scented, in axillary racemes. Summer and early autumn. _l._ - pinnate. Tubers edible, farinaceous. Habit very light and graceful. - Pennsylvania, 1640. SYN. _Glycine Apios_. See Fig. 117. - -=APIOSPERMUM.= A synonym of =Pistia= (which _see_). - -=APIUM= (from _apon_, Celtic for water; in reference to the habitat). -ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. This genus contains no species worth growing for -ornament, and nearly all are more or less acrid and poisonous. A. -_graveolens_ is the Celery of gardens, for culture of which, _see_ -=Celery=. - -=APLECTRUM= (from _a_, without, and _plectron_, a spur; flower -spurless). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A monotypic genus from North America. A -curious, hardy, terrestrial orchid, requiring a shady spot in light -loam and leaf mould, moderately damp. Very difficult to cultivate. - - =A. hyemale= (wintry).* _fl._ greenish-brown, large, racemose, - borne on a naked scape after the leaves have died down; labellum as - long as the sepals; column sessile, rather long, wingless. April. - Stem pseudo-bulbous, with one large, broad, ribbed leaf. _h._ 1ft. - 1827. - -=APLOTAXIS.= Included under =Saussurea= (which _see_). - -=APOCARPOUS.= Having the carpels or fruit separate, or disunited. - -=APOCYNACEA†.= A large order of trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, usually -with a poisonous, milky sap. Flowers regular, solitary or corymbose; -corolla salver-shaped or campanulate. Leaves simple, opposite, -sometimes alternate or whorled. Well known genera belonging to this -order are: _Allamanda_, _Nerium_, _TabernA|montana_ and _Vinca_. - -=APOCYNUM= (from _apo_, away, and _kyon_, a dog; adopted by -Dioscorides, because the plant was supposed to be poisonous to dogs). -ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. Dog's Bane. Perennial erect herbs, with cymose -flowers and membranous, opposite leaves. There are several species -belonging to this genus, but only the one described below is worthy of -being cultivated. They are of extremely easy culture, thriving in any -ordinary soil; and may be propagated by suckers, divisions, or seeds. -The best time to divide is just as they are starting into fresh growth -in spring. - - =A. androsA|mifolium= (Tutsan-leaved).* _fl._ pale red, with darker - stripes; corolla campanulate; cymes terminal and lateral. July. - _l._ ovate, glabrous, petiolate, pale beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - Virginia, and Canada, 1683. A very old garden favourite, thriving - best in peaty soil, with Azaleas, &c. See Fig. 118. - -[Illustration: FIG. 118. INFLORESCENCE OF APOCYNUM ANDROSA†MIFOLIUM.] - -=APONOGETON= (from _apon_, Celtic for water, and _geiton_, neighbour; -alluding to the habitat of these plants). ORD. _NaiadaceA|_. Very -ornamental aquatic perennials. There are several species, but _A. -distachyon_ is superior to the others. This species may be cultivated -in small tanks or aquaria; it delights in an abundance of light and -air, and is perfectly hardy, having become naturalised in many parts -of the country. Pot the plants in rich sandy loam and rotten cow -manure, using, of course, small pots, if the vessel in which it is to -be grown is restricted. When introducing it to large tanks or lakes, -commence with strong, previously well-established plants, in large -pots, breaking the latter when the plants are immersed. Place them in -positions where the water is about 1ft. 6in. to 2ft. deep; they will -then rapidly increase by offsets and seeds, and, when established, will -flower nearly all the year round. The other kinds will thrive with the -same treatment; but they are neither so hardy nor so vigorous, and -should only be grown in small tanks or aquaria. - -[Illustration: FIG. 119. APONOGETON DISTACHYON, showing Habit and -Flower-spikes.] - - =A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved). _fl._ white. July. Cape of Good - Hope, 1788. Half hardy. - -[Illustration: FIG. 120. APONOGETON DISTACHYON, showing Flower-spikes, -Leaf, and Root.] - - =A. distachyon= (two-spiked).* Cape Pond Weed; Winter Hawthorn. - _fl._ with a delicious Hawthorn-like perfume; petals none; bracts, - or showy portion oval, entire, white; anthers purple-brown; - scape two-spiked, each spike being from 2in. to 4in. long. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, entire, bright green, on long stalks, floating. - Cape of Good Hope, 1788. See Figs. 119 and 120. - - =A. monostachyon= (simple-spiked). _fl._ pink. September. _h._ 1ft. - East Indies, 1803. Stove species. Rare. - - =A. spathaceum junceum= (rush-like).* A very pretty, but rare, - half-hardy aquatic plant, with the forked inflorescence having both - bracts and flowers suffused with a delicate blush colour. _l._ - rush-like, standing clear up out of the water. South Africa, 1879. - -=APORETICA.= A synonym of =Schmidelia= (which _see_). - -=APPENDICULATE, APPENDICULATED.= Having appendages. - -=APPLANATE.= Flattened out. - -[Illustration: FIG. 121. APPLE BLOSSOM.] - -=APPLE= (_Pyrus Malus_). The Apple is one of the most useful, and -probably most largely cultivated, of our hardy fruits. It is known -as the Crab in its wild state, and is indigenous to Britain and to -all the temperate and warmer parts of Europe. It is supposed that the -progenitors of the varieties now grown were introduced to this country -at various times from the Continent, and not obtained here as direct -improvements on the native Crab. Those now cultivated are extremely -numerous, and include good varieties that can be made to prolong the -season all the year round. Apart from its great value as a fruit, the -apple is a strikingly handsome tree when in flower (see Fig. 121). A -fruiting branch is shown at Fig. 122. - -[Illustration: FIG. 122. FRUITING BRANCH OF APPLE.] - -_Propagation._ Seeds are sown extensively, chiefly for raising stocks -to graft approved sorts on; also with a view to raising new varieties. -The seeds do not retain their germinative properties very long, -consequently they must be sown soon after being taken from the fruit. -As grown in this country, they are generally sown in the autumn, -transplanted the following year, and so on until they are of sufficient -size for Grafting purposes. The standard of excellence being at present -so high, improved forms raised from seed are comparatively scarce. - -_Grafting._ This method of propagation is the one generally adopted -for most purposes, the stocks being previously prepared for size or -height of tree required. Cordon and other dwarf-trained trees should be -worked near but not below the ground, while standards are best worked -on stocks of the desired height. The practice of working standard trees -low, and growing the scion to form the stem of the future tree, is not -recommended, as many of the tenderer sorts will not grow straight or -strong enough for the purpose. Whip-grafting is the most preferable -mode adopted. The scions should be selected from healthy trees not -later than January, and laid in singly in the ground until the stocks -have slightly advanced in growth, which is generally about the middle -of April. Several other methods of Grafting may be adopted with -success, but the one above recommended is considered the best. - -_Budding._ Apples may be successfully propagated by Budding, and -this method is practised much more now than formerly. It has many -advantages, as it requires to be performed at a season when there is -not so much work in hand. It should be done in damp, dull weather, if -possible, as the weather if dry soon destroys the buds. July and August -is the proper time for the purpose. The stocks and woods from which the -buds are taken should be as much as possible in the same condition. - -_Propagation by Cuttings, Layers, &c._ This system may be made use -of in the case of new varieties or where it is desired to increase -any one variety with a limited number of scions, but the results are -uncertain--at least in the case of cuttings; consequently, it is much -better to resort to the safer method of Grafting. - -_Pruning._ _See_ =Pruning=. - -_Training._ _See_ =Training=. - -_Planting._ The best time to plant is as soon as most of the leaves -have fallen, which is generally about the end of October. The roots -being then in an active state, and the ground still retaining a certain -amount of heat, they will form new roots before winter, which is a -material advantage. Where it is impossible to plant at this time, it -may be done in suitable weather any time during the winter, but it -is best not deferred till spring. It is important in planting that -the soil should be moderately dry and free from frost; this condition -cannot always be obtained during winter. The effects of soil and -situation have a very important bearing on the Apple, specimens of -the same sort from different places being often hardly recognisable. -Although not over fastidious in the matter of soil as far as growing -is concerned, the best results are obtained where it is of a rich -loamy character and well drained. Dry, sandy soils invariably produce -canker, while the trees are often overgrown with lichens in undrained -land. The addition of heavier loam, or sometimes trenching and mixing -the sub-soil with that at the top, will convert light soils into those -suitable for Apple culture; while, on the other hand, heavy soils -may be improved by drainage, the addition of lime, vegetable refuse, -burnt earth, and other matters. Rank manure should on no account be -used anywhere near the roots, but a little well-decayed manure, mixed -with the soil or used as a mulching, is beneficial. The site best -suited is an open, though not exposed one, with a south, south-east, -or south-west aspect. Shelter from north-east winds in spring, which -destroys the bloom, and from west and south-west winds in autumn, which -blow down the fruit, should be the aim of cultivators. Planting in a -valley should be avoided on account of spring frosts. In Planting, -care must be taken to make the bottom of the hole tolerably firm, and -slightly raised under the base or bole of the tree. The roots should -then be carefully spread out all round, and if any have been ruptured -in transplanting, cut them clean off on the upper side, thus inducing -new roots to be formed near the surface. The soil should be trodden -firmly after a quantity has been filled in, if it is in a dry, suitable -condition, as previously recommended. Secure with stakes in proportion -to the size of tree, or injury will be caused by the wind. The distance -at which Apple trees are planted varies considerably. Standards in -orchards may be planted in good soil, from 20ft. to 40ft. apart, -especially if they are strong-growing culinary sorts. Pyramids may be -planted from 5ft. to 15ft., according to size; and similar distances -will suit Bush trees. The oblique Cordon system of training admits of -a large number of varieties being cultivated in a small space, as they -may be planted as close as 18in. or 2ft. apart. Horizontal Cordons -should be planted about 5ft. asunder, and one branch trained each way. -Watering will be necessary after planting in most cases, especially -should the winter and following season be at all dry. Thinning the -fruit is sometimes advisable for obtaining good specimens, but it is -not generally necessary, at least with many of the shy-setting sorts. -If, however, the crop should be exceptionally heavy, it is best to thin -the fruit, or the tree may be unable to make and ripen its wood for the -crop of the succeeding year. - -_Gathering._ The three following tests are sure indications of the -gathering period: (1) The apples will begin to fall of their own -accord; (2) their seeds will be plump and brown in colour; and (3) the -fruit will separate with a mere touch from the trees; the second test -may be said to be infallible. All Apples should be gathered before -the end of October, for none will bear frost with impunity. They must -be gathered in dry weather, and handled with the greatest care, laid -gently in baskets and trays, in single file only, and conveyed to the -store room. - -_Storing._ The simplest and best method is in choosing or forming some -room or place free from extremes of heat and cold, dryness or damp, -where a temperature of about 45deg. is maintained. A current of air is -not necessary. The shelves should be made of poplar, sycamore, lime, or -other white wood. Deal, oak, ash, elm, and almost all other woods, give -a bad taste to the fruit. One sheet of paper--and paper only--should be -placed under the fruit. They ripen best, and are of the highest flavour -when left fully exposed to the free atmosphere of the fruit room, and -in order to preserve a more even temperature the light should be shut -out. Early and late ripening varieties must be stored in separate -places, as well as all inferior or injured fruit. The plan of isolating -each fruit by packing in tissue paper, sand, burnt earth, or other -substances, often destroys the flavour of the fruit, and possesses no -material benefit otherwise. - -_Diseases._ Apple Mussel Scale, Apple or Codlin Grub, Canker, Mildew, -American Blight, Scale, and Insect Pests, such as Caterpillars, -Maggots, and Weevils, _see_ under their separate headings. - -The following are some of the best varieties in cultivation:-- - - =Adams' Pearmain.= Dessert. Fruit medium, very handsome; flavour - juicy and sugary. December to March. - - =Alexander.= Kitchen. Very large, showy, and good. September to - December. - - =Alfriston.= Kitchen. Very fine, large, white flesh. November to - April. - - =Ashmead's Kernel=, or =Cockle Pippin=. Dessert. Fruit below - medium; flavour very rich and sugary. This variety is, according to - Mr. Rivers, much esteemed in Gloucestershire. November to January. - - =Bedfordshire Foundling.= Kitchen. Fruit large. One of the finest - and most useful sorts, a great bearer. February to May. - - =Bess Pool.= Kitchen. Fruit large. Good late cooking apple. - December to May. - - =Betty Geeson.= Kitchen. Fruit large, produced in great abundance. - February to May. A valuable sort. - - =Blenheim Pippin.= One of the best kitchen sorts. November to - February. - - =Boston Russet.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour very sugary and - rich, similar to the Ribston Pippin. An excellent American variety. - January to May. - - =Brabant Bellefleur.= Kitchen. Fruit large, round, pale yellow, - red-streaked. A most useful cooking variety, also useful for - dessert. November to April. - -[Illustration: FIG. 123. APPLE, CALVILLE BLANCHE.] - - =Calville Blanche.= Dessert. Fruit large; flavour first-class. - October to December. See Fig. 123. - - =Cellini.= Kitchen. Fruit perfect in form, size, colour, and - quality. October to January. - - =Claygate Pearmain.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour rich, aromatic, - excellent, same as Ribston Pippin. January to May. - - =Coe's Golden Drop.= Dessert. Fruit small, with a crisp and juicy - flavour. November to January. A delicious variety. - - =Cornish Aromatic.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour rich, juicy, and - aromatic. October to December. - - =Cornish Gillyflower.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour very rich, - quite aromatic. October, November to January. An excellent variety, - thriving best in a warm situation. - - =Court of Wick.= Dessert. Fruit medium, very handsome; flavour - somewhat similar to Golden Pippin. December to March. - -[Illustration: FIG. 124. APPLE, COURT PENDU PLAT.] - - =Court Pendu Plat.= Dessert or kitchen. Fruit medium, rich russet - brown, of first-rate quality, and the tree is a good cropper. - November to April. See Fig. 124. - - =Cox's Orange Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit medium, very handsome; - flavour rich aromatic. October to December. One of the best apples - grown. - - =Cox's Pomona.= Kitchen. Fruit very large, of superior quality. - October. - - =Devonshire Quarrenden.= Dessert. Fruit medium, excellent quality, - and handsome. July to September. A very prolific sort. - - =D. T. Fish.= Kitchen. Fruit large, roundish, of a clear - straw-colour, with small specks of russet, slightly flushed with - crimson on the side where the sun strikes it; flavour sub-acid. - November to January. A fine and handsome variety. - - =Duchess of Oldenburgh.= Kitchen. Fruit large, red-striped. August - to October. A very desirable and handsome Russian variety. - - =Duke of Devonshire.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour crisp, juicy, - rich and sugary. December to March. - - =Dumelow's Seedling=, or =Wellington=, or =Normanton Wonder=. - Kitchen. Fruit firm, large, and somewhat acid. November to March. - - =Early Harvest.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour juicy, excellent, - with a pleasant sharpness. July to September. According to Mr. - Rivers this variety is equally good for cooking or dessert, and is - a very fertile tree on the Paradise stock. - - =French Crab.= Kitchen. Fruit large, pale green, firm, acid. An - excellent sort, and the longest keeper. - - =Golden Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit small, very excellent flavour. - November to January. A well-known and highly-esteemed sort. - - =Golden Reinette.= Dessert. Fruit rather small, yellowish red, - streaked with red; flavour excellent, sweet and rich. One of the - best and most useful of dessert apples. October to December. - - =Gravenstein.= Kitchen. Fruit large, handsome, sweet and crisp. - November to January. A very prolific sort. - - =Greenup's Pippin.= Kitchen. Fruit very large. February to May. A - vigorous grower and abundant bearer. - - =Irish Peach.= Dessert. Fruit medium, yellowish-green, very early; - flavour juicy, excellent. July and August. A very good variety, - often known as Early Crofton. - - =Jolly Beggar.= Kitchen. Fruit large, pale yellow, tender - and juicy. November to January. A very desirable sort and an - extraordinary cropper. - - =Keddlestone Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit small, yellow or golden - colour, specked with russet; flavour delicious, highly aromatic. - December to March. An excellent variety. - - =Kerry Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit medium, firm, yellow, and red; - flavour sugary and rich. September to October. - - =Keswick Codlin.= Kitchen. Fruit large and early. August to - October. An admirable sort for market purposes. - - =King of the Pippins.= Dessert. Fruit medium, yellow and red; - flavour juicy and rich. October to January. - - =Lady Henniker.= Kitchen. Fruit yellow, with crimson streaks near - the sun, highly flavoured, and with a pleasant perfume. February to - May. An excellent sort, suitable for dessert or kitchen. - - =Lodgemore Nonpareil.= Dessert. Fruit small; flavour rich, sugary, - and aromatic. January to May. An excellent sort. - - =Lord Suffield.= Kitchen. Fruit very large, white, soft, excellent - for sauce and tarts. August to September. - - =Manx's Codlin.= Kitchen. Fruit large. September and October. One - of the finest and most useful of kitchen sorts. - - =MA"re de MA(C)nage.= Kitchen. Large and good. October to March. - - =Mr. Gladstone.= Dessert. Fruit large and handsome, very early, - scarlet cheek, striped and shaded; of excellent quality. July and - August. New. - - =New= or =Winter Hawthornden=. Kitchen. Fruit very large, - excellent. November to January. An extraordinary bearer, one of the - best for sauce and cooking. - - =Nonsuch.= Kitchen. Fruit large, juicy. August to October. An - admirable sort, unequalled for sauce and cooking. - - =Norfolk Beefing.= Kitchen. Large and good flavour, excellent - keeper, most useful for baking whole and preserving. November to - July. - - =Norfolk Greening.= Kitchen. Fruit medium; rather acid. Keeps till - April or May. - - =Northern Spy.= Dessert. Fruit large, tender; flavour highly - aromatic. December to May. - - =Old Nonpareil.= Dessert. Fruit medium, tender, and juicy. November - to January. A prolific variety. - - =Pitmaston Pineapple.= Dessert. Fruit small; flavour very rich. - July to September. According to Mr. Rivers this variety is a very - abundant bearer on the Paradise stock; it is not a vigorous grower. - - =Red Astrachan.= Dessert. Fruit good size, bright; flavour delicate - and rich. August to September. - - =Red Ingestrie.= Dessert. Fruit very pretty bright red next the - sun, on a yellow ground, flesh pale yellow; flavour brisk and - sparkling, like the Golden Pippin in quality. August and September. - An excellent sort. - - =Red Juneating=, or =Margaret=. Dessert. Fruit medium, early, very - good quality. July and August. A well-known sort, with numerous - synonyms. - - =Red Quarrenden.= Dessert. Fruit under medium, bright scarlet; - flavour crisp and sweet. August. One of the best summer sorts. - - =Reinette du Canada.= Dessert. Fruit greenish-yellow and brown, - large; flavour juicy, brisk, sub-acid. November to May. See Fig 125. - - =Reinette Grise.= Dessert. Flesh yellowish-white, sugary, pleasant; - flavour sub-acid. November to April. It does best on the Paradise - stock, and is an abundant cropper. See Fig. 126. - - =Ribston Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit greenish-yellow and red, medium; - flavour rich, aromatic, excellent. October to December. - - =Sam Young.= Dessert. Fruit small, yellowish with russet spots; - flavour delicious, tender, and juicy. October to December. An - excellent Irish sort. - - =Scarlet Crofton.= Dessert. Fruit medium, yellow and red; flavour - crisp, juicy, and sweet. October to December. - - =Scarlet Nonpareil.= Dessert. Fruit well coloured, large; flavour - crisp and juicy. January to March. - - =Small's Admirable.= Kitchen. Fruit large, green, crisp, sweet, and - juicy. November to January. A prolific cropper. - - =Stamford Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit large, with a brisk flavour and - an agreeable aroma. November to January. A very desirable sort. - -[Illustration: FIG. 125. APPLE, REINETTE DU CANADA.] - - =Sturmer Pippin.= Dessert. Fruit medium; flavour brisk and rich. - February to June. - - =Syke House Russet.= Dessert. Fruit small; flavour very rich. - January to May. An excellent sort. - - =Tower of Glammis.= Kitchen. Fruit yellow, very large, - square-shaped, crisp, and excellent. February to May. A very - excellent sort. - - =Van Mons Reinette.= Dessert. Fruit small, with a rich, aromatic, - and excellent flavour. November to January. - - =Waltham Abbey Seedling.= Kitchen. Fruit large. November and - December. An admirable sort. - - =Warner's King.= Kitchen. Fruit large, handsome, and good. November - to March. - - =Worcestershire Pearmain.= Kitchen. Fruit large, conical, of a very - brilliant colour; flavour crisp and juicy. August to October. A - splendid variety, said to be as prolific as Lord Suffield. - -[Illustration: FIG. 126. APPLE, REINETTE GRISE.] - - =White Juneating.= Dessert. Fruit small, very early, and good - quality, but a bad keeper. July and August. A prolific sort. - - =White Nonpareil.= Dessert. Fruit medium, very delicious. March to - June. A very desirable sort. - - =Winter Quoining=, or =Queening=. Dessert. Fruit very bright, - almost red; flavour excellent. November to May. An excellent sort, - useful for dessert or culinary purposes. - - =Winter Strawberry.= Dessert. Fruit yellow, medium, striped with - red; flavour brisk aromatic. November to March. A very useful sort. - - =Wormsley Pippin.= Kitchen or dessert. Fruit of an excellent - quality, large, pale green; excellent for kitchen or dessert. - September to October. - - =Yorkshire Greening.= Kitchen. Fruit large, juicy, tender. November - to January. - - =For Cordons= the following are the best:--BETTY GEESON, COE'S - GOLDEN DROP, COX'S ORANGE PIPPIN, DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, KING OF THE - PIPPINS, LODGEMORE NONPAREIL, NORTHERN SPY, REINETTE DU CANADA, - RIBSTON PIPPIN, SCARLET NONPAREIL. - - =For Pyramidal, Bush, and Espalier Trees=, the best are:-A--ADAMS' - PEARMAIN, ASHMEAD'S KERNEL, BOSTON RUSSET, CLAYGATE PEARMAIN, - CORNISH GILLYFLOWER, COURT OF WICK, COURT PENDU PLAT, COX'S ORANGE - PIPPIN, EARLY HARVEST, GOLDEN PIPPIN, GOLDEN REINETTE, IRISH PEACH, - KEDDLESTONE PIPPIN, KERRY PIPPIN, RED INGESTRIE, RED QUARRENDEN, - REINETTE DU CANADA, RIBSTON PIPPIN, SAM YOUNG, SCARLET CROFTON, - SCARLET NONPAREIL, STURMER PIPPIN, SYKE HOUSE RUSSET, WORMSLEY - PIPPIN. The following Kitchen sorts are well adapted to this - method:-A--ALFRISTON, BED-FORDSHIRE FOUNDLING, BRABANT BELLEFLEUR, - CALVILLE BLANCHE, CELLINI, COX'S POMONA, D. T. FISH, DUCHESS OF - OLDENBURGH, DUMELOW'S SEEDLING, JOLLY BEGGAR, KESWICK CODLIN, LORD - SUFFIELD, MANX'S CODLIN, NEW HAWTHORNDEN, NONSUCH, WALTHAM ABBEY - SEEDLING, WARNER'S KING. - - =For Cold and Exposed Situations=, the following are the - best:--BESS POOL, CLAYGATE PEARMAIN, FRENCH CRAB, GREENUP'S PIPPIN, - KESWICK CODLIN, NONSUCH, STURMER PIPPIN, TOWER OF GLAMMIS, WINTER - STRAWBERRY, WORMSLEY PIPPIN. - - =For Cottage Gardens=: ALEXANDER, BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING, BLENHEIM - PIPPIN, KING OF THE PIPPINS, MANX'S CODLIN, NEW HAWTHORNDEN, - REINETTE DU CANADA, RIBSTON PIPPIN, STURMER PIPPIN, WALTHAM ABBEY - SEEDLING, WARNER'S KING, WORMSLEY PIPPIN. - -=APPLE BERRY.= _See_ =Billardiera=. - -=APPLE-BLOSSOM WEEVIL= (_Anthonomus pomorum_). This is a small beetle -of a reddish-brown colour, with three inconspicuous stripes of a paler -colour behind the head; the wing cases show a large pitchy-coloured -blotch, with oblique striA| and yellowish spots thereon. The female -busily engages herself in piercing the flower buds; while the male may -be usually seen flying about the trees during the breeding season, -which, of course, varies according to the earlier or later expansion -of the buds. The female, by means of strong jaws at the end of the -long proboscis, bores a hole in the bud, in which she lays a single -egg, finally closing the opening, then passing on to other buds. The -laying season lasts for two or three weeks, or, indeed, as long as the -buds remain unexpanded; eggs are never laid in open blossoms. In warm -weather, the eggs are hatched in six or seven days, usually about the -end of April, into small, white, legless maggots, which feed upon the -stamens and pistil; hence, although the petals are normally coloured, -and expand, the flowers ultimately wither, and in some seasons very -serious consequences have arisen from these injurious little pests. The -maggot is fleshy, whitish, with a few hairs and a black, hard head; in -a few days, it turns into a brown chrysalis or pupa, which, in turn, -is changed into the Weevil, only about a month having elapsed from the -deposition of the egg till the Weevil is developed. It feeds upon the -foliage during summer, and hybernates in crannies of the bark, or under -the soil at the base of the trees, during winter, waking up in the -following spring to go through the same performances as its parents. - -_Remedies._ Some of the methods advised for the extirpation of the -American Blight will prove very useful for the destruction of this -pest. Clear away all useless portions of the bark and rubbish round -about the tree during the winter, and many will be destroyed. Place -bandages of tarred cloth around the stem in spring; this will prevent -the females crawling up, as they seldom fly. If a white cloth is placed -beneath the tree affected when in bud, and the tree is severely shaken, -a large number will be caught, as the Weevil falls to the ground when -alarmed. Timely thinning of the trees, allowing the free admission of -light and air, is also a very effectual preventive, as it has been -proved that the greatest ravages are committed where neglect of this -has been the rule; and that, on the other hand, in proportion to its -being done, the pest has been lessened in numbers. - -=APPLE MUSSEL SCALE= (_Aspidiotus conchiformis_). This insect attacks -the bark of Apple and Pear-trees. It is in outward appearance like the -half of a mussel shell. Under the scale is the insect. It is closely -allied to the true scale insects, and has similar habits. The scales -are about 1/8in. long, brown, and wider at one end than at the other. -The female is like a fat, green, fleshy maggot, without jointed limbs. -The eggs of this curious insect are not laid, but simply remain in the -body of the mother until she dies, thus leaving a protecting shield or -case from which the hatched larvA| emerge. To get rid of this insect, -therefore, the females containing eggs should be destroyed. It differs -from most other species in the absence of the long tail filaments. If -numerous, this Scale causes the trees to become sickly and unfruitful. -It is difficult to extirpate. - -_Soft-soap Lather._ When the leaves fall, in autumn, the trees should -be treated with a stiff sash-tool, and all the Scale rubbed off, -keeping the brush just moist, and not rubbing the buds. Applied for two -seasons, this should clear the trees. All loose bark should be removed. - -_Seal Oil_ is sometimes recommended as a good remedy: but oils are -rather unsafe applications to the bark of trees, especially of the -young branches. - -[Illustration: FIG. 127. CODLIN MOTH AND GRUB (CARPOCAPSA POMONANA).] - -=APPLE OR CODLIN GRUB= (_Carpocapsa pomonana_). During the month of -May, the well-known Codlin Moth (see Fig. 127) lays its eggs in the -calyces, usually one in each, of the young, quickly-growing apple. -The moth itself is a small insect; the fore-wings are grey, prettily -speckled with delicate, darker streaks, and with a curved golden mark -on the hinder part, inclosing one of a reddish-brown colour. The hind -wings are usually dark, as is also the body. The caterpillar, when -hatched, is white, with black head and neck, and with four rows of -black marks along the whole body. The colours soon, however, become -less decided, taking an indistinct brownish or grey hue. After being -hatched, the caterpillar gnaws its way down the fruit, keeping clear -of the core, and gradually forces its gallery towards the rind of the -fruit, which it finally pierces, the opening serving as the outlet for -the dirt. When nearly full grown, it pierces the core and feeds upon -the pips, which injury speedily causes the fruit to drop. The insect -then emerges therefrom, and finds a suitable shelter in a cranny of the -bark, where it spins a cocoon; and, according to British authorities, -it remains in the larval state for some weeks, finally assuming the -chrysalis form, and thus passing the winter; the moth emerges the -following season. Shortly after development, the moths pair, the female -depositing eggs in the fruit in June or July, according to the season. - -Practically, there is no preventive; but the following hints will serve -to greatly reduce the numbers. All apples that fall ere they are ripe -should be picked up as promptly as possible, and be given to the pigs; -or pigs should be turned into the orchard to clear off the fallen -fruit. The following is the only serviceable remedy: - -_Hayband Trap._ This is simply a loosely made hayband twisted around -the stems of the trees, about 1ft. from the ground. The grubs, in -searching for a suitable place in which to make a cocoon, will -generally choose the bands. At the end of the season, all the haybands -should be collected and burnt, and the stems of the trees from which -they were removed should be cleared of any cocoons which may adhere to -them. All loose bark and other rubbish should be removed from the tree -trunks, and also from the ground below. - -=APPLE OR CODLIN GRUB TRAP.= An exceedingly ingenious and effective -method of alluring that obnoxious pest, the Apple Grub. The trap (Fig. -128) consists of two, three, or more thin pieces of board, 12in. to -20in. in length, and 2in. to 4in. wide, with a screw (_a_) through -their centre. The screw must be long enough to be firmly driven into -the trunk of the tree, so as to hold the boards in position. Small -slips of wood (_b_) are inserted between the boards, to keep them -sufficiently open to allow of the entry of the grubs, as shown at _d_. -The boards are cut on each side of the screw, as at _c_, to facilitate -their separation when fastened together by the silken threads of the -grubs, and to better expose the latter when the trap is opened. This -handy trap, which is of American origin, is very cheap. A great number -of them may be collected with little trouble, submitted to a killing -heat, and replaced again; and they can be used either on the ground or -on the trees. As regards killing the grubs when caught, Mr Weir, the -inventor, says: "The quickest and best way is to have a large tin pan, -bent in on one side, so as to fit closely to the trunk of the tree. -When you reach the tree, drop upon your knees, place the depression in -the pan against the trunk of the tree, hold it there by pressing your -body against it, and you have both hands free to open the trap. When -opening it, many of the pupA| or chrysalids will fall into the pan. The -trap must be turned clear around, as many will be found between it and -the bark. A person will open and kill the worms in from four hundred to -eight hundred traps in a day." - -[Illustration: FIG. 128. APPLE OR CODLIN GRUB TRAP. - -B, OPEN. A, SHUT.] - -=APPOSITE.= Placed side by side. - -=APPROXIMATE=, =APPROXIMATED=, =APPROXIMATING=. Near together. - -=APRICOT= (_Armeniaca vulgaris_). The Apricot, or, as it was formerly -written, "Abricock," is a much esteemed and luscious fruit. It is said -to have been introduced into this country during the reign of Henry -VIII. The Apricot is one of the earliest flowering of fruit-trees (see -Fig. 129), and is generally in bloom during February. This fact is a -great drawback, as it is a difficult matter to save the flowers from -destruction by the spring winds and frosts. The fruit (see Fig. 130) -contains less acid than most stone fruits, and in appearance it is -perhaps the handsomest of all. Success with its culture in many gardens -is by no means certain, but with careful preparation of borders and -protection of the flowers in spring, satisfactory results are often -obtained. Large quantities of fruit are annually imported to this -country from France; but their quality and flavour cannot be compared -with that of good home-grown produce. - -[Illustration: FIG. 129. BLOSSOM OF APRICOT.] - -_Propagation_ is effected by seeds or budding. The stones, selected -from the best varieties, may be sown as soon as the fruit is ripe, in -August or September, in light rich soil, and covered with about 2in. -of earth, over which a little litter should be spread during winter. -After one season's growth, the plants should be lifted, and the tap -roots slightly cut back if the trees are intended for walls. They -should then be planted in nursery lines, allowing about a yard between -the rows, and 2ft. from plant to plant. - -[Illustration: FIG. 130. FRUITING BRANCH OF APRICOT.] - -Budding is the most general mode of propagating Apricots. They -are frequently budded from the beginning to the middle of June on -seedling, and also on plum stocks, of which latter the Mussell, Saint -Julien, Brussels, and Black Damson are the best. For dwarf trees, the -stock should be budded about 1ft. from the ground. There are many -disadvantages in having a great length of stem. "Rider" trees require -a stem from 3-1/2ft. to 6ft.; half-riders, 2-1/2ft. to 3ft. Grafting -by the Whip method is sometimes employed, but, for many reasons, it is -much inferior to Budding. - -_Planting, &c._ South-west and western aspects suit the Apricot best, -but the fruit has been ripened in warm localities on walls facing -several points north. Large areas of garden wall (see Figs. 131 and -132), the walls of stables, barns, outbuildings, and two sides of at -least hundreds of cottages, might thus be utilised for the cultivation -of this tree. If well drained, almost any garden soil will bring these -fruits to perfection; light, fibrous, rather sandy loam will, however, -prove most satisfactory. There should be a considerable depth of soil; -a yard is not too much, provided it be on a dry base, which is most -important. Heavy soils may be improved for Apricot culture by the -addition of an equal portion of light loam, mortar rubbish, or charred -refuse. In furnishing walls, the distance apart may vary from 2ft. -between Cordons, to 12ft., 15ft., or even 20ft. between Fan-shaped -trees. The roots should be carefully arranged, interlayered at all -points with fine soil, and the whole covered to a depth of 3in. or 4in. -Not only should the roots have a good covering of suitable earth, but -a secondary one of litter, or other light material, should be added, -to render them frost proof in winter, and drought and heat proof in -summer. Newly planted trees should, on no account, be allowed to get -dry at the root. A thorough soaking of soft rain, or manure water, -will often save a crop, and restore the trees, when all other surface -remedies or appliances fail. Surface sprinklings overhead with the -garden engine, in the afternoons of bright days, are beneficial, and -help to keep the foliage clean and healthy. So soon as the trees are -cleared of their fruit, attention should be directed to the maturation -of the wood. All superfluous shoots should be removed, any excess of -growth left on the shoots cut back, and every effort made to perfect -the wood already made, rather than force the tree to make more. Unless -the weather be very dry, water should not be applied after this stage. - -[Illustration: FIG. 131. APRICOT TREE, showing method of Wall Training.] - -_Protection._ It is almost hopeless to expect a crop unless the -blossoms are protected, by mats or other means, from spring frosts. -Temporary wooden copings, from 1ft. to 2ft. wide, laid on iron -brackets, are indispensable for warding off storms, and keeping other -coverings away from the flowers. These should not be put up till the -trees are just bursting into bloom, and may safely be removed about the -end of May. A few fish or other nets, spread over the trees, afford -considerable resistance to the radiation of heat. This is assuredly one -of the easiest, if not one of the most efficient, modes of protection. -Frigi-domo and other thick shadings are sometimes used, but they -require to be removed from the trees in the day time. The thinner nets -mentioned are generally not in use for other purposes at this time of -year, and may remain over the trees altogether. Glass copings are the -best, but, being rather expensive, they cannot be used by the majority -of cultivators. They have, however, been applied with good results to -trees that had previously failed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 132. APRICOT TREE, showing method of Training -suitable for Gable Ends of Cottages.] - -_Cropping, &c._ Thinning of the fruit needs early and careful -attention. The average of 3in. apart may be chosen for a maximum yield. -As the fruit approach maturity, overhanging leaves, or branches of -young wood, must be removed, to admit sun and light to properly ripen -and colour them. Apricots for preserving should be gathered quite dry, -and with the sun upon them. For dessert, they should be plucked in the -morning, and placed in a cool room till wanted. - -_Under Glass._ The Apricot will hardly bear forcing. It is more -sensitive to heat than almost any other of our semi-hardy fruits. -Practically, it is found that a confined atmosphere, or the slightest -excess of heat, brings its blooms off in showers, and this, of -course, mars all prospect of fruit. But in cold climates and northern -latitudes under glass is the best and only means of growing them. -Should red-spider appear, it is proof that the roots or the atmosphere, -probably both, have been too dry; more moisture, and syringing over -the leaves, are the surest remedies. The borders need to be about 2ft. -or 2ft. 6in. deep, of any light rich soil. Fresh planted trees should -be frequently syringed overhead before and after the flowering period. -After they have become fully established, less overhead sprinkling is -needed. During all the earlier stages of growth, and until the fruit -are stoned, an artificial temperature of 45deg. should not be exceeded. -After that stage, the fruit will bear a heat of 50deg. or 55deg. It is -hardly safe or desirable to exceed the latter under glass, and unless -abundance of air is given, 55deg. may bring off the fruit, even at -an advanced stage. A thorough soaking, at intervals of fourteen days -during the height of the growing season, may be applied; and, should -the trees be heavily cropped, manure water may be given at every -alternate watering. It is also a good practice to mulch the surface of -heavily cropped trees with 3in. or 4in. of good dung. The fruit should, -however, be freely thinned to distances of from 4in. to 6in. apart -at the most. There are three general methods of growing them under -glass: The trees may be trained on trellises or walls; grown as natural -standards, tall or dwarf; and as bushes, either planted out or in pots. - -_Varieties._ The varieties of Apricot, unlike most other fruit, are not -numerous; and the following will be found in every way representative -and satisfactory: - - =Blanche=, or =White Masculine=. A small and delicate fruited sort. - Fruit pale whitish-yellow, tinged with brownish-red next the sun, - covered with a fine white down; rich, delicate, and sugary. - - =Blenheim=, or =Shipley's=.* Very early and prolific. Colour deep - yellow; flesh medium, rich, and juicy. Ripe in July. - - =Breda.=* A small sort, of excellent quality. Colour deep orange; - flesh firm, juicy, and rich. Hardiest sort grown. - - =Kaisha.=* Fruit round, much smaller than Moorpark. Colour pale - citron; flesh tender, rich, juicy; flavour delicate and delicious; - kernel very sweet. - - =Large Red.= The deepest coloured of all. Fruit very large; colour - deep reddish-orange; flesh rich and juicy; kernel bitter. - - =Moorpark.=* The sort most generally grown; large, handsome, and of - excellent quality. Colour brownish-orange; flesh rich, juicy, and - sweet. It is one of the best and most useful sorts in cultivation. - - =Peach=, or =Grosse Peche=. Distinct and very desirable. Fruit very - large; flesh rich, firm, and juicy. One of the very best. - - =Royal.=* Not unlike Moorpark, but with a more robust constitution, - and less given to limb dying. Fruit large, dull, yellow, rich, and - juicy. - - =Turkey.=* A good variety. Colour pale yellow; flavour rich and - juicy; flesh firm. - -For modes of Training and Budding, Diseases, Insect Pests, &c., full -information will be found under each individual title. - -=APTERANTHES.= _See_ =Boucerosia=. - -=APTEROUS.= Without wings. - -=AQUATIC PLANTS.= The culture of Aquatic Plants, both indoors and in -the open air, has been greatly neglected of late years; they are, -therefore, rarely seen to perfection in places other than where their -culture is made a speciality. Generally speaking, they are most -easily grown. The following stove and greenhouse genera are well -worth attention: _Aponogeton_, _Cyperus_, _Damasonium_, _Herpestis_, -_Limnocharis_, _Nelumbium_, _NymphA"a_, _Ouvirandra_, _Pistia_, -_Pontederia_, _Salvinia_, _Thalia_, _Trianea_, _Victoria_. Many species -belonging to some of the foregoing genera are hardy, as are also the -following: _Alisma_, _Butomus_, _Calla_, _Hottonia_, _Menyanthes_, -_Nuphar_, _Polygonum_, _Sagittaria_, _Trapa_, _Typha_, _Villarsia_. - -=AQUATICUS.= Living in water. - -=AQUATILIS.= Living under water. - -=AQUIFOLIACEA†.= _See_ =IlicineA|=. - -=AQUILEGIA= (from _aquila_, an eagle; in reference to the form of the -petals). Columbine. ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. Erect hardy perennial herbs -with fibrous roots. Flowers solitary or panicled, drooping; sepals -five, petaloid, deciduous; petals five, concave, spurred; spurs very -large, produced downwards into hollow tubes, and frequently curved at -the extremity; carpels five, sessile, free. Radical leaves on long -stalks, twice or thrice ternate, with trifid-toothed, usually blunt -segments. Too much praise can scarcely be lavished upon this elegant -genus of plants. They prefer a moist and sheltered situation, with -exposure to the sun. The more robust species will thrive in ordinary -garden soil, but the rarer and more delicate kinds require a good -friable sandy loam and leaf soil, with good drainage. Seed is produced -in abundance, and must be sown very thinly, as soon as practicable -after being ripe, in a shady place or in pans in a cold frame. When up, -and strong enough to remove, the seedlings may be planted out where -they are to bloom, allowing every plant at least 9in. each way. The -strong-growing kinds may be placed in the border, the dwarf ones on -the rockery. When in bloom, the inferior sorts should be weeded out, -retaining only the best varieties. To obtain seed true of any species, -it is absolutely necessary to plant the separate kinds far apart, and -cover them with fine muslin, to prevent the access of insects to the -flowers, as none are more easily cross-fertilised. Division of the root -is the only way to perpetuate any particular variety with certainty, -unless seed is saved in the way mentioned, or imported from the native -habitats of particular species. There are many beautiful hybrids, as -well as species, in cultivation. - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ from 2in. to 3in. in diameter - when expanded, deep blue or blue and white, on leafy, two to - three-flowered stems; spurs straight, but somewhat incurved at the - apex, one-half shorter than the petal limb. May. _l._ with segments - deeply divided into linear lobes. _h._ 1ft. Alps of Switzerland, in - shady humid places, 1731. Plant this on the rockery. - - =A. arctica= (Arctic). A form of _A. formosa_. - - =A. atropurpurea= (dark purple). _fl._ dark purple or bluish - violet, about 1in. or 1-1/2in. in diameter when expanded, two or - three in a head; spurs straight, equal in length with the petals' - limb; sepals about as long as the petals. May. _l._ petioled, - biternate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia. Border plant. - - =A. aurea= (golden).* A synonym of _A. chrysantha flavescens_. - - =A. Bertoloni= (Bertoloni's).* _fl._ about 1in. across, blue-violet - throughout; sepals about 3/4in. long, rounded; petals about the - same length; spurs very short, knobbed; stems two to four flowered. - June and July. _l._ small, dark green, and glaucous. A very pretty - little alpine, growing about 1ft. high. SYN. _A. Reuteri_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 133. AQUILEGIA CA†RULEA.] - - =A. cA|rulea= (sky-blue).* _fl._ several on a stem, blue and white, - sometimes more or less tinted with lilac or claret, rarely pure - white, when expanded 2-1/2in. to 3in. in diameter; spur very - slender, nearly straight, green tipped, about 2in. long. April to - July. _l._ large, biternate. _h._ 9in. to 15in. Rocky Mountains, - 1864. A very lovely species for the border or base of the rockery. - SYNS. _A. leptoceras_, _A. macrantha_. See Fig. 133. - - =A. c. alba= (white).* _fl._ the same size and form as the type, - white throughout. Rocky Mountains. A very rare and lovely variety; - sometimes met with under the name of _A. grandiflora_. - - =A. c. hybrida= (hybrid).* _fl._ blue and white, not so wide across - as the type, but more numerous, and the plant has a much more - vigorous habit. Of garden origin. - - =A. californica= (Californian).* A form of _A. formosa_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 134. AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. canadensis= (Canadian).* _fl._ scarlet, mixed with yellow, less - than 1in. in diameter; spur straight, longer than the limb; styles - and stamens protruding; sepals acutish, a little longer than the - petals' limb. April to June. _l._, segments three-parted, bluntish, - and deeply toothed at the apex. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North America, - 1640. Border or rockery; very pretty. See Fig. 134. - - =A. chrysantha= (yellow-flowered).* _fl._, sepals primrose yellow, - spreading horizontally in full expansion, nearly or quite 1in. - long, tinted claret at the tip; limb of petals deeper yellow, not - quite so long; spur straight, very slender, divergent, 1-1/2in. - to 2in. long; stems many-flowered. May to August. _l._ biternate. - _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. California, 1873. One of the finest of all hardy - perennials for the border. - - =A. c. flavescens= (yellow). _fl._ of a uniform bright canary - yellow, tinged with red; spur somewhat shorter than in _A. - canadensis_, and slightly incurved. California, 1872. SYN. _A. - aurea_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 135. AQUILEGIA GLANDULOSA.] - - =A. eximia= (choice). Synonymous with _A. formosa_. - - =A. formosa= (handsome).* _fl._, sepals bright red, usually less - than 1in. long, with an obtuse green tip; limb of petals yellow, - about half as long as the sepals; spurs 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, - slender in the lower half, nearly straight, distinctly knobbed at - the tip; stems many-flowered. May to September. _l._ biternate. - _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. North America. Border. The following are synonyms - and varieties: _A. arctica_, _A. californica_, _A. eximia_, and _A. - f. truncata_, revealing only trivial differences. There is a very - beautiful hybrid known in gardens as _A. californica hybrida_, with - the sepals and petals yellowish, or tinged with orange, while the - long slender spurs are orange red; it is one of the handsomest of - all. All the forms are very showy, and well worth growing. - - =A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _fl._ white or pale claret purple, - finely pubescent, very fragrant; sepals about 1-1/2in. long, not - reflexing, twice longer than the broad petals' limb; spur slender, - slightly curved, knobbed at the top, same length as the petals; - stems few-flowered. May to July. _l._ biternate. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to - 2ft. Himalayas, 1839. This requires a warm position. - - =A. glandulosa= (glandular).* _fl._, sepals bright lilac blue, - about 1-1/2in. long, more than twice the length of the petals' - limb; petals white; spur 1/4in. long, or but little more, stout, - much incurved; stems one to three-flowered. Spring. _l._ biternate. - _h._ 8in. to 12in. Siberia, 1822. Extremely pretty. See Fig. 135. - - =A. g. jucunda= (pleasant). _fl._ rather smaller. Very handsome - little plants, freely hybridised, and it is necessary to keep - raising fresh batches, as they are scarcely more than biennial. - - =A. glauca= (glaucous). _fl._ white, tinted claret, fragrant; - sepals 1in. long, not reflexing; limb of petals 3/4in. long; - spur straight, or a little curved, about 1/3in. long; stem three - to four-flowered. June. _l._ biternate. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. - Himalayas, 1839. Rather tender; plant in a warm dry position. - - =A. leptoceras= (slender-horned). A synonym of _A. cA|rulea_. - - =A. macrantha= (large-flowered). A synonym of _A. cA|rulea_. - - =A. olympica= (Olympic).* _fl._ large, delicate mauve blue; petals - white, rather shorter than the sepals; spur stout, short, obtuse. - _l._ bi- or triternate, glaucous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1880. Mount - Olympus. See Fig. 136. - - =A. pyrenaica= (Pyrenean).* _fl._, sepals bright lilac blue, about - 1in. long, but not quite as much broad; limb of petals about 1/2in. - long, and half as broad; spur slender, nearly straight, or rather - incurved, nearly or quite 3/4in. long, scarcely knobbed at the end; - stem one to three-flowered, with small and little compound deep - green leaves. Summer. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Pyrenees, 1818. Plant on - the rockery. - - =A. Reuteri= (Reuter's). Synonymous with _A. Bertoloni_. - - =A. sibirica= (Siberian).* _fl._ bright lilac; sepals very blunt, - 1in. or a little more in length, spreading or slightly reflexing - when fully expanded; limb of petals sometimes white, about 1/2in. - long; spur stout, much incurved, 1/2in. to 3/4in. long; stems - many-flowered, glabrous. Summer. _l._ biternate. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, - 1806. Rockery species. Here are referred, by Mr. Baker, _A. - bicolor_, _A. Garnieriana_, and _A. speciosa_. See Fig. 137. - - =A. thalictrifolia= (Thalictrum-leaved). _fl._, sepals oblong, - acute, lilac blue, about 1/2in. long; limb of petals about as long, - and rounded at the top; spurs slender, not quite as long as the - sepals; stems about three-flowered. Summer. _l._ with three-stalked - segments cut into deep oblong lobes. _h._ 2ft. Tyrol, 1879. Entire - plant clothed with fine pubescence. - - =A. viridiflora= (green-flowered). _fl._, sepals oval-oblong, - shorter than the petals; spurs straight and longer than the petals; - stems two to three-flowered. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1780. - Border. Rather a pleasing and sweet-scented green-flowered species, - but not very ornamental. - - =A. vulgaris= (common). Common Columbine. _fl._ variously coloured; - sepals ovate acute, about 1in. long, and half as broad; limb of the - petal rarely exceeding 3/4in. long, and half as much broad, rounded - at the apex; spur much incurved, stout, knobbed at the end, as long - as the petals; stems many-flowered. Spring and early summer. _l._ - biternate. England, &c. There are numerous varieties of this very - handsome species, both double and single-flowered. - - =A. v. alba= (white). _fl._ pure white. - - =A. v. a. fl.-pl.= Double white flowers. - - =A. v. cA|rulea nana fl.-pl.= Very dwarf, with double deep blue - flowers. - - =A. v. hybrida= (hybrid). _fl._, sepals lilac purple, - oblong-lanceolate, less than 1in. long; limb of the petals white, - about 1/2in. long; spur scarcely incurved. - - =A. v. VervA|neana.= This variety has pretty yellow mottled foliage. - -[Illustration: FIG. 136. AQUILEGIA OLYMPICA, showing Habit and Flower.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 137. AQUILEGIA SIBIRICA FLORE-PLENO, showing Habit -and Flower.] - - =A. v. Wittmanniana= (Wittmann's). _fl._ large, bright lilac - purple; sepals ovate-acute, 1in. to 1-1/4in. long, more than half - as much broad; limb of petals white, about half the length of - sepals; spur curved. A very fine variety. - - The following names are also met with in gardens, some of which - represent specific forms, but none are effective as garden - ornaments: _advena_, _Burgeriana_, _Haylodgensis_ (hybrid), - _grata_, _longissima_, _nevadensis_, _oxysepala_, &c. - -=AQUOSUS.= Watery. - -=ARABIS= (origin of the word not clear). Wall Cress; Rock Cress. ORD. -_CruciferA|_. Hardy perennial trailers, except where otherwise stated. -Flowers mostly white; racemes terminal; pedicels bractless. Radical -leaves usually stalked; cauline ones sessile or stem-clasping, entire -or toothed, rarely lobed. Most members of this genus are peculiarly -well adapted for rockwork and the alpine garden, both from their -natural hardihood as well as their early and profuse flowering habits. -They are of the easiest possible culture in any dry soil. The perennial -species may either be increased by divisions of the root, by cuttings, -placed in a shady border during the summer, or by seed. The latter -may be sown outside, or in pans, in spring, when most of them will -germinate in two or three weeks. The annuals and biennials are for the -most part devoid of any cultural beauty. - - =A. albida= (whitish).* _fl._ white; racemes terminal; pedicels - longer than the calyx. January to May. _l._ few-toothed, hoary, or - downy with branched hairs; radical ones obovate-oblong; cauline - ones cordately sagittate, clasping the stem. _h._ 6in. to 9in. - Tauria and Caucasus, 1798. SYN. _A. caucasica_. - - =A. a. variegata= (variegated).* A very pretty variegated form for - edgings. - -[Illustration: FIG. 138. ARABIS ALPINA, showing Habit and Flowers.] - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ white, smaller than those of _A. - albida_; racemes terminal; pedicels longer than the calyx, which - is smoothish. March to May. _l._ many-toothed, lanceolate, acute, - villous with branched hairs; radical ones somewhat stalked; cauline - ones cordate, clasping the stem. _h._ 6in. European rocks, in - sunny places, 1596. There are one or two varieties, including a - variegated-leaved form, in cultivation. See Fig. 138. - -[Illustration: FIG. 139. ARABIS ARENOSA, showing Habit and Flowers.] - - =A. arenosa= (sand-loving).* _fl._ rose coloured, very rarely white - or bluish; petals obovate; pedicels spreading. April to July. _l._ - villous, with forked hairs; radical ones pinnatifid, with the upper - lobes much larger than the lower; cauline ones deeply toothed. Stem - branched, hispid, with simple hairs. _h._ 6in. Middle Europe, 1798. - See Fig. 139. - - =A. blepharophylla= (fringed-leaved).* _fl._ rosy purple; petals - roundish, narrowing to the base, with slender claws. Spring. _l._ - naked, except the margins, which are fringed with very stiff hairs; - radical ones spathulate; cauline ones oblong, sessile. _h._ 3in. to - 4in. California, 1874. This succeeds best in a cool frame, where it - will flower in January. - - =A. caucasica= (Caucasus). A synonym of _A. albida_. - - =A. lucida= (shining).* _fl._ white; petals entire, narrowed at the - base, twice as long as the calyx. Summer. _l._ obovate, thickish, - shining, clasping the stem. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Hungary, 1790. A very - pretty species, with a dwarf habit; it is especially adapted for - edgings, borders, or rockwork. - - =A. l. variegata= (variegated).* A great improvement upon the type, - being broadly edged with yellow, and the green somewhat lighter. - When grown in tufts or as edging, it is very effective, and should - be prevented from flowering. This exceedingly desirable variety - is a gem for the rockwork, and when seen in crevices, or in bold - tufts, it is very striking. It must be increased by slips or - rootlets, which should be taken in early summer. - - =A. mollis= (soft). _fl._ white, in terminal racemes. May to July. - _l._ grossly toothed, somewhat pubescent, with small stellate - hairs; lower ones on long petioles, cordate-roundish; cauline ones - ovate-cordate, clasping the stem. _h._ 2ft. Caucasus, 1823. - - =A. petrA|a= (rock).* _fl._ white; petals ovate, with stalks. - June. _l._ smooth, ciliated or scabrous, with simple or bifid - radical ones on longish stalks, entire, toothed; cauline ones - oblong-linear, entire, or toothed. _h._ 3in. or 4in. Britain. - - =A. prA|cox= (early). _fl._ white; petals obovately cuneated, - double the length of the calyx. April to June. _l._ oblong, acute, - sessile, quite entire, smooth. Stem covered with close pressed - rigid hairs. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Hungary. - - =A. procurrens= (procurrent). _fl._ white; petals obovate, double - the length of the calyx. May and June. _l._ ovate, quite entire, - smooth, ciliated with two-parted hairs; radical ones narrowed into - a petiole; cauline ones sessile, pointed. Stolons creeping. _h._ - 9in. Servia, 1819. There is a brilliantly variegated form of this - pretty species well worth growing. - - =A. rosea= (rosy).* _fl._ rosy purple; petals oblong, somewhat - wedge-shaped, double the length of the calyx; pedicels longer - than the calyx. May to July. _l._, cauline ones oblong, somewhat - cordate, and rather stem-clasping, scabrous with branched hairs. - _h._ 1ft. Calabria, 1832. - - =A. verna= (spring). _fl._ small, purple, with a white claw; - pedicels shorter than the calyx. May to June. _l._, cauline ones - cordate, clasping the stem, toothed, scabrous with three-parted - hairs. _h._ 3in. to 6in. South Europe, 1710. The best annual - species. - -=ARACEA†= or =AROIDEA†=. An extensive order of herbaceous plants, with -tuberous rhizomes. Flowers on a spadix, unisexual or hermaphrodite, -protected by a spathe. Leaves large, radical. Well known genera -belonging to this order are: _Alocasia_, _Arum_, _Caladium_, -_Colocasia_, and _Dieffenbachia_. - -=ARACHIS= (from _a_, without, and _rachis_, a branch; plant -branchless). Ground or Earth Nut. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A stove annual, -of economical value. Corolla resupinate; calyx a long tube, with a -bilabiate limb; ovary stipitate, inclosed in the tube of the calyx; the -stipe at first short, but afterwards becoming elongated. Sandy loam is -the soil most suitable for their cultivation. Seeds should be sown in -heat; and, when the plants have grown to a sufficient size, they should -be potted off singly, and placed among other stove annuals. After the -plant has finished flowering, and the pods begin to lengthen, the -pedicels force them into the earth, where they ripen their seeds. - - =A. hypogA|a= (underground). Monkey Nut. _fl._ yellow, five to seven - together in the axils of the leaves. May. _l._ abruptly-pinnate, - bearing two pairs of leaflets, without any tendril; stipulas - elongated, adnate to the petioles. _h._ 1ft., or procumbent. South - America, 1812. See Fig. 140. - -=ARACHNIMORPHA.= A synonym of =Rondeletia= (which _see_). - -=ARACHNOID.= Resembling a cobweb in appearance; seeming to be covered -with cobweb, in consequence of the entanglement of long, white hairs. - -[Illustration: FIG. 140. ARACHIS HYPOGA†A, showing Leaf, Flower, &c., -and Cluster of short wrinkled Pods.] - -=ARALIA= (meaning unknown). ORD. _AraliaceA|_. This widely-grown genus -includes stove, greenhouse, and hardy, herbaceous and shrubby plants. -Flowers inconspicuous, umbellate, the umbels usually disposed in -panicles; petals five, inserted on the margin of the disk; stamens five -(see Fig. 142). Leaves usually compound. These plants are of moderately -free growth, and the majority are easy to manage. Those requiring -indoor treatment thrive well under the ordinary routine of management. -One most important requirement, however, is that they must be kept well -supplied with water at the roots. The finer, or stove varieties, should -be potted in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, with the addition of a -little fibrous leaf soil, and sufficient sand to keep the whole porous. -The stronger growing kinds thrive in a richer compost. Propagation -by cuttings of the roots is a common and very successful method. To -obtain the roots, one of the strongest plants should be turned out of -the pot, and the roots should be cleared of soil by shaking or washing -it out; the requisite number of pieces should then be selected. As -each piece is removed, it should have the end nearest the stem cut -horizontally, to distinguish it from the other or furthermost end. In -planting cuttings of the roots, it is best to place the end nearest the -stem uppermost. The pieces may be left about 2in. long, and should be -inserted in pots, well drained, and filled with sandy soil, leaving -the tops of the cuttings about level with the surface of the soil. A -square of glass must be placed over the top of each pot, plunging them -in moderate bottom heat. The stems of the plants from which the roots -have been taken may be cut into pieces 1in. or 1-1/2in. long, leaving -an eye or bud near the top; a slice of half the shoot may be taken off -opposite the bud. When prepared, these pieces should be pressed into -pots of sand or sandy soil, and plunged into bottom heat. The stems may -be cut down without disturbing the roots; in that case, if the pots -are plunged in bottom heat, and kept moderately supplied with water, -they will probably throw up several suckers or shoots from the roots. -These, if taken off with a portion of root to each, and placed in small -sized pots, will, with a little care, soon make useful plants. All the -hardy species and most of the greenhouse ones are propagated readily -by cuttings or pieces of roots. Some of the stove species, however, -are very difficult to increase, except by grafting. Among these are -_A. leptophylla_, _A. Veitchii_, &c. These should be worked on stocks -of _A. Guilfoylei_ or _A. reticulata_, the latter being the better of -the two. Cuttings of either of these strike readily, and stocks fit -for grafting are easily procured. In sheltered and warm positions, the -greenhouse species are admirably suited for sub-tropical gardening, -either planted singly or in groups. _See_ also =Dimorphanthus=, -=Fatsia=, =Hedera=, =Heptapleurum=, =Monopanax=, =Oreopanax=, and -=Panax=. - - =A. canescens= (greyish). A garden synonym of _A. chinensis_. - - =A. Chabrierii= (Chabrier's).* _l._ alternate, pinnate, about a - foot long; pinnA| opposite, 6in. to 9in. long, linear-lanceolate, - deep green, with a heavy crimson midrib. 1882. Suitable for table - decoration. A charming stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 141. ARALIA CHINENSIS.] - - =A. chinensis= (Chinese).* _fl._ white; panicles terminal; - peduncles umbelliferous. _l._ petiolate, coriaceous, woolly on both - surfaces when young (only); pinnA| seven, ovate, serrated at the - apex, erect and distinct. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. 1838. This species, if - planted in a soil with a dry porous bottom, will prove to be hardy. - SYN. _A. canescens_, of gardens. See Fig. 141. - - =A. concinna= (neat). _l._ unequally pinnate; pinnA| lobed and - serrate. Stem spotted. New Caledonia, 1879. A handsome stove - species, but very rare. SYNS. _A. spectabilis_, _Delarbrea - spectabilis_. - - =A. crassifolia= (thick-leaved). A synonym of _Pseudopanax - crassifolium_. - - =A. edulis= (edible).* _fl._ numerous, white; umbels globose, - axillary and terminal, united into simple or compound racemes. - Summer. _l._, lower ones pinnate, with five leaflets, or three - pinnate, with divisions of three to five leaflets; upper ones - generally simple, with stalked leaflets, having a cordate base, - ovate, acute, finely toothed, downy. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Japan, 1843. - Hardy, herbaceous, perennial, hairy, and spineless. - - =A. elegantissima= (most elegant).* _l._ digitate, on long dark - green footstalks, which are mottled with white; leaflets seven - to ten, filiform, and, being pendulous, impart a very graceful - character to the plant. Stem straight, erect. South Sea Islands, - 1873. Stove species, excellent for table decoration. - - =A. filicifolia= (fern-leaved).* _l._, leafstalks sheathing at - the base, and terete in the upper part, expanding into a broad - leafy limb which is impari-pinnately divided; pinnA| opposite, - deeply pinnatifid, bright green, with a purplish midrib. Stem - and leafstalks purplish, thickly marked with oblong white spots. - Polynesia, 1876. - - =A. gracillima= (most graceful). Synonymous with _A. Veitchii - gracillima_. - - =A. Guilfoylei= (Guilfoyle's).* _l._ pinnate, on long smooth terete - petioles; leaflets oblong-elliptic, bluntish, from three to seven, - they are sometimes obscurely lobed, and irregularly spinose, - serrate, varying in size from 2in. to 3in. long, neatly and - evenly margined with creamy white, the surface being in addition - occasionally splashed with grey. Stem erect, copiously dotted with - lenticular markings. South Sea Islands, 1876. Stove species. - - =A. heteromorpha= (many-formed).* _l._ sometimes ovate-lanceolate - and serrated, and at others bifid or even trifid at the apex, about - 6in. to 8in. or 9in. long, bright shining green. A very desirable - species, of robust and compact habit. - - =A. japonica= (Japanese). Another name for _Fatsia japonica_. - - =A. Kerchoveana= (Count Kerchove's). _l._ digitate, almost - circular in outline; leaflets nine to eleven, spreading, - elliptic-lanceolate, conspicuously serrated or undulated margins, - of a deep glossy green relieved by a pale midrib. 1883. A very - elegant slender-stemmed plant from the South Sea Islands, and - likely to prove valuable for decorative purposes. Stove species. - - =A. leptophylla= (slender-leaved).* _l._ compound, bearing often - seven or more petiolate leaflets of a somewhat pendent character, - and dark green in colour. 1862. An elegant stove or greenhouse - slender growing species. - - =A. longipes= (long-stalked). _l._ digitate, long stalked, and - rather distant; leaflets oblanceolate acuminate, slightly undulated - at the edge; petioles elongated. Stems simple. North Australia, - 1882. A very distinct erect-growing evergreen stove species. - - =A. maculata= (spotted). _l._ of a light green colour; leaflets - oblong-acuminate, in about four pairs. Stem erect, which, as well - as the stalks of the leaves, is of a blackish-purple hue, thickly - spotted with green dots. This peculiar colouring is very distinct - and conspicuous. South Pacific Islands. Stove species. - - =A. Maximowiczii= (Maximowicz's).* _l._ on long stalks, palmately - five to seven-lobed; lobes lanceolate, 3-1/2in. long, serrate. - Japan, 1874. An elegant and distinct hardy shrub, with erect spiny - stem. SYN. _Acanthopanax ricinifolium_. - - =A. monstrosa= (monstrous).* _l._ pendent, pinnate; leaflets three - to seven, oblong elliptic, deeply and irregularly serrated (this - serration sometimes takes most fantastic forms), broadly margined - with creamy white, the surface blotched with grey. South Sea - Islands, 1880. Stove species. - - =A. nudicaulis= (naked-stemmed).* _fl._ greenish; scape trifid - at the apex, shorter than the leaf, each division bearing a - many-flowered umbel. June. _l._ radical, the divisions pinnately - five foliate; leaflets oblong-oval, with a long tapering point, - serrate. Root horizontal, very long. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. North - America, 1731. Quite hardy, herbaceous perennial. - - =A. Osyana= (Osyan).* Resembling _A. leptophylla_, but with - leaflets deeply bifid at the ends; surface colour bright green; - primary veins and tips of the leaflets chocolate brown. South Sea - Islands, 1870. Very elegant stove species. - - =A. pentaphylla= (five-leaved).* _l._ digitate, or sometimes only - three leaflets are produced, each varying from 6in. to 10in. - in length, and from 1in. to 2in. in breadth, deeply lobed or - pinnatifid, bright shining green. Stem arboreous, prickly. _h._ - 20ft. Japan. SYN. _Panax spinosa_. - - =A. p. variegata= (variegated). _l._ broadly edged with creamy - white. Japan, 1874. - - =A. quercifolia= (oak-leaved).* _l._ opposite, trifoliate; leaflets - deeply sinuate; lower petioles about 3in. long, light shining - green. New Britain, 1880. Very pretty stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 142. FLOWER OF ARALIA RACEMOSA, enlarged.] - - =A. racemosa= (raceme-flowering).* _fl._ greenish-white, petals - spreading; peduncles axillary, disposed in a terminal raceme, - umbelliferous. June. _l._ petioles tripartite, the partitions - bearing each three to five ovate or cordate, acuminated, serrated, - smoothish leaflets. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. North America, 1658. Hardy - herbaceous species, highly ornamental. See Fig. 142. - - =A. reticulata= (netted). _l._ alternate, strap-shaped when young, - becoming larger with age, dark green, reticulated with a lighter - shade of the same colour. A very handsome species, requiring stove - heat during winter. In spring and summer it is admirably suited - for conservatory or indoor decoration, having a light and graceful - aspect. - - =A. rotunda= (round). _l._ sometimes of a single leaflet only, - which is spreading, orbicular, cordate at the base, margined with - distinct white tipped teeth; at other times, especially when - approaching maturity, the leaves are trifoliate, the leaflets being - rounded and toothed, and the terminal one being about double the - size of the lateral ones. Stems erect, brownish-green, spotted when - young with pale elongate blotches. Polynesia, 1882. - - =A. Scheffleri= (Scheffler's). _l._ on long petioles, digitate; - leaflets five, petiolulate, lanceolate, attenuated at the base, - serrulated, glabrous on both surfaces. Stem shrubby, smooth. New - Zealand. Greenhouse species. - - =A. spectabilis= (showy). A synonym of _A. concinna_. - - =A. spinosa= (thorny).* Angelica Tree. _l._ doubly and triply - pinnate; leaflets ovate, acuminated, deeply serrated. Stem simple, - prickly (as are also the petioles), forming into an umbrella-like - head, deciduous. _h._ 8ft. to 12ft. North America, 1688. A very - fine hardy species for sheltered spots. - - =A. spinulosa= (small-spined). _l._ alternate, pinnate; pinnA| ovate - acuminate, dark green, margined with little reddish-crimson spines - or prickles. Stems and petioles spotted and suffused with crimson. - 1880. A bold and robust stove plant. - - =A. ternata= (three-leafleted).* _l._ opposite, ternate; leaflets - oblong-lanceolate; margins in some cases deeply serrate, in others - sinuate, light green. New Britain, 1879. A slender growing species. - - =A. trifolia= (three-leaved). A synonym of _Pseudopanax Lessonii_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 143. ARALIA VEITCHII.] - - =A. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ digitate, with about eleven - filiform undulated leaflets, glossy green above, dark red beneath; - petioles long and slender. New Caledonia, 1867. A very handsome - (said to be the best) species, with slender, erect growing stem. - See Fig. 143, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. - - - =A. V. gracillima= (most graceful).* _l._ alternate, spreading; - leaflets nearly linear, but slightly narrowed at both ends, having - a prominent ivory-white central rib. South Sea Islands, 1876. An - erect growing species, with an elegantly graceful habit. It is - allied to _A. reticulata_, but is more handsome. This charming - variety is undoubtedly the finest for table decoration, and is - frequently grafted upon stocks of the typical form. It enjoys - plenty of heat. SYN. _A. gracillima_. - -=ARALIACEA†.= An order of trees, shrubs, or (rarely) herbaceous plants, -often pubescent, and sometimes spiny. Flowers variously disposed, -hermaphrodite or unisexual, regular; petals usually five, and valvate. -Leaves alternate, or (rarely) opposite. This order is closely allied to -_UmbelliferA|_; and the best known genera are _Aralia_ and _Hedera_. - -=ARAR-TREE.= A common name for =Callitris quadrivalvis= (which _see_). - -=ARAUCARIA= (from _Araucanos_, its name in Chili). SYN. _Eutacta_. ORD. -_ConiferA|_. A noble genus of diA"cious or sub-diA"cious evergreen trees, -with usually imbricated persistent flat sessile scale-like leaves. Male -cones large, cylindrical, terminal; female ones very large, globular, -terminal, with dense ligneous deciduous scales, each bearing a solitary -seed. The majority of the species are not, unfortunately, sufficiently -hardy to withstand our winters out of doors. Few trees can compete -with them in symmetry and elegant proportion for conservatory -decoration, where they may be grown in large tubs, or planted out. -Small plants grown in pots are most serviceable for table and other -decorative purposes. They thrive in a good fibrous loam, mixed with -leaf soil and sand. Propagation by means of seed is the surest and -most satisfactory method; the seed should be sown in pans or boxes, or -if in large quantities, in a bed, with but gentle heat; they usually -take some time to germinate. Cuttings are procured by taking off the -leading shoots, and fixing them firmly in a pot of sand; they first -require a cool place, but may afterwards be subjected to slight warmth. -When rooted, they should be potted off into the soil above mentioned. -The young growths which afterwards shoot from the plant, whence the -cutting, may be taken off and treated in much the same manner. These -are the only methods of propagation worth pursuing. - - =A. BalansA|= (Balansa's). _male cones_ cylindrical-conical, 2in. - _female cones_ elliptic globose, 4in.; scales obovate, cuneate. - _l._ arcuately-uncinate, ovate triangular, imbricated round the - distichous, simple branchlets. _h._ 130ft. to 160ft. New Caledonia, - 1875. A fine greenhouse plumosely branched tree. - - =A. Bidwillii= (Bidwill's).* Bunya-Bunya Pine; Moreton Bay Pine. - _cones_ sub-globose, longest diameter 10in. to 12in., shortest 9in. - to 10in. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, in two nearly horizontal rows, - acuminated, slightly convex above, concave beneath, leathery, deep - shining green. _h._ 150ft. Moreton Bay. Habit very regular and - symmetrical. Greenhouse species. - - =A. brasiliensis= (Brazilian). _l._ oblong-lanceolate, much - attenuated at the point, loosely imbricated, deep green; lower part - of the trunk usually free from branches, terminating in a rounded - head. _h._ 70ft. to 100ft. Brazil, 1819. _A. b. gracilis_, and _A. - b. Ridolfiana_ are two forms of this species. - - =A. columnaris= (columnar). A synonym of _A. Cookii_. - - =A. Cookii= (Cook's).* _l._ awl-shaped, short, densely imbricated - around the frondose branches. Described by Mr. Abbay as having - "a somewhat curious habit, even when growing alone, of shedding - their branches for five-sixths or more of their height, and then - replacing them by a smaller and more bushy growth, so that the tree - at a distance presents a very columnar appearance, the resemblance - being increased by the summit being crowned with a mass of foliage - somewhat like a capital." _h._ 200ft. New Caledonia, 1851. SYN. _A. - columnaris_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 144. ARAUCARIA EXCELSA.] - - =A. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's).* _l._ on the sterile branches - needle-shaped, obscurely quadrangular, rigid, acute; on the fertile - branches shorter, stouter, closely appressed, bright green; upper - branches ascending, lower ones horizontal. _h._ 100ft. Moreton Bay. - This fine species we have found to be quite hardy on the south-west - coast of England. - - =A. C. glauca= (milky-green). A very handsome variety, with silvery - glaucous leaves. - - =A. excelsa= (lofty).* The Norfolk Island Pine. _l._ awl-shaped, - curved, sharply acuminated, bright green, densely packed on the - frondose, deltoid, horizontal, or pendulous branches. When well - grown, this is a beautifully symmetrical greenhouse or conservatory - species, attaining to a height of 150ft., and a circumference of - 20ft. or more. Norfolk Island. This is especially desirable in a - small state. There are several varieties known, the best being: _A. - e. glauca_, having lighter green, and very glaucous foliage; and - _A. e. robusta_, which is larger in all its parts. See Fig. 144. - - =A. Goldieana= (Goldie's).* Allied to _A. Rulei_. _l._ produced in - whorls, pendulous, dark green, varying in size. New Caledonia. Most - distinct and elegant for conservatory decoration. - - =A. imbricata= (imbricated).* The Monkey Puzzle. _fl._, male and - female catkins on separate trees; the males are six or seven in - a cluster, pedunculate, yellow, and oval with numerous scales, - imbricated, long, and recurved at the points; the female catkins - are oval, with numerous wedge-shaped scales, with narrow oblong - brittle points; they are produced at the ends of the branches. - _cones_, when fully ripe globular, from 3in. to 4in. in diameter, - dark brown. The branches are horizontal, inflexed, and ascending at - the extremities, and are produced in whorls. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, - sessile, thickened at the base, stiff, leathery, straight, - somewhat keeled-shaped below, and strongly mucronate at the apex; - verticillate, with seven or eight in a whorl, imbricate, and - closely encircling the branches, concave, glabrous, shining, marked - with longitudinal lines, dotted on both sides. _h._ 50ft. to 100ft. - Chili, 1796. A well known hardy tree, of striking aspect, and - indispensable to Arboreta and shrubberies. See Fig. 145. - - =A. Rulei= (Rule's).* _male cones_ oblong obtuse; _female cones_ - oval. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, with a prominent dorsal nerve, more - closely appressed, and less sharply pointed than in the foregoing - species; imbricated in four rows. Branches horizontal; branchlets - often quite pendulous. _h._ 50ft. Papuan Archipelago. - - =A. R. elegans= (elegant).* _l._ smaller; whorls of branches closer - together; branchlets more slender. An elegant form; and, from its - comparative dwarf and graceful habit, should be very generally - grown. - -=ARBOR.= A tree. A perennial plant, having a distinct bole or trunk, -from which the main branches grow. - -=ARBORESCENT.= Having a tendency to become a tree. - -=ARBORETUM.= A collection of hardy trees formed for pleasure or -instruction, and which, when well managed, is a source of much -interesting study. They afford shelter, improve the local climate, -renovate bad soils, &c., and also, by concealing or hiding disagreeable -objects, heighten the effect of agreeable ones, create beauty, and add -value. A properly arranged Arboretum should be constructed with a view -to picturesque beauty, and not systematically, as is usually the case -in Botanic Gardens, although scientific purposes are best served by a -systematic arrangement. - -=ARBOR-VITA†.= _See_ =Thuja=. - -=ARBOUR.= A seat surrounded by lattice work, covered by Vines, -Wistarias, or other climbing plants. - -=ARBUTUS= (from _arboise_, Celtic for austere bush; in allusion to -the austere quality of the fruit). Strawberry Tree. ORD. _EricaceA|_. -Trees and shrubs, with evergreen alternate laurel-like leaves. Corolla -globose, or ovately campanulate; petals five, reflexed. Very ornamental -subjects for lawns and shrubberies, thriving well in a light sandy or -peaty soil. They may be propagated by seeds, which should be sown in -sand during March; by budding, and by inarching; the first mentioned -method is the one most generally employed, with good results. The -various sorts may be grafted, budded, or inarched upon _A. Unedo_. The -greenhouse species are rare in cultivation, but their management does -not materially differ from other plants requiring a similar temperature. - - =A. Andrachne= (Andrachne).* _fl._ greenish-white; panicles - terminal, erect, clothed with viscid down. March and April. _l._ - oblong, bluntish, entire in some, a little serrated in others, - glabrous. _h._ 10ft. to 14ft. Greece, 1724. A fine ornamental tree. - - =A. A. serratifolia= (saw-edge-leaved). _fl._ yellowish, disposed - in rather large terminal clusters. _l._ serrated, and narrower than - those of the species. SYN. _A. serratifolia_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 145. ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA.] - - =A. andrachnoides= (Andrachne-like). A synonym of _A. hybrida_. - - =A. canariensis= (Canary). _fl._ greenish-white; panicles erect, - hispid. May. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, serrated, glaucous beneath. - _h._ 8ft. to 10ft. Canary Islands, 1796. Greenhouse. - - =A. densiflora= (thickly-flowered).* _fl._ white; corolla oval; - pedicels furnished with three bracteas at the base; panicle - terminal, composed of closely packed racemes. _l._ 4in. to 5in. - long, on long petioles, oblong, acute, sharply toothed, coriaceous, - glabrous above and shining, but downy beneath, the middle nerve - with rusty villi; branches angular, hairy. _h._ 20ft. Mexico, 1826. - Greenhouse. - - =A. hybrida= (hybrid).* _fl._ white; panicle terminal, pendulous, - downy. September to December. _l._ oblong, acute, serrated, - glabrous; branches pilose. _h._ 10ft. to 0ft. A half-hardy garden - hybrid; it originated about 1800. SYN. _A. andrachnoides_. - - =A. Menziesi= (Menzies').* _fl._ white; racemes axillary and - terminal, panicled, dense-flowered. September. _l._ broad-oval, - quite entire, glabrous, on long petioles. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. - North-west America, 1827. A noble hardy tree. _A. laurifolia_ comes - close to this species. SYN. _A. procera_. - - =A. mollis= (soft). _fl._ rosy, drooping; panicle terminal, - crowded, racemose. June. _l._ oblong-acute, sharply toothed, - coriaceous, clothed with soft pubescence above, and white tomentum - beneath. _h._ 6ft. Mexico. Greenhouse shrub. - - =A. mucronata= (mucronate). A synonym of _Pernettya mucronata_. - - =A. pilosa= (pilose). A synonym of _Pernettya pilosa_. - - =A. procera= (tall).* A synonym of _A. Menziesi_. - - =A. serratifolia= (saw-edge-leaved). A synonym of _A. Andrachne - serratifolia_. - - =A. Unedo= (Unedo).* The Strawberry Tree. _fl._ white, deep red in - some of the varieties, nodding, in terminal racemose, bracteate - panicles. September. _fr._ large, scarlet, nearly globose, - granular, edible. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, serrulated; - branchlets clothed with glandular hairs. _h._ 8ft. to 10ft. West - of Ireland, and South Europe. There are several varieties of this - plant in cultivation. It is one of the greatest ornaments in the - months of October and November--the season when it is in flower, - and when, also, the fruit of the former year is ripe. - - =A. Xalapensis= (Xalapan). _fl._ reddish white; corolla ovate; - panicle terminal, composed of many racemes. April. _l._ petiolate, - oblong, acute, quite entire, about 2in. long, glabrous above, but - clothed with brownish tomentum beneath; epidermis separating, - brownish purple. Young branches glabrous, but beset with ramentA|. - _h._ 6ft. to 9ft. Mexico. Greenhouse species. - -=ARCHEGONIUM.= The female organ in ferns, &c., analogous with the ovary -in flowering plants. - -=ARCTOSTAPHYLOS= (from _arktos_, a bear, and _staphyle_, a grape; -bears eat the fruit of some species). ORD. _EricaceA|_. Handsome hardy -or half-hardy shrubs or sub-shrubs, agreeing in generic characters -with _Arbutus_, except that the fruit is five-celled and the cells -one-seeded, and not granular on the outside. For culture, &c., _see_ -=Arbutus=. - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* Black Bearberry. _fl._ white or - flesh-coloured, in terminal, reflexed racemes; pedicels rather - hairy. April. _l._ obovate, acute, wrinkled, serrated, deciduous. - Stems procumbent, trailing. Scotland (but rare), &c. SYN. _Arbutus - alpina_. - - =A. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ white; racemes terminal. May. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth on both sides and shining above. - _h._ 4ft. Mexico, 1839. An erect half-hardy evergreen. - - =A. pungens= (stinging).* _fl._ white; pedicels close; racemes - short, at first terminal, but at length lateral. February. _l._ - ovate-oblong, acute, mucronate, rather pungent, quite entire, - coriaceous, clothed with fine down on both surfaces; branchlets - angular, downy. _h._ 1ft. Mexico, 1839. A dwarf, much branched, - half-hardy evergreen shrub. - - =A. tomentosa= (tomentose).* _fl._ pure white, campanulately - urceolate, bracteate; peduncles axillary, shorter than the - leaves, somewhat capitately racemose. December. _l._ oval, acute, - sub-cordate at the base, clothed with white tomentum beneath, on - short petioles; branches hispid. _h._ 4ft. North-west America, - 1826. Shrubby species; hardy. - - =A. Uva-ursi.=* Bearberry. _fl._ flesh-coloured, with a red mouth, - growing in small clusters at the extremities of the branches. - April. _l._ obovate, quite entire, coriaceous, shining. Highlands - of Scotland and Wales. A hardy evergreen procumbent trailer. SYN. - _Arbutus Uva-ursi_. - -=ARCTOTHECA= (from _arktos_, a bear, and _theke_, a capsule; so -named from the roughness of the fruit). ORD. _CompositA|_. Greenhouse -herbaceous perennial, allied to _Arctotis_. Heads radiate; involucral -scales imbricate in many rows, the outer linear, herbaceous, inner -larger, scariose, very obtuse; receptacle honeycombed, bearing many -little fringes; achenes ovate, somewhat four-sided, without wings -or pappus. It thrives in a compost of peat, leaf soil, and loam. -Propagated by divisions of the plant, or cuttings, in spring. -Several species formerly classed in this genus are now included under -_Arctotis_. - - =A. repens= (creeping). _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _l._ petioled, - lyrate-pinnatifid, green and mostly smooth above, white-woolly - beneath. Cape of Good Hope, 1793. A stemless, creeping or decumbent - herb. - -=ARCTOTIS= (from _arktos_, a bear, and _ous_, an ear; in reference -to the shaggy fruit). ORD. _CompositA|_. Mostly half-hardy herbaceous -perennials. Involucral bracts numerous, imbricated, scariose on the -margin; receptacle pitted, studded with bristles between the florets; -achenes grooved, crowned with a pappus of membranous scales. The -species of this genus are of easy culture in a compost of loam and leaf -soil. Propagated by cuttings at any time of the year; these should -be pricked in pots of very sandy soil, and placed in gentle warmth; -they must be kept uncovered and moderately dry, or they will rot. The -Arctotis are very handsome plants in sunny, dry positions outside -during the summer months, but they must be protected during winter. - - A. acaulis (stemless).* _fl.-heads_ yellow and red. Summer. _l._ - hoary on each side, ternate, lyrate. Stem very short, decumbent. - _h._ 4in. Cape of Good Hope, 1759. Very rarely met with. - - =A. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl.-heads_, ray-florets white - above, pink beneath; disk-florets yellow; disposed in large - circular Daisy-like heads. Summer. _l._ linear-oblong, pinnate; - upper ones amplexicaul; lower ones stalked. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good - Hope, 1815. - - =A. argentea= (silvery). _fl.-heads_ orange. August. _l._ - lanceolate-linear, entire, downy. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1774. - - =A. aureola= (golden). Synonymous with _A. grandiflora_. - - =A. breviscapa= (short-stalked). Synonymous with _A. speciosa_. - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ orange; outer - scales of involucre reflexed, cuneate, oblong, with a broad short - point, somewhat cobwebbed. July. _l._ pinnatifid, serrulate, - three-nerved. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1710. SYNS. _A. - aureola_ and _A. undulata_. - - =A. reptans= (creeping). _fl.-heads_ white, orange. July. _l._ - hairy beneath; lower lyrate toothed; upper lanceolate toothed. Stem - ascending. _h._ 8in. Cape of Good Hope, 1795. - - =A. rosea= (rosy). _fl.-heads_ pink. Autumn. _l._ - spathulate-lanceolate, repand-toothed, hoary. Stem procumbent. Cape - of Good Hope, 1793. - - =A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl.-heads_ yellow; outer scales of - involucre linear recurved. July. _l._ lyrate, pinnatifid, hoary - beneath, three-nerved. Plant stemless. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good - Hope, 1812. Closely allied to _A. acaulis_. SYN. _A. breviscapa_. - - =A. undulata= (wavy). Synonymous with _A. grandiflora_. - -=ARCUATE, ARCUATED.= Curved or bent like a bow; forming an arch. - -=ARDISIA.= (from _ardis_, a point; in reference to the acute, -spear-pointed anthers). SYN. _Pyrgus_. ORD. _MyrsineA|_. An extensive -genus of greenhouse or stove, mostly ornamental, evergreen trees and -shrubs. Flowers white or rose-coloured, more or less panicled; panicles -sometimes many-flowered at the extremities of the branches, and longer -than the leaves, sometimes few-flowered and in the axils of the leaves. -Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite, or three in a whorl, dotted. -Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood taken from the side -shoots of the plant any time from March to September; but, as the -points of these side shoots bear the blossoms and fruit, they are -not well adapted for making good plants. To obtain the best plants, -the largest, ripest, and best-coloured berries should be sown early -in spring, as soon as gathered, in a wide-mouthed pot or seed pan, -well drained and filled with loam and peat in equal parts, with the -addition of some sand, and plunged in bottom heat, the soil being kept -moderately moist. The seeds will germinate in a few weeks after sowing, -and when about 2in. high, the strongest seedlings should be selected -and placed in 3in. pots, the same mixture of soil being used, with -the addition of a fourth part well decomposed manure. After potting, -the plants must be moistened overhead twice a day with a fine rose or -syringe, and be kept in a close atmosphere until the roots have taken -to the fresh soil. When the plants begin to grow again, they should be -removed to a light situation in the house; and when the pots are well -filled with roots, a shift into 6in. pots may be effected, water being -given judiciously until well established, and here they may remain to -fruit. Until the berries are coloured, clear manure water, given once -or twice a week, will be found beneficial. The plants arrive at their -best when about 18in. or 2ft. high; after that, they begin to get naked -at the bottom. It will then be wise to cut the worst plants down to -within 2in. of the pots, in early spring, allowing them to become dry -at the roots before this operation is performed. By giving moisture -to the roots when the cut has become dry, the plants will soon break -into growth again, when some of the worst placed shoots should be -rubbed off, leaving only one or two of the strongest and best placed, -calculated to develop into a well formed plant. When the shoots have -grown 2in. or 3in., the plants should be turned out of their pots, -the soil shaken out from the roots, and the long ends of the roots -trimmed in a little with a knife; they must then be placed in a pot -sufficiently large to hold the roots without squeezing. The plants -should now occupy the warmest end of the house in which they are grown, -care being taken in watering until new roots are formed, when they may -have more air and somewhat liberal supplies of water. As soon as they -are sufficiently advanced in growth, they should be transferred to a -larger-sized pot. With proper treatment, they will flower and fruit the -same season as they are cut down, and form handsome plants. Although -most species of this genus are classed as stove plants, they will -succeed very well in a temperature that does not fall below 45deg. in -winter; and, when so grown, they are not so liable to become infested -with large brown scale and other insect pests. This is particularly the -case with _A. crenulata_, and cool treatment is also favourable to the -ripe berries hanging on the plants for a much longer time than when -grown in a stove. Moreover, they do not suffer so much when removed for -decorative purposes. - - =A. acuminata= (taper-pointed). _fl._ nearly white; petals small, - acute, dotted; panicles terminal and axillary, many-flowered. July. - _l._ entire, glabrous, oblong, acuminated, attenuated at the base. - _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Guiana, 1803. - -[Illustration: FIG. 146. FLOWERING BRANCH OF ARDISIA CRENULATA.] - - =A. crenulata= (round-notched-leaved).* _fl._ reddish violet; - panicles terminal; pedicels umbellate. June. Berries numerous, - bright coral-like. _l._ lanceolate-ovate, tapering at both ends, - repandly crenulated, pilose. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. Mexico, 1809. - When grown in a cool atmosphere, as previously alluded to, it is - quite common for one crop of berries to hang on the plants until - another crop is ripe. This is a splendid plant, superior even to - the red-berried Solanums for decorative purposes, for which it is - largely grown. See Fig. 146. - - =A. crispa= (curled). _fl._ small, drooping, red; cymes terminal, - usually solitary, often compound; pedicels smooth, finely veined, - umbellate, drooping. July. Berries red, size of peas. _l._ - bluntish, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, with repandly - crenulated glandular edges, glabrous. _h._ 4ft. India, 1809. - - =A. humilis= (humble). _fl._ rose-coloured; peduncles solitary, - bearing each a simple racemose umbel of many pretty, large, - drooping flowers; petals lanceolate, first recurved, afterwards - revolute. June. Berries size of peas, shining, black, juicy. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, glabrous, veined, - shining. _h._ 4ft. India, 1820. - - =A. japonica= (Japanese).* _fl._ white; pedicels red, - sub-umbellate, secund, drooping; racemes simple, axillary. June. - _l._ nearly opposite, or three to five in a whorl, on short - petioles, cuneate-oblong, acute, glabrous, serrated; 4in. long. - _h._ 1ft. Japan. Perhaps the hardiest of all the species. - - =A. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* _fl._ flesh-coloured, dotted; - petals ovate, obtuse; racemes terminal, corymbose, almost - sessile, slightly hairy. Berries vermilion coloured, as large as - gooseberries. _l._ oblong, acute, tapering downwards, glandularly - crenated, dotted, close together, leathery, 6in. to 8in. long, - paler beneath, veinless. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824. A - beautiful shrub. - - =A. Oliveri= (Oliver's).* _fl._ rose pink, white eye: corolla - rotate, 1/2in. across; lobes obtuse; heads terminal, consisting of - a number of stalked, many-flowered corymbs; pedicels about twice as - long as the flower. July. _l._ nearly sessile, entire, glabrous, - 6in. to 8in. long, by 2in. in the broadest portion; oblanceolate, - acuminate, tapering towards the base. Costa Rica, 1876. - - =A. paniculata= (panicled).* _fl._ rose-coloured; panicles - terminal, composed of many alternate compound branches, large and - elegant; petals and sepals ovate. July. Berries red, smooth, size - of a pea, juicy. _l._ glabrous, cuneate-oblong, almost sessile, - reflexed, 6in. to 20in. long, and from 3in. to 5in. broad, crowded - at the ends of the branches. _h._ 8ft. to 10ft. India, 1818. - - =A. punctata= (dotted). _fl._ greyish white, sub-campanulate, - secund, beset with dark dots, and the pedicels with dark lines; - peduncles umbellate, terminal, and axillary; umbels involucrated - by deciduous bracts. June. _l._ glabrous, lanceolate, leathery, - repandly crenated, tapering to the base. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. China, - 1822. - - =A. serrulata= (finely serrated).* _fl._ deep red; petals ciliated; - calyces and pedicels coloured; panicles terminal; pedicels - umbellate. July. _l._ glabrous, lanceolate, acuminated, wrinkled, - serrulated, beset with rusty dots beneath; branches downy. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. China, 1820. - - =A. villosa= (hairy). _fl._ whitish, umbels axillary and terminal, - very villous. October. Berries villous. _l._ lanceolate, - acuminated, villous beneath, crenulated, 5in. to 7in. long, - tapering to the base, copiously dotted. China. All the upper parts - of the plant are densely beset with hairs. - - =A. v. mollis= (soft).* This variety has very fine red berries, and - is superior to the type. - - =A. Wallichii= (Wallich's). _fl._ red, in loose racemes; peduncles - axillary, one-half shorter than the leaves, and are, as well as the - pedicels, pilose. July. _l._ obovate, acute, or obtuse, narrowed - into the marginate petioles, repandly crenulated, 4in. to 5in. - long, and 2in. broad, thickish. _h._ 2ft. India. - -=ARDUINA= (in honour of P. Arduini, curator of the Economical Garden -of Padua, in the time of LinnA|us). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. A singular and -pretty greenhouse evergreen shrub, of easy culture in carefully drained -pots of peat and loam, mixed in equal proportions. Propagated by -cuttings in sand, under a glass. The winter temperature should not be -allowed to fall below 40deg. - - =A. bispinosa= (two-spined). _fl._ small, white, sweet-scented, - terminal, corymbose. March to August. Berry red. _l._ - cordate-ovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, dark green, larger than - those of Box. Spines twin, simple, but usually bifid; in this last - case, one of the clefts points downwards, and the other upwards. - _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1760. SYN. _Carissa Arduina_. - -=ARECA= (_Areec_ is its name in Malabar, when an old tree). The Cabbage -Palm. ORD. _PalmeA|_. This genus is now broken up into several, and many -species formerly here arranged are now found under _AcanthophA"nix_, -_Euterpe_, _Hyophorbe_, _Kentia_, _Oncosperma_, _PhA|nicophorum_. Very -ornamental and graceful stove palms, with a branching spadix, and -double spathe, which incloses the flowers. Flowers unisexual, borne -upon the same spike; female flowers having six rudimentary stamens, -and male flowers a six-cleft perianth. Fruit one-seeded. They thrive -in a compost of loam, peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a -liberal addition of sand; but when they are fully grown, loam should -preponderate to the extent of about two-thirds, and some rotten -cow-manure may be added. Propagated from seeds, which should be sown in -a compost similar to above, and placed in a moist gentle heat. They are -employed, when young, with much success for the decoration of drawing -rooms and dinner tables. - - =A. AliciA|= (Princess Alice's). _l._ pinnatisect; segments sessile. - North Australia. A very handsome species, with a comparatively - dwarf habit; it is a valuable decorative plant. - - =A. Catechu= (Catechu). _l._ pinnate, from 3ft. to 6ft. long; - leaflets 12in. to 24in. in length, and about 2in. broad, light - green; petioles broadly sheathed at the base. _h._ 30ft. India, - 1690. One of the best and oldest species in cultivation, very - effective, in a young state, for dinner table decoration. It - produces the Betel nut, of which enormous quantities are used in - India. - - =A. concinna= (neat). _l._ pinnatisect, sub-glabrous; segments - sickle-shaped, much acuminated. Stem green, 8ft. to 12ft. high, - 1in. to 2in. in diameter. Ceylon. The Cingalese chew the albumen of - the seeds with their Betel. - - =A. gigantea= (gigantic). A synonym of _Pinanga ternatensis_. - - =A. glandiformis= (gland-formed). _l._ pinnatisect, 9ft. to 12ft. - long when fully grown. _h._ 30ft. Moluccas. A handsome stove palm, - of bold aspect, and very suitable, when young, for decorative - purposes. - - =A. Normanbyi= (Normanby's). A synonym of _Ptychosperma Normanbyi_. - - =A. triandra= (three-stamened). _l._ pinnate, like those of _A. - Catechu_ in size, &c. _h._ 20ft. India, introduced to Britain about - 1810. - -=ARENARIA= (from _arena_, sand; in which most of the species are -found). Sandwort. ORD. _CaryophyllaceA|_. TRIBE _AlsineA|_. A very large -genus of hardy herbaceous plants, consisting of about 150 species. It -is distinguished by having generally three styles. The perennials only -are worth growing; these are extremely pretty little alpine plants, and -will thrive in any ordinary soil in exposed places; the rarer species -may be grown in small pots, well drained, in a mixture of sand, loam, -and leaf soil, or in well-drained crannies of the rockery. They may be -increased by either division, seeds, or cuttings; the latter, placed -under a hand-glass, will root freely. The best time to divide the -plants is early spring, or July and August. Seeds should be sown in -spring in a cold frame. - - =A. balearica= (Balearic).* _fl._ white, sepals erect; peduncles - elongated, one-flowered. March to August. _l._ very small, ovate, - shining, rather fleshy, ciliated. _h._ 3in. Corsica, 1787. A pretty - little creeper, one of the best plants for covering damp borders of - the rockwork. - - =A. cA|spitosa= (tufted). Synonymous with _A. verna cA|spitosa_. - - =A. ciliata= (ciliated). _fl._ white, usually solitary; sepals - ovate, acute, five to seven ribbed; petals obovate, twice as long - as the sepals. July. _l._ ovate, or obovate, roughish, with a - few hairs, one-nerved, and ciliated. Ireland. _h._ 6in. A thick, - tufted, spreading, procumbent plant. - - =A. graminifolia= (grass-leaved).* _fl._ white; panicle - three-forked, hairy, loose; sepals very blunt, much shorter than - the obovate petals. June. _l._ long, awl-shaped, filiform, scabrous - on the margins from serratures. Stem erect, simple. _h._ 6in. to - 9in. Caucasus, 1817. - - =A. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ white, usually solitary; - peduncles very long, pubescent; sepals ovate, awned, three-nerved, - smaller than the petals. June. _l._ awl-shaped, broadish, flat, - three-nerved, ciliated, radical ones crowded. _h._ 3in. to 6in. - France, 1783. _A. g. biflora_ is a two-flowered, and _A. g. - triflora_ a three-flowered, variety. - - =A. laricifolia= (Larch-leaved).* _fl._ white; sepals bluntish, - triple nerved, hairy; petals twice as long as the sepals; stems - ascending, one, three, or six flowered, somewhat scabrous; calyx - cylindrical. June. _l._ awl-shaped, denticulately ciliated. _h._ - 6in. Switzerland, 1816. - - =A. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ white; sepals ovate, obtuse, - not half the length of the obovate petals; panicle three-forked, - glabrous, crowded. June. _l._ awl-shaped, filiform, serrulated. - Stem erect, simple. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Siberia, 1823. - - =A. montana= (mountain). _fl._ large, white; peduncles terminal, - very long, one-flowered; sepals lanceolate, acuminated, much - shorter than the corolla. April. _l._ lanceolate-linear; sterile - stems very long, procumbent. _h._ 3in. France and Spain, 1800. - - =A. peploides= (Peplis-like). _fl._ white; sepals ovate, shorter - than the oblong petals. May to July. _l._ ovate, light green, - rather fleshy; branches procumbent, fleshy, deciduous. _h._ 3in. to - 4in. Sea shores of Britain. SYN. _Honckenya peploides_. - - =A. purpurascens= (purplish).* _fl._ purplish; pedicels tomentose, - scarcely exceeding the leaves; sepals lanceolate, smooth, with - shrivelled margins, longer than the corolla; branches two to - three-flowered. May. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glabrous. - Plant tufted, decumbent. _h._ 6in. Higher Pyrenees. - - =A. rotundifolia= (round-leaved).* _fl._ white, solitary; petals - roundish-ovate, longer than the sepals. July and August. _l._ about - 1/4in. across, roundish, ciliated, on spreading tufted branches. - _h._ 4in. to 6in. Siberia. - - =A. tetraquetra= (four-angled). _fl._ white, somewhat capitate; - sepals stiff, acute, keeled, ciliated, almost equal in length - to the corolla. August. _l._ ovate, keeled, recurved, edged, - imbricated in four rows. Stem straight, pubescent. _h._ 3in. to - 6in. France, 1731. - - =A. verna= (spring-flowering). _fl._ small, white; sepals ovate, - lanceolate, acuminated, with three remote equal ribs, longer than - the obovate petals. May. _l._ awl-shaped, bluntish. Stems panicled, - elongated. _h._ about 3in. - - =A. v. cA|spitosa= (turfy). A variety having very leafy stems. - Calyces and peduncles smoothish. Europe. SYN. _A. cA|spitosa_. - -=ARENGA= (name of doubtful origin). SYN. _Saguerus_. ORD. _PalmA|_. An -extremely useful and interesting palm. The medulla of the trunk is used -as sago, and the saccharine juice forms excellent sugar. It requires a -strong heat and rich mould. Propagated by seeds only. - - =A. saccharifera= (sugar-bearing). _fl._ striped. June. _h._ 40ft. - Moluccas, 1829. - -=AREOLATE.= Divided into distinct angular spaces, or areolA|. - -=ARETHUSA= (mythological: named after a nymph of Diana's, who was -changed into a fountain; in allusion to the habit of the plants). -ORD. _OrchideA|_. A small genus of very pretty, but rare, terrestrial -orchids. They require a moist shady spot with a northern aspect, and -thrive best in a compost of well-rotted manure and sphagnum. A mulching -in winter, by way of protection, is needed. - - =A. bulbosa= (bulbous).* _fl._ large, bright rose purple, solitary, - sweet-scented, terminal; lip dilated, recurved, spreading towards - the summit, bearded-crested down the face; scape one-leaved. May. - _l._ linear, nerved. _h._ 8in. Carolina. - -=ARETIA.= _See_ =Androsace=. - -=ARGANIA= (from _argam_, its aboriginal name). ORD. _SapotaceA|_. A very -fine greenhouse evergreen tree, said by Don to flourish against a south -wall, out of doors, with the protection of a mat in severe weather. It -will thrive in ordinary garden soil. Increased by layers and cuttings -in autumn and spring, the latter requiring a bell glass covering; both -operations must be performed in a moderately heated greenhouse. - - =A. Sideroxylon= (Iron-wood). _fl._, corolla greenish yellow, - cup-shaped, five-parted, with ovate-lanceolate, sub-emarginate - segments; lateral and axillary, scattered, crowded, sessile. _fr._ - dotted with white, size of a plum, full of white, milky juice. - July. _l._ lanceolate, entire, bluntish, glabrous, paler beneath; - branches terminated by strong spines. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Morocco, - 1711. As the specific name implies, the wood is excessively close - and hard, so much so that it sinks in water. SYNS. _ElA|odendron - Argan_, _Sideroxylon spinosum_. - -=ARGEMONE= (from _argema_, cataract of the eye; in allusion to some -real or fancied medicinal properties). ORD. _PapaveraceA|_. Very -handsome annuals and perennials, abounding with yellow juice, and -covered with stiff prickles. Sepals two to three, concave, mucronate; -petals four to eight; peduncles axillary, always erect. Leaves sessile, -repand-sinuated, usually spotted with white; recesses spiny-toothed. -The species will thrive in almost any garden soil in the open border. -Seed may be sown out of doors about the end of March; those of the -rarer species on a hotbed, and planted out about the end of June. - - =A. albiflora= (white-flowered).* _fl._ white; petals usually - three. July and August. _l._ sessile, feather-nerved. _h._ 1ft. - Georgia, 1820. Hardy annual. - - =A. grandiflora= (great-flowered).* _fl._ large, panicled, white - with yellow anthers. July. _l._ sinuated, smooth, glaucous, - spiny-toothed; nerves unarmed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1827. This - species, when raised from seed, does not flower until October; but - when the roots have existed through the winter, the plants produce - flowers early in the summer. Hardy perennial. See Fig. 147. - - =A. hirsuta= (hairy).* _fl._ pure white, 3in. to 5in. in diameter. - September. _l._ pinnatifid, bristly. _h._ 2ft. California, 1879. A - very beautiful hardy annual. - -[Illustration: FIG. 147. INFLORESCENCE OF ARGEMONE GRANDIFLORA.] - - =A. mexicana= (Mexican). Devil's Fig. _fl._ solitary, yellow; - petals four to six. June. _l._ profoundly repand-sinuated, spiny, - blotched with white. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1592. Hardy annual. - - =A. ochroleuca= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ pale yellow, solitary; - petals six. August. _l._ profoundly sinuated or pinnatifid, - glaucescent nerves with prickly bristles, blotched with white. Stem - prickly. Mexico, 1827. Hardy annual. - -=ARGENTEUS.= Silvery. A pale colour resembling silver. - -=ARGOLASIA.= _See_ =Lanaria=. - -=ARGIYREIA= (from _argyreios_, silvery; in reference to the silvery -undersides of the leaves). Silver-weed. ORD. _ConvolvulaceA|_. An -elegant genus of greenhouse and stove climbers. Sepals five; corolla -campanulate. Shrubs for the most part silvery, but sometimes silky and -tomentose. The greater number of the species are robust, extensive -twiners or climbers, usually requiring plenty of room to run, before -they will flower. _A. cuneata_, and one or two others, are of dwarf -habit, and produce their splendid blossoms in abundance. All the -species grow well in light rich soil, or a mixture of peat, loam, and -sand. Cuttings root readily if planted in sand, with a hand glass -placed over them, in a little bottom heat. - - =A. capitata= (headed). _fl._, corolla 1in. to 2in. long, rose - coloured or purple, hairy outside; peduncles exceeding the - petioles. July. _l._ cordate-ovate, acuminated, 2in. to 5in, long, - and 1in. to 3in. broad, hairy on both surfaces; hairs glandular at - the base. Plant clothed with strigose hairs. Silhet, 1823. - - =A. cuneata= (wedge-leaved).* _fl._, corolla large, of a beautiful - deep bright purple; peduncles downy, shorter than the leaves, - three to six-flowered. July. _l._ obovate-cuneate, emarginate, - glabrous above, but beset with short, crowded hairs beneath, hardly - petiolate. Stem clothed with powdery down at top. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. - India, 1822. - - =A. cymosa= (cyme-flowered).* _fl._, corolla pale pink, tubularly - funnel-shaped, villous outside; peduncles as long or longer - than the leaves, leafy at top, and cymosely many-flowered. _l._ - roundish-cordate, or reniformly-cordate, obtuse, terminated by a - very short prickle, glabrous on both surfaces, or clothed with - pruinose down. Malabar (mountains), 1823. - - =A. malabarica= (Malabar). _fl._ rather small; bottom of the bell - deep purple; throat pink, with the edges paler, almost white, and - slightly ten-lobed; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, - many-flowered at the apex. June. _l._ roundish-cordate, acute, - glabrous, or furnished with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces. - Coromandel, 1823. - - =A. pomacea= (Apple-fruited). _fl._ large, rose coloured; peduncles - villous, exceeding the petioles a little, cymose, many-flowered. - Berry size of a cherry, yellow. _l._ ovate-elliptic, obtuse, - clothed with cinerous, velvety down on both surfaces, but - especially beneath, sometimes sub-emarginate at apex. Mysore, 1818. - - =A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._, corolla nearly 2in. long, of a deep - rose colour; peduncles about equal in length to the petioles, - umbellately capitate. July. _l._ 3in. to 12in. long, and 2in. to - 4in. broad, cordate, acute, glabrous above, or rarely villous, - thickly nerved beneath, and clothed with silky, silvery down. - India, 1818. - - =A. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._, corolla tubularly campanulate, - 1-1/2in. long, rather villous outside, pale red; peduncles - exceeding the (hoary) petioles, corymbosely many-flowered. - November. _l._ ovate-oblong or ovate-elliptic, entire or - pandurately sinuated, sometimes somewhat three-lobed, smooth - above, but clothed with silvery, silky down beneath, 6in. long, - acuminated. India, 1820. - -=ARGYROCHA†TA.= A synonym of =Parthenium= (which _see_). - -=ARGYROXYPHIUM= (from _argyros_, silver, and _xyphion_, a corn-flag; -in allusion to the leaves). ORD. _CompositA|_. An ornamental greenhouse -perennial herb. Involucre campanulate; receptacle conical; heads -pedunculate, racemose, or in thyrsoid panicles. Leaves alternate; lower -ones close, elongated, thick, on both sides silver-lined. Stems simple -or slightly branched. It thrives well in rich sandy loam and leaf -mould. Propagated by seed-heads. - - =C. sandwicense= (Sandwich Islands). _fl.-heads_ purplish. _l._ - linear lanceolate, imbricate, clothed, like the stems, with silvery - hairs. _h._ 3ft. Sandwich islands, 1872. SYN. _Argyrophyton - Douglasii_. - -=ARIA.= _See_ =Pyrus Aria=. - -=ARISA†MA= (from _aron_, Arum, and _sana_, a standard; in reference to -the close alliance to _Arum_). ORD. _AroideA|_. Small tuberous rooted -greenhouse (except where stated otherwise) herbaceous plants. Spathe -rolled round the spadix at the base; spadix bearing unisexual flowers -below. and rudimentary flowers in the upper part. Leaves peltate, -pedate, palmate, or simple. For culture, &c., _see_ =Arum=. - - =A. concinna= (neat).* _fl._, spathe convolute, tubular at the - base; upper portion bent over at the mouth, and gradually narrowed - into a tail-like appendage about 3in. long; spathe of the female - plant longitudinally barred with white and green, the latter colour - being replaced with blue-purple in the male. June. _l._ solitary, - sheathing at the base, and made up of ten or twelve lanceolate, - entire, light green leaflets, which radiate from the top of the - petiole, the latter being 1ft. to 2ft. high. Sikkim, 1871. - - =A. curvatum= (curved).* _fl._ crowning a scape which overtops - the foliage; tube of spathe cylindrical, green, obscurely striped - with white; the elliptic blade arches forward, green on the inner - surface, and brownish-red on the outer; spadix produced into a - purplish-red tail, about 1ft. long. April. _l._ pedate. The large - bracts, which sheath the base of the stem, are beautifully marbled - with dark olive green, red, and light green. _h._ 4ft. Himalayas, - 1871. SYN. _A. helleborifolium_. - - =A. galeata= (helmeted).* _fl._, spathe about 4in long; tube and - cylindrical side of spathe green, tinted purplish at base, with - many longitudinal white lines; inside of the tube purple. July. - _l._ solitary, trifoliate; middle leaflet 6in. long by 3-3/4in. - broad; lateral ones 7in. long and nearly 4in. broad. _h._ 1ft. - Himalayas, Sikkim, 1879. - - =A. Griffithi= (Griffith's).* _fl._, spathe large, hood-like, - brown-violet, with green veins; spadix brown-violet, and the barren - end at the base above the flowers has a disk-like projection, while - its free extremity is prolonged into a long thread-like appendage. - Spring. _l._ with bold roundish leaflets. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. - Sikkim, 1879. Hardy; very handsome. SYN. _A. Hookerianum_. - - =A. helleborifolium= (Hellebore-leaved). A synonym of _A. curvatum_. - - =A. Hookerianum= (Hooker's). A synonym of _A. Griffithi_. - - =A. nepenthoides= (Nepenthes-like).* _fl._, spathe above the - tubular portion extended into two decided auricles, which serve - to distinguish it from other species, ochre, brown, green; spadix - yellowish Spring. _l._ pedate, of five lanceolate or oblanceolate - leaflets; central one 6in. long, the others shorter. _h._ 2ft. - Himalayas, 1879. - - =A. prA|cox= (early). A synonym of _A. ringens_. - - =A. ringens= (gaping).* _fl._, spathe striped green and white, - erect and cylindrical below, then arching suddenly over, and again - contracting into a rather small deep purple orifice, with broad, - reflexed margins; spadix erect, pale yellow-green. Spring. _l._, - leaflets three, ovate-oblong, acuminate, and produced into a - filiform point; peduncle short. Japan. Hardy. SYNS. _A. prA|cox_ and - _A. Sieboldi_. - - =A. Sieboldi= (Siebold's). A. synonym of _A. ringens_. - - =A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._, spadix deep glossy purple, - greenish and white, with a long flexuous prolongation, sometimes - nearly 20in. in length; spathe also terminating with a filiform - elongation. March. _l._ solitary, trifoliate; leaflets petioled, - dark green, conspicuously edged with blood red; petioles long, - mottled with white. _h._ 2ft. Temperate Himalayas, 1872. - -[Illustration: FIG. 148. ARISA†MA TRIPHYLLA.] - - =A. triphylla= (three-leaved).* _fl._, spathe 4in. to 6in. long, - striped with broad lines of purplish-brown, with about 1in. of - green in the middle; spadix 3in. long, spotted with brown. June to - July. _l._ on long stout petioles, trifoliate; leaflets entire, - equal, acuminated. _h._ 9in. to 1ft. North America, 1664. This is - quite hardy. SYNS. _A. zebrina_ and _Arum triphyllum_. See Fig. 148. - - =A. zebrina= (zebra). A synonym of _A. triphylla_. - -=ARISARUM= (name of Greek origin). ORD. _AroideA|_. A small genus of -half-hardy herbaceous plants, possessing but little horticultural -interest, and allied to _ArisA|ma_. Flowers unisexual, spadix having -no rudimentary flowers. Leaves on long stalks, heart-shaped or -spear-shaped. The only species in cultivation thrives in a sand, loam, -and peat compost. Propagated by seeds or divisions of the root in -spring. - - =A. vulgate= (common). _fl._, spathe livid purple. May. _h._ 1ft. - South Europe, 1596. - -=ARISTATE.= Having a beard or awn, as the glumes of barley. - -=ARISTEA= (from _arista_, a point or beard; in reference to the -rigid points of the leaves). ORD. _IridaceA|_. A genus of greenhouse -herbaceous perennials from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers blue; -perianth rotate, six-parted, twisted after flowering; scape two-edged, -rigid, often branched. Leaves narrow, sword-shaped. The species are -more interesting than ornamental, and may be grown in a compost of -three parts turfy peat, and one of loam. Easily propagated by divisions -and seeds. They vary in height from 3in. to 3ft., and flower generally -in summer. - - =A. capitata= (headed). _fl._ blue. July. _h._ 3ft. Cape of Good - Hope, 1790. - - =A. cyanea= (bright blue). _fl._ blue. June. _h._ 6in. Cape of Good - Hope, 1759. - -=ARISTOLOCHIA= (from _aristos_, best, and _locheia_, parturition; -in reference to its supposed medicinal character). Birthwort. ORD. -_AristolochiaceA|_. A very large genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy, -evergreen or deciduous, climbing or erect shrubs. Flowers axillary, -clustered, or solitary, pendulous, of most extraordinary forms; -perianth tubular, curved, or straight, with an oblique, cordate limb; -stamens six, rarely four, or numerous, adhering to the stigma; capsule -six-valved. Leaves cordate entire or lobed. Good loam, with a small -proportion of decayed manure and a slight addition of sharp sand to -secure efficient drainage, is a good compost for the whole. They will -thrive when planted out in the conservatory more satisfactorily than -elsewhere; for as they usually grow a considerable height before -flowering, they require very long trellises in pots, and have to be -trained up and down; or, better still, round a pillar of uniform -circumference, a pyramid form being useless. The best way is to train -them round, close down to the pot, and keep on about 2in. from one turn -to the next. Some of the larger sorts will require more room. Cuttings -root freely in sand under a bell glass with bottom heat. - - =A. anguicida= (snake-killing). _fl._ white, spotted brown; tube - of perianth inflated at base, dilated and oblique at the mouth; - peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. December. _l._ on short - petioles, cordate acuminate; stipules cordate-roundish. _h._ 10ft. - New Grenada, 1845. An evergreen stove twiner. - - =A. barbata= (bearded). _fl._ purple, axillary, 2-1/2in. long; - perianth straight; limb spreading; lip spathulate, bearded at the - end. July. _l._ cordate, oblong. _h._ 10ft. Caraccas, 1796. Stove - evergreen. - - =A. caudata= (tailed).* _fl._ lurid; perianth cylindrical - ventricose, and six-spurred at the base; lip cordate, cuspidate; - the cusp twisted, filiform. June. _l._, lower ones reniform, lobed; - upper ones three partite. _h._ 5ft. Brazil, 1828. Deciduous stove - twiner. - - =A. ciliosa= (fringed).* _fl._ purple-yellow; tube of perianth - obliquely ventricose at base, stretched out, from the middle to the - apex cylindrical, fringed; peduncles one-flowered. September. _l._ - cordate reniform. Plant glabrous. _h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1829. - - =A. Clematitis= (Clematis-like). _fl._ pale yellow, upright; lip - oblong, shortly acuminate. July. _l._ cordate. Stem erect. _h._ - 2ft. A hardy herbaceous perennial, naturalised here and there in - Britain. - - =A. clypeata= (shielded). _fl._ axillary; tube yellowish, - cylindrical; limb elliptic, white, blotched with purple, long and - large, funnel-shaped. _l._ subcordate-ovate, acuminate. Columbia, - 1871. - - =A. cordiflora= (cordate-flowered). _fl._ axillary, very large, - with broad cordiform limb, creamy yellow, with blotchy purple - veining. May. _l._ cordate acuminate. _h._ 30ft. Mexico, 1860. - - =A. deltoidea variegata= (deltoid variegated variety). _l._ - variegated with white. _h._ 6ft. Columbia, 1870. - - =A. Duchartrei= (Duchartre's).* _fl._ racemose; tube brown; limb - cream colour, with purple blotches. January. _l._ reniform-cordate, - acuminate. Upper Amazons, 1868. _h._ 5ft. This stove species - flowers from the old wood. SYN. _A. Ruiziana_. - - =A. floribunda= (free-flowering).* _fl._ numerous; limb - purplish-red, with yellow veins, centre yellow. July. _l._ cordate - ovate, acuminate. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, 1868. Stove species. - - =A. galeata= (helmeted). _fl._ creamy, with reticulated veins. - August. _l._ cordate, with broad open sinus. _h._ 20ft. New - Grenada, 1873. - - =A. gigas= (giant). _fl._ purple; perianth large, cordate ribbed - outside, reticulated, downy; tube inflated, contracted in the - middle; limb large, cordate ovate, with a long tail. June. _l._ - downy, cordate, acuminate; peduncles solitary, bracteate. _h._ - 10ft. Guatemala, 1841. - - =A. Goldieana= (Goldie's).* _fl._ greenish outside, deep yellow - with chocolate veins inside, bent into two unequal portions, - the lower portion surmounting the ovary about 8in. in length, - somewhat cylindrical, terminating in a club-shaped curved knob; the - upper portion, commencing from this knob, is about a foot long, - funnel-shaped, ribbed, dilated above into a somewhat three-lobed - limb. Stamens twenty-four--a very unusual number in the whole - family. The enormous flowers are 26in. long by 11in. in diameter. - July. _l._ ovate, or triangular-cordate, acuminated. Old Calabar - River, 1867. This noble climber should be repotted in fresh soil - in February or March. But little water will be necessary until the - young shoots have made about 6in. of growth; the quantity should - then be increased with moderation until early in September, when - the old stem dies down within a few inches of the surface of the - pot--at this period, and during winter, water must be entirely - withheld. This species blooms freely in a temperature of 65deg. to - 70deg. - - =A. indica= (Indian). _fl._ purple; perianth erect; peduncle - many-flowered. July. _l._ elliptical, blunt, somewhat emarginate, - slightly cordate. _h._ 10ft. India, 1780. Stove evergreen. - - =A. labiosa= (great-lipped).* _fl._ greenish; perianth incurved - at base, saccate, two-lipped in the middle. July. _l._ reniform, - roundish cordate, amplexicaul. _h._ 20ft. Brazil, 1821. Stove - evergreen. - - =A. leuconeura= (white-veined). _fl._ purple brown. September. _l._ - cordate, acuminate. _h._ 12ft. Magdalena, 1858. Stove species. - - =A. odoratissima= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ purple, sweet-scented; - peduncles one-flowered, longer than the leaf; lip cordate - lanceolate, longer than the perianth. July. _l._ cordate, ovate, - evergreen. Stem twining. _h._ 10ft. Jamaica, 1737. Stove evergreen. - - =A. ornithocephala= (bird's-head).* _fl._ purple, very large, and - extremely singular. To render any description at all lucid, this - species may be said to have the head of a hawk and the beak of a - heron, with the wattles of a Spanish fowl, which, however, are - grey, netted with brown; head of the same colour, veined; and the - beak grey. _l._ between cordate and reniform, obtuse. October. _h._ - 20ft. Brazil, 1838. Stove species. - - =A. ringens= (gaping).* _fl._ extremely grotesque, 7in. to 10in. - long, pale green, marbled and reticulated with black purple. The - perianth has an obovoid ventricose sac, or cup, 2-1/2in. long, - which is woolly inside; tube ascending obliquely from the sac, - terete, dividing into two very long lips, the upper of which - (lower as the flower hangs) is oblong-lanceolate, recurved, and - hairy inside below the middle, while the lower one is shorter, - with recurved margins, and expanding into an orbicular or almost - reniform limb. Unlike many other species, the flowers are - produced on the young shoots. July. _l._ bright green, glabrous, - roundish-reniform. _h._ 20ft. Brazil, 1820. Stove evergreen. - - =A. Ruiziana= (Ruiz's). A synonym of _A. Duchartrei_. - - =A. saccata= (pouch-flowered). _fl._ purplish-red, forming a large - pouch; throat circular, vertical. September. _l._ 12in. to 15in. - long, and 4in. broad, scattered, ovate-cordate, narrowed at apex, - slightly waved and sinuated, entire, more silky beneath than above. - _h._ 20ft. Sylhet, 1829. Stove evergreen. - - =A. sempervirens= (evergreen). _fl._ purple; perianth incurved. - May. _l._ cordate, oblong, acuminate. Stem prostrate, flexuous, - somewhat climbing. _h._ 4ft. Candia, 1727. Greenhouse species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 149. FLOWERING BRANCH OF ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHO.] - - =A. Sipho= (tube-bearing).* _fl._ yellowish-brown; corolla - ascending; limb in three equal portions, not expanding, flat, - brown; bracts of the peduncle large, ovate. May and June. _l._ - cordate, acute. Stem twining. _h._ 15ft. to 30ft. North America, - 1763. This hardy, climbing, deciduous shrub grows freely in a deep, - free, rather dry soil. See Fig. 149. - - =A. Thwaitesii= (Thwaites'). _fl._ yellow. March. _h._ 3ft. Old - Calabar, 1854. Stove species. - - =A. tomentosa= (tomentose).* _fl._ purple; perianth with its tube - twisted back, and much more deeply divided than in _A. Sipho_, - expanding, flat, and yellow, with the mouth of the tube of a deep - purple; peduncle solitary, without a bract. July. _l._ cordate, - downy beneath. _h._ 20ft. North America, 1799. Hardy. - - =A. tricandata= (three-tailed).* _fl._ dark purple-brown, solitary, - split into three subulate tails. August. _l._ oblong acuminate, - rugose, 5in. to 8in. long. Mexico, 1866. A curious, but pretty, - stove shrub. - - =A. trilobata= (three-lobed). _fl._ purple; perianth cylindrical, - broken saccate at base; lip cordate cuspidate. June. _l._ - three-lobed. Stem twining. _h._ 8ft. South America, 1775. Stove - evergreen. - - =A. ungulifolia= (claw-leaved). _fl._ racemose; perianth - brownish-purple, stipitate at base, above which it is swollen out - in a globose or oblong form, with two thickened projections near - the end; upper end of tube contracted, somewhat curved, terminating - in a two-lipped limb, one lip large, ovate, the other minute. June. - _l._ 6in. to 7in. long, cordate, and pedately five-nerved at the - base, three-lobed below the middle, with broad sinuses, the two - lateral lobes arcuate, and blunt at the apex. Labuan, 1880. Stove - species. - -=ARISTOLOCHIACEA†.= An order of very curious plants, with singularly -inflated flowers, consisting of a calyx only, of a dull, dingy colour. -It is popularly known as the Birthwort family, and has an English -representative in _Aristolochia clematitis_. - -=ARISTOTELIA= (said to be named in honour of Aristotle, the Greek -philosopher). ORD. _TiliaceA|_. A hardy evergreen shrub. Calyx -campanulate; petals five, inserted in the base of the calyx, and -alternating with its lobes. Easily grown, in ordinary garden soil, in -the shrubbery. Propagated by ripened cuttings, which root freely if -placed under a hand glass; or by layers. - - =A. Macqui= (Macqui's).* _fl._ small, greenish, axillary. May. _l._ - nearly opposite, stalked, oblong, acute, smooth, shining, dentate, - permanent. _h._ 6ft. Chili, 1733. A shrub esteemed for its handsome - foliage. The berries are about the size of a pea, very dark purple, - at length becoming black. The variegated form is not so hardy as - the type, but much more ornamental. - -=ARMENIACA= (from Armenia, the native country of the Apricot). Apricot. -ORD. _RosaceA|_. TRIBE _DrupaceA|_. Small, hardy, deciduous trees. -Flowers appearing before the leaves from scaly buds, solitary, or -few together, almost sessile. Leaves, when young, convolute. Drupe -ovate-globose, fleshy, covered with velvety skin, containing a nut, or -stone, which is acute at one end and blunt at the other, with a furrow -on both sides; the rest smooth, not wrinkled. For culture, &c., _see_ -=Apricot= and =Prunus=. - - =A. brigantiaca= (Brigancon).* _fl._ white or pink, glomerate, - almost sessile. March. _l._ somewhat cordate, acuminated, sharply - toothed; the teeth numerous, and lapping over each other. _h._ 6ft. - to 8ft. South Europe, 1819. - - =A. dasycarpa= (thick-fruited).* _fl._ white, pedicellate; pedicels - filiform. March. _l._ ovate, acuminate, serrated; petioles - glandular. _h._ 10ft. to 15ft. China, 1800. - - =A. sibirica= (Siberian). _fl._ rose-coloured. April. _l._ ovate, - acuminate; petioles glandless. _h._ 8ft. to 20ft. Dahuria, 1788. - - =A. vulgaris= (common).* Common Apricot. _fl._ pinkish-white, - sessile. February. _l._ ovate, or cordate, glabrous, glandularly - serrated. _h._ 15ft. Levant, 1548. Of this species numerous - varieties, differing in the foliar outline, &c., are sometimes met - with. _See_ =Apricot=. - -=ARMERIA.= (from _Flos ArmeriA|_, Latin name for the flowers of a -species of Pink). Thrift; Sea Pink. ORD. _PlumbagineA|_. A very -interesting and pretty group of hardy alpine tufted perennials. Flowers -pedicellate, collected in dense solitary heads; involucre scarious, -sheathing the scape and turned downwards; petals cohering at the base, -persistent; flower scapes leafless. Leaves linear, radical. As the -majority of the species differ in mere technical details, we have given -a representative group only. They are easily cultivated in a sandy loam -and leaf soil, and are increased by seeds and division, separate pieces -being planted as cuttings under hand glasses; or the rarer kinds should -be potted and placed in a frame. The seed should be sown in spring, in -pots of sandy soil, and placed in a cold frame. Although best grown as -rock plants, most of them do well in pots and borders. _A. vulgaris_ -makes one of the best of edging plants. - - =A. cephalotes= (round-headed).* _fl._ deep rose or crimson, - in a large roundish head on erect stalk. Autumn. _l._ broadly - lanceolate, glabrous, acute; petioles channelled, sheathing at the - base. _h._ 12in. to 18in. South Europe, 1800. This is perhaps the - finest species, and is best raised from an annual sowing of seed, - as it is somewhat difficult to increase by divisions. SYNS. _A. - formosa_, _A. latifolia_, _A. mauritanica_, and _A. pseudo-armeria_. - - =A. dianthoides= (Pink-like).* _fl._ light pink, in close heads - about 6in. high. May and June. _l._ spreading, flattened, nerved, - slightly downy. South Europe, 1810. - - =A. formosa= (handsome). Synonymous with _A. cephalotes_. - - =A. juncea= (rush-like).* _fl._ rose pink, in small heads about - 3in. high. June. _l._ small, erect, roundish, pointed, deep green. - South Europe. A very pretty little alpine species. - - =A. juniperifolia= (Juniper-leaved).* _fl._ deep rose, in small - densely packed heads. May and June. _l._ short, stiff, erect, - Juniper-like. _h._ 6in., with a dense tufted habit. Spain, 1818. - Plant in a warm well-drained portion of the rockery in very sandy - soil, with some nodules of sandstone intermixed. - - =A. latifolia= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. cephalotes_. - - =A. leucantha= (white-flowered). A white-flowered variety of _A. - plantaginea_. - - =A. maritima= (sea). Synonymous with _A. vulgaris_. - - =A. mauritanica= (Mediterranean). Synonymous with _A. cephalotes_. - - =A. plantaginea= (Plantain-leaved).* _fl._ bright rose; scapes - taller than in _A. vulgaris_. _l._ broader, three to five-nerved, - and with a stouter growing habit than the common species. _h._ 1ft. - South Europe, 1818. A very pretty species. SYNS. _A. leucantha_, - which is frequently called _A. p. alba_, and _A. scorzonerA|folia_. - - =A. pseudo-armeria= (false-Armeria). Synonymous with _A. - cephalotes_. - - =A. scorzonerA|folia= (Scorzonera-leaved). Synonymous with _A. - plantaginea_. - - =A. setacea= (bristly).* _fl._ light rose, in small heads about - 2in. high, very freely produced from the axils of the leaves. April - to June. _l._ in dense rosettes, erect, or nearly so, narrow, - acute, the tufts having a bristly appearance. _h._ 3in. South - Europe. Plant in a semi-perpendicular cranny of the rockery, with - a sunny position. - - =A. vulgaris= (common).* Common Thrift; Sea Pink. _fl._ pink, - rosy red, lilac, or white (the latter known as _A. v. alba_), - collected into a rounded head on the top of the simple scape. June - to August. _l._ all radical, numerous, linear, usually one-nerved, - more or less pubescent. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Britain, on the sea - coasts. _A. v. alpina_ is a dwarf alpine form of this species. The - white-flowered variety is very handsome. _A. v. Laucheana_ is also - a pretty form, with deep pink flowers in dense heads about 6in. - high, and a very tufted habit. _Crimson Gem_, of garden origin, - is stronger growing, with stems about 9in. high, carrying heads - of bright crimson pink flowers, also of tufted habit. SYNS. _A. - maritima_, _Statice Armeria_. - -=ARNEBIA= (its Arabian name). ORD. _BoraginaceA|_. Handsome hardy -herbaceous perennials or annuals, allied to _Lithospermum_. Cuttings -should be removed with a heel in autumn, dibbled in sandy soil in small -pots, and placed in a cool house, where they will ultimately, though -slowly, root; they should then be gradually hardened off, and finally -planted out. _A. echioides_ is also easily increased by making cuttings -of the strong roots, which should be dibbled in pots of sandy soil, and -placed in gentle heat; it is also raised from seed. - - =A. echioides= (Echium-like).* _fl._ bright primrose yellow, with - a purplish spot in the sinuses between the lobes of the corolla, - which gradually disappears in a few days; spikes terminal, large, - solitary, secund. May. _l._ sessile, alternate; margins-A--as well - as the stems-A--ciliated. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Armenia. One of the - showiest of hardy perennials for the border or rockery. - - =A. Griffithii= (Griffith's). This differs from above in having - narrower leaves, rather smaller flowers, which are of a more - decided yellow, a differently shaped calyx, and a longer corolla. - _h._ 9in. North-west India. Equally desirable, were it a perennial; - but, being an annual, it must be constantly raised from seed. - -=ARNICA= (from _arnakis_, lambskin; in reference to the texture of the -leaves). ORD. _CompositA|_. Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous perennials, allied -to _Senecio_. They thrive best in loam, peat, and sand; the plants are -best divided in spring. Seeds should be procured when possible, and -sown in a cold frame, in spring. The only species worth growing are -described below. - - =A. Aronicum.= Synonymous of _A. scorpioides_. - - =A. Chamissonis= (Chamisso's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, 1-1/2in. - to 2in. across, arranged in a corymb. July to September. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, tomentose, tapering to the - base. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North America. A rather scarce, showy - species. - - =A. Clusii= (Clusius's). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, terminal; - stalks long, thickened towards the top, and covered with long - hairs. Summer. _l._ soft, radical ones entire, or nearly so, - oblong, obtuse, attenuated into the petiole; cauline ones sessile, - half stem-clasping, lanceolate, toothed in the lower part. _h._ - 1ft. Switzerland, 1819. SYN. _Doronicum Clusii_. - - =A. foliosa= (leafy).* _fl.-heads_ pale yellow, about 1in. across, - from three to seven in a corymb. August. _l._ lanceolate, stalked, - acute, denticulate, smooth. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Stems springing from - slender rhizome-like shoots. United States. Closely allied to _A. - montana_. It requires a damp situation. - - =A. montana= (mountain).* Mountain Tobacco. _fl.-heads_ yellow, - three or four together, about 2in. in diameter; ray florets - numerous. July. _l._ radical, except a few on the scape, - oblong-lanceo-late, entire, smooth. Habit tufted. _h._ 1ft. - Europe. 1731. A very handsome but rare plant; excellent for a - rockery. It is slowly increased. See Fig. 150. - -[Illustration: FIG. 150. ARNICA MONTANA, showing Habit and Flower-head.] - - =A. scorpioides= (scorpion-like).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, large, - solitary; scape one to three-flowered. Summer. _l._ pale green, - denticulated; radical ones on long petioles, broadly ovate; the - lower stem leaves shortly stalked, amplexicaul; the upper ones - sessile. _h._ 6in. to 12in. South Europe, 1710. Border. SYNS. _A. - Aronicum_, _Aronicum scorpioides_. - -=ARNOPOGON.= _See_ =Urospermum=. - -=AROIDEA†.= _See_ =AraceA|=. - -=ARONIA.= _See_ =CratA|gus Aronia= and =Pyrus=. - -=ARONICUM.= _See_ =Arnica scorpioides= and =Doronicum=. - -=ARPOPHYLLUM= (from _arpe_, a scimitar, and _phyllon_, a leaf; the leaf -is sword-shaped). ORD. _OrchideA|_. Distinct evergreen epiphytes. There -are about six species known, and the genus belongs to the _EpidendreA|_ -division of orchidaceous plants; their general characters are: Flowers -small, numerous, in closely packed cylindrical spikes; anther-bed -broad, shorter than the broad extension of the upper edge of the -stigma; pollinia eight. Stems rather long, with white sheaths. They -thrive well in fibrous peat, one-third turfy loam, freely interspersed -with lumps of fresh charcoal and an abundance of crocks. When growing, -a liberal supply of water at the roots is essential, as is also a -situation near the light, where they will blossom much more profusely -than if in any way shaded. The flowers last in perfection about four -weeks. - - =A. cardinale= (cardinal). _fl._, sepals and petals light rose; lip - deep red, on upright spikes about 1ft. high. Summer. New Grenada. - - =A. giganteum= (gigantic).* _fl._ dark purple and rose, densely and - symmetrically arranged on the cylindrical spikes, which are from - 12in. to 14in. long. April and May. _l._ dark green, about 2ft. - long, borne on slender pseudo-bulbs. Mexico. - - =A. spicatum= (spike-flowered).* _fl._ dark red, on an upright - spike about 1ft. long. During winter. Guatemala, 1839. - -=ARRACACHA= (its Spanish name in South America). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. A -half-hardy tuberous perennial, highly esteemed as an esculent in South -America, where it yields a food, which is prepared in the same manner -as potatoes, and is said to be grateful to the palate and extremely -easy of digestion. It thrives best in rich loam, and is increased by -divisions of the roots. - - =A. esculenta= (edible). _fl._ white; umbels opposite the leaves - or terminal; involucre wanting. July. _l._ pinnate; leaflets - broadly ovate, acuminated, deeply pinnatifid, profoundly serrated; - the two lower leaflets petiolate, sub-ternate. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - Mountainous districts of Northern South America, 1823. SYN. _Conium - Arracacha_. - -=ARRHOSTOXYLUM.= Included under =Ruellia= (which _see_). - -=ARROW ARUM.= _See_ =Peltandra virginica=. - -=ARROWGRASS.= _See_ =Triglochin=. - -=ARROW-HEAD.= _See_ =Sagittaria=. - -=ARROWROOT.= _See_ =Maranta=. - -=ARTABOTRYS= (from _artao_, to suspend or support, and _botrys_, -grapes; in reference to the way the fruit is supported by the curious -tendril). ORD. _AnonaceA|_. A handsome stove evergreen shrub, thriving -in a good sandy loam and peat, to which a little rotten dung may be -added. Propagated by cuttings made of ripened wood, insert in sand -under a bell glass, with bottom heat, in early spring. Seed, when -procurable, should be sown as soon after receipt as possible. - - =A. odoratissimus= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ reddish brown, - extremely fragrant; peduncles opposite the leaves, hooked beneath - the middle. June and July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, - smooth, shining. _h._ 6ft. Malayan Islands, 1758. In Java, the - leaves are held to be invaluable as a preventive of cholera. - -=ARTANEMA= (from _artao_, to support, and _nema_, a filament; in -reference to a tooth-like process growing on the longer filaments). -ORD. _ScrophularineA|_. An interesting and handsome greenhouse evergreen -shrub, allied to _Torenia_. Flowers disposed in terminal racemes, and -on short pedicels. Leaves opposite, sub-serrated. It may be treated as -hardy during summer, for which purpose seeds should be sown in spring; -but it requires the protection of a greenhouse during winter. Artanema -grows freely in light rich soil, and is readily increased by cuttings -and seeds. - - =A. fimbriatum= (fringed). _fl._, corolla blue, large, tubularly - funnel-shaped, clothed with minute glandular pubescence - outside; lobes unequally serrated; racemes terminal, four to - sixteen-flowered. June, November. _l._ lanceolate, acute, serrated, - rough to the touch from numerous elevated dots. Stem smooth, - glossy. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. New Holland (on the banks of the Brisbane - River at Moreton Bay), 1830. - -=ARTANTHE.= _See_ =Piper=. - -=ARTEMISIA= (from Artemis, one of the names of Diana). Mugwort; -Southernwood; Wormwood. ORD. _CompositA|_. A very large genus of mostly -hardy herbaceous perennials, few of which, comparatively speaking, are -worth growing. Flower-heads disposed in spikes, or racemes, and these -are usually arranged in panicles; pappus none; involucre few-flowered, -ovate or rounded, imbricated; florets of the disk all tubular; of the -ray, if any, slender, awl-shaped. Leaves alternate, variously lobed. -All the species are of the easiest possible culture in any dry soil. -The shrubby kinds are best propagated by cuttings; the herbaceous ones, -by dividing at the root; and the annuals, by seeds. - - =A. Abrotanum= (aromatic herb).* Southernwood. _fl.-heads_ - yellowish. August to October. _l._, lower ones bipinnate; upper - ones pinnate, with the segments hair-like. Stem straight. _h._ - 2ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1548. A deciduous shrub; well known for its - fragrance. - - =A. A. humile= (low). A low spreading variety. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - - =A. A. tobolskianum= (Tobolskian). A much more vigorous growing - variety than the last, and larger in all its parts than the type. - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, on long - slender stalks; scales of involucre lanceolate. Summer. _l._ - pinnate, covered with whitish silky hairs; lobes linear, entire. - _h._ 6in. to 10in. Caucasus, 1804. Dwarf, with a very tufted habit. - - =A. anethifolia= (Anethum-leaved). _fl.-heads_ yellowish-green, - small; panicle very large, densely packed, nearly 2ft. long. - Autumn. _l._ chiefly cauline, much divided into thread-like - segments, greyish-green. Stem shrubby at the base, nearly glabrous, - branching at the top. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Siberia, 1816. - - =A. argentea= (silvery).* _fl.-heads_ pale yellow, roundish, - closely packed. July. _l._ ovate-oblong, very freely divided, - densely clothed with soft silvery hairs. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Madeira, - 1777. A very pretty species, requiring a warm sunny position on the - rockery. - - =A. cana= (hoary).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, small, uninteresting, - ovate, in a close spiky panicle. August. _l._ silky, hoary; - lower ones wedge-shaped, sharply three-cleft; cauline ones - linear-lanceolate, three-nerved. Stem ascending; branches erect. - _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1800. This is a very distinct - species, and its silvery leaves and stems render it well worthy of - cultivation. - - =A. cA"rulescens= (bluish).* _fl.-heads_ bluish, erect, cylindrical. - August. _l._ hoary, most of them lanceolate, entire, tapering at - the base; lower ones variously divided. _h._ 2ft. South Europe. An - ornamental evergreen shrub. - - =A. Dracunculus.=* Tarragon. _fl.-heads_ whitish green; racemes - panicled; heads sub-globose. July. _l._, radical ones three-fid; - cauline ones sessile, linear or linear-oblong, acute, entire, - toothed. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1548. _See_ =Tarragon=. - - =A. frigida= (frigid). _fl.-heads_ yellow, uninteresting, small, - roundish, racemosely panicled. August. _l._ pinnate; segments - narrow, silvery. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, 1826. A pretty creeping, - herbaceous plant. - - =A. maritima= (maritime). _fl.-heads_ brown; racemes oblong, erect - or drooping. August and September. _l._ downy, bipinnatifid, - oblong; segments linear. Britain. A much branched, erect, or - decumbent plant, excellent for rough rockwork or very dry banks, - etc. - - =A. Mutellina= (Mutellina).* _fl.-heads_ yellowish-green; lower - ones stalked, upper ones sessile. July. _l._ all palmate, multifid, - white. Stem quite simple. _h._ 6in. European Alps, 1815. - - =A. pontica= (Pontine). _fl.-heads_ yellow, roundish, stalked, - nodding. September. _l._ downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate; - leaflets linear. _h._ 3ft. Austria, 1570. - - =A. rupestris= (rock). _fl.-heads_ brown, globose, stalked, - nodding. August. _l._ sub-pubescent; cauline ones pinnatifid; - leaflets linear, acute. _h._ 6in. Norway, &c., 1748. - - =A. scoparia= (twiggy-branched). _fl.-heads_ small, whitish; - panicle broad, densely packed, about 1-1/2ft. long. Autumn. _l._ - much divided; segments hair-like; lower branches very slender. _h._ - 3ft. to 5ft. East Europe. - - =A. spicata= (spicate). _fl.-heads_ brown, spicate. June and - July. _l._ hoary; radical ones palmate multifid; cauline ones - pinnatifid; upper linear, entire, blunt. Stem quite simple. _h._ - 1ft. Switzerland, 1790. - - =A. Stelleriana= (Steller's).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, uninteresting, - round, somewhat erect. Summer. _l._, lower ones spathulate-incised; - upper ones obtusely lobed; end lobes often confluent, about 2in. - long, silvery white. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia. - - =A. tanacetifolia= (Tanacetum-leaved). _fl.-heads_ brownish; - racemes simple, terminal. Summer. _l._ bipinnate; lobes linear - sub-lanceolate, entire, acuminated, rather downy. Stem sometimes - branching at the base, herbaceous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1768. - - =A. vulgaris= (common).* Mugwort. _fl.-heads_ yellow, somewhat - racemed, ovate. August. _l._ pinnatifid; segments white, and downy - beneath. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, furrowed. Britain. The variegated - form of this species exhibits a very pleasing contrast. There is - also a pretty variety with golden leaves. - -=ARTHROPHYLLUM MADAGASCARIENSE.= _See_ =Phyllarthron Bojeriana=. - -=ARTHROPODIUM= (from _arthron_, a joint, and _pous_, a foot; the -footstalks of the flowers being jointed). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. Very pretty -greenhouse herbaceous perennials, allied to _Anthericum_. Flowers -purplish or white, in loose racemes. Leaves grass-like, radical. They -thrive well in a compost of sandy loam and peat, and may be increased -freely by divisions or seeds. - - =A. cirratum= (curled). _fl._ white; racemes divided; bracteas - leafy. May. _l._ lanceolate, ensiform, spreading, 1ft. long. _h._ - 3ft. New Zealand, 1821. - - =A. fimbriatum= (fringed). _fl._ white. July. _h._ 1-1/2ft. New - Holland, 1822. - - =A. neo-caledonicum= (New Caledonian).* _fl._ small, white, - on a much-branched, many-flowered panicle. May. _l._ tufted, - linear-lanceolate, barred with black linear markings near the base. - _h._ 1-1/2ft. New Caledonia, 1877. - - =A. paniculatum= (panicled).* _fl._ white; racemes divided; - pedicels clustered; inner sepals crenulate. May. _l._ narrowly - lanceolate. _h._ 3ft. New South Wales, 1800. _A. minus_ is a small - form of this species. - - =A. pendulum= (pendulous).* _fl._ white, clustered in threes, - pendulous. June to August. _l._ linear, keeled, shorter than the - branched scape. _h._ 1-1/2ft. New Holland, 1822. - -=ARTHROPTERIS.= _See_ =Nephrodium= and =Nephrolepis=. - -=ARTHROSTEMMA= (from _arthron_, a joint, and _stemon_, a stamen; -in reference to the stamens or connectives being jointed). ORD. -_MelastomaceA|_. Beautiful stove or greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Tube of -calyx turbinate or campanulate, usually clothed with bristles, pili, -or scales; lobes four, lanceolate, permanent, without any appendages -between them; petals four. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand, suits -them best; and cuttings of small firm side shoots will root, in April -or August, under a hand glass in sandy soil. Only three or four out -of the half-dozen species belonging to this genus have been as yet -introduced. - - =A. fragile= (brittle). _fl._ rosy; cymes loose, terminal, - few-flowered; calyx glandular. July. _l._ ovate-cordate, acute, - five-nerved, serrated; branches tetragonal, beset with glandular - hairs. _h._ 3ft. Mexico, 1846. Stove species. - - =A. nitida= (glossy-leaved). _fl._ lilac; peduncles axillary - towards the top of the branches, three-flowered, longer than the - petioles. June. _l._ ovate, acute, serrulated, glabrous on both - surfaces, shining above, but glandularly hispid on the nerves - beneath. Stems shrubby, erect, and are, as well as the branches, - tetragonally winged, beset with coloured hairs. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Buenos Ayres, 1829 greenhouse species. - - =A. versicolor= (changeable-flowered). _fl._, petals obovate, - ciliated, at first white, but at length becoming reddish, - terminal, solitary. September. _l._ petiolate, ovate, serrulated, - five-nerved, discoloured beneath. Plant shrubby; hairy. _h._ 1ft. - Brazil (on the sea shore), 1825. Stove species. - -=ARTHROTAXIS.= _See_ =Athrotaxis=. - -=ARTICHOKE, GLOBE.= (_Cynara Scolymus_, a cultivated form of _C. -Cardunculus_). As a vegetable, the Globe Artichoke is cultivated for -the use of the immature flower-heads, and is highly esteemed. A good -open position, free from overhanging trees, is best suited for its -culture generally, but, by planting successional suckers in different -aspects, the season may be considerably prolonged. The soil must be -of good depth, rich, and not too heavy. It may be greatly improved -for Artichoke culture by the addition of sea-weeds or salt applied as -manure. - -[Illustration: FIG. 151. GLOBE ARTICHOKE.] - -_Preparation of Soil._ Trench the ground two spits deep if possible, -mixing a liberal dressing of well-rotted manure in autumn, and ridge -up for the winter, to sweeten. Crude manure full of straw, leaves, -and sticks, often induce fungoid growths, and are most injurious to -the crowns of the plants. Clay or stiff loam is about the worst soil -on which to attempt the culture of this vegetable; this drawback may, -however, to some extent be alleviated by the addition and thorough -amalgamation of a light free soil or liberal dressings of sandy road -drifts, or similar materials. An ill-drained soil is also fatal to good -results. During hot, dry weather, the plants are greatly benefited by -copious applications of clear water and dilute liquid manure; and this -must be especially attended to on such soils as are liable to burn or -dry up in summer. - -_Cultivation._ When the beds have been properly prepared, the plants -should be put in them in April or May. Place three together in rows -between 3ft. and 4ft. apart, and about 3ft. from plant to plant. -Water-in carefully to settle the soil around the roots, and apply a -mulching of half-decayed manure, to prevent an undue evaporation of -moisture. During hot, dry weather, give liberal supplies of water, and -the plants will become established as fine stools the first season. -A few heads will probably be produced the first year; but there will -not be much of a crop until the second season, when five or six good -heads will be got from each plant, and for three or four years the -produce will be large if the beds are properly attended to; after -which time it will become desirable to make up new plantations. In -October or November, it will be necessary to apply a good mulching -of straw or fern to the beds, to protect the plants from frost. In -April, all this litter should be cleaned off, a dressing of rotten -manure applied, and the beds forked over and kept clean for the rest -of the season, treating as before described. Great care must be taken -to remove the heads as soon as they are in a fit state; and, when the -whole of them are removed from the stems, cut the latter out as low -as possible. Globe Artichokes will keep for some considerable time if -laid in a cool place, although they will deteriorate in quality. These -plants may be used in the background of flower borders in the kitchen -garden, their handsome foliage being peculiarly well adapted for such -purposes, whilst their economical value is also secured. See Fig. 151. -Where there is plenty of room in light, warm sheds, orchard houses, or -other places where frost can be kept out, some stools can be taken up -with the root intact in the early part of November, placed in boxes -of soil, and well watered-in. When drained, the boxes may be put in -any of those positions for their winter quarters, and, if kept moist, -will develop much earlier than the outdoor crops, provided they are -planted out early in April on a warm border, and protected with mats -when the weather is cold. Propagation may be effected by seeds, or by -suckers from the old stools, the latter being the better plan. In the -former case, sow the seeds in March, on a gentle hotbed, and prick -the seedlings off singly, when large enough, into small pots. Harden -off by the last week in May, and plant out in threes as previously -recommended, protecting the plants from late frosts. During the growing -season, give an abundance of water and liquid manure mulching, to -prevent undue evaporation. In November, well cover with dry litter -which will not heat; and, in hard frosts, or heavy snow, throw a few -mats over the beds, uncovering at the same time as recommended above -for the older plants. To propagate by rooted offsets or suckers, take -up and divide the stools, when they have made a fair amount of growth -in April or early in May, separating the suckers with as many roots and -as much soil adhering to them as possible. The old woody portions are -of little use, but they may be replanted to give off a fresh supply of -suckers for the next year, if required. Propagation by suckers, if they -are to be obtained, has many advantages; but care must be taken, in -removing them from old plants, that some roots are attached, or growth -will be uncertain. Seeds generally produce a large percentage of plants -that are useless, and this is not found out until the flower-heads -appear. On the other hand, suckers reproduce the parent plant, and -if these are previously selected, the superior stock is thereby -perpetuated. - -_Sorts._ The Green and Purple are the best for ordinary purposes; and -of these preference should be given to the former. _See also_ =Cynara=. - -=ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM= (_Helianthus tuberosus_). A hardy -tuberous-rooted herbaceous perennial, native of Brazil. The roots are -used as a vegetable principally during the winter, sometimes as a dish, -but more generally for flavouring purposes. Plants will grow in almost -any position, but the best results and largest tubers are obtained -where they receive plenty of room and liberal treatment. Their culture -has been recommended as a substitute for the potato, but they are not -likely to take the place of this vegetable, the flavour being disliked -by many persons. A few are, however, generally acceptable. - -_Cultivation._ To ensure the most successful results, trench over a -piece of ground in autumn, and give a light dressing of manure. Fork -over in March; at the same time plant good-shaped tubers (see Fig. -152) in rows about 3ft. apart, and allow from 18in. to 2ft. between the -tubers in the rows. Keep clear of weeds; and, as soon as the foliage -is yellow, in the latter part of the autumn, the roots will be fit for -use. The best plan with this crop is to leave it in the ground till -wanted, or till the end of February, and then to take up every tuber, -replanting those which are wanted for stock, and storing the others -away in a cold dry place. When they commence growth, they turn black, -and are of little use for cooking, save for flavouring soups. This -vegetable has of late years grown into favour as a marketable crop, and -the demand seems to be increasing. Considering its very easy culture, -it is fairly remunerative. _See also_ =Helianthus=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 152. TUBERS OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.] - -=ARTICULATE, ARTICULATED.= Jointed; having joints. - -=ARTILLERY PLANT.= _See_ =Pilea microphylla=. - -=ARTOCARPEA†.= A tribe of the large order _UrticaceA|_. - -=ARTOCARPUS= (from _artos_, bread, and _carpos_, fruit; the fruit, when -baked, resembling bread). Bread Fruit. SYNS. _Polyphema_, _Rademachia_, -_Rima_. ORD. _UrticaceA|_. TRIBE _ArtocarpeA|_. Included in this most -remarkable tribe, in addition to the Bread Fruit Tree, is the virulent -poisonous _Antiaris toxicaria_, and the economic Cow Tree (_Brosimum -Galactodendron_), of Caraccas. A genus of stove evergreen trees, -requiring a high and very moist atmosphere, a copious supply of water, -perfect drainage, and a compost of two parts rich loam and one of leaf -mould, with the addition of a little silver sand. Under all conditions, -this genus is difficult to propagate; the young and slender lateral -growths are adapted for cuttings; and suckers may be utilised when -procurable, which is very rare. - - =A. Cannoni= (Cannon's).* _l._ alternate, petiolate; petiole and - midrib bright red; upper surface glossy, of a rich, full bronzy - crimson hue, beautifully tinted with purple; under surface bright - vinous red. The leaves vary much in form; some are simple and - cordate at the base, with the apex irregularly lobate; some have - the apex regularly three-lobed, with short, entire lobes; and - others, again, are deep three-lobed, being divided nearly to the - base, the segments, of which the centre one is largest, being - slightly sinuate-lobed. _h._ 7ft. Society Islands, 1877. This is a - most distinct and handsome ornamental-leaved plant. - - =A. incisa= (incised).* True Bread Fruit. _l._ from 2ft. to 3ft. - long, deeply lobed or incised, deep green on the upper side, paler - below. _h._ 50ft. South Sea Islands, 1793. This is a noble tree - when full grown, and forms a most distinct and beautiful stove - plant. The extraordinary fruit is produced from the axils of the - leaves in large globular heads, and is highly valued as an article - of food in its native country. - - =A. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). _l._ oblong, undivided, - sinuated, scabrous, downy beneath. _h._ 30ft. India, 1778. - - =A. laciniata metallica= (laciniate, metallic). _l._ bronzy above, - reddish purple beneath. Polynesia. - -[Illustration: FIG. 153. ARUM MACULATUM.] - -=ARUM= (formerly _aron_, and probably of Egyptian extraction). ORD. -_AroideA|_. A large genus of ornamental or curious, hardy, greenhouse -or stove perennials, with thick rhizomes and pedate or hastate leaves. -Spathe large, convolute; spadix naked and club-shaped at the top. They -are all of easy culture, and the indoor species will thrive with such -treatment as is given to _Alocasias_, _Caladiums_, &c. Rich soil is -one of the first conditions of success. Like most plants grown for the -beauty of their foliage, rapid and free growth is necessary. A compost -of good rich loam, with a third of sweet manure, thoroughly rotted, or -leaf mould, with some sharp sand, is very suitable. Plenty of moisture -is necessary during the growing season, after which the tender kinds -should be kept moderately dry, warm, and at rest during the winter. The -hardy kinds may be left in the ground. Propagated by seeds or division -of the roots--usually the latter. The best time to divide them is just -as they commence their new growth, securing as many roots as possible -to each division. Any rootless pieces should be placed in heat shortly -after removal; this hastens the formation of roots and excites top -growth. Arums are useful in sub-tropical gardening, and are otherwise -interesting plants both for indoors and outside cultivation; and the -hardy kinds are very suitable for naturalising in woodlands, &c. There -are many other species besides those here described, but the following -list comprises the best. Sub-sections of the genus will be found -treated separately, such as =Amorphophallus= (which _see_), &c. - -[Illustration: FIG. 154. ARUM DRACUNCULUS.] - - =A. bulbosum= (bulbous). Synonymous with _A. ternatum_. - - =A. Dracontium= (Green Dragon). _fl._, spadix subulate, longer than - the oblong convolute green spathe. June. _l._ pedate, entire. _h._ - 2ft. North America, 1759. Hardy. - - =A. Dracunculus= (Common Dragon).* _fl._, spadix lanceolate, - shorter than the ovate, flat, smooth, brown spathe. July. _l._ - pedate, entire. _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1548. Hardy. SYN. - _Dracunculus vulgaris_. See Fig. 154. - - =A. indicum= (Indian). _See_ =Colocasia indica=. - - =A. italicum= (Italian).* _fl._, spathe ventricose below, opening - nearly flat and very broad above; apex often falling over very - shortly after expansion, sometimes greenish yellow, at others - nearly white; spadix yellowish or creamy white, club-shaped, about - one-third as long as the spathe. Spring. _l._ appearing before - winter, radical, triangular-hastate. _h._ 9in. to 2ft. Channel - Islands and Cornwall, &c. Hardy. - - =A. i. marmorata= (marbled).* _l._ marbled with yellow. A very - pretty and effective hardy border plant. - - =A. maculatum= (spotted). Lords and Ladies; Cuckoo Pint. _fl._, - spathe ventricose below and above, constricted in the middle, with - inflexed edges when open, spotted with dull purple; spadix usually - purple, shorter than the spathe. Spring. _l._ vernal radical, - hastate-sagittate, with deflexed lobes. _h._ 9in. Britain, &c. This - species is admirably adapted for a corner in the wild garden. See - Fig. 153. - - =A. Malyi= (Maly's). _fl._ whitish. Montenegro, 1860. - - =A. Nickelli= (Nickel's). Levant, 1859. A form of _A. italicum_. - - =A. orientale= (eastern). _fl._ resembling those of _A. maculatum_. - June. _l._ brownish, simple, ovate, slightly sagittate. _h._ 1ft. - Tauria, 1820. Hardy. - - =A. palA|stinum= (Palestine).* _fl._, spathe 7in. to 11in. long, - purplish blotched or spotted outside, rich velvety black inside and - yellowish white at the base of the tube; spadix much shorter than - the spathe; petiole usually rising 8in. or 9in. above the leaves. - May. _l._ four or five, triangular-hastate, acute, from 6in. to - 14in. long, and from 3-1/2in. to 7-1/2in. broad; petioles 12in. to - 18in. long. Jerusalem, 1864. Tender. - - =A. pictum= (painted). _h._ 2ft. Corsica, 1801. Hardy. - - =A. proboscideum= (proboscis-like).* _fl._, spathe greenish purple, - navicular, horizontal, terminated by a straight tail; scapes - arising from among the petioles. May. _l._ radical, about four, - cordate-elliptic, entire. _h._ 6in. South Europe, 1823. Hardy. - - =A. spectabile= (showy). _fl._, spathe ovate-oblong, acuminate, - dark purplish inside, longer than the purplish spadix. _l._ broadly - hastate-sagittate. _h._ 1ft. Asia Minor. Half-hardy. - - =A. spirale= (spiral). _fl._, spadix lanceolate, shorter than - the oblong-lanceolate spirally twisted brown spathe. May. _l._ - linear-lanceolate. Plant stemless. _h._ 1ft. China, 1816. Tender. - - =A. tenuifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _fl._, spadix subulate, longer - than the white lanceolate spathe. April. _l._ linear-lanceolate. - Plant stemless. _h._ 1ft. South Europe, 1570. Hardy. - - =A. ternatum= (three-leafleted). A synonym of _Pinellia tuberifera_. - - =A. variolatum= (variegated). Dalmatia, 1859. Hardy. - - =A. venosum= (veined). A synonym of _Sauromatum guttatum_. - - =A. Zelebori= (Zelebor's). A form of _A. maculatum_. - -=ARUM LILY.= _See_ =Richardia A|thiopica=. - -=ARUNDINARIA= (altered from _arundo_, a reed). ORD. _GramineA|_. A small -genus of hardy or nearly hardy shrubby grasses, having strong jointed -stems, and frequently included under _Bambusa_. For sub-tropical -gardening purposes more particularly it is exceedingly ornamental as -an isolated tuft. It thrives best in a deep, rich soil, and requires -plenty of water when in a growing state. Increased by division of the -roots. - -[Illustration: FIG. 155. ARUNDINARIA FALCATA.] - - =A. falcata= (sickle-shaped).* _l._ linear-lanceolate, very acute, - shortly stalked, very light green. Stems freely branched, deep - green, and very slender. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. India. An extremely - handsome species for greenhouse decoration; also for outdoor work, - particularly in the South of England, &c. SYN. _Bambusa gracilis_, - of gardens. - - =A. Maximowiczii= (Maximowicz's). This Japanese species is believed - to be allied to, if not identical with, _Bambusa Simonii_. Quite - hardy. - - =A. Metake= (Metake). _l._ lanceolate, with very sharp points, - dark green, persistent, narrowed into a short leafstalk, 6in. to - 12in. long; sheath ample. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Japan. A handsome, - hardy, dwarf, much-branched species, forming grand specimens, and - producing flowers very freely. SYN. _Bambusa japonica_. - -=ARUNDO= (origin of word doubtful; stated by some authorities to be -from _arundo_, a reed; and others as from the Celtic _arn_, signifying -water). Reed. ORD. _GramineA|_. A very ornamental group of half or -quite hardy plants, of very easy culture in ordinary garden soil, -preferring damp situations. Panicle loose; calyx two-valved, unequal, -many-flowered; corolla of two very unequal valves; all, except -the lower and imperfect one, surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Fruit -free, covered by the corolla. Arundos are very valuable either for -conservatory decoration, sub*-tropical gardening, or cultivation in -clumps on the turf of the flower-garden or pleasure ground, and the -margins of lakes. Although well worth growing, all are inferior to -their ally, the Pampas Grass. Propagated by seeds or divisions, the -spring being the best time to adopt either method of increase. - - =A. conspicua= (conspicuous).* _fl._ silky-white, on large drooping - racemes, and lasting in beauty for several months. _h._ 3ft. to - 8ft., but in a good deep and sandy loam it sometimes attains the - height of 12ft. New Zealand, 1843. This fine species grows in dense - tufts, from which arise numerous leathery, narrow, smooth (or - slightly rough), long curving leaves, and erect, slender culms. The - plant is not sufficiently hardy to withstand a severe winter, and - should, therefore, be protected with mats, or be grown in tubs, so - that it can be removed under shelter before the approach of winter. - These precautions are unnecessary in the more southern counties of - England. - - =A. Donax= (Donax).* Great Reed. _fl._ reddish, ultimately whitish, - in numerous spikelets, forming a large compact panicle 12in. to - 16in. long. Autumn. _l._ alternate, lanceolate-acute, large, and - ornamental, glaucous green, arching. _h._ about 12ft. South Europe, - 1648. This also requires protection during winter in the colder - counties. See Fig. 156. - - =A. D. versicolor= (various-coloured).* _h._ 3ft. South Europe. - Although much smaller, this variety is far superior to the type - for gardening purposes, and has its leaves ribboned with white. It - requires a deep, well drained, sandy loam to thrive well, and a - thorough winter protection of cocoa-fibre refuse or coal ashes. For - isolated tufts or groups, few plants can equal it. It is propagated - by placing a stem in water, which induces little rooted plants to - start from the joints; these should be separated, potted off, and - kept in frames until thoroughly established. - - =A. mauritanica= (Mediterranean Reed). This is a rare greenhouse - species, closely allied to _A. Donax_, but inferior to it. - -[Illustration: FIG. 156. ARUNDO DONAX.] - -=ARYTERA.= A synonym of =Ratonia= (which _see_). - -=ASAFA"TIDA.= _See_ =Narthex AsafA"tida=. - -=ASARABACCA.= _See_ =Asarum europA|um=. - -=ASARUM= (from _a_, not, and _saron_, feminine; derivation doubtful). -ORD. _AristolochiaceA|_. Curious hardy herbaceous perennials, with -bell-shaped, three-cleft perianths. They should be planted at the -foot of the rockery, or in borders or woodlands, as they are not very -showy, but are, nevertheless, worth growing, and easily propagated by -divisions, in spring. - - =A. canadense= (Canadian).* _fl._ brown, campanulate, on a short - peduncle, sometimes nearly buried. May and June. _l._ in pairs, - broadly reniform. _h._ 1ft. Canada, &c., 1713. - -[Illustration: FIG. 157. ASARUM CAUDATUM.] - - =A. caudatum= (tailed).* _fl._ brownish-red, with attenuated - or caudate calyx lobes. July. _l_. cordate-reniform, hooded, - sub-acute, or bluntish, slightly pubescent. California, 1880. A - rare and pretty species. See Fig. 157. - - =A. europA|um= (European). A sarabacca. _fl._ dull brown, solitary, - rather large, drooping; segments of perianth incurved. May. _l._ - two on each stem, roundish-reniform, stalked, slightly waved. _h._ - 1ft. England. - -=ASCENDING.= Directed upwards; as the stem, which is the ascending axis. - -=ASCLEPIADEA†.= A large order of, for the most part, lactescent, -climbing shrubs. Flowers sub-umbellate, fascicled or racemose, -interpetiolar; pollen collected in the form of waxy masses, coalescing -to the cells of the anthers; follicles two, one of which is abortive. -Leaves entire, usually opposite. - -=ASCLEPIAS= (the Greek name of A†sculapius of the Latins). Swallow-wort. -ORD. _AsclepiadeA|_. Erect, hardy, herbaceous or sub-shrubby perennials, -except where otherwise specified. Corolla five-parted, reflexed; -umbels interpetiolar; corona seated on the upper part of the tube of -the filaments, five-leaved. Leaves opposite, verticillate, sometimes -alternate. Most of the hardy species are very handsome border plants, -thriving in peaty, or light rich soil, and are increased by dividing -the roots in spring, and sometimes also by seeds. The doubtfully hardy -or rarer species should always be grown in a peat soil, and have a -little protection during severe frost, by mulching the roots. The most -important of the greenhouse and stove species is _A. curassavica_. In -order to obtain good bushy specimens of this, it will be necessary to -cut the plants back annually, after keeping them slightly dry, and -resting for a month or two in midwinter. When growth has sufficiently -advanced, they should be shaken out and repotted. At this stage, a -close, moist atmosphere will be needful to produce the usually very -free growth. The points of the shoots must be nipped out, in order to -promote a bushy habit. When the pots have become filled with roots, -liquid manure may be applied; but it must be quite clear and not over -strong. All the indoor species grow best in good fibry loam and leaf -mould, and require to be potted firmly. Cuttings should be secured in -spring, struck in gentle heat, under a bell glass, and as soon as they -are well rooted, potted into 60-size pots. A shift must be given as -often as the pots become filled with roots, up to the time when the -plant commences flowering. Seeds may be sown in pots in spring, pricked -out singly when large enough, and then treated similarly to cuttings. - - =A. acuminata= (taper-pointed).* _fl._ red and white; umbels - lateral, solitary, erect. July. _l._ ovate, sub-cordate, - acuminated, on short petioles; superior ones sessile, glabrous, but - rough on the edges. Stems erect, glabrous, simple. _h._ 2ft. New - Jersey, 1826. Hardy, herbaceous. - - =A. amA"na= (pleasing).* _fl._ beautiful purple; umbels terminal, - erect; appendages of corona exserted, red. July. _l._ opposite, - almost sessile, oblong-oval, downy beneath, with a large purple - middle nerve. Stem simple, with two rows of down. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - New England, 1732. Hardy, herbaceous. - - =A. Cornuti= (Cornuti's).* Synonymous with _A. syriaca_. - - =A. curassavica= (Curassavian). Redhead. _fl._ reddish - orange-scarlet; umbels erect, solitary, lateral. July to September. - _l._ opposite, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends. Stem - rather downy, simple, seldom a little branched. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. - Tropical America, 1692. The white-flowered variety is a very pretty - contrast. Stove herbaceous. - - =A. Douglasii= (Douglas's).* _fl._ large, waxy, purplish-lilac, - sweet-scented, in many-flowered umbels. Summer. _l._ opposite, - ovate-cordate, acuminated, 6-1/2in. long by 5in. or more wide, - glabrous above, downy beneath. Stem thick, woolly, simple. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. West America, 1846. - - =A. hybrida= (hybrid). A synonym of _A. purpurascens_. - - =A. incarnata= (flesh-coloured).* _fl._ red or purplish; umbels - numerous, usually twin. July. _l._ opposite, lanceolate, rather - woolly on both surfaces. Stem erect, branched and tomentose at - the top. _h._ 2ft. Canada (on the banks of rivers), 1710. Hardy, - herbaceous. - - =A. mexicana= (Mexican). _fl._ white; umbels many-flowered. July. - _l._ verticillate, linear-lanceolate, with revolute edges; lower - ones four to six in a whorl; upper ones three in a whorl, or - opposite. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1821. Greenhouse evergreen. - - =A. phytolaccoides= (Phytolacca-like). _fl._ purple; corona white, - with truncate leaflets; umbels lateral and terminal, solitary, on - long peduncles, drooping. July. _l._ broad, ovate-oblong, acute, - glabrous, paler beneath. Stem erect, simple, spotted with purple. - _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Virginia and Carolina (on the mountains), 1812. - - =A. purpurascens= (purplish). _fl._ purple; umbels erect. July. - _l._ opposite, large, ovate, with a purplish middle nerve, villous - beneath. Stem simple, rather hairy at top, brownish green at - bottom. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Virginia (in shady swamps), 1732. Hardy. - SYN. _A. hybrida_. - - =A. quadrifolia= (four-leaved).* _fl._ white, small, sweet-scented, - with red nectaries; umbels twin, terminal, loose-flowered; pedicels - filiform. July. _l._ ovate, acuminated, petiolate; those in the - middle of the stem larger, and four in a whorl; the rest opposite. - Stems erect, simple, glabrous. _h._ 1ft. New York, 1820. Hardy - species. - - =A. rubra= (red), _fl._ red; umbels compound, July, August. _l._ - alternate, ovate, acuminated. Stem erect, simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - Virginia, 1825. - - =A. Sullivanti= (Sullivant's). Similar to _A. syriaca_, but having - larger and deeper coloured flowers. - - =A. syriaca= (Syrian).* _fl._ pale purple, sweet scented, in large, - loose, drooping umbels. July. _l._ opposite, lanceolate-oblong, or - oval, gradually acute, tomentose beneath. Stems simple. _h._ 3ft. - to 5ft. North America, 1629. SYN. _A. Cornuti_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 158. FLOWERING BRANCH OF ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.] - - =A. tuberosa= (tuberous).* _fl._ bright orange, very showy; - umbels disposed in a terminal sub-corymb. July to September. _l._ - scattered, oblong-lanceolate, hairy. Stems erectish, divaricately - branched at top, very hairy. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North America (in - stony, sandy fields and woods), 1690. A desirable hardy herbaceous - border plant. See Fig. 158. - - =A. variegata= (variegated). _fl._, petals and foliola of corona - white, fructification red, in dense umbels, very handsome; umbels - almost sessile; pedicels hairy. July. _l._ opposite, ovate, - petiolate, wrinkled, naked. Stems simple. erect, variegated with - purple. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. New York to Carolina (on dry, sandy - hills), 1597. - - =A. verticillata= (whorled). _fl._, corolla with yellowish green - petals and white nectaries; umbels many-flowered. July and - August. _l._ very narrow, linear, thick, quite glabrous, usually - verticillate, but sometimes scattered. Stems erect, often branched, - having a downy line on one side. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. New Jersey, 1759. - -=ASCYRON.= _See_ =Hypericum Ascyron=. - -=ASCYRUM= (from _a_, without, and _skyros_, hard; that is to say, -a plant which is soft to the touch). ORD. _HypericinA|_. A genus of -elegant little herbs and sub-shrubs, with sessile, entire leaves, -destitute of pellucid dots, but usually furnished with black dots -beneath. Flowers resembling _Hypericum_. They require to be protected -during winter by a frame; for this purpose they should be grown in -pots, as they never exist long in the open border. A compost of peat, -pure leaf soil, and sand, in equal portions, suits them well; young -cuttings of the shrubby kinds will root in sand under a hand bell -glass. Propagated by careful divisions of the roots in spring. All may -be raised from seeds. - - =A. amplexicaule= (stem-clasping). _fl._ yellow, few, axillary, and - terminal; corymbs naked. July. _l._ stem-clasping, ovate, cordate, - sinuately-curled. Stem dichotomously panicled. _h._ 2ft. North - America, 1823. The flowers and leaves are longer in this than in - any other of the species. - - =A. Crux AndreA|.=* St. Andrew's Cross. _fl._, petals narrow-pale, - yellow, nearly sessile, in terminal corymbs. July. _l._ - ovate-linear, obtuse, usually in bundles in the axils. Stem - shrubby, round. _h._ 1ft. North America (in sandy fields), 1759. - This proves to be quite hardy in many situations. - - =A. hypericoides= (Hypericum-like). _fl._ yellow. August. _l._ - linear-oblong, obtuse. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1759. - - =A. stans= (standing). St. Peter's Wort. _fl._ yellow. August. _l._ - oval or oblong, somewhat clasping. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1816. - -=ASHES.= The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances, -remaining after combustion. Ashes are amongst the most economical -manures. - -_Vegetable Ashes_ are generally the best application for manuring -boggy, cold, and, consequently, sour and unprofitable land, in -quantities of about forty bushels per acre, thinly and evenly -distributed. The annual exhaustion of salts from large crops of grain, -roots, and grass, is from 180lb. to more than 250lb. per acre; and the -aggregate of a few years will so far impoverish the soil in one or more -of the principles necessary to sustain a luxuriant vegetation, that -it will cease to yield remunerating returns. The ashes of vegetables -consist of such elements as are always required for their perfect -maturity, and it is evident they must furnish one of the best saline -manures which can be supplied for their growth; they contain, in fact, -every element, and generally in the right proportions, for insuring a -full and rapid growth. Both gardener and farmer will therefore perceive -the great value of Ashes to their crops. - -_Coal Ashes._ The bituminous and anthracite coals afford Ashes, and, -although inferior in quality to those made from wood and vegetables, -are, like them, a valuable manure, and they should be applied to the -land in a similar manner. If they contain many cinders, from not having -been thoroughly burned, they are more suited to heavy than to light -soils. Coal Ashes, if very fine, may be sprinkled half an inch deep on -the surface, over peas and beans, &c., to preserve them from mice; they -may also be used for garden and greenhouse walks, where bricks or tiles -are absent, being tidy in appearance, and an excellent substitute for -other and more expensive material. - -_Peat Ashes._ Peat approaching to purity, when thrown out of its bed -and thoroughly dried, may be burned to an imperfect Ash, and when -it does not reach this point, it will become thoroughly charred, -and reduced to cinders. The process of burning should be as slow as -possible. In either form, it is a valuable dressing for the soil. - -=ASH-TREE.= _See_ =Fraxinus=. - -=ASIATIC POISON BULB.= _See_ =Crinum asiaticum=. - -=ASIMINA= (meaning unknown). ORD. _AnonaceA|_. Hardy shrubs, with -oblong, cuneated, usually deciduous leaves. Flowers sometimes rising -before the leaves, usually solitary and axillary. They thrive freely -in a mixture of sand and peat. Propagated by layers put down in the -autumn, or by seed, procured from their native country. Seedlings -should be raised in pots, and sheltered in winter, until they have -acquired a considerable size. - -[Illustration: FIG. 159. FLOWERING BRANCH OF ASIMINA TRILOBA.] - - =A. triloba= (three-lobed).* _fl._ campanulate, the three outer - petals pale purplish, and the three inner ones smaller, purplish - on the outside as well as the inside at the base and apex, with - the middle yellow, about 2in. diameter, produced between the upper - leaves. May. _l._ oblong-cuneated, often acuminated, and, as well - as the branches, smoothish. _h._ 10ft. Pennsylvania, 1736. A small - tree or shrub. See Fig. 159. - -=ASKALLON= (the Eschallot). _See_ =Allium ascalonicum=. - -=ASPALATHUS= (from _a_, not, and _spao_, to extract; in reference -to the difficulty of extracting its thorns from a wound). Including -_Sarcophyllus_. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Shrubs or sub-shrubs, natives, -with one exception, of the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers usually yellow, -furnished with three bracteoles, or a leaf comprised of three leaflets. -Leaves of three to five leaflets, disposed palmately, rarely pinnately, -having scarcely any or very short petioles. All the species are pretty -when in flower, and thrive in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Young -cuttings of half-ripened wood will strike in April, in sand, under -bell glasses, which must be wiped dry occasionally. But little water -is needed. Over a hundred species are known; those introduced are very -rarely seen in cultivation. - -=ASPARAGUS= (from _a_, intensive, and _sparasso_, to tear; in -reference to the strong prickles of some species). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. -Erect or climbing herbs or shrubs, with very small scale-like leaves, -and a profusion of numerous slender fascicled-needle, rather spiny -branchlets. Flowers axillary, inconspicuous. Fruit baccate. The indoor -species will all thrive well in a warm greenhouse temperature, provided -they have partial shade, a good supply of moisture at the roots, and -are not kept too close, in a moderately rich sandy compost. The hardy -species are propagated chiefly by seeds and divisions of the roots. -Rich sandy loam is necessary, and otherwise they may be treated as -ordinary perennials. Some of the species belonging to this genus are -among the most elegant of foliage plants for cutting purposes. _A. -decumbens_ and _A. scandens_ make excellent plants for Wardian cases, -and may be cut in freely if they exceed their limits. - -ASPARAGUS (_A. officinalis_) AS A VEGETABLE. The value and importance -of this plant as a vegetable cannot be over-estimated; it is -extensively grown, and, when properly managed, produces a fairly -lucrative crop. - -_Soil and Bed._ The first thing to be done in the preparation of -an Asparagus bed to stand for any length of time, is to secure an -efficient drainage; and on wet soils this is best effected by placing -a layer of brick rubbish over the whole of the bottom, and connecting -this with a drain. On gravelly or other soils which are drained -naturally, of course, this is not needed; but if really good crops are -a _desideratum_, water should not stand within 3ft. of the surface. In -all cases, the ground must be dug to a depth of 18in., and, if stiff, -a goodly amount of road sweepings, or other gritty materials, should -be well mixed with the staple soil. Asparagus requires a good soil, -neither too heavy nor too light. - -_Manuring._ After the soil has been well trenched, and has lain long -enough to settle down, a good dressing of manure--thoroughly rotted, -and not too rank, at the rate of from twenty to thirty tons to the -acre, dug into the surface of the beds-A--will be found very beneficial. -If possible, this should be introduced in January; and then, if the -weather permits, the beds should be forked two or three times by the -end of March, so as to render the soil as friable as possible. A very -good manure, and one that is easily obtained, is common garden salt. -This may be given annually to established beds. A moderate dressing -should be applied just before growth commences in spring, but a little -will do no harm at other times during the summer. It is best scattered -on with the hand, and a showery day should be selected, as it will -then soon disappear. Salt, besides acting as a manure, has also the -properties of keeping the beds cool and moist in hot weather, and of -preventing the growth of weeds. - -_Planting._ Asparagus can be planted during March and April, the latter -month being the best time for the work. The soil having been thoroughly -prepared, the next point is to decide on the size of the beds; this -depends on the size of garden, and the class of "grass" desired. When -very large and fine stocks are the object in view, the best results -will accrue if the plants are fully a yard apart each way; but this -means a comparatively small crop. A good plan is to make the beds 3ft. -wide, planting two rows, at a distance of 1ft. from each other, and -allowing 18in. between each plant, placing them in alternate order. -An 18in. alley should be allowed between the beds. The roots used for -making the beds should be one year old, and fresh from the ground. In -planting, pull out a wide drill with a hoe, or other tool, to the depth -of about 3in. or 4in., and spread out the roots all round. Carefully -shake the soil in amongst the roots, and, if dry, apply some water -through a coarse-rosed watering pot, to settle the earth around them. -At intervals, as necessary, give other waterings till September, when -they should be discontinued. At all times, keep the beds free from -weeds, removing them by the hand to prevent injury to the crowns of -the plants. If the ground is good, no liquid manure will be needed the -first year. As soon as the foliage turns yellow, cut it off, cleanly -rake over the beds, and leave till about January, when a top-dressing -of from 1in. to 3in. of thoroughly rotted manure may be applied with -advantage. At the end of February, rake off the bed all loose straw -or other _debris_, and throw on them a little of the soil from the -alleys, raking down, and finishing off the edges squarely and neatly. -During this and succeeding years, apply liquid manure and clear water, -from time to time, as required; and, provided the manure is not of too -great strength, there is scarcely any limit to its application; but, -in many instances, beds which have only received an annual dressing -have given a good return. Each year they must be cut over and dressed -as before described, but care must be taken to keep them flat on the -surface, otherwise the plants will die out for want of moisture. When -the produce appears, the beds should be kept cut over until the 20th -of June, after which, cutting should cease, or they will be rendered -comparatively unproductive. Cutting can commence the second or third -year, or as soon as there is any "grass" worth taking. Several methods -of growing these plants could be cited, but that which we have -recommended will be found most satisfactory. - -[Illustration: FIG. 160. ASPARAGUS, Crown for Lifting.] - -_Seeds._ Plants are raised by sowing seeds in rows across the kitchen -garden, or selected quarter, about the month of April. The seedlings -make a growth, and form good plants during the first season. In March -or April of the following year, or the year after, they may be removed, -and planted out permanently, as already alluded to. Many cultivators -prefer growing their own plants from seed; because during the transit -of the roots from any distance to where they are to be grown, a -frequent and injurious exhaustion takes place, and particularly so when -they are carelessly packed. - -_Forcing._ Asparagus can, if properly treated, be obtained from -December onwards; and at Christmas time the produce is very valuable; -but, in order to obtain it at this season, it will be necessary to -resort to forcing. Prepare some beds to secure a lasting heat, and on -these place about 3in. of ordinary garden soil, not very stiff. Then -take the roots, and place them crown upwards, and moderately close -together, shaking the soil well amongst the roots, and covering about -a couple of inches deep. Water well, to settle the whole, and put on -the lights, allowing a little ventilation, to let out any steam which -may arise. Unless the weather be very cold indeed, give a little air -at all times, and only cover the lights in actual frost. From time to -time, apply fresh linings of hot manure, and in cold rains, or wind, -cover the outsides of the frames with old sacks, or other things which -will keep in the heat. A regular and steady temperature of 60deg. will -force this plant with better results than a higher one. Houses that are -fitted with hot-water pipes to give bottom heat can be used equally as -well as manure beds, and so long as the soil is kept moist, the heat -thus obtained is as good as any for the purpose, and much less trouble -than fermenting materials. To keep up a regular supply, a succession of -beds will be necessary. Asparagus can be forced, or rather forwarded, -in pots or boxes, in a warm greenhouse or vinery, and, of course, -when the plants are done with, they can be cast away. We give an -illustration (Fig. 160) of a bearing crown fit for gentle forcing; but, -of course, it must not be left so bare of earth as appears here, which -is done for the purpose of clearness. - -_Varieties._ Connover's Colossal, and Giant, are the most esteemed. -Strains are frequently largely advertised as improvements on the sorts -above-mentioned, and the charges are higher accordingly. The difference -may be generally attributed to the culture the plants receive more than -to an improved variety. When saving seed for home sowing, they should -be taken from the strongest growths, or deterioration will ensue. - - =A. A|thiopicus ternifolius= (ternate). _fl._ white, in - shortly-stalked racemes, very profuse. August. _l._, false ones in - threes, flattened, narrow, linear; prickles solitary, reversed; - branches angular. _h._ 30ft. South Africa, 1872. A greenhouse - evergreen. - - =A. Broussoneti= (Broussonet's).* _fl._ very small, succeeded - by small red berries. May. _l._, lower ones solitary, the - others ternate, 1in. long, needle-shaped, persistent, distant, - glaucescent; stipules with reflected spines at the base. Summer. - Stem tapering, streaked, shrubby. _h._ 10ft. Canary Islands, 1822. - A very pretty hardy climber. - - =A. Cooperi= (Cooper's). _fl._ axillary, one to three, from the - same nodes as the false leaves; perianth cream-coloured, one line - long. April and May. _l._ minute, deltoid, scariose, reddish-brown; - false leaves six to fifteen to a node, subulate, moderately firm, - 1/4in. to 3/8in. long, spreading or ascending. _h._ 10ft. to 12ft. - Africa, 1862. A greenhouse climber, with a shrubby terete main - stem, 1-1/2in. to 2in. thick at the base, sending out crowds of - spreading branches, which bear abundant slender, firm, alternate - branchlets; nodes of branches and branchlets, furnished with - distinct red-brown, subulate prickles, those of the main stems - 1/4in. long, deflexed, but not curved. - - =A. decumbens= (decumbent).* Stem unarmed, decumbent, much - branched; branches wavy; leaves setaceous, in threes. Cape of Good - Hope, 1792. A greenhouse evergreen herbaceous perennial. - - =A. falcatus= (hooked-leaved). _l._ fascicled, linear, falcate; - branches round; prickles solitary, recurved; peduncles - one-flowered, clustered. _h._ 3ft. India, 1792. A greenhouse - evergreen perennial. - - =A. officinalis= (officinal). Common Asparagus. _fl._ - greenish-white, drooping. August. _l._ setaceous, fasciculate, - flexible, unarmed. Stem herbaceous, mostly erect, rounded, very - much branched. _h._ 1ft. Said to grow on "Asparagus Island," - Kynance Cove, Lizard, but we have never found it there, and it has - probably long since been exterminated. - - =A. plumosus= (plumed).* _fl._ white, small, produced from the - tips of the branchlets. Spring. _l._, true ones in the form of - minute deltoid scales, with an acute ultimately reflexed point; - the false ones are grouped in tufts, each being 1/8in. to 1/4in. - long, bristle-shaped, and finely pointed. South Africa, 1876. An - elegant evergreen climber, with smooth stems and numerous spreading - branches. It forms an excellent plant when trained in pots, and is - invaluable for cutting. - - =A. p. nanus= (dwarf).* A very elegant dwarf variety of above. - Stems tufted, slender, and gracefully arching. South Africa, 1880. - For bouquets, the cut sprays of both type and variety have the - advantage of much greater persistency than any fern, retaining - their freshness in water from three to four weeks. See Fig. 161, - for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. - - =A. racemosus= (racemose). _fl._ greenish-white, in many-flowered - axillary racemes. May. _l._ bundled, linear-subulate, falcate; - branches striated; prickles solitary. _h._ 3ft. India, 1808. - Greenhouse evergreen shrub. - -[Illustration: FIG. 161. ASPARAGUS PLUMOSUS NANUS.] - - =A. ramosissimus= (very branching). _fl._ solitary, at the tips of - the branchlets; pedicels hardly perpendicular, one and a-half to - two lines long; cream coloured. June. _l._ obscurely spurred at the - base; false leaves three to eight-nate, flattened; linear-falcate - acute, 1/4in. to 3/8in. long, spreading. South Africa, 1862. A wide - climbing, copiously branched, slender greenhouse shrub, with very - numerous spreading or ascending branches and branchlets. - - =A. scandens= (climbing).* _fl._ whitish, axillary on the ultimate - branchlets, succeeded by round orange-coloured berries. The annual, - much-branched, unarmed stems bear, usually in threes, numerous - small linear-pointed leaves, which on the ultimate branches spread - nearly in one plane. Cape of Good Hope, 1795. An elegant climbing - greenhouse perennial. - - =A. virgatus= (twiggy).* A remarkably elegant feathery looking - plant, of shrubby habit. The stems, which issue from the crown of - the stout fleshy roots, are of a dark green colour, and bear at - the upper end a corymbose head of erect branches, of which the - lowest is the youngest or most recently developed. These branches - are again twice branched, the ultimate branchlets being furnished - with needle-shaped false leaves, 1/2in. long, which usually grow in - threes. South Africa, 1862. - -=ASPARAGUS BEETLE= (_Crioceris asparagi_), or "Cross-bearer." This -beautiful little insect is blue-black or greenish; the thorax is red -with two black spots, and the wing-cases are yellow, with a black cross -on them; the legs and antennA| are black. The short grey larva is flat -underneath, arched on the back, and covered with hairs. The sides are -of an olive hue, and the little legs and head are black. It ejects a -drop of blackish fluid from the mouth when touched. When full grown, -which takes about a fortnight, the larva measures about two lines in -length; the average length of the perfect Beetle is about three lines. -Although this insect does not actually destroy the plants, it inflicts -much damage on the foliage, and checks the growth of the stems after -they have attained some size, in consequence of which the foliage -becomes much less in the next season. The eggs are fixed to the shoots, -and are small, dark, pointed bodies. The larvA| do the harm, as they -feed on the bark and tender portions of the plants. The mature Beetles -should be picked off by hand, and, by commencing early enough in the -season, their numbers will be greatly reduced. Syringing the plants -with water, heated to a temperature that will not injure the plants, is -found a useful method for removing the grubs. - -_White Hellebore._ Freshly-ground White Hellebore, sprinkled over the -foliage while it is damp, and repeating the operation at intervals of -about eight days for a season, will generally effect a riddance; but -the following will usually be found better in such cases. Neither must -be applied until after cutting ceases, as they are very poisonous. - -_Paris Green._ This, mixed and used as for Cherry Fly (_see_ =Black -Fly=), will generally got rid of the Beetle, if applied about thrice -each season for two years. It should, however, only be used in severe -cases. - -_Soot_, applied in the same manner as White Hellebore, and in liberal -quantities, will, in a season or two, clear the beds. If a bushel of -salt be mixed with each twenty bushels of soot, it will enhance the -effect. - -=ASPARAGUS KNIFE.= The Asparagus Knife consists of a strong blade -fixed in a handle. There are, or were, three kinds employed: In one -form, the blade was blunt on both sides, straight, with a sharp tip, -and not unlike a small chisel. Another had its blade slightly hooked, -and serrated at one end. But the best is that now almost universally -employed, and which is illustrated by Fig. 162. - -[Illustration: FIG. 162. ASPARAGUS KNIFE.] - -=ASPASIA= (from _aspazomai_, I embrace; the column embraced by the -labellum). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. A genus of elegant stove Epidendrum-like -epiphytal orchids, with the lip united to the column, and broad, thin -pseudo-bulbs. The name Aspasia is now and then met with attached to a -totally different genus. Salisbury gave it to a liliaceous plant which -is now referred to _Ornithogalum_. For culture and propagation, _see_ -=Stanhopea=. - - =A. epidendroides= (Epidendrum-like).* _fl._ whitish yellow; sepals - linear oblong, acute; petals obtuse, concave, lateral lobes of - lip roundish, entire, middle lobe crenated emarginate. February. - Pseudo-bulbs oblong, two-edged. _h._ 1ft. Panama, 1833. - - =A. lunata= (crescent-marked).* _fl._ green, white, and brown, - solitary; sepals and petals linear obtuse, spreading; lip - three-lobed, lateral lobes short, middle one flat, nearly square, - wavy. February. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, two-edged. _h._ 1ft. Rio - Janeiro, 1843. - - =A. papilionacea= (butterfly-like).* _fl._, sepals and petals - yellowish, mottled with brown lines on their internal inferior - halves; lip fiddle-shape, its back very great, elliptic, apiculate; - an orange-coloured area stands at its base, a wide violet disc - before and around it. _h._ 9in. Costa Rica, 1876. Distinguished - from _A. lunata_ in having thirteen keels at the base of the lip, - which is higher inserted, and in the echinulate anther. It is a - beautiful but rare novelty. - - =A. psittacina= (parrot-like).* _fl._, sepals and petals light - green, with brown transverse bars, which sometimes consist - of separate stripes, at other times of confluent ones; the - fiddle-shaped lip shows two keels and a few purplish dots over its - top; the column is brown at its top, then violet, and white at the - base. Ecuador, 1878. It has a raceme of several flowers, usually - one-sided, bent over. - - =A. variegata= (variegated).* _fl._ green, spotted with yellowish - red; sepals linear oblong; petals somewhat rhomboid, acute; lateral - lobes of lip recurved, middle one fleshy, serrated. February. _h._ - 9in. Panama, 1836. Deliciously sweet-scented in the morning. - -=ASPEN.= _See_ =Populus tremula=. - -=ASPERA.= Rough, with hairs or points. - -=ASPERULA= (from _asper_, rough; in allusion to the leaves). Woodruff. -ORD. _RubiaceA|_. Hardy herbs, rarely small shrubs. Flowers terminal -and axillary, in fascicles. Leaves opposite, with one, two, or three -stipulas on each side; they are therefore called four to eight in a -whorl, but between the uppermost leaves there are no stipulas. Stems -and branches usually tetragonal. Most of the species are very pretty -when in flower, and are, therefore, well adapted for borders, rockwork, -and shady places, in almost any garden soil. Propagated by divisions of -the roots during spring and early summer. Herbaceous perennials, except -where otherwise stated. - - =A. azurea-setosa= (blue-bristly). A synonym of _A. orientalis_. - - =A. calabrica= (Calabrian). A synonym of _Putoria calabrica_. - - =A. cynanchica= (Cynanche-like). _fl._ on erect branches, forming a - fastigiate corymb, white or bluish-coloured, elegantly marked with - red lines, or sometimes pure white. Summer. _l._ four in a whorl; - floral ones lanceolate-linear, acuminately awned; lower ones small, - oblong, upper ones opposite. Plant glabrous, erectish. _h._ 9in. to - 12in. England. - - =A. hirta= (hairy). _fl._ white at first, changing to pink, with - oblong divisions. July and August. _l._ usually six in a whorl, - four towards the upper part, linear, hairy, deep green. _h._ 3in. - Pyrenees, 1817. A charming but rare little alpine, thriving best in - a rather damp position on the rockery. - - =A. longiflora= (long-flowered).* _fl._ whitish, yellowish inside, - and reddish outside; tube of corolla elongated; fascicles terminal, - pedunculate; bracteas small, subulate. Summer. _l._ four in a - whorl, linear; lower ones small, obovate; upper ones opposite. - Stems weak, numerous, from the same neck, erectish, glabrous. _h._ - 6in. Hungary, 1821. - - =A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._, corollas pink, four-cleft, - scabrous externally; in fascicles. June, July. _l._ linear; lower - ones six in a whorl; middle ones four; upper ones opposite; floral - leaves linear. Stem weak, glabrous. _h._ 6in. to 8in. Hungary, 1801. - - =A. odorata= (sweet-scented).* Sweet Woodruff. _fl._ snowy white; - corymbs terminal, pedunculate, usually trifid, each division - bearing about four flowers. May, June. _l._ eight in a whorl, - lanceolate, smooth, with serrulately scabrous edges. Stems - tetragonal, simple, erect, or ascending. _h._ 6in. to 12in. - Britain. This very pretty little plant is scentless when fresh, - but, when dried, it diffuses an odour like that of spring grass; - and when kept among clothes, it not only imparts an agreeable - perfume to them, but preserves them from insects. - - =A. orientalis= (Oriental).* _fl._ sky blue, in terminal heads; - bracts of involucre shorter than the flowers. Summer. _l._ - lanceolate, bristly, about eight in a whorl. _h._ 1ft. Caucasus, - 1867. A charming little, profuse blooming, hardy annual, bearing - clusters of fragrant flowers, admirably adapted for bouquet making. - SYN. _A. azurea-setosa_. See Fig. 163. - -[Illustration: FIG. 163. ASPERULA ORIENTALIS, showing Habit and Portion -of Inflorescence.] - - =A. taurina= (bull). _fl._, corollas white, elongated; corymbs - pedunculate, axillary, fasciculately umbellate, involucrated; - bracteas ciliated. April to June. _l._ four in a whorl, - ovate-lanceolate, three-nerved, with finely ciliated margins. Plant - smoothish, erect. _h._ 1ft. South Europe, 1739. - - =A. tinctoria= (Dyers'). _fl._ white, reddish on the outside; - usually trifid. June. _l._ linear; lower ones six in a whorl; - middle ones four; and the uppermost ones opposite; floral leaves - ovate. Plant procumbent, unless supported. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. long, - purplish. Europe, 1764. - -=ASPHALT.= Artificial Asphalt is now generally used in England for -footpaths, &c. The recipes are various, one of the best being the -following: Lime rubbish two parts, coal ashes one part (both must be -very dry), sifted very fine; mix them, and leave a hole in the middle -of the heap, wherein pour boiling hot coal tar; mix well together. When -as stiff as mortar, lay it down, 3in. thick, on a dry and previously -well-levelled surface. A boy should follow with dry, finely-sifted -sand, distributing just enough to prevent his boots sticking to the -tar. Two men should be employed for the tarring, whilst another should -attend to the boiling operation. Only just enough tar to last ten -minutes must be taken from the furnace at one time, as, if it be not -boiling, the walks will become soft under the action of very hot sun. -This may be repeated every three years. It is imperative that the -surface, lime, coal ashes and sand be perfectly dry, and that the days -selected for the operation be very fine, the hotter the better. Another -excellent plan is that of using gas lime and coal ashes. There must -be a firm foundation and smooth surface. Spread the gas lime to about -1-1/2in. deep, and level with the back of a spade. Over this place a -thin layer of coal dust, and well roll. The work is then complete. - -=ASPHODEL.= _See_ =Asphodelus=. - -=ASPHODELINE.= ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A genus of plants allied to -_Asphodelus_, but distinguished from it by having erect leafy stems. -They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by division. - - =A. brevicaulis= (short-stemmed). _fl._ in lax, often panicled - racemes, yellow, veined with green. _l._ subulate, ascending, lower - ones 4in. to 6in. long. Stem slender, often flexuose. Orient. - - =A. damascena= (Damascene). _fl._ white, in dense generally simple - racemes, 6in. to 12in. long. _l._ in dense rosette, 6in. to 9in. - long, subulate. Stem simple, erect. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Asia - Minor. - - =A. liburnica= (Liburnian). _fl._ yellow, striped with green, in - generally simple lax racemes, 6in. to 9in. long. Stem simple, - erect, strict, 1ft. to 2ft. high, upper half naked. South Europe. - - =A. lutea= (yellow). _fl._ yellow, fragrant, in a dense, very long, - straight, simple raceme, in the axils of buff-coloured bracts, - which are nearly as long as the flowers. Summer. _l._ numerous, - awl-shaped, triangular, furrowed, smooth, dark green, marked with - lines of a paler tint; root leaves tufted. Stem 3ft. or 4ft. - high. Sicily, 1596. The best known and handsomest species. SYN. - _Asphodelus luteus_. - - =A. l. fl.-pl.= This resembles the species, but the flowers are - double, and last much longer than those of the typical form; it is - a very pretty plant. - - =A. taurica= (Taurian). _fl._ white, striped with green, in - generally simple dense racemes, 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 2in. - wide. Stem simple, erect, 1ft. to 2ft. high, densely leafy at base - of raceme. Asia Minor, &c. SYN. _Asphodelus tauricus_. - - =A. tenuior= (slenderer). _fl._ yellow, in simple lax-flowered - racemes, 3in. to 4in. long, 2in. wide. Stem simple lower half leaf, - upper naked, 1ft. Orient. SYN. _Asphodelus tenuior_. - -=ASPHODELUS= (from _a_, not, and _sphallo_, to supplant; in allusion -to the beauty of the flowers). Asphodel. ORD. _LiliaceA|_. Very pretty -hardy herbaceous perennials, with fleshy fasciculated roots. Perianth -white or yellow, of six equal spreading segments; stamens six, -hypogynous, alternately long and short. Leaves usually radical, tufted, -narrow, or triquetrous. All the species enumerated thrive in good -deep sandy loam, and are very suitable for borders and shrubberies. -Propagated by division of the root, which is best done in early spring. - - =A. A|stivus= (summer). _fl._ white. Summer. _h._ 2ft. Spain, 1820. - - =A. albus= (white).* _fl._ white; peduncles clustered the length of - the bracts. May. _l._ linear, keeled, smooth. Stem naked, simple. - _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1596. - - =A. creticus= (Cretan).* _fl._ yellow. July. _l._ filiform, - striated, toothed, ciliated. Stem leafy, naked above, branched. - _h._ 2ft. Crete, 1821. - - =A. fistulosus= (pipe-stalked). _fl._ white. July, August. _l._ - upright, striated, subulate, fistular. Stem naked. _h._ 18in. South - Europe, 1596. - - =A. luteus= (yellow). A synonym of _Asphodeline lutea_. - - =A. ramosus= (branchy). _fl._ large, white, with a reddish-brown - line in the middle of each segment, springing from the axils of - ovate-lanceolate bracts, and in very long dense racemes. Summer. - _l._ sword-shaped, stiff, sharply keeled below, channelled above. - Stem much branched. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. South Europe, 1829. - -[Illustration: FIG. 164. ASPHODELUS VILLARSII, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. Villarsii= (Villars'). _fl._ white; raceme dense, elongated; - bracts dark brown. Stem simple or rarely branched. _h._ 1ft. to - 2ft. Eastern France. See Fig. 164. - -=ASPIDISTRA= (from _aspidiseon_, a little round shield; in reference -to the form of the flower). SYN. _Porpax_ (of Salisbury). Including -_Plectogyne_. ORD. _LiliaceA|_. Hardy, or nearly hardy, evergreen, -foliage plants. Flowers insignificant, produced close to the ground, -remarkable for the curious mushroom-like stigma, by which this genus is -characterised. They thrive in almost any ordinary garden soil, but are -best grown in rich loam, leaf soil, and sand; plenty of moisture being -allowed. Propagated by suckers. - - =A. elatior= (taller).* _l._ oblong, large, on long petioles, - leathery; plant stemless. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Japan, 1835. This - very easily cultivated and quite hardy foliage plant is much grown - for window gardening and other decorative purposes, for which it is - well suited. - - =A. e. variegata= (variegated).* A fine variety with - alternately-striped green and white leaves. - -[Illustration: FIG. 165. ASPIDISTRA LURIDA.] - - =A. lurida= (lurid). _fl._ purple. July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, on - long petioles. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. China, 1822. A very graceful - species, with long evergreen leaves. It is an effective plant for - the outdoor garden during summer, and is nearly, if not quite, - hardy. See Fig. 165. - - =A. punctata= (dotted). _l._ lanceolate, on long stalks. _h._ 1ft. - China. This is very closely allied to _A. elatior_, but of inferior - value. - -=ASPIDIUM= (from _aspidion_, a little buckler; in allusion to the form -of the involucre). Shield Fern. ORD. _Filices_. Including _Cyclodium_, -_Cyclopeltis_, _Cyrtomium_, _Phanerophlebia_, and _Polystichum_. Stove, -greenhouse, or hardy ferns. Sori sub-globose, dorsal or terminal on the -veinlets; involucre orbicular, fixed by the centre. They thrive in a -compost of sandy peat with a little loam. Several species are admirably -adapted for the indoor fernery. The hardy species are best grown in the -shade; a little sandstone should be incorporated with the soil. For -general culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 166. ASPIDIUM ACULEATUM.] - - =A. acrostichoides= (Acrostichum-like).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. - long, densely scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 2in. to - 6in. broad; pinnA| of the lower half barren, 2in. to 3in. long, - 1/4in. broad, spinoso-serrated throughout, auricled at the base - above; the pinnA| of the upper half fertile, much smaller. _sori_ - occupying the whole under side. North America. SYN. _Polystichum - acrostichoides_. Hardy. - - =A. a. grandiceps= (large-crested).* A very handsome fern, having - the apices of the fronds and pinnA| heavily crested; equally - desirable for the hardy or temperate fernery. Of garden origin. - - =A. a. incisum= (incised).* A variety with the pinnules deeply cut - and acutely pointed. - - =A. aculeatum= (sharp-pointed).* The Hard Shield Fern. _sti._ - tufted, 6in. to 12in. long, more or less scaly. _fronds_ 1ft. to - 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, ovate-lanceolate; lower pinnA| - close, lanceolate, 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad; - pinnules ovate-rhomboidal, unequal sided, auricled on the upper - base; teeth aristate. sori nearer the midrib than the edge. A - variable and hardy species, common throughout the world. SYN. - _Polystichum aculeatum_. _A. a. proliferum_ is a proliferous - Australian form. _A. a. vestitum_ has the rachis densely clothed to - the point, both with reddish-brown fibrillose and large lanceolate - dark brown scales. See Fig. 166. - - =A. amabile= (lovely). _sti._ scattered, 6in. to 12in. long, - slightly scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 6in. to 12in. - broad, with a lanceolate terminal pinna, and three to six - lateral ones on each side, which are 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. - to 1-1/2in. broad, the lowest sometimes divided at the base; - segments sub-rhomboidal, with at least half the lower side cut - away, the upper side and part of the lower lobed and sharply - spinuloso-serrated. sori sub-marginal. Ceylon. Stove species. SYN. - _Polystichum amabile_. - - =A. angulare= (angular). The Soft Shield Fern. Botanically this - is only a variety of _A. aculeatum_; but, to the cultivator, it - is abundantly distinct. The fronds are not so tapered at the - base, the pinnules are more equal in size, and the lower ones - distinctly stalked, while the texture is much less rigid than in - _A. aculeatum_, the caudex has a tendency to elongate. Almost - cosmopolitan in its distribution. SYN. _Polystichum angulare_. - There are an enormous number of varieties, many of which are - not under cultivation. Amongst the best found in gardens are - _alatum_, _BayliA|_, _concinnum_, _corymbiferum_, _cristatum_, - _curtum_, _dissimile_, _grandiceps_, _imbricatum_, _KitsoniA|_, - _lineare_, _parvissimum_, _plumosum_, _polydactylon_, _proliferum_, - _rotundatum_, _Wakeleyanum_, _Woollastoni_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 167. ASPIDIUM ANGULARE GRANDICEPS.] - - =A. a. grandiceps= (large-crested). This is a narrow fronded - variety, having the apices of the fronds branched and crested, - ultimately producing a broad tasselled head. A very handsome fern. - See Fig. 167. - - =A. anomalum= (anomalous). _sti._ tufted, 1ft. to 2ft. long, - densely scaly below. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more - broad; lower pinnA| 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; pinnules - lanceolate, cut down in the lower part into oblong segments; teeth - blunt or slightly mucronate. _sori_ placed near the sinuses of the - pinnules. Ceylon. Stove species. SYN. _Polystichum anomalum_. - - =A. aristatum= (awned).* _rhiz._ creeping. _sti._ scattered, 9in. - to 18in. long, very scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 9in. - to 12in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tri- or quadripinnatifid; lower - pinnA| largest, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; lowest - pinnules much the largest, lanceolate-deltoid; teeth copious - aristate. _sori_ small, principally in two rows near the midrib. - Japan, Himalayas, New South Wales, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. - _Polystichum aristatum_. - - =A. a. coniifolium= (Conium-leaved).* _fronds_ more finely divided; - segments copiously toothed, with lower lobes distinct. - - =A. a. variegatum= (variegated).* A handsome variety, with a broad - band of green running through the bases of the pinnules along the - course of the rachis. - - =A. auriculatum= (eared).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long, - scaly below or throughout. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 2in. to - 4in. broad; pinnA| numerous, sub-sessile, usually close, 1in. to - 2in. long, about 1/2in. broad, ovate-rhomboidal, falcate, acute, - spinoso-serrated, the upper base auricled, the lower one truncate. - _sori_ in two rows. India, widely distributed. Stove species. SYNS. - _A. ocellatum_, _Polystichum auriculatum_. - - =A. a. lentum= (pliant). PinnA| cut into oblong mucronate lobes - about half-way down to the rachis, the auricle sometimes quite free. - - =A. a. marginatum= (margined).* A variety with more coriaceous - texture; upper edge of the pinnA| slightly lobed. - - =A. capense= (Cape).* _sti._ scattered, 1ft. to 2ft. long, densely - scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 18in. broad, - sub-deltoid; lowest pinnA| the largest, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to - 4in. broad; pinnules and segments lanceolate, the latter bluntly - lobed. _sori_ very large and copious. South America, New Zealand, - Cape Colony, Natal, &c. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. coriaceum_, - _Polystichum capense_. - - =A. confertum= (compressed). Synonymous with _A. meniscioides_. - - =A. coriaceum= (leathery). Synonymous with _A. capense_. - - =A. falcatum= (hooked).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long, densely - scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, simply - pinnate; pinnA| numerous, the lower stalked, ovate-acuminate, - falcate, 3in. to 5in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad; edge entire or - slightly undulated, the upper side narrowed suddenly, sometimes - auricled, the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base. - _sori_ small, copious, scattered. Japan, China, Himalayas, &c. SYN. - _Cyrtomium falcatum_. - - =A. f. caryotideum= (Caryota-like) has pinnA| sometimes larger, - sharply toothed, slightly lobed, sometimes auricled on both sides. - SYN. _Cyrtomium caryotideum_. - - =A. f. Fortunei= (Fortune's).* This differs from the type in having - pinnA| narrower and more opaque. All are most useful house ferns, - and quite hardy in many parts of the country. SYN. _Cyrtomium - Fortunei_. - - =A. falcinellum= (finely-hooked).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. - long, densely scaly. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 3in. to 6in. - broad; central pinnA| 2in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. broad; point acute; - edge finely serrated; the upper side bluntly auricled, the lower - obliquely truncate at the base. _sori_ in two long rows. Madeira. - Greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum falcinellum_. - - =A. flexum= (bending). _rhiz._ stout, wide-creeping. _sti._ - scattered, 1ft. long, scaly. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to - 12in. broad; lower pinnA| lanceolate-deltoid, 4in. to 6in. long, - 2in. to 4in. broad; pinnules lanceolate-deltoid, cut down to the - rachis below into oblong bluntly-lobed segments. _sori_ large, in - two rows, copious. Juan Fernandez. Stove species. SYN. _Polystichum - flexum_. - - =A. fA"niculaceum= (Fennel-leaved).* _rhiz._ creeping. _sti._ - scattered, 6in. to 12in. long, densely scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. - to 2ft. long, and 9in. to 12in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid, four to - five pinnatifid; lower pinnA| 6in. to 8in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad; - ultimate divisions linear, awned, with a firm texture. _sori_ - solitary. Greenhouse species. Sikkim, 7,000ft. to 10,000ft. SYN. - _Polystichum fA"niculaceum_. - - =A. frondosum= (leafy). _sti._ scattered, 1ft. to 2ft. long, - densely scaly below. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 1ft. or more - broad, sub-deltoid; lower pinnA| much the largest, long stalked; - pinnules lanceolate; segments very unequal sided, pinnatifid, - with rounded mucronate lobes, obliquely truncate at the base - below. _sori_ large, copious. Madeira. Greenhouse species. SYN. - _Polystichum frondosum_. - - =A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _sti._ 1ft. or more long, naked. _fronds_ - 2ft. to 3ft. long; pinnA| 6in. to 8in. long, 1in. broad, cut down - to a broadly-winged rachis into nearly close, spreading, entire, - linear-oblong lobes 1/8in. broad. _sori_ nearer the edge than the - midrib. Malay Archipelago. Stove species. SYNS. _A. nephrodioides_ - and _Cyclodium Hookeri_. - - =A. laserpitiifolium= (Laserpitium-leaved).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. - long, stramineous, scaly at base. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, - 6in. to 9in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tripinnate; lower pinnA| the - largest, with pinnules on the lower side prolonged, lanceolate, - imbricated with small, distinct, bluntly-lobed segments. _sori_ - in two rows, very copious. Japan. A very desirable greenhouse - species. SYNS. _Lastrea Standishii_ (of gardens) and _Polystichum - laserpitiifolium_. - - =A. lepidocaulon= (scaly-stemmed). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. - long, densely clothed with large cordate scales. _fronds_ 1ft. or - more long, 4in. to 6in. broad, sometimes elongated and rooting - at the point: pinnA| 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, - lanceolate-falcate, the two sides unequal, the upper one auricled - at the base. _sori_ principally in two rows, near the midrib. - Japan. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum lepidocaulon_. - - =A. Lonchitis= (spar-like).* The Holly Fern. _sti._ densely tufted, - 1in. to 4in. long, scaly at base. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 1in. - to 3in. broad, pinnate throughout; pinnA| 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. long, - 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, ovate-rhomboidal, sub-falcate, the two - sides unequal, point mucronate, edge spinuloso-serrated, the upper - side sharply auricled at the base, the lower obliquely truncate. - Britain, &c. A very widely-spread hardy species. SYN. _Polystichum - Lonchitis_. - - =A. meniscioides= (Meniscium-like). _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, scaly - below. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, pinnate; - barren pinnA| sessile, 6in. to 9in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, - oblong-acuminate, nearly entire; fertile pinnA| much smaller. _sori_ - in two close rows between the primary veins. West Indies, &c. Stove - species. SYNS. _A. confertum_ and _Cyclodium meniscioides_. - - =A. mohrioides= (Mohria-like). _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long, - more or less densely scaly. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to - 3in. broad, bipinnate; pinnA| numerous, frequently imbricated, - lanceolate, cut down below into slightly toothed, oblong-rhomboidal - pinnules. _sori_ copious. Patagonia and the Cordilleras of Chili. - Greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum mohrioides_. - - =A. mucronatum= (mucronated).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. - long, densely scaly. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 1-1/2in. - to 2in. broad, pinnate throughout; pinnA| very numerous, often - imbricated, 3/4in. to 1in. long, 1/4in. to broad, sub-rhomboidal, - unequal-sided, mucronate, sub-entire, distinctly auricled at the - upper base. _sori_ in a long row on each side the midrib. West - Indies. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum mucronatum_. - - =A. munitum= (armed).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 9in. long, densely - scaly. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad; pinnA| close, - 2in. to 4in. long, about 1/2in. broad, acuminate, finely spinulose - and serrated throughout, the upper side auricled, and the lower - obliquely truncate at the base. _sori_ in two rows near the edge. - California, &c. Hardy; very fine. SYN. _Polystichum munitum_. - - =A. nephrodioides= (Nephrodium-like). Synonymous with _A. Hookeri_. - - =A. ocellatum= (spotted). Synonymous with _A. auriculatum_. - - =A. pungens= (stinging). _rhiz._ stout. _sti._ scattered, 1ft. - long, scaly below only. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 12in. - broad; lower pinnA| 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; pinnules - ovate-rhomboidal, unequal-sided, often deeply pinnatifid. _sori_ - principally in two rows near the midrib. Cape Colony. Greenhouse - species. SYN. _Polystichum pungens_. - - =A. repandum= (wavy-leaved). _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, naked. - _fronds_ 2ft. or more long, 12in. to 18in. broad, apex deeply - pinnatifid, with linear-oblong, slightly sinuated lobes; lower - pinnA| four to eight on each side, 6in. to 8in. long, 1-1/4in. - to 1-1/2in. broad, acuminate; edge bluntly sinuated, the lowest - stalked and forked. _sori_ in two distinct rows near the main vein. - Philippines. Stove species. - - =A. rhizophyllum= (frond-rooting). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in. - long, slender. _fronds_ 2in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. broad, with the - long, narrow upper half of the frond lengthened out and rooting, - the lower half cut down to a flattened fibrillose rachis into - oblong-rhomboidal sub-entire lobes about 1/2in. broad, 1/4in. deep. - _sori_ scattered. Jamaica, 1820. Stove or cool house species. SYN. - _Polystichum rhizophyllum_. - - =A. semicordatum= (half-cordate). _sti._ scattered, 6in. to 12in. - long. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, simply - pinnate; pinnA| spreading, 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. - broad, nearly entire, acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base. - _sori_ in one to three rows on each side, the inner one close to - the midrib. Tropical America, &c. SYN. _Polystichum semicordatum_. - - =A. trapezioides= (Trapezium-like). Synonymous with _A. viviparum_. - - =A. triangulum= (triangular).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long, - base scaly. _fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; - pinnA| numerous, sessile, lower ones distant, central ones 3/4in. to - 1in. long, about 5/8in. broad, sub-deltoid, lower side obliquely - truncate; apex mucronate, edge sub-entire or slightly lobed, with - blunt or spinose teeth, one or both sides auricled at the base. - _sori_ principally in two rows near the edge. West Indies. Stove or - greenhouse species. SYN. _Polystichum triangulum_. - - =A. trifoliatum= (three-leaved). _sti._ tufted, 1ft. or more long, - base only scaly. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 12in. - broad, with a large ovate-acuminate terminal pinna, narrowed or - forked at the base, and one or two lateral ones on each side, the - lowest mostly forked. _sori_ in rows near the main veins. Tropical - America. Stove species. - - =A. t. heracleifolium= (Heracleum-leaved). A form with pinnA| - pinnatifid on both sides at the base. - - =A. tripteron= (three-winged). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, densely - scaly at base. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, with a large terminal - and two small spreading lateral pinnA| at the base of it, the former - 2-1/2 in. to 3in. broad, with very numerous spreading pinnules on - each side, 1-1/2in. long, about 1/2in. broad, unequal sided, acute, - deeply inciso-pinnatifid, the lower lobes again toothed; lateral - pinnA| 3in. to 5in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad. _sori_ principally - in two rows midway between midrib and edge. Japan. Greenhouse - species. SYN. _Polystichum tripteron_. - - =A. varium= (variable).* _rhiz._ sub-creeping. _sti._ 6in. to 12in. - long, densely fibrillose below. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 9in. - to 12in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid; lower pinnA| much the largest, - sub-deltoid, unequal sided, 4in. to 6in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad; - pinnules lanceolate, imbricated, with oblong, blunt, slightly - toothed segments. _sori_ principally in two rows near the midrib. - Japan. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _Lastrea varia_ and _Polystichum - varium_. It is frequently met with in gardens under the former - name. - - =A. viviparum= (bud-producing). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long, - scaly at the base. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. - broad; pinnA| numerous, nearly lanceolate, the central ones 2in. to - 3in. long, about 1/2in. broad, mucronate, sometimes bud-bearing, - the edge more or less deeply lobed, in the lower part sometimes - quite down to the rachis, the upper side auricled. _sori_ in two - or four rows. West Indies. Stove or greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. - trapezioides_ and _Polystichum viviparum_. - -=ASPLENIUM= (from _a_, not, and _splen_, spleen; referring to the -medicinal properties formerly attributed to the genus). Spleenwort. -ORD. _Filices_. Including _Anisogonium_, _Athyrium_, _Ceterach_, -_CA|nopteris_, _Darea_, _Diplazium_, _Hemidictyum_, _Neottopteris_. A -very large and widely-spread genus, including species suitable for the -stove, temperate, and hardy ferneries. Sori dorsal or submarginal, -linear or oblong. Involucre similar in shape, straight or occasionally -curved, single or double, plane or tumid, bursting along the outer -edge. The tropical species should be grown in a compost of peat, loam, -and sand; the hardy sorts in a mixture of fibrous peat and sand. Good -drainage is at all times required. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 163. ASPLENIUM ADIANTUM-NIGRUM, showing Rootstock -and back of Fertile Fronds.] - - =A. abscissum= (clipped). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, sometimes - proliferous at the apex, with twelve to twenty horizontal pinnA| on - each side, which are 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, about 1/2in. broad, - bluntish; edge inciso-crenate, the upper one narrowed suddenly - at the base, the lower one obliquely truncate. _sori_ short, in - two regular rows, falling short of both midrib and edge. Tropical - America. Stove species. SYN. _A. firmum_. - - =A. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad, with very numerous - close-placed lanceolate-oblong pinnA| on both sides, which are - 4in. to 6in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules numerous, - unequal-sided, lanceolate, acuminate; edges sharply toothed, - the lower base obliquely truncate. _sori_ in two rows in the - upper part, of the pinnules, often diplazioid. Sandwich Islands. - Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. polyphyllum_. - - =A. Adiantum-nigrum= (Black Spleenwort). _sti._ tufted, 6in. - to 9in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad - sub-deltoid; lower pinnA| deltoid, 2in. to 3in. long, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. broad; all the pinnA| pinnate. _sori_ copious, at last often - occupying the whole under surface of the segments. Great Britain. - World-wide in its distribution. Hardy. _A. solidum_, from Cape - Colony, is supposed to be a mere form of this species. There are - several varieties the best of which are described below. See Fig. - 168. - - =A. A.-n. acutum= (acute). _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, deltoid, - tripinnate; ultimate segments linear, and very acute. Ireland. A - copiously divided and very elegant variety. Habit more graceful - than the type. - -[Illustration: FIG. 169. ASPLENIUM ADIANTUM-NIGRUM GRANDICEPS.] - - =A. A.-n. grandiceps= (large-crested). _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. - long; pinnA| comparatively short, and slightly crested; apex freely - divided, and expanded into a broad crest, which gives the frond a - very graceful contour. Frame or greenhouse variety. See Fig. 169. - - =A. A-n. oxyphyllum= (sharp-leaved). _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, - ovate-lanceolate; ultimate segments narrow and very acute. A very - pretty little variety. - - =A. affine= (related). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long. _fronds_ 12in - to 18in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, bipinnate, with numerous - pinnA| on each side, the lower ones lanceolate-rhomboidal; - pinnules rhomboidal, inciso-serrate. _sori_ copious, linear. - Mascaren Islands, &c. Stove or warm greenhouse species. SYN. _A. - spathulinum_. - - =A. alatum= (winged).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in, long, slender, the upper - part and the rachis, winged. _fronds_ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long, 3in. - to 4in. broad, with twelve to twenty horizontal sessile pinnA| on - each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, and about 1/2in. broad, - bluntish; edge uniformly inciso-crenate, the base nearly equal on - both sides. _sori_ distant, not reaching either the midrib or edge. - West Indies, &c. A very elegant stove species. - - =A. alismA|folium= (Alisma-leaved). _sti._ 2in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ varying in shape, from simple oblong-lanceolate, 6in. - to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; apex acuminate; edges entire, - to ternate or pinnate, with a large terminal and three pairs of - lateral pinnA|, each like the entire frond of the simple state; - texture coriaceous. Isle of Luzon. Stove species. SYN. _Anisogonium - alismA|folium_. - - =A. alternans= (alternated). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 8in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, - lanceolate-oblong, cut down into numerous bluntly-rounded lobes on - each side, which reach very nearly down to the rachis, the lower - gradually reduced. _sori_ copious. N. W. Himalayas. Greenhouse - species. SYN. _A. DalhousiA|_. - - =A. alternifolium= (alternate-leaved). Synonymous with _A. - germanicum_. - - =A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, about 1ft. - long. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, simply - pinnate, lanceolate-oblong, flaccid, with twenty to thirty - sub-sessile pinnA| on each side, sterile ones largest, 2in. to 3in. - long, 1/2in. broad, acuminate; edge obscurely-crenate, base rounded - and equal on both sides; fertile pinnA| narrower and more distant. - _sori_ very close and regular, extending from the midrib nearly to - the edge. Canada, &c. Greenhouse species. - - =A. anisophyllum= (unequal-leaved). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to - 12in. long. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, - oblong-lanceolate, simple pinnate, with ten to sixteen sub-sessile - pinnA| on each side which are 3in. to 5in. long, about 1in. broad, - acuminated, crenate, the two sides unequal, the upper one narrowed - suddenly, the lower one obliquely truncate at the base. _sori_ - distant, elliptical, reaching half-way from the edge to the margin. - Cape Colony, &c. Greenhouse species. - - =A. apicidens= (apex-toothed). A variety of _A. Vieillardii_. - - =A. arborescens= (tree-like). _cau._ oblique. _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. - long. _fronds_ 3ft. to 4ft. long, 2ft. to 3ft. broad, deltoid, - tripinnatifid, with numerous pinnA|, the lower ones 12in. to 18in. - long, 4in. to 6in. broad; pinnules 3in. long, about 1/2in. wide, - acuminate, edge cut two-thirds of the way down to the rachis into - nearly entire lobes, 1/4in. deep, 1/8in. broad. Lower _sori_ - 1/8in. long. Mauritius, &c., 1826. Stove species. SYN. _Diplazium - arborescens_. - - =A. Arnottii= (Arnott's). _sti._ smooth, angular. _fronds_ ample, - tripinnatifid; lower pinnA| 9in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad; - pinnules 3in. to 4in. long, 1in. or more broad, cut down below to a - distinctly winged rachis into deeply crenate, blunt, oblong lobes, - 1/2in. deep, 1/4in. broad. _sori_ copious, nearly all diplazioid, - and filling up when mature nearly the whole surface of the lobes. - Sandwich Islands, 1877. Greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. diplazioides_ - and _Diplazium Arnottii_. - - =A. aspidioides= (Aspidium-like). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to - 12in. long. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, - ovate-deltoid, tripinnatifid; lower pinnA| 6in. to 8in. long, - lanceolate-deltoid; pinnules lanceolate, cut down below nearly to - the rachis into inciso-pinnatifid ovate segments, two lines broad. - _sori_ copious, oblong, the lower ones curved. Tropical America, - &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. multisectum_. - - =A. attenuatum= (attenuated). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long. - _fronds_ simple, linear-lanceolate, about 1ft. long, about 1/2in. - broad, narrowed upwards very gradually, sometimes proliferous at - the point, the margin toothed; the lower third also lobed; the - lowest roundish, lobes reaching down nearly or quite to the rachis. - _sori_ reaching nearly to the edge. Queensland, &c. Greenhouse - species. - - =A. aureum= (golden). A variety of _A. Ceterach_. - - =A. auriculatum= (auriculated).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, simply pinnate, - lanceolate-oblong, with ten to twenty-stalked horizontal pinnA| - on each side, which are 2in. to 4in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, - lanceolate, often sub-falcate; edge deeply crenate, the two sides - unequal, the upper one with a cordate auricle, the lower one - obliquely truncate. _sori_ distant, not reaching either the midrib - or edge. Tropical America, 1820. Stove species. - - =A. auritum= (eared). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ - 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, simply pinnate, with ten to - fifteen stalked horizontal pinnA| on each side, which are 2in. to - 3in. long, and about 1/2in. broad, acute or bluntish; edge sharply - toothed or often lobed, especially on the upper side towards the - base. _sori_ in two broad rather oblique rows. Tropical America. - Stove species. - - =A. australasicum= (Australian). A variety of _A. Nidus_. - - =A. Baptistii= (Baptist's).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ - 1ft. long, bipinnate, broadly ovate; pinnA| stipitate, the lower - about 5in. long, with four narrow stipitate linear-toothed - pinnules, 2in. long, and a terminal lobe, 3-1/2in. long, 1/4in. - broad, furnished with distinct linear marginal teeth, pointing - forwards, and terminating in a long attenuated point, which is - toothed nearly to the end. _sori_ linear-oblong, straight, parallel - with, and close to, the midrib. South Sea Islands, 1879. A very - handsome stove species. - - =A. Belangeri= (Belanger's).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, bipinnate; pinnA| - numerous, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/2in. broad, rounded at the - point, truncate at the base on the lower side; pinnules linear, - erecto-patent, half line broad; one vein and sorus to each segment, - the latter marginal. Malayan Peninsula. Stove species. SYNS. _A. - Veitchianum_, _Darea_, _Belangeri_, &c. - - =A. bipartitum= (twice-partite). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, bipinnate, with - about ten to fifteen stalked pinnA| on each side, which are 1in. to - 1-1/2in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, bluntish, cut down at the - base on the upper side into one distinctly-stalked cuneate pinnule, - sometimes into two or three, the outer edge inciso-crenate, the - base on the lower side obliquely truncate. _sori_ in two regular - rows, reaching nearly to the edge. Mascaren Isles. Stove species. - - =A. bisectum= (bisected).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, bipinnatifid, - with twenty to thirty horizontal pinnA| on each side, which are - 2in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. broad, with a very long, narrow, deeply - inciso-pinnatifid upper portion, the base on the upper side - narrowed suddenly, on the lower obliquely truncate. _sori_ almost - all in two parallel rows close to the midrib. West Indies, &c. - Stove species. - - =A. brachypteron= (broadly-winged). _sti._ tufted, 2in. to - 4in. long. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, - bipinnate, with twelve to twenty-four horizontal pinnA| on each - side, of which from half to nearly the whole of the lower side - is cut away, the largest 1/2in. to 5/8in. long, cut down to the - rachis into simple or forked linear pinnules, 1in. to 1-1/2in. - long. _sori_ solitary, often quite marginal. Madagascar, &c. Stove - species. SYN. _Darea brachypteron_. - - =A. brevisorum= (shortly-soriate). _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long. - _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 18in. broad, tripinnate; lower - pinnA| 1ft. or more long; pinnules lanceolate, distant, 2in. to - 3in. long, and 1-1/2in. broad; segments lanceolate, 3/4in. long, - two lines broad, deeply and sharply toothed. _sori_ small, six to - twelve to a segment, in two rows near the midrib, the lower ones - curved, often double. Jamaica, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Athyrium - brevisorum_. - - =A. bulbiferum= (bulb-bearing). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, oblong-deltoid, - with numerous horizontal pinnA| on each side, which are often - proliferous from the upper surface, the largest 4in. to 8in. long, - 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules lanceolate-deltoid, slightly - toothed. _sori_ oblong, when mature often filling the whole breadth - of the segments. New Zealand, &c., very widely distributed. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. b. Fabianum= (Fabia's). Lower segments deeply pinnatifid, with - narrow divisions and sub-marginal sori. SYN. _A. Fabianum_. - - =A. b. laxum= (loose). Habit more slender; segments narrow, so that - the sori are often as if marginal. - - =A. caudatum= (tailed). Probably a form of _A. falcatum_, but - having the sori more confined to the centre of the pinnA|, being - often restricted to two parallel rows close to the rachis. - Polynesia, &c. Greenhouse species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 170. ASPLENIUM CETERACH.] - - =A. Ceterach.=* Scale or Scaly Fern. _sti._ densely tufted, 1in. to - 3in. long, scaly. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in to 1in. broad, - cut down nearly or quite to the rachis into alternate, blunt, - sub-entire, broadly-oblong or roundish pinnA|, with a rounded sinus - between them; upper surface naked, lower densely clothed with deep - brown membranous scales. _sori_ linear oblique. Britain, throughout - Europe, Northern Asia, &c. This is a variable species, but the - forms do not remain constant under cultivation. It should be firmly - planted in a vertical chink of the rockery in loam, lime rubbish, - rock chippings, and sand, and be watered freely during the summer. - SYN. _Ceterach officinarum_. See Fig. 170. - - =A. C. aureum= (golden).* A large variety, producing fronds from - 9in. to 15in. long, 1-1/2in. to 3in. broad, and pinnA| more oblong - than the type; scales toothed. Canaries and Madeira. This is a - charming fern, requiring greenhouse treatment. SYN. _Ceterach - aureum_. - - =A. cicutarium= (Cicuta-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, tripinnate, with - ten to fifteen horizontal pinnA| on each side, the lower ones 2in. - to 3in. long, 1in. broad, cut down to the rachis into numerous - ovate-rhomboidal pinnules, which are 3/8in. to 1/2in. long, 1/4in. - broad, obliquely-truncate on the lower side; segments once or - twice cleft at the apex. _sori_ principally in two rows along the - pinnules. Tropical America, &c. Stove species. - - =A. Colensoi= (Colenso's). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, tripinnatifid, - with numerous rather rigid erecto-patent pinnA|, the lower on - stalks 1/4in. to 1/2in. long; lower pinnules spreading, deeply - inciso-pinnatifid, with linear segments. _sori_ oblong, solitary. - New Zealand. A beautiful greenhouse species. SYN. _A. Hookerianum_. - - =A. compressum= (compressed). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, simply pinnate, - lanceolate-oblong, with ten to twenty sessile pinnA| on each side, - which are 4in. to 6in. long, about 1in. broad, acute or bluntish - at the point, edge slightly dentate, the upper ones decurrent at - the base upon the stout fleshy compressed rachis, the upper side - narrowed suddenly at about a right angle, the lower one obliquely - truncate. _sori_ broad, distant, not reaching either the midrib or - edge. St. Helena. Stove or greenhouse species. - - =A. contiguum= (contiguous). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, with twenty - to thirty horizontal sub-falcate pinnA| on each side, which are - acuminated at the apex; edge more or less serrated, the base - narrowed suddenly, and sometimes auricled on the upper, obliquely - truncate in a curve on the lower side. _sori_ close, copious, - falling considerably short of the margin. Sandwich Isles. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. crenatum= (crenated).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, scattered. - _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. each way, deltoid, tri- or quadripinnate, - with nine to twelve pinnA| on each side, the lowest much the - largest, 6in. to 9in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules - lanceolate, cut down to the rachis except towards the point on - each side into four to six blunt oblong segments, two lines - long, one line broad, which are bluntly toothed. _sori_ two to - six to a segment, oblong, usually nearly straight, often double. - Scandinavia, &c. Hardy species. - - =A. cultrifolium= (hook-leaved).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, bipinnate, - deltoid-ovate, with a lobed terminal point and six to ten pinnA| on - each side, which are 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, - acute; edge broadly toothed, sometimes lobed below nearly or quite - to the rachis, the base nearly at a right angle on the upper, but - obliquely truncate on the lower side. _sori_ falling short both - of the edge and midrib. West Indies, 1820. Stove species. SYN. - _Diplazium cultrifolium_. - - =A. cuneatum= (wedge-shaped). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, - tripinnatifid, narrow-deltoid, with numerous spreading pinnA| on - each side, the lower 3in. to 4in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, - lanceolate-deltoid, cut down to the rachis into several distinct - ovate-cuneate pinnules, which are dentate and cut down in the lower - part nearly or quite to the rachis. _sori_ linear, sub-flabellate. - West Indies, and widely distributed in both hemispheres, 1832. A - very handsome stove species. - - =A. DalhousiA|= (Dalhouse's). Synonymous with _A. alternans_. - - =A. decussatum= (decussate). _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long. _fronds_ - 2ft. to 4ft. long, simply pinnate, with numerous pinnA| on each - side, which are 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, often - proliferous in the axils; edge nearly entire. _sori_ reaching - nearly to the edge, and copiously double. Polynesian and Malayan - Islands, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Anisogonium decussatum_. - - =A. dentatum= (dentated).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long. - _fertile fronds_ 2in. to 3in. long, 1in. broad, with six to eight - pairs of stalked, sub-opposite pinnA|, which are 1/2in. broad, - 3/8in. deep, oblong-rhomboidal, the lower side at the base truncate - in a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate. _sterile fronds_ - smaller, on shorter stalks. _sori_ copious, in two parallel rows. - West Indies, &c., 1820. A pretty little greenhouse species. - - =A. dimidiatum= (unequal-sided).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, deltoid, - simply pinnate, with six to nine opposite pairs of pinnA|, which - are 2in. to 3in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, acuminated, sharply - serrated. _sori_ radiant, narrow, long linear. Tropical America. - Stove species. - - =A. dimorphum= (two-formed).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long. - _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 12in. to 15in. broad, ovate-deltoid, - sterile and fertile ones different or combined; lower pinnA| - ovate-deltoid, 6in. to 8in. long, 2in. broad, bluntly toothed, and - the base on the lower side obliquely truncate; fertile pinnA| the - same size, but with very narrow simple or forked pinnules. _sori_ - linear, solitary, marginal. Norfolk Island. One of the handsomest - warm greenhouse species. SYNS. _A. diversifolium_ (of gardens), and - _Darea dimorpha_. - - =A. diplazioides= (Diplazium-like). A synonym of _A. Arnottii_. - - =A. diversifolium= (diverse-leaved). A garden synonym of _A. - dimorphum_. - - =A. diversifolium= (diverse-leaved). Synonymous with _A. maximum_. - - =A. ebeneum= (ebony-stalked).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in. - long. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, - linear-lanceolate, with twenty to forty sessile pinnA| on each side, - which are about 1in. long, 1/8in. broad; point acute or bluntish; - edge faintly serrate; base hastately auricled, often cordate. - _sori_ ten to twelve on each side, oblong, short. Canada, &c., - widely distributed, 1779. Greenhouse species. _A. ebenoides_ is - very like this, but the pinnA| are not cut down to the rachis, and - the frond has an elongated point, which is only sinuated with a - single row of sori on each side. - - =A. erectum= (erect). Synonymous with _A. lunulatum_. - - =A. erosum= (bitten). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ - 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, deltoid, with nine to - fifteen pinnA| on each side, which are 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. - to 3/4in. broad, the edge slightly lobed and crenato-dentate, the - point acuminate, the two sides unequal. _sori_ falling short of the - edge. West Indies. Stove species. - - =A. esculentum= (edible).* _cau._ sub-arborescent. _sti._ 1ft. to - 2ft. long. _fronds_ 4ft. to 6ft. long, pinnate or bipinnate; lower - pinnA| 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 8in. broad; pinnules 3in. to - 6in. long, about 1in. broad, acuminate; edge more or less deeply - lobed; base narrowed suddenly, often auricled; lines of _sori_ - often on all the lateral veinlets. India, &c., 1822. Stove species. - SYN. _Anisogonium esculentum_. - - =A. extensum= (extended). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, about 1in. broad, with twenty to - forty sessile pinnA| on each side, which are 1/2in. long, 1/4in. to - 3/8in. deep, blunt and entire, the upper side rather the broadest - and often cordate, the lower merely rounded at the base. _sori_ - linear-oblong, two or three on each side of the midrib. Andes of - Columbia and Peru. A very rare greenhouse species, allied to our - native _A. Trichomanes_. - - =A. Fabianum= (Fabia's). Synonymous with _A. bulbiferum Fabianum_. - - =A. falcatum= (hooked).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ - 6in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, lanceolate, with six to - twenty stalked, nearly horizontal pinnA| on each side, which are - 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, acuminated, the edges - lobed often one-third of the way down, and the lobes sharply - toothed, the two sides unequal, and the lower one at the base - obliquely truncate. _sori_ in long irregular lines reaching nearly - to the edge. Polynesian Islands, &c., widely distributed. A very - elegant greenhouse species. - - =A. fejeense= (Fijian).* _rhiz._ wide-climbing. _sti._ 6in. long, - scaly below. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. - broad, lanceolate, caudate, or acuminate at the apex, and often - proliferous, narrowed below to a truncate base, the margin nearly - entire. _sori_ reaching from the midrib nearly to the edges. Fiji, - Samoa. &c. Stove species. - - =A. Fernandesianum= (Juan Fernandez). A variety of _A. lunulatum_. - - =A. Filix-fA"mina= (Lady Fern).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, - with numerous pinnate pinnA|, the lower ones spreading, lanceolate, - 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; pinnules deeply - inciso-pinnatifid. _sori_ linear-oblong, the lower ones often - curved. Britain, and world-wide in its distribution. SYN. _Athyrium - Filix-fA"mina_. This handsome deciduous species has a great number - of varieties, the most important of which are described below: - - =A. F.-f. acrocladon= (summit-branched).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. - long, slender, bi- or tripinnate, the lower part very narrow, with - the apices of the pinnA| sometimes crested; upper portion of the - frond freely branched, divisions narrow and crested, the whole - forming a broad head. - - =A. F.-f. acuminatum= (taper-pointed).* _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. - long, lanceolate-acuminate in outline, with closely set pinnA|, - which are similarly characterised, and particularly tapering at the - apices. - - =A. F.-f. apiculatum= (apiculate).* _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, - 2in. to 4in. broad, lanceolate-acuminate in outline, with variously - furcate apices; pinnA| closely set with distinctly acuminated - apices, and small roundish obtuse serrated pinnules. - - =A. F.-f. Applebyanum= (Appleby's).* _fronds_ narrow, 12in. to - 24in. long, with short blunt pinnA|, while the extremities are - dilated into a broad furcated crest, which is very striking upon - such a narrow frond. - - =A. F.-f. Barnesii= (Barnes's).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, 3in. - to 4in. wide, lanceolate in outline, abrupt at the top, bipinnate; - pinnA| alternate, closely set, lanceolate, acutely pointed, with - densely set, narrow, acutely serrate pinnules, with a very - membranous texture. - - =A. F.-f. calothrix= (beautiful-hair).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. - long, copiously divided into exquisitely fine segments, so that the - fronds present a very light and delicate appearance. - - =A. F.-f. contortum= (contorted).* _fronds_ very diversified, - the various pinnA| occasionally combining the characters of the - varieties _Applebyanum_ and _VictoriA|_. - - =A. F.-f. coronatum= (coronate).* _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. - wide; pinnA| distinctly forked, sometimes slightly crested at the - apices; the upper extremity of the frond copiously forked, and by - the ramification of the divisions a broad crest is formed, about - 3in. to 4in. across. - - =A. F.-f. corymbiferum= (corymbose).* _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, - 4in. to 7in. broad, lanceolate-acuminate in general outline; pinnA| - closely set, usually forked and crested at the apices, while the - extremities of the fronds are dilated into broad crests, nearly or - quite as wide at the broadest portion of the frond. - - =A. F.-f. crispum= (crispy or curled).* _fronds_ 6in. long, densely - set with very finely divided pinnA|, which are thickly curled, - presenting a crispy appearance. - - =A. F.-f. dissectum= (dissected).* _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, - ovate or broadly lanceolate in form, with irregular and unequal - pinnA|; the pinnules also differ very much, and are deeply cut, - nearly down to the rachises. - - =A. F.-f. Elworthii= (Elworth's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 20in. long, - lanceolate, tripinnate, terminated with a very dense crest, from - 4in. to 6in. across; pinnA| and frequently the pinnules also more or - less forked and crested. - - =A. F.-f. FieldiA|= (Field's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 20in. long, - narrow, with regular or variously-forked divided pinnA|, sometimes - arranged crosswise, with a very graceful disposition. - - =A. F.-f. FriselliA|= (Frisell's).* _fronds_ pendent, sometimes - 2ft. long, rarely exceeding 1in. wide, bi- or tripinnate; pinnA| - alternate, imbricated, flabellate, with the margins of the pinnules - or ultimate divisions dentated. - - =A. F.-f. grandiceps= (large-crested).* _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. - long, lanceolate in outline, copiously forked both at the - extremities of the pinnA| and frond. The latter is furnished with - a very large globose crest, which causes the frond to present a - beautifully arched appearance. - - =A. F-f. GrantA|= (Grant's).* _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, - lanceolate, or broadly so, very thickly set with pinnA|, copiously - divided, with the apices of the latter turned up, so that the plant - has a crisp or bristly appearance. - - =A. F.-f. Jonesii= (Jones's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, - oblong-lanceolate in outline, slightly acuminate, bipinnate, - furnished at the extremities with a small crest; pinnA| alternate, - copiously forked and crested at the apices, even having larger - crests than the one at the upper extremity of the frond; pinnules - narrow, dentate, slightly crested. - - =A. F.-f. minimum= (smallest).* _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. - wide, lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnules densely set, imbricated, and - crispy. - - =A. F.-f. Moorei= (Moore's).* _fronds_ 4in. to 8in. long, linear, - terminated with a broad tasselled crest, 3in. or more in diameter; - pinnA| small, scattered, variously forked, crested, and slender. - - =A. F.-f. multifidum= (many-fid).* A very vigorous growing variety, - producing fronds as large as those of the type, terminated with - large tasselled crests; pinnA| and pinnules narrow, the former - furnished with small crested apices. A variety known as _nanum_ - much resembles the foregoing, but the crests are more dense, and - the fronds are usually not more than half the length. - - =A. F.-f. pannosum= (pannose).* _fronds_ 10in. to 20in. long, - lanceolate in outline, from 4in. to 6in. in the broadest part, bi- - or (rarely) tripinnate; pinnA| thickly set, closely alternated, - lanceolate-acuminate in form, with deep cut pinnules, and - distinctly but irregularly lobed; the whole frond is frequently - tinged with reddish-purple. - - =A. F.-f. plumosum= (feathery).* _fronds_ 12in. to 30in. long, - 4in. to 10in. broad, broadly lanceolate in outline, tripinnate, - beautifully arched; pinnA| of the same form as the frond, copiously - divided; pinnules again divided into very fine segments. There are - several forms of this charming variety. - - =A. F.-f. Pritchardii= (Pritchard's).* _fronds_ 12in. to 30in. - long, very narrow, tapering especially towards the apices; pinnA| - decussate, imbricate, rather irregular, with the margins of the - pinnules dentate. There is also a variety named _cristatum_, which - is finely crested at the apices of the pinnA|, and is particularly - striking. - - =A. F.-f. ramosa= (branched).* _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, the - lower portion sparsely set with short irregular pinnA|, sharply cut - into finely dentate pinnules; the upper part is divided into two - main branches, which are again variously forked, and furnished with - short pinnA|, the ultimate divisions furcate and slightly crested. - - =A. F.-f. scopA|= (heavily-crested).* _fronds_ 6in. to 16in. long, - with a few scattered irregular pinnA| along the main rachis; some - of the pinnA| are almost obsolete, while others are an inch long - with oblong-dentate pinnules and a heavy terminal crest; the upper - portion has several ramifications, each of which is copiously - forked and heavily crested, the whole forming a corymbose head 3in. - or 4in. in diameter, which gives the plant a pendent habit. - - =A. F.-f. sub-lunatum= (half-crescent-shaped).* _fronds_ 9in. to - 20in. long, less than 1in. wide, with curious alternated, nearly - crescent-shaped, much contracted pinnA|, sparingly divided, arching. - - =A. F.-f. VictoriA|= (Victoria's).* _fronds_ long, lanceolate in - outline, with the apices crested, as well as those of the pinnA|; - the latter are forked at the base, the divisions being divergent, - and crossing those of the neighbouring pinnA|. A form named - _gracilis_ has narrower fronds, is more compact, and cresting - rather thicker. There is also another form named _lineare_, having - very small heavily crested fronds, and an extremely elegant - appearance. The foregoing are the most important varieties, but - a very comparative few of the total number. Although forms of an - essentially hardy species, the greater number--and particularly the - rarer sorts--should have a winter protection; or, what is far more - preferable and satisfactory, they should be grown in the frame or - temperate fernery. - - =A. firmum= (firm-textured). Synonymous with _A. abscissum_. - - =A. fissum= (cut).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ 2in. - to 5in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, oblong-deltoid, tripinnatifid, - with a few distant pinnA| on each side; pinnules flabellato-cuneate, - deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments under half a line broad. - _sori_ linear-oblong, when mature occupying the whole breadth of - the segments. South Europe. A pretty little frame or greenhouse - species. - - =A. flabellifolium= (fan-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in. - long. _fronds_ procumbent, wide straggling, elongated, and rooting - at the apex, 6in. to 12in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, with ten to - fifteen sessile flabellate pinnA| on each side, which are 1/4in. to - 1/2in. each way, broadly lobed; lobes sharply toothed, the base - cut away in a curve on the lower side. _sori_ oblique, irregular, - copious. Temperate Australia, &c. Greenhouse species. - - =A. f. majus= (greater). This is a larger form, with longer fronds - and broader pinnA|. - - =A. flaccidum= (relaxed). _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, often pendent, - with numerous lanceolate pinnA|, which are 4in. to 8in. long, and - about 1/2in. broad, sometimes rather rigid and recurved, sometimes - quite flaccid and drooping, like the main rachis, sometimes - deeply pinnatifid, but more often cut down to the thick rachis in - oblique or sub-falcate linear lobes. _sori_ in the divided form - quite marginal. New Zealand, &c. SYNS. _A. odontites_ and _Darea - flaccida_. - - =A. fA"niculaceum= (Fennel-like). A variety of _A. fragrans_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 171. ASPLENIUM FONTANUM.] - - =A. fontanum= (rock).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ - 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, oblong-lanceolate; lower - pinnA| short, reflexed; central ones horizontal, about 1/2in. long; - pinnules stalked, lower ones oblong, deeply inciso-pinnatifid. - _sori_ copious, covering nearly the whole under surface of the - pinnule. England, &c. Hardy. This requires to be planted in a - well-drained chink of the rockery, in rich gritty soil. SYN. _A. - Halleri_. _A. refractum_ is a well-marked variety. See Fig. 171. - - =A. formosum= (beautiful). _sti._ tufted, very short. _fronds_ - 12in. to 18in. long, 1in. broad, with twenty to thirty sessile - horizontal pinnA| on each side, which are 1/2in. long, one - and a-half to two lines deep; upper edge deeply cut, point - rather obtuse, lower edge truncate in a straight line. _sori_ - linear-oblong, short, oblique, placed one to four on each side - of the midrib. Tropical America, &c., 1822. A very elegant stove - species. - - =A. fragrans= (fragrant).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long, - _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, sub-deltoid, - tripinnate, with numerous close placed deltoid pinnA| on each - side, the lowest 3in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; pinnules - lanceolate-deltoid; segments sub-spathulate, one line broad, - dentate round the outer edge. _sori_ copious. Tropical America, - 1793. _A. fA"niculaceum_ is a variety with narrowly linear ultimate - segments. Both are very handsome stove plants, the latter being - especially beautiful. - - =A. Franconis= (Franconis).* _sti._ tufted, 1ft. long. _fronds_ - 1ft. to 2ft. long, 9in. to 15in. broad, deltoid, with numerous - pinnA| on each side, the lower ones 6in. to 8in. long, much - acuminated, cut down in the lower half into distinct pinnules, - 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. broad, lanceolate, unequal sided, the - edge cut half-way down below into oblong sharply-toothed lobes; - the lower side obliquely truncate. _sori_ in parallel rows, not - reaching the edge. Mexico, &c. Stove species. SYN. _Diplazium - Franconis_. - - =A. furcatum= (forked).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long, _fronds_ - 6in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, with twelve to twenty - pinnA| on each side, which are lanceolate-deltoid, 2in. to 3in. - long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, nearly or quite pinnate; pinnules - linear-cuneate, sharply serrated on the outer edge. _sori_ linear, - distant. Very widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical - regions of both hemispheres. A most elegant greenhouse species. - SYN. _A. prA|morsum_. - - =A. germanicum= (German).* _sti._ densely tufted, 2in. to 4in. - long. _fronds_ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, lanceolate, - cut down to the rachis into a few narrow flabellato-cuneate pinnA| - on each side, the lowest of which are again deeply cleft. _sori_ - linear, when mature covering the whole breadth, but falling short - of the point of the pinnA|. Scotland and Norway to Hungary and - Dalmatia. Hardy or frame species. SYN. _A. alternifolium_. - - =A. giganteum= (gigantic). A synonym of _A. radicans_. - - =A. Goringianum pictum= (painted).* A very pretty form of _A. - macrocarpum_; the fronds are from 6in. to 18in. long, pendulous, - somewhat lanceolate in form; rachis reddish, with the pinnA| next - it on each side variegated, forming a central grey band throughout - its entire length. Japan. Greenhouse species, or hardy in sheltered - positions. - - =A. grandifolium= (large-leaved). _sti._ 1ft. or more - long. _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad, - deltoid-lanceolate, the point pinnatifid, with twelve to twenty - pinnA| on each side; the lower ones 2in. or more apart, distinctly - stalked, 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, acuminate; - edge slightly toothed, and sometimes broadly lobed below, the base - equally rounded on both sides. _sori_ irregular, falling slightly - short of both midrib and edge. Tropical America, 1793. Stove - species. SYN. _Diplazium grandifolium_. - - =A. Grevillei= (Greville's). _fronds_ undivided, 12in. to 18in. - long, 2in. to 3in. broad, lanceolate-spathulate, narrowed to an - acute apex, and suddenly below to a broadly winged stipe, which - grows very gradually narrower downwards; the margin entire. _sori_ - usually extending within a short distance of the edge. India. Stove - species. - - =A. Halleri= (Haller's). Synonymous with _A. fontanum_. - - =A. Hemionitis= (Hemionitis).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. each way, hastate, with a triangular, acute - terminal lobe, and two large, cordate, acute lateral ones, again - bluntly or acutely lobed at the base; the basal sinus rounded, - 1in. or more deep, and the lobes on each side imbricated over one - another and the petiole. _sori_ narrow upon the simple veins. South - Europe, &c. A pretty greenhouse species. SYN. _A. palmatum_. - - =A. H. cristatum= (crested).* Similar in frond form and size to the - species, but the apices are crested and tasselled. Where variety is - sought, this should certainly be grown. - - =A. H. multifidum= (much-divided).* _fronds_ quite as broad as - long; the main divisions again freely divided or deeply cut, so as - to give them a fringed outline. Azores. - - =A. heterocarpum= (various-fruited).* _sti._ scattered, 4in. to - 9in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, - narrow-lanceolate, with very numerous close-placed dimidiate - pinnA| on each side, which are 3/4in. to 1in. broad, 1/4in. deep; - the lower edge quite entire, the upper broadest towards the - base, where it is narrowed suddenly, deeply incised throughout. - _sori_ one, or rarely two, together in the teeth. Himalayas, and - widely distributed in south-eastern Asia. A very lovely stove or - greenhouse species. - - =A. heterodon= (variously-toothed). Synonymous with _A. vulcanicum_. - - =A. Hookerianum= (Hooker's). Synonymous with _A. Colensoi_. - - =A. incisum= (incised). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 3in. long. _fronds_ - 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, lanceolate, with - numerous pinnA| on each side; lower distant and blunt, central - ones 1in. long, 1/2in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid; pinnules - ovate-rhomboidal, pinnate, much truncated at the base on the lower - side and deeply inciso-pinnatifid. _sori_ linear-oblong, one to - each vein. Japan, &c. Greenhouse species. - - =A. javanicum= (Javanese). _See_ =Allantodia Brunoniana=. - - =A. lanceolatum= (lanceolate).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad; lower pinnA| - distant, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad; pinnules - oblong-rhomboidal, sharply toothed, and often broadly lobed below. - _sori_ copious, when mature covering nearly the whole under - surface. South-west Europe, including southern England, &c. Hardy - species. - - =A. l. crispatum= (curled).* _fronds_ 4in. to 8in. long, - broadly-lanceolate, bipinnate, with the margins of the pinnules - involute and sharply toothed, giving them a curled appearance. - - =A. l. microdon= (small-toothed).* _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, - simply pinnate, with deeply lobed pinnA|, the margins of the lobes - very finely dentated and toothed. A pretty little gem, well adapted - for case culture. - - =A. lanceum= (lance-shaped). _sti._ scattered, 4in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, attenuated - gradually upwards and downwards, the edge entire or slightly - undulated. _sori_ linear, irregular, reaching nearly to the edge, - but not to the midrib. Himalayas, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. - subsinuatum_ and _Diplazium lanceum_. - - =A. laserpitiifolium= (Laserpitium-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. - to 12in. long, naked. _fronds_ 1ft. to 4ft. long, 4in. to 18in. - broad, deltoid-lanceolate, with numerous pinnA| on each side, 2in. - to 9in. long, and from 2in. to 6in. broad, cut down to the rachis - into numerous distinct pinnules, the lowest with rhomboidal-cuneate - segments. _sori_ short, irregular. Polynesian Islands, North - Australia, &c. A very handsome greenhouse species. - - =A. laxum= (loose). A variety of _A. bulbiferum_. - - =A. lineatum= (streaked). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, - with twenty to thirty pinnA| on each side, which are 3in. to 4in. - long, about 1/2in. broad, acuminate, dentate, nearly or quite - sessile, the base cuneate. _sori_ very regular, reaching from - the midrib nearly to the edge. Mauritius, &c. There are several - forms of this species: those with small narrow cuneate pinnules, - _inequale_; those with deeply bifid or pinnatifid pinnules, - _bifida_. Stove species. - - =A. longissimum= (longest).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 12in. - long. _fronds_ 2ft. to 8ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, - lanceolate-elongate, pendulous, proliferous, and rooting at the - apex, with very numerous pinnA| on each side, which are 2in. to 4in. - long, 1/4in. broad, acuminated, the two sides nearly equal, with a - distinct central midrib; edge slightly toothed, the base on both - sides often auricled. _sori_ numerous, in two regular rows on each - side the midrib, and reaching nearly to the edge. Malacca, &c., - 1840. A very distinct stove fern for baskets. - - =A. lucidum= (clear). A synonym of _A. obtusatum lucidum_. - - =A. lunulatum= (crescent-shaped).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, simply - pinnate, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, with twelve to twenty pinnA| on - each side, which are 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, - bluntish or acute, more or less deeply inciso-crenate throughout, - the two sides unequal; the upper one on the base narrowed suddenly, - the lower one obliquely truncate; lower pinnA| often deflexed. - _sori_ falling short of both edge and midrib. Tropics. SYN. _A. - erectum_. - - =A. l. Fernandesianum= (Fernandez).* A form with a more rigid - rachis and sub-coriaceous, rather narrower pinnA|. Juan Fernandez. - - =A. macrocarpum= (large-fruited). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. - long. _fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, - ovate-lanceolate, with numerous pinnA| on each side, the lowest - 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, lanceolate; pinnules - oblong-rhomboidal, inciso-crenate or pinnatifid. _sori_ copious, - large. Himalayas. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Athyrium macrocarpum_. - - =A. macrophyllum= (long-leaved). Synonymous with _A. nitens_. - - =A. marginatum= (margined). _sti._ 2ft. to 3ft. long, strong, erect - woody, about 1/2in. thick at the base. _fronds_ simply pinnate, - 4ft. to 6ft. long; pinnA| in several opposite pairs, the lowest 1ft. - to 2ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, the edge entire, the base often - cordate. _sori_ long, linear, confined to the free veins. Tropical - America. Stove species. SYN. _Hemidictyum marginatum_. - - =A. marinum= (sea).* Sea Spleenwort. _sti._ tufted, 3in. to - 6in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, - oblong-lanceolate, apex pinnatifid; pinnA| of the lower half quite - deltoid, the point acute or obtuse, margin crenato-dentate. _sori_ - broad, falling short of the edge. Europe, including Britain. - Although perfectly hardy, this requires to be grown in a frame or - cool house. - - =A. m. coronans= (crowned).* _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, simply - pinnate; pinnA| for two-thirds of the way up variable in form, - and irregularly lobed and cut; the upper third freely branched - with numerous imbricated, curled, and slightly crested divisions, - forming a dense head 2in. or more across. A dwarf and pretty form. - - =A. m. crenatum= (crenated). _fronds_ 4in. to 8in. long, - broadly-lanceolate; pinnA| nearly trapeziform, obtuse, with deeply - crenated margins. A very pretty form. - - =A. m. mirabile= (wonderful).* _sti._ 2in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ - about the same length, the rachis divided about half way down from - the top into two nearly equal divisions, which are again freely - forked, with the pinnules and segments obtusely lobed; the whole - expanded, but not crested, into a breadth equal to the length of - the frond; the lower pinnA| are more or less abnormal and bluntly - lobed. - - =A. m. plumosum= (feathery).* _sti._ 3in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ - 6in. to 15in. long, bi- or tripinnatifid, broadly-lanceolate; - pinnA| very variable, closely set, and imbricated, cut nearly to - the rachis into ovate or oblong divisions, which are again more or - less deeply cut and lobed, the entire frond having a very elegant - appearance. - - =A. m. ramo-plumosum= (branched and feathery).* _fronds_ divided - nearly to the top of the stipes into two main branches, which are - distinctly pinnate; pinnA| distant below, imbricated upwards, cut - nearly to the rachis into ovate or oblong lobes, the margins of - which are slightly dentated. It is a very handsome form, the width - of the frond being greater than its length. - - =A. m. ramosum= (branched). _fronds_ from 4in. to 8in. long, - branched at the apices; pinnA| oblong, with the margins - obtusely-dentate, and slightly undulated. - - =A. m. sub-bipinnatum= (half-bipinnate). _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. - long, lanceolate; pinnA| distant, deeply lobed, or cut nearly to the - midribs. A very rare and pretty variety. - - =A. m. Thompsonii= (Thompson's).* _sti._ 3in. to 4in. long, smooth. - _fronds_ 6in. to 10in. long, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnatifid; pinnA| - closely set, sub-deltoid, unequal-sided, deeply cut into oblong, - slightly undulated lobes below, gradually less divided upwards. - A very rare and handsome variety. All the forms of _A. marinum_ - require a very moist atmosphere, consequently they will not thrive - in the open air, unless along the sea-coast. - - =A. maximum= (largest). _cau._ erect. _sti._ 2ft. or more long. - _fronds_ several feet long, 2ft. to 3ft. broad, deltoid-lanceolate, - with numerous pinnA| on each side, the lowest 9in. to 18in. long, - 4in. to 8in. broad; pinnules sub-sessile, 2in. to 4in. long, 3/4in. - broad; edge more or less lobed. _sori_ medial, the lowest two lines - long. North India. Stove species. SYNS. _A. diversifolium_ and - _Diplazium decurrens_. - - =A. melanocaulon= (black-stiped).* _sti._ 1ft. to 2ft. long. - _fronds_ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 18in. broad; lower pinnA| 4in. - to 9in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad; pinnules lanceolate, 2in. to 3in. - long, 3/4in. broad, cut down two-thirds of the way to the rachis - into linear-oblong, falcate, inciso-crenate lobes. _sori_ short, - oblong, not touching either midrib or edge. Fiji. Stove species. - SYN. _Diplazium melanocaulon_. - - =A. Michauxii= (Michaux's).* _cau._ stout. _sti._ 4in. to - 8in. long. _fronds_ 9in. to 24in. long, 3in. to 9in. broad, - ovate-deltoid, bi- or tripinnate; pinnules oblong, deeply serrate, - or cut quite to the rachis. United States. A very handsome hardy - species, closely related to the Lady Fern, of which it may be only - a variety. - - =A. monanthemum= (one-flowered).* _sti._ densely tufted, 3in. to - 6in. long. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, about 1in. broad, with - twenty to forty horizontal, sessile, sub-dimidiate pinnA| on each - side, which are about 1/2in. long and 1/4in. deep, the upper side - crenate, suddenly narrowed at the base, the lower more or less - distinctly cut away in a straight, or, in the lower pinnA|, decurved - line. _sori_ linear-oblong, usually one or two, parallel with the - lower edge of the pinnA|. Temperate regions of both hemispheres. - Greenhouse species. - - =A. montanum= (mountain).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 3in. long. - _fronds_ 2in. to 3in. long, 1in. broad, lanceolate-deltoid; lowest - pinnA| distinctly stalked, deltoid, sharply serrated round the - outer edge. _sori_ short, copious. United States, 1812. Frame or - greenhouse species. - - =A. multisectum= (much-cut). Synonymous with _A. aspidioides_. - - =A. musA|folium= (Musa-leaved). A variety of _A. Nidus_. - - =A. myriophyllum= (myriad-leaved). A variety of _A. rhizophyllum_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 172. ASPLENIUM NIDUS.] - - =A. Nidus= (nest).* Bird's-nest Fern. _fronds_ undivided, 2ft. to - 4ft. long, 3in. to 8in. broad, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at - the apex, tapering gradually below into a short stem; the edge - entire, the midrib rounded on the back; veins fine and parallel, - about 1/2in. apart. _sori_ reaching about half way towards the - margin. India, &c., 1820. SYN. _A. australasicum_. See Fig. 172. - - =A. N. australasicum= (Australian). Midrib keeled on the back, - often black. Australia, &c. The two former are best treated - in the stove; the latter thrives well in the greenhouse. SYN. - _Thamnopteris australasicum_. - - =A. N. musA|folium= (Musa-leaved).* _fronds_ larger, sometimes 6ft. - long, 1ft. broad. _sori_ extending nearly to the edge. - - =A. nitens= (shining). _sti._ scattered, 6in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, with twelve to - twenty ascending or sub-falcate pinnA| on each side, which are 4in. - to 6in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, much acuminated; edge finely - toothed, base broadly rounded on the upper, truncate in a curve - on the lower side. _sori_ in close regular rows, not extending - more than half way from the midrib to the edge. Mauritius. Stove - species. SYN. _A. macrophyllum_, of gardens only. - - =A. nitidum= (shining).* _sti._ 1ft. long, naked. _fronds_ 2ft. - to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, with many lanceolate-deltoid - pinnA| on each side, which are cut down to the rachis into numerous - stalked deltoid pinnules, these are again cut into broad fan-shaped - cuneate segments, sharply serrated round the outer edge. _sori_ - short. North India, Ceylon, &c. Greenhouse species. - - =A. novA|-caledoniA|= (New Caledonian).* _sti._ tufted, 6in. to - 12in. long. _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, - sub-deltoid, tripinnate; lower pinnA| and pinnules deltoid; segments - rigid, scarcely flattened, 1/2in. or more long, distant, and - erecto-patent. _sori_ long, linear, marginal. New Caledonia. A rare - greenhouse species. SYN. _Darea novA|-caledoniA|_. - - =A. obtusatum= (obtuse). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ - 6in. to 12in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, oblong or ovate-deltoid, - with a terminal pinna not much longer than the others, and two - to six pairs on each side, which are 1in. to 2in. long and about - 1/2in. broad, obtuse, edge crenate, the base truncato-cuneate, - shortly stalked. _sori_ copious, broad, linear-oblong, falling - short of the edge. Peru. _A. difforme_ is a variety with - an ovate-deltoid frond, and the pinnA| cut quite down to a - narrow-winged rachis in the lower part into distinctly separated - roundish or oblong-sinuated pinnules. New Zealand, Australia, &c. - Greenhouse kinds. - - =A. o. lucidum= (clear).* _fronds_ often 2ft. long, with fifteen - to twenty pairs of pinnA| on each side, which are more herbaceous - in texture, darker green in colour, the lowest 6in. long, 1in. to - 1-1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually to a long acuminated point, edge - more deeply toothed. Greenhouse variety. SYN. _A. lucidum_. - - =A. obtusifolium= (obtuse-leaved).* _sti._ almost tufted, 6in. - to 9in. long. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, - ovate-lanceo-late, with twelve to twenty stalked horizontal - pinnA| on each side, which are 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. - broad, acute; edges slightly undulato-crenate, the upper side with - a distinct auricle at the base, and then narrowed suddenly, the - lower side obliquely truncate. _sori_ distant, in two regular rows, - falling short of the edge. West Indies, &c., 1838. Stove species. - - =A. obtusilobum= (obtuse-lobed).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. - long. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, with - nine to twelve sub-deltoid pinnA| on each side, of which only the - inner third on the lower side is cut away, the largest nearly 1in. - long, 3/4in. broad; lowest pinnules 3/8in. deep, flabellately cut - into three to five linear blunt lobes. _sori_ sub-marginal. New - Hebrides, 1861. A very pretty little stove species. SYN. _Darea - obtusiloba_. - - =A. odontites= (much-toothed). Synonymous with _A. flaccidum_. - - =A. oxyphyllum= (sharp-leaved).* _sti._ firm, 6in. to 12in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, lanceolate, with - several pinnA| on each side, which are 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. - to 2in. broad; pinnules lanceolate, in the larger forms again - pinnatifid; teeth mucronate. _sori_ in two rows on the pinnA| or - pinnules midway between the midrib and edge. Himalayas. A very - variable greenhouse species. SYNS. _Athyrium oxyphylla_ and - _Lastrea eburnea_. - - =A. paleaceum= (scaly).* _sti._ densely tufted, 1in. to 3in. long, - spreading, densely scaly. _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. broad, sometimes proliferous and rooting at the apex, with - twelve to twenty sub-sessile pinnA| on each side, which are 1in. - long, about 1/2in. broad, bluntish; edge inciso-dentate, the upper - base auricled and narrowed suddenly, the lower obliquely-truncate; - the lower ones stalked, and nearly as broad as long. _sori_ linear, - extending nearly to the edge. Tropical Australia. Stove or warm - greenhouse species. - - =A. palmatum= (palmate). Synonymous with _A. Hemionitis_. - - =A. parvulum= (small). Synonymous with _A. trilobum_. - - =A. persicifolium= (Peach-leaved). _sti._ and _rachis_ grey, with - a few scattered minute grey scales. _fronds_ oblong-lanceolate, - 2ft. to 3ft. long, often gemmiferous at the apex; pinnA| ascending, - fifteen to thirty-jugate, sub-petiolate, 4in. to 5in. long, - linear-ligulate-acuminate, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, distinctly - crenate throughout. _sori_ regular, reaching nearly to midrib and - edge. Philippine and Sandwich Isles. Stove species. - - =A. PetrarchA|= (Petrarch's).* _sti._ densely tufted, 1in. to 2in. - long. _fronds_ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. broad, linear-lanceolate, - with six to ten horizontal sessile pinnA| on each side, which are - 1/4in. long and nearly as much broad, cordate-ovate, blunt; edge - sinuated; the base unequal, slightly truncate on the lower side. - _sori_ oblong, very short, four to six on each side of the midrib. - South Europe, 1819. A very rare little gem, best treated in a cool - house. - - =A. pinnatifidum= (pinnatifid). _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. long. - _fronds_ 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. or more broad at the base, - lanceolate-deltoid, with a long, gradually narrowing point, which - is sinuated only; the lobes below this 1/4in. to 1/2in. deep; the - lowest ovate-oblong, 1/2in. deep by nearly as broad, sinuated and - reaching down nearly to the rachis. _sori_ copious. Pennsylvania. - Greenhouse or sheltered places outside. - - =A. planicaule= (flat-stiped).* _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 6in. long, - naked. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, with - twelve to twenty stalked horizontal pinnA| on each side, which are - 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, acute; edge lobed - about half-way down, and deeply serrated. _sori_ copious, reaching - nearly to the edge. Himalayas, up to 6000ft., &c., 1841. Greenhouse - species. - - =A. plantagineum= (Plantain-like). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 9in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, simple, - acuminate, base rounded; edge slightly undulato-dentate upwards, - sometimes lobed towards the base. _sori_ slender, linear, sometimes - nearly touching both edge and midrib. West Indies, &c., 1819. Stove - species. SYN. _Diplazium plantagineum_. - - =A. polyphyllum= (many-leaved). Synonymous with _A. acuminatum_. - - =A. prA|morsum= (bitten). Synonymous with _A. furcatum_. - - =A. prolongatum= (prolonged). Synonymous with _A. rutA|folium_. - - =A. pulchellum= (pretty).* _sti._ tufted. 1in. to 2in. long. - _fronds_ 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, with twelve to - eighteen pinnA| on each side, which are 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, two - lines to three lines broad, bluntish, almost dimidiate; the upper - edge crenate, and narrowed suddenly at the base. _sori_ linear, - oblique, falling short of the edge. Tropical America. Stove species. - - =A. pumilum= (small). _sti._ tufted, 3in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ - 4in. to 6in. each way, deltoid, the upper part sinuated only, the - lower cut down to the rachis into distinct pinnA|, of which the - lowest pair are much the largest; the pinnules on the lower side - sometimes 2in. long, reaching down to a slightly winged rachis, - acuminate and deeply lobed. _sori_ very oblique, the lower ones - sometimes 1in. long. West Indies, &c., 1823. A very rare and pretty - stove species. - - =A. rachirhizon= (rachis-rooting). A variety of _A. rhizophorum_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 173. ASPLENIUM RADICANS.] - - =A. radicans= (rooting). _cau._ erect, sub-arborescent. _sti._ - 1ft. to 2ft. long, tufted. _fronds_ 3ft. to 5ft. long, 2ft. to - 3ft. broad, deltoid; lower pinnA| 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 8in. - broad; pinnules lanceolate, sessile, the upper ones entire, lower - ones 3in. to 4in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, with blunt lobes, - 1/4in. broad, reaching about half way down to the rachis. Lower - _sori_ sometimes 1/4in. long. Tropical America. A very variable - species. SYNS. _A. giganteum_, _Diplazium radicans_, _D. umbrosum_, - &c. See Fig. 173. - - =A. refractum= (refracted). A variety of _A. fontanum_. - - =A. resectum= (cut or pared).* _sti._ scattered, 4in. to 8in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, lanceolate-oblong, - with ten to thirty sub-sessile horizontal pinnA| on each side, which - are 1in. to 3in. long, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, almost dimidiate, - the point bluntish, all except the truncate part crenate, the upper - half at the base narrowed nearly at a right angle. _sori_ not - reaching either the midrib or edge. India, &c., widely distributed, - 1820. Greenhouse species. - - =A. rhizophorum= (root-bearing).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 8in. - long. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, elongated, - and rooting at the apex; pinnA| twelve to thirty on each side, - sub-sessile, 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, about 1/2in. broad, - inciso-dentate throughout; the two sides unequal, the upper one - auricled and narrowed, the lower one obliquely cuneate. _sori_ - not reaching either to the edge or midrib. Tropical America. A - very variable stove species. _A. r. rachirhizon_, has distinctly - separated oblong-rhomboidal pinnules, again deeply cut into narrow - segments. - - =A. rhizophyllum= (leaf-rooting). _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 6in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, cut down into - numerous close-placed horizontal pinnA| on each side; central ones - 1in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, cut down throughout nearly to - the centre into simple or forked erecto-patent pinnules, the lowest - on the under side suppressed. _sori_ solitary, sub-marginal. _A. - r. myriophyllum_ is a variety with broader fronds; central pinnA| - 1-1/2in. long, with lower pinnules cut down into several simple or - forked linear segments. North America, &c., 1680. Both handsome - greenhouse kinds. - - =A. rutA|folium= (Rue-leaved).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 15in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, ovate deltoid, - with twelve to twenty pinnA| on each side, the lowest sub-deltoid, - 2in. or more long, cut down to the rachis into numerous - erecto-patent distant pinnules on each side, the lowest on the - upper side again cut down into erecto-patent linear segments. - _sori_ small, marginal. Cape Colony. A beautiful greenhouse - species. SYNS. _A. prolongatum_ and _Darea rutA|folia_. - - =A. Ruta-muraria= (Wall-rue).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 4in. long. - _fronds_ 1in. to 2in. long, about 1in. broad, deltoid, cut down to - the rachis into a few pinnA| on each side, the lower ones again cut - down into spathulato-cuneate pinnules, which are serrated round the - outer edge. _sori_ copious. Great Britain, and almost worldwide - in its distribution. Hardy species. This requires a well-drained - position, and a soil composed mainly of old mortar rubbish. - - =A. salicifolium= (Willow-leaved). _sti._ tufted, 6in. to 12in. - long. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, oblong, - with a terminal pinna and four to ten distinctly stalked ones on - each side, which are 4in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, - acuminate; edge usually entire, the base equally truncato-cuneate - on both sides. _sori_ falling short both of the edge and midrib. - West Indies, &c. Stove species. - - =A. Sandersoni= (Sanderson's).* _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 2in. long. - _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, linear, often - gemmiferous at the apex, with twelve to twenty horizontal dimidiate - pinnA| on each side, which are deeply crenate on the upper edge, and - at the base narrowed suddenly into a winged petiole, the lower one - nearly straight and quite entire. _sori_ oblong. Natal, &c. A very - rare greenhouse species. - - =A. schizodon= (cut-toothed). Synonymous with _A. Vieillardii_. - - =A. Schkuhrii= (Schkuhr's). _cau._ erect. _sti._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. - long. _fronds_ deltoid, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, tripinnatifid; lower - pinnA| distant, oblong-lanceolate, 6in. to 8in. long, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. broad, rachis winged to base; pinnules ligulate-oblong, 3/8in. - broad, sessile, cut into shallow, close, oblong blunt lobes. _sori_ - 1/8in., medial in a single row in the pinnules. Ceylon. Stove - species. SYN. _Diplazium Schkuhrii_. - - =A. Selosii= (Selose's).* _sti._ densely tufted, 1in. to 2in. long, - wiry. _fronds_ 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, palmately cleft, usually into - three nearly equal forks, which are about one line broad, the edge - slightly inciso-serrate. _sori_ copious, ultimately occupying the - whole surface. Tyrol and Carinthia. A very rare and curious little - species, requiring the protection of the frame or cool house; - it should be firmly potted between pieces of sandstone in loam, - leaf-soil, rock chippings and sand, with good drainage. - - =A. septentrionale= (northern).* _sti._ densely tufted, 3in. to - 4in. long. _fronds_ simple, or cleft from the apex into two or - three cuneate divisions, 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, one line broad, - with a few sharp lateral and terminal teeth. _sori_ elongated, - copious, often at last hiding the whole under surface. Great - Britain, and widely distributed in both hemispheres. This rare - little species requires to be securely planted in a well-drained - elevated chink of the fernery outside, in loamy, gritty soil. - - =A. Shepherdi= (Shepherd's).* _sti._ tufted, 1ft. long. _fronds_ - 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad; lower pinnA| stalked, 4in. - to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, point acuminate, edge lobed - above, 1/4in. broad, somewhat toothed. _sori_ linear, not reaching - the edge. South America. Stove species. SYN. _Diplazium Shepherdi_. - - =A. S. inA|quilaterum= (unequal-sided). _fronds_, texture firm, - colour duller than that of the type; pinnA| much acuminated; the - lobes deeper, more uniform, and falcate, the two sides unequal, the - lower one unequally truncate at the base. - - =A. spathulinum= (spathulate). A synonym of _A. affine_. - - =A. spinulosum= (very spiny).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, - scattered. _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. each way, deltoid, tri- or - quadripinnatifid, with nine to twelve pinnA| on each side, the - lowest much the largest, 6in. to 9in. long, 2-1/2in. to 3in. broad, - ovate-lanceolate; pinnules lanceolate, cut down to the rachis on - each side into six to nine oblong-rhomboidal mucronate segments, - two lines long, one line broad, which are sharply toothed. _sori_ - two to ten to a segment, usually round, but occasionally oblong. - Amur-land, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _Athyrium spinulosum_ and - _Cystopteris spinulosa_. - - =A. splendens= (splendid). _rhiz._ creeping, scaly. _sti._ 6in. to - 9in. _fronds_ deltoid, 6in. to 1ft. long, two to three-pinnate; - lower pinnA| stalked, deltoid, 1in. to 2in. broad, pinnate or - bipinnate; segments cuneate-flabellate, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, - slightly lobed, sharply toothed round outer edge. _sori_ copious, - slender, irregular, reaching from base nearly to tip of segments. - Cape Colony. A very rare greenhouse species. - - =A. subsinuatum= (half-waved). Synonymous with _A. lanceum_. - - =A. sundense= (Sundanese). Synonymous with _A. vittA|forme_. - - =A. sylvaticum= (woods). _cau._ decumbent. _sti._ 1ft. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, ovate-lanceolate, - with numerous spreading pinnA|, the largest 3in. to 4in. long, - 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, acuminated; edge broadly and briefly lobed; - base narrowed suddenly on both sides. _sori_ in long slender lines, - reaching nearly to the edge. India, &c. Stove species. - - =A. thelypteroides= (Thelypteris-like). _sti._ 1ft. long. _fronds_ - 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, lanceolate, with numerous - spreading pinnA|, the lower ones 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. broad, - cut down to a broadly-winged rachis into numerous nearly entire - elliptical spreading pinnules. _sori_ in close regular rows, - reaching nearly from the midrib to the edge, slightly curved, the - lower ones often double. North America, &c., 1823. Hardy or cool - house species. SYN. _Athyrium thelypteroides_. - - =A. Thwaitesii= (Thwaites's).* _rhiz._ wide-creeping, stout. _sti._ - 6in. long, slender, densely clothed with strong white woolly hairs. - _fronds_ 1ft. or more long, 4in. to 6in. broad, with eight to - ten distinct pinnA| beneath the pinnatifid apex, the largest 3in. - long, 5/8in. broad, cut down two-thirds of the way to the rachis - in oblong crenulated lobes, 1/4in. deep, two lines across. _sori_ - reaching half-way to the edge, the lowest about one line long. - Ceylon. Very fine stove species. SYN. _Diplazium Thwaitesii_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 174. ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES.] - - =A. Trichomanes= (maiden-hair).* Maidenhair Spleenwort. _sti._ - densely tufted, 1in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, - about 1/2in. broad, with fifteen to thirty opposite pairs of - sessile horizontal pinnA|, which are 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, one - and a-half to two lines deep, edge slightly crenate, the two sides - unequal, the upper one the broadest, and narrowed suddenly at - the base. _sori_ linear-oblong, three to six on each side of the - midrib. Great Britain, and almost cosmopolitan. Hardy species. See - Fig. 174. There are several varieties in cultivation, of which the - following are the most important: - -[Illustration: FIG. 175. ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES CRISTATUM.] - - =A. T. cristatum= (crested).* _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, - simply pinnate, with roundish pinnA|, and broad crests at their - extremities, sometimes divided, each fork crested. A very pretty - little variety, requiring frame or greenhouse treatment. See Fig. - 175. - - =A. T. incisum= (deeply-cut).* _fronds_ 3in. to 6in. long; pinnA| - deeply pinnatifid, the lobes again deeply cut or serrated. A very - rare and pretty form. - - =A. T. multifidum= (much-divided).* _fronds_ 3in. to 6in. long, - once, twice, thrice, or, rarely, quadri-furcate, each division - terminated with a little crest. A free-growing kind. - - =A. T. ramosum= (branched).* _fronds_ 5in. to 8in. long, freely - branched, each division being again forked; pinnA| deeply cut or - crenated, or serrate. More hardy than any of the other forms. - - =A. trilobum= (three-lobed).* _sti._ tufted, 2in. to 3in. long. - _fronds_ 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1in. broad, rhomboidal, apex acute, - base cuneate, entire, the margin undulato-crenate, or the lower - part deeply lobed, with broad inciso-crenate divisions. _sori_ - broad and short. Chili and South Brazil. A very rare little stove - species. SYN. _A. parvulum_. - - =A. umbrosum= (shady). _sti._ 1ft. or more long, scaly at the base. - _fronds_ 2ft. to 5ft. long, 12in. to 18in. broad, ovate-deltoid; - pinnA| ovate-lanceolate, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, with - lanceolate pinnules, which are again cut down to the midribs into - unequal-sided rhomboidal lobes, with the margins sharply crenated. - _sori_ copious, oblong, with large tumid membranous involucres. - Madeira, Canaries, Himalayas, &c. Very widely distributed. A very - handsome greenhouse species. SYNS. _Allantodia australe_, _Athyrium - umbrosum_. - - =A. varians= (variable). _sti._ tufted, 1in. to 3in. long. _fronds_ - 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with eight to - twelve pairs of pinnA| on each side, lower ones sub-deltoid, 1/2in. - to 3/4in. long, 1/4in. broad, cut down to the rachis into a few - cuneato-flabellate pinnules, the lowest two lines across, sharply - toothed on the outer edge. _sori_ copious, when mature, covering - nearly the whole under surface of the pinnules. Himalayas, and - widely distributed. Greenhouse species. - - =A. Veitchianum= (Veitch's). Synonymous with _A. Belangeri_. - - =A. Vieillardii= (Vieillard's).* _sti._ tufted, 4in. to 6in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 9in. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, with large - linear-lanceolate terminal pinna, lengthened out at the point, and - deeply serrated, and three to four pairs of erecto-patent similar - lateral ones, which are 3in. to 4in. long, upwards of 1/2in. broad, - equally truncato-cuneate, and the lower ones slightly stalked at - the base. _sori_ distant, falling short of both edge and margin. - New Caledonia. A very graceful greenhouse species. SYN. _A. - schizodon_. _A. apicidens_ is but a variety of this, with shortened - sori and more obtuse venation. - -[Illustration: FIG. 176. ASPLENIUM VIRIDE, showing Barren and Fertile -PinnA| (_a_ and _b_), Sorus (_c_), and Sporangium (_d_).] - - =A. viride= (green). Green Spleenwort.* _sti._ densely tufted, - 2in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. broad, with - twelve to twenty sub-sessile pinnA| on each side, ovate-rhomboid; - upper edge narrowed suddenly at the base, the lower one - obliquely truncate, outer part deeply crenated. _sori_ copious, - linear-oblong, oblique. Great Britain, &c., widely distributed in - both hemispheres. It requires to be planted in a well-drained but - moist situation. Hardy species. See Fig. 176. - - =A. vittA|forme= (narrow-fronded).* _rhiz._ creeping. _sti._ short, - erect. _fronds_ entire, lanceolate, 12in. to 18in. long, 1-1/2in. - to 3in. broad, narrowed to an acute point, and very gradually - into the stem below; margin obscurely toothed. _sori_ copious, - often reaching from the midrib nearly to the edge. Java, &c. Stove - species. SYN. _A. sundense_. - - =A. viviparum= (plant-bearing).* _sti._ tufted. 6in. to 9in. long. - _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, ovate-lanceolate, - with numerous close-placed erecto-patent pinnA| on each side, - which are 3in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2. to 2in. broad, cut down to a - compressed rachis into numerous pinnatifid pinnules, the lower - segments of which are again forked; ultimate segments 1/4in. - to 3/8in. long, quarter-line broad. _sori_ solitary, marginal. - Mauritius, &c., 1820. A very handsome stove species. - - =A. vulcanicum= (volcanic). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ - 1ft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with - a linear-terminal pinna, or gemmiferous at the apex, and six to - twelve lateral ones on each side; lower ones stalked, 2in. to 4in. - long, 3/4in. to 1in. broad, acuminated; edge slightly dentate; the - base truncate. _sori_ very regular and parallel, falling short of - the edge. Malay Islands. Stove species. SYN. _A. heterodon_. - - =A. zeylanicum= (Ceylonese).* _sti._ scattered, 4in. to 8in. - long. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad, the point - acuminated, apex slightly lobed, the lower two-thirds more deeply - so, and the base quite down to the rachis; lobes blunt, 1/4in. to - 1/2in. across. _sori_ linear, two to three lines long. Ceylon. - Stove species. SYN. _Diplazium zeylanicum_. - -=ASSONIA= (commemorative of Ignatius de Asso, a distinguished Spanish -botanist, who wrote on the plants of Arragon). ORD. _SterculiaceA|_. -This genus is now included by best authorities under _Dombeya_. -Ornamental stove evergreen trees, with undivided leaves, and axillary, -bifid, sub-corymbose peduncles. They are of easy culture; thriving -freely in any light rich soil, or a mixture of loam and peat. Young -cuttings will root freely in sand, with a brisk bottom heat, if covered -by a bell glass. - - =A. populnea= (Poplar-leaved). _fl._ white, disposed in a terminal, - bifid corymb; peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. June. - _l._ cordate, acuminated, smooth, a little serrated. _h._ 10ft. to - 20ft. Bourbon, 1820. - - =A. viburnoides= (Viburnum-like). _fl._ white; peduncles three - times longer than the petioles. _l._ cordate, somewhat acuminate, - crenated, tomentose beneath, as well as younger leaves. _h._ 10ft. - to 20ft. Bourbon, 1822. - -=ASTARTEA= (a mythological name: Astarte, the Syrian Venus). ORD. -_MyrtaceA|_. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub, requiring a -mixture of loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand. Young cuttings root readily -in sand under a bell glass in gentle heat. - - =A. fascicularis= (bundle-flowered). _fl._ white, pedicellate, - solitary, axillary. May. _l._ opposite, linear, fleshy; when young, - disposed in axillary fascicles. _h._ 6ft. to 9ft. West Australia, - 1830. - -=ASTELMA= (from _a_, not, and _stelma_, a crown; in reference to the -construction of the fruit). ORD. _CompositA|_. Greenhouse evergreen -shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. Some species of this genus, which is -now generally referred to _Helipterum_, are very handsome, and thrive -well in a mixture of fibrous peat, leaf soil, and sand, with thorough -drainage. Fill the pots one-third full of crocks; water carefully, -and only when absolutely necessary; and place in a situation near the -glass, allowing a free admission of air. Seeds should be sown in pots -of light, open soil, and placed in a gentle heat; half-ripened cuttings -will strike readily in sandy soil with a hand glass placed over them. -They are now but rarely seen under cultivation. - - =A. canescens= (hoary). _fl.-heads_ purple; scales of involucre - ovate; branches one-flowered. May to June. _l._ oblong, blunt, - imbricated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1794. - - =A. eximium= (fine).* _fl.-heads_ crimson; corymbs sessile. - July. _l._ sessile, ovate, close, erect, white with thick woolly - pubescence. Stem stout. _h._ 3ft. 1793. This is a very beautiful - species. - - =A. speciosissimum= (showiest). _fl.-heads_ white, large, - solitary, terminal. July. _l._ sessile, lanceolate-obovate, acute, - three-nerved, woolly. _h._ 8ft. 1691. - -=ASTEPHANUS= (from _a_, without, and _stephanos_, a corona; corona -absent). ORD. _AsclepiadeA|_. A genus of pretty evergreen greenhouse -twiners. Flowers few, small, disposed in interpetiolar umbels; corolla -campanulate. Leaves small, opposite. They thrive in a compost of -turfy peat, leaf soil, and loam, in equal parts. Very little water is -required when the plants are at rest. Cuttings root readily in sandy -soil in a moderate heat. Propagation may also be effected by division. - - =A. linearis= (linear). _fl._ white; umbels dividing in - threes, lateral and terminal. July. _l._ 1in. long, opposite, - linear-lanceolate. Stem glabrous. Cape of Good Hope, 1816. - - =A. triflorus= (three-flowered).* _fl._ white; umbels generally - three-flowered. July. _l._ opposite, lanceolate, villous beneath. - Stems hairy. Cape of Good Hope, 1816. - -=ASTER= (from _aster_, a star; general shape of flower-heads). -Michaelmas Daisy; Star-wort. SYN. _Pinardia_ (of Necker). ORD. -_CompositA|_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise -stated. Heads solitary, corymbose, or panicled, heterogamous, rayed; -ray florets pistiliferous, one or two-seriate, fertile or neuter; -ligule elongated, white, blue, or purple; disk florets hermaphrodite, -fertile, tubular, yellow, five-cleft; involucre campanulate or -hemispheric; bracts few or many-seriate, outer smaller or larger; -receptacle flat or convex; pappus hairs few or copious, scabrid, outer -sometimes shorter, rigid, and paleaceous. Leaves alternate. This large -genus contains many handsome border and alpine deciduous perennials -(rarely biennials) of easy culture in ordinary soil. They may be -propagated by divisions in autumn or spring, or by seeds in spring. The -greenhouse species are mostly evergreen shrubs, requiring a compost of -peat, leaf soil, and loam. Cuttings root readily in a sandy soil, under -a hand glass, with very little heat. - - =A. acris= (acrid). _fl.-heads_ blue; involucre imbricated, twice - as short as the disk. August. _l._ linear-lanceolate, not dotted, - three-nerved. _h._ 2ft. South Europe, 1731. - - =A. acuminatus= (taper-pointed).* _fl.-heads_ white; panicle - corymbose. September. _l._ broad-lanceolate, narrowed at base, - entire, with a very long point. Stem simple, flexuous, angular. - _h._ 2ft. North America, 1806. - - =A. adulterinus= (false). _fl.-heads_ violet; involucre squarrose, - shorter than the disk. September. _l._ amplexicaul, lanceolate; - lower ones sub-serrate, smooth; those of the branches linear - squarrose. _h._ 3ft. North America. - - =A. A|stivus= (summer-flowering).* _fl.-heads_ blue. July. _l._ - lanceolate, somewhat amplexicaul, narrowed at the end, scabrous - at edge. Stem erect, hispid; branchlets pilose. _h._ 2ft. North - America, 1776. - - =A. albescens= (whitish). _fl.-heads_ purple or whitish, - nearly 1in. across; corymbosely panicled; scales of involucre - ovate-linear, apiculate; ray twenty-flowered. August. _l._ - lanceolate on short petioles, denticulate, downy. Plant beset with - rusty down. _h._ 3ft. Nepal, 1842. - - =A. alpinus= (alpine).* _fl.-heads_ bright purple, 1in. to 2in. - across; scales of involucre nearly equal, lanceolate, bluntish. - July. _l._, radical ones lanceolate-spathulate; those of the stem - lanceolate. Stem one-flowered. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Europe, 1658. A - very attractive species, having a dwarf, stout habit; it forms - a useful and handsome subject for edging, and its flowers are - valuable for cutting purposes. See Fig. 177. - - =A. a. albus= (white).* _fl.-heads_ white, in other respects - resembling the type; but it is much less desirable, and has not - nearly so vigorous a habit. Europe, 1827. - - =A. altaicus= (Altaian).* _fl.-heads_ blue-purple, about - 2in. across; stem simple, corymbose, downy. June, July. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, entire, blunt mucronate, three-nerved at - base, veiny. _h._ 1ft. Siberia, 1804. This, which is frequently - considered a variety of _A. alpinus_, is one of the handsomest. - - =A. alwartensis= (Alwart). _fl.-heads_ red; ray very fine; - involucre loosely squarrose. May. _l._ ovate, narrowed at base, - entire, about five-nerved. _h._ 1ft. Caucasus, 1807. - - =A. Amellus= (Amellus).* _fl.-heads_ purple, solitary, numerous; - involucre imbricated squarrose; leaves blunt; inner membranous, - coloured at edge. August. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, scabrous. _h._ - 2ft. Italy, 1596. One of the best border kinds. - -[Illustration: FIG. 177. ASTER ALPINUS.] - - =A. A. bessarabicus= (Bessarabian).* A most desirable variety, - frequently seen in gardens; it is rather taller than the type, with - larger flower-heads, of a deep purple colour. One of the showiest - of all the Asters. See Fig. 178. - -[Illustration: FIG. 178. ASTER AMELLUS BESSARABICUS.] - - =A. amplexicaulis= (stem-clasping). _fl.-heads_ violet. July. _l._ - ovate-oblong, acute, amplexicaul, cordate, serrated, smooth. Stem - panicled, smooth; branches one to two-headed. _h._ 3ft. North - America. - - =A. amygdalinus= (Almond-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white; involucre - closely imbricated. August. _l._ lanceolate, narrowed at base, - acuminated, scabrous at edge. Stem simple, corymbose at end. _h._ - 2ft. North America, 1759. - - =A. argenteus= (silvery).* _fl.-heads_ purple. August. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, silky, sessile. Stem slender, decumbent, loosely - branched; branches and branchlets one-headed. _h._ 1ft. North - America, 1801. - - =A. bellidiflorus= (Daisy-flowered). _fl.-heads_ pale red; - involucre with spreading scales. September. _l._ amplexicaul, - narrow-lanceolate, scabrous above, lower sub-serrated. Stem much - branched. _h._ 3ft. North America. - - =A. Bigelovii= (Bigelow's).* _fl.-heads_ corymbose, 2-1/2in. - diameter, ray-florets lilac, disk yellow. Summer. _l._ scabrous - pubescent, oblong-spathulate; cauline ones amplexicaul, - ovate-oblong, crenate, obscurely-toothed. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Colorado, - 1878. A very handsome biennial species. SYN. _A. Townshendi_. - - =A. blandus= (charming). _fl.-heads_ pale purple; racemes - scarcely longer than the leaves. October. _l._ sub-amplexicaul, - oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, smooth. Stem pyramidal. _h._ - 2ft. North America, 1800. - - =A. canescens= (hoary). _fl.-heads_ pale purple; involucre - imbricated, very acute, longer than disk. September. _l._ linear. - Panicle corymbose, much branched, leafy. _h._ 2ft. North America, - 1812. Biennial or perennial. - - =A. cassiarabicus= (Arabian Cassia). _fl.-heads_ pink; panicles - corymbose. September. _l._ ovate, acute, serrated, tapering at the - petioles. Plant erect, pilose. _h._ 2ft. Russia, 1834. - - =A. caucasicus= (Caucasian).* _fl.-heads_ purple, solitary; scales - of involucre nearly equal, linear. July. _l._ ovate, sessile, - scabrous. _h._ 1ft. Caucasus, 1804. - - =A. ciliatus= (ciliated). _fl.-heads_ white. September. _l._ - ciliated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, nerved; those of the - branches very short lanceolate, three-nerved. Stem branched, downy; - branches downy. _h._ 3ft. North America. - - =A. concinnus= (neat).* _fl.-heads_ purple; involucre closely - imbricated. October. _l._ sub-amplexicaul, lanceolate; lower ones - sub-serrate, smooth. Stem simple, panicled at end. _h._ 2ft. North - America, 1800. - - =A. concolor= (one-coloured). _fl.-heads_ purple; raceme terminal. - October. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, hoary on each side. Stem simple, - erect, downy. _h._ 1ft. North America, 1759. - - =A. conyzioides= (Conyza-like). Synonymous with _Seriocarpus - conyzioides_. - - =A. cordifolius= (heart-leaved). _fl.-heads_ blue, small, disposed - in crowded racemes, which are slightly drooping. July. _l._ - cordate, pilose beneath, finely serrated, stalked. Stem smoothish, - panicled; panicle spreading. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1759. - - =A. coridifolius= (Coris-leaved). _fl.-heads_ pale blue. October. - _l._ very numerous, linear, blunt, reflexed, hispid at edge. Stem - branched, diffuse, smooth; branches one-headed. _h._ 1ft. North - America. - -[Illustration: FIG. 179. ASTER CORYMBOSUS, showing Habit and -Flower-head.] - - =A. corymbosus= (corymbose). _fl.-heads_ corymbose, about 1in. - in diameter; ray-florets few, narrow, white; disk-florets pale - yellow. Autumn. _l._ 3in. long, cordate acute, lobed at the base, - coarsely toothed. Stems brittle, blackish purple. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - SYN. _Biotia corymbosa_. See Fig. 179. - - =A. diffusus= (diffuse). _fl.-heads_ white; involucres imbricated. - October. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate, equal, serrated, smooth. - Branches spreading. Stem pubescent. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1777. - - =A. Douglasii= (Douglas's).* _fl.-heads_ purple; involucral scales - linear or spathulate-linear, loosely imbricated. August. _l._ - lanceolate, acute, entire, or rarely serrate, mostly tapering at - the base. Stem smooth, slender, paniculately branched, leafy. _h._ - 3ft. to 4ft. California, &c. - - =A. dracunculoides= (Tarragon-like).* _fl.-heads_ white, about 1in. - across, disposed in dense cymose clusters; involucre imbricated. - September, October. _l._ linear, acuminated, entire; lower ones - linear-lanceolate, sub-serrate. Branches corymbose. _h._ 3ft. North - America, 1811. A very handsome species. - - =A. dumosus= (bushy).* _fl.-heads_ white, about 1/2in. across, - disposed in broad clusters; involucre cylindrical, closely - imbricated. October. _l._ linear, glabrous; those of the branches - very short. Branches panicled. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1734. - - =A. d. albus= (white).* _fl.-heads_ quite white, and rather smaller - than those of the species. North America. - - =A. d. violaceus= (violet). _fl.-heads_ violet-purple. North - America. - - =A. elegans= (elegant). _fl.-heads_ blue, small; corymb contracted, - drooping; scales of involucre oblong-cuneate, blunt, squarrose. - September. _l._ scabrous; cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute; - radical ones oblong, stalked. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1790. A very - elegant species, having a graceful habit. - - =A. eminens= (eminent). _fl.-heads_ light blue. October. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous at edge; lower ones - sub-serrated. Stem panicled; branches one-headed. _h._ 2ft. North - America. - -[Illustration: FIG. 180. ASTER ERICOIDES.] - - =A. ericoides= (Heath-like).* _fl.-heads_ white; involucre - squarrose, leaflets acute. September. _l._ linear, glabrous; those - of the branches subulate, close together; and those of the stem - long. _h._ 3ft. North America, 1758. A very pretty species. See - Fig. 180. - - =A. floribundus= (many-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ light purple. - September. _l._ sub-amplexicaul, lanceolate; lower ones serrated. - Stem smooth; branches corymbose. _h._ 4ft. North America. - - =A. foliosus= (leafy). _fl.-heads_ pale blue; involucre imbricate. - September. _l._ linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at each - end. Stem downy, panicled, erect; branches few-headed. _h._ 3ft. - North America, 1732. - - =A. fragilis= (fragile). _fl.-heads_ flesh-coloured, small; - involucre imbricated. September. _l._ linear, acuminate, entire; - radical ones oblong, serrate. Branches in corymbose panicles. _h._ - 2ft. North America, 1800. - -[Illustration: FIG. 181. ASTER GRANDIFLORUS.] - - =A. grandiflorus= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ purple, large, - terminal; scales of involucre squarrose. November. _l._ linear, - rigid, acute, sub-amplexicaul; those of the branches reflexed, - hispid at edge. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1720. See Fig. 181. - - =A. hyssopifolius= (Hyssop-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ white, or purple - shaded; scales of the involucre about half as long as the disk. - August to October. _l._ linear-lanceolate, acute, with the margins - scabrous. Branches fastigiate and corymbose, smooth. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - to 2ft. North America. - - =A. lA|vigatus= (smooth-stemmed). _fl.-heads_ flesh-coloured, - about 1in. across, disposed in large panicles. September. _l._ - sub-amplexicaul, broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth. Stem - glabrous. Branches many-headed. _h._ 3ft. North America, 1794. - - =A. lA|vis= (smooth).* _fl.-heads_ blue; involucre imbricated with - cuneiform leaflets. September. _l._ sub-amplexicaul, remotely - oblong, entire, lucid; radical ones sub-serrated. _h._ 2ft. North - America, 1758. One of the best border species. - - =A. laxus= (loose-flowered). _fl.-heads_ white, about 1in. across; - clusters loose. October. _l._ linear-lanceolate, scabrous at edge; - lower ones sub-serrated; stem ones reflexed. Stem loosely panicled. - _h._ 2ft. North America. - - =A. linarifolius= (Toad-flax-leaved). _fl.-heads_ pale blue. - September. _l._ numerous, linear, mucronated, nerveless, not - dotted, keeled, scabrous, rigid. Branches fastigiate, one-headed. - _h._ 1ft. North America, 1699. - - =A. linifolius= (Flax-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white; involucre - imbricated, short. July. _l._ linear, nerveless, dotted, scabrous, - reflexed, spreading. Branches corymbose, fastigiate, leafy. _h._ - 2ft. North America, 1739. - - =A. longifolius= (long-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ white, 1in. across, - in dense corymbose panicles; involucre squarrose. October. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, rarely toothed, very long, smooth. _h._ 3ft. - North America, 1798. There are several varieties of this handsome - species. - - =A. l. formosus= (charming).* _fl.-heads_ pink, produced in dense - corymbs. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. - - =A. macrophyllus= (large-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white. August. _l._ - large, ovate, stalked, serrated, scabrous; upper ones cordate, - sessile. Stem branched, diffuse. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1739. - - =A. multiflorus= (many-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ white, small; corymb - large, elongated; involucre imbricated; scales oblong, squarrose, - acute. September. _l._ linear, glabrous. Stem much branched, - diffuse, downy; branchlets one-sided. _h._ 3ft. North America, 1732. - - =A. myrtifolius= (Myrtle-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white; involucre - imbricated; scales length of disk. August. _l._, stem ones, - amplexicaul, scabrous; those of the branches small. _h._ 2ft. 1812. - - =A. novA|-angliA|= (New England).* _fl.-heads_ purple, in terminal - clusters. September. _l._ linear-lanceolate, pilose, amplexicaul, - auricled at base. Stem simple, pilose, straight. _h._ 6ft. North - America, 1710. One of the best; having a tall and robust habit. - - =A. n.-a. rubra= (red).* _fl.-heads_ deep red pink, in other - respects like the type. North America, 1812. - - =A. novA|-belgii= (New York).* _fl.-heads_ pale blue. September. - _l._ sub-amplexicaul, lanceolate, glabrous, scabrous at edge; lower - ones sub-serrated. Branches divided. _h._ 4ft. North America, 1710. - There is a variety known in gardens which belongs to this species, - under the name of _amethystinus_, the flowers of which are much - larger and very showy. - - =A. obliquus= (oblique). _fl.-heads_ numerous; ray white; disk - purplish. Autumn. _l._ alternate; lower ones linear-lanceolate, - oblique; upper stem ones smaller. _h._ 5ft. North America. A very - fine species, forming large tufts. - - =A. paniculatus= (panicled).* _fl.-heads_ light blue; involucre - loose. September. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, sub-serrated, stalked, - smooth; petioles naked. Stem much branched, smooth. _h._ 4ft. North - America, 1640. - - =A. pannonicus= (Pannonian). _fl.-heads_ violet; scales of - involucre lanceolate, blunt, equal. July. _l._ linear-lanceolate, - hispid at edge. Stem simple, corymbose. _h._ 2ft. Hungary, 1815. - - =A. patens= (spreading). _fl.-heads_ light purple, about 1in. - across. October. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, cordate, - amplexicaul, scabrous on each side, hairy. Stem branched, hairy. - _h._ 2ft. North America, 1773. - - =A. pendulus= (drooping).* _fl.-heads_ pure white at first, - ultimately rosy pink, small. September. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate, - serrate, smooth, those of the branches distant. Branches much - spreading, pendulous. _h._ 2ft. North America, 1758. A very pretty - species. - - =A. peregrinus= (foreign).* _fl.-heads_ bluish purple, 2in. across. - July, August. _l._ lanceolate, sub-acute, entire, smooth, those of - the stem rather narrower than the radical ones. Stem smooth, or - nearly so, two or three-flowered. _h._ 1ft. North America. A very - pretty little species for the rockery or border. - - =A. pilosus= (pilose). _fl.-heads_ pale blue; involucre oblong, - loose, imbricated. September. _l._ linear-lanceolate, hoary. Stem - branched, villous; branchlets somewhat one-sided, one-headed. _h._ - 2ft. North America, 1812. - - =A. prA|cox= (early). _fl.-heads_ violet; involucre imbricated; - scales nearly equal; outer scales somewhat spreading. July. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base. Stem hairy. _h._ 2ft. - North America, 1800. - - =A. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl.-heads_ purple, solitary; scales - of involucre nearly equal, linear, acuminate. June. _l._, radical - ones spathulate; cauline ones linear-lanceolate. _h._ 1ft. Armenia. - - =A. puniceus= (red-stalked). _fl.-heads_ blue, about 1in. across; - panicle large, pyramidal; involucre loose, longer than the disk. - September. _l._ amplexicaul, lanceolate, serrate, roughish. - Branches panicled. _h._ 6ft. North America, 1710. - - =A. pyrenA|us= (Pyrenean).* _fl.-heads_ lilac-blue (disk yellow), - large, three to five in a short corymb. July. _l._ scabrous on both - sides; cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile, sharply - serrated on the upper part. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Pyrenees. - - =A. Reevesi= (Reeves's). _fl.-heads_ white, with yellow centre, - small; panicle dense, pyramidal. Autumn. _l._ linear, acute. - Branches slender. _h._ 9in. to 12in. North America. A very - desirable species, suitable for rockwork. - - =A. reticulatus= (netted). _fl.-heads_ white. July. _l._ - lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, sessile, revolute at end, - netted, and three-nerved beneath. Plant hoary all over. _h._ 3ft. - North America, 1812. - - =A. rubricaule= (red-stemmed). Synonymous with _A. spurius_. - - =A. salicifolius= (Willow-leaved). _fl.-heads_ flesh-coloured; - involucre lanceolate, imbricate; scales acute, spreading at end. - September. _l._ linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, smooth. Stem - smooth, panicled at end. _h._ 6ft. North America, 1760. - - =A. salsuginosus= (salt-plains).* _fl.-heads_ violet-purple; - involucral scales linear, loose, glandular. July. _l._ entire, - the lower spathulate, obovate, tapering into a margined petiole; - the upper ones lanceolate, acute, with broad base, usually - sub-amplexicaul. Stem minutely pubescent, leafy nearly to the - top, few-flowered. _h._ 9in. to 18in. North America, 1827. A very - handsome species. - - =A. s. elatior= (tallest). This variety grows 2ft. or more high, - and has rather larger flowers than the type. North America. - - =A. sericeus= (silky). _fl.-heads_ deep blue; terminal, about - 1-1/2in. across. Summer and autumn. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, - sessile, entire, three-nerved, silky with down. _h._ 3ft. Missouri, - 1802. This is a half-hardy evergreen shrub, and requires a warm, - well-drained soil. - - =A. serotinus= (late-flowering). _fl.-heads_ blue. September. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, smooth, scabrous at edge; - lower ones serrated; branches corymbose, smooth. _h._ 3ft. North - America. - - =A. Shortii= (Short's). _fl.-heads_ purplish blue, about 1in. - across; panicles long, racemose. Autumn. _l._ lanceolate, - elongated, acuminated, cordate at the base. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Stem - slender, spreading. North America. - - =A. sibiricus= (Siberian). _fl.-heads_ blue; involucre loose; - leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, hispid. August. _l._ lanceolate, - sub-amplexicaul, serrate, pilose, scabrous. _h._ 2ft. Siberia, 1768. - - =A. sikkimensis= (Sikkimese).* _fl.-heads_ purple; leaflets - of involucre linear, acuminate, sub-squarrose. October. _l._ - lanceolate, acuminate, spinosely denticulate; radical ones on - longer petioles; cauline ones sessile; corymbs large, of many - heads, leafy, erect, glabrous, branched. _h._ 3ft. Sikkim, 1850. - - =A. spectabilis= (showy).* _fl.-heads_ blue; scales of involucre - loose, leafy. August. _l._ lanceolate, roughish, somewhat - amplexicaul; lower ones serrate in the middle. _h._ 2ft. North - America, 1777. A very pretty species. - - =A. spurius= (spurious). _fl.-heads_ purple, large, few; inner - scales of involucre coloured. September. _l._ linear-lanceolate, - amplexicaul, polished. Stem virgate, panicled. Branches racemose. - _h._ 4ft. North America, 1789. SYN. _A. rubricaule_. - - =A. tardiflorus= (late-flowering). _fl.-heads_ blue, numerous. - Autumn. _l._ sessile, serrated, smooth, spathulate-lanceolate, - narrowed at base, and bent down towards each side. _h._ 2ft. North - America, 1775. - - =A. Townshendi= (Townshend's). Synonymous with _A. Bigelovii_. - - =A. Tradescanti= (Tradescant's).* _fl.-heads_ white; involucre - imbricated. August. _l._ lanceolate-sessile, serrated, smooth; - branches virgate. Stem round, smooth. _h._ 3ft. North America, - 1633. _A. multiflorus_ is very much like this species, and, - perhaps, a mere form thereof, with somewhat smaller flowers and - more obovate-oblong leaves. - - =A. tripolium= (Tripoli). Michaelmas Daisy. _fl.-heads_ blue; - disk yellow; scales of involucre lanceolate, membranous, obtuse, - imbricated. August. _l._ linear-lanceolate, fleshy, obscurely - three-nerved. Stem glabrous, corymbose. _h._ 2ft. Britain. - -[Illustration: FIG. 182. ASTER TURBINELLUS.] - - =A. turbinellus= (turbinate). _fl.-heads_ delicate mauve, disposed - in panicles; involucre top-shaped, scales imbricate. Summer and - autumn. _l._ lanceolate, smooth, entire, with fringed margins, - somewhat stem-clasping; those of the branchlets awl-shaped. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. North America. A very desirable species. See Fig. 182. - - =A. undulatus= (undulated). _fl.-heads_ pale blue. August. _l._ - oblong-cordate, amplexicaul, entire; petioles winged. Stem - panicled, hispid. Branchlets one-sided. _h._ 3ft. North America, - 1699. - - =A. versicolor= (various-coloured).* _fl.-heads_ white, changing - to purple; scales of involucre shorter than disk. August. _l._ - sub-amplexicaul, broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth. Stem - glabrous. _h._ 3ft. North America, 1790. - -The annuals (_Callistemma hortensis_), usually known as French, German, -or China Asters, are very extensively grown, both for beds and pots, -and their diversity and generally compact growth render them almost -universal favourites. They require a rich loamy soil, and as the roots -are produced near the surface, a mulching of rotten dung will be found -most beneficial. Seeds may be raised in a cold frame in March or April, -and, when the seedlings are large enough, they must be transplanted -into beds from 9in. to 12in. apart each way. If it is desired to have -them in pots, they may be removed thence with a good ball of earth -adhering just before they commence flowering, liberally watered, and -kept lightly shaded from the sun, until root action is resumed. Those -kinds required for exhibition purposes should have several of the side -shoots removed, so that the whole growing energy of the plant may be -centralised into from five to seven flower-heads, by which means fine -blooms may be obtained. The dwarf kinds are most valuable for bedding -and pots, as the taller kinds frequently require stakes for support. -The following are the most important sections: - - =Betteridge's Prize.= Very beautifully formed and brilliantly - coloured varieties, unsurpassed for exhibition purposes. As this - class has rather a straggling habit of growth, it is less suitable - for bedding and borders than many of the others. - - =Boltze's Miniature Bouquet Pyramidal.= Dwarf and elegant, in - compact bouquets of six or eight; the truss of flower-heads springs - directly from the ground, having only a few leaves at base. Colours - very varied. _h._ 6in. to 8in. - -[Illustration: FIG. 183. TRUFFAUT'S PEONY-FLOWERED ASTER.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 184. TRUFFAUT'S PERFECTION ASTER.] - - =Crown.=* Distinct. The central portion, or disk, of the head of - flowers is pure white, surrounded by a broad margin of coloured ray - florets, such as purple, violet, crimson, rose, &c. Flower-heads - large, flat, freely produced. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. - - =Dwarf Chrysanthemum-flowered.=* In size of flower-heads and habit - of growth, this surpasses all other dwarf varieties. The flowers - are full, Chrysanthemum-shaped, produced in clusters, or bouquets, - from ten to twenty in a truss, very delicate and beautiful in - colour. _h._ 1ft. - - =Dwarf Pyramidal= or =Dwarf Bouquet=. A pretty little class, and - extremely floriferous, each plant producing from twenty to fifty - heads of bloom. Some of the colours are: Exquisite carmine with - white points, white with blue or carmine points, white with salmon - centre, &c. _h._ 1ft. - - =Improved Imbricate.= The best strain of pyramidal Asters with - recurved florets; fine regular form of flowers, double to the - centre, producing but few seeds. Colours very brilliant. _h._ 2ft. - - =Improved Rose.= A handsome class, producing a branched head, - displaying no less than fifty large double flower-heads, the outer - florets finely imbricated, and filled up to the centre when quite - open. The colours are of great brilliancy, and of many shades. _h._ - 2ft. - - =Pompone Goliath.=* Flower-heads globular, and florets very closely - set. Valuable for bouquets, as the flowers remain intact for a - considerable time. - - =Pyramidal Hedgehog.= Singular and unique. Stems upright, and - branched; each branch terminated by a single flower-head, which is - filled up with quill-like florets. Colours various. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - - =Truffaut's PA|ony Perfection.=* Vigorous upright growers, having - large, hemispherical-formed heads of flowers with incurved florets, - 4in. across. The colours also are very varied. _h._ about 2ft. See - Figs. 183 and 184. - -[Illustration: FIG. 185. VICTORIA ASTER.] - - =Victoria.=* One of the most popular classes of Asters grown; - flower-heads very double, imbricate, globular, 4in. in diameter, - from ten to twenty on a plant, of various shades. _h._ 1ft., with - a pyramidal habit. See Fig. 185. - -=ASTERACANTHA= (from _aster_, a star, and _acantha_, a spine; referring -to the disposition of the spines). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. A handsome -greenhouse herbaceous perennial, of easy culture in sandy loam. It -should be grown in a sunny position, and be kept moderately dry, -otherwise little but foliaceous growth will be produced; but, if thus -treated, it flowers freely. Propagated by divisions in spring; or by -seeds, sown in August. - - =A. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ yellow, in dense axillary - fascicles. July. _l._ lanceolate, tapering to the base, narrow, - sessile, serrately ciliated. Stem quadrangular. Plant rather hairy. - _h._ 2ft. India, 1781. - -=ASTERACEA†.= _See_ =CompositA|=. - -=ASTEROCEPHALUS.= _See_ =Scabiosa=. - -=ASTILBE= (from _a_, without, and _stilbe_, brilliancy; in allusion to -the inconspicuous flowers of some of the species). ORD. _SaxifragaceA|_. -Tall branching herbs, with triternate or biternate leaves, allied to -_SpirA|a_, from which they differ in having not more than three carpels, -eight or ten stamens, and numerous albuminous seeds. They are all more -or less graceful, and some indispensable, either when grown in isolated -clumps, or intermingled with other herbaceous plants. They thrive well -in almost any rich garden soil, preferring damp positions, and are -easily propagated by division, which is best done in early spring. -_A. japonica_ is grown very extensively for decorative purposes, its -elegant spikes of pure white flowers rendering it especially valuable. -The majority of the plants cultivated are imported, but they may be -grown fairly well in this country in heavily manured soil. They should -be potted as early as possible in the autumn, and plunged in ashes -or fibre outside, when they will soon commence to root, after which -they may be placed in heat, and forced as required, always giving an -abundance of water. Indeed, the pots may be stood in pans of water, -especially when the plants are well furnished with growth. - - =A. barbata= (bearded). A synonym of _A. japonica_. - - =A. decandra= (ten-stamened). _fl._ white, in spicate racemose - panicles. May. _l._ biternate; leaflets cordate, deeply lobed and - serrated, glandular beneath, and on the petioles. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - North America, 1812. - -[Illustration: FIG. 186. ASTILBE JAPONICA.] - - =A. japonica= (Japanese).* _fl._ small, pure white, in large - branching racemose panicles. May. _l._ triternate or pinnate, - serrated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Japan. This is best grown in pots, as - early frosts generally cut it down in the open air. SYNS. _SpirA|a - barbata_ and _japonica_, also _Hoteia_ and _A. barbata_. See Fig - 186. - - =A. j. variegata= (variegated).* _l._ prettily variegated with - yellow; panicles much more dense than the type; indeed, it is far - superior in that respect. - -[Illustration: FIG. 187. ASTILBE RIVULARIS.] - - =A. rivularis= (brook).* _fl._ yellowish-white, or reddish, in - large panicled spikes. Late summer. _l._ biternate; leaflets ovate, - doubly serrated, villous beneath and on the petioles. _h._ 3ft. - Nepaul. A grand plant for the margins of lakes or damp woodlands. - See Fig. 187. - - =A. rubra= (red).* _fl._ rose, very numerous, in dense panicles. - Late summer and autumn. _l._ biternate; leaflets oblique, cordate, - 1in. to 2in. long, with elongated, serrated points. _h._ 4ft. to - 6ft. India, 1851. A very pretty, but rare species; excellent for - sub-tropical gardening. - - =A. Thunbergi= (Thunberg's).* _fl._ small, white, very numerous, in - erect, much branched, pyramidal panicles, with reddish and slightly - downy stalks. May. _l._ unequally pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets - broad, yellowish green, sharply toothed. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Japan, 1878. - This pretty little sub-shrub is extensively propagated on the - Continent for forcing purposes. - -=ASTRAGALUS= (a name applied to a shrub by Greek writers). Milk Vetch. -ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A very large genus of hardy herbs or sub-shrubs. -Flowers in axillary clusters; standard larger than the wings. Leaves -unequally pinnate. About one hundred species have from time to -time been introduced in English gardens; many of these are lost to -cultivation; the comparative few here described are still generally -grown, and are good representative species. They are all of easy -culture. The shrubby kinds grow well in any light dry soil, and are -slowly increased by cuttings placed in a cold frame, or by seeds. The -herbaceous perennials prefer a dry light soil, and may be increased by -divisions or seeds; the latter mode is preferable, as many species are -very liable to die if transplanted or divided, which is at best but a -slow method. Seed should be sown in pots of sandy soil placed in a cold -frame as soon as ripe, or very early in the spring, as they may lie a -long time before germinating. The dwarfer species constitute admirable -rockwork plants, and can be grown in pots containing a mixture of loam, -peat, and sand. Seeds of the two annual species, _A. Cicer_ and _A. -Glaux_, merely require to be sown in the open border early in spring. - - =A. adsurgens= (adsurgent).* _fl._ bluish purple; spikes oblong, - pedunculate, longer than the leaves, densely packed. June. _l._ - with eleven to twelve pairs of ovate-lanceolate acute leaflets; - stipules acuminated, length of leaves. Plant ascending, smoothish. - Siberia, 1818. A very handsome and rare perennial species. - - =A. aduncus= (hooked). _fl._ rose purple, in oblong spikes; - peduncles rather shorter than the leaves. June and July. _l._ with - numerous pairs of roundish-ovate, smooth leaflets, sometimes downy. - _h._ 6in. to 9in. Caucasus, 1819. Perennial. - - =A. alopecuroides= (foxtail-like).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in thick - dense ovate-oblong spikes, on short axillary peduncles. June. - _l._ with numerous ovate-lanceolate, pubescent leaflets; stipules - ovate-lanceolate, acuminated. Plant erect. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. - Siberia, 1737. One of the finest perennial species grown. - - =A. alpinus= (alpine). _fl._ bluish-purple, sometimes whitish, - drooping, disposed in racemes of about 1/2in. long. Summer. _l._ - impari-pinnate, with eight to twelve pairs of ovate or oblong - leaflets. Britain. A very desirable, hairy, prostrate perennial. - - =A. arenarius= (sand-loving).* _fl._ blue; peduncles few-flowered, - rather shorter than the leaves. June. _l._ with linear-obtuse - leaflets; stipules connate, opposite the leaves. Plant diffuse, - tomentose from white adpressed down. _h._ 6in. Denmark, 1800. - Perennial. - - =A. austriacus= (Austrian).* _fl._ few; upper petal, or vexillum, - blue, the rest purple; racemes pedunculate, longer than the leaves. - May. _l._, leaflets glabrous, linear, truncately emarginate. Plant - diffusely procumbent. South Europe, 1640. Perennial. - - =A. canadensis= (Canadian). _fl._ yellow, disposed in spikes; - peduncles about as long as the leaves. July. _l._ with ten to - twelve pairs of elliptic-oblong, bluntish leaflets. Plant nearly - erect, rather hairy. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1732. - Perennial. - - =A. Cicer= (Vetch-like). _fl._ pale yellow, disposed in spike-like - heads; peduncles longer than the leaves. July. _l._ with ten - to thirteen pairs of elliptic-oblong mucronate leaflets. Plant - diffusely procumbent. Europe, 1570. Annual. - - =A. dahuricus= (Dahurian). _fl._ purple, in dense racemes, which - are longer than the leaves. July. _l._, leaflets, seven to nine - pairs, oblong, mucronate. Plant erect, pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - Dahuria to China, 1822. Perennial. - - =A. dasyglottis= (thick-tongued).* _fl._ purple, blue, and white - mixed, in capitate spikes; peduncles a little longer than the - leaves. June. _l._, leaflets elliptic-oblong, somewhat emarginate; - stipules connate, opposite the leaves. _h._ 3in. to 4in. Plant - diffuse. Siberia, 1818. A charming little alpine perennial. - - =A. falcatus= (hooked). _fl._ greenish yellow, in spikes; - peduncles rather longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with sixteen - to twenty pairs of elliptic-oblong, acute leaflets. Plant erect, - rather hairy. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia (in wet, grassy places). - Perennial. SYN. _A. virescens_. - - =A. galegiformis= (Galega-like).* _fl._ pale yellow, pendulous, - racemose; peduncles longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with twelve - to thirteen pairs of elliptic-oblong leaflets. Plant erect, - glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Siberia, 1729. A showy perennial - species. - - =A. Glaux= (Milkwort). _fl._ purplish, in dense heads; peduncles - longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with eight to thirteen pairs of - small, oblong, acutish leaflets. Spain, 1596. Procumbent annual, - clothed with whitish hair. - - =A. glycyphyllos= (sweet-leaved).* _fl._ sulphur coloured, in - ovate-oblong spikes; peduncles shorter than the leaves. June. _l._ - with four, five, to seven pairs of oval, bluntish, smooth leaflets; - stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Britain. A - perennial prostrate trailer. - - =A. hypoglottis= (under-tongued).* _fl._ variegated with purplish, - blue and white, disposed in roundish heads; peduncles longer than - the leaves, ascending. June. _l._ with numerous little ovate, - obtuse, dark green leaflets, somewhat emarginate; stipules connate, - ovate. Stems prostrate, rather hairy. _h._ 3in. Britain, &c. - Perennial trailer. - - =A. h. alba= (white-flowered).* This resembles the type, except in - the colour of the flowers. - - =A. leucophyllus= (hoary-leaved).* _fl._ pale yellow, about 1/2in. - long, in dense racemes; peduncles much longer than the leaves. - July and August. _l._, leaflets in numerous pairs, broadly-linear, - covered with soft, silky pubescence. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. North - America. Perennial. - - =A. maximus= (largest).* _fl._ yellow; spike sessile, cylindrical, - nearly terminal. June. _l._ with ovate-lanceolate, pubescent - leaflets; stipules oblong-lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Armenia. A - very handsome, erect, perennial species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 188. ASTRAGALUS MONSPESSULANUS, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =A. monspessulanus= (Montpelier).* _fl._ usually purplish, spicate; - peduncles longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets twenty-one - to forty-one, ovate or lanceolate, outer ones rather the smallest. - Leaves hoary, and plant almost stemless when growing in dry exposed - situations; but in rich earth or moist places the leaves are almost - glabrous, and the stem becomes elongated. South Europe, 1710. This - species is much appreciated, and well deserves a place in all - collections. Evergreen trailer. See Fig. 188. - - =A. narbonensis= (Narbonne). _fl._ yellow, disposed in somewhat - globose spikes, on short axillary peduncles. June. _l._ with - oblong-linear leaflets; stipules lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Narbonne and Madrid, 1789. An erect hairy perennial. - - =A. odoratus= (sweet-scented). _fl._ pale yellow, sweet-scented, - disposed in spikes; peduncles same length as leaves. June. _l._ - with eleven to fourteen pairs of oblong acute leaflets; stipules - connate. Plant erect, rather ascending. _h._ 6in. Levant, 1820. - Perennial. - - =A. onobrychioides= (Onobrychis-like).* _fl._ beautiful purple, - in capitate spikes on long peduncles. July. _l._ with eight to - ten pairs of elliptic leaflets; stipules connate, opposite the - leaves. Plant rather diffuse, shrubby at the base, clothed with - adpressed hairs. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Iberia, Persia, &c., 1819. A - very handsome perennial species. - - =A. Onobrychis= (Onobrychis). _fl._ purple; spikes oblong-ovate, - pedunculate, longer than the leaves. June. _l._ with seven to - sixteen pairs of oblong leaflets. _h._ 1-1/2ft., or procumbent. - Mountains Southern Europe, 1640. This is an elegant perennial, and - ranks among the very best. The varieties, all white flowered, are: - _alpinus_, _major_, _microphyllus_ and _moldavicus_, but only the - first-named is now in cultivation. - - =A. pannosus= (woolly).* _fl._ rose-coloured, in compact globose - heads, with peduncles shorter than the leaves. July. _l._ with - four, five, to nine pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets, thickly - coated with long white woolly hairs. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Siberia. - Perennial. - - =A. ponticus= (Pontic). _fl._ yellow; spikes sessile, almost - globose. July. _l._ oblong, smoothish; stipules lanceolate. Stem - rather hairy. _h._ 2ft. Tauria, 1820. A very showy, erect, border - perennial. - - =A. purpureus= (purple). _fl._ purplish blue, disposed in capitate - spikes; peduncles longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets - obovate, bidentate at the apex; stipules connate, opposite the - leaves. Plant diffuse, procumbent, rather hairy. _h._ 3in. to 6in. - Provence, 1820. Perennial. - - =A. sulcatus= (furrowed).* _fl._ pale violet, but with a white - keel, tipped with brown; racemes pedunculate, longer than the - leaves. July. _l._ with linear-lanceolate leaflets. Plant erect, - glabrous; stem furrowed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1783. Perennial. - - =A. Tragacantha= (great goat's thorn).* Gum Tragacanth. _fl._ pale - violet, two to five together, axillary, sessile. June. _l._ with - eight to nine pairs of linear hispid leaflets; young stipules - connate, clothed with silky hairs; adult ones glabrous; petioles - permanent, at length becoming hardened spines. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to - 3ft. Levant, 1640. Evergreen shrub. Tragacanth, a partially soluble - gum, was formerly supposed to be furnished by this plant. It is, - however, now known that _A. Tragacantha_ yields none. Several - species from mountainous regions in Asia Minor, &c., furnish the - gum. - - =A. vaginatus= (sheathed-stipuled). _fl._ rosy-purple, with - white-tipped wings; calyx rather inflated, covered with soft white - and black hairs; spikes dense. Summer. _l._ impari-pinnate, with - seven or eight pairs of elongated-oblong leaflets, both surfaces - covered with short silvery hairs. _h._ 1ft. Siberia. Perennial. - - =A. vesicarius= (bladdery). _fl._, upper petal purple, the wings - yellow, and the keel white, tipped with yellow; calyx clothed with - black adpressed down and long white spreading hairs; peduncles - longer than the leaves. July. _l._ with five to seven pairs of - elliptic leaflets. Plant diffusely procumbent, hoary from adpressed - silky down. _h._ 6in. to 9in. France, 1737. Perennial trailer. - - =A viminens= (twiggy). _fl._, upper petal purplish rose, much - longer than the pure white wings; calyx clothed with black hairs; - spikes somewhat capitate, pedunculate, longer than the leaves. - June. _l._ with four to six pairs of lanceolate acute leaflets, - beset with adpressed hairs. _h._ 6in. to 1ft. Siberia, 1816. A - handsome perennial. - - =A. virescens= (greenish). Synonymous with _A. falcata_. - - =A. vulpinus= (fox).* _fl._ pale yellow; spikes nearly globose, on - very short peduncles. June. _l._ with obovate, obtuse, emarginate, - rather velvety leaflets. Plant erect; stem glabrous. _h._ 2ft. to - 3ft. Caucasus, 1815. A handsome border perennial. - -=ASTRANTIA= (from _astron_, a star, and _anti_, in composition -signifying comparison; in reference to the appearance of the umbels of -flowers). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. Ornamental, hardy, herbaceous perennials, -natives of Europe and Caucasus. Universal umbels irregular, of few -rays, surrounded by variable involucre; partial umbels regular, and -containing many flowers, surrounded by many-leaved involucels. Radical -leaves petiolate, palmately lobed; cauline ones few, sessile. Roots -blackish. These are suited for borders, banks, and woodlands, growing -well in any ordinary garden soil, but preferring a damp position. -Easily increased by root divisions in autumn or spring. - - =A. carniolica= (Carniolan).* _fl._ white. May. _l._ of involucre - twelve to thirteen, quite entire, white, with a green line running - along the middle of each, tinged with red; radical ones palmate; - lobes five to seven, oblong, acuminated, unequally serrated. _h._ - 6in. to 12in. Carniola, 1812. A pretty species. - - =A. helleborifolia= (Hellebore-leaved).* _fl._ (and involucre) - pink, pedicellate. June. _l._ of involucre twelve to thirteen, - ovate-lanceolate, exceeding the umbel a little, bristly; radical - ones palmate; lobes three, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrated. - _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Eastern Caucasus, 1804. SYN. _A. maxima_. - - =A. major= (greater).* _fl._ pinkish, pedicellate. May. _l._ of - involucre fifteen to twenty, linear-lanceolate, quite entire, - hardly longer than the umbel; radical ones palmate; lobes five, - ovate-lanceolate, acute, rather trifid, toothed. _h._ 1ft to 2ft. - Europe, 1596. Very distinct and ornamental. - - =A. maxima= (greatest). Synonymous with _A. helleborifolia_. - -=ASTRAPA†A= (from _astrape_, lightning; alluding to the brightness of -the flowers). ORD. _SterculiaceA|_. Elegant stove evergreen trees. -Peduncles axillary, long, bearing on their apex an umbel of large -sessile flowers, enclosed in a leafy involucre. Leaves alternate, -stalked, cordate, three to five-lobed. They thrive well in a mixture of -loam and peat, and require a plentiful supply of water; but the best -results accrue if the bottom of the pot can be stood in a saucer or tub -of water. Propagated by cuttings of young wood, made in April, placed -in a compost of loam and peat, or sand, under a bell glass, in heat. - - =A. tiliA|flora= (Lime-tree leaved). _fl._ pink. _h._ 20ft. Isle of - Bourbon, 1824. - - =A. viscosa= (clammy). _fl._ pink. _h._ 20ft. Madagascar, 1823. - - =A. Wallichii= (Wallich's).* _fl._ scarlet; umbels drooping. - July. _l._ large, cordate, angularly lobed; stipulas leafy, - ovate-acuminated; peduncles long, hairy. _h._ 30ft. Madagascar, - 1820. This splendid species has often been described as being one - of the finest plants ever introduced into this country; and, when - in full flower, nothing can exceed it in beauty and grandeur. - -=ASTROCARYUM= (from _astron_, a star, and _karyon_, a nut; referring to -the disposition of the fruit). SYN. _PhA"nico-phorum_. ORD. _PalmaceA|_. -Very ornamental stove palms, allied to _Cocos_, having the trunk (when -present), foliage, fruit-stalks, spathes, and sometimes the fruit, -covered with spines. The flowers develop from the axils of the old -decayed leaves. Drupes oval, one-seeded, orange or yellow, in some -species fragrant. Leaves pinnate, with linear segments, dark green -above, and often of a silvery white below. The species thrive in a -compost of two-thirds rich loam and one-third vegetable mould; water -may be given copiously. Propagation may be effected by seeds, which -should be sown in spring in a hotbed; or by suckers, if they are to be -obtained. - - =A. acaule= (stemless). _l._ pinnate, 3ft. to 10ft. long, slender - and spreading; pinnA| narrow, arranged in clusters, pendent. Spines - very numerous, long, flat, black. _h._ 10ft. Brazil, 1820. - - =A. aculeatum= (prickly). _h._ 40ft. Guiana, 1824. - - =A. argenteum= (silvery).* _l._ arching, wedge-shaped, pinnate, - distinctly plicate, bright green on the upper surface, the under - surface, as well as the stalks, covered with a fine white scurf, - which gives them a silvered appearance. Columbia, 1875. One of the - best of silver palms. - - =A. filare= (thready).* _l._ erect, narrowly cuneate, with - two divergent lobes; petioles covered with white scurf, both - on the upper and under surfaces. Distinct and elegant, with a - comparatively small and slender growth. Columbia, 1875. - - =A. granatense= (New Grenadan). _l._ pinnate, with oblong-acuminate - segments; the rachis is spiny, like the petiole, both on the upper - and lower surfaces; leafstalks brownish, armed with numerous - scattered needle-shaped dark-coloured spines. Columbia, 1876. - - =A. mexicanum= (Mexican). Mexico, 1864. - - =A. Muru-Muru= (Murumuru). _l._ pinnate, 10ft. to 12ft. long; - leaflets lanceolate, sub-falcate, dark green above, silvery white - below. Stem 12ft. to 15ft. high, densely clothed with strong - reflexed black spines, over 6in. long. _h._ 40ft. Brazil, 1825. - - =A. rostratum= (beak-sheathed). _l._ irregularly pinnate, 3ft. to - 8ft. long; pinnA| 12in. to 18in. long; terminal lobe much larger - and bifid, dark green above, silvery white below; petioles broadly - sheathing at the base, densely armed with black spines, sometimes - 2in. long. Stem slender, densely clothed with long black spines. A - slow grower, ultimately becoming 30ft. high. Brazil, 1854. - - =A. vulgare= (common). _h._ 30ft. Brazil, 1825. - -=ASTROLOBIUM.= _See_ =Ornithopus=. - -=ASTROLOMA= (from _astron_, a star, and _loma_, a fringe; in reference -to the bearded limb of the corolla). ORD. _EpacridaceA|_. Very handsome, -little, diffuse, greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Flowers solitary, -axillary; corolla tubular, distended above the middle, and with -five bundles of hairs in the inside, near its base. Leaves crowded, -alternate, linear, or obovate-lanceolate and mucronate. They thrive -best in an equal mixture of sand, loam, and peat, with thorough -drainage. Propagated by young cuttings, which root readily in sandy -soil, under a bell glass, in a cool house. - - =A. denticulatum= (finely-toothed). _fl._ axillary, erect; corolla - pale red, with a ventricose tube. May to July. _l._ scattered, - lanceolate, ciliated, usually procumbent, but sometimes slightly - erect. _h._ 1ft. New Holland, 1824. - - =A. humifusum= (trailing). _fl._ scarlet, similar to the foregoing. - May and June. _l._ lanceolate-linear, rather convex above, with - ciliated edges. Shrub prostrate, much branched. _h._ 1ft. New - Holland, 1807. - -=ASTROPHYTUM MYRIOSTIGMA.= _See_ =Echinocactus myriostigma=. - -=ASYSTASIA= (meaning not clear). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. Stove evergreen -shrubs. Flowers disposed in axillary or terminal clusters; corolla -somewhat funnel-shaped, five-lobed; calyx five-lobed, regular. Branches -slender. They require a compost of peat and loam, with a little sand, -and, to induce a vigorous growth, a little dry cow-dung may be applied. -Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, placed in sandy soil, under a -bell glass, in April, with a brisk bottom heat. - - =A. chelonioides= (Chelonia-like).* _fl._ in terminal racemes, - reddish purple, the border white. _l._ opposite, ovate-acute. _h._ - 34ft. India, 1871. A pretty dwarf sub-shrub. - - =A. coromandeliana= (Coromandel). _fl._ deep lilac; racemes - axillary, elongated, secund, strict. July. _l._ opposite, - cordate-ovate; branches diffuse. _h._ 4ft. India, 1845. SYN. - _Justicia gangetica_. - - =A. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _fl._ bilabiate, bell-shaped, - rosy purple outside, and almost pure white within; spikes terminal, - erect, 1ft. long. June. _l._ very large, obovate-lanceolate. _h._ - 8ft. to 20ft. Fernando Po, 1867. - - =A. scandens= (climbing).* _fl._ cream-coloured; tube of corolla - widened and recurved above, lobes of limb crenately curved; racemes - terminal, compact, thyrse-formed. July. _l._ obovate or ovate - acute, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. Sierra Leone, 1845. This handsome stove - climber requires a high, moist temperature after shifting. SYN. - _Henfreya scandens_. - - =A. violacea= (violet).* _fl._ violet purple, striped with white, - in terminal racemes. _l._ shortly-stalked, ovate-acuminate, deep - green, minutely hairy on both surfaces. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. India, - 1870. A pretty dwarf plant. - -=ATACCIA CRISTATA.= _See_ =Tacca integrifolia=. - -=ATALANTIA= (mythological: Atalanta, the daughter of SchA"neus). ORD. -_RutaceA|_. A genus of ornamental stove evergreen shrubs, having the -eight stamens united below into a tube, and with undivided leaves. It -comprises about ten species. They thrive well in a mixture of loam and -peat. Propagated by means of ripened cuttings, which will root readily -if planted in sand under a hand glass, in heat. - - =A. monophylla= (one-leaved). _fl._ small, white, in axillary - racemes. _fr._ golden yellow, about the size of a nutmeg. June. - _l._ simple, ovate-oblong, emarginate at the apex. Spines small, - simple. _h._ 8ft. India, 1777. A thorny shrub. - -=ATAMASCO LILY.= _See_ =Zephyranthes Atamasco=. - -=ATHAMANTA= (named from Mount Athamas, in Sicily, where some species -are found). ORD. _UmbelliferA|_. A genus of greenhouse or hardy -herbaceous plants, usually velvety from villi on the stem, leaves, and -fruit. Flowers white; involucra of one or few leaves; involucel of many -leaves. The undermentioned is the only species in cultivation, and is a -very graceful perennial, with Fennel-like foliage. It thrives well in -any ordinary soil. Increased by divisions, or by seeds sown in spring. - - =A. Matthioli= (Matthioli's). _fl._ white, twelve to twenty-five - to an umbel. Summer. _l._ three or four ternate; leaflets - linear-filiform, elongated, divaricate. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Alps of - Carinthia, 1802. - -=ATHANASIA= (from _a_, not, and _thanatos_, death; alluding to the -length of time which the flowers last). ORD. _CompositA|_. Rather -ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs with yellow flowers, from the -Cape of Good Hope. They grow well in a soil consisting of three parts -loam and one part peat. Propagation is effected by cuttings, taken from -half-ripened wood in spring, and placed in sand, under a hand glass. - - =A. capitata= (headed).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. March. _l._ - pinnati-partite; younger hoary, older smooth. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of - Good Hope, 1774. - - =A. pubescens= (downy). _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _l._ oblong, - entire (or tridentate), softly hairy on both sides; when old, - sub-glabrous. _h._ 6ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1768. - -=ATHEROSPERMA= (from _ather_, an awn, and _sperma_, seed; seeds awned). -ORD. _MonimiaceA|_. A beautiful greenhouse evergreen tree, with the -aspect of a stately conifer. Flowers panicled, diA"cious; perianth five -to eight-fid. Leaves opposite, aromatic. A compost of loam and peat, in -about equal proportions, is necessary. It can be readily propagated by -cuttings. - - =A. moschata= (Musk-scented). Plume Nutmeg. _fl._ white. June. _h._ - 40ft. New Holland, 1824. - -=ATHEROSPERMEA†.= _See_ =MonimiaceA|=. - -=ATHRIXIA= (from _a_, not, and _thrix_, a hair; the receptacle being -destitute of hairs). ORD. _CompositA|_. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. It -succeeds best in turfy loam, peat, and sand, and requires to be potted -firmly. Propagated by cuttings of young wood, placed under a bell glass -in sandy soil, and treated like _Ericas_ (which _see_). - - =A. capensis= (Cape).* _fl.-heads_ bright crimson, solitary, - terminal. April. _l._ narrow, lanceolate, alternate, entire. _h._ - 3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1821. - -=ATHROTAXIS= (from _athros_, crowded together, and _taxis_, -arrangement; in reference to the disposition of the scales of the -cones). ORD. _ConiferA|_. A small genus of Tasmanian evergreen diA"cious -trees or shrubs, with small scale-like leaves, and small globular cones -of many imbricated scales, with from three to six carpels under each -scale. In very sheltered situations they will probably prove hardy; -but, otherwise, they are only suitable for botanical collections. -Increased by cuttings. This genus is almost universally misspelt -_Arthrotaxis_. - - =A. cupressoides= (Cypress-like). _l._ small, thick, leathery, - spirally arranged, closely imbricated, deep glossy green. _h._ - 30ft. A small, erect, and very slow growing tree, with numerous - slender branchlets. - - =A. Doniana= (Don's). A synonym of _A. laxifolia_. - - =A. imbricata= (imbricated). A garden synonym of _A. selaginoides_. - - =A. laxifolia= (loose-leaved). Differing from _A. cupressoides_ - in having longer, more pointed, open, and spreading leaves, which - stand out from the stem in a Juniper-like fashion. Its lateral - growths are rather pendulous. _h._ 20ft. to 25ft. SYN. _A. Doniana_. - - =A. selaginoides= (Selago-like). _l._ glossy green, scale-like, - spirally disposed, closely appressed to the shoots, branches and - their ramifications very numerous. _h._ variable, up to 40ft. Very - interesting, and quite distinct. SYN. _A. imbricata_ (of gardens). - -=ATHYRIUM.= _See_ =Asplenium=. - -=ATRAGENE= (a name originally given to _Clematis Vitalba_ by -Theophrastus). ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. A genus of ornamental, hardy, -climbing, deciduous shrubs, closely allied to _Clematis_, from which -they differ in having numerous petals. They are increased by cuttings, -which should be pricked in light sandy soil and placed under a hand -glass; also by layering in the autumn. Both methods are slow; the -layers should not be separated for about a year, when they will be -vigorous plants. Seeds must be sown in early spring, in gentle heat; -when the seedlings are large enough to handle, they should be pricked -off and grown on in pots till they are strong plants. - -[Illustration: FIG. 189. ATRAGENE ALPINA, showing Habit, Twining -Leafstalk, and Flower.] - - =A. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ blue, varying to white; petals ten - to twelve, linear at the base, but dilated at the apex; peduncles - one-flowered, longer than the leaves. May. _l._ biternate; leaflets - ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, serrate. Mountainous parts of Europe, - 1792. The white-flowered variety, named _alba_, is in cultivation. - SYNS. _A. austriaca_ and _A. sibirica_. See Fig. 189. - - =A. americana= (American).* _fl._ large, purplish-blue; petals - acute; peduncles one-flowered. May. _l._ whorled, in fours, - leaflets stalked, cordate, lanceolate, acuminated, entire or - somewhat lobed, or serrated. North America, 1797. SYN. _Clematis - verticillaris_. - - =A. austriaca= (Austrian). Synonymous with _A. alpina_. - - =A. macropetala= (large-petaled).* _fl._ blue. Manchuria, 1870. - - =A. sibirica= (Siberian). Synonymous with _A. alpina_. - -=ATRIPLEX= (from _a_, not, and _traphein_, to nourish). Orach. ORD. -_ChenopodiaceA|_. A genus of, for the most part, uninteresting weeds, of -very variable form and habit, and having the calyx, which encloses the -fruit, enlarging after flowering. For culture, _see_ =Orach=. - - =A. hortensis= (garden). An annual species from Tartary, of no - value as an ornamental plant, but considered a very desirable - substitute for spinach. The leaves must be gathered for use when - young. The variety _A. h. atro-sanguinea_ is a very pretty form, - having handsome crimson leaves, and growing to a height of about - 4ft. It is well worth growing with such plants as _Amaranthus_, &c. - -=ATROPA= (name of mythological origin). Belladonna; Dwale. ORD. -_SolanaceA|_. A small genus, having a campanulate regular corolla, and a -leafy persistent calyx. The berries of this native herbaceous perennial -are exceedingly poisonous. The plant is of no horticultural value. - -[Illustration: FIG. 190. FLOWER OF ATROPA BELLADONNA.] - - =A. Belladonna.= _fl._ green and purple, solitary, pedunculate, - drooping. Summer. Berries about the size of a small cherry. _l._ - ovate, acuminate, 4in. to 8in. long _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Britain. See - Fig. 190. - -=ATTALEA= (from _attalus_, magnificent; referring to the beauty -of the genus). ORD. _PalmaceA|_. A genus of handsome stove palm -trees, distinguished from other genera in having the pinnA| arranged -vertically, and not horizontally. The leaves spring up almost -perpendicularly at the base, but in the upper part arch over. The pinnA| -stand at right angles to the rachis--which is very narrow in proportion -to its thickness--and while those of the lower side of the arch hang -straight down, those of the upper side point straight up. They thrive -well in a mixture of peat and loam in equal quantities, and enjoy a -copious supply of water. Summer temperature, 65deg. to 80deg.; winter, -55deg. to 60deg. All the species are robust trees; but, although -several have been introduced, few appear to be generally grown. - - =A. amygdalina= (Almond-fruited).* _l._ pinnate, 3ft. to 6ft. long; - pinnA| 12in. to 18in. long, and about 1in. broad; terminal lobe - broad and bifid, rich dark green. Stem slender. New Grenada. One of - the best. SYN. _A. nucifera_. - - =A. Cohune= (Cohune).* _l._ erect, ultimately spreading, pinnate, - furnished with from three to four dozen dark green pinnA|, sometimes - 18in. in length; petioles rounded, and dark brown below, flat and - green upon the upper side. Plant unarmed. _h._ 50ft. or more in its - native habitat. Honduras. - - =A. compta= (decked). _h._ 22ft. Brazil, 1820. - - =A. excelsa= (tall).* _h._ 70ft. Brazil, 1826. - - =A. funifera= (rope-bearing). The Piassaba Palm. _l._ vivid deep - green, very ornamental, and of economic value in Brazil. 1824. The - sheathing bases of the leafstalks separate into a coarse black - fringe, which is collected and exported to Europe, being used in - the manufacture of brooms, brushes, &c. - - =A. nucifera= (nut-bearing). A synonym of _A. amygdalina_. - - =A. speciosa= (showy).* _h._ 70ft. Brazil, 1825. - - =A. spectabilis= (remarkable). _h._ 70ft. Brazil, 1824. - -=ATTENUATED.= Tapering gradually to a point. - -[Illustration: FIG. 191. FRUITING BRANCH OF ROUND AUBERGINE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 192. FRUITING BRANCH OF LONG AUBERGINE.] - -=AUBERGINE=, or =EGG PLANT= (_Solanum melongena_, variety _ovigerum_). -These plants, besides being useful for culinary purposes, are very -ornamental, and present an attractive appearance on walls or trellises, -or in the flower garden; and, as they do well in any ordinary rich -garden soil, if the position is warm, they give a good variation to the -general run of plants used for decorative effects. The Black-fruited -kind is particularly suited for this purpose. Sow the seeds in a gentle -heat, in the middle of April. As soon as the seedlings are large enough -to handle, prick off into 4in. pots, replacing in heat till they root -out freely. Gradually harden off by June, and then transfer to the -positions where they are to grow. Let the plants be at least 2ft. -apart, and place a strong stick to each one to support the fruit when -it comes. For trellises, select the more moderate-sized varieties. In -hot, dry weather, the application of liberal supplies of liquid manure -tends to increase the size of the fruit, and also to make the foliage -more vigorous and handsome. Where very large fruit are needed for show -or other purposes, it is well to remove all but the best one on the -plant, and, by careful feeding with liquid manure, specimens of from -10lb. to 12lb. weight can be had. The foliage should not be pinched, -as this would prevent the free swelling of the fruit. Aubergines are -not so much grown in England for culinary purposes as in France and -Italy, where they are largely used in stews and soups. The following -are the most desirable varieties: New York Purple, the largest kind -grown, and although not as ornamental as the next, is quite as useful; -Black-fruited, large black fruit, with blackish violet leaves; and -White-fruited, the sort most generally cultivated. See Figs. 191 and -192. - -=AUBRIETIA= (named after M. Aubriet, a famous French botanical -draughtsman). ORD. _CruciferA|_. A small genus of hardy evergreen -trailers. Racemes opposite the leaves, and terminal, lax, few-flowered. -Leaves ovate or oblong, entire or angularly toothed, hairy. They make -excellent rock plants, and will thrive in a deep rich loam anywhere, -excepting under the shelter of trees. Cuttings struck, or seeds sown, -during April or May generally make fine, dense, cushion-like growths, -if transplanted on to a somewhat cool or shaded border, and carefully -lifted in the autumn; the cuttings are best "drawn," or grown until -they are soft, in a frame before they are removed. Where a stock of old -plants exist, layer the long slender branches any time after flowering, -and cover with a mixture of sand and leaf soil; they will then root -freely and establish themselves in time for spring blooming, for which -purpose, when grown _en masse_, they are most useful. After flowering, -they may be divided and transplanted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 193. AUBRIETIA DELTOIDEA.] - - =A. deltoidea= (deltoid).* _fl._ purple; petals twice the length of - the calyx; pedicels short, filiform; racemes opposite the leaves - and terminal, lax, few-flowered. Early spring. _l._ with one or two - large teeth on each side (therefore they are rhomboidal, not truly - deltoid), scabrous, with short branchy stellate hairs. _h._ 2in. - to 4in. Naples, &c., 1710. There are several garden varieties, the - best of which are described below; most of them are regarded as - distinct species. See Fig. 193. (S. F. G. 628.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 194. AUBRIETIA PURPUREA.] - - =A. d. Bouganvillei= (Bouganville's).* _fl._ light violet purple, - with very even imbricated petals. Habit very dwarf and compact, - with short peduncles. A pretty form. - - =A. d. Campbelli= (Campbell's).* Larger deep violet blue flowers, - and of far more vigorous constitution than the typical form. - _Grandiflora_ comes very near this. SYN. _A. Hendersonii_. - - =A. d. Eyrei= (Eyre's).* A very fine variety, with a free branching - habit, and large flowers of a rich violet-purple colour, rather - longer than broad. _A. olympica_ is very near, if not identical - with this. - - =A. d. grA|ca= (Grecian).* _fl._ light purple. _h._ 4in. Greece, - 1872. One of the best and largest flowered forms; very vigorous - grower, with neat compact habit. A variety of this, named - _superba_, has rather deeper-coloured flowers, produced over a very - extended period. (R. G. 697.) - - =A. d. purpurea= (purple).* Larger flowers and more erect habit - than the type. _l._ broader, with two to five teeth. Stems more - leafy. There is a variegated form, which is very pleasing and - effective, useful for carpeting or edging small beds. See Fig. 194. - - =A. d. violacea= (violet).* This is a hybrid form, even finer than - _Campbelli_, with large deep violet-purple flowers, fading to - reddish-violet, and is more effective than any of the others. - - =A. Hendersonii= (Henderson's). A synonym of _A. d. Campbelli_. - -=AUCUBA= (the Japanese name of the shrub). ORD. _CornaceA|_. A genus -of hardy evergreen shrubs, thriving better than any other in the -smoky atmosphere of dense cities. They grow in ordinary well-drained -garden soil, and require no special culture. If grown in pots, they -should be planted firmly in rather sandy yellow loam, with plenty of -drainage. They should not be allowed too large pots, or an unfruitful -growth is likely to result. During the growing season, an abundance -of water is needed, which must be lessened when the plants are fully -developed. If cultivated in the greenhouse or conservatory, they should -be plunged out of doors during summer. To insure a good supply of -the very ornamental berries, which are produced on the female plant, -careful fertilising is necessary. The time for applying the pollen is -when the pistil exudes a slightly gummy substance, and otherwise shows -signs of maturity. When it happens, as is sometimes the case, that the -male blooms are open and the pollen mature before the female blooms -are ready, the pollen should be collected on a dry camel-hair pencil, -transferred to a piece of glass, and covered over by another piece, -both of which must also be dry. It may be applied afterwards when -wanted, as it retains its power for some weeks. Propagated by cuttings, -inserted in any light sandy soil, with or without a covering, in spring -or autumn; or readily increased from seeds, sown as soon as ripe. - - =A. himalaica= (Himalayan).* _l._ lanceolate, or lanceolate - acuminate; branches of the panicle very pilose. Berries spherical, - not oblong. Himalaya. (F. d. S. 12, 1271.) - - =A. japonica= (Japanese).* _l._ opposite, petiolate, broad, - ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, toothed, leathery, glabrous, shining, - pale green, beautifully spotted with yellow, having the midrib - rather prominent, the rest of the leaf reticulately veined. _h._ - 6ft. to 10ft. Japan, 1783. The numerous varieties, both of the male - and female forms, among which will be found many of great beauty, - all differ, more or less, in the variegation of their leaves. - They are in very general cultivation, and nearly every nurseryman - has an assortment. Among the best of them are the following: - _albo-variegata_, _aurea_, _bicolor_, _latimaculata_, _limbata_, - _longifolia_, _macrophylla_, _ovata_, _pygmA|a_, and _pygmA|a - sulphurea_. - -=AUDOUINIA= (in honour of V. Audouin, a profound entomologist). ORD. -_BruniaceA|_. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub, thriving in a -mixture of peat and sandy loam. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened -wood, inserted in sand, under a bell glass, in gentle heat. - - =A. capitata= (headed). _fl._ purple, crowded into oblong, - spike-like, terminal heads. May. _l._ spirally inserted, a little - keeled. Branches erect. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1790. - -=AULACOSPERMUM.= A synonym of =Pleurospermum= (which _see_). - -=AULAX= (from _aulax_, a furrow; the under surface of the leaves of -the original species being furrowed). ORD. _ProteaceA|_. Greenhouse -evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope, thriving best in a -compost of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sharp sand, with thorough -drainage. Ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, and inserted in pots -of sandy soil, will root readily under a hand glass, in a cool house. - - =A. pinifolia= (Pine-leaved). _fl._ yellow, racemose. July. _l._ - filiform, channelled. _h._ 2ft. 1780. - - =A. umbellata= (umbelled). _fl._ yellow. June. _l._ flat, - spathulate*-linear. _h._ 2ft. 1774. (B. R. 12, 1015.) - -=AURANTIACEA†.= An order of trees or shrubs, including the Orange and -Lemon trees. Flowers fragrant. Fruit fleshy, edible. Leaves alternate, -articulated above the stem, filled with transparent oil cysts, giving -them a dotted appearance. Well-known genera are _Citrus_ and _Limonia_. - -=AURICULA= (_Primula Auricula_). This favourite spring flower (see Fig. -195) was, at one time, almost universally cultivated, but has of late -years fallen into much neglect; it is now, however, happily regaining -enthusiastic admirers. Although its culture is not nearly so difficult -as is generally understood, a few special items of treatment are -nevertheless necessary to grow it successfully. - -[Illustration: FIG. 195. A VARIETY OF PRIMULA AURICULA.] - -_Frames_ for the reception of Auriculas should be prepared, with a good -bottom drainage, and an inside staging, similar to the back stage of -a lean-to greenhouse, arranged as near the glass as possible. If the -frames are about 4ft. wide, they will be very convenient; 1ft. deep in -the front, and about 3ft. at the back. This will allow for a good stage -arrangement. Of course, it is not necessary to construct an expensive -staging, as common boards can be laid upon pots of various heights, the -same results being practically secured. These frames should face north -from May to October, and south in winter, during which latter time it -will be necessary to well cover the sides with straw or brake. When -frosty, the lights must also be mated; but, unless there is absolute -fear of frost, the glass should not be covered, as the more light the -plants receive the better. On all suitable occasions, both during -summer and winter, air must be freely admitted, and a good look-out -kept during showery weather; hence it may be necessary to tilt the -lights with blocks rather than remove them entirely. The latter plan -should be adopted whenever practicable, especially during early spring, -and after they are well established in their fresh pots in summer. -This will greatly assist to ripen the crown, and produce hard, stout -foliage, which will endure the winter much better than if grown with -less air. Many cultivators prefer small span or lean-to houses to -frames; and it must be admitted that these are better, more convenient, -and in every way more beneficial. Simple, inexpensive structures, no -higher than is absolutely necessary for convenience, with top and side -ventilation, will meet all requirements; and if a 2in. hot-water pipe -is arranged next the eaves inside, it will be a decided advantage -during very severe weather. - -_Soil._ The best compost that can be prepared for Auriculas is as -follows: Four parts good fibrous loam, one part well-rotted cow manure, -one part good leaf soil, and one part coarse river or silver sand, -with a little charcoal or pounded oyster-shells added. Carefully mix -the whole together before using. The loam should be stored about -twelve months previous to being used, and it should be selected from -districts with a fine atmosphere; the turf should be cut about 3in. -thick. Cow manure that has lain for a year or so, and been subjected to -sharp frosts, is most suitable, as insect life, which it very probably -contains, is thereby destroyed, and the whole materially sweetened. - -_Potting._ This operation requires to be carefully done as soon after -flowering as possible, unless it is desired to save seed, when it -must be deferred until the seed is ripened. May and June are the best -months for general potting, and whatever the size of the pots used, -they should be carefully and thoroughly drained. After a good layer -of potsherds, place some charcoal, leaf mould, or spent hops. Many -good growers use the last very advantageously. For good flowering -plants, 48-sized pots are used, many cultivators preferring glazed -pots to the unglazed; but such are not absolutely necessary to ensure -success. Before repotting, remove most of the old soil, and with a -sharp knife cut off any bruised or cankered portion of roots; the stout -tap-root may also be cut away if devoid of fresh rootlets. Do not pot -very firmly. Remove the plants to their summer quarters, withholding -water for a few days, and keep the frames close. About a week after -potting, water may be advantageously given, the plants will then soon -resume root-action, and air may be admitted afterwards on all suitable -occasions. The collar or neck of the plant must be left well above the -surface of the soil. - -_Watering_ is a point that requires careful attention, as neglect -in this matter will result in failure. During the growing season, -Auriculas require an abundance of water; in fact, they must never be -allowed to get dry. In the winter, they must only be watered when -they are really dry, especially during a severe season. Care must be -taken to avoid watering the leaves, particularly in early spring, as -this tends to spoil the effect of the charming farinose foliage. Above -all, water must not be allowed to stand in the heart of the plant, as -such will inevitably cause incipient decay. Hence it is necessary to -keep a sharp lookout for drippings from the glass, and to maintain -tightly-glazed frames. On all occasions, decaying leaves must be -removed, and especially during winter. - -_Top-dressing._ About the middle or end of February, when the plants -commence new growth, the surface soil should be removed about an inch -or so deep, and the pots re-filled with a rich compost made up of the -following: Two parts of turfy loam, one of rotten cow or hen manure, -and one of leaf soil; if a little Standen's Manure is added, the -compost will be improved. After this top-dressing, the plants may be -watered freely. - -_Propagation by Offsets._ When top-dressing, any offsets with roots -should be removed, and as soon after as possible the remaining ones -should be taken off, as it is much more desirable to do so early than -later on, when repotting; for, when making the first growth, they are -the more likely to root better, and stand a greater chance of making -good plants before the season is over. Fill well-drained 3in. pots with -sandy soil, and arrange about four offsets round the sides; place under -a bell glass, or in a close handlight, watering very sparingly so as to -prevent them damping off. They will soon establish themselves, after -which air may be admitted, and the plants may ultimately be potted off -singly. To induce choice varieties to make offsets, the top of the old -plant should be removed and treated like the others, when, as a rule, -several shoots will be produced, which in due time may be removed. By -this means, a nice stock of the rarer kinds may be obtained; whereas, -if such a course were not adopted, the rate of increase would be -extremely slow. - -_Flowering._ During the flowering period, watering, as already stated, -must be carefully attended to, for if the plants are allowed to get -dry, the flowers will quickly shrivel. They must also be kept well -shaded from sunshine, which quickly destroys the delicate blossoms. -As the trusses are developing, particular attention must be given to -night protection. It is, perhaps, better to cover every night than to -run the risk of exposing the unexpanded flowers to frost, as the effect -is very prejudicial; in fact, if subject to frost, smooth even flowers -may not be expected. - -_Seed Saving and Sowing._ The only way to obtain new varieties is by -seed; hence the value of careful seed-saving will be apparent. Severe -discrimination must be exercised in the selection of parents, and -the flowers must be very carefully crossed. The anthers should be -removed from the pistillate parent, if possible, before expansion, -so as to prevent any possibility of self-fertilisation; and, when -the stigma is ready, the pollen must be conveyed by means of a small -camel's-hair brush, care being taken not to mistake the brushes used -in different classes. It has been observed in Auriculas that the -issue from crossbred seed favours the pollen more than the pistillate -parent; hence the necessity of selecting good pollen parents. It is -best to confine hybridisation to separate classes--_i.e._, cross a -Self with a Self, and a Green-edged variety with another of the same -class. The importance of selecting the best in each class scarcely -needs suggestion, having regard to constitution as well as the quality -of the flowers. The seed should be sown as soon as ripe, or early in -March, in well-drained pots, filled with sandy soil, which must be well -watered previous to sowing. When this operation is completed, the seed -must be lightly covered with coarse sand, a sheet of glass placed over -the pot, and the latter stood in the hand glass, where the offsets are -rooted. Some of the seedlings will appear in a month, but the bulk -from that sown when ripe will not be seen until the following spring; -while others will germinate even during the ensuing summer. The late -comers should be particularly cared for, as they frequently produce -the best varieties. When the seedlings are large enough, they must be -pricked off in pots of sandy soil; and, when well established, potted -off singly into small thumb pots, and afterwards encouraged as judgment -suggests. Some growers allow the seedlings to remain in the store -pots till they flower, when the best are kept, and those not required -disposed of. - -_Insect Pests._ Green fly are often very troublesome, and should be -exterminated as speedily as possible, by tobacco fumigation, or by -dipping the plants in a solution of Gishurst's Compound, or carefully -prepared Fir-tree Oil, all of which are effectual. Many authorities -denounce fumigation, while others advocate it. The roots are also -attacked by a mealy louse, named _Trama auriculA|_, which clusters about -the roots and collar of the plants, sucking nutriment therefrom; and -although, provided they do not attack the collar, they have no greatly -prejudicial effect on the plant, yet it is desirable to exterminate -them. The only effectual way of accomplishing this is to remove all -soil, and thoroughly cleanse the roots and collar in a solution of soft -soap, with a little Fir-tree Oil added. Of course, this is most easily -managed when repotting; and, unless the plants are very badly infested, -it would not be advisable to run the risk of root washing later in the -year. - -_Classes._ Auriculas are now arranged in five classes, four of which -constitute what are known as "show or stage Auriculas," while the -other is known by the name of "Alpines." Each class is characterised -by special points of distinction, which, in the opinion of the strict -"florists" school, it is of the utmost importance to observe; and as -there is room for systematists in this, as well as in any other branch -of floriculture, we will follow the arrangement usually adopted, and -describe the distinguishing features of, and enumerate some of the best -varieties in, each class, with their raisers' names attached: - - =Green-edged.= Outer edge green, or but sparingly dusted with - powder; next, a zone of colour known as the body colour, which - varies, the darkest being most esteemed; both edges of this zone - should be even, especially the inner one, but there are few flowers - perfect in this respect. Next to the body-colour is the paste, - which occupies the space between the inner circle of the latter - and the throat, this should be pure and dense, with a distinctly - circular outline at the throat; the throat and tube should be - bright yellow. Of course, this ideal standard has not yet been - reached, as there are supposed defects in all or some sections of - the flowers at present known. _Leading Varieties_: ADMIRAL NAPIER - (Campbell), ALDERMAN WISBEY (Headley), APOLLO (Beeston), CHAMPION - (Page), COLONEL TAYLOR (Leigh), DUKE OF WELLINGTON (Dickson), - FREEDOM (Booth), GENERAL NEILL (Traill), HIGHLAND BOY (Pollitt), - IMPERATOR (Litton), LADY ANN WILBRAHAM (Oliver), LORD PALMERSTON - (Campbell), LOVELY ANN (Oliver), LYCURGUS (Smith), PRINCE OF GREENS - (Traill), PRINCE OF WALES (Ashton). - - =Grey-edged.= Edge heavily dusted with powder, so as almost - to hide the normal green colour; other points same as the - Green-edged varieties. _Leading varieties_: ALEXANDER MEIKLEJOHN - (Kay), CHAS. E. BROWN (Headley), COMPLETE (Sykes), CONQUEROR OF - EUROPE (Waterhouse), DR. HORNER (Read), F. D. HORNER (Simonite), - GENERAL BOLIVAR (Smith), GEORGE LEVICK (Walker), GEORGE - LIGHTBODY (Headley), JOHN WATERSTON (Cunningham), LANCASHIRE - HERO (Lancashire), RICHARD HEADLEY (Lightbody), ROBERT TRAILL - (Lightbody). - - =White-edged.= Edge so heavily dusted with farina as to completely - hide the green and give it a white appearance; the powder - frequently as dense as on the paste portion; other points like - the first. _Leading varieties_: ACME (Read), ANNE SMITH (Smith), - ARABELLA (Headley), BEAUTY (Traill), BRIGHT VENUS (Lee), CATHERINA - (Summerscales), CONSERVATIVE (Douglas), COUNTESS OF WILTON - (Cheetham), EARL GROSVENOR (Lee), FAVORITE (Taylor), FRANK SIMONITE - (Simonite), GLORY (Taylor), JOHN SIMONITE (Walker), NE PLUS - ULTRA (Smith), REGULAR (Ashworth), SMILING BEAUTY (Heap), SYLVIA - (Douglas), TRUE BRITON (Hepworth). - - =Selfs.= Tube bright yellow, and circular at the top; paste - dense, pure, with an even edge; all the rest of the flower of one - colour, without shades or edging; any colour holds good. _Leading - varieties_: APOLLO (Hay), BLACKBIRD (Spalding), C. J. PERRY - (Turner), DUKE OF ARGYLE (Campbell), FORMOSA (Smith), GARIBALDI - (Pohlman), HELEN LANCASTER (Pohlman), LORD OF LORNE (Campbell), - MAZINNA (Pohlman), METEOR FLAG (Lightbody), METROPOLITAN - (Spalding), MRS. DOUGLAS (Simonite), MRS. STURROCK (Martin), - OTHELLO (Netherwood), PIZARRO (Campbell), TOPSY (Kaye). - - =Alpines.= Centre golden yellow, or white, and destitute of powder; - body colour various; edge one-coloured, shading off paler towards - the margin. These are much hardier than any of the other classes, - and will do well outside in most places. _Leading varieties_: A. F. - BARRON (Turner), BEATRICE (Turner), BLACK PRINCE (Turner), BRONZE - QUEEN (Turner), COLONEL SCOTT (Turner), DIADEM (Gorton), DUCHESS - OF CONNAUGHT (Turner), EVENING STAR (Turner), GEORGE LIGHTBODY - (Turner), JOHN LEECH (Turner), MRS. BALL (Turner), MRS. DODWELL - (Turner), MRS. LLEWELLYN (Turner), MRS. MEIKLEJOHN (Meiklejohn), - MRS. THOMSON (Turner), QUEEN VICTORIA (Turner), RUBENS (Turner), - SAILOR PRINCE (Turner), SELINA (Turner), SPANGLE (Turner), SYDNEY - (Turner), TRIUMPHANT (Turner). - -=AURICULATE.= Having ear-like appendages. - -=AUSTRIAN ROSE.= _See_ =Rosa lutea=. - -=AVENA= (derivation obscure). The Oat. ORD. _GramineA|_. A genus of -grasses with loose panicles and compressed spikelets. Of agricultural -importance only, with the following exception, which is an annual of -easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, sown in -spring or autumn. - - =A. sterilis= (barren). The Animated Oat. _fl._ in drooping - panicles of large spikelets. _h._ 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Barbary, 1640. - An elegant plant. - -=AVENS.= _See_ =Geum=. - -=AVENUES.= In forming an Avenue, the plan must neither be tortuous nor -of a "tedious sameness," but a gradually winding line should, above -all, be obtained, which must in no way interfere with the view from -the house. About 12ft. is the width usually allowed for the road, but -this depends upon individual taste or idea--this remark applies to -planting in double rows, the trees forming a series of triangles, or -in single rows. The distance across the road from one row of trees -to those opposite should be at least 24ft. The Lime is extensively -used for Avenues on account of its regular growth and the shade it -affords. The Cedar of Lebanon is one of the best and most suitable -evergreens. The Dutch Elm is used because of its rapid growth, and -forms one of the best deciduous trees for this purpose. The well-known -Horse Chestnut, in sheltered spots, is very ornamental, as is also the -Spanish Chestnut; the latter spreads rapidly. Where immediate effect -is required, nothing gives more satisfaction than the White Poplar; it -grows in a wet soil better than anything else. Deodars, Araucarias, -Douglas Pine, the Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese Cypresses, and many -others, are eminently suited for Avenue planting. Shrubs and herbaceous -plants should be introduced between the trees, and so remove any -bareness that may occur. _Diervilla rosea_, and its variegated form, -_Aucubas_, _Rhododendrons_, _Hypericums_, and many others, could be -mentioned to serve this purpose. A moderately good soil will be found -to answer generally. - -=AVERRHOA= (in honour of Averrhoes, of Cordova, a celebrated Arabian -physician, who resided in Spain during the domination of the Moors, -about the middle of the twelfth century; he translated Aristotle into -Arabic). ORD. _GeraniaceA|_. Ornamental stove trees, thriving in loam -and peat. Half-ripened cuttings will strike in sand, under a hand -glass, about April, with bottom heat. The leaves of the first-named -species are irritable to the touch. - -[Illustration: FIG. 196 AZALEA BALSAMINA†FLORA.] - - =A. Bilimbi= (Bilimbi-tree). _fl._ reddish purple, disposed in - racemes, rising from the trunk. May. _fr._ oblong, somewhat - resembling a small cucumber, with a thin, smooth, green rind, - filled with a grateful acid juice, and the substance and seeds not - unlike that of a cucumber. _l._ alternate, with from five to ten - pairs of ovate-lanceolate, entire, smooth leaflets on short stalks. - _h._ 8ft. to 15ft. Native country unknown, 1791. (B. F. S. 117.) - - =A. Carambola.= Carambola-tree. _fl._ red, scattered, disposed - in short racemes, usually rising from the smaller branches, but - sometimes from the larger ones, and even the trunk. _fr._ the - size of a hen's egg, acutely five-cornered, with a thin, yellow - rind, and a clear watery pulp. _l._ alternate, with about four to - five pairs of ovate, acuminated, entire, stalked leaflets, the - outer ones largest. _h._ 14ft. to 20ft. 1793. This, as well as the - first-named species, is cultivated throughout the hotter parts of - India, but where it occurs truly wild is not known. - -=AVOCADO PEAR.= _See_ =Persea gratissima=. - -=AWL-SHAPED.= Narrow-pointed, resembling an awl. - -=AWLWORT.= _See_ =Subularia=. - -=AXIL.= Literally the armpit; in plants applied to the angle formed by -union of the leaf and stem. - -=AXILLARIA.= _See_ =Polygonatum=. - -=AXILLARY.= Growing in the axil of anything. - -=AYRSHIRE ROSE.= _See_ =Rosa repens capreolata=. - -=AZALEA= (from _azaleos_, dry, arid; in allusion to the habitat of -the plant). ORD. _EricaceA|_. A genus of very popular and beautiful -hardy or greenhouse plants. The species enumerated were included -under _Rhododendron_ by Don, Loudon, and others, contrary to the -classification of LinnA|us, but the distinctive characters are not -consistent. In this genus, the stamens are usually five, but in -_Rhododendron_ ten is the typical number. - -_Ghent_ or _American Azaleas_. These are extremely popular hardy -deciduous shrubs. When plants are grown in the open, artificial -crossing will be unnecessary; but this method must be employed upon -those grown in the cool greenhouse, if well fertilised seeds are -required. The seed should be gathered and sown when ripe in a large -shallow frame containing from 2in. to 3in. of peat, over which more -peat must be laid very level by means of a fine sieve; or they may be -kept until early the following spring. No covering will be necessary, -but a thorough watering with a fine-rosed water-pot must be given. -The lights should be darkened, and the frames kept close until the -young seedlings begin to appear, when they must have air (carefully -admitted), shade, and a daily sprinkling of water. By the autumn, they -will be large enough to transplant in small clumps into boxes of peat -and coarse sand, and to place in other frames, or in the open. In each -case, they will need watering, shading, and to be kept close until -growth commences. The hardier the plants are before winter commences, -the better; but a protection of mats or similar material will prevent -the probability of their being killed by severe frosts. During the -following season, they will only require water during dry weather, -and no protection need be afforded this winter. The next spring, they -should be planted out singly in beds, sufficiently wide apart to allow -the development of two years growth. If an upright growth is being -made, the leading shoot must be shortened, in order to secure dwarf, -well-branched plants. The same methods should be employed on a smaller -scale where but a few are wanted. Grafting is largely practised to -increase the stock of named varieties or choice seedlings, the stock -employed being _A. pontica_. This process, of course, ensures the -quicker production of flowering plants. Layering in March, encasing -the part buried with moss, is also some times practised; but the layer -must be left two years before separating. Cuttings of the last year's -wood, 2in. or 3in. long, taken with a heel, root readily in sand; about -the end of August is the best time for so doing. If they are pricked -off in pots or pans of sandy soil, and kept in a cool frame until -they are calloused, and afterwards introduced into a slight bottom -heat, they root quicker, but this is not absolutely essential. When -placed outside, they should be covered with a handlight for about two -months, and, at the end of this time, air should be gradually given -and increased. Ghent Azaleas are now forced extensively for the market -as well as in private gardens; and, by judicious culture, they can be -had in full blossom by Christmas. With this end in view, they should -be grown in pots, and have the growth prematurely completed soon after -flowering with the aid of a little artificial heat; after which they -may be placed outside. During very hot and dry weather, the north side -of a wall is necessary, to prevent their flowering in the autumn. The -same plants must only be forced every alternate year. Commence to place -the plants in heat in October, and keep up a succession until the -following March. The best plants for forcing purposes are obtained from -the Continent, where they are grown in enormous quantities. When grown -permanently out of doors, the most suitable soil is peat and rough sand -mixed. Failing this, leaf mould, maiden loam, and sand, will be found -satisfactory. In many cases, we have known them to flourish in ordinary -garden soil. - - The following varieties of Ghent Azaleas are distinct, and all - worth growing; ADMIRAL DE RUYTER, deep red-scarlet, very fine; - ALTACLERENSIS, bright yellow; AMA'NA, light pink; CARNEA ELEGANS, - pale pink, shaded sulphur; COCCINEA MAJOR, dark scarlet, very fine; - CUPREA SPLENDENS, rich pink, shaded yellow; DECORATA, lovely pink; - DIRECTEUR CHARLES BAUMANN, rich vermilion, spotted yellow; ELECTOR, - rich orange-scarlet; GEANT DES BATAILLES, deep crimson, very fine; - MADAME JOSEPH BAUMANN, bright pink, very free and good; MARIA - VERSCHAFFELT, shaded pink and yellow; MIRABILIS, very lovely pink; - MORTERI, rich yellow, shaded rosy-red; PONTICA MACRANTHA, rich deep - sulphur, very large and fine; PRINCESSE D'ORANGE, salmon-pink, very - fine; SANGUINEA, deep crimson; VISCOSA FLORIBUNDA, pure white, very - fragrant. - - =A. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl._ large, reddish, not clammy, - leafy; tube of corolla longer than the segments; calyx leafy, with - the segments oblong and acute. May. _l._, of the flower buds large, - yellowish-brown, surrounded with a fringed white border, obovate, - rather obtuse, smooth on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, ciliated - on the margins, and having the midrib almost smooth. _h._ 10ft. to - 20ft. Pennsylvania, 1818. Deciduous species. - - =A. balsaminA|flora= (Balsam-flowered).* _fl._ bright salmony - red, finely double and rosette-like, the segments regularly - imbricated, much resembling in general appearance the blooms of - a Camellia-flowered Balsam. Japan. It is a distinct species, - and remains in bloom for a considerable period; the flowers are - invaluable for bouquets. See Fig. 196, for which we are indebted to - Mr. Bull. - - =A. calendulacea= (Marigold-like).* _fl._ yellow, red, orange, and - copper coloured, large, not clammy, rather naked; tube of corolla - hairy, shorter than the segments. May. _l._ oblong, pubescent on - both surfaces, at length hairy. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. Pennsylvania to - Carolina, 1806. This is said to be the handsomest shrub in North - America. There are several varieties of it in cultivation. Hardy; - deciduous. (B. M. 1721, 2143.) - - =A. hispida= (bristly). _fl._ white, with a red border and a - tinge of red on the tube, which is wide and scarcely longer - than the segments, very clammy, leafy; stamens ten. July. _l._ - long-lanceolate, hispid above, and smooth beneath, glaucous on both - surfaces, ciliated on the margins, and having the nerve bristly - beneath. Branches straight, and very hispid. _h._ 10ft. to 15ft. - New York, &c., 1734. A hardy deciduous species. (W. D. B. 1, 6.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 197. FLOWER OF AZALEA LEDIFOLIA.] - - =A. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, showy; corolla - campanulate; in threes at the extremities of the branches; calyx - erect, glandular, and viscid. March. _l._ elliptic-lanceolate. _h._ - 2ft. to 6ft. China, 1819. The whole shrub is very hairy. Hardy; - evergreen. SYN. _A. liliiflora_. See Fig. 197. (B. M. 2901.) - - =A. liliiflora= (lily-flowered). Synonymous with _A. ledifolia_. - - =A. nudiflora= (naked-flowered).* _fl._ in terminal clustered - racemes, appearing before the leaves, rather naked, not - clammy; tube of corolla longer than the segments; teeth of - calyx short, rather rounded; stamens much exserted. June. _l._ - lanceolate-oblong, nearly smooth and green on both surfaces, - ciliated on the margins, having the midrib bristly beneath, and - woolly above. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. North America, 1734. This species - hybridises very freely with _A. calendulacea_, _A. pontica_, _A. - viscosa_, &c., and descriptive lists of a host of hybrids of almost - every conceivable shade, both double and single, are to be found in - continental and home catalogues, to which the reader is referred. - Hardy. (W. F. A., t. 36.) - - =A. pontica= (Pontic).* _fl._ leafy, clammy; corolla funnel-shaped; - stamens very long. May. _l._ shining, ovate, oblong, pilose, - ciliated. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Levant, Caucasus, &c., 1793. The - varieties of this species are also numerous, differing principally - in the colour of the flowers and the hue of the leaves. The flowers - are of all shades, and frequently striped. The name generally - adopted, as above, must not be confounded with _Rhododendron - ponticum_. If the genus _Azalea_ is merged into Rhododendron, as is - done by most systematists, this plant must be called by Don's name, - _Rhododendron flavum_. (I. H. 1864, 415.) - - =A. procumbens= (procumbent). _See_ =Loiseleria procumbens=. - - =A. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ scarlet and orange coloured; corolla - silky, with obtuse, ciliated, lanceolate, undulated segments; calyx - pubescent. May. _l._ lanceolate, ciliated, acute at both ends. - Branches hairy. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. North America. The varieties - of above are several, varying in the shape of the leaves and the - colour of the flowers. (L. B. C. 1255) - - =A. viscosa= (clammy).* _fl._ white, sweet-scented, in terminal - clusters, downy, clammy, leafy; tube of corolla as long as the - segments. July. _l._ oblong-ovate, acute, smooth, and green on both - surfaces, ciliated on the margins, having the midrib bristly. _h._ - 2ft. to 4ft. North America, 1734. Like nearly all species belonging - to this genus, the varieties are many, varying in the colour of the - flowers and otherwise. (T. S. M. 438.) - - =A. v. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ white, tinged with red, clammy, - leafy; tube of corolla a little longer than the segments. April. - _l._ oblanceolate, rather mucronate, leathery, smooth on both - surfaces, shining above, having the nerve bristly beneath, with - revolute, ciliated margins. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. New York, 1812. - Hardy; deciduous. (B. R. 5, 414.) - -_Indian or Chinese Azaleas._ This is a section of greenhouse -evergreen varieties obtained from _A. indica_ (which _see_), blooming -continuously from November to June, or even later, and of the greatest -value for all purposes, whether for decoration, cutting, or exhibition. -Cultivation: Thorough drainage is essential, and a compost of half -peat, the other half made up of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in -equal quantities. They cannot have too much light and air, and may be -grown to almost any size by shifting from one pot to a size larger. -In repotting, the whole of the crocks should be taken away from the -base of the ball of soil and roots, and the top should also be removed -till the fine roots are reached. The plant should then be put in the -new pot, and the additional soil rammed firm, in order to prevent the -water running through it, and thus depriving the plant of any benefit -therefrom. In all cases, the roots near the stem must be above the -soil, so that the water may not sink in next the stem, or death will -most certainly ensue. After potting, for a few days the plants should -be kept close and freely syringed, and as the growth is completed, -they may be well hardened off. The best time for potting is after -flowering, before the new growth has been made. From October to June -the plants should be in the greenhouse, and during the other months in -a cold frame, or plunged in pots in the open; or, what is preferable -in favoured localities, planted out in prepared beds; they will thus -be kept cleaner, and the growth will be much superior. In autumn they -may be lifted and repotted, placing in a shady position for a few days. -Water in abundance must be given throughout the blooming and growing -season; and the plants must, on no account, be allowed to become dry. -At the same time, a proper amount of care is most essential, as an -excessive amount of moisture is equally as fatal as drought. Cuttings -should be placed in sand under a bell glass with moderate bottom heat; -half-ripened ones are preferable. They must be cut up to a joint--the -base of a leaf--the lower leaves for an inch stripped off, and the stem -stuck into the sand, which should lay, about an inch thick, on the top -of sandy peat soil; the bottom of the cuttings should reach, but not go -quite into, the soil. The whole should be covered with a bell glass, -which must be wiped dry every morning. Soon after the cuttings have -commenced growing, place them in small pots. They are also very largely -and easily increased by grafting; indeed, this is the only satisfactory -method of securing standards. Seeds may be sown similar to the last -section, but in the greenhouse, and, when well up, pricked out into -little pots 1in. apart. Azaleas are liable to the attacks of thrips and -red spider, the latter being especially troublesome if the plants are -in a dry position; frequent syringing will materially help to eradicate -both pests. If insufficient, syringe with a solution of Gishurst's -Compound. - - =A. amA"na= (pleasing). _fl._ almost campanulate, rich crimson, - about 1-1/2in. across, hose-in-hose conformation, produced in great - profusion. April. _l._ small, size of the common Box, hairy. _h._ - 1ft. China. This is an elegant little neat and compact growing - shrub, which has proved to be quite hardy in England. (B. M. - 4728.) A very beautiful series of hybrids have been obtained by - crossing this species with _A. indica_, which are most serviceable - and free. The following are most desirable: LADY MUSGRAVE, light - carmine; MISS BUIST, pure white; MRS. CARMICHAEL, rich magenta, - shaded crimson; PRIME MINISTER, soft pink, deep shaded, very free; - PRINCESS BEATRICE, light mauve, very distinct and free; PRINCESS - MAUDE, rich magenta, rose shaded. - -[Illustration: FIG. 198. FLOWER OF AZALEA INDICA.] - - =A. indica= (Indian).* _fl._ campanulate, terminal, solitary or - twin; calycine teeth long-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliated, spreading. - _l._ cuneate-lanceolate, finely crenelated, covered with sharp, - close-pressed rigid hairs, attenuated at both ends. Branches - also covered with sharp, close-pressed, rigid hairs. _h._ 3ft. - to 6ft. China, 1808. See Fig. 198. There are a great number of - garden seedlings of the Indian Azalea, including every shade and - colour. A selection to any extent may be made from the nurserymen's - catalogues, but, for the guidance of the amateur, we have made a - rigid selection of the best double and single varieties. - - _Double-Flowered_: A. BORSIG, pure white; ALICE, rich deep - rose, blotched with vermilion, very fine; BERNARD ANDRA%, dark - violet-purple, large, semi-double; CHARLES LEIRENS, dark salmon, - good form and substance; COMTESSE EUGENIE DE KERCHOVE, white, - flaked with red-carmine, semi-double; DOMINIQUE VERVAENE, bright - orange, very fine; DR. MOORE, deep rose, with white and violet - shading, very fine; EMPEREUR DE BRA%SIL, rich rose, banded white, - the upper petals marked red; FRANCIS DEVOS, deep crimson; - IMBRICATA, pure white, sometimes flaked with rose; MADAME IRIS - LEFEBVRE, dark orange, shaded with bright violet, and blotched with - chocolate; PRESIDENT GHELLINCK DE WALLE, intense rose, upper petals - blotched with lake, and crimson-rayed; SOUVENIR DE PRINCE ALBERT, - rich rose peach, broadly margined with pure white, very free and - beautiful. - - _Single-Flowered_: CHARMER, rich amaranth, very large; COMTESSE - DE BEAUFORT, rich rose, the upper petals blotched with crimson; - CRITERION, rich salmon pink, white-margined; DUC DE NASSAU, rich - rosy-purple, very free and large; ECLATANTE, deep crimson, rose - shaded; FANNY IVERY, deep salmon-scarlet, blotched magenta, very - fine; FLAMBEAU, rich glowing crimson, extremely showy; JOHN GOULD - VEITCH, lilac-rose, netted and bordered white, and blotched with - saffron, very showy; LA SUPERBE, rich lake, bordered orange, - and black spotted, a very fine variety; LA VICTOIRE, centre - reddish, white towards the edge, the upper petals spotted with - maroon-crimson; LOUIS VON BADEN, pure white, a grand variety; - MADAME CHARLES VAN ECKHAUTE, pure white, with beautifully crisped - edges, of excellent form and substance; MADAME VAN HOUTTE, richly - flaked with carmine and rose, very large and free; MARQUIS OF - LORNE, brilliant scarlet, of the finest form and substance; MRS. - TURNER, bright pink, white-margined, and spotted with crimson; - PRESIDENT VAN DEN HECKE, white, striped and speckled with crimson, - with a yellow centre; PRINCESS ALICE, pure white, one of the best; - REINE DES PAYS-BAS, rich violet-pink, margined with white; ROI - D'HOLLANDE, dark blood-red, spotted with black; SIGISMUND RUCKER, - rich rose, white bordered, with crimson blotches; WILSON SAUNDERS, - pure white, striped and blotched with vivid red, very fine. - - =A. mollis= (soft). Synonymous with _A. sinensis_. - - =A. sinensis= (Chinese). _fl._ campanulate, downy, flame coloured; - stamens equal in length to the petals. May. _l._ slowly deciduous, - elliptic, acutish, pilosely pubescent, feather-nerved, with - ciliated margins, greyish beneath. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. China and - Japan. A large number of seedlings and hybrids from this species - are in cultivation, known under the name of Japanese Azaleas, and - all are valuable for the decoration of the cool conservatory, or - for outdoor work. SYN. _A. mollis_. (L. B. C. 885.) - -=AZARA= (in honour of J. N. Azara, a Spanish promoter of science, but -of botany in particular). ORD. _BixineA|_. Showy evergreen, hardy and -half-hardy shrubs, with alternate, simple, stalked stipulate leaves, -and fragrant flowers. They thrive well in a compost of loam, leaf -soil, and sand. Ripened cuttings root readily if placed in sand, under -glass, in slight heat. It is believed that all the species enumerated -will prove hardy if a slight winter protection in midland and northern -counties be afforded. This precaution will be unnecessary in more -southern parts. - - =A. dentata= (toothed). _fl._ yellow; corymbs sessile, - few-flowered. June. _l._ ovate, serrated, scabrous, tomentose - beneath; stipules leafy, unequal in size. _h._ 12ft. Chili, 1830. - (B. R. 1728.) - - =A. Gillesii= (Gilles').* _fl._ bright yellow; panicles axillary, - densely packed. Spring. _l._ large, Holly-like, ovate, coarsely - toothed, smooth. _h._ 15ft. Chili, 1859. (B. M. 5178.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 199. AZARA MICROPHYLLA, showing Habit, and Foliage -(half natural size).] - - =A. integrifolia= (entire-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, on numerous - short axillary spikes, of an aromatic fragrance. Autumn. _l._ - obovate or oblong, entire, smooth; stipules equal, permanent. _h._ - 18ft. Chili (about Conception), 1832. The variegated-leaved form, - although rare, is very ornamental. The variegation consists of - greenish-yellow, with a blotch of dark green, and in a young state - edged with deep pink. - - =A. microphylla= (small-leaved).* _fl._ greenish, corymbose, - succeeded by numerous small orange-coloured berries. Autumn. _l._ - small, distichous, obovate, obtuse, dark-shining green. _h._ 12ft. - Chiloe and Valdavia, 1873. This shrub is very ornamental as a - standard, and also excellent for covering walls. Quite hardy. See - Fig. 199, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. - - -=BABIANA= (from _babianer_, the Dutch for baboon; in reference to -the bulbs being eaten by baboons). ORD. _IridaceA|_. A genus of very -ornamental bulbous plants confined to the Cape of Good Hope, with the -exception of a single species, which is found in Socotra. Flowers -occasionally fragrant, and generally characterised by their rich -self-colours, or the striking contrast of very distinct hues in the -same flower; perianth regular and symmetrical, with six ovate divisions -(tube varying in length). Stems from 6in. to 9in. high, arising from -a small bulb-like corm, and bearing tapering plaited leaves, which -are usually more or less densely covered with long hairs; the scapes -are racemose, each bearing about six or more simultaneously expanding -flowers. They may be successfully grown in pots. By this plan there -is, perhaps, less danger of loss, and their flowering season can be -prolonged considerably. A light sandy compost, with a small proportion -of well-decayed manure, is required, and thorough drainage is also most -essential. Use 48 or 60-sized pots, placing four or five corms in the -former, and two or three in the latter, and keep moderately dry until -they commence to form roots. October is the best time to pot. As soon -as the plants appear above ground, water may be carefully given, and -the supply proportionately increased as the plants develop. Very weak -liquid manure, applied twice a week, just as the spikes are pushing up, -will be beneficial. When the flowers fade, and the stems show signs of -decay, the supply of water must be gradually decreased, thus inducing -the thorough maturation of the corms, upon which the next season's -display depends. When quite down, store the pots in a dry place till -the time for repotting arrives, when the corms should be carefully -cleaned, and all offsets separated, the latter being potted up in the -same way as the parent corms in order to produce flowering specimens; -or they may be kept in a pot of sand and planted in a warm border -outside in March. Outdoor culture: A sheltered, sunny, and well-drained -situation is most essential to success. Although not absolutely -necessary, it is preferable to replant every year in early spring, -placing the bulbs about 5in. or 6in. deep, with a little sand sprinkled -about them. Planting may, of course, be done in autumn, when it will be -necessary to cover with cocoa nut fibre refuse to the depth of 5in. or -6in. In warm, sheltered situations, the corms may remain undisturbed; -but, as a rule, it is desirable to remove them late in autumn, when -the leaves are dead, and store them in dry sand through the winter in -a cool, airy position, free of frost. Mixed Babianas may be purchased -from dealers at a cheap rate, and, for general purposes, they are best -to plant. Propagation may be effected by offsets and seeds. The former -is the best and quickest method. The offsets should be grown in boxes -or planted out in light rich soil until large enough for flowering. -Seeds sown in pans, and placed in a gentle heat, will grow at almost -any time; the young plants will require to be carefully transplanted -each season until they develop into blooming corms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 200. BABIANA STRICTA RUBRO-CYANEA.] - - =B. cA"rulescens= (bluish). Synonymous with _B. plicata_. - - =B. disticha= (two-ranked).* _fl._ with a Hyacinth-like fragrance; - perianth pale blue; divisions narrow; margins undulated or crisped. - June, July. _l._ lanceolate, acute. _h._ 6in. 1774. (B. M. 626.) - - =B. plicata= (folded).* _fl._ with a very fragrant clove - carnation-like perfume; perianth pale violet-blue; anthers blue, - and stigmas yellow. May, June. _l._ lanceolate, distinctly plicate. - _h._ 6in. 1774. SYNS. _B. cA"rulescens_, _B. reflexa_. (B. M. 576.) - - =B. reflexa= (reflexed). Synonymous with _B. plicata_. - - =B. ringens= (gaping).* _fl._ scarlet, irregular in form, gaping, - very handsome. May, June. _l._ narrow, acute, deep green. _h._ 6in. - to 9in. 1752. (L. B. C. 1006.) - - =B. sambucina= (Elder-scented). _fl._ bluish-purple, with an - Elder-like fragrance; perianth divisions spreading. April, May. - _l._ lanceolate, slightly plicate. _h._ 6in. to 9in. 1799. SYN. - _Gladiolus sambucinus_. (B. M. 1019.) - - =B. stricta= (strict).* _fl._, perianth segments narrow, acute, - outer three white, inner three lilac-blue, with a dark blotch near - the base of each. May. _l._ broadly lanceolate, obtuse, ciliated. - _h._ 1ft. 1795. (B. M. 621.) - - =B. s. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved). _fl._ fragrant; perianth - bright blue, slightly pink in the tube. May and June. _l._ linear, - acute, light green. _h._ 1ft. 1757. (B. M. 637.) - - =B. s. rubro-cyanea= (red-and-blue).* _fl._ 2in. or more in - diameter; upper half of the perianth very brilliant blue, and - the lower part rich crimson, forming a central zone, in striking - contrast to the blue portion. May, June. _l._ broad, acuminated, - downy on the under surface. _h._ 6in. to 8in. 1796. See Fig. 200. - (B. M. 410.) - - =B. a. sulphurea= (sulphur-coloured).* _fl._ cream-coloured or - pale yellow; anthers blue, and stigmas yellow; segments spreading. - April, May. _l._ narrow-obtuse. _h._ 9in. 1795. SYNS. _Gladiolus - sulphureus_, _G. plicatus_. (B. M. 1053.) - - =B. s. villosa= (villous).* _fl._, perianth smaller than the last, - with the narrower segments rather more widely spreading than in - _B. s. rubro-cyanea_, brilliant crimson, with violet-blue anthers. - August. _h._ 6in. 1778. (B. M. 583.) - -=BABINGTONIA= (named after C. C. Babington, Professor of Botany at -Cambridge, and a distinguished botanical author). ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. -A very pretty greenhouse evergreen shrub, allied to _BA|ckea_, from -which it differs in having the stamens collected in groups opposite -the sepals. Cuttings of the young unflowering shoots may be planted -in sand under a bell glass, and kept in a moderate heat until rooted, -when they should be placed singly in small pots, in a compost of equal -parts loam and peat, with the addition of a little sand. As the small -pots fill with roots, the plants should be removed into larger ones, -and the compost have less sand in it; but this should not be done until -the next February. The established plants must have a good shift about -March or April, and should be kept in a light, airy greenhouse; the -first shoots may be topped to moderate their vigour, and to produce -a greater profusion of less luxuriant ones. In May, when most plants -are removed from the greenhouse, these should be set to grow under a -frame which, while shielding them from heavy rains, and supporting -some slight shading in the hottest parts of the sunny days, will not -prevent a free circulation of air. To this end, the frame should be -elevated from the rests or supports at its corners; the lights should -be left off at night in fine, mild weather, and on dull, cloudy days, -being only replaced during heavy rains, and when shading is necessary. -Towards autumn, the plants must be returned to the greenhouse. - - =B. CamphorasmA|= (camphor-smelling).* _fl._ pinkish-white, in - little cymes, disposed in long terminal racemes. Summer. _l._ - linear, opposite, nerved. _h._ 7ft. Australia, 1841. (B. R. 28, 10.) - -=BACCATE.= Berried, fleshy; having a pulpy texture. - -=BACCHARIS= (from Bacchus, wine; referring to the spicy odour of -the roots). Ploughman's Spikenard. ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus of -hardy, stove, or greenhouse herbs, shrubs, or trees. Flower-heads -many-flowered, diA"cious, terminal. Involucre sub-hemispherical -or oblong, in many series, imbricated. Leaves simple, alternate, -exstipulate, deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, notched, serrated, or -entire. Shrubs of short duration. These plants are neither beautiful -nor ornamental, but are of easy cultivation in ordinary soil. -Propagated by cuttings. - - =B. halimifolia= (Halimus-leaved). Groundsel Tree. _fl.-heads_ - white. July. _l._ oblong-cuneate, obovate, coarsely toothed; - branches angular. _h._ 6ft. to 12ft. Northern United States, 1683. - Hardy. - -=BACHELORS' BUTTONS.= The double-flowered forms of _Ranunculus acris_, -_Lychnis diurna_, &c. - -[Illustration: HYBRID ALSTRA"MERIAS] - -=BACKHOUSIA= (commemorative of the late James Backhouse, a botanical -traveller in Australia and South Africa). ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. A greenhouse -evergreen shrub, requiring a compost of fibry peat, loam, and a little -white sand. Propagated, in April, by half-ripened cuttings, inserted in -sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house. - - =B. myrtifolia= (Myrtle-leaved).* _fl._ white, disposed in corymbs, - and often produced on cuttings soon after having struck root. May. - _l._ ovate, acuminate, smooth. Branches slender. _h._ 16ft. New - South Wales, 1844. (B. M. 4133.) - -=BACONIA.= A synonym of =Pavetta= (which _see_). - -=BACTRIS= (from _baktron_, a cane; the young stems being used for -walking sticks). ORD. _PalmaceA|_. Very ornamental, slender growing, and -prickly stove palms. Peduncle of the spadix bursting through about the -middle of the leaf sheath. Drupes small, ovate, or nearly round, and -generally of a dark blue colour. Leaves pinnatisect; segments generally -linear and entire. Instead of being confined to the apex of the trunk, -the leaves are scattered over nearly the whole surface, and the -lower ones retain their verdure long after the upper ones have fully -developed. Stems slender, varying from 2ft. to 10ft. in height. Some -of the species are of easy culture in a compost of loam, peat, loaf -mould, and sand, in equal parts; but most of them are very difficult to -manage. Propagation may be effected by suckers, which are very freely -produced. Many species are ornamental only when in a young state. - - =B. baculifera= (cane-bearing). _l._ pinnate, bifid at the apex, - 2ft. to 6ft. long; pinnA| arranged in clusters about 1ft. long and - 2in. broad, dark green above, paler below; petioles sheathing and - densely clothed with sharp brown and black spines, 1-1/2in long. - South America. - - =B. caryotA|folia= (Caryota-leaved).* _fl._, spathe ovate, prickly; - branches of spadix simple, flexuous. _l._, pinnA| wedge-shaped, - three-lobed, and erose; rachis, petioles, and caudex, prickly. _h._ - 30ft. Brazil, 1825. - - =B. flavispina= (yellow-spined). Synonymous with _B. pallidispina_. - - =B. major= (greater). _fl._ greenish-yellow, with a broadly ovate - spathe. _h._ 25ft. Carthagena, 1800. - - =B. Maraja= (Maraja). Maraja Palm. _fl._ yellow, with a prickly - spathe. _h._ 30ft. to 50ft. Bahia, 1868. - - =B. pallidispina= (pale-spined).* _l._ pinnate, bifid at the apex; - pinnA| clustered, 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. wide, dark; petioles - sheathing at the base and furnished with a profusion of long, - yellow spines, which are tipped with black. Brazil. SYN. _B. - flavispina_. - -=BACULARIA= (from _baculum_, a walking-stick). ORD. _PalmaceA|_. A small -genus containing a couple of stove species, which are amongst the -smallest palms of the Old World. Both are confined to the east coast of -tropical Australia. _B. monostachya_--in allusion to its slender stem, -which rarely exceeds in thickness that of the thumb--is known as the -Walking-stick Palm. - - =B. minor= (lesser). _l._ attaining 3-1/2ft. Stems, several from - same rhizome, 2ft. to 5ft. high, 1/2in. thick. Queensland. - - =B. monostachya= (one-spiked). _l._ pinnate, pendent, 6in. to 12in. - long, bifid at the apex; pinnA| about 4in. across, broad, irregular - in shape, with ragged and irregular ends; dark green. Stem slender, - petioles sheathing. _h._ 10ft. New South Wales, 1824. SYN. _Areca - monostachya_. (B. M. 6644.) - -=BADGER'S BANE.= _See_ =Aconitum meloctonum=. - -=BA†A= (commemorative of Rev. Dr. Beau, of Toulon, brother-in-law to -Commerson, the discoverer of the genus). SYN. _Dorcoceras_. ORD. -_GesneraceA|_. Curious and pretty greenhouse herbaceous perennials, -requiring a rich sandy loam. They are easily propagated by seeds. -Probably the only species in cultivation is the following: - - =B. hygrometrica= (hygrometric).* _fl._ pale blue-coloured, - yellowish at the throat; segments of the limb more or less - reflexed; corolla five-lobed, somewhat resembling that of the - Violet; scapes numerous, naked, few-flowered. Summer. _l._ in a - rosette, thinly covered with coarse white hairs, ovate acute at - both ends, crenate serrate. _h._ 6in. North China, 1868. (B. M. - 6468.) - -=BA†CKEA= (named after Abraham BA|ck, a Swedish physician, and an -esteemed friend of LinnA|us). ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. Very pretty greenhouse -evergreen shrubs. Flowers white, pedicellate, small. Leaves opposite, -glabrous, dotted. They thrive in a compost of sandy peat, leaf soil, -and lumpy, fibrous loam. Cuttings, taken from young wood, root -readily, if pricked in a pot of sand, with a bell glass placed over -them, in a cool house. - - =B. diosmA|folia= (Diosma-leaved).* _fl._ axillary, solitary, - approximate, sessile. August to October. _l._ oblong, rather - cuneated, keeled, acute, crowded, imbricate, and are, as well as - the calyces, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. New Holland, 1824. - - =B. frutescens= (shrubby).* _fl._ solitary; pedicels axillary. - November. _l._ linear, awnless. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. China, 1806. (B. - M. 2802.) - - =B. parvula= (little). _fl._, peduncles axillary, umbelliferous. - _l._ elliptic-oblong, obtuse, rather mucronate. _h._ 1ft. New - Caledonia, 1877. This is very close to _B. virgata._ (R. G. 886, 2.) - - =B. virgata= (twiggy).* _fl._, peduncles axillary, umbelliferous. - August to October. _l._ linear-lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. New - Caledonia, 1806. (B. M. 2127.) - -=BA†RIA= (named in honour of Professor Baer, of the University of -Dorpat). ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus consisting of about half a dozen -species. Probably the only one in cultivation is that mentioned below; -it is a very pretty plant, of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. -Propagated by seeds, sown in spring. - - =B. chrysostoma= (golden-mouthed). _fl.-heads_ bright yellow, - solitary, terminal, about 1in. across; involucre of about ten - leaflets, in two series. Early summer. _l._ linear, opposite, - entire. Stems erect, downy. _h._ 1ft. California, 1835. (S. B. F. - G. ii. 395.) - -=BAGGED.= Swelled like a sac or bag. - -=BAHIA= (probably from Port of Bahia, or San Salvador, in South -America). SYN. _Phialis_. ORD. _CompositA|_. An ornamental, hardy, -herbaceous perennial, much branched from the base of the stem, and -having a greyish appearance. It may be increased by seeds, or by -divisions. - - =B. lanata= (woolly). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, produced in - great numbers. Summer. _l._ alternate, or with the lower ones - sometimes opposite, deeply divided, and sometimes ligulate and - entire. _h._ 6in. to 15in. North America. This species thrives on - borders of light and well-drained sandy soil. (B. R. 1167.) - -=BALANIUS.= _See_ =Nut Weevil=. - -=BALANTIUM= (of Kaulfuss). _See_ =Dicksonia=. - -=BALANTIUM= (of Desvaux). _See_ =Parinarium=. - -=BALBISIA= (commemorative of Giovanni Battista Balbis, a Professor -of Botany at Turin). SYN. _Ledocarpum_. ORD. _GeraniaceA|_. A very -ornamental half-hardy evergreen shrub, requiring a cool, dry -atmosphere. As it is very liable to rot off, water must be applied with -great care. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in -sand, under a hand glass; or by seeds. - - =B. verticillata= (whorled). _fl._ yellow, large, with a whorl - of narrow bracts beneath. Autumn. _l._ opposite, three-parted; - segments linear-oblong. Branches slender, glaucous. _h._ 3ft. to - 6ft. Chili, 1846. (B. M. 6170.) - -=BALCONY.= A projection from the external wall of a house, usually -resting on brackets, and having the sides encompassed by a balustrade. -It should at all times be prettily decorated with plants, which in the -summer is a comparatively easy matter. During winter, evergreens of -various kinds are most serviceable, the best being Arbutus, Aucubas, -Boxes, Euonymuses, Hollies, Irish and Goldon Yew, Portugal Laurel, -Retinosporas, Vincas, &c. These may be grown in pots, and when -replaced by the summer occupants, should be plunged in some reserve -quarter, where they should receive plenty of water; by this means, -they will increase in size, and keep in a healthy condition. Very -little water will be required during the winter. Climbing plants, such -as Ivy, Passion Flower, Virginian Creeper, Climbing Roses, &c., are -indispensable for covering the trellises, and draping the pillars and -arches. - -=BALDINGERA.= A synonym of =Premna=. - -=BALL.= This term is used in reference to the roots and mass of earth -as they are moulded into form and pressed into hardness by the pot. The -masses of roots and earth which, in the case of fibrous-rooted subjects -(such as Rhododendrons), must be taken intact when removing the plants, -are also termed Balls. - -=BALM= (_Melissa officinalis_). A perennial herb, often used in the -manufacture of a drink for sick persons, and sometimes employed for -culinary purposes. It may be grown in ordinary garden soil, and is -propagated by divisions, in spring. A pretty variegated form is -sometimes met with, having the additional advantage of being equal to -the normal species for medicinal purposes. - -=BALM OF GILIAD.= _See_ =Cedronella triphylla= and =Populus -balsamifera=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 201. CAMELLIA-FLOWERED BALSAM.] - -=BALSAM= (_Impatiens Balsamina_). A well-known ornamental and tender -annual, native of India. It is one of the showiest of summer and -autumn flowers, and well deserves a place in every garden. Although of -comparatively easy cultivation, good blooms and well-grown plants are -far too rarely seen. A good Balsam bloom should be quite as double as a -perfect Camellia, and to show to the greatest advantage should appear -like one in the arrangement of the petals. To secure this, seeds should -only be saved from the finest and most perfect flowers, although the -quantity must, of necessity, be small. They should be sown, about the -third week in March, in properly prepared pans of rich sandy soil, and -placed in a gentle bottom heat of about 65deg. As soon as the first -rough leaf appears, the plants should be potted off into 3in. pots, -care being taken to let the cotyledon, or seed leaves, be close to the -soil. When the roots touch the sides of the pots, the plants should -be moved into larger ones, and this should be repeated until they are -in 8in. or 10in. pots. Some growers place one or two seeds in small -pots, so as to avoid the first shift, and a good plan it is. During -the time the plants are under glass, they should be kept as near the -light as possible, and be frequently turned around, so that they do -not draw to one side; and careful training must be given to those that -are required in fine form. Disbudding is also necessary to such as -are wanted at their best, removing all bloom from the main stem and -base of branches until the plants are of sufficient size, and then the -buds at the tops will bloom almost simultaneously. The buds that will -be formed afterwards will cause a continuance of blossom for a long -time, in fact, for some months, if the plants are liberally supplied -with liquid manure. If it is desired for them to flower out of doors, -the plants should be transferred, about May, to a frame where the -heat is not above 50deg., and be kept in a steady growing state, air -being admitted on all suitable occasions, cold winds and heavy rains -avoided, and water supplied when needed; never allow them to get dry. -They require training and disbudding the same as those grown in the -greenhouse. About June, the plants should be fully exposed during -the day; and, when danger of frost is over, the lights may be kept -off altogether. These should bloom at the end of July. In all cases, -plenty of drainage must be allowed, as the amount of water required is -very great. Insects must be sharply looked after, as well as slugs and -snails. There are several sections, such as Camellia-flowered (see Fig. -201), Rose-flowered, &c., each containing variously striped, spotted, -and entire coloured blooms, and it is best to pay an extra figure to -secure a good strain. - -=BALSAM APPLE.= _See_ =Momordica Balsaminea=. - -=BALSAMINA.= _See_ =Impatiens=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 202. BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA.] - -=BALSAMINEA†.= A tribe of plants belonging to the order _GeraniaceA|_. -Sepals and petals all coloured, consisting of six segments, "two outer -ones small, flat, and oblique; the next large, hood-shaped, ending -below in a conical spur; the fourth opposite to it, small, very broad, -concave; the two innermost very oblique, and more or less divided into -two unequal lobes." The best known genus is _Impatiens_. - -=BALSAMODENDRON= (from _balsamon_-A--an old Greek word used by -Theophrastus-A--balm or balsam, and _dendron_, a tree). ORD. -_BurseraceA|_. Greenhouse or stove balsamiferous trees. Flowers small, -green, axillary, often unisexual; calyx four-toothed, permanent; petals -four, linear-oblong, induplicately valvate in A|stivation; stamens -eight, inserted under the annular disk, having elevated warts between -them. Berry, or drupe, ovate, acute, one to two-celled, marked with -four sutures. Leaves with three to five sessile, dotless leaflets. They -thrive in a compost of thoroughly drained sandy loam. Propagated by -cuttings of ripe young wood, taken in April, and placed under a hand -glass, in bottom heat. The species named below doubtfully belongs to -this genus, as the characteristics above enumerated will show. - - =B. zeylanicum= (Ceylon).* _fl._ white, three-petaled, glomerated, - involucrated; racemes interrupted, downy. _l._ impari-pinnate, with - five to seven-stalked, ovate, acute leaflets. _h._ 30ft. Ceylon. - -=BALSAM OF CAPEVI.= _See_ =Copaifera=. - -=BALSAM-TREE.= _See_ =Clusia=. - -=BAMBOO CANE.= _See_ =Bambusa=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 203. BAMBUSA AUREA.] - -=BAMBUSA= (from _bambu_, the Malay name). Bamboo Cane. ORD. _GramineA|_. -A genus of ornamental, shrubby, greenhouse, half-hardy or hardy shrubs, -each culm flowering but once. Flowers usually hexandrous. Leaves, as -a rule, relatively shorter than the stems, lanceolate, and narrowed -at the base. Stems jointed, flexuose, branching, usually hollow, and, -when mature, of a hard, woody nature. In well drained, sheltered -situations, in the open, with rich, loamy soil, some of the species -make extremely graceful objects, particularly so in the more southern -counties of England, and in parts of Scotland. Unless a very severe -winter is experienced, they may be left without protection. Plants of -all the species, however, should have the shelter of a cold greenhouse -till about the end of April; when they should be gradually hardened -off, and transferred to a warm, sheltered spot, such as in woodlands, -by the margins of lakes, &c., as they like plenty of moisture during -the summer. A good watering must be given after planting, to settle the -soil. Propagation is effected by careful division of well-developed -plants, which should be done in early spring, just as new growth is -commencing; and it is advisable to establish the divisions in pots. -_See also_ =Arundinaria=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 204. BAMBUSA NANA.] - - =B. arundinacea= (reed-like).* Stem very stout, rising like a - beautiful column to some 50ft. or 60ft. in height; the laterals - producing a profusion of light green leaves, the whole presenting - the appearance of a huge plume of feathers. India, 1730. This - species is best treated as a stove plant, but it may be placed out - of doors in summer. See Fig. 202. (B. F. S. 321.) - - =B. aurea= (golden).* _l._ lanceolate, acute, light green, - distinguished from _B. nana_ by having their under surface less - glaucescent, and the sheath always devoid of the long silky hairs. - China. This very handsome species forms elegant tufts, with its - slender much-branched stems, which attain a height of from 6ft. to - 10ft., and are of a light green colour in a young state, ultimately - changing into a yellowish hue. Hardy in most parts of the country. - See Fig. 203. - - =B. Fortunei= (Fortune's).* _l._ linear-lanceolate, abruptly - pointed, somewhat rounded at the base, on very short hairy stalks, - serrated and often fringed with long hairs on the margin, downy - on both sides, and distinctly variegated, the transverse veins - often of a bottle-green colour. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Japan. A dwarf - tufted species, with very slender stem. Quite hardy. There are only - variegated varieties of this in cultivation, viz., _variegata_ and - _argenteovittata_. (F. d. S. 1863, t. 1535.) - - =B. glauca= (milky-green). A synonym of _B. nana_. - - =B. japonica= (Japanese). Synonymous with _Arundinaria Metake_. - - =B. Maximowiczii= (Maximowicz's). Synonymous with _Arundinaria - Maximowiczii_. - - =B. Metake= (Metake). Synonymous with _Arundinaria Metake_. - - =B. mitis= (small). _l._ deep green, lanceolate, acute, striated, - clasping the stem; panicle simple, erect, close; spikes long, - imbricated. Stem tapering. _h._ 40ft. Cochin China and Japan. This - vigorous-growing species can be cultivated out of doors during - summer, and, in most localities, it may be left out all the year. - - =B. nana= (dwarf).* _l._ lanceolate, acute, glaucous, stoutish, - with the footstalks slightly downy. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. India, 1826. - A rather tender species, requiring to be grown in the stove or - greenhouse. SYNS. _B. glauca_ and _B. viridi-glaucescens_. See Fig. - 204. - - =B. nigra= (black). _See_ =Phyllostachys nigra=. - - =B. Ragamowski= (Ragamowsk's).* _l._ 9in. to 18in. long, and about - 1in. to 3in. broad. China and Japan. This species "can readily - be recognised by the tomentose line on one side of the midrib, - running nearly the whole length of the leaf on the underside, this - line being always on the longer side of the leaf." Hardy. SYN. _B. - tessellata_. - - =B. Simonii= (Simon's).* _l._ narrow, nearly 6in. to 10in. long, - occasionally striped with white. Stems growing with great rapidity, - mealy-glaucous at the joints; branchlets numerous, rather closely - crowded. _h._ 10ft. China and Japan, 1866. - - =B. striata= (striated).* _l._ linear-oblong; culms striped yellow - and green. _h._ 6ft. to 20ft. China, 1874. A very slender and - graceful, rather tender, species. May be grown in the open air - during summer, and in very favoured spots it is probably hardy, - especially if covered with a mat in winter. It makes an excellent - pot plant. SYN. _B. viridi-striata_. (B. M. 6079.) - - =B. tessellata= (tessellated).* A synonym of _B. Ragamowski_. - - =B. violescens= (nearly-violet).* _l._ green above, bluish-grey - beneath, with an elongated ligule, surrounded by a bundle of - black hairs. Stems much branched, blackish-violet. China, 1869. - This handsome and vigorous species is intermediate between - _Phyllostachys nigra_ and _B. nana_. It requires protection during - winter. - - =B. viridi-glaucescens= (glaucous-green). A synonym of _B. nana_. - - =B. viridi-striata= (green-striped). A synonym of _B. striata_. - -=BANANA=, or =PLANTAIN=. _See_ =Musa=. - -=BANEBERRY.= _See_ =ActA|a=. - -=BANISTERIA= (named after John Baptist Banister, a traveller in -Virginia in the seventeenth century, author of a catalogue of Virginian -plants, inserted in Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). ORD. _MalpighiaceA|_. -Stove trees or shrubs, frequently climbing. Flowers yellow; calyx -five-parted; petals furnished with long stalks; stamens ten. Leaves -simple, stalked. They are for the most part very ornamental, but are -not often seen in flower in this country. They will grow in a mixture -of loam, leaf soil, and peat, with some sharp sand added. Cuttings, -made from ripened wood, will root freely in sandy soil, under a hand -glass, in stove heat, taking about three or four weeks to do so. - - =B. chrysophylla= (golden-leaved).* _fl._ deep orange, axillary, - corymbose. _l._ ovate, oblong, acutish, somewhat sinuated towards - the top, clothed beneath with golden shining down. Brazil, 1793. - Climber. - - =B. ciliata= (ciliated).* _fl._ large, orange-coloured, umbellate. - June. _l._ cordate, orbicular, smooth, ciliated. Brazil, 1796. - Twiner. - - =B. ferruginea= (rust-coloured). _fl._ yellow; racemes panicled. - June. _l._ 2in. long, ovate, acuminated, smooth above, and shining, - rusty beneath, and are, as well as the petioles, clothed with close - pressed hairs. Brazil, 1820. Climber. - - =B. fulgens= (glowing).* _fl._ yellow, in umbellate corymbs. _l._ - ovate, acuminated, smooth above, and clothed with silky pubescence - beneath, as well as the petioles. Branches dichotomous. West - Indies, 1759. Climber. - - =B. Humboldtiana= (Humboldt's).* _fl._ yellow; umbels lateral and - terminal, sessile. _l._ roundish-ovate, cordate, rather acuminated, - mucronate, membranaceous, smoothish above, clothed beneath with - soft hoary down as well as the branchlets. South America, 1824. - Climber. - - =B. sericea= (silky). _fl._ yellow, racemose. July. _l._ ovate, - obtuse, with a mucrone; younger ones downy on both surfaces, adult - ones only on the under surface; down of a golden shining colour. - Brazil, 1810. Climber. - - =B. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._ yellow; racemes axillary, - dichotomous, umbellate. Floral leaves orbicular, and nearly - sessile. _l._ cordate, kidney-shaped, orbicular, clothed with silky - down beneath. South America, 1812. Climber. - -=BANKS.= These are usually formed with a view to increasing the amount -of surface ground, and for the acceleration or retarding of vegetable -crops, such as strawberries, &c. They should be from 6ft. to 12ft. -apart, according to the depth of soil, and run from east to west. In -constructing Banks of a uniform size, great care, and a constant use -of the garden line, will be found necessary. For the warmest side of -the Banks, Dwarf French Beans, Peas, Vegetable Marrows, Cucumbers, -New Zealand Spinach, Capsicums, &c., may be grown. On the opposite -side, and when a prolonged supply is desired, Cauliflower, Broccoli, -Lettuce, Turnip, Spinach, &c., may be sown thinly in drills, to be -thinned out, and remain. It needs but little discretion to produce -valuable crops by this method. - -=BANKSIA= (named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks, once President of the -Royal Society, and a distinguished patron of science, particularly -of Natural History). ORD. _ProteaceA|_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, -natives of Australia, principally grown for the beauty of their -foliage. Leaves variable in form, usually dark green, clothed with -white or rufous down beneath; margins deeply serrated or spinous, -rarely entire. The following is the mode of culture recommended many -years ago by Sweet. The pots should be well drained, by placing a -potsherd about half way over the hole at the bottom of the pot, then -laying another piece against it that it may be hollow, afterwards -putting some smaller pieces all around them, and on the top of these -some others broken very small. All the plants belonging to the order -_ProteaceA|_ should be drained in a similar manner, as the roots are -very fond of running amongst the broken potsherds, and consequently -there is less danger of their being overwatered. Care must also be -taken not to allow them to flag, as they seldom recover if once allowed -to get very dry. The plants should be placed in an airy part of the -house when indoors. Cuttings are generally supposed to be difficult to -root, but this is not the case if properly managed. Let them be well -ripened before they are taken off; then cut them at a joint, and place -them in pots of sand, without shortening any of the leaves, except on -the part that is planted in the sand, where they should be taken off -quite close. The less depth they are planted in the pots the better, so -long as they stand firm when the sand is well closed round them. Place -them under hand glasses in the propagating house, but do not plunge -them in heat. Take the glasses off frequently to give them air, and dry -them, or they will probably damp off. When rooted, transfer to small -pots; after which, place them in a close, unheated frame, and harden by -degrees. Seeds are a very unsatisfactory means of multiplying the stock. - - =B. A|mula= (rivalling).* _l._ 6in. to 10in. long, 1in. broad, - linear-oblong, tapering slightly at the base; edges deeply toothed, - deep green on both sides; midrib of under surface clothed with rich - brown hairs. _h._ 20ft. 1824. SYN. _B. elatior_. (B. M. 2671.) - - =B. australis= (southern). A synonym of _B. marginata_. - - =B. Caleyi= (Caley's). _l._ 6in. to 12in. long, linear, deeply and - regularly toothed from base to apex, dark green above, paler below. - _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. 1830. Said to be an elegant species. - - =B. collina= (hill-loving).* _l._ 2in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. broad, - linear; apex prA|morse, as if bitten straight off; upper surface - dark green, silvery below. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. 1822. This forms - a dense and handsome shrub, especially with its large head of - yellow flowers. SYNS. _B. Cunninghami_, _B. ledifolia_, and _B. - littoralis_. (B. M. 3060.) - - =B. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's). A synonym of _B. collina_. - - =B. dryandroides= (Dryandra-like).* _l._ 6in. to 10in. long, - 1/4in. broad, pinnatifid, divided almost to the midrib; lobes - triangular, deep green above, and reddish-brown below. Stem clothed - with reddish-brown hairs. _h._ 6ft. 1824. This plant is extremely - graceful and elegant as a table decoration. - - =B. elatior= (taller). Synonymous with _B. A|mula_. - - =B. integrifolia= (whole-leaved). _l._ cuneate-oblong, 6in. long, - nearly 1in. wide at the broadest part; edges entire; upper side - dark green, silvery white beneath. _h._ 10ft. to 12ft. 1788. SYNS. - _B. macrophylla_, _B. oleifolia_. (B. M. 2770.) - - =B. i. compar= (well-matched). _l._ very densely set upon the - branches, oblong, tapering at the base, blunt at the apex; edges - serrulate; upper side dark olive green, silvery white beneath. _h._ - 6ft., finely branching. 1824. - - =B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _l._ 6in. to 10in. long, 3in. broad, - obovate-oblong; edges serrated; upper surface deep green, beneath - clothed with woolly greyish hairs, those on the midrib bright - brown. _h._ 20ft. 1802. (B. M. 2406.) - - =B. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved). Synonymous with _B. collina_. - - =B. littoralis= (shore). Synonymous with _B. collina_. - - =B. macrophylla= (large-leaved). Synonymous with _B. integrifolia_. - - =B. marginata= (margined). _l._ 1in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. broad, - blunt at the apex, armed with several short spines, and tapering - at the base, deep green on the upper surface, snowy white beneath. - _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. 1822. SYN. _B. australis_. (B. M. 1947.) - - =B. occidentalis= (western).* _fl._ yellow, rather handsome, - in spikes about 4in. long. April to August. _l._ 5in. to 6in. - long, 1/4in. broad. _h._ 5ft. 1803. West coast of New Holland. A - beautiful species. (B. M. 3535.) - - =B. oleifolia= (olive-leaved). Synonymous with _B. integrifolia_. - - =B. Solanderi= (Solander's).* _l._ 4in. to 6in. long, and over 2in. - wide, deeply pinnatifid, with three to six pairs of lobes on each - leaf; apex as if bitten off; upper side dark green, under silvery - white. _h._ 6ft. 1830. - - =B. speciosa= (showy).* _l._ 8in. to 14in. long, about 1/2in. wide, - pinnatifid, but divided almost to the midrib; lobes semicircular, - with a spine on the end of each; upper side deep green, beneath - silvery white, with the midrib clothed with ferruginous woolly - hairs. _h._ 6ft. 1805. Both this and the preceding species are very - handsome, and highly deserving of the most extensive culture. - - =B. quercifolia= (Oak-leaved). _l._ cuneate-oblong, deeply incised - at the margins, and having a short spine upon each lobe. _h._ 5ft. - 1805. (B. R. 1430.) - -=BANKSIA= (of Forster). A synonym of =Pimelea=. - -=BAOBAB-TREE.= _See_ =Adansonia=. - -=BAPHIA= (from _baphe_, a dye; the tree produces the camwood of -commerce). Camwood or Barwood. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A stove tree, -requiring a loam and peat soil. Cuttings, not deprived of any of their -leaves, will root in a pot of sand, under a hand glass, in heat. - - =B. nitida= (shining). _fl._ white; corolla with a roundish - spreading vexillum, linear wings, which are about the length of - the vexillum, and an acute carina; pedicels two to three together, - one-flowered, axillary. June. _l._ entire, oval-oblong, acuminated, - shining. _h._ 30ft. Sierra Leone, 1793. (L. B. C. 367.) - -=BAPTISIA.= (from _bapto_, to dye; so named from the economical use -of some of the species). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. North American hardy -herbaceous plants, with trifoliate, rarely simple leaves, and racemes -of yellowish or blue flowers. They are somewhat shy bloomers, but grow -freely in a loamy soil. Propagated by divisions, or, more easily, by -seed, which latter may be sown in sand and leaf mould in the open, or -in pots placed in a cold frame. - - =B. alba= (white).* _fl._ white; racemes terminal. June. _l._ - stalked, glabrous; leaflets elliptic-oblong, obtuse; stipules - deciduous, subulate, shorter than the petioles. Branches - divaricate. _h._ 2ft. 1724. (B. M. 1177.) - - =B. australis= (southern).* _fl._ blue; racemes few-flowered, - elongated, shorter than the branches. June. _l._ stalked, smooth; - leaflets oblong-cuneated, obtuse, four times longer than the - petiole; stipules lanceolate, acute, twice the length of the - petiole. Stem branched, diffuse. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. 1758. (Flora, - 1856, 2; B. M. 509.) - - =B. confusa= (confused). _fl._ dark blue, alternate, bracteate; - racemes elongated. June. _l._ stalked, smooth; leaflets - oblong-cuneated or obovate; stipules linear-lanceolate, twice the - length of the petioles. Stem branched. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1758. - - =B. exaltata= (exalted).* _fl._ deep blue; racemes many-flowered, - elongated, twice the length of the branches. June. _l._ ternate, - stalked; leaflets lanceolate-obovate, five times longer than the - petioles; stipules lanceolate, acuminated, three times longer than - the petioles. Stem erect, branched. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. 1812. (S. B. - F. G. 97.) - - =B. leucophA|a= (dusky-white). _fl._ cream-coloured; racemes - many-flowered, lateral, with the flowers leaning to one side. July. - _l._ sessile, somewhat villous; leaflets rhomboid-obovate; stipules - and bracts ovate, acute, broad, leafy. _h._ 1ft. 1870. (B. M. 5900.) - - =B. minor= (less). _fl._ blue; racemes axillary, bracteate. June. - _l._, leaflets rhomboid-lanceolate; stipules lanceolate, longer - than the petioles. Stem erect, solid. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1829. - - =B. perfoliata= (perfoliate-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, small, - axillary, solitary. August. _l._ perfoliate, roundish, quite - entire, rather glaucous. _h._ 3ft. 1793. (B. M. 3121.) - - =B. tinctoria= (dyers').* _fl._ yellow, with wings each furnished - with a callosity, or lateral tooth; racemes terminal. _l._ stalked, - upper ones nearly sessile; leaflets roundish-obovate; stipules - setaceous, almost obsolete. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1759. (L. B. C. 588.) - -=BARBACENIA.= (named after M. Barbacena, a Governor of Minas Geraes). -Formerly placed in ORD. _HA|modoraceA|_, but now referred by Bentham and -Hooker to _AmaryllidaceA|_. Very singular and pretty stove evergreen -herbaceous perennials, allied to _Vellozia_. Flowers purple, large, -showy; perianth funnel-shaped, resinosely hairy on the outside; limb -spreading; scapes one-flowered, usually clothed with glandular hairs. -Leaves firm, spiral, spreading, acutely keeled. Lindley says that they -are capable of existing in a dry, hot air without contact with the -earth, on which account they are favourites in South American gardens, -where, with Orchids and Bromeliads, they are suspended in the dwelling -houses, or hung to the balustrades of the balconies, in which situation -they flower abundantly, filling the air with their fragrance. They are -rarely seen in our gardens. They may be grown in baskets of fibrous -loam and peat, with some nodules of charcoal added. - -[Illustration: FIG. 205. FLOWER OF BARBACENIA PURPUREA.] - - =B. purpurea= (purple).* _fl._ funnel-shaped, six-cleft, terminal, - solitary; ovarium elongated, tuberculated. July. _l._ linear, - keeled, with spiny serratures. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1825. See Fig. - 205. (B. M. 2777.) - - =B. Rogieri= (Rogers').* _fl._ purple; scape and ovaria tubercled; - filaments broad, bifid. July. _l._ linear, acuminated, imbricate, - with broad stem-clasping bases, finely spinely serrated on the - margin, and keel recurved; caudex short. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil, - 1850. (L. J. F. 82.) - -=BARBADOS CHERRY.= _See_ =Malpighia=. - -=BARBADOS GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Pereskia aculeata=. - -=BARBADOS LILY.= _See_ =Hippeastrum equestre=. - -=BARBAREA= (anciently called Herb of St. Barbara). Winter Cress; -American Cress. ORD. _CruciferA|_. Hardy glabrous perennial herbs. -Flowers yellow; racemes erect, terminal. Stems erect. They are of easy -culture, but scarcely worth growing in the pleasure garden. Propagated -by cuttings, suckers, divisions, or seeds. - - =B. prA|cox= (early). _l._, lower ones lyrate; terminal lobe ovate; - upper ones pinnate-parted; lobes linear-oblong, quite entire. _h._ - 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Commonly known as American, or Black American - Cress. Here and there on roadsides, and in dry gravelly places in - Great Britain. An escape from cultivation. (Sy. En. B. 124.) - - =B. vulgaris= (common). _l._, lower ones lyrate; terminal lobe - roundish; upper ones obovate, toothed, or pinnatifid. _h._ 1-1/4ft. - The double flowering form of this native species is the only one - of this genus worth growing for beauty; it is generally known as - Double Yellow Rocket. The variegated form is also rather pretty, - and comes true from seed. (Sy. En. B. 120.) - -=BARBATUS.= Having long weak hairs, in one or more tufts; bearded. - -=BARBERRY.= _See_ =Berberis=. - -=BARBIERIA= (in honour of J. B. G. Barbier, M.D., a French physician -and naturalist, author of "Principes Generaux de Pharmacologie ou de -MatiA"re Medicale," Paris, 1806). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. An ornamental stove -evergreen, requiring a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Propagated by -cuttings of half-ripened wood, which should be placed in sand, under a -glass, in stove heat. - - =B. polyphylla= (many-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet, 2in. long; - racemes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. _l._ - impari-pinnate, with nine to eleven pairs of elliptic-oblong, - mucronate leaflets, pubescent in an adult state. Porto Rico, 1818. - SYNS. _Clitorea polyphylla_ and _Galactia pinnata_. - -=BARBS.= Hooked hairs. - -=BARK.= The outer integuments of a plant beyond the wood, and formed of -tissue parallel with it. - -=BARK-BOUND.= This condition is generally the result of very rich soil, -or insufficient drainage. In most fruit trees a gummy exudation takes -place. If caused by stagnancy, thorough drainage should immediately be -effected. Scrubbing the stem is also recommended. Slitting the bark -with a knife is likely to do more harm than good, particularly so in -the hands of the inexperienced. - -=BARKERIA= (name commemorative of the late G. Barker, of Birmingham, -an ardent cultivator of orchids). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. From a scientific -point of view, this genus should be included in _Epidendrum_. Very -handsome, deciduous, epiphytal, cool-house orchids, having slender -pseudo-bulbs, from 6in. to 12in. high, from the top of which the -numerous flower-stems are produced. In a cool, airy temperature, these -plants grow vigorously, suspended in pans or small baskets close -beneath the glass, and slightly shaded with tiffany. They succeed well -also on flat blocks of wood, on the top of which they should be tied, -without any moss, as their freely-produced, thick, fleshy roots soon -cling to the blocks. During the season of growth, a good supply of -water is needed, and in hot weather it may be applied three or four -times daily; the blocks and plants are best immersed in water; but when -at rest, a slight watering twice or three times a week will suffice. -Propagated by divisions, just previous to the commencement of new -growth. - - =B. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ in loose racemes, four or five in - each; each blossom about 2in. across; sepals and petals dark rose; - lip reddish crimson, spotted and edged with a lighter colour. - Winter. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1836. Of this beautiful slender-growing - species, there are two or three varieties in cultivation. (B. M. - 4784.) - - =B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's).* _fl._, raceme 2ft. long, very - slender, bearing from five to seven blossoms near its apex; sepals - and petals rosy purple; lip white, with a deep purple blotch at its - apex. September, remaining in beauty for a considerable time. _h._ - 2ft. Costa Rica, 1842. (B. M. 6098.) - - =B. L. CenterA|= (Center's).* _fl._ rosy lilac; lip oblong; margins - crenulated or crisped; apex blotched deep purple. Costa Rica, 1873. - - =B. melanocaulon= (dark-stemmed).* _fl._ on an erect spike; sepals - and petals rosy lilac; lip broader at the base than at the top, - reddish-purple, having a blotch of green in the centre. August. - _h._ 1ft. Costa Rica, 1848. Very rare. - - =B. Skinneri= (Skinner's).* _fl._ deep rose-coloured; spikes - 6in. to 9in. long, from the apices of the ripened growth, often - branched, forming a dense mass of deep purple blossoms, which, if - kept dry, lasts from eight to ten weeks. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Guatemala. - (P. M. B. 15, 1.) - - =B. S. superbum= (superb).* _fl._ dark rose; lip somewhat deeper - tinted, and marked towards the base with yellow streaks. Guatemala. - This far surpasses the type in size and number of flowers, as well - as in brilliancy of colour. (W. S. O. 38.) - - =B. spectabilis= (showy).* _fl._ quite 2in. across, produced - eight or ten together, on a spike issuing from the top of the - pseudo-bulb; sepals and petals oblong, acuminate, rosy lilac; lip - white, margined with deep lilac or rosy purple, and dotted or - spotted with crimson. This very distinct and desirable species - lasts from eight to ten weeks in beauty, and forms a very handsome - object when placed in the drawing-room and covered over with a - large glass shade. Guatemala, 1843. (B. M. 4094.) - -=BARKING-IRONS.= Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. - -=BARKLYA= (named after Sir H. Barkly, formerly Governor of South -Australia). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A large greenhouse tree, thriving in a -compost of loam and leaf mould. Propagated by seeds and cuttings; the -latter should be half ripened, and placed in sandy soil, under a bell -glass, in a cool house. - - =B. syringifolia= (Syringa-leaved). _fl._ golden yellow, numerous, - disposed in axillary or terminal racemes. _l._ alternate, simple, - coriaceous. _h._ 30ft. Moreton Bay, 1858. - -=BARK STOVE.= A hothouse adapted for moisture-loving exotics, and -having a pit from 2ft. to 4ft. deep, containing fermenting matter, -chiefly tanners' bark, by which means a steady heat is maintained for -a considerable time. The Bark Stove is now almost obsolete. Bark is, -however, still largely used in pine pits, and in some propagating beds; -but such beds are generally superseded by hot-water or hot-air tanks. - -=BARLERIA= (named after J. Barrelier, a French botanist of the -seventeenth century). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. A genus of interesting and -ornamental stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers axillary or terminal; calyx -four-sepaled, the two outer larger than the others. They thrive best if -grown in loam and peat, with a little rotten dung added. Propagated by -cuttings made of the young wood, and placed in a similar compost, under -a bell glass, in stove temperature, with bottom heat. - - =B. flava= (yellow).* _fl._ yellow, aggregate, terminal, tubular; - bracts very narrow, setose. Summer. _l._ lanceolate, hairy, entire. - Plant unarmed. _h._ 3ft. India, 1816. SYN. _B. mitis_. (B. M. 4113.) - - =B. Gibsoni= (Gibson's). _fl._ pale purple, rather large, - sub-terminal. Winter. _l._ ovate or oblong-lanceolate. India, 1867. - A glabrous stove shrub, of branched habit. (B. M. 5628.) - - =B. Leichtensteiniana= (Leichtenstein's).* _fl._ very curious; - spikes axillary, 2in. to 3in. long, ovoid or oblong, consisting of - a large number of closely packed overlapping bracts, all turned - to the fore or lower part of the spike; bracts ovate-acuminate, - mucronate, spine-toothed, one-ribbed, with prominent and curved - veins, and 1in. to 1-1/2. long. _l._ opposite, 1in. to 2in. long, - linear-lanceolate, entire, mucronate, tapering at the base into a - very short stalk. Branches slender, virgate, sub-angular. South - Africa, 1870. This plant is covered over its whole surface with - close, white, hoary down. (G. C. 1870, p. 73.) - - =B. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._ white; spines of whorls six. - Summer. _l._ ensiform, very long, rough. _h._ 2ft. India, 1781. - This is a biennial. - - =B. lupulina= (Hop-headed). _fl._ yellowish; spikes ovate; bracts - ovate, concave, imbricated. August. _l._ lanceolate, quite entire; - spines simple, spreading. _h._ 2ft. Mauritius, 1824. - - =B. Mackenii= (MacKen's).* _fl._ purple, large, in a - terminal raceme. Spring. _l._ recurved, narrow-ovate, or - elliptic-lanceolate, sub-acute, petioled. Natal, 1870. (B. M. 5866.) - - =B. mitis= (small). Synonymous with _B. flava_. - - =B. prionitis= (Prionitis-like). _fl._ orange; spines axillary, - pedate, in fours. Summer. _l._ quite entire, lanceolate-ovate. _h._ - 3ft. India, 1759. - -=BARLEY.= _See_ =Hordeum vulgare=. - -=BARNADESIA= (named after Michael Barnadez, a Spanish botanist). ORD. -_CompositA|_. Pretty greenhouse deciduous shrubs, requiring a dry -atmosphere. They should be grown in peat, loam, and sand, in equal -proportions. Propagated either by seeds, sown in hotbeds in March, or -by cuttings, made of half-ripened wood in April, and placed in sand -under a bell glass. - -[Illustration: FIG. 206. BARNADESIA ROSEA.] - - =B. rosea= (rosy).* _fl.-heads_ rose-coloured, solitary, - ovate-cylindrical, downy, sessile; florets bilabiate, one lip - oblong-emarginate, villous, the other filiform; hairs on receptacle - twisted; pappus stiff, plumose. May. _l._ alternate, ovate, acute - at both ends. _h._ 1-1/2ft. South America, 1840. See Fig. 206. (B. - M. 4232.) - -=BARNARDIA.= Included under =Scilla= (which _see_). - -=BAROMETER.= An instrument for measuring the density of the atmosphere, -and hence determining the probable changes of weather, or the height of -any ascent. To the gardener the Barometer is indispensable as a warning -to take due precaution. - -=BAROSMA= (from _barys_, heavy, and _osme_, smell; referring to the -powerful scent of the leaves). Name often incorrectly spelt _Baryosma_. -SYN. _Parapetalifera_. ORD. _RutaceA|_. Very pretty small, Heath-like, -greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Calyx equally -five-parted; petals five, oblong; stamens ten. Leaves opposite or -scattered, coriaceous, flat, dotted, with their margins sometimes -glandularly serrulated, sometimes almost entire or revolute. They -thrive in a mixture of sand, peat, and a little turfy loam, with good -drainage and firm potting. Cuttings, taken from ripened wood, inserted -in a pot of sand, and placed in a shady position in a cool house, with -a bell glass over them, will root readily in a few weeks. - - =B. betulina= (Birch-leaved). _fl._ white, axillary, solitary. - February to September. _l._ opposite, obovate, serrulate, sessile, - spreading. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. 1790. (B. M. Pl. 45.) - - =B. dioica= (diA"cious).* _fl._ purplish; peduncles axillary, - usually in threes, shorter than the leaves. April. _l._ scattered; - upper ones ternate, lanceolate, tapering to both ends, full of - glandular dots, spreading. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1816. (B. R. 502.) - - =B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ white, usually solitary, - lateral. July. _l._ opposite, ovate-oblong, sessile, serrulated, - smoothish, without glandular dots; branches villous. _h._ 1ft. 1789. - - =B. pulchella= (pretty).* _fl._ pale red or purple; peduncles - axillary, usually solitary, exceeding the leaves. February. _l._ - crowded, ovate, quite smooth, with thickened, crenate-glandular - margins. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. 1787. - - =B. serratifolia= (saw-edged-leaved).* _fl._ white; peduncles - axillary, sub-divided. March to June. _l._ nearly opposite, - lanceolate, stalked, glandularly serrulated, smooth. _h._ 1ft. to - 3ft. 1789. (B. M. 456, and B. Z. 1853, 12.) - -=BARRED.= Marked in spaces with a paler colour, resembling bars. - -=BARREN FLOWERS.= The male or staminate flowers of many plants, such -as the Cucumber, Melon, &c., are popularly known as Barren Flowers, -_i.e._, they produce no fruit. This condition is, in some respects, -similar to "blind" Strawberries or "blind" Cabbages, so far as fruition -is concerned, but structurally and functionally it is widely different. -The Barren Flowers of the Cucumber, Melon, &c., are produced by what -are known as monA"cious plants, _i.e._, having male and female organs -in different flowers, but on the same plant. In the Strawberry, &c., -Barren Flowers are generally the result of unfavourable surroundings, -or unskilful cultivation. A good example of Barren Flowers is seen in -the ray-florets of many Composite plants, which are frequently really -neuter, having neither male nor female organs. - -=BARREN SOILS.= A term signifying such soils as are normally -unprofitable. The term can only be correctly applied in very few -cases; as almost any soil may be rendered capable of affording a basis -for some kind of vegetable life, arboreal or other. The question of -planting up the enormous quantity of what is now waste land, might -well engage the most practical consideration. Of course, the natural -state of any land will, to a great extent, determine what would be its -ultimate condition, after all that could be effected by mechanical -agency has been accomplished. Drainage, irrigation, enrichment, -pulverisation, are all matters which can only be considered upon a -particular basis; but we doubt not that the thousands of acres of land -now practically almost useless, might, by the adoption of proper means, -be rendered fairly remunerative. - -=BARREN-WORT.= _See_ =Epimedium=. - -=BARRINGTONIA= (named after the Hon. Daines Barrington, F.R.S.). ORD. -_MyrtaceA|_. A genus of stove evergreen trees and shrubs, very difficult -to cultivate. Flowers large, racemose. Leaves opposite or whorled, -generally obovate; margins toothed or entire. Fruit one-seeded, fleshy. -They require a compost of two parts loam, one peat, and one sand. Water -should be given in abundance, and a moist atmosphere at all times -maintained, the temperature ranging from 65deg. to 95deg. Propagated -by cuttings obtained from the lateral shoots; these, taken off at a -joint when the wood is ripe, planted in sand, with a hand glass over -them, root readily. The cuttings should not be stripped of any of their -leaves. - - =B. racemosa= (raceme-flowered). _fl._ red; racemes pendulous, - very long. _l._ cuneate-oblong, acuminated, serrulated. _h._ 30ft. - Malabar, 1822. (B. M. 3831.) - - =B. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ purple and white, large and handsome, - disposed in an erect thyrse. _l._ shining, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, - quite entire. _h._ 20in. to 30in. in England. This beautiful - species seldom attains a height of more than 6ft. or 8ft. (G. C. - 1845, p. 56.) - -=BARROW.= Garden Barrows are very numerous, both with and without -wheels. The Flower-pot Barrow has a wheel and a flat surface, on which -plants, pots, or leaves are placed, either directly, or, when small, -in shallow baskets. The Haum Barrow is an open box or case, of wicker -or other work, placed on, or suspended from, a pair of handles, with -or without a wheel, and is useful for carrying litter, leaves, &c. The -Water Barrow, instead of a box, contains a barrel, tub, or cistern, in -which fluid manure, or ordinary water, is conveyed to different parts -of the garden. The Hand-barrow is a frame of wood, carried by two -levers, which form four handles; for removing large pots or tubs of -trees or shrubs it is very useful. - -[Illustration: FIG. 207. FLOWER OF BARTONIA AUREA.] - -=BARTLINGIA.= A synonym of =Plocama= (which _see_). - -=BARTONIA= (in honour of Benjamin S. Barton, M.D., formerly Professor -of Botany at Philadelphia). ORD. _LoasaceA|_. Hardy annuals or -biennials, downy, with stiff and bearded hairs. This genus is now -placed under _Mentzelia_ in most standard botanical works. Flowers -white or yellow, large, terminal, expanding in the evening, when they -are very fragrant, and becoming reddish as they fade. Leaves alternate, -interruptedly pinnatifid. The species are very showy, and well worth -growing. Any ordinary garden soil suits them. Seeds should be raised -in a gentle heat in spring; and, when the seedlings are sufficiently -large, they should be potted singly into small, well-drained pots. In -winter, they should be placed on a dry shelf in a greenhouse or frame. -_B. aurea_ is one of the brightest of hardy annuals, and may be sown -either in a frame, or in the open border in April. - - =B. albescens= (whitish).* _fl._, petals ten, pale yellow, disposed - in a leafy panicle. July. _l._ sinuately toothed. Stem with a - white shining epidermis. _h._ 1ft. to 4ft. Chili, 1831. Annual or - biennial. (S. B. F. G. ii., 182.) - - =B. aurea= (golden).* _fl._ two or three together, terminal, bright - golden yellow, as large as a half-crown; petals five. June. _h._ - 1ft. California, 1834. Annual. See Fig. 207. (B. M. 3649.) - - =B. nuda= (naked) and =B. ornata= (adorned) are two very pretty - white-flowered biennial species. _h._ 2ft. Missouri, 1811. - -=BARYOSMA.= _See_ =Barosma=. - -=BASAL=, or =BASILAR=. Situated at the base of anything; as the embryo, -when situated at the bottom of the seed. - -=BASELLA= (its Malabar name). Malabar Nightshade. ORD. _BasellaceA|_. -Annual or biennial stove trailers, with white or pinkish flowers, of -no great horticultural value. In India, and elsewhere throughout the -tropics, some of the species are cultivated as pot herbs, and are used -as a substitute for Spinach. - - =B. alba= (white).* _fl._ white. August. _l._ heart-shaped, - pointed. _h._ 8in. India, 1688. This plant, either when allowed to - fall in festoons from the roof of a warm house, or treated as a - basket plant, forms an elegant object when in flower. - -=BASELLACEA†.= A series of usually herbaceous climbers, and considered -a tribe of _ChenopodiaceA|_. - -=BASIL, SWEET= (_Ocymum basilicum_). This is a tender annual from -India, and must be raised in gentle heat. The foliage is somewhat -largely used for flavouring purposes. Seeds should be sown in April, -the seedlings pricked out into boxes to strengthen, and finally planted -out about 8in. asunder, in beds of light rich soil, in June, being well -watered until fully established. As soon as they bloom, they should be -cut down to within a few inches of the ground, and the portions cut off -should be tied up in small bunches and dried in the shade for winter -use. Some of the plants can be lifted in September, potted up, and -placed in a warm greenhouse for the winter, when the fresh green leaves -will be found very useful. Bush Basil (_Ocymum minimum_) is a dwarfer -plant, but may be treated in the same way. Wild Basil is botanically -known as _Calamintha Clinopodium_. - -=BASIL-THYME.= _See_ =Calamintha Acinos=. - -=BASI-NERVED.= When the nerves of a leaf spring from the base. - -=BASING-UP.= The raising of a small bank of earth entirely round a -plant, so as to retain water immediately about the root. The term is -sometimes used to signify =Earthing= or =Moulding=, which _see_. - -=BASKETS.= Few objects contribute more to the adornment of a window, -or the decoration of the diningroom, drawing-room, or glass-house, -than Hanging Baskets, tastefully filled with handsome foliaged and -flowering plants. Baskets are made in different forms and of various -materials, such as wire, terra-cotta, wood, and cork. The Wire Baskets -have a very light and elegant appearance, and are generally used. In -filling Baskets, the inside should be lined with a thick layer of moss, -or _Selaginella Kraussiana_, next to which a layer of coarse sacking -must be placed, to prevent the soil from working through. Terra-cotta -Baskets are very pretty, and are extensively employed in domestic -rooms, but they should always have one or more holes at the bottom, to -facilitate drainage. Rustic Baskets, of cork or wood, are also very -suitable for floral arrangements; those composed of teak-wood are very -generally used for orchids. The compost should be prepared according to -the requirements of the plant or plants intended to be grown, which can -be easily ascertained on reference to such plants in this work. The -soil should not be allowed to get dry; in the event of this happening, -however, a thorough soaking by immersion must be given. As a rule, -attention should be given in the matter of watering every other day, -and light syringing every morning and evening during the spring and -summer months will be most beneficial. The Baskets should be examined -every week, all dead or decaying leaves being removed, and any insects, -which are so likely to get a foothold, destroyed. In arranging the -subjects, the centre plant should be the tallest, the next outer ones -shorter, and the marginal ones of a trailing or drooping habit, so that -the whole may present a symmetrical, and at the same time a natural, -appearance. Wickerwork Baskets are used for carrying or transferring -plants, and are generally made 18in. wide by 20in. deep; they are -extremely useful, and should be in every garden. Split wood and withes -are largely employed in making Baskets. The Planter's Basket, described -by Loudon as a flat, rectangular utensil of wickerwork or boards, -partitioned into three or more parts, for the purpose of carrying -with the gardener when about to plant or remove plants, is now, -unfortunately, almost obsolete. One division is for the plants, another -for those taken up, and a third for the tools to be made use of, and -for any decayed parts of plants, stones, weeds, or other refuse which -may be collected. By using this Basket, order, accuracy, and neatness -are secured. The Sussex "Truck" Baskets, made of willow-wood, are very -useful, being both light and durable. _See also_ =Measures=. - -=BASSIA= (named after Ferdinando Bassi, Curator of the Botanic Garden -at Bologna). ORD. _SapotaceA|_. Handsome lofty-growing lactescent stove -trees, with axillary, solitary, or aggregate flowers, and quite entire, -smooth, coriaceous leaves. They require stove heat, and a compost of -peat and loam. Cuttings, taken from ripened wood, strike readily in -sand, under a hand glass, in a strong moist heat. - - =B. butyracea= (buttery). The Indian Butter Tree. _fl._, pedicels - aggregate, and are, as well as the calyces, woolly. _l._ obovate, - 8in. to 9in. long, and 4in. to 5in. broad, tomentose beneath. _h._ - 30ft. to 70ft. Nepaul, 1823. (B. F. F. 35.) - - =B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). The Mahwah Tree of Bengal. _fl._, - corolla thick and fleshy; pedicels drooping, terminal. _l._ oblong - or elliptic, smooth above, whitish beneath, 4in. to 8in. long, and - 2in. to 4in. broad. _h._ 50ft. India, 1799. (B. F. S. 41.) - - =B. longifolia= (long-leaved). _fl._, pedicels axillary, drooping, - crowded round the ends of the branchlets. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, - approximate at the tops of the branches, 6in. long, deciduous. _h._ - 50ft. Malabar, 1811. (B. F. S. 42.) - -=BASS= or =BAST MATS=. These are prepared, chiefly in Russia, from -the inner bark of various Limes (_Tilia_), and are very largely used -in this country by nurserymen for packing purposes. They are also -extensively employed as coverings, being excellent preventatives of the -effects of frost. They are beneficial as a covering for beds of early -vegetables, to prevent radiation during the night. For tying purposes -they are now greatly superseded by Raffia Grass. Archangel Mats are -larger, and of better quality than the St. Petersburgh. Dunnage Mats -are heavy, and generally used for covering, as they are much cheaper. - -=BASTARD ACACIA.= _See_ =Robinia Pseudo-acacia=. - -=BASTARD BALM.= _See_ =Melittis=. - -=BASTARD BOX.= _See_ =Polygala chamA|buxus=. - -=BASTARD CABBAGE-TREE.= _See_ =Geoffroya=. - -=BASTARD CHERRY.= _See_ =Cerasus Pseudo-cerasus=. - -=BASTARD CINNAMON.= _See_ =Cinnamomum Cassia=. - -=BASTARD CORK TREE.= _See_ =Quercus pseudo-suber=. - -=BASTARD INDIGO.= _See_ =Amorpha=. - -=BASTARD LUPINE.= _See_ =Trifolium Lupinaster=. - -=BASTARD QUINCE.= _See_ =Pyrus ChamA|mespilus=. - -=BASTARD VERVAIN.= _See_ =Stachytarpheta=. - -=BASTARD VETCH.= _See_ =Phaca=. - -=BASTARD WIND-FLOWER.= _See_ =Gentiana Pseudo-pneumonanthe=. - -=BASTARD WOOD-SAGE.= _See_ =Teucrium Pseudo-scorodonia=. - -=BAST MATS.= _See_ =Bass Mats=. - -=BATATAS= (its aboriginal name). ORD. _ConvolvulaceA|_. This genus is -now referred to _IpomA|a_. Strong, free-growing, greenhouse or stove -deciduous twiners. Calyx of five sepals; corolla campanulate; stamens -inclosed. They are of easy culture, only requiring plenty of room to -spread, and are well adapted for trellis work, or to run up pillars. -They are all tuberous rooted, and therefore require to be kept dry when -in a dormant state. A rich, open, loamy soil is most suitable. Young -cuttings strike readily under a hand glass, in heat. - - =B. bignonioides= (Bignonia-like).* _fl._, corolla dark purple, - funnel-shaped, with a curled limb; peduncles many-flowered, nutant, - shorter than the petioles. July. _l._ three-lobed; hind lobes - rounded, imbricate. Cayenne, 1824. (B. M. 2645.) - - =B. Cavanillesii= (Cavanilles').* _fl._ pale whitish-red; lobes - of corolla obtuse, crenulated; peduncles one to three-flowered. - August. _l._ quinate; leaflets ovate, entire, unequal. Native - country unknown, 1815. - -[Illustration: FIG. 208. BATATAS EDULIS, showing Tuber.] - - =B. edulis= (edible).* Sweet Potato. _fl._, corolla 1in. long, - white outside and purple inside; peduncles equal in length to the - petioles, or exceeding them, three to four-flowered. _l._ variable, - usually angular, also lobed. Stem creeping, rarely climbing. East - Indies, 1797. See Fig. 208. - - =B. glaucifolia= (milky-green-leaved). _fl._, corolla small, - purplish, with an inflated tube, and ovate, acute segments; - peduncles two-flowered, length of leaves. May. _l._ sagittate, - truncate behind, on long petioles. Mexico, 1732. - - =B. heterophylla= (various-leaved). _fl._ blue; peduncles solitary, - axillary, bearing each three sessile flowers. July. _l._ quinately - palmate; lobes or leaflets ovate-spathulate, acute. Plant very - villous. Cuba, 1817. - - =B. paniculata= (panicled).* _fl._ large, purple; peduncles - much exceeding the petioles, many-flowered, dichotomously and - corymbosely panicled. June _l._ palmate, five to seven-cleft; - lobes ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, bluntish, rarely - sub-acuminated. India, 1799. (G. C. n. s., x., 341.) - - =B. senegalensis= (Senegalese). _fl._ white or purplish, large; - peduncles three-flowered. June. _l._ quinately palmate; lobes - ovate, obtuse, middle one the largest. Stem white, tubercular. - Guinea, 1823. - - =B. venosa= (veiny). _fl._ purple; peduncles umbellate, with an - ovate-cordate, solitary leaf at the base of each pedicel. July. - _l._ digitately quinate; leaflets petiolate, acuminated, quite - entire. France, 1820. - -=BATEMANNIA= (named after Mr. J. Bateman, a collector and cultivator -of orchids, and author of a "Monograph of Odontoglossum," and other -works on orchidaceous plants). ORD. _OrchidaceA|_. A small and -easily-grown genus of dwarf, compact-growing epiphytes, closely -allied to _Maxillaria_, but differing from that genus in having the -anther-bed with a membranous border. They may be grown in pots, in -a compost of peat and moss, or on blocks of wood with moss. They -require an intermediate house and plenty of water in the growing -season. Propagated by divisions and offsets. They have generally a -free-flowering habit; but some of the species are not so ornamental as -many other orchids. - - =B. armillata= (braceleted). _fl._ green, white. 1875. (R. X. O. - 316.) - - =B. Burtii= (Burt's). _fl._ red-brown, yellow base, 3in. across; - lip white, tipped chocolate. Autumn. _l._ elliptic-oblong, or - ligulate, sub-distichous. Plant bulbless. Costa Rica, 1872. (B. M. - 6003.) - - =B. Colleyi= (Colley's). _fl._ on a pendulous raceme, rising from - the base of the pseudo-bulbs; sepals and petals brownish-purple - within, green without; lip white. Autumn. _h._ 6in. Demerara, 1834. - (B. R. 1714.) - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._, flower-spike coming - up with the young growth, bearing three or four flowers, of - curious structure; sepals and petals olive-green, striped with - reddish-brown; lip white, with reddish-purple streaks, orange or - yellow towards the base. Pseudo-bulbs ovate, 3in. or 4in. long, and - bearing two large, broad, leathery leaves. New Grenada, 1866. (B. - M. 5567.) - - =B. Wallisii= (Wallis').* _fl._, sepals light greenish-yellow - outside, olive-green to chestnut-brown inside, with some yellow - at the base; petals with scarlet stripes at the very base, but - otherwise coloured like the sepals; lip blade greenish, with a - brownish hue at the anterior part; peduncles slender, corymbose. - _h._ 1ft. Columbia, 1876. - -=BATSCHIA.= _See_ =Lithospermum=. - -=BAUERA= (named after Francis and Ferdinand Bauer, German botanical -draughtsmen). ORD. _SaxifragaceA|_. Small shrubs, natives of Australia, -New Zealand, &c. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedunculate. Leaves six in -a whorl, approximating by threes, and therefore, as it were, opposite -and ternate, exstipulate. Easily cultivated in a compost of sandy loam -and peat. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sandy soil, under a glass. -These very pretty little greenhouse evergreens flower nearly the whole -year through. - - =B. humilis= (low). _fl._, corolla red, one-half smaller than _B. - rubioides_, and the plant is altogether much smaller. July to - December. _l._ oblong, crenated. _h._ 1ft. New South Wales, 1804. - (L. B. C. 1197.) - - =B. rubiA|folia= (madder-leaved). Synonymous with _B. rubioides_. - - =B. rubioides= (madder-like).* _fl._ pale red, or pink. _l._ - lanceolate, crenated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. New South Wales, 1793. SYN. - _B. rubiA|folia_. (A. B. R. 198.) - -=BAUHINIA= (in honour of John and Caspar Bauhin, two famous botanists -of the sixteenth century). Mountain Ebony. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Very -showy stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers racemose; petals five, spreading, -oblong, rather unequal, upper one usually distant from the rest. Leaves -two-lobed, constantly composed of two jointed leaflets at the top of -the petiole, sometimes nearly free, but usually joined together, more -or less, and with an awn in the recess. They succeed well in a mixture -of sand, loam, and peat, requiring good drainage and moderately firm -potting. Propagated by cuttings, which should be taken when the wood is -neither very ripe nor very young; the leaves must be dressed off, and -the cuttings planted in sand, under a glass, in moist heat. Although -glorious objects in the tropics, few of the species flower under our -comparatively sunless skies; those which hitherto have succeeded well -in Britain are marked with an asterisk. - - =B. acuminata= (taper-pointed-leaved). _fl._ pure white; petals - broadly ovate, hardly stipitate. June. _l._ rather cordate at the - base, smoothish; leaflets connected beyond the middle, ovate, - acuminated, parallel, four-nerved. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Malabar, 1808. - - =B. aurita= (eared). _fl._ white; petals ovate, on short stipes. - August. _l._ glabrous, cordate at the base; leaflets connected the - fourth part of their length, oblong-lanceolate, nearly parallel, - six to eight-nerved. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Jamaica, 1756. - - =B. corymbosa= (corymbose).* _fl._ in loose racemes; petals - pinkish, regular, crenulated at the edge. Summer. _l._, leaflets - semi-oval, obtuse, parallel, connected nearly to the middle, - three-nerved, cordate at the base, the nerves on the under surface, - as well as the petioles, branches, and calyces, clothed with rufous - villi. Shrubby climber. India, 1818. (G. C. 1881, xvi., p. 204.) - - =B. inermis= (unarmed). _fl._ white; petals linear; racemes - terminal, leafless, simple. _l._ ovate at the base, ferruginous - beneath; leaflets oblong, acute, four-nerved, parallel, connected - a little beyond the middle. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Mexico, 1810. - - =B. multinerva= (many-nerved). _fl._ snow-white; petals linear. - Legume 8in. to 12in. long. _l._ elliptic, rounded at the base, - membranous, shining above, rather pilose beneath; nerves - ferruginous; leaflets semi-ovate, obtuse, approximate, five-nerved; - free. _h._ 20ft. Caracas, 1817. - - =B. natalensis= (Natal).* _fl._ white, 1-1/2in. across, - opposite the leaves. September. _l._ small, alternate, of two - obliquely-oblong rounded leaflets. Natal, 1870. (B. M. 6086.) - - =B. petiolata= (long-petioled). _fl._ white, 3in. long, in terminal - clusters. Autumn. _l._ stalked, ovate-acuminate, five-nerved, - glabrous. Columbia, 1852. SYN. _Casparia speciosa_. (B. M. 6277.) - - =B. pubescens= (downy). _fl._ white, large, much crowded; petals - obovate; peduncles three to four-flowered. _l._ rather cordate at - the base, pubescent beneath and on the petioles; leaflets connected - beyond the middle, oval, obtuse, four-nerved, nearly parallel. _h._ - 4ft. to 6ft. Jamaica, 1823. - - =B. purpurea= (purple). _fl._, petals red, one of them streaked - with white on the claw, lanceolate, acute. Legume linear, 1ft. - long. _l._ cordate at the base, coriaceous, ultimately glabrous; - leaflets connected much above the middle, broadly ovate, obtuse, - four-nerved; free. _h._ 6ft. India, 1778. - - =B. racemosa= (racemose). _fl._ white; petals obovate, obtuse; - raceme somewhat corymbose. _l._ cordate at the base, clothed - with silky villi beneath, as well as on the peduncles, petioles, - branches, calyces, and petals; leaflets broadly ovate, obtuse, - connected to the middle, five-nerved. India, 1790. Shrubby climber. - (B. F. S. 182.) - - =B. tomentosa= (tomentose). _fl._, petals pale yellow, with a red - spot at the claw, obovate, obtuse; peduncles one to three-flowered. - _l._ ovate or roundish at the base; under surface villous, as - well as the petioles, branches, stipules, peduncles, bracts, and - calyces; leaflets connected beyond the middle, oval, obtuse, three - to four-nerved. _h._ 6ft. to 12ft. Ceylon, 1808. - - =B. variegata= (variegated).* _fl._ red, marked with white, and - yellow at the base, in loose terminal racemes; petals ovate, - nearly sessile. June. _l._ cordate at the base, glabrous; leaflets - broadly-ovate, obtuse, five-nerved, connected beyond the middle; - free. _h._ 20ft. Malabar, 1690. - - =B. v. chinensis= (Chinese). _fl._, petals lilac, with one purple - spot at the base of each, acute. _l._ rounded at the base. China. - -=BAWD-MONEY.= _See_ =Meum=. - -=BAY-TREE.= _See_ =Laurus nobilis=. - -=BEAK.= Anything resembling the beak of a bird, as in _Aconitum_; the -point which ends the helmet or upper sepal; hard, sharp points. - -=BEAM TREE.= _See_ =Pyrus Aria=. - -=BEAN BEETLE= (_Bruchus granarius_). This insect, by depositing its -eggs in the seeds of Beans and Peas, causes a great amount of injury. -It is about an eighth of an inch long, black, with brown hairs and -white spots; tip of the tail prolonged, downy; front pair of legs -reddish. The most effectual means of prevention is to destroy, when -sowing, all seeds infested by it; and this may be detected by the skin -of the seed being unusually transparent above the tunnel for exit. -Imported seeds of Broad Beans are often much infested. "Dipping the -Beans or Peas in boiling water for one minute is stated to kill the -grub inside; but, as dipping for four minutes generally destroys the -germinating power, the experiment is much too hazardous for general -use", (Ormerod). - -=BEAN CAPER.= _See_ =Zygophyllum=. - -=BEAN FLY.= _See_ =Aphides= and =Black Fly=. - -=BEANS.= There are three sections of these in cultivation for garden -purposes, viz.: The Dwarf or French Bean; the Climbing, or Scarlet -Runner; and the ordinary Broad Bean. _See also_ =Faba= and =Phaseolus=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 209. BROAD BEAN PLANT IN FLOWER (FABA VULGARIS).] - -_Soil._ All Beans like a somewhat loamy soil, which, to secure good -crops, must be deeply worked and heavily manured. The Kidney Beans, -dwarf and tall, however, do not care for so heavy a soil as the Broad -and Long-podded kinds; and this fact should be borne in mind when -selecting their respective situations. The term Kidney is generally -applied to both the Dwarf or French and the Climbing or Scarlet Runner. - -[Illustration: FIG. 210. PODS OF BROAD BEAN.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 211. BROAD BEAN SEED.] - -BROAD AND LONG-PODDED (_Faba vulgaris_). _Cultivation_: As early as -possible in the autumn, deeply trench a piece of ground, and work in a -heavy dressing of manure, leaving the surface of the soil in ridges, to -become well aA"rated by winter frosts. Where desired, a piece of ground -on a warm, protected border, can also be deeply dug in November, and a -few rows of Mazagans sown to stand the winter. When up, draw a ridge -of soil on either side the rows, and in frosty weather strew a few -handfuls of bracken, or other light, dry litter, over them. Not much -is, however, gained by this winter sowing. Early in January, level the -ridges with a fork, working the whole of the surface soil over, and -towards the end of the month, make the first sowing, choosing Mazagan -and other early varieties. Mark out two rows, 9in. asunder, leave a -space of 30in., then another two rows, and so on throughout the piece -sown. If preferred, they may be sown in single rows at intervals of -1-1/2ft. The drills should be about 3in. deep, and the seed from 7in. -to 9in. apart in the rows. Where the double-row system is adopted, -arrange the seed for the plants to come alternately. In March, get -in the main sowing of the Broad and later Long-podded kinds, in the -manner already described; another sowing for late use may be made in -April. When the plants are about 6in. high, earth up as recommended -for those sown in the autumn. As soon as a good crop is set, pinch out -the tops of the plants, to assist the maturation of the Beans, and -prevent the attacks of the fly. Figs. 209, 210, and 211 are excellent -representations of the flowering plant, pods, and seed of the Broad -Bean. - -_Sorts._ For early use: Early Mazagan, Long-pod, Marshall's Early -Prolific, and Seville Long-pod. For late use: Carter's Mammoth -Long-pod, and Broad Windsor (white variety). These are all distinct and -good varieties. - -[Illustration: FIG. 212. FRUITING PLANT OF DWARF OR FRENCH BEAN -(PHASEOLUS VULGARIS).] - -DWARF OR FRENCH KIDNEY BEANS (_Phaseolus vulgaris_). _Cultivation_: -This class (see Fig. 212) also requires a rich and deeply trenched -rather light soil. A very important point is to get the ground into a -good condition, by frequently forking it over; and, as the seeds are -not sown till the beginning of May, there is plenty of time for the -work. The finer the soil is, and the more it is aA"rated, the better -will it suit the crop. From the beginning of May till the end of June, -at intervals, draw out drills about 2ft. apart, and 3in. deep, and in -these place the Beans tolerably thick, as generally they are not all -certain to grow. As soon as up, carefully thin them, and slightly earth -up to prevent the wind blowing them about. They should not, however, -be earthed higher than the seed leaves, or they will probably rot off -in wet weather. Keep free from weeds, and maintain a sharp look out for -slugs. In dry weather, water occasionally, giving good drenchings, and -not mere sprinklings, which do more harm than good. A good mulching -of half-rotted manure is very beneficial, as it prevents evaporation -to a great extent, besides affording some amount of nourishment to -the plants. Great care must be taken to pick off the Beans as soon as -large enough for use, or they will exhaust the plants. Where seeds are -needed, a number of plants should be left for the purpose, and these -should be some of the best, to prevent deterioration, or loss of the -true variety. - -_Forcing._ French Beans require more heat than can be obtained in -either a frame or an ordinary greenhouse; and, although easy enough to -grow in a structure suited to their requirements, yet, if such does -not exist, they are almost sure to fail. A good heat, from 60deg. -to 70deg., with abundance of moisture, is necessary for successful -results. Plenty of light is also most essential. A position such as -that of a cucumber house is generally a suitable one; but the plants -must not be placed under the cucumbers. Successional sowings in pots -or boxes must be made, from the end of August till March, to keep up -a supply. For soil, use good maiden loam, with a little well-rotted -manure added. Use 8in. pots, sowing five or six beans in each. The -first sowing should be placed in a frame and kept well watered, -bringing into heat in October; but the subsequent sowings should be -placed directly in the house. Keep the soil moist, and the plants free -from aphides and other insect pests, and give air at every favourable -opportunity. The plants should be as near the light as possible, and -kept from falling about by tying or placing small pieces of Birch wood -round them. In dull weather, it will be found that the blooms will -not set so freely as when the sun shines brightly; therefore, every -care should be taken to secure both heat and ventilation when sunshine -prevails. When the pots get full of roots, and the plants are bearing -fruit freely, a little liquid manure is of great assistance; at no -time must the plants get dry enough to flag. Allow plenty of room for -the full development of foliage, and maintain a minimum temperature of -60deg., with plenty of moisture. - -_Sorts._ These are very numerous, among the best being Black Negro, -Canadian Wonder, Canterbury, Fulmer's Forcing, Golden Dun, Newington -Wonder, Osborn's Early Forcing, Sion House, and Sir Joseph Paxton. - -RUNNERS OR CLIMBING KIDNEY BEANS (_Phaseolus multiflorus_). -_Cultivation_: Being tall growers, these need a greater space than the -Dwarf French varieties, and they also require support. Rich soil is -indispensable for them, and liberal supplies of water on light soils -and in dry weather. A good overhead syringing from time to time is also -advantageous. Trench and heavily manure a piece of ground in autumn, -leaving it in ridges for the winter. In March, level the ridges down, -and well work the ground, to render it friable and in good condition. -The plants being extremely tender, it is not safe to sow before the end -of April or the first week in May. It is preferable to sow in rows, -which should be from 6ft. to 12ft. apart, and crop the ground between -with other vegetables. Earth up and stake them as soon as ready, to -prevent injury from rough wind. A good plan, which may be adopted to -obtain early produce, is to raise the seeds in boxes in a cold frame, -getting them ready for planting out in the middle of May. Plant at the -same distances, and treat afterwards as recommended for those sown out -of doors. - -If preferred, they can be grown on the ground without stakes. Under -this treatment, they must have their tops pinched off when about 18in. -high, continuing this pinching from time to time as necessary. If this -plan is adopted, the rows need only be 3ft. apart, the ground not -being otherwise cropped. In dry seasons and on light soils, there is -an advantage attached to this method, namely, that those on sticks are -liable to injury from drought, while the foliage of those pinched back -keeps the soil moist underneath. - -[Illustration: FIG. 213. RUNNER OR CLIMBING KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS -MULTIFLORUS).] - -Runner Beans may also be planted to cover arches or fences, and in -various places of a like description. See Fig. 213. - -_Sorts._ Common Scarlet Runner, Champion, Painted Lady, and Giant -White. The first two are those generally grown. - -=BEAN-TREE.= _See_ =Ceratonia Siliqua=. - -=BEARBERRY=, and =BEAR'S GRAPE=. _See_ =Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi=. - -=BEARD-TONGUE.= _See_ =Pentstemon=. - -=BEARS BREECH.= _See_ =Acanthus=. - -=BEAR'S FOOT.= _See_ =Helleborus fA"tidus=. - -=BEATONIA.= _See_ =Tigridia=. - -=BEAUCARNEA= (a commemorative name). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A small genus of -curious greenhouse plants, natives of Mexico. Leaves narrow, gracefully -depending. Stems slender, and woody, with a peculiar swollen, somewhat -napiform base. Mr. B. S. Williams recommends that these plants be -potted in rich fibrous loam and sand, with ample drainage, and, -during the growing season, liberally supplied with water. Propagated -by cuttings, when obtainable; but chiefly by seeds, which have to be -imported from their native country. Beaucarneas are principally grown -for the beauty of their foliage, and are grotesque, graceful, and -extremely curious in habit and form. - - =B. glauca= (grey).* _l._ pendent, glaucous, 2ft. to 3ft. long. - Stem slender, the swollen base becoming woody with age. - - =B. g. latifolia= (broad-leaved) differs from the type only in its - stouter and more robust stem and broader leaves. - - =B. longifolia= (long-leaved).* _l._ 6ft. to 10ft. long, narrow, - pendent, dark green, forming a beautiful vase-like centre. _h._ - 10ft. Mexico, 1868. Very distinct. (G. C. 1877, vii., 493.) - - =B. recurvata= (recurved-leaved).* _l._ very long, linear, - gracefully pendulous, bright green. Mexico, about 1845. This is an - excellent subject for open-air culture during the summer, as well - as for the conservatory. SYN. _Pincenictitia tuberculata_. (G. C. - 1870, 1445.) - - =B. r. rubra= (red). _l._ red at base. - - =B. stricta= (upright). _l._ 3ft. or more long, less than 1in. - broad, very glaucous. Stem stout. Mexico, 1870. - -=BEAUFORTIA= (commemorative of Mary, Duchess of Beaufort, a botanical -patroness). Including _Schizopleura_. ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. Elegant -free-flowering greenhouse Australian shrubs. Flowers scarlet; calyx -with a turbinate tube; stamens in bundles opposite the petals. Leaves -sessile, opposite or scattered. Beaufortias require a compost of peat, -leaf soil, and loam, lightened, if necessary, by the addition of sand. -Cuttings of half-ripened shoots root freely in sandy soil, under a -glass, with very little heat. - - =B. decussata= (decussate). _fl._ scarlet; bundles of stamens - on very long claws; filaments radiating. May. _l._ opposite, - decussate, ovate, or oval, many-nerved. _h._ 3ft. to 10ft. New - Holland, 1803. (B. M. 1733.) - - =B. purpurea= (purple).* _fl._ purplish-red, in dense globular - heads. _l._ three to five-nerved, erect or spreading, - ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear. New Holland. - - =B. sparsa= (few-leaved). _fl._ bright scarlet. _l._ many-nerved, - scattered, ovate-elliptical, obtuse. West Australia. SYN. _B. - splendens_. (P. F. G. xiii., 145.) - - =B. splendens= (splendid). Synonymous with _B. sparsa_. - -=BEAUMONTIA= (in honour of Mrs. Beaumont, formerly of Bretton Hall, -Yorkshire). ORD. _ApocynaceA|_. A very ornamental stove twiner, -remarkable for its handsome flowers. It succeeds best when planted -out in the borders of a temperate house, in rich lumpy loam and peat. -Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand, with bottom heat. - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._, corolla large, white, - greenish outside near the base, and dark throat, with a short tube, - and a large campanulate five-lobed limb; corymbs axillary and - terminal, many-flowered. June. _l._ opposite, broad, oblong-ovate, - with a little point, tapering towards the base, smooth and shining - above, but rather downy beneath; young leaves and branches rusty. - Chittagong and Sylhet, 1820. (B. M. 3213.) - -=BED.= A term usually applied to pieces of ground laid out in gardens -for sowing small seeds, or for the isolation and better protection of -small collections of plants in the reserve ground. The oblong is the -best shape for this purpose, about 4ft. or 5ft. wide, somewhat raised, -and having a narrow path on each side, so that the workman may attend -to the plants or seeds without having to tread on the bed. Any one part -of a flower-garden design, cut out in grass, or otherwise formed, is -also generally termed a Bed. When required to be planted for effect, -as in this case, the Bed should be proportionate in size to the plants -that are to be put in it, always planting the highest in the centre and -gradually sloping, with other sizes, to the edges, which should be the -lowest. Circular Beds are best with one centre plant; and oblong or -other shapes should have the height of the centre plants carried nearly -the whole length, not, however, placing them in too formal a manner. - -=BEDDING-IN.= A method of seed-sowing, now almost obsolete, and -chiefly employed in nurseries. "In this method, the ground being dug -and formed by alleys into Beds, 4ft. or 5ft. wide, each alley being a -spade's width or more between Bed and Bed, and the earth being drawn -off the top of the Bed with a rake or spade, 1/2in. or 1in. deep into -the alleys, the seed is then sown all over the surface of the Bed; -which being done, the earth in the alleys is immediately cast over the -Bed, again covering the seeds the same depth, and the surface is raked -smooth" (Johnson). In the case of small seeds, a very light covering is -needed, and that only of very fine soil. - -=BEDDING-OUT.= The temporary placing out of doors of greenhouse and -other tender plants during the summer months. It is considered by some -to be the showiest, most expensive, and most unnatural of any style. -The geometrical arrangement of gaudy colours is not at all times -satisfactory, and under the most favourable conditions the design -is rarely retained more than two or three months, say, from July to -September. The method is, however, so extensively adopted as to demand -due notice in this work. Bedding usually commences in May. An important -consideration is the proper preparation of the soil for the reception -of the plants. It will be found to materially assist the growth if -the soil is well dug over a fortnight before the plants are put in. -By this means, it will acquire a certain amount of solidity, a point -of great importance with fibrous-rooted plants that are subject to -injury from the fine roots not taking a firm hold of the soil. Having -decided upon the arrangement of the plants, proceed to work with the -planting. With round, oval, or, indeed, almost any shaped bed, begin -in the centre and work towards the edge; in borders, commence at the -back and finish with the front row. Plant with a trowel, disturbing -the balls as little as possible, and when in the holes press the soil -moderately firm. After the Bed is finished, give a good soaking of -water to settle the soil at the roots. Manure for Flower-beds should -always be perfectly rotten, such as that from a spent hotbed. When the -plants are thoroughly established, water must only be given if they -show signs of distress; and then a good soaking should be applied. A -careful hoeing of the surface after planting will be most beneficial, -leaving it smooth and tidy. A Dutch hoe will be the best to use. -Injudicious use of manure and water will only cause a foliaceous -growth. The proper treatment of the various Bedding Plants will be -found under their respective headings. For spring decoration, the -Beds may be filled with Dutch bulbs, and spring-flowering annuals and -perennials _ad infinitum_; or, after the plants are removed in autumn, -the Beds may be filled with evergreens plunged in pots, such as Aucuba, -Arbor vitA|, Euonymus, and various little Conifers, which have a bright -appearance through the winter, and can be removed at any time. With the -relative value, or advisability of adoption, of either or any system of -gardening, it scarcely comes within the province of this work to deal. -No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down as regards "style," and each -individual may follow his own taste and inclination. - -[Illustration: FIG. 214. DESIGN FOR CARPET BEDDING.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 215. DESIGN FOR CARPET BEDDING.] - -_Carpet Bedding._ This mode of gardening, although not so generally -employed as it was some few years ago, has many admirers, and small -plots, geometrically arranged in multi-coloured beds on lawns, are -frequently seen. In our large public parks, the system is largely -adopted, and evidently proves very gratifying to the multitudes who -visit these places; but probably no system is more unnatural or -expensive, as such a large number of plants are necessary in order -to produce a desirable effect. The illustrations (Figs. 214 and 215) -represent two designs for Carpet Beds. The numbers placed in the -various compartments indicate the way the different colours should be -arranged, repeats being marked by the same cypher. A very varied and -large selection of plants can be used for Carpet Bedding, some of which -are quite hardy, such as _Herniaria glabra_ and _Veronica repens_, two -of the best dwarf green plants; _Sempervivum californicum_, _Sedum -lydium_, _S. glaucum_, _Antennaria tomentosa_, &c. These may be -planted early in the season, with Golden Feather, and are especially -valuable, as they are generally employed to a great extent. Other -plants, not quite so hardy, are _Mentha Pulegium gibraltarica_ and -_Echeveria secunda glauca_, both of which are extensively used; while -the tenderest subjects are Alternantheras of various kinds, _Coleus -Verschaffeltii_ and _Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum_. These -latter should not be planted till the first or second week in June. -As the plants are usually small, and require to be planted thickly, -the work is best accomplished with the fingers, pressing the soil -moderately firm. First of all, work out the design, and plant the -leading lines; afterwards fill in the "panels." - -[Illustration: FIG. 216. DESIGN FOR BEDDING.] - -_Sub-Tropical Bedding._ This term is applied to the arrangement of -tropical plants in Beds or groups outside for the summer months, and -if discriminately adopted a very attractive and unique display may be -made, depending greatly upon position, and mainly upon the material at -command. If a sheltered and partially shady situation is enjoyed, a -grand effect may be produced by the grouping of tree and other large -ferns with palms, Cannas, Aralias, DracA|nas, &c., avoiding, of course, -formal arrangement, and yet, when finished, a symmetrical appearance -should be produced. In more open positions, palms, Castor Oil Plants, -Cannas, _Humea elegans_, Aralias, Phormiums, Wigandias, Nicotianas, -&c., may be employed, the result being, if properly arranged, most -gratifying. Sub-Tropical Bedding should not be done till the middle or -end of June, and the Beds should be well dug and freely manured for -those that are to be planted out. - -[Illustration: FIG 217. DESIGN FOR BEDDING.] - -Fig. 216 represents a Border or long piece of ground, which may be -either marked out permanently with Box edging, dwarf-growing silver or -golden leaved plants, tiles, stones, or pebbles, and filled in with -silver sand or bright-coloured stones or gravel; or the lines may be -widened out into walks. The whole of the small circles not numbered -are intended for specimen foliage and other plants, such as Fuchsias, -Yuccas, Aloes, Cannas, Solanums, variegated or plain Reeds, Grasses, -Maize (_Zea_), &c. No. 1, tall plants of _Echeveria metallica_, edged -with _E. glauca_; 2, 2, yellow or orange Calceolaria; 3, 3, Mrs. -Leavers Pelargonium; 4, 4, Triomphe de Stella ditto; 5, 5, purple or -blue Verbena; 6, 6, white ditto. The narrow border round the side may -then be filled in with Golden-feather Pyrethrum, blue Lobelia, or -_Alternanthera amabilis_. This same plan may also be treated in quite a -different manner, according to the taste of those adopting it, or the -stock of plants at command. - -[Illustration: FIG. 218. DESIGN FOR BEDDING OR CARPET BEDDING.] - -Fig. 217 illustrates a design admirably adapted for a rosery or small -flower garden. Its only fault is the number of sharp angles at the -corners of some of the Beds; but this can be counteracted by the -predominance of curved lines. It is easily formed, and the effect is -good if furnished in the following manner: The circle in the centre, -1, _Centaurea ragusina compacta_, edged with a double line of _Coleus -Verschaffeltii_; the four figures 2, 2, 2, 2, scarlet Pelargoniums, -such as Vesuvius, Bonfire, Triomphe de Stella, or others; 3, 3, Mrs. -Pollock, golden-zoned Pelargoniums, edged with _Alternanthera amA"na_; -4, 4, Lady Cullum, ditto, ditto, edged with ditto; 5, 5, _Lobelia -speciosa_, Imperial Dwarf Ageratum, or Purple King Verbena; 6, 6, white -Verbena or white Ivy-leaved Pelargonium. - -[Illustration: FIG. 219. ARRANGEMENT OF NURSERY FOR ROSE TREES AND -SHRUBS.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 220. ARRANGEMENT OF NURSERY FOR ROSE TREES AND -SHRUBS.] - -The group of Beds illustrated in Fig. 218 is effective on grass or -gravel. If on the latter, the lines should be defined with Box, Golden -Thyme, Cerastium, or Santolinas. The design is pretty on level, but is -still more effective on sloping ground; in the latter case, it should -rise from the straight walk (dotted line). Thus each Bed may be seen -to the best advantage, and the group may be extended to any length. -The circular Beds should be planted with two distinct colours, such -as good pink and scarlet Pelargoniums of similar habits of growth, -placing the colours in alternate Beds. The Beds, _a_, _a_, _a_, Flower -of Spring, or another silver-leaved Pelargonium; _b_, _b_, _b_, Purple -King Verbena, or Imperial Dwarf Ageratum; _c_, _c_, White Perfection -Verbena, and silver-leaved or white-flowered Ivy-leaved Pelargonium; -_d_, _d_, _Alternanthera magnifica_; _e_, _e_, Blue Lobelia. The -long border, _Alternanthera paronychioides_, edged with _Antennaria -tomentosa_; or _Iresine Lindenii_, edged with Pyrethrum, Golden Fleece -or Crystal Palace Gem Pelargonium. The two sides may also be planted -alike. The colours are reversed above to produce a greater variety and -a more striking effect. This design is also well adapted for Carpet -Bedding. - -[Illustration: BED A. - -BED B. - -BED C. - -BED D. - -BED E. - -BED F. - -BED G. - -BED H. - -FIG. 221. BEDDING-OUT DESIGNS.] - -_Nursery Bed._ This is merely a reserve ground or nursery for a large -stock of plants of various sorts, such as Roses, &c. One of the first -requirements is an easy access to the individual plants, and with the -least possible waste of space. This may be obtained by arranging the -Beds in regular geometric figures, as shown in Figs. 219 and 220, and, -by exercising a little care and taste, the whole can be so contrived as -to present an ornamental appearance. - -We are indebted to Messrs. Cannell and Sons for the diagrams of -Bedding-out designs shown at Fig. 221, which may be made very effective: - -Bed A. This Bed may be planted with the following: Summer-flowering: 1, -Gain's Yellow Calceolaria or Ageratum Lady Jane; 2, Geranium Vesuvius -or another scarlet; 3 and 4, Viola Blue-bell or Purple King Verbena; -5, edged with _Gnaphalium lanatum_, or _Antennaria tomentosa_, white -foliaged plants. Summer Foliage: 1, _Coleus Verschaffeltii_; 2, -_Centaurea ragusina compacta_; 3 and 4, Mrs. Pollock Geranium; 5, band -of any of the Echeverias, or _Kleinia repens_. - -Bed B. Plants mentioned for A will do for this. - -Bed C. This is really intended for a Carpet Bed. 1, _Alternanthera -amabilis_, with a narrow line of _amA"na_ for the edge; 2, _Mentha_, -or _Herniaria glabra_; 3, band of _Mesembryanthemum cordifolium -variegatum_. Flowering: 1, Any kind of Scarlet Geranium; 2, -Golden-leaved ditto; 3, Blue Lobelia (edge). Spring: 1, White Arabis; -2, _Myosotis dissitiflora_; 3, Golden Feather. - -Bed D. Summer: 1, Pink Geranium; 2, _Iresine Lindenii_; 3, -Golden Feather. Carpet: 1, _Alternanthera versicolor grandis_; -2, _Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum_; 3, _Alternanthera -magnifica_, edged with _Sempervivum montanum_. - -Bed E. 1, Scarlet Geranium; 2, Pink ditto; 3, _Lobelia speciosa_; or, -1, _Alternanthera amA"na_; 2, _Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum_; -3, _Echeveria secunda glauca_. - -Bed F. 1, _DracA|na_, _ChamA|peuce_, or any other graceful foliage plant -for the centre; 2 and 4, _Alternanthera amabilis_, the divided lines, -6, being filled with Mentha or Echeverias; 3 and 5, _Alternanthera -amA"na_; and the outer edge, 7, with _Sempervivum californicum_. -This bed would look well if planted with any of the above-mentioned -spring flowers. Spring: Bed might be raised to a mound, and lined -out with hardy Sedums, or Sempervivums, placing a larger growing one -in the centre; and 2, 3, 4, and 5 divisions may be filled with any -spring-flowering dwarf-growing plants. - -Bed G. 1, Small plant of Yucca; 2, _Coleus Verschaffeltii_; 3, _Alyssum -variegatum_; 4, _Lobelia pumila magnifica_. - -Bed H. 1, Golden Feather; Mesembryanthemum; 3, Mentha; 4, -_Alternanthera amabilis_; or 1, _Coleus Verschaffeltii_; 2, _Centaurea -ragusina_; 3, Calceolaria Golden Gem; 4, Ageratum Lady Jane. - -=BEDDING PLANTS.= This term applies to many half-hardy subjects -which are planted out in beds for summer display, such as Ageratums, -Calceolarias, Geraniums, Heliotropes, Lobelias, Verbenas, &c., all of -which will be treated under their respective headings. They are mostly -soft-wooded plants and are easily cultivated with proper means, in -spring and autumn. - -=BEDFORDIA= (named in honour of a former Duke of Bedford). ORD. -_CompositA|_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, allied to _Cacalia_. They -thrive in a mixture of sand, peat, loam, and brick rubbish, in equal -proportions. Propagated by cuttings, which should be dried a little -before inserting them in rough, sandy soil. - - =B. salicina= (willow-like). _fl.-heads_ yellow, axillary and - solitary, or few together. April. _l._ alternate, lanceolate, - linear, glossy above, covered with white tomentum underneath. _h._ - 3ft. Victoria and Tasmania, 1820. SYN. _Cacalia salicina_. (B. R. - 923.) - -=BEDSTRAW.= _See_ =Galium=. - -=BEECH.= _See_ =Fagus=. - -=BEES.= _See_ =Honey Bees=, =Humble Bees=, and =Wasps=. - -=BEET= (_Beta_, which _see_). The present varieties of Beetroot are -the offspring of _Beta vulgaris_, a plant of biennial duration, and a -native of the sea coasts of Southern Europe. It was cultivated in this -country about 1656, but was probably long previously introduced by the -ancient Romans. Beetroot is largely used as salad, more extensively on -the Continent than with us, also pickled; medium sized, deeply coloured -roots being the chief desideratum. Some varieties are largely grown for -their highly-coloured foliage, being planted in bedding-out designs, -and generally proving extremely effective. - -[Illustration: FIG. 222. LONG YELLOW BEETROOT.] - -Cultivation: For obtaining the best results, an open situation should -be chosen, free from the shade of trees. The ground should be light -and sandy, and, if possible, that which has been previously manured -for some other crop, French beans, for instance. Trench the soil to a -depth of 2ft. in the autumn, and ridge it up for the winter. As soon -as dry enough to allow of working in spring, dig over the whole bed -with a steel digging fork, and break the soil tolerably fine. Sow any -time from the last week in April to the end of May. Prepare the drills -about a foot or 15in. apart, and from 1in. to 2in. deep. The seeds grow -quicker if steeped in water previous to sowing, afterwards allowing -them to get dry enough to separate from each other. Sow thinly, and -fill in the drills with a rake. As soon as the plants are up, hoe -between the rows, and keep free from weeds. In a fortnight or three -weeks after this hoeing, if the weather has been favourable, the plants -will be large enough for thinning. Thin out to about 9in. apart, -and carefully fill up, in dull weather, any blanks that may occur. -Transplanting is, however, not generally a very satisfactory method. -Carefully lift the roots in autumn, before frost comes, and wring off -the leaves about an inch from the crowns. Place the roots in a cool -shed or house, and allow the soil on them to get quite dry, when they -may be stored for winter use in dry sand, or soil, in a shed free from -frost. It is preferable to keep the crowns free from soil, to prevent -decay from the ends of the leaves left on them. If this be carefully -done, the roots will keep till the next season's early crop is ready. -In all processes connected with the growing, storing, or cooking of -this vegetable, the greatest care must be taken to avoid bruising or -otherwise injuring the roots, as deficiency of colour would be the -result, especially in the case of the red-fleshed kinds, in some cases -rendering them valueless for table use. Seed Saving: When lifting the -crop in autumn, select as many of the best formed and coloured roots as -required, and store them separately from the rest. In April, plant them -in a spot by themselves, where there is no danger of impregnation from -other varieties, and in due time good seed will ripen. If good foliaged -varieties are required, the best should be selected when growing in the -summer, and either be marked by some means, or have the inferior ones -removed from them. - -_Sorts._ These are somewhat numerous--almost every seedsman having a -so-called "improved strain." Nutting's Dwarf Red, Chelsea, Pine Apple, -Dell's Crimson and Red Castelnaudary, are the best of the crimson or -red-fleshed kinds. The Egyptian Turnip-rooted is a distinct variety, -with flesh of a good colour, and fine flavour; excellent for summer -salads. Betterave de Bretagne is a Continental variety; the roots grow -to a good size, with a distinct outer skin of a dark colour; flesh -rich purple. The best of the yellow-fleshed kinds are Small Yellow and -Long Yellow (see Fig. 222); but these are not grown nearly so much as -the deep-coloured section; in fact, they are almost useless for garden -purposes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 223. WHITE LEAF BEETROOT.] - -_Beetroot for Bedding Purposes_: In this case, where the foliage is -the main object, the seed may be sown in a reserve bed, and the plants -transferred to their positions in the flower garden. If, however, a -line is required in a ribbon or other border, the best plan is to sow -there, and thin out the plants to equal distances. Dell's Crimson is -one of the best varieties for this purpose, being very compact and of -a good dark colour. - -Varieties of the Leaf Beet (_Beta Cicla_), and Sea or Perennial -Beet (_Beta maritima_), are sometimes, but very seldom, cultivated -for the use of the leafstalks and leaves, the roots being hard and -unfit for cooking purposes. They are at the best but substitutes for -other vegetables--namely, the midrib for Sea-kale and the leaves -for Spinach. If desired, seeds may be sown in the way described for -Beetroot, in April for using in autumn and winter, and in August for -spring use, plants of the latter sowing being protected in severe -weather. The best sorts are Red-stalked, Yellow-stalked, and White (see -Fig. 223) or Silver Leaf. - -=BEET CARRION BEETLE= (_Silpha opaca_). This destructive insect is -frequently found in dead animals, but often its grub almost destroys -the leaves of Beet and Mangold Wurzel crops. The grubs, which are black -and shining, when full grown are from 1/3in. to 1/2in. long; the three -segments next the head are rounded at the sides, but the other segments -are sharp, and the tail segment has a sharp spine on each side. "When -full-fed, the grubs bury themselves, and form cells at the depth of -3in. or 4in. below the surface of the earth, in which they turn to -pupA|, and from these the Beetle has been seen to come up in about -the space of a fortnight or three weeks" (Ormerod). The Beetles are -flattish, and about five lines long, brown-black, with a tawny down; -eyes large and oval; horns club-shaped; body somewhat oval; wing-cases -very flat, turned up at the outer edge, each case having three sharp -ridges running along it; tip of abdomen dull red. Any manures or -methods of cultivation that would stimulate growth in the plants, so as -to permit renovation of injuries, would be found useful. If farmyard -manure were applied to the soil intended for Beet _in the autumn_ -instead of in spring, it would lessen the risk of attack to the Beets. - -[Illustration: FIG. 224. COMMON GARDEN BEETLE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 225. DEVIL'S COACH HORSE.] - -=BEETLES= (_Coleoptera_). Beetles form one of the most extensive -orders of insects, there being upwards of 3000 known British species. -They vary much in appearance, but a Beetle is readily recognised by -its front wings, or elytra; these form a tough horny sheath or case, -which lies over the real wings, and protects them when the insect is -not flying. Sometimes, the elytra are very short (see Fig. 225); the -mouth is fitted with jaws for cutting. The metamorphosis is complete, -_i.e._, the larva or grub is very unlike either the quiescent pupa or -the perfect insect. The period that elapses before Beetles arrive at -their perfect state varies from a few weeks to two or three years, but -is usually rather longer than in Butterflies or Bees. Various Beetles -attack growing plants and roots. Thus, _Otiorhynchus sulcatus_ and -_O. picipes_ attack Vines, Roses, and other plants, gnawing off the -bark. Some species of Beetles attack Mushrooms, while others bore into -the wood of old trees, or eat leaves (_e.g._ Turnip Fly), or burrow -in the leaves, or form galls on roots (Cabbage-gall Weevil). Of some -kinds, the beetles are hurtful; of others, the larvA|. Many kinds, -however, are beneficial, such, for instance, as the common Ground -Beetle (_Carabus_, Fig. 224), and the Devil's Coach Horse (_Ocypus -olens_, Fig. 225). These live upon other insects and snails. One kind -of Beetle--the Ladybird (see Figs. 226 and 227)--is very beneficial in -a garden, as it preys upon the aphides, or plant lice. For instructions -in dealing with the noxious kinds, _see_ =Asparagus Beetle=, =Bean -Beetle=, =Beet Carrion Beetle=, =Click Beetle=, =Cockchafer=, =Lily -Beetle=, =Rosechafer=, and =Turnip Fly=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 226. SEVEN-SPOTTED LADYBIRD.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 227. GRUB OF LADYBIRD. (Enlarged).] - -=BEET= or =MANGOLD FLY= (_Anthomyia betA|_). The maggots of this fly -do considerable damage by feeding on the pulp of the Beet or Mangold -leaves. The eggs are small, white, and oval, and are laid in small -patches beneath the leaves; the maggots are about 1/3in. long, legless, -cylindrical, and yellowish-white. As it is of such recent appearance in -this country, specifics for its eradication are by no means numerous; -but, according to Miss Ormerod, "the best treatment appears to be to -nip it in the bud, where such treatment is possible, by destroying the -infested plants, but generally by all means of good cultivation, or by -special applications of artificial manure, to ensure a hearty growth, -which may run the plants on past the power of average attacks to weaken -the leafage to a serious extent." - -=BEFARIA= (named in honour of Bejar, a Spanish botanist). ORD. -_EricareA|_. SYN. _Bejaria_. An elegant genus of greenhouse evergreen -shrubs, closely allied to _Rhododendron_. Flowers bracteate; corolla -very deeply seven-cleft, spreading. Leaves racemose or corymbose, -crowded, quite entire, coriaceous. They thrive in a compost of peat and -loam. Propagated by cuttings, made of the young wood, and placed in -sandy soil, in gentle heat. - - =B. A|stuans= (glowing).* _fl._ purple; corymbs terminal, simple; - peduncles, pedicels, rachi, calyces, and branchlets clothed with - clammy glandular hairs. _l._ elliptic, rather glabrous above, - but downy and glaucous beneath, while young clothed with rusty - tomentum. Plant much branched; branchlets sub-verticillate. _h._ - 10ft. to 15ft. Peru, 1846. SYN. _Acunna oblonga_. (G. C. 1848, 119.) - - =B. cinnamomea= (cinnamon-coloured). _fl._ purple; panicles close, - terminal; peduncles woolly, hispid. _l._ slightly downy above, - rusty tomentose beneath. Branches downy, hispid. _h._ 4ft. Peru, - 1847. - - =B. coarctata= (close-headed). _fl._ purple; corymbs terminal, - simple; peduncles, pedicels, rachi, and calyces clothed with rusty - tomentum. _l._ oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Shrub much - branched. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Peru, 1847. (G. C. 1848, 175.) - - =B. glauca= (glaucous).* _fl._ flesh-coloured; racemes terminal and - axillary; pedicels somewhat fastigiate. June. _l._ oblong, obtuse, - glaucous beneath. Shrub much branched; branchlets angular. _h._ - 3ft. to 6ft. South America, 1826. - - =B. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved).* _fl._ purple; racemes terminal; - peduncles, pedicels, rachi, branchlets, and calyces clothed with - clammy glandular hairs. _l._ oblong, somewhat mucronate, with - revolute edges, glaucous beneath, glandular. Shrub much branched; - branches purplish. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. South America, 1847. (F. d. S. - 3, 195.) - - =B. racemosa= (racemed). _fl._ purple, disposed in racemose - terminal panicles. July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; - branchlets smooth or hispid. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. Georgia, 1810. - -=BEGONIA= (named after M. Begon, a French patron of botany). ORD. -_BegoniaceA|_. A large genus of succulent herbs or undershrubs (a -few climbers), in many of which the stem is reduced to a tuberous -rhizome, whilst some are distinctly tuberous. Flowers usually showy and -large, white, rose, scarlet, or yellow, unisexual; perianth segments -petaloid, four to five divisions, rarely two. Stamens numerous, -filaments free or united at the base. Ovary inferior, styles two to -four, free, sometimes connate, stigmas brandied or twisted. Fruit -capsular, rarely succulent, often winged. Seeds numerous, minute. -Leaves alternate, more or less unequal-sided, entire, or lobed, -or toothed. Flower-stalks axillary, cymose. Distribution: Species -about 350, in all tropical moist countries, especially South America -and India; not known in Australia. Cultivated species (exclusive of -garden hybrids and varieties) about 150. A large number of genera, -or what were considered as such are now merged in Begonia--viz., -_Barya_, _Baryandra_, _Casparya_, _Pritzelia_, &c. The rich colours -and beautiful form of the flowers of Begonias, their prettily-marked -foliage, and free-growing, free-blooming nature, have long marked -them out as favourite garden plants. Within the last twenty years a -new race, characterised by a tuberous root-stock, annual herbaceous -stem, and large handsome flowers, has been introduced from the Andes -of South America, from which, by means of careful cross-fertilisation -and selection, a large number of beautiful and almost hardy kinds have -been raised. The size, substance, and rich colours of the flowers of -the majority of the plants of this race of Begonias are witness to -what may be done by skilful cultivation and careful cross-breeding -among plants. In the same way the large-leaved, stemless section, of -which _B. Rex_ may be taken as the type and principal progenitor, have -been improved both in the size and the coloration of their foliage, -and countless forms are now in cultivation, both as garden plants and -for the decoration of rooms, &c. The propagation of Begonias may be -accomplished by means of seeds, which are freely produced by almost all -the cultivated kinds, by cuttings, by division of the rhizomes, and--in -the case of the large-leaved kinds--by leaf-cuttings. For the first of -these methods it is necessary that the seeds should be well ripened -before they are gathered, and kept dry until sown. Where it is desired -to increase any particular kind of garden origin, seeds are useless, -none of the hybrid or seedling forms perpetuating themselves through -their seeds, although equally beautiful sorts may be raised from them. -The characters of all true species are, however, reproduced in their -seedlings. For the successful raising of Begonia seeds it is necessary -to sow them on pans or pots of well-drained, light, sandy soil, which -should be well watered before the seeds are sown. The seeds should not -be covered with soil, or they will fail to germinate. Over the pans a -pane of glass should be placed, and they should then be stood in warm -house or a frame where a temperature of about 65deg. can be maintained, -and shaded from sunshine. As soon as the plantlets are large enough to -be safely manipulated, they should be pricked off into pans of light -leaf-mould soil, in which they may remain until large enough to be -placed singly in pots. Cuttings: These strike freely if planted in -small pots, in sand and leaf mould, and placed on a bottom heat of -70deg. Where large quantities are required, a bed of cocoa nut-fibre -in a stove or propagating frame may be used, and in this the cuttings -may be planted and remain until well rooted. Leaf cuttings succeed best -when laid on sand or cocoa-nut fibre, and shaded from bright sunlight. -In preparing the leaves, old, well-matured ones should be selected, and -incisions made with a sharp knife across the principal nerves on the -underside. They should then be placed on the sand or fibre and held -down by means of a few pieces of crock. Under this treatment, bulbils -will form on the lower ends of the nerves of each section of the leaf, -and these, when large enough, may be removed from the bed and potted. -With the exception of _B. Evansiana_ (_discolor_), an almost hardy -species from North China, all the shrubby species require a warm or -intermediate house for their cultivation, although during the summer -months a frame or sheltered bed answers for most of them, provided they -are removed into their warm winter quarters on the approach of cold -weather. Some of the species, such as _B. Dregei_, _B. semperflorens_, -_B. nitida_, _B. fuchsioides_, _B. Lindleyana_, _B. Richardsiana_, -along with the hybrids _Ascotensis_, _Knowsleyana_, _Weltoniensis_, -and _Ingramii_, are grown in pots out of doors all the summer, and -under liberal treatment they form large handsome specimens, which are -of great value as flowering plants for the conservatory in winter. The -tuberous-rooted herbaceous kinds should be started in heat in February, -and, when vigorous growth has commenced, be gradually hardened off, -for use either as bedding plants or as pot specimens for flowering in -the greenhouse. A mixture of loam and leaf mould with a little sand -and rotten cow-dung is suitable for the cultivation of these plants -in pots. Liberal supplies of water should be given during the growing -season. As the growth decays, water should be withheld until finally -the tubers may be shaken out of the soil and placed in dry sand or -cocoa-nut fibre, in a house or shed where a temperature above freezing -can be maintained. _B. gracilis_ and its varieties, _diversifolia_ -and _Martiana_, are beautiful greenhouse plants, which thrive well -if treated as advised for the other tuberous-rooted kinds, with the -addition of a few more degrees of heat. - -The _Rex_ section requires a light rich soil, plenty of moisture, and -a shaded position in a warm greenhouse. These kinds are often employed -with good effect for clothing peat-covered walls in ferneries, or as -an undergrowth in large tropical houses. Large specimens have been -grown under the stage in a warm house, the shade and moisture of such -a position being exactly what they best delight in. - -_B. socotrana_, an interesting species from the island of Socotra, -is somewhat singular in its requirements. The stem is herbaceous and -annual, and about its base a cluster of bulbils are formed, from every -one of which a plant will be developed the following year. The growing -season for this species is from September to March, after which it goes -to rest for the whole summer. A tropical temperature and all the light -possible, are essential to the well-doing of this plant. - -It is interesting to note the apparent impossibility to cross any of -the shrubby Begonias with the distinctly tuberous-rooted species; and -even the species of the shrubby section, whose stems are semi-tuberous, -have hitherto refused to commingle with the South American tuberous -kinds, of which _B. Veitchii_, _B. rosA|flora_, and _B. boliviensis_ -may be said to be typical. The infusion of the blood of these large, -handsome-flowered kinds into the tall, shrubby species, would -almost certainly result in the production of a race of splendid -winter-flowering greenhouse plants, and it is therefore in every way -desirable that no pains should be spared to break through the obstacle -to the union of the two races. - -Explanation of contractions: T, tuberous-rooted; S, shrubby. - - =B. acerifolia= (Acer-leaved). S. A tall-growing, thick, - succulent-stemmed species, with green, lobed, serrated foliage, - and large branching cymes of small white flowers; sepals of male - flowers hairy; styles three, two-horned. Capsule triangular, with - one of the angles prolonged into an obtuse wing. Spring. Quito, - 1829. - - =B. acuminata= (taper-pointed-leaved). S. A low shrubby species, - having semi-cordate, oblong, pointed leaves, with toothed margins, - and the nerves on the under side and the petiole pilose. _fl._ - white, in cymes, nearly 1in. across. Capsule wings, two short, the - third 1/2in. long. Spring. Jamaica, 1798. (B. M. 4025.) - - =B. acutifolia= (acute-leaved). S. A smooth-stemmed, semi-erect - species, 3ft. to 4ft. high, with cordate-oblong leaves, both sides - and petiole glabrous, the margins denticulate. _fl._ in cymes, - white and red, about 1in. in diameter. Capsule winged, one wing - twice as long as the others. Spring. Jamaica, 1816. SYN. _B. - purpurea_. - - =B. acutiloba= (acute-lobed).* A species with thick fleshy - rhizomes, and palmate cordate leaves which are divided into five - to seven lobes, with toothed margins and pointed apices, under - side thinly covered with brown hairs. Flower-stalk tall, hairy, - surmounted by a branching head of rather large white flowers. - Summer. Mexico. - - =B. albo-coccinea= (white and red).* Stemless, with a thick - root-stock. _l._ broadly ovate, peltate, entire, 3in. to 4in. long; - petiole 3in. to 6in., pubescent. Flower-scape 6in. to 9in. long. - _fl._ in dense cluster, bright rose on the outside, white within. - Capsule regularly triangular, with short wings. Summer. India, - 1844. SYN. _B. Grahamiana_. (B. M. 4172.) - - =B. alchemilloides= (Alchemilla-like). Stem fleshy, creeping. - _l._ rotundate, with toothed, undulate, ciliated margins and - short stalks. Flower-stem slender, few-flowered. _fl._ small, - rose-coloured. Summer. Brazil. - - =B. amabilis= (lovely).* Stem creeping, fleshy, short. _l._ ovate, - crenulate, acuminate, about 6in. long, tomentose, dark green, - blotched with white, under side purple-red. Flower-stalk 9in. - long. _fl._ rose or white, in clustering cymes. Capsule irregular. - Summer. Assam, 1859. The foliage sometimes comes wholly green, but, - under good treatment, it is handsomely variegated. - - =B. amA"na= (pleasing).* Rhizome tuberous. Stem none, or very - short. _l._ 3in. by 2in.; leafstalk 3in. Flower-stem 6in. long, - few-flowered. _fl._ medium sized, pale rose. Capsule wings small, - nearly equal. Summer. North India, 1878. SYN. _B. erosa_. - - =B. ampla= (large). S. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, very stout, woody. - _l._ long-stalked, 8in. to 10in. in diameter, broadly ovate, - cordate, pointed, when young densely covered with rusty stellate - down. _fl._ on short petioles, rose-coloured, 2in. wide. Fruit a - succulent berry, small. Summer. Guinea. - - =B. aptera= (wingless). Stem herbaceous. _l._ heart-shaped, - pointed, shining green. _fl._ in short axillary cymes, white, - small. Capsule four-angled. Spring. Celebes, 1878. - - =B. arborescens= (tree-like). S. A large growing species, - sometimes forming a bush 8ft. to 10ft. in height. _l._ pale green, - ear-shaped, 6in. long. _fl._ in large cymose clusters, white, - small. Summer. Brazil. - - =B. argyrostigma= (silvery-spotted). Synonymous with _B. maculata_. - - =B. Arnottiana= (Arnott's). Synonymous with _B. cordifolia_. - - =B. asplenifolia= (Asplenium-leaved). S. A slender-stemmed, - beautifully cut-leaved species, the foliage of which is - pinnatisect, giving the plant the appearance of a Thalictrum rather - than a Begonia. _fl._ very small, white. Guinea. - - =B. assamica= (Assam). Stem short, fleshy. _fl._ pinkish - flesh-colour. _l._ oblique ovate, olive-green, marbled with silvery - blotches above, and of a pale purplish-pink beneath; petioles pale - green, softly hairy. Assam, 1883. - - =B. attenuata= (attenuated). Synonymous with _B. herbacea_. - - =B. aucubA|folia= (Aucuba-leaved). Synonymous with _B. incarnata_. - - =B. auriformis= (ear-formed). Synonymous with _B. incana_. - - =B. barbata= (bearded). S. Stem short, hairy. _l._ toothed, - oval-shaped, pointed, hispid beneath, 4in. long. _fl._ - medium-sized, white or pink; flower-stalk hairy. Capsule - equal-winged. Summer. India. - - =B. Berkeleyi= (Berkeley's).* T. A garden hybrid, with thick, - fleshy stems, and long ear-shaped foliage. _fl._ in erect panicles, - rose-coloured. A useful winter-flowering kind. - - =B. bipetala= (two-petaled). Synonymous with _B. dipetala_. - - =B. biserrata= (doubly-serrated). S. Stem erect, branched, 2ft. - to 3ft. high. _l._ 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. wide, deeply lobed, - toothed, pale green. _fl._ in loose cymes, drooping, rose-coloured, - 1-1/2in. wide, serrated edges. Capsule pilose, two short and one - long wings. Summer. Guatemala, 1847. (B. M. 4746.) - - =B. boliviensis= (Bolivian).* T. Stem herbaceous, succulent, 2ft. - high, branching. _l._ lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3in. to 5in. - long. _fl._ in drooping panicles, large, scarlet, males twice as - large as females. Capsule three-winged. Summer. Bolivia, 1857. (B. - M. 5657.) - - =B. Bowringiana= (Bowring's). Synonymous with _B. laciniata_. (B. - M. 5657.) - - =B. braziliana= (Brazilian). S. Stem erect, tall, succulent. _l._ - oblique, ovate, toothed, slightly pubescent; principal nerves - brownish; stalk hairy. _fl._ white or rose, small, in short, - few-flowered cymes. Capsule wing 1/2in. long. Summer. Brazil. - - =B. Bruantii= (Bruant's).* B. A garden hybrid between _B. Schmidti_ - and _B. semperflorens_. _l._ green, with a brownish tint. _fl._ - white or rose, in erect panicles. Summer, 1883. Used as a bedding - plant in summer. - - =B. bulbifera= (bulb-bearing). Most likely a form of _B. gracilis_. - - =B. caffra= (Kaffrarian). A variety of _B. Dregei_. - - =B. carolineA|folia= (Carolinea-leaved). S. Stem erect, thick, - fleshy. _l._ palmate, curiously divided into six to eight long - ovate segments, each 6in. long. _fl._ in a dichotomous cyme, on - long stalk, rose-coloured, small. Capsule small, wings one longer - than others. Winter. Mexico, 1876. A singular-leaved species. (R. - G. 1-25.) - - =B. Cathcartii= (Cathcart's). S. Caulescent. _l._ heart-shaped, - acute, glabrous; stalks of flowers and leaves hairy; flowers and - fruit as in _B. barbata_. Summer. India. SYN. _B. nemophila_. (C. - H. P. 13.) - - =B. Chelsoni= (Chelsea).* T. A garden hybrid between _B. Sedeni_ - and _B. boliviensis_. Stem fleshy, 2ft. high. _l._ oblique, - lance-shaped, irregularly lobed. _fl._ large, orange-red, drooping. - Summer, 1874. - - =B. cinnabarina= (vermilion).* S. Stem erect, short, herbaceous. - _l._ 2in. to 4in. long, oblique, toothed; peduncles 6in. long, - few-flowered. _fl._ (male), medium, red; female flowers very small. - Summer. Capsule irregularly-winged. Bolivia, 1848. (B. M. 4483.) - - =B. cinnabarina= (vermilion). A variety of _B. fuchsioides_. - - =B. Clarkii= (Clarke's).* T. Stem purplish, fleshy, stout. _l._ - oblique-cordate, serrate. _fl._ in pendulous racemes, abundant, - large, bright red, very handsome, nearly related to _B. Veitchii_. - Summer. Peru and Bolivia, 1867. (B. M. 5675.) - - =B. coccinea= (red).* S. Habit suffruticose. Stem sub-erect, 1ft. - to 2ft. high, thick at the base. _l._ ovate-oblong, pointed; - margins undulate and toothed. _fl._ in pendulous racemes, - medium-sized; flowers and peduncles red. Capsule nearly regular; - wings short. Summer. Brazil, 1842. (B. M. 3990.) - - =B. conchA|folia= (shell-leaved). Stem creeping, rhizomatous, thick. - _l._ peltate, ovate, 3in. to 5in. long, edges almost entire; under - side, along with leaf and flower-stalks, covered with ferruginous - hairs; scape 9in. long, erect, surmounted by corymb of small - whitish fragrant flowers. Capsule wings, one long, two short. - Autumn and winter. South America, 1852. SYNS. _B. scutellata_, _B. - Warscewiczii_. (R. B. 246.) - - =B. corallina= (coral-flowered). S. Stem woody, branching, - sub-erect, brownish when matured. _l._ ovate-oblong, pointed, - undulate, smooth, dull green, under side purple. _fl._ in long - pendent racemes, numerous, medium-sized, bright coral-red. Summer. - Brazil (?), 1875. A rare species, and one of the handsomest of the - shrubby kinds, most likely closely related to _B. maculata_. - - =B. cordifolia= (heart-shaped). T. Stemless; root-stock fleshy. - _l._ cordate, orbicular, toothed, 3in. wide, pilose above, - pubescent below; flower-scape 6in. long, dichotomous. _fl._ - numerous, medium-sized. Capsule with three narrow wings. Winter. - Ceylon and India. SYN. _B. Arnottiana_. - - =B. coriacea= (leathery).* T. Stem 6in. high, herbaceous. _l._ - reniform, 5in. wide by 3in. long, smooth above, pilose below. _fl._ - rose-coloured, large, in twos or threes on the end of an erect - scape, 8in. to 10in. long. Wings of capsule short, red. Summer. - Bolivia. - - =B. coriacea= (leathery). Synonymous with _B. peltata_. - - =B. crassicaulis= (thick-stemmed). Stem short, thick, articulated, - succulent. _l._ palmate; segments acuminate, toothed, under side - clothed with rusty down. _fl._ in many-flowered cymes, dipetalous, - white or rose-coloured, medium-sized. Capsule wings unequal. Near - to _B. heracleifolia_. Spring. Guatemala, 1841. (B. R. 28, 44.) - - =B. crinita= (hairy).* S. Stem 1ft. high, fleshy, bright red, more - or less hairy. _l._ ovate-cordate; margins toothed, dark green; - petiole red and hairy, like the stems. _fl._ in lax, branching - cymes, rose-coloured, 1-1/2in. in diameter. Fruit three-winged, one - long and acute, two short and rounded. Spring. Bolivia, 1870. (B. - M. 5897.) - - =B. cucullata= (hooded). A variety of _B. semperflorens_. - - =B. dA|dalea= (adorned).* Stem short, thick, succulent. _l._ large, - green, thickly covered with a close network of russet-brown, - scarlet when young; edges pilose. _fl._ white and rose, in loose - panicles. Mexico, 1860. A handsome foliaged plant. (I. H. 1861, - 269.) - - =B. Daveauana.= _See_ =Pellionia Daveauana=. - - =B. Davisii= (Davis's).* T. stemless, _l._ springing directly from - root-stock, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly hairy, underside - red; petiole short, fleshy. Flower-scapes, pedicels, and flowers - bright red; scape 4in. high, bearing half a dozen flowers in umbel. - Capsule three-winged, one long, two very short. Summer. Peru, 1876. - A handsome tuberous-rooted species, dwarf. See Fig. 228, for which - we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. (B. M. 6252.) - - =B. dichotoma= (branching). S. Stem tall, stout, fleshy. _l._ 5in. - long by 4in. wide, lobed, dull green. _fl._ white, on long axillary - scapes, numerous. Winter. 1860. - - =B. Digswelliana= (Digswell's). Stem short, semi-decumbent, large, - green; margins red. _fl._ on long, erect scapes, pale pink, small, - numerous. Useful for winter flowering purposes. A garden hybrid. - (F. M. 236.) - - =B. dipetala= (two-petaled). Stems springing from a fleshy - root-stock, erect, 18in. high, brown. _l._ half heart-shaped; - margins toothed, upper surface thickly spotted with white, under - side red. _fl._ in loose axillary cymes, two-petaled, large, pink. - Capsule equal-winged. Spring. India, 1828. A handsome species. (B. - M. 2849.) SYN. _B. bipetala_. - - =B. discolor= (two-coloured). Synonymous with _B. Evansiana_. - - =B. diversifolia= (diverse-leaved). A variety of _B. gracilis_. - - =B. Dregii= (Drege's).* Rootstock fleshy. Stems succulent; annual, - 1ft. high. _l._ oblique, thin, green, slightly spotted with - grey, reddish on the under side. _fl._ white, about 1in. across, - in axillary cymes. Capsule three-winged, one much longer than - the other two, and acute-pointed. Summer. Cape, 1840. SYNS. _B. - caffra_, _B. reniformis_. - - =B. echinosepala= (spiny-sepaled).* Stem green, succulent, 18in. - high. _l._ small, obliquely-oblong, serrulate. _fl._ on axillary - peduncles, white, with curiously papillose sepals. Summer. Brazil, - 1872. (R. G. 707.) - - =B. elliptica= (elliptic). Synonymous with _B. scandens_. - - =B. erecta multiflora= (erect, many-flowered). _fl._ bright - reddish-pink, produced for several months, but especially during - the winter. _l._ oblique, deep bronze coloured, very conspicuous. - A decidedly handsome and very useful garden variety. - - =B. erosa= (bitten). Synonymous with _B. amA"na_. - - =B. Evansiana= (Evans's).* T. Stem herbaceous, branching, smooth, - 2ft. high. _l._ oblique, ovate-acute, sub-cordate, lobed; margins - denticulate, green above, under side and petioles deep red; - flower-stalks branching, axillary. _fl._ numerous, flesh-coloured, - large. Capsule wings blunt-pointed, one longer than the others. - Summer. Java, China, Japan, 1812. A handsome species, and almost - hardy. SYNS. _B. discolor_, _B. grandis_. (B. M. 1473.) - - =B. eximia= (excellent).* A hybrid, raised from _B. rubro-venia_ - and _B. Thwaitesii_. Stem short, succulent. _l._ bronzy-purple, - tinged with red. A handsome foliage plant. (I. H. 1860, 233.) - - =B. falcifolia= (sickle-leaved).* S. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, erect, - branching. _l._ 6in. long, 1-1/2in. wide, curved, tapering to a - narrow point; margins toothed, upper surface green, more or less - spotted with white, under side deep red. _fl._ on short axillary - peduncles, drooping, dipetalous, bright red. Wings of capsule - equal, 1/2in. wide. Summer. Peru, 1868. A pretty flowering plant. - (B. M. 5707.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 228. BEGONIA DAVISII.] - - =B. ferruginea= (rust-coloured). S. Stem woody, erect, smooth - branching, covered with ferruginous hairs. _l._ oblique, - ovate-acute, acuminate, lobed; margins toothed. _fl._ in branching - cymes, large red. Capsule unequal-winged. Summer. Bogota. SYN. _B. - magnifica_. - - =B. Fischeri= (Fischer's). Similar to _B. falcifolia_, except that - the foliage is unspotted, and the flowers are white and small. - Brazil, 1835. (B. M. 3532.) - - =B. foliosa= (leafy).* S. Stem slender, branching, fleshy. - _l._ small, ovate-oblong, dark green, numerous, distichous on - stems. _fl._ small, numerous, white, tinged with pink. Summer. - New Grenada, 1868. Useful for growing hanging baskets. SYN. _B. - microphylla_. (Ref. B. 222.) - - =B. frigida= (frigid). S. Stem 1ft. high, smooth, green, succulent. - _l._ cordate, acuminate, lobed, serrated, slightly pilose; upper - side coppery-green, beneath deep rose-red, especially upon the - veins. _fl._ small, white, in erect branching cymes. Capsule wings - two long, one short. Summer. Country unknown, 1860. (B. M. 5160.) - - =B. FrA"beli= (FrA"bel's).* T. Stemless. _l._ numerous, cordate, - acuminate, green, covered with purplish-velvety hairs. _fl._ in - tall, lax, drooping, branching cymes, brilliant scarlet, large. - Winter. Ecuador, 1872. A beautiful flowering plant, useful for - conservatory work in winter. (Garden, pl. 96.) - - =B. fuchsioides= (Fuchsia-like).* S. Stem tall, drooping, - herbaceous, smooth, green, tinged with red. _l._ copious, - distichous, 1-1/2in. long, oblong-ovate, slightly falcate, - serrated, smooth; margins tinged with red. _fl._ in branching - pendulous panicles, numerous, rich, deep scarlet. Capsule wings - two very short and one long. Summer. New Grenada, 1846. A handsome - greenhouse plant, useful for covering pillars, &c. SYN. _B. - miniata_. (B. M. 4281.) - - =B. f. miniata= (vermilion). _l._ smaller than in type. _fl._ - cinnabar red. (F. d. S. 8, 787.) - - =B. gemmipara= (bud-bearing). S. Stem 1ft. high, from a tuberous - root-stock, succulent, _l._ ovate-acuminate, cordate, lobed, smooth - above, pilose below. _fl._ medium-sized, white, or with rose - stripes, on pendulous, axillary peduncles; sometimes the peduncles - bear, instead of flowers, quadrangular cups, which are closely - packed with oblong viviparous bulbils. Summer. Himalaya. (C. H. P. - 14.) - - =B. geranifolia= (Geranium-leaved).* Rootstock tuberous. Stem 1ft. - high, erect, angular, succulent, green, with a purplish tinge, - branched dichotomously. _l._ cordate, cut into unequal serrated - lobes, green; margins red, whole plant perfectly smooth; peduncles - terminal, bearing two to three flowers, which are inclined, - drooping while in bud; outer petals orbicular, red, the two inner - obovate, waved white. Summer. Lima, 1833. (B. M. 3387.) - - =B. geranioides= (Geranium-like).* T. Rootstock fleshy. Stemless. - _l._ radical, somewhat reniform, lobed, serrated; surface scabrid, - deep green; leafstalks red, hairy. _fl._ white, in lax, drooping - panicle. Summer. Natal, 1866. A pretty, though delicate, species. - (B. M. 5583.) - - =B. glandulosa= (glandular-leaved).* Stem a stout rhizome, scaly. - Leafstalks thick, terete, erect, hairy, 9in. high. _l._ 6in. broad, - fleshy, cordate, lobed, green; veins dark. _fl._ on tall, dark, - erect scapes, numerous, greenish-white. Capsule wings, one very - large, blunt. Costa Rica, 1854. SYNS. _B. hernandiA|folia_, _B. - nigro-venia_. (B. M. 5256.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 229. BEGONIA HERACLEIFOLIA.] - - =B. gogoensis= (Gogoan).* _l._ peltate, ovate-orbicular, oblique, - acute when young, with a bronzy metallic hue, ultimately - changing to a deep velvety-green, intersected by the paler - midribs and veins; the under surface deep red. _fl._ pale rose, - in a lax panicle. Gogo, in Sumatra, 1881. A very handsome, - ornamental-foliaged species. - - =B. gracilis= (slender).* T. Stem erect, unbranched, very - succulent, _l._ thinly scattered along stems, half heart-shaped, - slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate-ciliate. _fl._ on short axillary - peduncles; umbel of few male and female flowers, two larger petals - serrate, colour pink. Capsule winged, green. Mexico, 1829. In - axils of leaves between stipules a cluster of bulbils are borne; - these may be gathered and sown as seeds. This and its varieties, - _annulata_, _diversifolia_, _Martiana_, &c., are beautiful summer - flowering greenhouse Begonias, requiring a sandy peat soil and - shade. When well grown, they are exceedingly ornamental. (B. M. - 2966.) - - =B. Grahamiana= (Graham's). Synonymous with _B. albo-coccinea_. - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered). Synonymous with _B. octopetala_. - - =B. grandis= (great). A variety of _B. Rex_. - - =B. grandis= (great). Synonymous with _B. Evansiana_. - - =B. grandis= (great). Synonymous with _B. vitifolia_. - - =B. Griffithii= (Griffith's). Stemless; rhizome subterraneous. - _l._ large, obliquely-cordate; margin crenate, hairy; surface - granulated, colour a dark green; margin purple, zoned with grey, - under side green, centre and margin deep purple. _fl._ on cymes, - large, white internally, outside tinged with blush, slightly - pilose. Capsule tubercled, one wing large, projecting. Winter. - India, 1856. (B. M. 4984.) - - =B. Hasskarlii= (Hasskarl's). Synonymous with _B. peltata_. - - =B. heracleifolia= (cow-parsnip leaved). Rootstock thick, fleshy. - _l._ radical, on long pilose stalks, palmate, large, bronzy - green; margins toothed, hairy. Flower-stalks long, stout, erect, - hairy, many-flowered. _fl._ rose-coloured. Capsule wings nearly - equal. Spring. Mexico, 1831. This and the following varieties are - handsome both in foliage and flowers. SYNS. _B. jatrophA|folia_, _B. - punctata_, _B. radiata_. See Fig. 229. (B. M. 3444.) - - =B. h. longipila= (long-haired). _l._ greyish in middle; outer - portions dark bronzy, blotched with green. Whole plant covered with - long, stiff, fleshy hairs. _fl._ as in the type. - - =B. h. nigricans= (dark). This differs from the type in having - foliage of a blackish tint all round the margins of the lobes, and - the petals of the flowers nearly white. (B. M. 4983.) - - =B. h. punctata= (dotted). _l._ green, reddish near margin. _fl._ - rose-colour, with deep red spots on the outside. - - =B. herbacea= (herbaceous).* Rhizome creeping. _l._ oblong-acute, - lanceolate, toothed, ciliated. Flower-stalks shorter than leaves; - male flowers in a cymose head, white, small; female flowers - solitary, on very short stalks. Spring. Brazil, 1873. A small - species, very succulent, with the appearance of a primrose when not - in flower. SYN. _B. attenuata_. (G. C. 1873, 679.) - - =B. hernandiA|folia= (Hernandia-leaved). Synonymous with _B. - glandulosa_. (Seemann.) - - =B. hernandiA|folia= (Hernandia-leaved). Synonymous with _B. - nelumbiifolia_. (Gardens.) - - =B. hernandiA|folia= (Hernandia-leaved). Synonymous with _B. - peltata_. (B. M. 4676.) - - =B. hirsuta= (hairy). Synonymous with _B. humilis_. - - =B. Hookeri= (Hooker's). A variety of _B. semperflorens_. - - =B. Hookeriana= (Hooker's). S. Stem woody, 5ft. to 6ft. high, - branching, covered with minute rusty tomentum. _l._ ovate, unequal - sided, blunt, 8in. long, tomentose, like the stem. _fl._ in - axillary cymes, small, white. Spring. Brazil, 1850. - - =B. humilis= (dwarf).* Stem erect, fleshy, hairy. _l._ - semicordate-oblong, acuminate, ciliate-serrate, hairy above, smooth - beneath. _fl._ few, in cymes, small, white. Capsule unequal winged. - Summer. Trinidad, 1788. Annual. SYN. _B. hirsuta_. - - =B. humilis= (dwarf). Synonymous with _B. suaveolens_. (B. R. 294.) - - =B. hybrida floribunda= (many-flowered).* A very beautiful summer - blooming hybrid between _B. fuchsioides_ and _B. multiflora_. _fl._ - bright rose, medium sized, produced in abundance. Summer. One of - the best. - - =B. hydrocotylifolia= (Penny-wort-leaved).* Stem succulent, short, - creeping. _l._ rotundate cordate, almost equal-sided; petiole - short. Whole plant hairy. Flower-stalks 1ft. high, pilose. _fl._ - in cymose head, medium-sized, dipetalous, rose-coloured, as also - are pedicels and stalk. Capsule wings equal-sized, large. Summer. - Mexico, 1841. (B. M. 3968.) - - =B. h. asarifolia= (Asarum-leaved). Leaves and flowers smaller than - in the type, the latter white. Mexico. - - =B. imperialis= (imperial).* Stem rhizomatous, short, thick. - _l._ large, broad, ovate-acute, cordate, rugose, hairy, dark - olive-green; nerves banded with greyish-green colour. _fl._ in - cymes, white, medium-sized. _fr._ unequal winged. Mexico, 1861. A - handsome foliage species. (I. H. 1860, 262.) - - =B. i. smaragdina= (emerald-like). _l._ shining emerald green. - - =B. incana= (hoary). Stem erect, fleshy, tomentose. _l._ leathery, - peltate, oblong-acute, sub-angular, whitish beneath. Flower-stalks - long. _fl._ in small downy panicles, white. Winter. Mexico, 1840. - SYN. _B. auriformis_. - - =B. i. auriformis= (ear-like). _l._ divided at the base, not - peltate. _fl._ glabrous. - - =B. incarnata= (fleshy).* S. Stem erect, fleshy, 2ft. high, smooth; - nodes swollen, reddish, spotted. _l._ on short, smooth petioles, - unequally cordate, acuminate, sinuately-serrate, green. _fl._ - large, rose-coloured, handsome; peduncles terminal, nodding. - Capsule with unequal wings, the largest acute. Winter. Mexico, - 1822. SYNS. _B. aucubA|folia_, _B. insignis_, _B. Lindleyana_. (B. - M. 2900.) - - =B. i. maculosa= (spotted). _l._ spotted with white. - - =B. i. metallica= (metallic-leaved). _l._ with a bronzy-purple - metallic lustre. - - =B. i. papillosa= (papillose). Foliage margined with bright rose; - upper surface covered with little papillA|. (B. M. 2846.) - - =B. i. purpurea= (purple-leaved). Foliage deep bronzy-purple. - - =B. Ingramii= (Ingram's).* A garden hybrid, raised at Frogmore - in 1849, from _B. fuchsioides_ and _B. nitida_. It combines the - characters of the two parents. A useful winter-flowering plant; may - be grown out of doors in summer. (G. M. B., p. 153.) - - =B. insignis= (remarkable). Synonymous with _B. incarnata_. - - =B. involucrata= (involucrate). S. Stem erect, tall, angular, - covered with a reddish tomentum. _l._ oblique, ovate-acuminate, - cordate; margins toothed and ciliate. _fl._ enclosed in a wrapper, - or involucre, when young; peduncles graceful, bearing umbel of - white, largish flowers. Capsule wings unequal, the largest falcate. - Winter. Central America. - - =B. jatrophA|folia= (Jatropha-leaved). Synonymous with _B. - heracleifolia_. - - =B. Josephi= (Joseph's). Stemless. _l._ radical, on petioles 6in. - to 10in. long, ovate-acuminate, three-lobed, or orbicular, with - numerous acute lobes, slightly pubescent; scape 1ft., branched. - _fl._ small, rose-coloured. Capsule wings unequal; upper margins - horizontal. Summer. Himalaya. - - =B. Kunthiana= (Kunth's).* S. Stem erect, smooth, slender, - purple-brown. _l._ on short petioles, lance-shaped, acuminate, - regularly serrated, smooth, dark green above, bright crimson below. - _fl._ axillary, on short nodding peduncles, white, large, handsome. - Summer. Venezuela, 1862. A pretty species. (B. M. 5284.) - - =B. laciniata= (cut-leaved).* Rhizome thick, fleshy. Stem short, - thick, jointed, reddish, woolly. _l._ large, 6in. to 10in. long, - 4in. to 6in. broad, unequally cordate; margins irregularly cut, - serrated; upper side green, under dull, rufous. _fl._ on short - axillary peduncles, large, white, tinted with rose. Capsule wings, - one very long, others short. Spring. Nepaul to Birma, South China, - 1858. SYN. _B. Bowringiana_. (B. M. 5182.) - - =B. Leopoldi= (Leopold's). A hybrid from _B. Griffithii_ and _B. - splendida_, with large variegated foliage. 1858. - - =B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's).* S. Stem erect, fleshy, covered with - ferruginous hairs. _l._ on long petioles, peltate, ovate, acute, - 5in. to 6in. long, 3in. to 4in. wide, irregularly lobed, toothed, - green above, tomentose below. _fl._ on branching peduncles, medium - sized, white. Winter. Guatemala. - - =B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's). A garden synonym of _B. incarnata_. - (Gardens.) - - =B. longipes= (long-stalked). S. Stem 3ft. or more high, - stout, succulent, furrowed, covered with glands. _l._ large, - rotundate-cordate; margin irregular, serrated, both sides green, - pubescent when young. _fl._ numerous, small, white; peduncle 1ft. - long, branched. Winter. Colombia, 1829. (B. M. 3001.) - - =B. longipila= (long-haired). A variety of _B. heracleifolia_. - - =B. lucida= (shining). Synonymous with _B. scandens_. - - =B. Lynchiana= (Lynch's). S. Stem erect, tall, succulent, smooth. - _l._ fleshy, 10in. long, oblique, ovate-cordate, crenulate, green, - smooth. _fl._ axillary, in drooping cymes, numerous, large, deep - reddish-crimson. Winter. Mexico, 1880. One of the finest of the - tall-growing winter-flowering species. When well managed, the - flower-heads are almost a foot in diameter. SYN. _B. Roezlii_, of - gardens. (B. M. 6758.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 230. BEGONIA MACULATA, showing Habit, Section of -Capsule, and Flower.] - - =B. maculata= (spotted).* S. A woody shrub. Stems branching, - smooth. _l._ oblique, ovate-oblong, leathery, slightly undulate; - margins entire, under side bright crimson, above green, with - numerous large round blotches of silvery white. _fl._ in drooping - panicles, coral-like, handsome. Capsule with one long, narrow wing. - Summer. Brazil, 1821. (B. R. 666.) There are numerous varieties - of this species, some with leaves almost green, others with the - markings more striking than in the type; in the flowers they differ - also, ranging from white to coral-red. The beautiful _B. corallina_ - is probably a variety of this. SYN. _B. argyrostigma_. See Fig. 230. - - =B. magnifica= (magnificent).* S. Stem erect, fleshy, smooth. _l._ - ovate, unequal sided, toothed. _fl._ in terminal, cymose panicles, - rosy-carmine, 1-1/2in. long. New Grenada, 1870. (R. H. 1870, 271.) - - =B. magnifica= (magnificent). Synonymous with _B. ferruginea_. - - =B. malabarica= (Malabar).* Stem thick, succulent, 2ft. high, - branching. _l._ numerous, cordate, acute, unequal-sided, crenate or - serrate, hairy above and sometimes below, or altogether glabrous, - spotted white. _fl._ rose-coloured; peduncles axillary, short, - few-flowered. Capsule wings equal, joined above and below. Summer. - Malabar and Ceylon, 1828. _B. dipetala_ is made a variety of this, - by Sir Joseph Hooker, in "Flora of British India." (L. B. C. 1730.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 231. BEGONIA MANICATA.] - - =B. manicata= (tunicated).* Stem fleshy, twisted, short. _l._ - oblique, ovate-acute, cordate, dentate-ciliate, smooth on both - sides, shining green nerves on under side, with fleshy, scale-like - hairs. _fl._ pink, dipetalous, in branching cymes; upper portion of - stalk scaly. Capsule wings nearly equal. Winter. Mexico, 1842. See - Fig. 231. - - =B. Manni= (Mann's). S. Stem succulent, 2ft. to 3ft. high, - branched, green; branchlets, young parts, petioles, and leaf-nerves - clothed with rusty, furfuraceous pubescence. _l._ petioled, 5in. - long, 2in. wide, lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed. _fl._ - numerous, rose-red, in axillary cymes; peduncle 1in. long. Capsule - linear, densely tomentose. Winter. Fernando Po, 1862. (B. M. 5434.) - - =B. marmorea= (spotted). A variety of _B. xanthina_. - - =B. Martiana= (Martin's). A variety of _B. gracilis_. - - =B. maxima= (large).* Rhizome thick, hairy, creeping. _l._ large, - oblique, orbicular-ovate, cordate, shortly acuminate; margins - denticulate ciliate; petiole long, pilose. _fl._ in branching - cymes; sepals orbicular, pilose on the outside, white. Summer. - Mexico, 1853. - - =B. megaphylla= (large-leaved).* Stem short, thick, fleshy. _l._ - large, palmate, cordate; lobes numerous, pointed; margins hairy, - under side slightly pilose; nerves with scaly hairs. _fl._ in - diffuse cymes, small, white; peduncles pilose. Capsule wings wide. - Winter. Mexico. - - =B. metallica= (metallic). A variety of _B. incarnata_. - - =B. Meyeri= (Meyer's). S. Stem erect, stout, woody when mature. - _l._ large, broadly and obliquely ovate, fleshy, pale green; margin - sinuate, under side tinged with rose; both petiole and blade - covered with short hairs. _fl._ on long axillary peduncles, in - large paniculate heads, white. Capsule wings equal. Summer. Brazil, - 1844. (B. M. 4100.) - - =B. microphylla= (small-leaved). Synonymous with _B. foliosa_. - - =B. microptera= (small-winged). Stem 1ft. high, terete, green, - pubescent, as in the rest of the plant. Branches few. _l._ - sub-distichous, 4in. to 6in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, - serrated, dark green; petiole short; stipules as long as petiole. - _fl._ in terminal panicles, medium-sized, white, tinted rose. - Capsule long, triangular, two angles wingless, the other with a - narrow wing. Winter. Borneo, 1856. (B. M. 4974.) - - =B. miniata= (vermilion). A variety of _B. fuchsioides_. - - =B. monoptera= (single-winged).* Stem erect, 1ft. to 2ft. high, - rounded, swollen at the joints, dull red, papillose and downy. - Radical leaves on long red stalks, large, reniform, truncate at - the base; caulescent leaves smaller, on short petioles, angled, - crenate, dark green above, red below, and minutely papillose. _fl._ - on an elongated terminal raceme, white. Capsule three-angled, two - wingless, the other with a long pointed wing. Summer. Brazil, 1826. - A distinct and pretty species. (B. M. 3564.) - - =B. Moritziana= (Moritz's). Synonymous with _B. scandens_. - - =B. natalensis= (Natal).* T. Rootstock thick, fleshy. Stem 1-1/2ft. - high, succulent, thick at the base, articulate, branched, smooth. - _l._ unequal, semicordate, acuminate, lobed, toothed, spotted - with white. _fl._ on axillary cymose peduncles, pale rose. _fr._ - three-winged, two large, one small. Winter. Natal, 1855. (B. M. - 4841.) - - =B. nelumbiifolia= (Nelumbium-leaved).* Rhizome thick, fleshy, - creeping. _l._ on long hairy petioles; blade 12in. to 18in. long, - 8in. to 12in. wide, peltate, hairy on under side; scape 1ft. - to 2ft. high. _fl._ in cymose head, numerous, small, white or - rose coloured. Winter. Mexico. A noble-foliaged plant. SYN. _B. - hernandiA|folia_. - - =B. nemophila.= Synonymous with _B. Cathcartii_. - - =B. nigro-venia= (black-veined). Synonymous with _B. glandulosa_. - - =B. nitida= (shining).* S. Stem 4ft. to 5ft. high, erect, branched, - woody when aged, smooth, shining. _l._ large, glossy, green on - both sides, obliquely ovate, acute, crenated at margin. _fl._ - in terminal and axillary panicles, numerous, large, deep rose, - handsome. Capsule three-winged, one much larger than others. - Jamaica, 1777. One of the best winter, and almost a perpetual, - flowering species. SYNS. _B. obliqua_, _B. pulchra_, _B. purpurea_. - (B. M. 4046.) - - =B. obliqua= (oblique). Synonymous with _B. nitida_. - - =B. octopetala= (eight-petaled).* T. Stemless. _l._ on long - succulent downy petioles, 1-1/2ft. or more in length, cordate, - 6in. long, deeply lobed and serrated at the margin, bright green; - scape as long as petioles, rounded, downy. _fl._ in corymbs, - greenish-white, males with eight petals, females generally fewer. - Capsule three-angled, two wings almost suppressed, the other - 1in. long; apex blunt, toothed. Autumn. Peru, 1835. SYN. _B. - grandiflora_. (B. M. 3559.) - - =B. odorata= (sweet-scented). Synonymous with _B. suaveolens_. - - =B. opuliflora= (Guelder-rose-flowered).* S. Stem 1ft. high, - branching, smooth. _l._ ovate oblong-acuminate, toothed, smooth - above, hairy below. _fl._ white, in compact umbels, on erect - scapes. Spring. New Grenada, 1854. - - =B. Ottoniana= (Otton's). A hybrid from _B. conchA|folia_ and _B. - coriacea_. (R. G. 1859, p. 15.) - - =B. papillosa= (papillose). A variety of _B. incarnata_. - - =B. Pearcei= (Pearce's).* T. Stem 1ft. high, succulent, branching. - _l._ lance-shaped, cordate, pointed, toothed, glabrous above, - tomentose beneath, and pale red. _fl._ in loose axillary panicles, - large, bright yellow. Summer. Bolivia, 1865. Interesting because - of its being one of the progenitors of the handsome race of garden - tuberous Begonias. - - =B. peltata= (shield-like). Stem short, tomentose; leaves 6in. - by 4in., peltate, ovate, densely pilose. _fl._ in branching - cyme, small, white; peduncle 6in. to 9in., pilose. Brazil, 1815. - Interesting because of its distinctly peltate foliage and silvery - appearance of whole plant. SYNS. _B. coriacea_, _B. Hasskarlii_, - _B. hernandiA|folia_, _B. peltifolia_. - - =B. peltifolia= (peltate-leaved). Synonymous with _B. peltata_. - - =B. phyllomaniaca= (proliferous-stemmed). S. Stem thick, fleshy, - rather twisted, green, hairy, clothed, when old, with small - viviparous buds bearing small leaves, by which means the plant may - be multiplied. _l._ ovate, acuminate, cordate, sinuately lobed, - ciliate, smooth above and below. _fl._ in axillary cymes, drooping, - pale rose. Capsule with one large wing. Winter. Guatemala, 1861. - (B. M. 5254.) - - =B. picta= (ornamented).* T. Stem generally smooth, succulent, - 6in. to 12in. high. _l._ ovate acuminate, nearly equally cordate, - serrated, hairy above and on the nerves below, sometimes - variegated. _fl._ pale rose, large, handsome; peduncle hairy, - erect, short, few-flowered. Autumn. Himalaya, 1870. (S. E. B. 101.) - - =B. platanifolia= (plane-leaved).* S. Stem 5ft. to 6ft. high, - erect, robust, smooth, green; joints annulated. _l._ 8in. to 10in. - in diameter, reniform, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green; - lobes acute, toothed, ciliated. _fl._ in axillary, dichotomous - cymes, large, white, tinted rose, handsome. Summer. Brazil, 1834. - (B. M. 3591.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 232. BEGONIA POLYPETALA.] - - =B. polypetala= (many-petaled). Stem about 1ft. high, covered with - a soft whitish tomentum. _l._ ovate-acute, toothed, pubescent - above, and densely tomentose below. _fl._, petals nine or ten, - of a fine red colour, smooth, external ones ovate-oblong, - pointed; internal ones somewhat shorter and narrower; sepals two, - ovate-elliptic. Capsule tomentose, three-winged, with one wing - larger, ascendent. Winter. Andes of Peru, 1878. See Fig. 232. - (Garden, Dec. 14, 1878.) - - =B. prestoniensis= (Preston).* A garden hybrid between _B. - cinnabarina_ and _B. nitida_. _l._ green, lobed, glabrous. _fl._ - brilliant orange-red, in drooping axillary cymes, very fragrant. - Autumn and winter. 1867. (G. M. B. 3, 149.) - - =B. prismatocarpa= (prism-fruited).* Stems small, creeping, hairy; - branchlets ascending. _l._ long, petioled, also hairy, obliquely - cordate, ovate, three to five-lobed; lobes pointed, serrated; - peduncles axillary, longer than foliage, bearing a small umbel of - two to four dipetalous orange and yellow flowers, one female in - each umbel. Capsule four-angled, scarcely winged. Summer. Tropical - West Africa, 1861. The smallest of cultivated Begonias, and - especially interesting because of its four-angled fruit. It forms - a pretty cushion of bright shining green foliage, thickly studded - with its brightly coloured flowers. Requires a stove temperature - and a stony soil. (B. M. 5307.) - - =B. pruinata= (frosted).* Stem short, thick, fleshy, smooth. _l._ - large, peltate, ovate, angular-sinuate, minutely-toothed; surface - smooth, glaucous; margins pilose, on stout, fleshy petioles. _fl._ - in large dense dichotomous, or small cymes, white. Winter. Central - America, 1870. (R. B. 247.) - - =B. pulchra= (fair). Synonymous with _B. nitida_. - - =B. punctata= (dotted). A variety of _B. heracleifolia_. - - =B. purpurea= (purple). Synonymous with _B. acutifolia_. - - =B. purpurea= (purple). Synonymous with _B. nitida_. - - =B. Putzeysiana= (Putzeys'). S. Stem erect, branching, smooth. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, acute, toothed, glabrous, under side spotted - with white. _fl._ in copious small corymbs, white and rose, small. - Capsule small, with rather large obtuse wings. Winter. Venezuela, - 1871. - - =B. radiata= (rayed). Synonymous with _B. heracleifolia_. - - =B. ramentacea= (scaly).* S. Stem erect, branching, brown, scaly, - as also are the leafstalks and peduncles. _l._ ovate, reniform, - oblique; margins slightly angulate, recurved, under side red, - scaly; peduncles branching. _fl._ drooping, pink and white, pretty. - Capsule, when ripe, a bright scarlet; wings large. Spring. Brazil, - 1839. (P. M. B. 12-73). - - =B. reniformis= (kidney-formed). Synonymous with _B. Dregei_. - (Gardens.) - - =B. reniformis= (kidney-formed). Synonymous with _B. vitifolia_. - (Hook.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 233. BEGONIA REX.] - - =B. Rex= (Royal).* Stemless; rhizome fleshy, creeping, - subterraneous. Leafstalk round, red, setose. _l._ 8in. to 12in. - long, 6in. to 8in. broad, ovate, oblique, sides unequal, cordate, - villose; margins toothed, surface bullate, dark olive-green, with - a metallic lustre, a broad silvery zone running all round, about - 1in. from the margin. _fl._ in erect branching cyme, large, pale - rose. Capsule wings, two short, one long and rounded. Assam, - 1858. See Fig. 233. (B. M. 5101.) This magnificent species is - the principal progenitor of the numerous ornamental-foliaged - Begonias, a selection of which are given below. Most of them are - well worth growing, but those named have been selected from a - large number: MADAME WAGNER,* _l._ large, profound green, banded - by a broad silvery zone, especially fine; MARSHALLI, _l._ very - large, the margins and very centre dark green, while the greater - portion of the surface is covered with a silvery-grey; REGINA,* - _l._ rich olive-green, banded with a broad zone of bronze-red and - silvery-grey, rendering it very attractive; ROI LEOPOLD,* _l._ on - long stout petioles, very large, deep bronze-red in the centre, - with a broad border of a rather lighter shade, very effective; - ROLLISONI,* _l._ large, on long stalks, rich velvety-green, banded - with silvery-grey; SPLENDIDA ARGENTEA,* _l._ large, of a greyish - hue, veined with white, and tinged with bronze-red, very beautiful. - The following varieties are also very good: ADRIEN ROBINE,* BERTHE - PROUTIERE, CHARLES HOVEY, DISTINCTION,* JULIA SEROT,* LOUISE - CHRETIEN,* MADAME J. MENOREAU,* NARGA,* NAVALA,* TALISMAN, W. E. - GUMBLETON. - - =B. Richardsiana= (Richards').* T. Stem 1ft. high, erect, fleshy, - with slender branches. _l._ palmately lobed, the lobes sinuate or - toothed. _fl._ white, males bipetalous, females with five petals. - Cymes axillary near ends of branches, few-flowered. Capsule - three-winged, wings equal. Summer. Natal, 1871. (G. C., 1871, p. - 1065.) - - =B. R. diadema= (of gardens).* This is referred to here because - of its close resemblance to the above. It is most likely a hybrid - between _B. Richardsiana_ and _B. dipetala_. _l._ palmately lobed, - rather large, spotted with white. _fl._ large, rose-coloured. - Summer. 1881. - - =B. ricinifolia= (Ricinus-leaved).* A garden hybrid between _B. - heracleifolia_ and _B. peponifolia_. _l._ large, bronzy green, in - shape like those of the Castor-oil plant. _fl._ numerous, on an - erect scape. Winter. 1847. - - =B. Roezlii= (Roezl's). Synonymous with _B. Lynchiana_. - - =B. rosacea= (rosy). Stem succulent, short. _l._ ovate obtuse, - slightly pubescent, toothed; petioles long, pilose. _fl._ in - few-flowered cymes, medium-sized, rose-coloured. New Grenada, 1860. - (Garden, pl. 152.) - - =B. rosA|flora= (rose-flowered).* T. Stemless. Petioles, scapes, - bracts, and stipules bright red. _l._ green, 2in. to 4in. wide, - on stout hairy petioles, 2in. to 6in. long, orbicular-reniform, - concave; margins lobed, red, toothed. Scapes stout, villous, - three-flowered. _fl._ 2in. across, bright rose-red. Summer. Peru, - 1867. One of the parents of the popular race of tuberous-rooted - large-flowered Begonias. (B. M. 5680.) - - =B. rubricaulis= (red-stalked).* Stemless. Leafstalks, peduncles, - pedicels, and ovaries, a deep red colour. _l._ obliquely ovate, - 4in. to 6in. long, slightly hairy, bright green, wrinkled; margins - toothed and ciliated. Scape 1ft. high, erect, stout, branching at - the top, forming a head of about a dozen flowers, which are large, - white inside, rose-tinted outside. Capsule with one large wing, the - others almost suppressed. Summer. Peru, 1834. (B. M. 4131.) - - =B. rubro-venia= (red-veined).* Rootstock thick. Stems 12in. to - 18in. high, red, pubescent. _l._ 4in. to 6in. long, elliptic or - lanceolate acuminate, entire or slightly angular, toothed, green - spotted with white above, purplish-brown below. Scapes axillary, - red. _fl._ in cymose head; outer segments white with rose-red - veins, inner segments pure white. Summer. Sikkim, &c., 1853. (B. M. - 4689.) - - =B. sanguinea= (blood-red). S. Stems woody when old, tall, stout, - red, with scattered paler spots. _l._ 4in. to 6in. long, unequally - cordate, acuminate, thick and somewhat fleshy in texture, minutely - crenate, green above, deep red below; peduncles axillary, long, - erect, red. _fl._ in a branching cyme, rather small, white. Capsule - wings sub-equal. Spring. Brazil, 1836. (B. M. 3520.) - - =B. scabrida= (rough). Stem stout, erect, somewhat succulent, - covered with small tubercles. _l._ 6in. long, oblique, ovate-acute, - cordate, toothed, slightly hairy. _fl._ white, small; cyme - many-flowered. Capsule wings equal, large. Venezuela, 1857. - - =B. scandens= (climbing).* Stem flexuose, fleshy, creeping or - climbing, smooth. _l._ 4in. long, ovate acuminate, sub-cordate; - margins irregularly toothed, pale shining green. _fl._ in axillary - branching cymes, white, small. South America, 1874. Useful either - as a basket plant or for training against moist walls. SYNS. _B. - elliptica_, _B. lucida_, _B. Moritziana_. (R. G. 758.) - - =B. sceptrum= (princely). S. _l._ obliquely ovate in outline, - deeply lobed on one side; lobes oblong; obtuse, veins sunk, and - the raised spaces between marked with large silvery blotches, and - numerous smaller dots of silver grey. Brazil, 1883. - - =B. Schmidtiana= (Schmidt's).* Stems 1ft. high, branching, - herbaceous. _l._ obliquely cordate, ovate-acute, small, dark - metallic green above, tinged with red below. _fl._ in loose - drooping axillary panicles, white, small, numerous. Winter. Brazil, - 1879. (R. G. 990.) - - =B. scutellata= (salver-like). Synonymous with _B. conchA|folia_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 234. BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS FRAU MARIA BRANDT, -showing Habit and Flower.] - - =B. Sedeni= (Seden's). T. A garden hybrid between _B. boliviensis_ - and _B. Veitchii_. Summer. 1869. A handsome plant, but much - inferior to many of the more recent hybrids. (R. H. 1872, 90.) - - =B. semperflorens= (always-flowering).* Stem fleshy, erect, smooth, - reddish-green. _l._ ovate-rotundate, hardly cordate; margins - serrated, ciliated, surface smooth, shining green. _fl._ on - axillary stalks, near apex of stems, white or rose, rather large. - Capsule wings two short, one long, rounded. Autumn. Brazil, 1829. - A useful summer and autumn flowering species, of which there are - several named varieties more or less distinct from the type, either - in colour or size of flowers, or in habit of plant. The varieties - _carminea_, _gigantea_, and _rosea_ are perhaps the best. SYN. _B. - spathulata_. (B. M. 2920.) - - =B. s. Frau Maria Brandt.= A dwarf compact variety, with - rose-tinted flowers. See Fig. 234. - - =B. socotrana= (Socotra).* Stem annual, stout and succulent, - forming at base a cluster of bulbils, each of which produces - a plant the following year; sparsely hairy. _l._ dark green, - orbicular, peltate, 4in. to 7in. across, centre depressed; margin - recurved, crenate. _fl._ in terminal, few-flowered cymes, 1-1/2in. - to 2in. wide, bright rose. Capsule three-angled, one-winged. - Winter. Socotra, 1880. Should be rested through the summer, and - started in heat in September. A distinct and beautiful species. (B. - M. 6555.) - - =B. spathulata= (spathulate). Synonymous with _B. semperflorens_. - - =B. stigmosa= (branded).* Rhizome creeping, fleshy. _l._ 6in. to - 8in. long, oblique, cordate-acute, irregularly toothed, smooth - above, hairy beneath, green, with brownish-purple blotches; stalks - scaly, as in _B. manicata_. _fl._ in cymose panicles, white, - medium-sized, numerous. Brazil, 1845. - - =B. strigillosa= (strigillose).* Rhizome short, fleshy, creeping, - _l._ 4in. to 6in. long, oblique, ovate-acute, cordate-toothed; - margins ciliate, red; stalk and blade covered with fleshy scales; - blade smooth, blotched with brown. _fl._ in branching cymes, - dipetalous, small, rose-coloured. Summer. Central America, 1851. - - =B. suaveolens= (sweet-scented). S. Stem branching, 2ft. high, - smooth. _l._ 3in. to 4in. long, oblique-ovate, cordate-acute, - crenulate, glabrous. _fl._ in axillary panicles, large, white. - Winter. Central America, 1816. Resembles _B. nitida_, but may - be distinguished by its distinctly crenulate leaves and smaller - flowers, which are white, and not pale rose, as in _B. nitida_. - SYN. _B. odorata_. (L. B. C. 69.) - - =B. Sutherlandi= (Sutherland's).* T. Stems annual, 1ft. to 2ft. - high, slender, graceful, red-purple. _l._ on slender red petioles, - 2in. to 3in. long; blade 4in. to 6in. long, ovate-lanceolate, - deeply lobed at base; margins serrate, bright green; nerves bright - red. _fl._ in axillary and terminal cymes, numerous, orange-red, - shaded with dark vinous-red. Capsule wings equal. Summer. Natal, - 1867. (B. M. 5689.) - - =B. Teuscheri= (Teuscher's). S. A strong, erect-growing, - large-leaved plant, from the Dutch Indies, not yet flowered. _l._ - cordate-ovate, acute, olive-green above, with greyish blotches; - under side rich claret-coloured. Hort. Linden. (I. II. 1879, 358.) - - =B. Thwaitesii= (Thwaites's).* Stemless. _l._ 2in. to 4in. in - diameter, obtuse or sub-acute, cordate at base, minutely toothed, - slightly pubescent, very shaggy when young, rich coppery-green, - red-purple and blotched with white; under side blood red. _fl._ in - an umbel, medium-sized; scape short, white. Capsule shaped like a - Beech nut; wings short. Ceylon, 1852. One of the most beautiful of - coloured-leaved Begonias, requiring a close, moist atmosphere in a - stove. (B. M. 4692.) - - =B. ulmifolia= (Elm-leaved). S. Stem 2ft. to 4ft. high, branching. - _l._ 3in. to 4in. long, ovate-oblong, unequal-sided, toothed, - rugose, hairy. _fl._ on hairy peduncles, numerous, small, white. - Capsule wings two small, one large, ovate. Winter. Venezuela, 1854. - (L. C. 638.) - - =B. undulata= (wavy-leaved). S. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, - branching freely, turgid below, green, succulent until old. _l._ - distichous, oblong-lanceolate, undulated, smooth, shining green. - _fl._ in nodding axillary cymes, white, small. Winter. Brazil, - 1826. (B. M. 2723.) - - =B. urophylla= (caudate-leaved). Stemless. Leafstalks terete, - succulent, clothed with scattered bristly hairs. _l._ large, - 12in. long, broad, cordate; margin irregularly cut, toothed; apex - long-pointed, green, smooth above, hairy beneath; peduncle stout, - paniculate. _fl._ crowded, large, dipetalous, white. Spring. - Brazil. (B. M. 4855.) - - =B. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* T. Stem very short, thick, fleshy, - green. _l._ orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised; margins - ciliated, green, principal nerves radiating from bright carmine - spot near centre; under side pale green; petiole thick, terete, - with a few hairs on the upper portion; scape 10in. to 12in. high, - thick, terete, pilose, two-flowered. _fl._ 2-1/4in. in diameter, - cinnabar red. Capsule smooth, two short, one long wings. Summer. - Peru, 1867. One of the species from which the popular garden - tuberous-rooted Begonias have been obtained. (B. M. 5663.) - - =B. Verschaffeltiana= (Verschaffelt's).* A hybrid between _B. - carolinA|folia_ and _B. manicata_, with large ovate acutely-lobed - leaves and flowers in large cymes, rose-coloured and pendent. - Winter. (R. G. 1855, p. 248.) - - =B. vitifolia= (Vine-leaved). S. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. high, thick, - smooth, and fleshy. _l._ large as vine foliage, and similar in - shape; peduncles axillary, erect, branching into a cymose head of - small white flowers. Capsules three-angled, one-winged. Winter. - Brazil, 1833. SYNS. _B. grandis_, _B. reniformis_. (B. M. 3225.) - - =B. Wagneriana= (Wagner's). S. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, - glabrous, green, succulent, branched. _l._ cordate-ovate, - acuminate; margins obscurely lobed, slightly serrate, quite - glabrous; peduncles axillary and terminal, cymose. _fl._ numerous, - white. Capsules, which are ripened in abundance, three-angled, one - wing long, two short. Winter. Venezuela, 1856. (B. M. 4988.) - - =B. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's). Synonymous with _B. conchA|folia_. - - =B. Weltoniensis= (Welton). A garden hybrid; one of the oldest of - cultivated winter-flowering kinds, with light pink flowers, very - free. - - =B. xanthina= (yellow-flowered).* Stem short, thick, fleshy, - horizontal, along with petioles thickly-clothed with brown scaly - hairs; petioles 6in. to 12in. long, stout, terete, fleshy, - reddish-brown; blade 8in. to 12in. long, cordate-ovate, acuminate, - sinuate-ciliated, dark green above, purplish beneath. Flower-stalks - erect, 1ft. high, bearing a cymose head of large golden flowers. - Capsule with one large wing. Summer. Boutan, 1850. (B. M. 4683.) - - =B. x. Lazuli= (Lapis-lazuli).* Foliage metallic purple, with a - bluish tinge. - - =B. x. pictifolia= (ornamented-leaved).* _l._ with large silvery - spots, and pale yellow flowers. - -The following list comprises a selection of some of the best and -most distinct of the innumerable varieties now existing in gardens, -and which have been obtained by crossing and re-crossing the several -tuberous-rooted species found in the temperate regions of South America. - -[Illustration: FIG. 235. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BEGONIA ADMIRATION.] - - =Single-Flowered Varieties.= _Crimson and Scarlet Shaded_: - ADMIRATION, flowers vivid orange-scarlet, of dwarf, compact habit, - and free flowering (see Fig. 235); ARTHUR G. SOAMES,* brilliant - crimson scarlet, of excellent form, and very free; BALL OF FIRE,* - glowing fiery-scarlet, flowers large and compact, very free; BLACK - DOUGLAS,* dark carmine crimson, flowers large, of the finest form, - one of the best; BRILLIANT, deep orange-scarlet, very free; CHARLES - BALTET, rich velvety vermilion; COMMODORE FOOT,* brilliant velvety - crimson, very free and showy; DAVISII, flowers small, dazzling - scarlet, habit dwarf and free; DR. MASTERS,* flowers large, with - immense spikes, deep red-crimson, very attractive; DR. SEWELL,* - glowing crimson, grand form; EXONIENSIS, brilliant orange-scarlet, - immense flowers; F. E. LAING, deep velvety crimson, full and - free; HON. MRS. BRASSEY,* deep glowing crimson, very rich and - floriferous; J. H. LAING,* brilliant scarlet, one of the freest; - J. W. FERRAND,* rich vermilion, dwarf and free, one of the finest - for bedding; LOTHAIR,* dark scarlet-carmine, crimson shaded, of - grand form and size; MARQUIS OF BUTE, brilliant carmine-crimson, - of the finest form, and immense flowers; SCARLET GEM,* very - dark scarlet, flowers medium-sized, dwarf and very floriferous; - SEDENI, rich rosy-crimson, dwarf, a good bedder; VESUVIUS,* bright - orange-scarlet, compact and free, one of the finest bedders. - -[Illustration: FIG. 236. BEGONIA QUEEN OF WHITES.] - - _Rose-Coloured_: ALBERT CROUSSA%,* bright salmon-rose, very free; - ANNIE LAING,* large and free, rich pink; CAPT. THOMPSON, rich - salmon-rose, very free and compact; DELICATUM, pale flesh-rose; - EXQUISITE,* rich deep rose, very free and showy; J. AUBREY CLARK, - flowers very large, rich, deep; JESSIE,* soft rosy-pink, with the - tips of the petals shaded carmine, a very fine, perfect variety; - LADY BROOKE,* dark rose, shaded magenta, very perfect in form, - and large; LADY HUME CAMPBELL,* pale pink, of good form and size, - an exquisite variety; MADAME STELLA,* flowers perfect in form, - large, bright rosy-pink, one of the best; MARCHIONESS OF BUTE, - light rosy-pink, with an immense bloom and handsome foliage; - PENELOPE,* rich salmon-rose, very free and good; PRINCESS OF WALES, - very delicate pink, and free; ROSE D'AMOUR, rich rose, delicately - shaded. - - _White-Flowered_: ALBA FLORIBUNDA, flowers medium-sized, very free; - MOONLIGHT, very free, with good flowers and handsome foliage; MRS. - LAING,* flowers exquisite in form and shape, pure white, one of the - best; NYMPH,* large and round, white, tinted with rose at the base; - PRINCESS BEATRICE,* flowers large, of excellent form, and pure - in colour; PURITY, flowers round, good size and colour; QUEEN OF - WHITES,* flowers pure white, large, most freely produced (see Fig. - 236, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons); REINE - BLANCHE,* one of the best, very pure; SNOWFLAKE,* flowers large, in - full spikes, pure white, habit compact, and very free. - - _Yellow and Orange-Flowered_: CHROMATELLA,* habit dwarf and - compact, pure yellow; EMPRESS OF INDIA, deep yellow, very showy; - GEM OF YELLOWS,* rich deep yellow, of grand form and size, one - of the best; GOLDEN GEM,* rich golden yellow, of excellent form - and size, habit free, with prettily mottled foliage; J. L. - MACFARLANE, rich orange, freest form, and large; LADY TREVOR - LAWRENCE,* orange-yellow, of good form, with handsome foliage; - MAUDE CHURCHILL,* pale yellow, deeper shaded, with elegant foliage; - MRS. PONTIFEX,* rich orange yellow, very large flowers, copiously - produced; POLLIE, pale yellow, fine round flower; SULPHUR QUEEN,* - pale sulphur-yellow, of good form and size. - - =Double-Flowered Varieties.= _Crimson and Scarlet Shaded_: - ACHILLES, rich dark crimson, very large and free; DAVISII HYBRIDA - FL.-PL.,* rich coral-red, very full and free; DAVISII FL.-PL. - SUPERBA,* brilliant crimson-scarlet, of good size, and extremely - free; DR. DUKE,* brilliant scarlet, very large and double, one of - the best; FRANCIS BUCHNER,* rich cerise-red, very double, perfect - in form, and very large; FULGURANT, rich crimson, full, with dark - foliage; GLOIRE DE NANCY,* rich vermilion, very free; HERCULES,* - bright orange-scarlet, very large and extremely free, habit compact - and vigorous; LEMOINEI, deep orange-vermilion, very floriferous; - MONSIEUR BAUER, deep red, tinged with violet; NIMROD,* rich - red-scarlet, very large and full, with a free and very vigorous - habit; PRESIDENT BURELLE,* glowing red, tinted with scarlet, - very free; QUEEN OF DOUBLES,* rich rosy-crimson, very double and - floriferous, one of the best varieties; ROBERT BURNS,* brilliant - orange-scarlet, tinted vermilion, very double and free; SIR GARNET, - deep orange-scarlet, very vigorous; WM. BEALBY,* deep velvety - scarlet, immense size and perfect form, very free. - - _Rose-Coloured_: ADA,* bright rosy-salmon, fringed at the edge, - very full and free; COMTESSE H. DE CHOISEUL, pale rose, at first - nearly white, very handsome; ESTHER,* rich rosy pink, with a - distinct crimson margin; FORMOSA,* rich rosy carmine, with a - white centre and crimson margin, very distinct and showy; GLORY - OF STANSTEAD,* deep rose, with a well-defined white centre, very - distinct and handsome; JOHN T. POE,* bright rose, tinted with - cerise, of excellent form and vigorous habit; MADAME COMESSE,* - rich satiny salmon-rose, immense, and most profuse; MADAME LEON - SIMON, soft pale rose, very full and free; MARIE LEMOINE, light - salmon with a rose centre; MRS. BRISSENDEN,* salmon-rose, with a - cream-white centre, of excellent form and very free; PA†ONIFLORA, - flowers enormous, rich salmon-rose, very full; QUEEN OF SCOTS,* - satiny-pink, salmon-shaded, of a perfect form and very large, - habit compact and very free; ROSINA,* deep rose, violet shaded, of - exquisite form, very vigorous and free. - - _White-Flowered_: ANTOINETTE QUERIN,* pure white, cream, shaded - centre, very large and full, a magnificent variety; BLANCHE - JEANPIERRE, pure white, cream tinted, of excellent form and very - free; LITTLE GEM,* pure white, of the best form and good size, - habit dwarf and extremely floriferous; MRS. LUDLAM,* white, tinted - with pink, a very handsome variety; PRINCESS OF WALES,* flowers - very full and profuse, almost pure in colour, and immense. - - _Yellow-flowered_: CANARY BIRD,* flowers large, of the finest form, - deep yellow, habit dwarf and very free; GABRIEL LEGROS,* pale - sulphur, changing to yellow, very full and imbricated, extremely - showy. - -=BEGONIACEA†.= An order comprising a large number of useful garden -plants. The only genera are _Begonia_ and _Begoniella_ (which is not -yet in cultivation). Flowers apetalous; perianth single; pistillate -flowers having the perianth two to eight-cleft, staminate ones two to -four-cleft; stamens numerous, collected into a head. Leaves alternate, -stipulate. _See_ =Begonia=. - -=BEJARIA.= _See_ =Befaria=. - -=BELLADONNA.= _See_ =Atropa=. - -=BELLADONNA LILY.= _See_ =Amaryllis Belladonna=. - -=BELLEVALIA= (named in honour of P. R. Belleval, a French botanist). -ORD. _LiliaceA|_. This genus is now usually placed under _Hyacinthus_. -Hardy, bulbous-rooted plants, admirably adapted for spring bedding or -forcing, and invaluable as cut flowers. Flowers small, whitish, or -violet, tinged with green. Leaves few, radical, broadly linear. They -are of extremely easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by -offsets; also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. - - =B. operculata= (lid-covered). Synonymous with _B. romana_. - - =B. romana= (Roman).* Roman Hyacinth. _fl._ white, racemose; - perianth campanulate; pedicels longer than the flowers. April. _l._ - from 4in. to 5in. long. _h._ 6in. Italy, 1596. A most desirable - plant, and the best of the genus for forcing purposes. SYNS. _B. - operculata_ and _Hyacinthus romanus_. (B. M. 939, under the name of - _Scilla romana_.) _See_ =Hyacinthus=. - - =B. syriaca= (Syrian).* _fl._ white; peduncles spreading, racemose. - May. _l._ glaucous, 1ft. long, channelled, rather scarious on the - margins. _h._ 1ft. Syria, 1840. - -=BELL-FLOWER.= _See_ =Campanula=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 237. FRENCH BELL GLASS, OR CLOCHE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 238. ENGLISH BELL GLASS.] - -=BELL GLASSES=, or =CLOCHES=. These are used for the purpose of -protecting or accelerating the growth of a plant or plants. The French -Cloche (see Fig. 237) is largely employed for this purpose. Ordinary -Bell Glasses (see Fig. 238) are exceedingly useful for propagating -purposes, especially for hard-wooded plants; or for placing over -subjects which require a very moist atmosphere, such as Filmy ferns, -Cephalotus, &c.; or for covering half-hardy plants or rare alpines, -and thus protecting them from excessive moisture. Large Bell Glasses, -inverted, serve as miniature aquaria, and many small aquatics are -easily grown in them. - -=BELLIDIASTRUM= (from _bellis_, a daisy, and _astrum_, a star; -flower-heads being star-like). ORD. _CompositA|_. A pretty dwarf, hardy, -herbaceous perennial, allied to _Aster_. It thrives in a compost of -loam, leaf soil, and peat. Increased by divisions in early spring, or -directly after blooming. - - =B. Michelii= (Michel's).* _fl.-heads_ white; scape one-headed, - naked; involucre with equal leaves; pappus simple. June. _l._ in a - rosette, shortly stalked, obovate, repand. _h._ 1ft. Austria, 1570. - -=BELLIS= (from _bellus_, pretty, in reference to the flowers). Daisy. -ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, distinguished -from allied genera in having conical receptacles and an absence of -pappus. They grow well in all loamy soils. The garden varieties are -increased by division after flowering, each crown making a separate -plant. The soil must be pressed about them moderately firm. Seeds may -also be sown in March, but the plants thus obtained are seldom of -sufficient floricultural merit to perpetuate. - -[Illustration: FIG. 239. BELLIS PERENNIS FLORE-PLENO.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 240. HEN AND CHICKENS DAISY (BELLIS PERENNIS -PROLIFERA).] - - =B. perennis= (perennial).* Common Daisy. _fl.-heads_ white. June. - _l._ numerous, lying flat on the ground, obovate, crenate, slightly - hairy, tapering at the base. _h._ 3in. England. The varieties are - very numerous, the double ones being particularly fine. See Fig. - 239. The handsome variegated form, _aucubA|folia_, has its leaves - richly stained and veined with yellow. There are both red and - white-flowered forms of this variety. The Hen and Chickens Daisy is - a proliferous form, rather more quaint than pretty. See Fig. 240. - Good garden kinds are _B. p. conspicua_, red; CROWN, pink; ELIZA, - purple; RUBENS, red; SNOWFLAKE, white. - -[Illustration: FIG. 241. BELLIS ROTUNDIFOLIA CA'RULESCENS.] - - =B. rotundifolia cA"rulescens= (round-leaved, bluish).* _fl.-heads_ - from 3/4in. to 1-1/4in. in diameter, resembling those of the common - Daisy, but with fewer, often broader, ray-flowers, which vary from - white to pale blue. _l._ more or less hairy, with slender stalks, - 1in. to 3in. long; blade ovate or sub-cordate, sinuate toothed, - three-nerved. Morocco, 1872. A very beautiful perennial, requiring - the shelter of a cold frame during severe winters. See Fig. 241. - (B. M. 6015.) - -=BELLIUM= (from _bellis_, a Daisy; the flowers resembling those of that -plant). ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus of pretty little, free-flowering -plants, differing from the common Daisy only in having a pappus of six -to eight broad scales, torn at the apex, alternating with a like number -of long scabrous bristles. They thrive best in a mixture of sandy -loam and peat. Propagation is readily effected by means of seeds or -divisions; the latter should be made in spring. - -[Illustration: FIG. 242. BELLIUM BELLIDIOIDES.] - - =B. bellidioides= (Daisy-like).* _fl.-heads_ white, solitary. June - to September. _l._ spathulate, radical. Stolons creeping. _h._ 4in. - Italy, 1796. Annual. See Fig. 242. - - =B. crassifolium= (thick-leaved). _fl.-heads_ whitish-yellow; - scapes much exceeding the leaves, downy. June. _l._ sub-radical, - thick, obovate, entire, attenuate at base, rather downy. Stems - many, ascending. _h._ 6in. Sardinia, 1831. Hardy perennial. (S. B. - F. G. 2, 278.) - - =B. minutum= (very small).* _fl.-heads_ white and yellow, 1/2in. - across, on slender stalks, longer than the foliage. June to - September. _l._ narrow spathulate, attenuated at the base, slightly - hairy. _h._ 3in. Levant, 1772. A rare little species, requiring a - warm, well-drained position on the rockery. - -=BELLOWS.= These were formerly employed for fumigating, but are now -entirely superseded by the ordinary fumigators. The Sulphur Bellows is -a very useful instrument for the uniform distribution of flowers of -sulphur on vines and other subjects infested with mildew. In form it is -very like those in common domestic use, but has a rose of small holes -at the end of its nozzle, through which the sulphur is ejected. - -=BELL-PEPPER.= _See_ =Capsicum grossum=. - -=BELOPERONE= (from _belos_, an arrow, and _peronne_, a band; in -reference to the arrow-shaped connectivum). SYN. _Dianthera_. ORD. -_AcanthaceA|_. Very pretty stove evergreen shrubs, allied to _Justicia_. -Flowers blue or purple, borne in secund, axillary, or terminal spikes, -frequently subtended with coloured bracts; corolla gaping, the upper -lip concave, the lower trifid. They are easily cultivated in a compost -of loam, leaf soil, peat, and sand. Propagated by young cuttings, -taken in spring. Beloperones may also be treated like _Justicias_ -(which _see_), and will succeed admirably. There are a large number of -species, but few of which have been introduced. - - =B. oblongata= (oblong). _fl._ rosy-purple; spikes axillary; - anthers calcarate at base; bracts bracteolate. Summer. _l._ - oblong-lanceolate, opposite. _h._ 3ft. Brazil, 1832. (B. H. 9, 9.) - - =B. violacea= (violet-coloured).* _fl._ violet. _l._ lanceolate, - acuminate, entire. _h._ 3ft. New Grenada, 1859. (B. M. 5244.) - -=BENDING-DOWN= the branches of fruit trees, by means of weights or -string attached to pegs driven into the ground, is sometimes resorted -to for the purpose of acquiring a particular shape, or fruitfulness; -but authorities differ as to the usefulness of the plan for the latter -purpose. Young trees that are inclined to grow strong in the middle -may be more evenly balanced by adopting the plan of Bending the strong -branches, and so diverting the sap to the weaker ones. - -=BENGAL QUINCE.= _See_ =A†gle Marmelos=. - -=BENJAMIN-TREE.= _See_ =Ficus Benjamina=. - -=BENT GRASS.= _See_ =Agrostis=. - -=BENTHAMIA= (in honour of George Bentham, a distinguished English -botanist). ORD. _CornaceA|_. Hardy evergreen shrubs or low trees, -now referred to the genus _Cornus_. The first-named species is -rather tender in the neighbourhood of London, and can only be grown -successfully against a wall, for which purpose it is very suitable. In -Cornwall and other mild places, it attains a height of 20ft. in the -open. Loudon thinks it might be rendered hardier by grafting it on -_Cornus sanguinea_. Flowers disposed in heads, each head attended by -an involucre, which consists of four petal-like parts, and resembles a -corolla; calyx with a minute four-toothed limb; petals four, fleshy, -wedge-shaped; stamens four; style one. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, -sub-evergreen, entire. Fruit constituted of many pomes grown together. -They thrive in rather moist, loamy soil, in a sheltered spot. -Propagated by seeds, sown when ripe, in a cool-house; or by layering, -in autumn. - - =B. fragifera= (Strawberry-flowered).* _fl._ large, white, sessile, - densely aggregate, forming a round head. June to October. _fr._ - large, about the size of that of the common Arbutus, reddish. _l._ - lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, on short petioles, rather - rough, with small, adpressed down. Branches spreading, smooth. _h._ - 10ft. to 15ft. Nepaul, 1825. (G. C. xiv., 728.) - - =B. japonica= (Japanese). _fl._ yellowish-red. Spring. _h._ 8ft. - Japan, 1847. (S. Z. F. J. 16.) - -=BERARDIA= (named after M. Berard, a Professor of Chemistry at -Montpelier). ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus containing a single species, -confined to the high mountains of Western Europe. It makes a pretty -rock plant, and grows best in thoroughly well-drained spots amongst -rocky _dA(C)bris_. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring. - - =B. subacaulis= (almost stemless). _fl.-heads_ whitish, solitary, - very large. _l._ rounded oval, nearly heart-shaped at base, - cottony. _h._ 3in. or 4in. (A. F. P. 3, 38.) - -=BERBERIDACEA†.= An order of shrubs or herbaceous perennials. Flowers -terminal or axillary, usually racemose; sepals three, four, or six in a -double row; petals as many or double in number; stamens four to eight, -opposite the petals. Fruit, a berry or capsule. Leaves alternate, -compound. The order contributes a great number of handsome plants -to our gardens. Well-known genera are _Berberis_, _Epimedium_, and -_Nandina_. - -=BERBERIDOPSIS= (from _Berberis_, the Barberry, and _opsis_, like; -resembling the Barberry). ORD. _BerberidaceA|_. A handsome evergreen -shrub, with climbing habit. Sepals and petals nine to fifteen; -outer small, spreading; intermediate orbicular, concave; inner -obovate-cuneate, erect, inserted upon the fleshy torus. Stamens eight -to nine, free. With a slight winter protection, or planted at the foot -of a south wall, it will prove quite hardy, being of easy culture in -ordinary garden soil. It is an excellent plant for the cool greenhouse. -Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring; by layering, in -autumn; or by young cuttings, in spring. - -[Illustration: FIG. 243. FLOWERING BRANCHES OF BERBERIDOPSIS CORALLINA.] - - =B. corallina= (coral-red).* _fl._ crimson, in terminal, drooping - racemes, leafy at the base. _l._ about 3in. long, alternate, - simple, petiolate, oblong-cordate, obtuse or acute, spiny-toothed. - Chili, 1862. See Fig. 243. (B. M. 5343.) - -=BERBERIS= (_Berberys_ is the Arabic name of the fruit, signifying a -shell; many authors believe this to be the original derivation of the -word, because the leaves are hollow, like a shell). Barberry. ORD. -_BerberidaceA|_. Including _Mahonia_. A genus of hardy erect or trailing -shrubs. Flowers yellow or orange, racemose or fascicled; sepals and -petals similar, in two series. Leaves simple or compound, alternate or -fascicled from the non-development of the branches, often spinose, or -reduced to spines. The common sorts thrive well in any ordinary garden -soil, but the rarer kinds require a compost of loam, peat, and a little -sand. Propagation may be effected by suckers or layers, put down in -the autumn; by ripened cuttings, taken at the same time, and planted -in sandy soil, in a cold frame; or by seeds, sown in the spring, or, -preferably, in the autumn, when, if fresh from the pulp or berry, they -will germinate in the open in the following spring. The last-named is -the method generally adopted. - - =B. Aquifolium= (Holly-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; racemes nearly - erect, much crowded. Spring. _l._, leaflets two to three pairs, - with an odd one, the lower part distant from the petiole; ovate, - approximate, cordate at the base, one-nerved, spiny-toothed. _h._ - 3ft. to 6ft. North America, 1823. This is extensively planted in - woodlands as an excellent covert plant. SYN. _Mahonia aquifolia_. - (S. E. B. 49.) - - =B. aristata= (bearded). _fl._ yellow; racemes nodding, - many-flowered, longer than the leaves; pedicels trifid, - three-flowered. Spring. _l._ obovate-oblong or lanceolate, - mucronate, membranous, smooth, serrated with four or five spinulose - teeth; lower spines three-parted, upper ones simple, and hardly - bidentate at the base. _h._ 6ft. Nepaul, 1820. (B. R. 729, under - name of _B. Chitria_.) - - =B. asiatica= (Asiatic). _fl._, racemes short, many-flowered, - corymbose, shorter than the leaves; pedicels elongated, - one-flowered. _l._ oval, cuneated, or elliptical, mucronate, - smooth; under surface glaucous, entire, or spinulosely-toothed; - spines trifid, or simple. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. 1820. Half-hardy. - - =B. buxifolia= (Box-leaved).* _fl._ solitary, on slender peduncles. - Spring. _l._ nearly sessile, oval or oblong, about 1/2in. long, - entire. _h._ 8ft. Straits of Magellan, 1830. _Nana_ is a charming - little variety, not exceeding 18in. in height. SYN. _B. dulcis_. - (B. M. 6505.) - - =B. canadensis= (Canadian).* _fl._, racemes many-flowered, nodding. - Spring. _l._ obovate-oblong, remotely serrated; upper ones nearly - entire; spines three-parted. _h._ 4ft. Canada, 1759. - - =B. cratA|gina= (Hawthorn-like). _fl._, racemes many-flowered, - crowded, spreading, scarcely longer than the leaves. Spring. _l._ - oblong, reticulated, hardly serrated; spines simple. _h._ 4ft. to - 8ft. Asia Minor, 1829. - - =B. cretica= (Cretan). _fl._, racemes three to eight-flowered, - rather shorter than the leaves. Spring. _l._ oblong-oval, entire, - or somewhat serrated; spines three to five-parted. _h._ 4ft. to - 5ft. Crete and Cyprus, 1759. The variety _serratifolia_ has leaves - ciliately-serrated. (S. F. G. 342.) - - =B. Darwinii= (Darwin's).* _fl._ orange, racemose, very numerous. - May, and sometimes again in autumn. _l._ oval or oblong, about - 1in. long, with usually five spiny teeth. _h._ 2ft. South Chili, - 1849. This very fine species is, perhaps, the best; it forms - a densely-branched, spreading, evergreen bush, thus making an - excellent covert plant. (B. M. 4590.) - - =B. dulcis= (sweet). Synonymous with _B. buxifolia_. - - =B. emarginata= (emarginate). _fl._, racemes scarcely pendulous, - shorter than the leaves. Spring. _l._ lanceolate-obovate, ciliately - serrated; spines three-parted. _h._ 6ft. Siberia, 1790. - - =B. empetrifolia= (Empetrum-leaved).* _fl._ few, terminal, - sub-umbellate, on slender pedicels. May. _l._ in fascicles of about - seven, linear, closely revolute, sharply mucronate. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - to 2ft. Straits of Magellan, 1827. (B. R. 26, 27.) - - =B. fascicularis= (fascicled). _fl._, racemes erect, much crowded. - Spring. _l._, leaflets three to six pairs, with an odd one, the - lower pair distant from the base of the petiole; ovate-lanceolate, - rather distant, one-nerved, spiny toothed, with four to five teeth - on each side. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. New Spain, 1820. Half-hardy. SYN. - _Mahonia fascicularis_. (B. M. 2396.) - - =B. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._, racemes many-flowered, - loose, solitary, pendulous. June. _l._ obovate-lanceolate, or - obovate-oblong, tapering much towards the base, ending in a - mucrone at the apex, paler beneath, spiny-ciliated; spines - three-parted, unequal. _h._ 10ft. Nepaul. A variety of _aristata_. - - =B. Fortunei= (Fortune's).* _fl._ small, in terminal clustered - racemes. _l._, leaflets about seven, linear-lanceolate, distant, - with numerous small spiny teeth, lower pair remote from the base of - the petiole. China. - - =B. glumacea= (glumaceous). A synonym of _B. nervosa_. - - =B. iberica= (Iberian). _fl._, racemes many-flowered, pendulous. - Spring. _l._ obovate-oblong, quite entire; spines simple and - three-parted. _h._ 8ft. to 10ft. Iberia, 1818. - - =B. ilicifolia= (Holly-leaved). _fl._, peduncles short, - four-flowered; pedicels elongated, somewhat corymbose. July. _l._ - ovate, tapering at the base, coarsely and spinulosely toothed; - spines three-parted. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Tierra del Fuego, 1791. (B. - M. 4308.) - - =B. japonica= (Japanese).* _fl._, racemes in terminal clusters. - Spring. _l._, leaflets usually nine, about 3in. long, quite - sessile, broadly cordate, or rotundate at the base, oblique, with - about five long spiny teeth, and a terminal one, the lowest pairs - close to the base of the petiole. China and Japan. Very distinct, - with unbranched stems and leaves about 1ft. long. _B. Beali_ - and _B. intermedia_ are mere forms of this species, the latter - differing from it in having narrower leaves and longer, slender - racemes. (B. M. 4852.) - - =B. loxensis= (Loxanese). _fl._ unusually small, erect, in panicled - racemes on a long peduncle quite clear of the leaves. _l._ very - shining, blunt, obovate; sides often with several teeth; spines - small, palmated. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Peru. Evergreen, not hardy. (P. - F. G. 1, p. 13.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 244. BERBERIS NEPALENSIS.] - - =B. nepalensis= (Nepaulese).* _fl._ yellow; racemes few, elongated, - slender. _l._ 1ft. to 2ft. long; leaflets five to nine pairs, - obovate-oblong, cuspidate, rounded at the base, repand-toothed, - with five to ten spiny teeth on each side, tricuspidate at the - apex. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul. A very handsome species, thriving - best in the southern parts of England. SYN. _Mahonia nepalensis_. - See Fig. 244. - - =B. nervosa= (large-nerved). _fl._, racemes elongated. October. - _l._, leaflets five to six pairs, with an odd one, the lower - pair distant from the petiole; ovate, acuminated, remotely spiny - toothed, somewhat three to five-nerved, with twelve to fourteen - teeth on each side. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. North America, 1826. SYNS. - _B. glumacea_, _Mahonia nervosa_. (B. M. 3949.) - - =B. repens= (creeping).* _fl._, racemes terminal, numerous, - fascicled, diffuse, rising from the scaly buds. Spring. _l._, - leaflets, two to three pairs, with an odd one, roundish-ovate, - opaque, spiny toothed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North America, 1822. SYN. - _Mahonia repens_. (B. R. 1176.) - - =B. ruscifolia= (Ruscus-leaved). _fl._ a little larger than those - of _B. vulgaris_; peduncles short, bearing four to five flowers at - the apex. _l._ oblong, tapering at the base, mucronate, entire, or - grossly and spiny toothed. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. South America, 1823. - Half-hardy. - - =B. sinensis= (Chinese).* _fl._, racemes many-flowered, nodding. - May. _l._ oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones are a little - toothed; spines three-parted. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. China, 1815. (B. M. - 6573.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 245. BERBERIS STENOPHYLLA, showing Habit and -Flowering Twig.] - - =B. stenophylla= (naked-leaved),* with narrow mucronate leaves, is - said to be a hybrid between _B. empetrifolia_ and _B. Darwinii_. - See Fig. 245. - - =B. trifoliata= (three-leafleted). _fl._, racemes small, - axillary, sessile, three to five-flowered. Spring. _l._, leaflets - three, sessile at the ends of the petioles, deeply scalloped, - bluish-green, variegated, glaucous beneath. _h._ 5ft. Mexico, 1839. - Evergreen, not quite hardy. (P. F. G. 2, 168.) - - =B. trifurcata= (three-forked). _fl._, racemes compound, erect. - Spring. _l._ pinnate; leaflets broad, three-forked. _h._ 6ft. - China, 1850. Evergreen. (P. F. G. 3, 258.) - - =B. umbellata= (umbellate). _fl._, peduncles solitary, erect, - bearing at the top several umbellate pedicels. _l._ obovate-oblong, - mucronate, entire, glaucous beneath; spines three-parted, long, - equal. _h._ 6ft. Nepaul, 1842. (P. F. G. 2, 181.) - - =B. vulgaris= (common).* Common Barberry. _fl._, racemes - many-flowered, pendulous. Spring. _l._ somewhat obovate, - ciliately-serrated; spines three-parted. _h._ 8ft. to 20ft. - Britain, &c. There are yellow, violet, purple, black, and white - fruited, and purple-leaved forms. (Sy. En. B. 51.) - - =B. Wallichiana= (Wallich's).* _fl._ on drooping, aggregated - peduncles, six to eight or more in a cluster. Spring. _l._ in - alternate fascicles, 2in. to 3in. long, spreading or recurved, - lanceolate, sinuato-serrate; spines deeply three-parted, slender - but rigid. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Nepaul, 1820. See Fig. 246. (B. M. - 4656.) - -=BERCHEMIA= (in honour of M. Berchem, a French botanist). ORD. -_RhamnaceA|_. A genus of erect, or twining, deciduous, mostly greenhouse -shrubs. Flowers sub-umbellate, in the axils of the upper leaves, -or disposed in terminal panicles. Leaves alternate, many-nerved, -entire. The species mentioned below is probably the only one yet in -cultivation. It is quite hardy, will grow in any common soil, and -is well adapted for bowers or trellis-work. Propagated by ripened -cuttings, and slips of the root, planted under a hand glass; or by -layering the young shoots. - - =B. volubilis= (twining).* _fl._ greenish-white; panicles small, - axillary and terminal. Drupe oblong, violaceous. June. _l._ oval, - mucronate, a little wavy. Branches smooth. Carolina, 1714. A - deciduous twiner. (G. G. 165.) - -=BERGAMOT.= _See_ =Mentha odorata=. - -=BERGERA= (named after C. J. Berger, a distinguished Danish botanist). -ORD. _RutaceA|_. Interesting stove evergreen trees, now usually referred -to _Murraya_. Leaves impari-pinnate; leaflets alternate, acuminated, -pubescent. They thrive in a mixture of turfy loam and peat. Propagated -by ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, and placed in sand, under a -hand glass, in bottom heat; or by layers. - - =B. KA"nigi= (Konig's). _fl._ whitish-yellow, small; racemes many, - forming a corymb at the top of the branches. June. _l._, leaflets - serrated. _h._ 40ft. India, 1820. (L. B. C. 1019.) - -=BERKHEYA= (named after M. J. L. de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist), ORD. -_CompositA|_. A genus of ornamental greenhouse or hardy thistle-like -herbs or shrubs. Flower-heads surrounded by a spiny involucre, the -scales of which are united at the base only; pappus of many flat, -obtuse, or pointed, scales. They are of easy cultivation in a sandy -loam soil. The perennials are increased by cuttings placed under a -glass; the herbaceous perennials usually by divisions of the plant in -spring. The species most frequently seen in English gardens is _B. -purpurea_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 246. BERBERIS WALLICHIANA.] - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ yellow; scales - of involucre spiny toothed. July. _l._ opposite, lanceolate, - three-nerved, spiny toothed, downy beneath. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good - Hope, 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. (B. M. 1844.) - - =B. pinnata= (pinnate). _fl.-heads_ yellow; involucral scales - spine-pointed, entire or toothed. Autumn. _l._ oblong, woolly - beneath, deeply cut into lance-shaped segments. SYN. _StobA|a - pinnata_. (B. M. 1788.) - - =B. purpurea= (purplish).* _fl.-heads_ numerous, pedunculate, - corymbose, circular, 3in. across, surrounded by an involucre of - spreading or reflexed linear oblong bracts. _l._, lower ones 15in. - to 18in. long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. wide, dark green, viscid above, - paler and cottony beneath. _h._ 3ft. South Africa. A very handsome, - hardy, herbaceous perennial. (G. C. 1872, p. 1261.) SYN. _StobA|a - purpurea_. - - =B. uniflora= (one-flowered). _fl.-heads_ yellow; scales of - involucre spiny toothed. June. _l._ alternate, lanceolate, - three-nerved, spiny toothed, downy beneath. _h._ 3ft. Cape of Good - Hope, 1815. Greenhouse evergreen. (B. M. 2094.) - -=BERMUDA CEDAR.= _See_ =Juniperus bermudiana=. - -=BERRY.= A fleshy fruit, containing seeds. - -=BERTHOLLETIA= (in honour of Louis Claude Berthollet, a celebrated -French chemist). Brazil Nut Tree. TRIBE LecythideA| of ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. -_B. excelsa_ is a tall tree, having the young branches leafy at the -apex. Leaves alternate, oblong, quite entire, rather coriaceous. From -this Brazilian species are obtained the well-known Brazil or Para Nuts -of commerce. The tree is of no value for decorative purposes. - -=BERTOLONIA= (named after A. Bertoloni, an Italian botanist, author of -"Rariorum ItaliA| Plantarum Decades," &c.). ORD. _MelastomaceA|_. Elegant -little creeping or dwarf-growing stove plants, chiefly cultivated -for their exquisitely marked leaves. Flowers white or purple. Leaves -stalked, ovate-cordate, five to eleven-nerved, crenulated; cymes -corymbose, terminal. They thrive in a compost of equal parts peat, -leaf mould, and sand, in a warm, close, and moist atmosphere, but are -most successfully cultivated under a bell glass in the stove; in fact, -the latter is the only plan of growing them where a constantly humid -atmosphere cannot be otherwise obtained without such means. They are -easily propagated by cuttings or seeds. - - =B. A|nea= (coppery). _fl._ purple. _h._ 6in. Brazil. - - =B. guttata= (spotted). _See_ =Gravesia=. - - =B. maculata= (spotted).* _fl._ violet-purple; peduncles axillary, - bearing at the apex a short raceme of six to seven flowers. _l._ - on long petioles, cordate, ovate, quite entire, pilose on both - surfaces and on the margins, five-nerved. Branches, petioles, - peduncles, and calyces hispid from long bristles. Stem rooting at - the base. Brazil, 1850. (B. M. 4551.) - - =B. marmorata= (marbled).* _l._ 5in. to 8in. long, ovate-oblong, - hairy, five-nerved; upper side vivid bright green, beautifully - marked with irregular streaks of pure white; under surface of a - uniform rich purple. Stem fleshy. _h._ 6in. Brazil, 1858. - - =B. pubescens= (downy).* _l._ ovate-acuminate, 3in. to 4in. - long, and 2in. to 3in. broad; bright light green, with a broad - chocolate-coloured band down the centre; upper surface clothed with - long white hairs. Ecuador. - -=BERZELIA= (named in honour of Berzelius, a celebrated Swedish -chemist). ORD. _BruniaceA|_. Very pretty little greenhouse evergreen -shrubs. Heads of flowers naked, with three bracts at the base of each; -usually crowded at the tops of the branches. Leaves short, somewhat -trigonal, imbricate or spreading. They require a mixture of peat, loam, -and sand, with thorough drainage and moderately firm potting. Young -cuttings root freely in sand, under a bell glass, in gentle heat. - - =B. abrotanoides= (Abrotanum-like). _fl.-heads_ white, the size of - a filbert, terminal, crowded, sub-corymbose; bracts clavate, green, - smooth, ustulate at the apex. May to July. _l._ ovate, ustulate at - the apex, smooth, spreading, on short petioles. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape - of Good Hope, 1787. (L. B. C. 355.) - - =B. lanuginosa= (woolly).* _fl.-heads_ white, about the size of - a pea, at the tops of lateral branches, disposed in a fastigiate - panicle; bracts spathulate, callose at the apex. June to August. - _l._ triquetrous, spreading, callose at the apex, rather hairy. - Branches erect, villous when young. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good - Hope, 1774. (L. B. C. 572.) - -=BESCHORNERIA= (in honour of H. Beschorner, a German botanist). -ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. Greenhouse evergreen succulents, allied to -_LittA|a_ and _Fourcroya_. Perianth deeply six-parted; segments linear -spathulate, tubulose-connivent, often spreading at the point; stamens -six, about as long as the perianth. For culture, &c., _see_ =Agave= and -=Aloe=. - - =B. bracteata= (bracteate). _fl._ at first green, turning - yellowish-red when mature; panicle 2ft. to 3ft. long; branches - many-flowered and corymbose, subtended by large scariose reddish - bracts. _l._ in a dense rosette, 12in. to 18in. long, thin, - glaucous green with scabrous margin. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Mexico. See - Fig. 247. (B. M. 6641.) - - =B. Decosteriana= (Decoster's). _fl._ green, tinged with red, - pendulous, bracteate; panicle 2ft. to 3ft. long, inclined, with - numerous bracts. _l._ numerous, spreading, 18in. to 24in. long, by - 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; edges minutely serrulate. _h._ 8ft. Mexico, - about 1880. - - =B. Tonelii= (Tonel's).* _fl._ tubular, 2-1/2in. long, drooping, - pedicellate, dark blood-red below and down the centre, the rest - very bright verdigris green; panicle 2ft. long, slender, inclined; - bracts several to each fascicle of flowers; scape 4ft. high, - red-purple. _l._ few, spreading, 15in. to 20in. long, by 2-1/2in. - broad, acuminate and keeled beneath towards the top, minutely - serrulate. Mexico, 1872. (B. M. 6091.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 247. BESCHORNERIA BRACTEATA.] - - =B. tubiflora= (tube-flowered). _fl._ greenish-purple, nutant, - fascicled, bracteate; fascicles remote, secund; scapes erect, long, - simple. May. _l._ radical, linear, channelled, recurved, spinosely - denticulate. _h._ 6ft. Mexico, 1845. (B. M. 4642.) - - =B. yuccoides= (Yucca-like). _fl._ bright green, pendent, racemose, - with rich rosy-red bracts; scapes slender, coral-red, simple. - May and June. _l._ radical, thickish, lanceolate, acute, 1ft. to - 1-1/2ft. long. _h._ 4ft. Mexico. - -=BESLERIA= (named in honour of Basil Besler, an apothecary at -Nuremberg). SYN. _Eriphia_. ORD. _GesneraceA|_. Very pretty stove -sub-shrubs, usually erect, branched. Peduncles axillary, few-flowered. -Leaves opposite, petiolate, thickish; nerves and veins very prominent -beneath. Stems sub-tetragonal. A light rich earth, or a mixture of -sand, loam, and peat, and a moist atmosphere, are necessary for -successful cultivation. Beslerias may be increased by cuttings, which -root readily in heat. - - =B. coccinea= (scarlet-berried).* _fl._ yellow; peduncles axillary - bearing three to six flowers in an umbel at top; bracts two, at - the division of the common peduncle, orbicularly cordate, toothed, - scarlet. _l._ ovate, glabrous, stiff, a little toothed. Guiana, - 1819. Climbing shrub. (A. G. 255.) - - =B. cristata= (crested). _fl._, corolla yellowish, hairy outside; - peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered; bracts cordate, - toothed, sessile, scarlet. June. _l._ ovate, serrated. Guiana, - 1739. Climbing shrub. - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ large, campanulate, - spotted with red; peduncles axillary, elongated, many-flowered. - _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminated, crenated, densely pilose above, - villous beneath, as well as on the branches. _h._ 3ft. Brazil. - - =B. Imrayi= (Imray's). _fl._ rather small, yellow, in axillary - whorls. _l._ large, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous. Stems - quadrangular. Dominica, 1862. Herbaceous perennial. (B. M. 6341.) - - =B. incarnata= (flesh-coloured-berried).* _fl._, corollas purplish; - tube very long, ventricose; lobes of limb reflexed, roundish, - unequal, fringed; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. _l._ - oblong, crenated, tomentose on both surfaces. _h._ 2ft. Guiana, - 1820. Herbaceous perennial. - - =B. violacea= (purple-berried). _fl._ purple, small; corolla with - a curved tube and spreading limb; peduncles racemosely panicled, - terminal. Berry purple, edible. _l._ ovate, acute, quite entire, - stiff. Guiana, 1824. Climbing shrub. (A. G. 254.) - -=BESOM=, or =BROOM=. Birch-brooms are best for garden purposes, and -are generally used. The most suitable for paved yards are those made -of the common Ling (_Calluna vulgaris_). Those made of bass fibres are -frequently used on paths, for which they are very suitable, but their -expensiveness prevents them being generally employed. Whatever material -is used in its composition, a Besom will last much longer if soaked in -water for some time before using. - -=BESSERA= (in honour of Dr. Besser, Professor of Botany at Brody). ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. An elegant little half-hardy, Squill-like, bulbous plant, -from Mexico. Perianth bell-shaped, six-parted. Leaves narrow, linear. -It requires a compost of loam, leaf soil, peat, and sand, with good -drainage. If cultivated in pots, a plentiful supply of water must be -given from the commencement of growth until ripening off. When at rest, -however, it should be kept dry and cool, but secure from the effects of -frost. If planted out, a well-drained sunny position must be chosen, -such as close to the wall of a greenhouse with a southern aspect. -Propagation may be effected by offsets. - - =B. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ scarlet, or scarlet and white. July - to September. _l._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, narrow, furrowed on the upper - side. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1850. This is the only species. The colour - of the flowers varies considerably, on which account other names - have originated. (B. R. 25, 34.) - -=BETA= (from _bett_, the Celtic word for red; in reference to the -colour of the Beet). Beetroot. ORD. _ChenopodiaceA|_. Perianth single, -half-inferior, five-cleft, persistent. Seed one, reniform, imbedded -in the fleshy base of the calyx. _B. Cicla_ is largely used as a -decorative plant in sub-tropical and other styles of gardening. They -require the same culture as the ordinary Beet. The other sorts, with -dark blood-red leaves, are largely employed in flower gardens, and the -roots utilised for culinary purposes. _See also_ =Beet=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 248. BETA HORTENSIS METALLICA, or VICTORIA BEET.] - - =B. Cicla= (Sicilian). _fl._ greenish, disposed in threes. - August. _l._ with very thick ribs. Roots scarcely any. _h._ 6ft. - Portugal, 1570. The variety, _B. c. variegata_, usually known - as the Chilian Beet, is a very handsome plant, having its leaves - often more than a yard in length and over 1ft. in diameter, with - a remarkably handsome variegation. The midribs are usually dark - orange or scarlet. It is a most desirable and effective plant for - sub-tropical gardening. - - =B. hortensis metallica= (metallic). Victoria Beet. An ornamental - variety with glistening deep blood-red leaves. Useful for - decorative purposes in summer, either as a single specimen or in a - mass. Roots may also be used for cooking. See Fig. 248. - - =B. maritima= (sea). _fl._ greenish, disposed in hairs. August. - _l._, lower ones rhomboid-ovoid, acute; upper ones lanceolate. Stem - diffuse. Root scarcely any. _h._ 1ft. Britain. - - =B. vulgaris= (common). The Common Beetroot. _fl._ greenish, - clustered. August. _l._, lower ones ovate. Root fleshy. _h._ 4ft. - South Europe, 1548. - -=BETCKEA.= _See_ =Plectritis=. - -=BETEL=, or =BETLE=. _See_ =Piper Betle=. - -=BETONICA.= This genus now forms a sub-division of _Stachys_ (which -_see_). Betony (_Stachys Betonica_) is a native herb formerly much used -in medicine, but now almost entirely discarded. - -=BETONY.= _See_ =Stachys Betonica=. - -=BETULA.= (according to some authorities, from _Betu_, its Celtic name; -others give the derivation of the word as from _batuo_, to beat, the -fasces of the Roman lictors, which were made of Birch rods, being used -to drive back the people). Birch. ORD. _CupuliferA|_. TRIBE _BetuleA|_. -Ornamental, hardy (except where otherwise specified), deciduous trees -or shrubs, allied to _Alnus_, having round, slender, often drooping -branches, and the bark in most species in thin membranous layers. -The flowers appear at the same time as the leaves. Male catkins -cylindrical, lax, imbricated all round with ternate concave scales, -the middle one largest, ovate; corolla none; filaments ten to twelve, -shorter than the middle scale, to which they are attached. Female -catkins similar, but more dense; scales horizontal, peltate, dilated -outwards, three-lobed, three-flowered; corolla none. Nut oblong, -deciduous, winged at each side. The Betulas are easily cultivated in -any ordinary soil; but a light sandy loam suits them best. Most of the -species are best increased by seeds, which ripen in September, and need -to be dried, in order to prevent fermentation. They should be sown in -March, in a sandy soil, the surface of which has been previously made -perfectly level. They must be spread on the surface, and not covered -with soil, but pressed down with the feet. When grown in quantities, -beds 4ft. in width are preferred, with an alley of 1ft. between them. -In early summer, if the weather be warm and dry, the beds should be -shaded with branches. The young seedlings must be transplanted when -a year old. The dwarfer kinds may be propagated by layering in the -autumn. The numerous beautiful varieties are best increased by grafting -or budding upon seedling stocks of the common kinds, the former being -done in spring, and the latter in summer when the buds are ready. -Those most useful as forest trees and for protection are quick-growing -and very ornamental. The time of maturity of the Birch depends very -much upon the soil and situation, but it seldom increases in size -after it is thirty years old. The common species (_B. alba_) is one of -the hardiest and most useful trees in cultivation, growing quickly, -and withstanding exposure better than many others; consequently it -is invaluable for skirting and nursing more tender subjects, and is -especially desirable for clothing mountainous and exposed districts. -It is also very beautiful and picturesque. It is the commonest tree -throughout Russia, from the Baltic to the Eastern Sea, frequently -monopolising gigantic forests. In Italy, it forms excellent forests up -to 6000ft. altitude, and in our own Highlands of Scotland it occurs up -to a height of 2500ft. In Greenland, although much reduced in size, it -holds its own as the only arboreal vegetation. - -[Illustration: FIG. 249. LEAVES AND CATKIN OF BETULA ALBA.] - - =B. alba= (white).* Silver, White, or Common Birch. _fl._ whitish. - February and March. _fr._ brown, ripe in September and October. - _l._ ovate, acute, somewhat deltoid, unequally serrated; autumnal - tints rich yellow, scarlet, or red. A diminutive shrub in the - extreme north, but a tree from 50ft. to 60ft. high in the middle - regions. Britain. A most beautiful and invaluable forest tree, with - a large number of varieties. See Fig. 249. - - =B. a. alba-purpurea= (white and purple).* _l._ rich purple above, - with a lustrous metallic hue, pale beneath. Branches with a - sub-pendulous disposition. A very effective variety. - - =B. a. dalecarlica= (Dalecarlian).* _l._ deeply pinnatifid, with - the lobes toothed. - - =B. a. foliis-variegatis= (variegated-leaved).* _l._ blotched with - yellowish white. - - =B. a. laciniata pendula= (pendulous and laciniate).* _l._ rather - larger than the typical form, deeply laciniated, deep green, and - decidedly pendulous. It appears there are two forms of this, but - that known as Young's variety is the best. - - =B. a. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* Female catkins twice as long - as those of the type. - - =B. a. pendula= (pendulous).* A well-known tree, distinct from the - species in having the shoots more slender, smoother, and pendulous. - - =B. a. pontica= (pontic). _l._ somewhat larger than in the species, - and the plant of more robust growth. (W. D. B. 2, 94.) - - =B. a. pubescens= (downy). _l._ covered with hairs. - - =B. a. urticifolia= (nettle-leaved).* _l._ deeply laciniated, - serrated, and hairy. Several others, reputed as distinct, are mere - forms of the typical _B. alba_. - - =B. Bhojpattra= (Bhojpattra).* _fl._, female catkins erect, - cylindrical, oblong; bracts smooth, woody, two-parted, blunt, - much longer than the fruit, which has narrow wings. May. _l._ - oblong-acute, with nearly simple serratures, somewhat cordate at - the base; their stalks, veins, and twigs hairy; the bark is of a - pale cinnamon colour. _h._ 50ft. Himalayas, 1840. This requires a - sheltered position. - - =B. carpinifolia= (Hornbeam-leaved). Synonymous with _B. lenta_. - - =B. daurica= (Daurian).* _fl._, catkins whitish-brown, larger than - those of the common Birch. February and March. _l._ ovate, narrow - at the base, quite entire, unequally dentate, glabrous; scales of - the strobiles ciliated on their margins; side lobes roundish. _h._ - 30ft. to 40ft. Siberia, 1786. The variety _parvifolia_ has smaller - leaves than the type. - - =B. excelsa= (tall). Synonymous with _B. lutea_. - - =B. fruticosa= (shrubby).* _fl._ whitish-brown; female catkins - oblong. February and March. _l._ roundish-ovate, nearly equally - serrated, glabrous. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. in moist situations, but much - higher on mountains. Eastern Siberia, 1818. (W. D. B. 2, 154.) - - =B. glandulosa= (glandular).* _fl._ whitish; female catkins oblong. - May. _l._ obovate, serrate, quite entire at the base, glabrous, - almost sessile; branches beset with glandular dots, glabrous. _h._ - 2ft. Canada, 1816. A handsome little shrub. (F. D. 2583.) - - =B. lenta= (pliant). _fl._ greenish-white. May to June. _l._ - cordate, ovate, acutely serrated, acuminate; petioles and nerves - hairy beneath; scales of the strobiles smooth, having the side - lobes obtuse, equal, with prominent veins. _h._ 60ft. to 70ft. - Canada to Georgia, 1759. SYN. _B. carpinifolia_. (W. D. B. 2, 144.) - - =B. lutea= (yellow).* _fl._ greenish-white. May. _l._ 3-1/2in. - long, and 2-1/2in. broad, ovate, acute, serrated; petioles - pubescent, shorter than the peduncles; young shoots and leaves, at - their unfolding, downy, but ultimately quite glabrous, except the - petiole, which remains covered with fine short hairs; scales of the - strobiles having the side lobes roundish. _h._ 70ft. to 80ft. Nova - Scotia, 1767. SYN. _B. excelsa_. - - =B. nana= (dwarf).* _fl._ whitish-green; catkins erect, stalked, - cylindrical, obtuse; the barren ones lateral, and the fertile - ones terminal; scales of the latter three-lobed, three-flowered, - permanent. April and May. _l._ orbicular, crenate, reticulated with - veins beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Scotland, Lapland, Sweden, Russia, - &c. A shrub with numerous branches, slightly downy when young, and - beset with numerous little, round, firm, smooth, sharply crenated - leaves, beautifully reticulated with veins, especially beneath; and - furnished with short footstalks, having a pair of brown lanceolate - stipules at their base. There is also a pretty variety named - _pendula_, with drooping branches. - - =B. nigra= (black).* The Black Birch. _fl._ greenish-white; female - catkins straight, and nearly cylindrical, about 2in. long. May. - _l._ rhomboid-ovate, doubly serrated, acute, pubescent beneath, - entire at the base; scales of the strobiles villose; segments - linear, equal. _h._ 60ft. to 70ft. New Jersey to Carolina, 1736. - SYN. _B. rubra_. (W. D. B. 2, 153.) - - =B. papyracea= (papery).* _fl._ greenish-white; female catkins on - long footstalks, drooping; scales having the side lobes short, - somewhat orbiculate. May to June. _l._ ovate, acuminate, doubly - serrate; veins hairy beneath; petiole glabrous; the branches are - much less flexible than those of the common Birch, and are more - ascending. _h._ 60ft. to 70ft. North America, 1750. (W. D. B. 2, - 152.) - - =B. p. fusca= (brown). _l._ smaller than those of the type, and - less downy. - - =B. p. platyphylla= (broad-leaved).* _l._ very broad. - - =B. p. trichoclada= (hairy-branched).* _l._ cordate. Branches - extremely hairy, and twigs in threes. - - =B. populifolia= (Poplar-leaved).* _fl._ greenish-white. April, - May. _l._ deltoid, much acuminated, unequally serrated, quite - smooth; scales of the strobiles having roundish side lobes; - petioles glabrous. _h._ 30ft. Canada, 1750. This species, although - very closely resembling _B. alba_, grows with less vigour, and does - not attain so large a size. (W. D. B. 2, 151.) - - =B. p. laciniata= (laciniated).* _l._ large, shining, and deeply - cut. - - =B. p. pendula= (pendulous).* Spray drooping, like that of _B. alba - pendula_. - - =B. pumila= (dwarf).* _fl._ whitish; female catkins cylindrical. - May and June. _l._ roundish ovate, on long footstalks, densely - clothed with hairs on the under surface. Branches pubescent, - dotless. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Canada, 1762. A very beautiful kind, - suitable for furnishing large rockeries, or planting on hill sides, - or rocky ground. (W. D. B. 2, 97.) - - =B. rubra= (red).* Synonymous with _B. nigra_. - -=BETULEA†.= A tribe of deciduous shrubs or trees. Perianth none, or -bract-like; flowers monA"cious, in catkins, in twos or threes. Fruit, -a dry, compressed, lenticular, often winged, indehiscent nut. Leaves -alternate, simple, stipulated. The genera are _Alnus_ and _Betula_. - -=BI.= In compound words, this signifies twice. - -=BIANCEA SCANDENS.= _See_ =CA|salpinia sepiaria=. - -=BIARUM= (an ancient name of a plant). ORD. _AroideA|_. A genus of -small, hardy, tuberous-rooted perennials, much more curious than -pretty, allied to _Sauromatum_. This genus, according to Dr. Masters, -differs from _Arum_ in its spathe being tubular at the base, with the -limb spreading. The female flowers have a distinct style, and the -fruit contains only one ovule. They will thrive in any light, rich, -well-drained soil, and may otherwise be treated similar to the hardy -_Arums_. There are several other species besides those named, but they -are not yet in general cultivation. - - =B. constrictum= (constricted). A synonym of _B. tenuifolium_. - - =B. gramineum= (grassy). A synonym of _B. tenuifolium_. - - =B. tenuifolium= (slender-leaved).* _fl._, spathe dark - brown-purple, reflexed in the upper part; spadix very long, - subuliform. June. _l._ linear-lanceolate. _h._ 6in. South Europe, - 1570. SYNS. _B. gramineum_ and _B. constrictum_. (B. R. 512, under - name of _Arum tenuifolium_.) - -=BIAURICULATE.= Having two auricles. - -=BIBRACTEATE.= Furnished with two bracts. - -=BIBRACTEOLATE.= Furnished with two secondary bracts. - -=BICARINATE.= Two-keeled. - -=BICOLOR.= Two-coloured. - -=BICONJUGATE.= Having two secondary petioles, each with a pair of -leaflets. - -=BICORNUTE.= With two horn-like processes. - -=BIDENS= (from _bis_, twice, and _dens_ a tooth; in reference to -the seed). Bur Marigold. ORD. _CompositA|_. A rather large genus of -mostly hardy annual and perennial herbs, distinguished by the pericarp -having from two to four rigid awns, which are rough with minute -deflexed points. Involucre erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, -parallel scales. Most of the species of this genus are of no merit as -garden plants. Two are natives of Britain, viz., _B. cernua_ and _B. -tripartita_. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by -divisions of the plant; or by seeds. - - =B. atro-sanguinea= (dark-bloody). _fl.-heads_ black-crimson, very - freely produced. Late summer and autumn. Leaves pinnate. Root - tuberous. _h._ 3ft. Mexico. (B. M. 5227.) - - =B. ferulA|folia= (Ferula-leaved). _fl.-heads_ yellow. Autumn. _l._ - bipinnatifid. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1799. SYN. _Coreopsis ferulA|folia_. - (B. M. 2059.) - - =B. procera= (tall). _fl.-heads_ yellow, large. _l._ finely - divided, deep green. A handsome perennial. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. - Mexico, 1820. (B. R. 684.) - - =B. striata= (striped). _fl.-heads_ rather large, in a panicled - leafy corymb; ray florets white; disk yellow. _l._ ternately - pinnated, glabrous. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Autumn. Mexico. (B. M. 3155.) - -=BIDENTATE.= With two teeth. - -=BIEBERSTEINIA= (named after Frederic Marschall Bieberstein, a Russian -naturalist, author of "Flora Taurico-Caucasica," and other works). ORD. -_RutaceA|_. A genus of half-hardy herbaceous perennials. They thrive in -a compost of loam, peat, and sand. Propagated by cuttings, placed under -a hand glass in early summer; or by seeds, sown in a slight hotbed in -March or April. - - =B. odora= (sweet). _fl._ yellow; racemes terminal, simple; petals - entire. May. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets roundish, deeply - toothed. Plant beset with glandular hairs. _h._ 1ft. Altaia, 1837. - -=BIENNIAL.= A term applied to plants occupying two years in the -development from seed to the maturation of seed: growing one year, -flowering, fruiting, and dying the next. Seeds of Hardy Biennials are, -as a rule, sown from June to August, to flower the succeeding season. -Tender varieties are sown in a frame or cool house, and kept there all -winter, being transferred from the frames or houses to the open border, -in June. Wallflowers, Foxgloves, Canterbury Bells, and Sweet Williams, -may be taken as fair types of Biennials, although they often assume -more than a Biennial character on light sandy soils. - -=BIFARIOUS.= Two-ranked; arranged in two opposite rows. - -=BIFID.= Divided about half-way down into two parts; two-cleft. - -=BIFOLIATE.= Compound leaves with two leaflets. - -=BIFRENARIA= (from _bis_, twice, and _frA|num_, a strap; in reference -to a double strap or band, by means of which the pollen masses are -connected with their gland). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A genus of pretty stove -orchids, allied to _Maxillaria_, and distinguished from it by having -two frA|na or caudicles to their pollen masses. For culture, _see_ -=Maxillaria=. - - =B. aurantiaca= (orange-coloured).* _fl._ orange; lateral lobes of - lip semi-cordate, middle one transverse, sub-undulated, callous at - the base; raceme erect. October. _l._ oblong, plicate. Pseudo-bulb - roundish, compressed, two-leaved. _h._ 9in. Demerara, 1834. (B. R. - 1875.) - - =B. aureo-fulva= (orange-tawny). _fl._ orange, on long pedicels; - lip unguiculate, three-lobed; scape radical, many-flowered. - October. _l._ oblong-lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb roundish-ovate, - wrinkled, one-leaved. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1840. - - =B. Hadwenii= (Hadwen's). _fl._ each nearly 4in. across; petals and - sepals 1/2in. broad, yellow green, beautifully blotched or mottled - with a rich brown; lip large, above 1in. broad, white, with striped - spots of rose. June. _l._ long, 1/4in. broad. _h._ 1-1/2in. Brazil, - 1851. SYN. _Scuticaria Hadwenii_. (B. M. 4629.) - - =B. H. bella= (charming).* A new variety with sepals and petals - whitish yellow outside, brilliant shining cinnamon inside, with a - few spots, bars, and blotches of whitish sulphur colour; lip wide, - white, with one light brown spot behind, and a larger one in front - of the callus; radiating light brown lines on lateral lobes, and - mauve ones on anterior lobe. - - =B. H. pardalina= (leopard-marked).* A very beautiful variety, - having sepals and petals with brown circles or polygonal figures - on a light yellow ground; lip light ochre-coloured at its basilar - part, white in front, with radiating mauve-purple streaks. This - variety is extremely rare. - - =B. vitellina= (yolk-coloured).* _fl._ yellowish purple; lip - cuneate, three-lobed; lateral lobes acute, crenulated; racemes - drooping. July. _l._ lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb ovate, bluntly - angular, one-leaved. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1838. - -=BIFURCATE.= Twice-forked. - -=BIGELOVIA= (named after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of "Florula -Bostoniensis," &c.). ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus of hardy shrubs, -sub-shrubs, or herbaceous plants, as now understood, comprising -several subjects formerly referred to _Chrysothamnus_, _Linosyris_, -&c. Flower-heads disposed in corymbs; involucre imbricated, oblong, or -campanulate; receptacle flat. Leaves alternate, linear or lanceolate. -They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by cuttings. - - =B. Howardii= (Howard's). _fl.-heads_ yellow; involucre narrow. A - low shrub. SYN. _Linosyris Howardii_. - - =B. nudata= (naked). _fl.-heads_ yellow. September. _l._ scattered, - oblanceolate or linear. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. New Jersey. Perennial. - - =B. paniculata= (panicled). _fl.-heads_ yellow, barely 1/2in. long, - loosely panicled, five-flowered. California. Shrubby. - -=BIGEMINATE.= Doubly paired. - -=BIGLANDULARIA.= _See_ =Sinningia=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 250. BRANCH AND FLOWERS OF BIGNONIA MAGNIFICA.] - -=BIGNONIA= (so named by Tournefort, in compliment to the AbbA(C) Bignon, -librarian to Louis IV.). ORD. _BignoniaceA|_. A large genus of usually -scandent shrubs, furnished with tendrils; rarely erect trees or shrubs. -Flowers axillary and terminal, usually panicled; corolla with a short -tube, a campanulate throat, and a five-lobed, bilabiate limb. Leaves -opposite, simple, conjugate, ternate, digitate or pinnatifid. These -handsome plants are particularly suited for large houses, where, if -well grown, they give great satisfaction. The primary point in their -culture is to obtain free and, at the same time, sturdy growth, giving -due attention to training, pruning, &c., or the plants soon exceed all -limits. Like all free-growing plants, Bignonias thrive best planted -out in the borders of the stove or greenhouse, or out of doors, as -the case may be; but the space allowed should be limited, in order to -restrict root production. They may either be trained to cover the back -wall, or be planted in a border in front, and trained up the rafters, -or on wires, arranged where most desirable. In summer, allow all the -strongest shoots to grow, training them so as to have as much sunlight -as possible-A--which is absolutely necessary to well ripen the wood, and -make it capable of producing flowersA---without entirely shutting it out -from the plants below. Soil: A compost of two part fibrous loam, one -part peat, one of leaf mould, and a due proportion of sand, will be -found most satisfactory. The loam and peat should be used in a rough -state, unsifted, as this will keep the border open for some years, -and thorough drainage should be effected. Propagation: Seed being -rarely procurable, the most satisfactory method of propagation is by -cuttings, made of good strong shoots, in early spring. Three joints -are sufficient to make a cutting, if short-jointed; if long-jointed, -two are sufficient. Place them in a well-drained pot of sandy soil, -under a bell glass, in bottom heat. As these cuttings are young and -fleshy, they are liable to damp off; hence it is necessary, for the -first two or three weeks, to wipe the moisture from the glasses every -morning, and water sparingly. If well managed, they will root in about -two months, and should then have the glasses left off every night for -a week; they should then be transferred to small pots in the compost -above described, passing it through a coarse sieve, to extract the -stones and rough pieces of soil. After potting, the plants should be -kept close for a short time, till they are able to bear full exposure -to the light. In a year's time, they will be large enough to plant -out in their permanent quarters. Bignonias may also be increased by -layering. - - =B. A|quinoxialis= (equinoxial). _fl._ yellow; peduncles - two-flowered, terminal ones racemose. June to October. _l._ - glabrous, conjugate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate. Tendrils simple, - axillary. Cayenne, 1768. - - =B. A|. Chamberlaynii= (Chamberlayn's).* _fl._, corolla yellow, - funnel-shaped; segments obtuse; racemes axillary, six to - eight-flowered. April to October, _l._, leaflets ovate, acuminated, - glabrous, shining above. Tendrils strong, simple. Brazil, 1820. (B. - R. 741.) - - =B. A|sculifolia= (Chestnut-leaved). A synonym of _Tabebiua - A|sculifolia_. - - =B. apurensis= (Apuran). _fl._ pedicellate, 2in. long; corolla - yellow, funnel-shaped, with roundish, spreading, nearly equal - lobes; spikes terminal, sessile. _l._ ternate; leaflets - elliptic-oblong, short-acuminated, acutish at the base. Shady banks - of the river Apures, near El Diamante, 1824. - - =B. argyreo-violascens= (silvery-violet). _l._ white-veined, in a - young state violet. South America, 1865. (F. M. 1865, 26.) - - =B. aurantiaca= (orange). _fl._ orange-coloured. South America, - 1874. - - =B. capreolata= (tendrilled).* _fl._, corolla orange; peduncles - axillary, one-flowered, crowded. April to August. _l._ conjugate; - leaflets cordate oblong; lower ones simple. Tendrils small, trifid. - North America, 1710. Hardy in south of England. (B. M. 864.) - - =B. c. atro-sanguinea= (dark blood-red). _fl._ red-purple. Summer. - United States. (B. M. 6501.) - - =B. Cherere= (Chirere).* _fl._, corollas orange, 2in. long; cymes - axillary. June to November. _l._, lower ones ternate, upper - ones conjugate, cirrhose; leaflets ovate, acuminated, sometimes - sub-cordate, glabrous. Guiana (in woods and on the banks of - rivers), 1824. (B. R. 1301.) - - =B. Chica= (Chica). _fl._, corolla funnel-shaped, violaceous; limb - with nearly equal, rounded segments; panicles axillary, pendulous. - _l._ 8in. to 10in. long, abruptly bipinnate; leaflets conjugate, - elliptic-ovate, acuminated, deeply cordate, glabrous. Tendrils - simple. Banks of the Orinoco, 1819. - - =B. chrysantha= (yellow-flowered). _fl._ terminal, crowded; corolla - yellow, 2in. long. May. _l._, leaflets five, ovate, acuminated, - tomentose, on pedicels 5in. long. _h._ 12ft. to 26ft. Caraccas, - 1823. Tree. - - =B. chrysoleuca= (yellowish-white). _fl._, corolla yellow, - with a white limb, glabrous, 1-1/2in. long; peduncles three to - five-flowered. June, July. _l._ conjugate; leaflets 5in. to 6in. - long, 2in. broad, oblong acuminated, glabrous, rounded at the base, - shining. Tendrils undivided. Banks of the River Magdalena, 1824. - - =B. Clematis= (Clematis-like).* _fl._, corolla white, yellowish - inside; lobes nearly equal, roundish, red; panicles axillary, - downy. _l._ 7in. to 8in. long, conjugately pinnate, with an odd - one; leaflets 2in. long, 1in. broad, ovate, narrowed at top, acute, - cordate at the base, glabrous. Branches quadrangular, glabrous. - Caraccas, 1820. - - =B. diversifolia= (diverse-leaved). _fl._, corolla yellow, - campanulately funnel-shaped; panicles terminal. _l._ conjugate and - simple; leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminated, sub-cordate, glabrous, - shining. Tendrils undivided. Branches quadrangular, striated. - Mexico, 1825. - - =B. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._, corolla purplish, - funnel-shaped, eight lines long; panicles axillary, powdery, with - opposite branches and dichotomous branchlets. _l._ conjugate; - leaflets 2-1/2in. long, oblong-elliptic, acuminated, acute at the - base, glabrous, shining. Tendrils undivided. Branches beset with - white warts and fine powder. Mexico, 1824. - - =B. lactiflora= (milk-flowered). _fl._, corolla milk white, - 1-1/2in. long, villously tomentose on the outside; racemes twin, - with a petiolate bract at the base of each pedicel. April and July. - _l._ conjugate; leaflets 2in. long, cordate, ovate, glabrous. - Branches striated. Tendrils trifid. Santa Cruz, 1823. - - =B. leucoxyla= (white-wooded). A synonym of _Tabebiua leucoxyla_. - - =B. litoralis= (shore). _fl._, corolla funnel-shaped, red, downy - outside; panicles axillary, dichotomously branched. May to July. - _l._ ternate; leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminated, clothed with - soft hair on both surfaces. Branches terete, glabrous; branchlets - hairy. Mexico, 1824. - - =B. magnifica= (magnificent).* _fl._ varying from delicate mauve to - rich purplish-crimson; throat light primrose colour, very large, - 3-1/2in. across; panicles large, branching. Summer. _l._ opposite, - on rather long petioles, broadly ovate. Columbia, 1879. A very - handsome species. See Fig. 250, for which we are indebted to Mr. - Bull. - - =B. mollis= (soft). _fl._ small, downy; panicle terminal, - many-flowered. _l._ trifoliate; leaflets 5in. long, ovate, - sub-cordate, downy on both surfaces. Cayenne, 1818. - - =B. molissima= (very soft). _fl._, corollas somewhat funnel-shaped, - downy inside; panicles axillary, dichotomously branched, downy. - _l._ conjugate and simple; leaflets 2-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, - ovate, acute, cordate, clothed with soft hairs above. Caraccas, - 1820. - - =B. pallida= (pale).* _fl._ axillary, usually solitary; corolla - 2in. long, funnel-shaped, with a yellow tube, and a pale lilac - limb; lobes crenately ciliated. July. _l._ simple, opposite, - oblong, obtuse, rather cordate at the base. Branches terete. St. - Vincent, 1823. (B. R. 965.) - - =B. picta= (painted). A synonym of _B. speciosa_. - - =B. radicans= (rooting). _See_ =Tecoma radicans=. - - =B. reticulata= (netted). Columbia, 1873. - - =B. Roezlii= (Roezl's). Columbia, 1870. - - B. SALICIFOLIA (Willow-leaved). _fl._, corolla funnel-shaped, - 1-1/2in. long, copper-coloured, with a white limb; peduncles - axillary, three to six-flowered, downy. Summer. _l._ conjugate; - leaflets lanceolate, 3in. long, acute at both ends, quite glabrous, - shining. Branches terete, sulcate. Trinidad, 1824. - - =B. speciosa= (beautiful).* _fl._ pink, stained with purple; calyx - spathaceous, split on one side; panicles terminal. May. _l._ - pinnate, ternate and verticillate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, - acuminate, shining, serrate. _h._ 4ft. Uruguay, 1840. A glabrous - evergreen shrub. SYN. _B. picta_. (B. M. 3888.) - - =B. spectabilis= (showy). _fl._, corolla 3in. long, rather - coriaceous, glabrous, purple; racemes terminal, short, having the - two lower pedicels three-flowered, and the rest one-flowered. _l._ - conjugate; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminated, obtuse. Santa Cruz, - &c., 1820. - - =B. Tweediana= (Tweedie's). _fl._ yellow; corolla glabrous, limb - deeply five-parted, ciliated; segments emarginate; peduncles - one-flowered. Summer. _l._ conjugate; leaflets lanceolate, - acuminate; petioles downy. Buenos Ayres, 1838. (B. R. 26, 45.) - - =B. variabilis= (variable).* _fl._, corolla 3in. long, with a - greenish-yellow tube; limb ultimately white; racemes simple, - short, many-flowered, terminal. June to August. _l._, lower ones - biternate; superior ones conjugate; divisions ternate. Branches - tetragonal. Tendrils trifid. Caraccas, 1819. - - =B. venusta= (lovely). _fl._, corolla crimson, clavately - funnel-shaped, with a spreading border, villous inside; corymbs - terminal, many-flowered. August to December. _l._, lower ones - ternate; superior ones conjugate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminated - oblique at the base. Brazil, 1816. (B. R. 249.) - -=BIGNONIACEA†.= A large order of trees, or twining or climbing shrubby -plants. Flowers usually trumpet-shaped; corolla usually irregular, four -or five-lobed, and with a swollen portion below its mouth; stamens -five, unequal. Fruit, a two-valved, often pod-like capsule. Leaves -usually opposite, compound. The best-known genera are _Bignonia_, -_Catalpa_, _Eccremocarpus_, _Jacaranda_, and _Tecoma_. - -=BIJUGATE.= A compound leaf, with two pairs of leaflets. - -=BILABIATE.= Having two lips. - -=BILBERRY.= _See_ =Vaccinium Myrtillus=. - -=BILIMBI TREE.= _See_ =Averrhoa Bilimbi=. - -=BILL.= A cutting instrument, curved forward, or hook-shaped toward -the point, and fitted with a handle, like a hatchet. It is used for -pruning, &c. When short, it is called a Hand-bill; when long, a -Hedge-bill, or Hedge-hook. - -=BILLARDIERA= (in honour of Jacques Julien Labillardiere, a celebrated -French botanist and traveller). Apple Berry. ORD. _PittosporaceA|_. Very -desirable greenhouse evergreen climbers. Peduncles solitary from the -apex of the branches, one-flowered, pendulous; calyx of five subulate -sepals; petals five, combined into a tube below, generally yellow; -stamens five. Fruit edible. Leaves alternate. They thrive either in -pots or planted out in a compost of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and -peat, in equal proportions, with thorough drainage. Cuttings, dibbled -in a pot of sandy soil, placed under a bell glass, in gentle heat, -root readily. They may also be raised from seed, which several of the -species produce in abundance. - - =B. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved). A synonym of _B. scandens_. - - =B. longiflora= (long-flowered).* _fl._ greenish-yellow, often - changing to purple, solitary; pedicels glabrous. Berries blue. May - to August. _l._ lanceolate, entire. Van Diemen's Land, 1810. A - very free-growing and profuse-flowering species. SYN. _B. ovalis_. - See Fig. 251. (B. M. 1507.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 251. FRUITING PORTION OF BILLARDIERA LONGIFLORA.] - - =B. mutabilis= (changeable). A synonym of _B. scandens_. - - =B. ovalis= (oval-leaved). A synonym of _B. longiflora_. - - =B. scandens= (climbing).* _fl._ cream-coloured, at length - purplish, solitary; pedicels same length as the flower. June - to September. _l._ lanceolate-linear, entire. Branches, when - young, villous. New Holland, 1795. SYNS. _B. mutabilis_, _B. - angustifolia_. (B. M. 1313.) - -=BILLBERGIA= (named after J. G. Billberg, a Swedish botanist). ORD. -_BromeliaceA|_. A genus of handsome stove plants. Flowers borne on light -panicles; calyx three-parted; corolla of three convolute petals, scaly -at the base; stamens inserted into the base of the perianth. Leaves -harsh, rigid. These require much the same treatment as recommended -for _A†chmea_. The most suitable soil is a mixture of peat, leaf soil, -and loam in about equal parts, to which is added some sharp sand, -to keep it open and porous. Free and perfect drainage is absolutely -necessary for the successful culture of this class of plants, and a -layer of moss should be placed over the crocks previous to filling -the pots with soil. Although fond of heat, Billbergias will, when in -flower, bear removal to a cooler house than a stove; and, if they are -kept a little dry at the same time, the change will greatly prolong -their blooming period. The stronger growing kinds thrive well in rich, -well-drained loam and leaf mould. Propagation is effected by carefully -taking off the suckers which form at the base, after the plants have -done flowering; but, before doing this, they should be allowed to -attain a good size. The suckers grow quickly when attached to the -parent stem, from which they derive their strength, and feel the check -less when severed; besides which, they become more mature, and are in -better condition for rooting. The best method to adopt is as follows: -Take the sucker in the hand and gently twist it off the stem; next -trim the base by the removal of a few of the lower leaves, and then -insert each sucker separately in a small pot, in sharp soil. A bottom -heat of about 80deg. will greatly facilitate new root-growth; failing -this, they will root freely in the temperature of a stove if placed in -a shaded position for two or three weeks, after which they will bear -increased light and sunshine during the later part of the day. _See -also_ =A†chmea= and =Androlepis=. - - =B. amA"na= (pleasing). _fl._ greenish-white, tipped with blue, - loosely panicled; bracts rose-coloured. July to winter. _l._ - ligulate, abruptly acuminate, slightly spiny. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, - 1817. (B. R. 344.) - - =B. Baraquiniana= (Baraquin's).* _fl._ green; spikes long, - the upper portion pendulous, bearing four or five large, - oblong-lanceolate, bright scarlet bracts at the base of the - flowers; the stem above the bracts is hoary white. Early spring. - _l._ ligulate, tapering to a point, where, as well as at the edges, - they are armed with sharp reddish spines, arched, transversely - variegated with white scurfy bars. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1865. (I. - H. 1864, 421.) - - =B. chlorosticta= (green-spotted). Synonymous with _B. Saundersii_. - - =B. iridifolia= (Iris-leaved).* _fl._ red and yellow, tipped with - blue, in drooping spikes; rachis and bracts crimson. March. _l._ - lanceolate, ensiform, 1-1/2ft., grey beneath. _h._ 1ft. Rio de - Janeiro, 1825. (B. R. 1068.) - - =B. Liboniana= (Libon's).* _fl._, outer perianth segments beautiful - coral red, about half as long as the inner ones, which are whitish - at the base, and a splendid purple upwards. Winter. _l._ in a dense - rosette. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1858. (B. M. 5090.) - - =B. Lietzei= (Lietz's).* _fl._ in loose terminal racemes, each - subtended by lanceolate pink bracts; sepals rosy pink, half as - long as the greenish corolla. _l._ tufted, ligulate, acute; margin - spiny. Brazil, 1881. A double-flowered variety, with petaloid - stamens, is mentioned by M. Morren, which is interesting in being - the first double-flowered Bromeliad yet recorded. (B. H. 1881, 97.) - - =B. marmorata= (marbled).* _fl._ deep blue; calyces green, tipped - with blue; bracts very large, leafy, oblong, bright scarlet; - panicles erect, branched, much longer than the leaves. _l._ broadly - ligulate, sheathing at the base, truncate-mucronate at the apex; - edges very regularly toothed, deep green, freely blotched and - barred with dull reddish-brown. (I. H. 2, 48.) - - =B. Moreli= (Morel's).* _fl._, sepals red, densely woolly, less - than half as long as the purplish-violet petals; spike dense, - drooping; bracts large, deep rosy red, much longer than the - solitary sessile flowers. February. _l._ arching, lanceolate, - shining green on both surfaces; marginal spines few and weak, _h._ - 1ft. Brazil, 1848. An excellent basket plant. SYN. _B. Moreliana_. - (B. H. 1873, 1, 2.) - - =B. Moreliana= (Morel's). Synonymous with _B. Moreli_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 252. FLOWERS OF BILLBERGIA NUTANS.] - - =B. nutans= (nodding). _fl._, sepals reddish; petals - yellowish-green, both with a blue margin; scapes slender, nodding, - with a few large rosy bracts, terminating in a short drooping - spike. Winter. _l._ numerous, long, narrow, ensiform, remotely - spiny. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1868. See Fig. 252. (B. M. 6423.) - - =B. pallescens= (pallid). _fl._ greenish-white; ovary deeply - grooved; spike pendulous; bracts lanceolate, of a beautiful - rose-pink. Winter. _l._ dark green, and spotted on the upper - surface, paler beneath, with transverse bars. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - Brazil, 1856. SYNS. _B. pallida_ and _B. Wioti_. - - =B. pallida= (pale). Synonymous with _B. pallescens_. - - =B. pyramidalis= (pyramidal). _fl._ red, with purple margin, in - erect spikes; bracts lanceolate, rosy. February. _l._ curved, - ligulate-lanceolate, with white bands beneath. _h._ 1ft. Peru, - 1822. (B. H. 1873, 16.) - - =B. Quesneliana= (Quesnel's).* _fl._ deep purple; bracts - flesh-coloured; upper ones variegated with white. _h._ 6ft. Guiana, - 1874. An erect growing species, possessing the same habit as _B. - rosea-marginata_, but having the leaves more acuminate, and deep - green in colour. SYN. _Quesnelia rufa_. (F. d. S. 10, 1026.) - - =B. rosea-marginata= (rose-margined).* _fl._, inflorescence a - dense oblong spike of light blue, subtended by large, broad, - deep, rose-coloured bracts, with scarious margins. January. _l._ - sheathing at the base, about 2ft. long, channelled, spiny on the - margin, and marked with transverse mealy bands. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - Tropical America, 1880. SYNS. _B. rubro-marginata_ and _Quesnelia - roseo-marginata_. - - =B. rubro-marginata= (red-margined). Synonymous with _B. - rosea-marginata_. - - =B. Saundersii= (Saunders').* _fl._ about 2in. long, disposed in - a loose pendulous inflorescence; sepals crimson, half the length - of the petals, which are yellow outside and blue within. _l._ - tufted, ligulate, rounded at the apex, terminated by a short - mucro, saw-toothed, green above, purple beneath, and spotted white - on both surfaces. Brazil, 1868. SYN. (according to Morren) _B. - chlorosticta_. (F. M. n. s. 106.) - - =B. thyrsoidea= (thyrsoid). _fl._ dense, in thyrsoid spikes, almost - without bracts. June. _l._ green, ligulate, shortly acuminate, the - margin toothed. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1850. (B. M. 4756.) - - =B. vittata= (striped). _fl._ indigo blue, with crimson calyces and - bracts; racemes nodding. _l._ banded, ligulate, elongate, shining. - _h._ 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1843. (B. H. 1871, 14, 15.) - - =B. Wioti= (Wiot's). Synonymous with _B. pallescens_ - - =B. zebrina= (zebra-streaked).* _fl._ greenish; scape clothed with - large, pale, salmon-coloured bracts; inflorescence gracefully - curved downwards. Early spring. _l._ sheathing for about half their - length, forming thus a sort of tube, deep green, with zones of - grey, the whole deepening with age. _h._ 1-1/2ft. South America, - 1826. SYN. _Helicodea zebrina_. (L. B. C. 1912.) - -=BILOBATE.= Two-lobed. - -=BINATE.= In pairs. - -=BINDING.= The process of securing a graft or bud in its place by means -of Raffia or Bast. The same term is applied to hard clay or other soil -impervious to water, in summer. - -=BINDWEED.= _See_ =Convolvulus=. - -=BIOPHYTUM= (from _bios_, life, and _phyton_, a plant; the leaves of -one species being sensitive to the touch). TRIBE _OxalideA|_ of order -_GeraniaceA|_. A genus of pretty and interesting perennials, differing -from _Oxalis_, in which genus it has been included, in the valves of -the capsule being patent and separate to the base. They will thrive in -a mixture of loam and peat. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown -in spring, on a hotbed. Probably the only species in cultivation is the -following: - - =B. sensitivum= (sensitive). _fl._ yellow, small. July. _l._, - leaflets oblong, obtuse, mucronate. _h._ 6in. India and China, - 1823. The leaves of this plant contract on the slightest touch. - SYN. _Oxalis sensitiva_. (B. R. 31, 68.) - -=BIOTA.= _See_ =Thuja=. - -=BIOTIA.= _See_ =Aster corymbosus=. - -=BIPARTITE.= Divided into two nearly to the base. - -=BIPINNATE.= Twice pinnate. - -=BIPINNATIFID=, or =BIPINNATIPARTED=. Having both primary and secondary -segments of a leaf divided, but not to the base. - -=BIPLICATE.= Having two folds or plaits. - -=BIRCH.= _See_ =Betula=. - -=BIRD-CHERRY.= _See_ =Cerasus Padus=. - -=BIRDLIME.= A preparation made from Mistletoe berries and Holly bark. -It is used for catching birds. - -=BIRD-PEPPER.= _See_ =Capsicum baccatum=. - -=BIRDS.= As a class, Birds are very much more useful than hurtful in -gardens. Owls are of great use in catching mice, and Night-jars in -catching night-flying insects. Rooks are very useful in lessening the -numbers of wire-worms, and of hurtful insects in general; but, if very -numerous, they may be driven to eat potatoes and other vegetable food, -and may then do harm. The same may be said of Starlings. Blackbirds -and Thrushes feed much on snails and worms, but they also feed on the -ripe fruits in gardens. As a rule, slender-billed birds feed almost -wholly on insects or other animals, and are to be encouraged in gardens -at all seasons. Among these may be enumerated the Tree-creeper, -Wryneck, Warblers, and Wrens of various kinds, Chats, Hedge-sparrow, -Larks, Redstart, Robin, Titmice, and Wagtails. Swifts, Swallows, and -Martins, are also great destroyers of insects. The Finches feed, in -part, on insects, but also eat large quantities of seeds, and often do -considerable damage among plants grown for seed, _e.g._, Cabbages, and -in the seed-beds. Sparrows are about the most troublesome, though they -are often assisted by Buntings, Chaffinches, Linnets, and others. When -seed-beds or fruits have to be protected, this may be done by nets; or, -more simply, by threads tied to sticks a few inches above the surface -of the ground, or in front of the trees. - -=BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.= _See_ =Primula farinosa=. - -=BIRD'S-FOOT.= _See_ =Ornithopus=. - -=BIRD'S-FOOT FERN.= _See_ =PellA|a ornithopus=. - -=BIRD'S-NEST FERN.= _See_ =Asplenium Nidus=. - -=BIRTHWORT.= _See_ =Aristolochia=. - -=BISCUTELLA= (from _bis_, double, and _scutella_, a saucer; in allusion -to the form of the silicles). Buckler Mustard. ORD. _CruciferA|_. -Perennial or annual herbaceous plants, usually hispid, but sometimes -downy or smoothish. Flowers yellow, scentless; pedicels filiform, -bractless. Leaves oblong, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat -radical or cauline. Stems round, erect, usually corymbosely branched at -the top by racemes, which, when in flower, are short, but elongated at -the time of fruiting. All the species produce seeds freely. The annuals -should be sown in the open borders. Some of the perennial kinds are -well adapted for ornamenting rockwork, in a dry, sunny situation. Of -the annuals, _columnA|_, _lyrata_, _maritima_, and _obovata_, are best. -Of the perennials, _coronopifolia_, _lA|vigata_, and _sempervirens_ are -the most desirable, but none are worth cultivation outside botanical -collections. - -=BISERIAL=, or =BISERIATE=. Arranged in two parallel rows. - -=BISERRATE.= Toothed in a saw-like manner, but with the primary teeth -again serrated. - -=BISULCATE.= Doubly furrowed. - -=BITERNATE.= Twice ternate. - -=BITTER ALMOND.= _See_ =Amygdalus communis amara=. - -=BITTER APPLE.= _See_ =Cucumis Colocynthis=. - -=BITTER-SWEET.= _See_ =Solanum Dulcamara=. - -=BITTER VETCH.= _See_ =Orobus=. - -=BITUMINOUS.= Clammy, adhesive. - -=BIVONA†A= (named after Antonio Bivona-Bernardi, a Sicilian botanist, -author of "Sicularum Plantarum Centuria I. et II.," Palermo, 1806). -ORD. _CruciferA|_. A pretty little monotypic genus, well adapted for -ornamenting rockwork or the front of flower borders. A dry sandy soil -is most suitable for its culture. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring -where the plants are intended to remain, thinning-out being necessary -to ensure full growth. - - =B. lutea= (yellow).* _fl._ yellow, small; racemes terminal, - elongated as they grow; pedicels filiform, bractless. April. - _l._ alternate, lower ones stalked, the rest sessile, cordate, - stem-clasping at the base, ovate, toothed, bluntish. Stem filiform, - sparingly branched. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Sicily, 1823. An annual. - -=BIXA= (its South American name). Arnatto. ORD. _BixineA|_. Stove -evergreen trees, with dichotomous panicles of large reddish flowers, -broad cordate leaves, and prickly capsules. A compost of loam and peat -is well adapted to their culture. Propagated by seed, sown when ripe in -bottom heat; or by cuttings, which root freely in sand, under a hand -glass, in heat; the latter is the better method. If grown from seed, -the trees attain a large size before they flower; whereas cuttings, -taken from a flowering plant and struck, may be brought to flower when -small plants. - - =B. Orellana= (Orellana). _fl._ pale peach-coloured; corymbs - terminal, panicled; peduncles two, three, and four-flowered. May to - August. _l._ cordate, ovate, acuminated, entire or angular, smooth - on both surfaces. The drug called Arnatto is prepared from the - red pulp which covers the seed of this species. It is used in the - preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for colouring cheese, and - also as an orange or yellow dye for silks. _h._ 30ft. West Indian - Islands, 1690. See Fig. 253. (B. M. 1456.) - -=BIXINEA†.= An order of smoothish tropical trees or shrubs, not -remarkable for any particular beauty. Flowers with or without petals, -when present five and sepal-like; stamens indefinite in number, -inserted in the receptacle or at the bottom of the calyx; peduncle -axillary or terminal, bracteate, one or many-flowered, usually forming -terminal panicles. Fruit fleshy or dry. Leaves alternate, simple, -entire, or slightly lobed, generally full of pellucid dots. The genera -best known are _Azara_, _Bixa_, and _Flacourtia_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 253. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BIXA ORELLANA.] - -=BLACK BEARBERRY.= _See_ =Arctostaphylos alpina=. - -=BLACK BEETLES.= _See_ =Cockroaches=. - -=BLACK BRYONY.= _See_ =Tamus communis=. - -=BLACK BULLACE.= _See_ =Prunus insititia=. - -=BLACKBURNIA.= _See_ =Xanthoxylum=. - -=BLACK FLY or BEAN FLY= (_Aphis rumicis_), also called Collier and -Black Dolphin. This Fly (see Fig. 254) is found on many herbaceous -plants. It is very injurious to Beans; hence, immediate means of -destruction must be employed directly the insect appears. Its -extermination is an extremely difficult matter; but the following -remedies are very effectual: - -_Tobacco Water._ This, made and applied as recommended for Aphides -(which _see_) is a good remedy; but it is rendered more certain by the -employment of soapsuds, instead of clear water, in its manufacture. - -[Illustration: FIG. 254. THE BEAN FLY. _a_, Female, magnified; _b_, -Male, natural size, and magnified.] - -_Paris Green_ (Arseniate of Copper). Owing to its poisonous nature, -this should not be used where there is fruit on the trees or vegetables -under them; but there is no better destroyer of hard-dying insects. -Its application is very simple. Mix 1lb. of the green with 30gals. of -water, and well wet the infested parts of the trees, using a fine-rosed -watercan or garden engine for the purpose. The operator's hands should -be free from sores and scratches, or dangerous ulcerations may ensue. - -_Gas Liquor._ If this can be obtained from a gas-house, it should be -diluted with twice its bulk of water, and applied in the same manner -as Paris Green, being washed off with clean water in a few hours. If -the process be repeated on two or three consecutive nights, it will -be found certain in its effects; moreover, it is not very poisonous. -The finger or thumb, or the Aphis brush, applied early, will often -exterminate these obnoxious insects at once. The first of the methods -above described is perhaps the most accessible and the safest to -use. Poisonous insecticides are more or less dangerous, especially -in the hands of the inexperienced. Black Fly is, however, one of -the most difficult insects to eradicate, especially if allowed to -multiply. A syringing of clean water should follow either of the above -applications. _See also_ =Aphides=. - -=BLACK JACK OAK.= _See_ =Quercus nigra=. - -=BLACK MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT.= _See_ =Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum=. - -=BLACK PINE.= _See_ =Pinus austriaca=. - -=BLACKTHORN.= _See_ =Prunus spinosa=. - -=BLACK VARNISH TREE.= _See_ =MelanorrhA"a=. - -=BLACK WATTLE.= _See_ =Callicoma serratifolia=. - -=BLADDER CATCHFLY.= _See_ =Silene inflata=. - -=BLADDER KETMIA.= _See_ =Hibiscus Trionum=. - -=BLADDER NUT.= _See_ =Staphylea=. - -=BLADDER SENNA.= _See_ =Colutea=. - -=BLADDER WORT.= _See_ =Utricularia=. - -=BLADE.= The lamina or expanded part of a leaf. - -=BLA†RIA= (named after Patrick Blair, M.D., F.R.S., who practised -medicine at Boston, in Lincolnshire, and was author of "Miscellaneous -Observations," 1718; "Botanic Essays," 1820, &c.). ORD. _EricaceA|_. -Pretty little greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Southern and -Tropical Africa. Flowers terminal, glomerate; corolla short-tubular, -with a four-cleft limb, very freely branched. Leaves verticillate, with -revolute margins. For culture, _see_ =Erica=. - - =B. articulata= (jointed).* _fl._ reddish; heads drooping. May. - _l._ four in a whorl, ovate or linear, glabrous, and shining; - bracts solitary. _h._ 1ft. 1795. - - =B. ericoides= (Heath-like). _fl._ purplish-red. August. _l._ four - in a whorl, oblong, obtuse, ringed; bracts three, length of the - calyx. _h._ 2ft. 1774. SYN. _Erica orbicularis_. (L. B. C. 153.) - - =B. purpurea= (purple). _fl._ purple; heads drooping. June. _l._ - four in a whorl, ovate, sub-ciliated. Stem flexuous, erect. _h._ - 2ft. 1791. - -=BLAKEA= (named after Martin Blake, of Antigua, a great promoter of -useful knowledge). ORD. _MelastomaceA|_. Handsome stove evergreen shrubs -or trees. Flowers red, large, showy; peduncles axillary, terete, -one-flowered, naked, opposite or solitary, shorter than the leaves, -usually with brown tomentum. Leaves petiolate, three to five-nerved, -coriaceous, glabrous above and shining, but usually densely clothed -with rusty tomentum beneath. They thrive well in peat, or a mixture -of loam and peat, and require to be liberally supplied with water, -particularly in spring and summer. Cuttings root freely if taken from -shoots that are quite ripe (otherwise they are apt to rot), planted in -a pot of sand, and plunged in a moist heat, under a hand glass. - - =B. quinquenervia= (five-nerved). _fl._ flesh-coloured, large, - with white disks; peduncles twin, shorter than the petioles. June. - _l._ elliptic, acuminated, naked, and shining on both surfaces, - five-nerved. _h._ 10ft. to 16ft. Guiana, 1820. (A. G. 210.) - - =B. trinervia= (three-nerved). _fl._ rose colour, large; peduncles - solitary, longer than the petioles. June. _l._ oval-oblong, - three-nerved, glabrous and shining on both surfaces in the adult - state, and when young serrulated; petioles and branchlets clothed - with rusty tomentum. Roots issuing from the branches and stems. - _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. Jamaica, 1789. (B. M. 451.) - -=BLANCHING.= This process is effected for the purpose of obtaining -crispness, and for converting what would, under ordinary circumstances, -be a dangerous plant--in the case of Celery especially so--into a -highly popular delicacy. Blanching can only be accomplished by entirely -excluding the light from the plants, thus depriving the colouring -matters of their power to decompose water and carbonic acid gas. It is -also termed Etiolation. - -=BLANDFORDIA= (named after George, Marquis of Blandford). ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. A very beautiful genus of greenhouse bulbous plants, -natives of Australia. Flowers solitary, on recurved pedicels; perianth -funnel-shaped, six-cleft; stamens six. Leaves linear, elongate, -striate; radical ones dilated, and somewhat sheathing at the base; -others shorter and more distant, appearing on the flower-stem. The best -soil in which to grow them is loam and peat in equal proportions, with -a little rough silver sand added. They should be repotted moderately -firm in the autumn, allowing good drainage, and should then be placed -under the greenhouse stage, or in any other position where they will -be free from water drippings. Water must only be given when dry, until -they commence to grow, when it may be gradually increased, and they -may be introduced into a higher temperature, if necessary, there to -remain till after flowering. When the foliage is ripened off, they may -be stored away until the time for repotting. Propagated by seeds and -offsets, or by division of the old plants, which must be done when -repotting. - - =B. aurea= (golden).* _fl._ 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; scape bearing - an umbellate cluster of three to five pure golden-yellow drooping - bell-shaped flowers. Summer. _l._ narrow, linear, keeled or - channelled, from the base of which the flower-scape arises. _h._ - 1ft. to 2ft. New South Wales, 1870. (B. M. 5809.) - - =B. Cunninghamii= (Cunningham's).* _fl._ rich coppery red, the - upper part yellow; about 2in. long, bell-shaped, pendulous; from - twelve to twenty, terminating in a stout scape 3ft. high. June. - _l._ linear, slightly keeled at the back, about 1/3in. broad. New - South Wales. This magnificent species should have a little charcoal - mixed with the soil already mentioned. (B. M. 5734.) - - =B. C. hybrida= (hybrid). _fl._ red, margined with clear yellow, - bell-shaped, in a dense drooping umbel. - - =B. flammea= (fiery).* _fl._ dullish yellow, in dense umbel-like - clusters; bracts ovate-lanceolate, stiff; perianth inversely - conical. June. _l._ linear, bluntly keeled. _h._ 2ft. Australia, - 1849. - - =B. f. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ crimson, tipped with yellow, - large, funnel-shaped. Summer. _l._ long, linear-ensiform. This very - handsome form is often taken for the type. - - =B. f. princeps= (magnificent).* _fl._ rich orange-red externally, - and bright yellow within, about 3in. long, tubular, borne on a - scape about 1ft. high, slightly pendulous, and arranged near the - summit. Summer. _l._ stiff, sub-erect, long, bright green, disposed - in a distichous manner. This is a very splendid greenhouse plant, - and should be in every collection. Australia, 1873. SYN. _B. - princeps_. See Fig. 255. (B. M. 6209.) - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ crimson, very large; - bracts as long as the pedicels, the inner much the shortest. July. - _h._ 2ft. New South Wales, 1812. (B. R. 924.) - - =B. intermedia= (intermediate). _fl._ yellow, pendulous, - funnel-shaped, in sixteen to twenty-flowered racemes; bracts - leaf-formed. September. _l._ channelled, acutely keeled, scabrous - on the margins. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Australia. - - =B. marginata= (margined). _fl._ orange-red, conical, in long - pendulous racemes; bracts narrow, foliaceous, about equalling in - length the pedicels. July. _l._ stiff, sub-erect, with scabrous - margins. _h._ 2ft. Tasmania, 1842. (B. R. 31, 18.) - - =B. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ orange with yellow margins, on long - pedicels, drooping, disposed in a terminal raceme; bracts twice as - short as the pedicels. July. _l._ very narrow. _h._ 2ft. New South - Wales, 1803. (B. M. 2003.) - - =B. princeps= (magnificent). Synonymous with _B. flammea princeps_. - -=BLATTA.= _See_ =Cockroaches=. - -=BLEABERRY.= _See_ =Vaccinium Myrtillus=. - -=BLEACHING POWDER.= _See_ =Chloride of Lime=. - -=BLECHNUM= (from _Blechnon_, the Greek name of a fern). ORD. _Filices_. -A very attractive genus of stove and greenhouse ferns, thriving in -a compost of peat, leaf soil, and loam. Sori linear, continuous, or -nearly so, parallel with, and usually contiguous to, the midrib. -Involucre distinct from the edge of the frond. Fronds uniform, -generally pinnate or pinnatifid. Veins usually free. For general -culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - - =B. australe= (southern).* _cau._ stout, creeping, scaly; _sti._ - erect, 4in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, and from - 2in. to 3in. broad, lanceolate, narrowed towards both ends; pinnA| - numerous, the barren ones 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. - broad, linear, hastate-cordate, or auricled at the base, especially - on the upper side, with a very coriaceous texture; fertile pinnA| - narrower. _sori_ in a continuous or slightly broken line, close, - but not contiguous, to the midrib. South Africa, &c., 1691. - Greenhouse species. - - =B. boreale.= _See_ =Lomaria Spicant=. - - =B. braziliense= (Brazilian).* _cau._ erect, stout, - sub-arborescent, 1ft. or more long, densely clothed at the crown - with dark brown scales. _sti._ short, stout, densely scaly. - _fronds_ oblong-lanceolate, 2ft. to 4ft. long, 6in. to 16in. - broad, narrowing downwards very gradually; pinnA| close, linear, - 4in. to 8in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, narrowed gradually - towards the point, finely toothed or undulated, connected at the - base. Brazil and Peru, 1820. See Fig. 256. (H. S. F. 3, 157.) There - is a very pretty variety met with in gardens under the name of - _Corcovadense crispum_, which is not quite so strong-growing as the - type, with wavy, crispy edges. They will all thrive in the cool of - a stove fernery. - -[Illustration: FIG. 255. BLANDFORDIA FLAMMEA PRINCEPS.] - - =B. cartilagineum= (cartilaginous). _cau._ oblique, densely scaly - at top. _sti._ strong, erect, 4in. to 6in. long, scaly, muricated - in the lower part. _fronds_ ovate-oblong, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. - to 12in. broad; pinnA| numerous, linear, 4in. to 6in. long, about - 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, margin finely - toothed, dilated, and connected at the base. _sori_ in a broad line - close to the midrib. Temperate Australia, 1820. Greenhouse species. - - =B. hastatum= (halbert-shaped).* _rhiz._ short, stout, scaly. - _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long, nearly naked. _fronds_ from 9in. to - 18in. long, and 2in. to 4in. broad, lanceolate, with twenty to - forty pinnA| on each side; the barren ones 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, - lanceolate, falcate, narrowed gradually to a point, the lower side - slightly truncate, and slightly lobed, the upper cordate, with - a large hastate auricle; fertile pinnA| narrower. _sori_ midway - between the midrib and margin; rachis and surfaces naked or - slightly pubescent; texture coriaceous. Temperate South America, - 1841. Greenhouse species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 256. BLECHNUM BRAZILIENSE.] - - =B. Lanceola= (lance-leaved). _rhiz._ slender, creeping, - stoloniferous. _sti._ slender, erect, 2in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ - lanceolate, undivided, 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. broad, or less, - narrowed gradually from the centre towards each end. Tropical - America, 1820. Stove species. - - =B. L. trifoliatum= (three-leaved). _fronds_ furnished with one or - two pairs of small oblong-obtuse lateral pinnA| at the base of the - large terminal one. Stove variety. (H. S. F. 3, 94.) - - =B. longifolium= (long-leaved).* _rhiz._ slender, creeping. _sti._ - firm, erect, nearly naked, 6in. to 12in. long. _fronds_ 6in. to - 9in. long, with a terminal pinna, and three to six lateral ones - on each side, which are 3in. to 5in. long, and 1/2in. broad, - narrowed gradually towards the point. _sori_ in broad lines close - to the midrib; texture coriaceous. Tropical America, 1820. _B. l. - fraxineum_ is a variety found in gardens under the name of _B. - fraxiniifolium_, with a habit more close than the type; pinnA| - six to eight on a side, sometimes 1in. broad. _B. intermedium_ - (Link.) and _B. gracile_ (Kaulf.), often seen in gardens, are - slender-growing varieties of this rather variable stove species. - - =B. nitidum= (shining).* _sti._ stout, erect, naked, 3in. to 4in. - long. _fronds_ oblong-lanceolate, 1ft. or more long, 4in. to 6in. - broad; pinnA| numerous, sub-falcate, linear, 3in. to 4in. long, - 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, - dilated and connected at the base; edge undulate-dentate; texture - coriaceous; both surfaces smooth. Stove species. The variety - _contractum_, often seen in gardens, has its pinnA| contracted, and - the edge much undulated. Brazil. (H. S. F. 3, 55.) - - =B. occidentale= (western).* _cau._ stout, erect, scaly at the - top. _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect, scaly below. _fronds_ - ovate-acuminate, 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, with - twelve to twenty-four linear pinnA| on each side, which are 2in. to - 4in. long, and about 3/4in. broad, narrowed gradually to a point, - truncate or cordate; texture coriaceous. West Indies, southwards to - Chili and South Brazil, 1823. A very handsome stove or greenhouse - fern. - - =B. o. multifidum= (much-cut).* A pretty variety, said to have been - introduced from Dominica; the apices of the pinnA| are copiously - crested and tasselled, rendering it very desirable. Stove variety. - - =B. orientale= (oriental).* _cau._ stout, erect, clothed at the - crown with dark brown scales. _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long, strong, - erect, scaly below. _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. - broad, ovate, with very numerous nearly contiguous pinnA| on each - side, which are 4in. to 8in. long, and about 3/4in. broad, narrowed - to a long point. Australia, northwards to South China and the - Himalayas. Greenhouse. - - =B. polypodioides= (Polypodium-like). A synonym of _B. unilaterale_. - - =B. serrulatum= (saw-edged).* _cau._ elongated, stout, ascending. - _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, strong, erect, smooth, nearly naked. - _fronds_ oblong-acuminate, 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, - with twelve to twenty-four pairs of quite distinct articulated - linear oblong pinnA| on each side, which are about 4in. to 5in. - long, 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, and - downwards to a narrow base, the margins finely incised. Florida, - &c., 1819. Stove or greenhouse. SYN. _B. striatum_. (H. S. F. 3, - 159.) - - =B. striatum= (striped). A synonym of _B. serrulatum_. - - =B. unilaterale= (one-sided).* _cau._ elongated, densely scaly - at the crown. _sti._ slender, erect, 1in. to 4in. long, slightly - scaly below. _fronds_ lanceolate, 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to - 2in. broad; pinnA| numerous, spreading horizontally, linear, 3/4in. - to 1in. long, central ones 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, point usually - mucronate; edge entire, or nearly so, the lower part dilated to a - broad base. _sori_ in a line close to the midrib. Tropical America, - 1829. Widely distributed. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. _B. - polypodioides_, under which name it is usually found in gardens. - -=BLECHUM= (a Greek name for an unknown plant, supposed to resemble -Marjoram). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture, -&c., _see_ =Justicia=. - - =B. Brownei= (Browne's). _fl._ white, in a dense bracteated spike, - which is four-cornered; bracts ovate, downy. Summer. _l._ ovate - elliptical, somewhat toothed. _h._ 2ft. West Indies, 1780. The - other species introduced are: _angustifolium_, blue; _braziliense_, - blue; and _laxiflorum_, white. - -=BLEPHARIS= (from _blepharis_, the eyelash; in reference to the fringed -bracts of the calyx). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. Dwarf shrubs or herbs, -often spiny and woody, allied to _Acanthus_. Flowers in bracteate -spikes; calyx cruciately four-parted, bracteate; upper segment -entire, three-nerved; lower, two-nerved; corolla-tube very short; lip -five-lobed, three lobes often much larger than the others; stamens -four, sub-didynamous. For culture, &c., _see_ =Acanthus=. - - =B. boerhaaviA|folia= (Boerhaavia-leaved). _fl._ blue. July. _l._ - usually four in a whorl, elliptic, toothed. _h._ 1ft. India, 1829. - Stove annual. - - =B. capensis= (Cape Colony).* _fl._ blue. July. _l._ narrow, - lanceolate, spinose. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1816. Greenhouse - biennial. - - =B. furcata= (forked-spined). _fl._ blue. July. _l._ lanceolate, - entire or spiny; bracts large, strongly spinose. _h._ 2ft. Cape of - Good Hope, 1846. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. - - =B. linearifolia= (narrow-leaved). _fl._ blue. July. _l._ long, - entire, linear, glabrous or hairy, not spiny. _h._ 2ft. Guinea, - 1823. Stove annual. - - =B. procumbens= (trailing).* _fl._ blue. July. _l._ linear - lanceolate, spiny. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1825. Greenhouse - evergreen trailer. - -=BLEPHILIA= (from _blepharis_, the eyelash; in allusion to the ciliated -bracts). ORD. _LabiatA|_. Ornamental hardy perennials, closely allied -to _Monarda_, but differing from it in the calyx tube having thirteen -instead of fifteen nerves, and being naked in the throat, while the -corollas are much smaller and more dilated. They are of easy culture in -ordinary soil. Increased readily by dividing the roots in early spring. - - =B. ciliata= (ciliated). _fl._ blue; whorls all distinct; bracts - ciliated, reddish at top. July. _l._ almost sessile, ovate-oblong, - narrowed at the base, canescent beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. North - America, 1798. - - =B. hirsuta= (hairy). _fl._ purple or blue; whorls more numerous - than in the preceding; upper ones approximate. July. _l._ - petiolate, ovate, roundly cordate at the base, hairy on both - surfaces. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Virginia, 1798. Habit more branched and - loose than in _B. ciliata_. - -=BLESSED THISTLE.= _See_ =Cnicus benedictus=, properly =Carbenia -benedicta=. - -=BLETIA= (in honour of Don Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. A large genus of, for the most part, stove terrestrial -orchids. Flowers purple or whitish, in terminal racemes. Leaves narrow, -grass-like. Pseudo-bulbs round, flattened. The flowers are freely -produced when the plants are thoroughly established, and are valuable -for bouquets, as well for their pleasing colour as for the time they -last in perfection. Bletias thrive best in a compost of loam and leaf -mould. About 2in. of crocks, covered with a layer of moss, should be -placed in the bottom of the pot, which should be filled to within -1in. of the top with soil. The bulbs should then be inserted, and just -covered. A good supply of water during the growing season is necessary, -and only a moderate amount of heat. After growth has ceased, a period -of rest is required, during which time very little water should be -given. Propagation is effected by divisions, which should be made after -the plants have finished flowering, or previous to their starting into -growth. - - =B. campanulata= (bell-shaped). _fl._ deep purple, with a white - centre, lasting a considerable time in perfection. Mexico. - - =B. florida= (florid).* _fl._ pale rose-coloured; lip not spurred. - July and August. _h._ 2ft. West Indies, 1786. A very pretty - species. (B. R. 1401.) - - =B. gracilis= (slender). _fl._ pale greenish-white; sepals and - petals nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate; lip red and yellow; - scape simple. _l._ oblong, lanceolate, plicate. _h._ 1-1/2in. - Mexico, 1830. (B. R. 1681.) - - =B. hyacinthina= (Hyacinth-like).* _fl._ purple, racemose; lip not - spurred, beardless; scape about as long as the leaves. March to - June. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 1ft. China, 1802. This pretty species - has proved to be quite hardy. (Garden, Nov., 1879.) - - =B. patula= (spreading-flowered). _fl._ purple, spreading; scape - tall, branched. March. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 2ft. Hayti, 1830. (B. - M., 3518.) - - =B. Shepherdii= (Shepherd's).* _fl._ on branching spikes, purple, - marked down the centre of the lip with yellow. Winter. _l._ long, - lanceolate, dark green. Jamaica, 1825. (B. M. 3319.) - - =B. Sherrattiana= (Sherratt's).* _fl._ about a dozen on a spike, - rich rosy purple; petals very broad, twice the breadth of the - sepals; lip deep purple in front, marked with white and yellow down - the centre. _l._ three to four-plicate. Pseudo-bulbs depressed. New - Grenada, 1867. (B. M. 5646.) - - =B. verecunda= (modest). _fl._ purple; lip not spurred. January. - _h._ 3ft. West Indies, Mexico, &c., 1733. (B. M. 930.) - -=BLIGHIA SAPIDA.= The Akee Tree. This is now included under the genus -=Cupania= (which _see_). - -=BLIGHT=, or =BLAST=. Applied to various diseases of plants which are -caused or accelerated either by the presence of parasitic fungi or -insects, or by atmospheric influence. Blight generally proves fatal to -the whole or part of the subject attacked. - -=BLIND.= A term applied to plants which fail to produce central buds. -The defect is frequently noticeable in the Cabbage, and other plants -of the _Brassica_ tribe; and is, perhaps, mainly due to the attacks of -insects in a very early stage. Great care should therefore be exercised -in keeping the seed beds clear of insect pests, by the application of -ashes, lime, and soot, or spent hops. - -=BLOOD FLOWER.= _See_ =HA|manthus=. - -=BLOODROOT.= _See_ =Sanguinaria canadensis=. - -=BLOOM.= A fine powder-like substance found on Grapes, Cucumbers, -Plums, &c., and varying in colour in the different subjects. It should -be carefully protected, as it improves the appearance of the fruit. The -term is also generally used-A--although incorrectly-A--as the plural of -blossom. - -=BLOSSOM.= The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of -reproduction, with their appendages. - -=BLUE-BELLS.= _See_ =Campanula rotundifolia= and =Scilla nutans=. - -=BLUE-BOTTLE.= _See_ =Centaurea Cyanus=. - -=BLUE GUM TREE.= _See_ =Eucalyptus globulus=. - -=BLUETS.= The French name for _Centaurea Cyanus_. _See also_ =Houstonia -cA"rulea= and =Vaccinium angustifolium=. - -=BLUMENBACHIA= (in honour of John Frederick Blumenbach, M.D., -Professor of Medicine at GA¶ttingen, and distinguished as a comparative -anatomist). ORD. _LoasaceA|_. Elegant branched, climbing or trailing, -annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, generally covered with stinging -hairs, which are very objectionable. Flowers axillary, solitary, -bracteate, very pretty and interesting. Leaves opposite, lobed. They -are of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, which -should be sown in pots, in spring, and placed in a gentle heat, where -they will germinate in about a fortnight. When the seedlings are large -enough, and after having been previously hardened off, they may be -planted out in their blooming quarters, or potted on and trained to a -trellis. - -[Illustration: FIG. 257. BLUMENBACHIA CHUQUITENSIS.] - - =B. chuquitensis= (Chuquitan).* _fl._ solitary, axillary, with five - to ten boat-shaped red petals, which are yellow within. September. - _l._ oblong-lanceolate, pinnate; segments pinnatifidly lobed. Peru, - 1863. Half-hardy climbing perennial. See Fig. 257. (B. M. 6143.) - - =B. contorta= (twisted).* _fl._ orange-red, with cup-shaped green - scales within. July. _l._ oblong-ovate, pinnatifid; lobes incisely - toothed. Peru. Greenhouse climber, but may be grown against a wall, - out of doors, during the summer. (B. M. 6134.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 258. FLOWER OF BLUMENBACHIA CORONATA.] - - =B. coronata= (crowned).* _fl._ of pure glossy whiteness, - quadrangular, crown-shaped, 2in. in diameter each way. June. _l._ - narrow, bipinnatifid, cut into small segments. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Chili, - 1872. This is an elegant dwarf, tufted, erect biennial, with the - pure white blooms imbedded in the metallic lustrous foliage. SYN. - _Caiophora coronata_. See Fig. 258. - - =B. insignis= (remarkable).* _fl._ with whitish petals and - reddish-yellow scales, axillary, on long peduncles, about 1in. in - diameter. July. _l._, lower ones five to seven-lobed; upper ones - deeply bipinnatifid. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. Hardy annual trailer. - SYN. _Loasa palmata_. (B. M. 2865.) - -=BOBARTIA= (named after Jacob Bobart, Professor of Botany at Oxford in -the seventeenth century). ORD. _IrideA|_. A small genus of greenhouse or -hardy bulbous plants, closely allied to _Sisyrinchium_. The species in -cultivation are very pretty hardy plants, but require protection from -severe frosts and excessive rains. They thrive best in a warm, light -soil, and make pretty plants for rockwork. Propagated by separating -the offsets during autumn. This genus has been much misunderstood. -Among the plants which have been referred to it are some which now find -places in the genera _Aristea_, _Sisyrinchium_, _Homeria_, _Marica_, -_MorA|a_, &c., &c. - - =B. aurantiaca.= _See_ =Homeria aurantiaca=. - - =B. gladiata= (sword-shaped). _fl._ yellow, thinly sprinkled with - purple dots near the centre, handsome, nearly 2in. across. _l._ - linear, ensiform, narrow, slightly glaucous, 1ft. or more in - length. 1817. SYN. _Marica gladiata_. (B. R. 229.) - - =B. spathacea= (rush-like). _l._ rush-like, several feet in length; - flower-stem as long as leaves, bearing near extremity a cluster of - pale yellow flowers, with narrow segments. Each flower lasts but - one day; as a good many, however, are developed in each spathe, - there is a succession which lasts some time. 1832. SYN. _Xyris - altissima_. (L. B. C. 1900.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 259. BOCCONIA CORDATA, showing Habit and Flower.] - -=BOCCONIA= (named after Paolo Bocconi, M.D., a Sicilian botanist, -author of the "Museum des Plantes," and "Histoire Naturelle de l'Ile -de Corse," &c.). ORD. _PapaveraceA|_. Two of the species are greenhouse -or half-hardy shrubs. Flowers inconspicuous, in terminal panicles, -with the branches and branchlets each furnished with one bract. Leaves -stalked, glaucous, large, lobed. This genus does not well agree with -the rest of _PapaveraceA|_, from its having one-seeded capsules and -apetalous flowers. _B. cordata_ is a handsome, hardy, herbaceous plant, -with a stately habit and finely-cut foliage, and, where bold subjects -are desired, few will be found superior to it. As an isolated specimen -on the lawn, or by frequented walks, where it will not be too closely -surrounded by tall plants, it may be grown with marked effect. It -also forms a good subject for pot culture, and is largely used for -sub-tropical bedding. The soil most suitable for its culture is a good -fat loam, of considerable depth. Propagated by cuttings, taken from the -axils of the larger leaves, during early summer; or by young suckers, -taken from established plants, during summer, as they will then flower -the following season. If the former method is employed, the cuttings -should be pushed on, so that there are plenty of roots before the -winter sets in. The other two species require greenhouse culture; but -both are eminently suited for sub-tropical gardening, in any light rich -soil, or well-drained and airy situation. They are best propagated by -seeds, sown in a hotbed in spring, the seedlings being placed out from -June to September. - - =B. cordata= (cordate).* _fl._ buff-coloured, very numerous, - borne in very large terminal panicles; individually they are not - showy, but the fully grown inflorescence has a very distinct and - pleasing appearance. Summer. _l._ large, reflexed, deeply-veined, - roundish-cordate; margins lobed or sinuated. Stems growing rather - close together, thickly set with leaves. _h._ 5ft. to 8ft. China, - 1795, and 1866. Mr. Robinson recommends its being grown in the - angle of two walls which shelter it from the north and east. It - runs quickly at the roots, and the suckers may be cut off to the - benefit of the parent plant; each sucker will form a strong plant - in a year's time. SYNS. _B. japonica_ and _Macleaya yedoA"nsis_. See - Fig. 259. (B. M. 1905.) - - =B. frutescens= (shrubby).* _fl._ greenish. October. _l._ large, - sea-green, oval-oblong, cuneated at the base, pinnatifid. _h._ 3ft. - to 6ft. Mexico, 1739. (L. B. C. 83.) - - =B. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). _fl._ greenish; panicle crowded. - _l._ flat, oblong, tapering towards each end, entire, or scarcely - crenated. _h._ 9ft. Peru, 1822. - - =B. japonica= (Japanese). Synonymous with _B. cordata_. - -=BA"BERA= (named after BA"ber, a Russian botanist). ORD. _CompositA|_. -A genus of evergreen greenhouse shrubs, now generally referred to -_Dysodia_. They are of easy culture, thriving in ordinary garden soil. -Propagated by cuttings, made of young, rather firm, shoots, and placed -in sand, under a glass. There are several other species besides the one -given below, but they are not of much horticultural value. - - =B. incana= (hoary).* _fl.-heads_ golden; peduncles one-headed. - November. _l._ pinnate, rather hairy; leaflets linear acute, - channelled, some entire, and some trifid. Stem hairy. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - Mexico, 1828. (B. R. 1602.) - -=BA"HMERIA= (named after George Rudolph BA"hmer, a German botanist). -ORD. _UrticaceA|_. A genus of shrubs or herbaceous plants, allied to -_Urtica_, from which it is distinguished in not having stinging hairs. -_B. nivea_ is the only species having any horticultural value. This -thrives best in a warm, sandy soil; and is increased by divisions. - - =B. nivea= (snowy). _fl._ greenish, disposed in spikes. _l._ - broadly cordate, about 6in. long by 4in. broad, terminating in a - long slender point; edges serrate, covered on the under side with a - dense coating of white down. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. China. A shrub-like - perennial, rather more curious than beautiful. - -=BOG BEAN.= _See_ =Menyanthes trifoliata=. - -=BOG-EARTH.= _See_ =Peat=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 260. VERTICAL SECTION OF CYLINDER BOILER. - - A A, Wrought-iron Boiler, the shaded space showing the Waterway; B, - Ashpit inside the cast base of Boiler; C, Fire-bars; D, Flue; E, - Domed Top; F, Feeding Lid; G, Flow, and H, Return Pipe Sockets. -] - -=BOILERS.= These are very important articles in all gardens where there -are glass houses, and the best should always be selected. They are made -in cast and wrought iron, both of which have their special advantages -and disadvantages. The former are less liable to burn through when -encrusted with any deposit from the water, but will crack with sudden -changes of temperature, by reason of the granular form of the metal -not allowing gradual contraction; the latter may burn through where -there is any deposit of mud or other matter, but they will not crack, -and will stand a greater pressure than those made of cast metal. It -is, however, the better plan to use Boilers of wrought iron, as, with -careful usage, they are less liable to break down in hard frosts than -are the others. As the value of the plants, as well as that of the -Boiler, has to be considered, should such a contingency occur, it -is certainly advisable to reduce all risks to a minimum; and as the -average life of a Boiler is from ten to fifteen years, a slightly -larger first cost is not of very serious moment. The forms of Boilers -are very diverse, and, in some of the patented forms, complicated. But, -whatever the shape, the following points are essential: A clear and -unrestricted waterway of not less than 2in. in thickness; the greatest -exposure of surface to the direct action of the fire; a sufficient -fire space; and a fire-bar area calculated to supply enough fresh air -to the fire to support thorough combustion. The forms generally used -for horticultural work are the following, or some modifications of -them; and, however grand the name, their chief value consists in the -attested heating capacity at a given cost: The Saddle Boiler, which -is made of various sizes, with or without check ends, cross tubes, -and other devices for increasing the heating surface, and also of -a tubular form; the Upright Cylinder (a vertical section of which -is shown in Fig. 260); the Upright Tubular Cylinder; the Horizontal -Tubular; and the Cornish or Horizontal Cylinder. Combinations of the -various forms, and complicated patterns of different kinds, are made -for particular purposes; but in no case should large Boilers be used, -unless they are recommended, by one competent to judge, as suitable for -the purpose they are needed to fulfil. In every case, it is necessary -that the Boiler should be fixed in a proper manner. It is also good -policy to have Boilers about 30, or even 50 per cent., more powerful -than is actually required, when they are new, as, from various causes, -their heating power falls off in a year or two in many places; and, -under ordinary work, it is not desirable to stimulate the action in -order to command sufficient heat. There is no doubt that, for general -purposes, some modification of the Saddle or Cylinder Boiler is by far -the best, all things duly considered; but it is impossible to give any -practical advice without a thorough knowledge of the requirements of -any particular place. Gas Boilers are also useful for small places. -These are made in many forms, and are, as a rule, in the shape of a -cylinder, with a coned inside, against which the flames play. Some Gas -Boilers have also a superheater attached; this exhausts the heat from -the air which has passed through the Boiler. Another good form is made -of horizontal tubes, which contain the water, the flames playing over -and amongst them. An atmospheric burner of approved construction should -be used where gas is the heating power. A sufficient supply of gas -should be assured by using supply pipes of a good size. Care should be -taken to keep these pipes free from water, and protected from frost by -silicate cotton lagging, or some other good non-conductor. Except for -very small places, however, gas apparatus is almost useless, and will -never supersede fuel Boilers. For other particulars regarding Boilers, -_see_ =Heating= and =Stoking=. - -=BOIS-PERDRIX.= _See_ =Heisteria=. - -=BOLBOPHYLLUM.= _See_ =Bulbophyllum=. - -=BOLETUS= (from _bolos_, a mass; in reference to its massy or globular -form). ORD. _Fungi_. The only species of this rather large genus -demanding mention is _B. edulis_ (see Fig. 261), which is considered -an excellent article of food. It is easily distinguished, and is often -of large size and somewhat unshapely; the pileus is usually of a dusky -yellow or brownish hue, but sometimes brighter and more of a chestnut -colour; the flesh is white, and does not change to a blue colour when -cut (this is a very important characteristic, and should always be -noticed). It is a species common in most districts, usually growing in -woods, and appearing chiefly in the autumn. - -[Illustration: FIG. 261. COMMON BOLETUS (BOLETUS EDULIS).] - -=BOLEUM= (from _bolos_, a ball; in reference to the shape of the -seed-pods). ORD. _CruciferA|_. An ornamental, hardy, evergreen shrub, -well adapted for rockwork, in ordinary soil. It requires slight -protection in winter if planted in very exposed situations. Propagated -by seed, sown in a pot, in spring, and placed in a frame, or in the -open border during summer. - - =B. asperum= (rough).* _fl._ cream-coloured; racemes erect, - elongated; pedicels very short, the lower ones bracteate. April. - _l._ alternate, oblong, linear; lower ones somewhat divided. A - suffruticose, erect, branched plant, hispid from stiff hairs. _h._ - 6in. to 1ft. France. 1818. - -=BOLLEA.= _See_ =Zygopetalum=. - -=BOLTED.= A term used in reference to plants that have prematurely run -to seed. - -=BOLTONIA= (named after J. B. Bolton, an English professor of botany). -ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus of rather pretty hardy herbaceous perennials. -Flower-heads with white or purplish rays. Leaves pale green, -lanceolate, sessile. They thrive in common garden soil. Propagated by -divisions of the roots, in March. - - =B. asteroides= (Aster-like).* _fl.-heads_ flesh-coloured, - stellate, disposed in a rather large terminal panicle. August. _l._ - all entire, somewhat broadly lanceolate, narrowed at both ends. - _h._ 2ft. North America, 1758. (B. M. 2554.) - - =B. glastifolia= (woad-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ pink. September. _l._, - lower ones serrated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. North America, 1758. (B. M. - 2381.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 262. FLOWERS OF BOMAREA CARDERI.] - -=BOMAREA= (derivation of name doubtful). ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. A genus -of handsome half-hardy twiners, closely allied to _AlstrA¶meria_, -from which it is chiefly distinguished by its twining habit and some -difference in the capsule. They are of comparatively easy culture, -thriving in a compost of peat, leaf mould, loam, and sand, with good -drainage. Manure water should be given during the season of growth. -Although they make fine pot plants, their full beauty is only developed -when planted out in the conservatory or greenhouse border. Propagated -by seeds, or by careful divisions of the underground stem. In making -a division, it is necessary to observe that the part taken has some -roots by which to live till new ones are formed. It should be potted at -first, and may, when established, be planted out or shifted on. Seeds -may be raised in a warm house without difficulty. They germinate in a -few weeks; and when the young plants are 2in. or 3in. high, they should -be placed separately in small pots, shifting them on as necessary, -or planting them out. In favoured southern localities, several -species have proved hardy, but they are much the best when grown in a -greenhouse. - - =B. acutifolia Ehrenbergiana= (Ehrenberg's acute-leaved). _fl._ - undulate, outer segments deep orange, the inner ones paler and - spotted. Spring. _l._ lanceolate acute, smooth. Mexico, 1878. (B. - M. 6444). - - =B. Caldasiana= (Caldas's).* _fl._ orange yellow, spotted crimson. - _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acute. Peruvian Andes, 1863. - - =B. Carderi= (Carder's).* _fl._ 2-1/2in. long by 1-1/8in. in - breadth at the widest part, regularly bell-shaped, with six - segments, the three outer rose-coloured, the three inner nearly - equal in length, crenulate, and spotted with purplish-brown; - inflorescence pendulous, and consisting of a large terminal - umbellate cyme, surrounded at the base by a series of crowded - leaves. _l._ oblong lanceolate, acuminate, about 7in. by 2-3/4in. - Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 262, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull. - - =B. chontalensis= (Chontalese). _fl._ 1-1/2in. long, - sub-campanulate, obtusely trigonous; outer segments thick, fleshy, - wavy, rose-red, with a few brown spots round the margin at the tip, - very convex; inner segments a little shorter, pale yellow blotched - with brown; umbels surrounded by a whorl of leaves, and composed - of several peduncles, each bearing four to six nodding flowers. - August. _l._ lanceolate or ovate oblong, acuminate. Nicaragua, - 1871. (B. M. 5927). - - =B. conferta= (dense-flowered).* A synonym of _B. patococensis_. - - =B. edulis= (edible). _fl._, outer segments rose, green tipped; - inner spotted with rose. St. Domingo, &c. One of the oldest species - in cultivation. The tubers are said by Tussac to be eaten in St. - Domingo, like those of the Jerusalem Artichoke. See Fig. 263. - - =B. frondea= (leafy). _fl._ 2in. long, tubulate-campanulate; outer - segments narrow, oblong, yellow; inner segments 1/2in. longer than - the outer ones, canary yellow, spotted with red; cymes umbellate, - many-flowered, about 8in. across, base leafy. _l._ lanceolate, - acuminate. Bogota, 1881. (G. C. n. s. 17, p. 669.) - - =B. oligantha= (few-flowered).* _fl._ regularly funnel-shaped, - about 1in. long; outer segments slightly shorter than the inner, - oblanceolate, under 1/4in. abroad, obtuse, unspotted, reddish on - the outside, yellow within; one or two to an umbel, on simple, - flexuous, glabrous pedicels, about 1in. long. _l._ long, acute, - about 2in. long, bright green on the upper surface, ciliated on the - ribs beneath. Peru, 1877. See Fig. 264. - -[Illustration: FIG. 263. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BOMAREA EDULIS.] - - =B. patococensis= (Patococha). _fl._ 2in. to 2-1/2in. long, - elongate-funnel-shaped; the three outer segments ovate lanceolate, - about one-fourth shorter than the inner segments, both of a rich - crimson colour; numerously borne in drooping, contracted tufts at - the ends of the shoots; peduncles about 2in. to 2-1/2in. long, - intermixed at the base with broadly ovate-acute, leafy bracts. - August and September. _l._ scattered, shortly stalked, broadly - lanceolate, tail pointed. Bogota, 1881. (G. C. n. s. 17, p. 187.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 264. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BOMAREA OLIGANTHA.] - - =B. salsilla= (Salsilla). _fl._ purple, about 1/2in. long, the two - inner segments having a darker spot at the base, and all of them - tinged with green towards the points; collected into a terminal - umbel. June. _l._ few, lanceolate. South America, 1806. This has - proved quite hardy under various conditions. - - =B. Shuttleworthii= (Shuttleworth's).* _fl._, perianth about 2in. - long, funnel-shaped or elongate bell-shaped; segments nearly equal, - oblong acute, outer ones orange vermilion, slightly tinged with - green and dotted with small dark spots at the tips; inner ones more - acutely pointed, canary yellow, with a red midrib, and green with - dark spots at the tips; cymes umbellate, pendulous. _l._ ovate - lanceolate, 5in. to 6in. by 2in., glabrous. Bogota, 1881. (G. C. n. - s. 17, p. 77.) - - =B. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _fl._ rose-coloured, about 2in. - long, elongate funnel shape; disposed in a compound umbellate cyme. - _l._ lanceolate, very acute, and tapering to a very short twisted - petiole. New Grenada, 1882. - -=BOMBACEA†.= A division of _SterculiaceA|_. - -=BOMBAX= (from _bombax_, one of the Greek names for cotton; the pods -are filled with a fine silky substance like cotton, but which it is -impossible to spin into thread, in consequence of the edges being -perfectly smooth). Silk Cotton Tree. ORD. _MalvaceA|_. A genus of large -soft-wooded stove trees. Flowers scarlet or white, large, usually -rising laterally from the trunk or branches, either singly or in -clusters. They grow best in a rich loamy soil. Cuttings, not too ripe, -taken off at a joint, placed in sand under a bell glass, in moist heat, -will root readily; but plants raised from seeds brought from their -natural habitats make finer trees. - - =B. Ceiba= (Ceiba). _fl._ pale red, large. _l._ palmate, with five - leaflets. _fr._ turbinate, concave at the apex. _h._ 100ft. South - America, 1692. - -=BOMBYX NEUSTRIA.= _See_ =Lackey Moth=. - -=BONA-NOX.= _See_ =IpomA|a Bona-Nox=. - -=BONAPARTEA.= _See_ =Tillandsia=. - -=BONAPARTEA JUNCEA.= A synonym of _Agave geminiflora_. - -=BONATEA.= (in honour of M. Bonato, a distinguished Italian botanist, -and a Professor of Botany at Padua). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A handsome -terrestrial stove orchid, allied to _Habenaria_, and requiring similar -culture. - - =B. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ white, galeate; petals bipartite; - raceme many-flowered, compact; bracts cucullate, acuminate. August. - _l._ oblong, sub-undulate. Stem leafy. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, - 1820. (B. M. 2926; L. B. C. 284.) - -=BONGARDIA.= (named after Heinrich Gustav Bongard, a German botanist). -ORD. _BerberideA|_. A very pretty hardy tuberous-rooted perennial, -requiring a sandy soil, and good drainage, with protection at all -seasons from excessive wet, otherwise it will rot. It should be -carefully planted in a compost of loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand, in -equal proportions, and covered with a handlight. - - =B. Rauwolfii= (Rauwolf's). _fl._ golden yellow, on pyramidal - branched panicles; stamens and petals nearly equal in length. - May. _l._ radical, pinnate; leaflets sessile, oval-oblong, three - to five-cleft at the apex, glaucous, each with a dark purple - blotch at the base. _h._ 6in. Syria, Persia, 1740. SYN. _Leontice - Chrysogonum_. (B. M. 6244.) - -=BONNAYA= (named after Bonnay, a German botanist). ORD. -_ScrophulariaceA|_. A small genus of usually glabrous, rarely pilose, -slender, creeping or erect, annual, biennial, or perennial stove -plants, almost unknown in cultivation. Flowers axillary, opposite, or -alternate from abortion, usually pedicellate, the upper ones sometimes -racemose, pinkish, or blue. Leaves opposite, quite entire, or toothed. -They thrive in a rich sandy loam. The annual species are propagated by -seeds, the others by divisions and cuttings. - -=BONNETIA= (commemorative of Charles Bonnet, a French naturalist, -who wrote some botanical papers in 1754). ORD. _TernstrA"miaceA|_. -A genus of elegant middle-sized stove trees or shrubs. Flowers -large, terminal; peduncles one or many-flowered. Leaves scattered, -exstipulate, coriaceous, entire, one-nerved, marked with transverse -veins, sub-sessile, narrowed to the base. They thrive well in a mixture -of loam and peat. Cuttings of firm young shoots will root if placed in -sand under a hand glass, in a moderate heat. - - =B. sessilis= (stalkless). _fl._ purplish, terminal. _l._ oblong, - coriaceous, entire. _h._ 15ft. Guiana, 1819. - -=BORAGE.= _See_ =Borago officinalis=. - -=BORAGINACEA†.= A large order of herbs or shrubs, having spirally-coiled -inflorescence; corolla usually regular and five-lobed, with an -imbricated A|stivation; throat generally hairy; stamens five, inserted -in the corolla. Leaves alternate, rough. Among other genera belonging -to this order may be named _Anchusa_, _Borago_, _Cynoglossum_, -_Echium_, _Lithospermum_, and _Myosotis_. - -=BORAGO= (derivation very uncertain; probably a corruption of some -eastern name). Borage. ORD. _BoraginaceA|_. A genus of hardy herbaceous -perennials or annuals, excellently adapted for naturalising in dry -stony places. Flowers blue, panicled, drooping; corolla rotate; throat -furnished with emarginate vaulted processes; anthers distinct, oblong -or lanceolate, awned, fixed by the inner side, conniving into a cone. -Nuts four, one-celled, turbinate, fixed to the bottom of the calyx. -Leaves oblong or lanceolate. All the species are easily cultivated, -thriving in any common soil. Propagated by divisions, in spring, or by -striking the young cuttings in a cold frame. They may also be raised -from seed, which should be sown from March to May, in any good garden -soil, and the plants, when large enough, thinned out to 1ft. or more -apart. In hot weather, Borage is generally in demand for claret cup and -other drinks. - - =B. laxiflora= (loose-flowered).* _fl._ on long pedicels, - racemose, drooping; corolla pale blue; segments ovate, bluntish, - erectly spreading. May to August. _l._ oblong, and rough from - strigA|; radical ones rosulate; cauline ones half stem-clasping. - Stem decumbent, many from the same root, hispid from retrograde - bristles. Corsica, 1813. (B. M. 1789.) - - =B. longifolia= (long-leaved).* _fl._ disposed in a terminal - bracteate panicle; corolla blue; segments ovate, acute, spreading. - July and August. _l._ linear-lanceolate, scabrous and downy - beneath; cauline ones half stem-clasping. _h._ 1ft. Numidia, 1825. - -[Illustration: FIG. 265. FLOWER OF BORAGO OFFICINALIS.] - - =B. officinalis= (officinal).* Common Borage. _fl._ blue, purple, - or white; segments of the corolla limb ovate, acute, spreading. - June to September. _l._, lower ones obovate, attenuated at the - base; cauline ones oblong, sessile, sub-cordate at the base. _h._ - 1ft. to 2ft. Britain. This is the kind most cultivated in gardens - for flavouring. See Fig. 265. (Sy. En. B. 36.) - -=BORASSUS= (a name applied by LinnA|us to the spathe of the Date Palm). -ORD. _PalmaceA|_. A very small genus of stove trees, containing two -noble species, which are distinguished by unisexual flowers, produced -upon distinct plants, the males being borne in dense branching catkins, -and the females on simple, or, more rarely, slightly branched spikes. -Fruit very large, brown, three-seeded. Leaves fan-shaped, with spiny -petioles. Trunks unarmed, often 70ft. high. They may be grown in good -fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand, mainly the former. Increased by -seeds only, which require to be sown in strong bottom heat. Rarely seen -in cultivation. - - =B. A|thiopicum= (African). _l._ nearly circular, and plaited, - supported upon stout petioles, 6ft. to 7ft. long. Western Tropical - Africa. This handsome, but rare, species is remarkable for the - bulging out or swelling in its stem, near the middle, or about - two-thirds of its height from the ground. - - =B. flabelliformis= (fan-shaped).* _l._ nearly circular, and - plaited like a partially-open fan, with about seventy ribs, which - radiate from a common centre. _h._ 30ft. India, 1771. - -=BORBONIA= (named after Gaston de Bourbon, Duke of Orleans, son -of Henry IV. of France, a great lover and patron of botany). ORD. -_LeguminosA|_. A genus of very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, -natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers yellow, disposed in terminal -heads, axillary. Leaves simple, amplexicaul, alternate, exstipulate, -pungent. They thrive well in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, with -good drainage. Cuttings, half-ripened, obtained in April, will root -freely in sandy soil if placed under a bell glass, in a cool house. - - =B. barbata= (bearded).* _fl._ sessile, villous on the outside. - July. _l._ narrow, lanceolate, many-nerved, complicated, - ciliately-bearded, and very much acuminated; branches diverging. - _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. 1823. - - =B. cordata= (heart-shaped). _fl._, corolla densely villous, with - the vexillum obcordate. July. _l._ cordate, many-nerved, quite - entire, glabrous. Branches villous. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. 1759. - - =B. crenata= (crenated).* _fl._ less villous than in the rest of - the species. July. _l._ cordate, roundish, acute, denticulated, - many nerved and reticulated between the nerves, and are, as well as - the branches, glabrous. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. 1774. (B. M. 274.) - - =B. lanceolata= (lance-shaped). _fl._ densely villous. July. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, pungent, many nerved, quite entire, sessile, - glabrous, as well as the stem. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1752. (L. B. C. - 81.) - - =B. ruscifolia= (Ruscus-leaved). _fl._ sparingly villous. July. - _l._ cordate, many-nerved, minutely ciliated, but are otherwise - glabrous as well as the branches. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. 1790. (B. M. - 2128.) - -=BORDERS, FLOWER.= Small beds, or a continuous bed, of greater length -than width, skirting a wall or shrubbery, and containing plants of -a heterogeneous character. They should be slightly raised above the -surrounding level, and thoroughly drained. In the first preparation of -the Border, it is most essential to deeply dig or trench the ground, -thoroughly incorporating a large amount of well-bodied manure; and if -the soil is very stiff, wood ashes or coarse sand should be well worked -in with the manure. The best time to plant such Borders is in early -autumn or in March. - -Where, as is frequently the case, the Borders are only 2ft. or 3ft. -wide, not more than two rows of plants, either in groups or singly, -will be allowable. The tall plants or shrubs should constitute the -background, with dwarfer subjects in front; but formal arrangements -must be avoided. The object should be to secure a continuous succession -of flowers. This would entail some little trouble at first, which, -however, would be amply repaid by results. - -No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down as to the arrangement of -the plants, which depends on individual taste and means; but the -best results are obtained when the border is mainly made up of hardy -herbaceous perennials, as permanent occupants, assisted by liberal -quantities of summer bedding plants, such as Dahlias, Fuchsias, -Geraniums, Heliotrope, TropA|olums, &c., as well as many hardy annuals -and biennials. By this means, a very varied and beautiful display may -be maintained, especially if bulbs are used for early spring effect, -such as Narcissi, Scillas, Snowdrops, Tulips, &c. Of course, the -herbaceous perennials should be selected with much care, all weedy -subjects being avoided, and variety in colour and time of flowering -secured. Anything like a full list of these would occupy too much -space for repetition here, but the following will be found very showy -and useful: Achilleas, Aconitums, Anemones, Aquilegias, Armerias, -Asters, Campanulas, Carnations and Picotees, Delphiniums, Dodecatheons, -Doronicums, Fritillarias, Funkias, Gaillardias, Geraniums, Geums, -Hollyhocks, Iberises, Irises, Liliums, PA|onies, Papavers, Pyrethrums, -double and single, Ranunculus, Trolliuses, &c. - -=BORDERS, FRUIT.= These should be well drained, and if not naturally -so, the soil should be excavated from 3ft. to 5ft. deep, in order -to form a bottom of stones, pieces of brick, clinkers, &c. Where it -is convenient, draining pipes should be added, if an outfall in the -vicinity can be secured. The base of the Border should be sloped to -the front, where the pipes should be laid, and the bottom covered with -draining material, thereby effectually preventing the fruit trees -rooting deep, which is detrimental to healthy growth. Gross-feeding -vegetables or flowers should not be grown on the surface, but -shallow-rooting crops will generally do no harm. Many advocate the -surface being kept free from crops of any sort, simply letting it be -freely exposed; whilst others equally as strenuously condemn this plan. -Where necessary, chalk or some other mineral constituent of good soil -which is naturally absent, may be added; but much animal manure is -rarely required. The depth and width of Border may vary for different -fruit trees, but efficient drainage is in all cases important. - -=BORECOLE= (_Brassica oleracea fimbriata_). An important division of -the Brassica tribe, often cultivated in gardens under the name of -Kale. It comes in very useful when hard weather has rendered cabbages, -&c., unfit for use, as it endures cold better than most other green -vegetables. Some are also grown as ornamental foliaged plants. Like all -other plants of a similar description, they require rich soil, and they -should be put out in June or early in July, as it is almost useless -to plant this kind of vegetable after the middle of the latter month. -To obtain the best results, the ground should be deeply dug and well -manured; but it must not be full of crude manure at planting time, or -it will make the plants too tender and succulent in wet seasons, with -the result that the first sharp frost would cause them to rot. Good -hard-stemmed plants are the kinds most needed, especially for crops -required in spring, when green vegetables are scarce. Cultivation: -Early in April, and again a month later for succession, the seeds -should be sown thinly in nursery beds, not covering them too deeply. -The soil should be in a friable condition, and it is an advantage if -the first beds be made under a south wall. As soon as the seedlings -appear, if they are too thick, they should be thinned, as those -which are drawn up weak and spindly are useless. When large enough, -they should be carefully planted out, choosing showery weather, if -possible, for the operation. If it is necessary to plant them in dry -weather, they must be well watered-in. The rows should be from 2ft. -to 3ft. apart, according to the variety, and the plants 2ft. apart in -the rows; or, if potatoes are planted wide apart, the Borecole may be -arranged between them. Dead leaves must be cleared away from time to -time, but no green ones should be broken off. When the tops are cut -for use, the stems should not be denuded of foliage, as they will soon -break again and form successional crops. The plants must be kept free -from weeds. After April, the Kales are of little use; the stems may -therefore be pulled up, and the ground planted with some other crop. -They all require the same treatment, and at their various seasons come -in equally useful. - -_Sorts._ The distinct forms are somewhat limited, but being largely -cultivated on the Continent as well as all parts of Britain on account -of its hardy nature, the varieties of Borecole receive a large number -of names that are either synonymous with, or indistinct from, a few -well-known types. Dwarf Green Curled or Scotch is probably the best and -most grown; other good hardy sorts are Asparagus Kale (this name is -applied to several different kinds, the best one being in use very late -in spring), Buda, Cottagers', Dwarf Purple, Imperial Hearting, Ragged -Jack, and Tall Green Curled. Melville's Variegated and Variegated -Borecole, amongst others, have fine ornamental foliage. - -=BORONIA= (named after Francis Boroni, an Italian servant of Dr. -Sibthorp, who perished from an accident at Athens; he collected -specimens of many of those plants which are figured in the "Flora -GrA|ca"). ORD. _RutaceA|_. Very elegant and useful shrubs, requiring -similar treatment to ordinary greenhouse hard-wooded subjects, and -much aided with a little extra heat in spring, when breaking into -growth. Flowers pretty, pink-purplish, or white; peduncles terminal, -but usually axillary on the extreme branches, one to many-flowered; -pedicels furnished at the base and middle with two opposite, short -bracts, jointed, commonly dilated under the calyx. Leaves opposite, -simple, or impari-pinnate, entire, or a little serrulated, full of -pellucid dots. They should be placed out of doors from July to the -middle of September; the most convenient place for them is in pits, -as there are then greater facilities for protecting them from heavy -rains and thunderstorms. When first put out, Boronias should not be -fully exposed, but in the course of a week they may remain open to the -full influence of both sun and air. Potting should be performed once -a year, as soon as the top growth ceases, as the roots then extend -themselves in preparation for their next year's functions. The best -compost for them is one of peat and maiden loam in equal parts, and -about one-sixth sharp silver sand. Many cultivators, however, prefer a -compost consisting of good fibry peat and silver sand, together with -some pieces of charcoal, smaller or larger, according to the size of -the pots used. The soil should be rammed firmly in the pots, which -must be well drained. The leading shoots should be pinched, to ensure -good bushy specimens. Propagation may be effected by young cuttings, -or those made from the half-ripened wood; these should be put into a -thoroughly drained pot of sandy soil, with 1in. of sand on the surface, -and covered with a bell glass, which must be frequently taken off and -wiped dry. When in the cutting state, water must be very carefully -given around the rim of the pot, without taking off the glass. If -placed in a temperature of about 50deg., and shaded from bright noonday -sun, they soon root, when they may be potted off singly into small -pots, and plunged in sawdust, or cocoa-nut fibre refuse, in which -situation but little water is needed. Pinching repeatedly, when young, -is the only means to secure good ultimate growth. Air must be given on -all possible opportunities. - - =B. alata= (winged). _fl._ pale rose-colour, small; peduncles - dichotomous, usually three-flowered; bracts fringed. May. _l._, - leaflets three to five pairs, or more, crenate, revolute, pilose on - the nerves beneath, as well as the rachis. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. New - Holland, 1823. (L. B. C. 1833.) - - =B. anemonifolia= (Anemone-leaved). _fl._ pink; peduncles axillary, - solitary, one-flowered. May. _l._ stalked, trifid; segments narrow, - wedge-shaped, furnished with two or three teeth at the apex, or - quite entire. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1824. (P. M. B. 9, - 123.) - - =B. crenulata= (crenulate).* _fl._ red, small, with a fringed - calyx; pedicels axillary and terminal, one-flowered. July. _l._ - obovate, mucronulate, crenulated. _h._ 1ft. to 4ft. King George's - Sound. (B. M. 3915.) - - =B. denticulata= (finely-toothed). _fl._ rose-coloured; bracts - deciduous; peduncles corymbose. March to August. _l._ linear, - retuse, toothleted, terminated by a small point. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. - King George's Sound, 1823. (B. R. 1000.) - - =B. Drummondi= (Drummond's).* _fl._ pretty rosy pink, freely - produced during spring and summer. _l._ pinnatifid. _h._ 2ft. New - Holland. A very pretty species, with a slender but compact habit of - growth. There is a white-flowered variety of this species (F. d. S. - 9, 881.) - - =B. elatior= (tallest).* _fl._ pendulous, rosy carmine, very - fragrant, disposed in long dense clusters along the ends of the - branches. May. _l._ very prettily pinnately cut into linear - segments. _h._ 4ft. Western Australia, 1874. (B. M. 6285.) - - =B. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved). _fl._ red; peduncles axillary, - one-flowered, each bearing two bracts in the middle. March. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, quite entire, downy beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - New Holland, 1814. (P. M. B. 8, 123.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 266. FLOWERING BRANCHES OF BORONIA MEGASTIGMA.] - - =B. megastigma= (large-stigma).* _fl._ numerous, axillary, - fragrant, drooping, 1/2in. in diameter, sub-globose, campanulate; - petals nearly orbicular, concave, maroon purple outside, and - yellow within. _l._ sessile, pinnate, with three to five narrow - linear rigid leaflets. _h._ 1ft. Of slender habit, with twiggy - branches. South-western Australia, 1873. See Fig. 266. - - =B. pinnata= (pinnate).* _fl._ pink, with a scent like that of - Hawthorn; peduncles dichotomous. February to May. _l._, leaflets - two, three or four pairs, linear, acute, quite smooth. _h._ 1ft. to - 3ft. New Holland, 1794. (B. M. 1763.) - - =B. polygalA|folia= (Polygala-leaved). _fl._ red; peduncles - axillary, solitary, one-flowered. March to July. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, quite entire, opposite, alternate, and three in - a whorl. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Port Jackson, 1824. - - =B. serrulata= (serrulate).* _fl._ of a deep rose colour, very - fragrant; peduncles aggregate, terminal. July. _l._ trapeziform, - acute, serrulated in front, smooth, full of glandular dots. _h._ - 1ft. to 6ft. Port Jackson, 1816. (B. R. 842.) - - =B. tetrandra= (four-stamened). _fl._ pale purple; pedicels short, - one-flowered. May. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets four to five - pairs, linear, obtuse, smooth; branches pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 4ft. - New Holland, 1824. (P. M. B. 16, 227.) - -=BORRERIA= (named after William Borrer, F.L.S., a profound botanist -and cryptogamist). ORD. _RubiaceA|_. A large genus of stove herbs or -sub-shrubs, now referred to _Spermacoce_. Flowers small, white, rarely -blue, disposed in verticillate heads, in the axils of the leaves, or on -the tops of the branches, rarely cymose or corymbose. Leaves opposite, -or the young ones disposed in fascicles in the axils of the old ones, -and therefore appearing verticillate; stipules joining with the -petioles, more or less sheathing, fringed by many bristles. Stems and -branches usually tetragonal. The species are of easy culture, thriving -in a light soil. Cuttings of the perennial kinds strike root readily -in the same kind of soil, in heat. The annual kinds require a similar -treatment to other tender annuals. - - =B. stricta= (straight). A dwarf shrub, but closely allied to the - next species. Porto Rico. - - =B. verticillata= (whorled-flowered). _fl._ white. July. _l._ - linear lanceolate, acuminated, opposite, but appearing verticillate - from the fascicles of young leaves in the axils. _h._ 2ft. West - Indies, 1732. - -=BOSCIA= (named after Louis Bosc, a French professor of agriculture). -SYN. _Podoria_. ORD. _CapparidaceA|_. A small genus of stove plants, -requiring a soil of lumpy, fibry loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings -of firm wood, placed in sand, under a glass, in heat. - - =B. senegalensis= (Senegal). _fl._ white, small, apetalous, - corymbose. _h._ 3ft. Senegal, 1824. An unarmed evergreen shrub. (L. - E. M. 395.) - -=BOSSIA†A= (named after M. Bossier LamartiniA"re, a French botanist, -who accompanied the unfortunate La Peyrouse round the world). ORD. -_LeguminosA|_. A genus of elegant Australian greenhouse shrubs. Flowers -yellow, axillary and solitary, the base of the vexillum or the keel -generally blotched or veined with purple. Leaves simple, of various -forms. A mixture of turfy loam, leaf mould, peat, and sand, with very -free drainage, suits these plants best. Half-ripened cuttings will root -freely if placed in a pot of sand with a bell glass over them, in a -cool house. Seeds should be sown, in March, on a slight hotbed. - - =B. cinerea= (ashy-grey). _fl._ yellow, the vexillum furnished with - a purple circle at the base, and the keel dark purple. May. _l._ - nearly sessile, cordate acute, ending in a spiny mucrone, scabrous - above, but pilose on the nerves beneath, with recurved margins. - Branches terete, crowded with leaves, vinous. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. - 1824. SYNS. _B. cordifolia_, _B. tenuicaulis_. (B. M. 3895.) - - =B. cordifolia= (heart-leaved). A synonym of _B. cinerea_. - - =B. disticha= (two-ranked).* _fl._ yellowish-red; peduncles - solitary, axillary, one-flowered, longer than the leaves. March to - May. _l._ distichous, ovate, obtuse. Young branches terete. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Swan River, 1840. (B. R. 1841, 55.) - - =B. ensata= (sword-shaped). _fl._ yellowish, with the back and - base of the vexillum of a brownish orange-purple colour; keel - brownish-purple. April. Branches flat, linear, leafless, toothed, - the teeth bearing the flowers; upper bracts distant from the lower - ones, shorter than the pedicel. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1825. (S. F. A. - 51.) - - =B. foliosa= (leafy). _fl._ yellow and orange. May to June. _l._ - alternate, small, orbicular, retuse, scabrous, with revolute - margins, silky beneath; stipules permanent, hooked, longer than the - petioles. Branches straight, terete, villous. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. - 1824. - - =B. lenticularis= (lentil-leaved). A synonym of _B. rhombifolia_. - - =B. linnA|oides= (LinnA|a-like).* _fl._ yellow; keel dark brown; - corolla about twice the length of the calyx; pedicels solitary - one-flowered, elongated. May. _l._ elliptic, mucronate. Branches - terete, prostrate, puberulous. 1824. A procumbent shrub. - - =B. linophylla= (Flax-leaved).* _fl._ orange and purple. July to - August. _l._ linear, with recurved margins. Branches compressed, - leafy. _h._ 1ft. to 4ft. 1803. (B. M. 2491.) - - =B. microphylla= (small-leaved). _l._ cuneiformly obcordate, - glabrous. Branches terete, leafy, spinescent; young branches rather - compressed and pubescent. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. 1803. (L. B. C. 656.) - - =B. rhombifolia= (diamond-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, the vexillum - having a dark red zonate mark at the base; wings red at the base; - keel brownish-purple. April. _l._ rhomboidal-orbicular, somewhat - emarginate and mucronate. Branches terete; branchlets compressed, - leafy. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. 1820. SYN. _B. lenticularis_. (L. B. C. - 1238.) - - =B. rotundifolia= (round-leaved). _l._ roundish, or broadly - obovate, somewhat mucronate, flat, four to five lines long and five - to six broad. Branches and branchlets leafy, compressed. _h._ 1ft. - to 2ft. 1824. - - =B. scolopendrium= (plank-plant). _fl._ yellow, with the back of - the vexillum and keel brownish-red. May. _l._ (when present) ovate - and smooth. Branches flat, linear, leafless, toothed, with the - teeth bearing the flowers; keel naked; superior bracts permanent, - imbricate, equal in length to the peduncles. _h._ 3ft. to 10ft. - 1792. (B. M. 1235.) - - =B. tenuicaulis= (slender-stemmed). Synonymous with _B. cinerea_. - -=BOSWELLIA= (named after Dr. Boswell, formerly of Edinburgh). Olibanum -Tree. ORD. _BurseraceA|_. Ornamental and economic evergreen stove trees. -Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx five-toothed, permanent; petals five, -obovate-oblong, spreading, with the margins incumbent in A|stivation; -disk cup-shaped, crenate; stamens ten; capsule trigonal. They are -of easy culture, thriving well in loam and peat soil. Cuttings root -readily if placed in sand under a glass. - - =B. glabra= (glabrous). _fl._ white, small, with a red nectary and - yellow anthers; racemes aggregate, simple, terminal, shorter than - the leaves. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets broad, lanceolate, blunt, - serrated, smooth. _h._ 30ft. Coromandel, 1823. (B. F. S. 124.) - - =B. serrata= (saw-edged-leaved).* _fl._ whitish-yellow; racemes - axillary, simple. _l._ impari-pinnate; leaflets ovate-oblong, - taper-pointed, serrated, pubescent. _h._ 20ft. India, 1820. (T. L. - S. xv., 4.) - -=BOTANY BAY GUM.= _See_ =XanthorrhA|a arborea=. - -=BOTANY BAY TEA= (and =TREE=). _See_ =Smilax glycyphylla=. - -=BOTHY.= A residence for under-gardeners, usually built behind the -hothouses, or some high wall, in what is called a back shed. The -place is too frequently a cramped, ill-ventilated hovel. A Bothy -proper should be an independent structure, and fitted with modern -conveniences; for, of all people, gardeners are the most susceptible -to colds, &c. A library of standard horticultural and botanical works, -as well as a few on other scientific subjects, and a moderate number -of high-class books of fiction, one or more weekly gardening and other -papers, should be supplied by the employer. During the winter months, -for mutual improvement, lectures should be delivered, or papers read, -by each gardener, on various subjects, after which a free discussion -should take place upon the paper or lecture, by which means a great -amount of good would be accomplished. - -=BOTRYCHIUM= (from _botrys_, a bunch; in reference to the bunch-like -disposition of the indusia). Moonwort. ORD. _Filices_. A genus of very -interesting and pretty little hardy ferns. Capsules sessile, arranged -in two rows on the face of spikes which form a compound panicle. They -require a compost of sandy loam; perfect drainage is most essential. -For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=. - - =B. australe= (southern). A variety of _B. ternatum_. - - =B. daucifolium= (Daucus-leaved). _sti._ stout, 6in. to 12in. long; - petiole of sterile segments 1in. to 6in. long, the latter 6in. to - 12in. each way, deltoid, tripinnatifid or tripinnate, the lower - pinnA| largest; segments lanceolate-oblong, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, - finely toothed. _fertile peduncle_ equalling the sterile segments - when mature; panicle 2in. to 4in. long; tripinnate, not very close. - Himalayas, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _B. subcarnosum_. - - =B. Lunaria.= Common Moonwort.* _sti._ 1in. to 4in. long. _sterile - segments_ sessile, or nearly so, 1in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to - 1in. broad, base much broader than the middle, cut down to a - flattened rachis into several distinct, close, entire, or notched - cuneate-flabellate pinnA| on both sides. _fertile peduncle_ - equalling or exceeding the sterile portion; panicle close, 1in. to - 2in. long. England, &c. Hardy. See Fig. 267. - -[Illustration: FIG. 267. BOTRYCHIUM LUNARIA, showing Habit, Capsule, -and Spores.] - - =B. lunarioides= (Lunaria-like). A variety of _B. ternatum_. - - =B. obliquum= (oblique). A variety of _B. ternatum_. - - =B. subcarnosum= (sub-fleshy). A synonym of _B. daucifolium_. - - =B. ternatum= (ternate).* _sti._ 1in. to 2in. long. _petiole_ of - the sterile segments 2in. to 4in. long, the latter 3in. to 6in. - each way, deltoid, tri- or quadripinnatifid; lower pinnA| much - the largest. _fertile peduncle_ 6in. to 9in. long; panicle 1in. - to 6in. long; deltoid, very compound. Nootka and Hudson's Bay - territory. Several so-called species come very close to this, - including _australe_, _lunarioides_, and _obliquum_, which are only - geographical varieties. Greenhouse species. - - =B. virginianum= (Virginian).* _sti._ 3in. to 18in. long. - _sterile segments_ sessile, 4in. to 12in. each way, deltoid, - quadripinnatifid; lower pinnA| much the largest; pinnules - oval-oblong, close, cut down to the rachis into finely cut - linear-oblong segments. _fertile peduncle_ equalling or exceeding - the sterile part of the plant when mature; panicle 1in. to 4in. - long, loose, oblong. Oregon, and North United States, 1790. A hardy - species in sheltered places. (H. G. F. 29.) - -=BOTTLE-GOURD.= _See_ =Lagenaria=. - -=BOTTLE-TREE.= _See_ =Sterculia rupestris=. - -=BOTTOM HEAT.= This is usually secured by passing hot-water pipes -through an air chamber, or a water tank, beneath a bed of plunging -material. The covering of the tank or chamber is best made of slate. -The heat must be regulated according to the requirements of the -subjects grown; this is easily accomplished by using the valve. -A thermometer should be placed in the tank or bed. Bottom-heat -is indispensable for propagating plants from seeds and cuttings, -especially in spring. _See_ =Heating= and =Hotbeds=. - -=BOUCEROSIA= (from _boukeros_, furnished with buffaloes' horns; in -reference to the curved lobes of the corona) ORD. _AsclepiadaceA|_. A -genus of greenhouse succulent perennials, allied to _Stapelia_, and -requiring the same culture. Flowers numerous, terminal, umbellate; -corolla sub-campanulate, five-cleft; segments broadly triangular, with -acute recesses; stramineous corona fifteen-lobed; lobes disposed in a -double series; the five inner ones opposite the stamens and lying upon -the anthers; the rest exterior, erect, or a little incurved at apex, -adhering to the back of the inner ones. Branches and stems tetragonal, -with toothed angles. - -[Illustration: FIG. 268 BOUCEROSIA EUROPA†A.] - - =B. europA|a= (European). _fl._ purple-brown, yellow. Summer. _h._ - 4in. Sicily, 1833. SYNS. _Apteranthes_ and _Stapelia Gussoniana_. - See Fig. 268. (B. R. 1731.) - - =B. maroccana= (Morocco).* _fl._ dark red purple, with yellow - concentric lines. Summer. _l._ minute, trowel-shaped, deflexed at - tip of stem angles. _h._ 4in. Morocco, 1875. (B. M. 6137.) - -=BOUCHEA= (named after C. and P. Bouche, German naturalists). ORD. -_VerbenaceA|_. A small genus of stove or greenhouse evergreen herbs or -sub-shrubs. Flowers sub-sessile, in spicate racemes, which are either -terminal or in the forking of two branches; corolla funnel-shaped. -Leaves opposite, toothed. They thrive in a well-drained compost of loam -and sandy peat. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand, under a glass, -and in a gentle heat, during spring. - - =B. cuneifolia= (wedge-shaped-leaved). _fl._ white. April. _h._ - 4ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1821. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. SYN. - _Chascanum cuneifolium_. - - =B. pseudogervao= (false-gervaA'). _fl._ purplish, with white - throat; spike terminal, 6in. to 10in. long, slender. September. - _l._ opposite, ovate, or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrated. Stems - tetragonous. _h._ 2ft. to 5ft. Brazil, 1874. A stove perennial. (B. - M. 6221). - -=BOUGAINVILLEA= (named after De Bougainville, a French navigator). -ORD. _NyctagineA|_. Gorgeous warm greenhouse or conservatory plants, -comprising some of the most showy climbers in cultivation. Their -beauty lies in the bracts, which envelop the small greenish flowers. -_B. glabra_ may be grown in pots, or planted out in the greenhouse -borders; the others are best planted out, as they root very freely, and -plenty of space would be occupied if allowed, but it is best to limit -it, as they bloom much better. Strict training and pinching are not -desirable, being prejudicial to the free production of bloom; indeed, -the best plan is to allow the plants to ramble freely over the roof of -a moderately high house, or along the upper portion of a back wall; -they will then bloom profusely for several months in the year, provided -proper attention be paid to watering, and that the plants are in a -well-drained situation. In preparing a border for their reception, the -first point to be considered is the drainage, which must be perfect. -This is best effected by placing a layer of brick rubbish, 6in. to 9in. -in thickness, communicating with the drain, by which means all sourness -and stagnancy of the soil will be obviated. The bed should be excavated -to a depth of 18in. or 2ft. Three parts turfy loam, and one part -leaf soil, with the admixture of a liberal quantity of sharp gritty -sand, will form a suitable compost for the culture of Bougainvilleas. -The amount of sand incorporated must depend upon the quality of the -other components, heavy loam requiring more than that which is more -friable. The occasional incorporation of manure in the compost is not -to be recommended; but a liberal application of liquid manure will be -of material advantage, especially if the root space is limited. When -the plants cease blooming each yearA---about November or DecemberA---they -should be dried off and rested; and in February they should be closely -spurred in, the same as with vines, and all weak leaders removed, so -that strong wood only is left. When grown in pots, they must be started -in brisk heat. They are easily increased by cuttings prepared from the -half-ripened wood; these should be placed in sandy soil, in a brisk -bottom heat, when they will soon root. Scale, red spider, and mealy bug -are the only insects likely to infest the plants, and recipes for their -destruction will be found under each individual name. - -[Illustration: FIG. 269. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS.] - - =B. glabra= (smooth).* _fl._, inflorescence panicled, smaller than - that of _B. speciosa_, each branchlet producing cordate-ovate acute - rosy bracts, in threes. Summer. _l._ bright green, smooth. Brazil, - 1861. This is by far the best species for pot culture, and forms a - very showy plant when well grown. - - =B. speciosa= (beautiful).* _fl._, bracts large, cordate, delicate - lilac rose, produced in immense panicles, which, in well grown - specimens, are so freely produced as to entirely shroud the whole - plant. March to June. _l._ ovate, very dark green, covered on - the upper surface with small hairs. Stems branched, abundantly - furnished with large recurved spines. Brazil, 1861. (F. M. i., 62.) - - =B. spectabilis= (showy). _fl._, bracts of a dull brick-red, shaded - with scarlet. South America, 1829. It is very difficult to obtain - bloom on this plant; and when flowers are produced, they are - extremely ephemeral. The species is, for all practical purposes, - much inferior to either of the foregoing. SYN. _Josepha augusta_. - See Fig. 269. - -=BOURBON PALM.= _See_ =Latania=. - -=BOUSSINGAULTIA= (named after Boussingault, a celebrated chemist). -ORD. _ChenopodiaceA|_. Very pretty half-hardy, tuberous-rooted plants, -requiring a rich vegetable sandy soil, and a well-drained sunny aspect, -under which conditions the first-mentioned species develops into a -very luxuriant trailing plant, attaining a length of 20in. or more. -Propagated freely by means of the tubercles of the stem; these are, -however, extremely brittle. - - =B. baselloides= (Basella-like).* _fl._ white, ultimately becoming - black, fragrant, small, disposed in clusters, 2in. to 4in. long, - which are axillary at the ends of the branches. Late autumn. _l._ - alternate, cordate, smooth, shining, fleshy, slightly wavy. Stems - very twining, tinged red, very quick-growing, producing tubercles. - South America, 1835. (B. M. 3620.) - - =B. Lachaumei= (Lachaume's). _fl._ rose, constantly in perfection. - Cuba, 1872. A stove species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 270. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BOUVARDIA.] - -=BOUVARDIA= (named after Dr. Charles Bouvard, formerly superintendent -of the Jardin du Roi, at Paris). ORD. _RubiaceA|_. Handsome greenhouse -evergreen shrubs. Peduncles terminal, three-flowered, or trichotomous -and corymbose; corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, elongated, beset with -velvety papillA| outside, and a four-parted, spreading, short limb. -Leaves opposite, or in whorls; stipules narrow, acute, adnate to the -petioles on both sides. These extensively cultivated plants are among -the most useful for conservatory or greenhouse decoration (see Fig. -270. for which we are indebted to Messrs. Cannell and Sons), and -the flowers are largely employed in a cut state. Perhaps only two -are fragrant, viz., _jasminiflora_ and _Humboldtii_. Cultivation: -Presuming the grower to be commencing with young rooted cuttings, these -should be potted off into a mixture of good fibrous loam, leaf soil, -and sand, in equal proportions, to which may be added a small quantity -of peat; they should then be placed in a temperature of from 70deg. -to 80deg. until fully established in the small pots. It is necessary -at this stage to stop the young plants back to the first joint, and -as they continue to make fresh breaks, to keep on pinching them back -during the whole period of cultivation, or until sufficiently bushy -plants are produced. Many growers neglect stopping far too much, the -result being ill-shaped and almost flowerless plants. The pinching, of -course, can be regulated by the time the plants are required to flower; -and it is unwise, in most cases, to stop them after the end of August. -When the small pots are well filled with roots, the plants should be -shifted into the flowering pots, viz., large 48-sized, which are quite -commodious enough to grow very fine plants, a similar compost as in the -first potting, with a little Standen's manure added, being used, and -good drainage provided. A cool greenhouse, with a damp bottom for the -pots to rest upon, and with a moist atmosphere, is the most suitable -place in which to grow them during late spring and early summer, the -moist air being very desirable as an effectual check to red spider, -a pest very fond of the foliage, which it permanently disfigures. -A cold pit or close frame is better during the summer months, as a -moist atmosphere and cool bottom are then certain. Ventilation may -be effected during the greater part of the day by tilting the lights -below, and on fine nights they may be removed altogether. During -bright sunshine, shading will be beneficial. All through the period -of active growth, it is absolutely necessary that the plants should -receive plenty of water, or they will surely suffer; and when the -pots are filled with roots, occasional doses of manure water will be -beneficial. Many cultivators plant them out about the end of June, in -favoured situations, or in spent hotbeds, when they make very vigorous -growth; and, if carefully pinched and watered, fine specimens are -obtained. These are lifted in early autumn, with a good ball, potted, -and kept shaded for a few days until the roots are again active, when -they are taken to the house in which they are intended to bloom, and -an enormous supply of flowers is secured. We have also seen Bouvardias -planted out permanently in beds, in prepared pits, in which the winter -temperature was not less than 55deg., with very satisfactory results; -the quantity of bloom being very great. Of course, with the last-named -treatment, it is essential to give the plants a rest and hardening-off -after flowering, and when they are started into fresh growth to keep -them well pinched and watered. Bouvardias are liable to the attacks of -red spider and green fly. The former stands little chance of existence -if the plants are kept well supplied with moisture; the latter may be -destroyed by fumigating with tobacco. Mealy bug are also troublesome, -and should be sponged off with a solution of Gishurst's Compound. -Propagation: After flowering, and a slight rest and hardening-off, the -old plants should be cut back, placed in heat, in a stove or cucumber -pit, and freely syringed, which will cause them to break freely, and -produce a good supply of cuttings. When the young shoots are from -1-1/2in. to 2in. long., they are in the best condition for striking. It -is not necessary that they should be cut off at a joint, as they will -root from any surface of the stem; and, working economically, it is -wiser to cut them off just above the first joint, as other shoots will -speedily break out, which may, in their turn, be taken. Pots about 5in. -across should have previously been prepared for the cuttings, by being -well drained and filled with a mixture of good fibrous loam, leaf soil, -and coarse sand, in equal parts, with a copious supply of sand upon -the surface, into which the cuttings should be dibbled pretty thickly. -A good watering must be given without wetting, and thereby injuring, -the foliage. The pots should be plunged in the cutting case, or in any -bottom heat of about 70deg. or 80deg., and covered with a bell glass. -All that is then necessary is to keep them moist and shady during -sunshine, until they are rooted, which, as a rule, is effected in three -weeks' time. When well established, they may be removed from the case, -gradually hardened off, and finally potted singly into small thumb pots. - - =B. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved).* _fl._ pale red; corymbs - somewhat trichotomous. September. _l._ three in a whorl, - lanceolate, with revolute edges, glabrous above, but beset with - fine hairs beneath. Branches terete, smoothish. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, - 1838. (P. M. B. 7, 99.) - - =B. Cavanillesii= (Cavanilles's). _fl._ red; peduncles terminal, - trifid, three-flowered. May. _l._ opposite, ovate-lanceolate, - acuminated, rather villous beneath. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Mexico, 1846. - SYN. _B. multiflora_. (J. H. S. 3, 246.) - - =B. flava= (yellow).* _fl._ yellow, drooping; racemes three to - five-flowered; pedicels downy, slender. March. _l._ opposite, - ovate-lanceolate, ciliated; stipules setaceous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - Mexico, 1845. (B. R. 32, 32.) - - =B. hirtella= (hairy). _fl._ pale red or flesh-coloured, corymbose. - _l._ whorled, lanceolate, with revoluted edges, hairy on both - surfaces. Branches terete. Mexico. - - =B. Humboldtii corymbiflora= (Humboldt's corymb-flowered).* _fl._ - white, large, fragrant, disposed in terminal racemes; tubes long. - Autumn and winter. _l._ ovate, oblong-acuminate, dark green. 1874. - One of the finest kinds in cultivation. (G. C. 1873, 717.) - - =B. Jacquini= (Jacquin's). A synonym of _B. triphylla_. - - =B. jasminiflora= (Jasmine-flowered).* _fl._ white, fragrant, - in compound cymes; very floriferous. Winter. _l._ opposite, - elliptic-acuminate. South America, 1869. A very charming and - largely grown species. (G. C. 1872, 215.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 271. BOUVARDIA LEIANTHA.] - - =B. leiantha= (smooth-flowered).* _fl._ scarlet; corymbs - sub-trichotomous. July to November. _l._ ternate, ovate-acuminate, - slightly hairy above, downy-villous beneath. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, - 1850. See Fig. 271. (B. H. 2, 6.) - - =B. longiflora= (long-flowered).* _fl._ white, terminal, solitary, - sessile, with the tube 2in. or 3in. long. _l._ opposite, oblong, - acute, cuneated at the base, glabrous. Branches compressedly - tetragonal, glabrous. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1827. (B. M. 4223.) - - =B. multiflora= (many-flowered). A synonym of _B. Cavanillesii_. - - =B. triphylla= (three-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet, nearly 1in. long; - corymbs somewhat trichotomous. July. _l._ smoothish above, hairy - beneath, three in a whorl, oblong. Branchlets trigonal, hairy. _h._ - 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1794. There are numerous varieties of this - species. SYN. _B. Jacquini_. (B. M. 1854.) - - =B. versicolor= (various-coloured). _fl._, corolla with a scarlet - tube, which is 3/4in. long, but having the limb yellowish inside; - corymbs three-flowered, trichotomous, drooping. July to September. - _l._ opposite, lanceolate, ciliated. Branches terete, glabrous, - velvety while young. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. South America, 1814. (B. R. - 245.) - -The garden hybrids are very handsome. A selection is given below: - - ALFRED NEUNER, flowers double, white, or slightly tinged with rose - (see Fig. 272); BRILLIANT, flowers bright crimson, numerous, freely - branching habit, and strong constitution; DAZZLER,* habit very - bushy and compact, extremely floriferous, flowers rich scarlet, in - dense clusters; HOGARTH, brilliant scarlet, very fine; LONGIFLORA - FLAMMEA,* flowers long-tubed, blush-rose; MAIDEN'S BLUSH,* very - free and floriferous, blush-rose; PRESIDENT GARFIELD, rich double, - red-pink, very fine; QUEEN OF ROSES, rosy-pink, the tubes tinted - with crimson, habit dwarf and very free; VREELANDI (=DAVIDSONI), - flowers pure white, produced in great abundance; one of the most - useful of them all, and grown very extensively. - -[Illustration: FIG. 272. BOUVARDIA ALFRED NEUNER.] - -=BOWENIA= (commemorative of Sir G. Bowen, Governor of Queensland). ORD. -_CycadaceA|_. A remarkable and handsome greenhouse fern-like plant, -closely allied to _Zamia_, from which it is distinguished by having the -leaflets decurrent to the petiole, instead of articulated, as in that -genus. For culture, _see_ =Cycas=. - - =B. spectabilis= (showy).* _fl._, male cones small, ovoid, - 1/2in. to 3/4in. long; female oblong-globose, 3-3/4in. long. - _l._ bipinnatisect, on tall, slender petioles; leaflets - falcate-lanceolate, decurrent; stem short, thick, cylindrical. - Queensland, Australia, 1863. (B. M. 5398 and 6008.) - - =B. s. serrulata= (finely-toothed).* This differs from the type in - having the margins distinctly toothed or serrated. Rockingham Bay, - 1863. - -=BOWIEA= (named after J. Bowie, a botanical collector for the Royal -Gardens, Kew). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A very interesting greenhouse or -half-hardy twining bulbous perennial, thriving in a sunny border, -under the wall of a greenhouse, where it will require protection -during winter. It does well in any light well drained soil, and may be -propagated by seeds or offsets. - -[Illustration: FIG. 273. BOWIEA VOLUBILIS, showing Habit, Flower, and -Fruit.] - - =B. volubilis= (twining). _fl._ few, remote, pedicellate; perianth - six-partite, persistent; segments equal, green, lanceolate, 1/4in. - long, at length reflexed. October. True leaves are frequently - not developed for years; but the green, fleshy, mostly abortive - inflorescence performs their functions. South Africa, 1866. See - Fig. 273. - -=BOX.= _See_ =Buxus=. - -=BOX ELDER.= _See_ =Negundo=. - -=BOX THORN.= _See_ =Lycium=. - -=BRABEIUM= (from _brabeion_, a sceptre; in reference to the racemosed -flowers). African Almond. ORD. _ProteaceA|_. An ornamental greenhouse -evergreen tree. For culture, &c., _see_ =Banksia=. - - =B. stellatifolium= (star-leaved). _fl._ white, sweet-scented, - disposed in elegant, axillary, spiked racemes. August. _l._ - whorled, simple, serrate. _h._ 15ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1731. - -=BRACHYCHITON= (from _brachys_, short, and _chiton_, a coat of mail; -plants covered with imbricated hairs and scales). ORD. _SterculiaceA|_. -A genus of tropical or sub-tropical Australian trees or shrubs, allied -to _Sterculia_, from which it differs in very minor points. They are of -easy culture in a loamy soil. Propagated by young cuttings, planted in -sandy soil, in gentle heat. - - =B. acerifolium= (Acer-leaved). _fl._ bright red. _l._ - long-stalked, deeply five to seven-lobed. _h._ from 60ft. to 120ft. - - =B. Bidwillii= (Bidwill's).* _fl._ bright red, arranged in axillary - bunches. _l._ stalked, heart-shaped, entire, or three-lobed, and - covered with a soft pubescence. 1851. (B. M. 5133.) - - =B. diversifolium= (various-leaved). _l._ coriaceous, obtuse, - lanceolate, entire, or three-lobed, glabrous; lobes acuminate. _h._ - 20ft. to 60ft. 1824. - -=BRACHYCOME= (from _brachys_, short, and _kome_, hair). Swan River -Daisy. ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus of beautiful little half-hardy -perennials or annuals, closely resembling _Bellis_ in structure. -Involucral bracts membranous at the margin; receptacle pitted, naked. -Fruit compressed, surmounted by a very short bristly pappus. _B. -iberidifolia_ is one of the prettiest of summer annuals, and in the -open border it flowers profusely, if in a dry, sunny spot. Towards -the autumn, it may be removed to the greenhouse, where it will still -continue flowering for several weeks. Seeds may be sown in a gentle -hotbed, early in the spring, and, when large enough, planted out in -borders or beds, 6in. apart; or they may be sown thinly out of doors, -late in April, and thinned out, when they will flower a month later -than those sown in the hotbed. - - =B. iberidifolia= (Iberis-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ blue or white, with - a dark centre, about 1in. in diameter. Summer and autumn. _l._ - pinnate; segments linear. Plant erect, glabrous. _h._ 1ft. Swan - River, 1843. See Fig. 274. - -[Illustration: FIG. 274. BRACHYCOME IBERIDIFOLIA, showing Habit and -Flowering Branch.] - -=BRACHYLA†NA= (from _brachys_, short, and _lA|na_, a cloak or covering; -referring to the shortness of the involucre). ORD. _CompositA|_. A -genus of South African evergreen greenhouse shrubs, nearly allied to -_Baccharis_. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by -cuttings, made of half-ripened shoots, placed in a well-drained pot of -sandy soil, under a bell glass. - - =B. dentata= (toothed). _fl.-heads_ yellow. _l._ lanceolate, acute, - entire, rusty beneath when young, when adult quite glabrous. - - =B. nerifolia= (Nerium-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, in branching - racemes or panicles. August to November. _l._ lanceolate, serrated - with one or two teeth forward. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1752. - -=BRACHYOTUM= (from _brachys_, short, and _otos_, the ear; in -reference to the short appendages at the base of the anthers). ORD. -_MelastomaceA|_. A handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, with a bushy -habit. Allied, and requiring similar culture, to _Pleroma_ (which -_see_). - - =B. confertum= (crowded).* _fl._ purple, terminal, nodding, with - cream-coloured bracts. November. _l._ oblong or ovate, small, - three-nerved, with adpressed hairs. Andes, Peru, 1873. (B. M. 6018.) - -=BRACHYSEMA= (from _brachys_, short, and _sema_, a standard; the -standard of the flower is very short). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Elegant -procumbent or climbing greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Racemes axillary -and terminal, few-flowered. Leaves alternate, oval or ovate, entire, -mucronate, silky on the under surface. They thrive in a compost of -peat, leaf soil, and loam, in equal proportions, made porous, if -necessary, by the addition of sand. Increased by cuttings, made of -half-ripened shoots in summer, placed in sandy soil, under a bell -glass, in a gentle bottom heat; or by layers. Seeds may be sown in -March, in heat. Brachysemas require thorough drainage, whether grown -in pots or planted out. _B. latifolium_ does best under the latter -treatment, when it forms a magnificent climber for pillars or the roof. - -[Illustration: THE GIANT WATER LILY (VICTORIA REGIA).] - - =B. lanceolatum= (lanceolate-leaved). _fl._ rich scarlet, with the - margin of the vexillum white, red at the disk, with a large yellow - spot in the centre, each about 1in. long, disposed in axillary, - sub-compound racemes. _l._ opposite, rarely alternate, ovate - or ovate-lanceolate, entire, silky white beneath. _h._ 3ft. Swan - River, 1848. (B. M. 4652.) - - =B. latifolium= (broad-leaved).* _fl._ crimson-scarlet, large; - vexillum oblong-ovate. April. _l._ ovate, flat, silky beneath. New - Holland, 1803. A handsome climber. (B. R. 118.) - - =B. melanopetalum= (black-petaled). Synonymous with _B. undulatum_. - - =B. undulatum= (undulated).* _fl._ deep violet-maroon, solitary - or twin; vexillum oblong, cordate, convolute, and bluntish above. - March. _l._ oblong-ovate, mucronate, undulated. New South Wales, - 1820. A tall subscandent plant. SYN. _B. melanopetalum_. (B. R. - 642.) - -=BRACHYSPATHA= (from _brachys_, short, and _spatha_, a spathe; the -spathe is much shorter than the spadix). ORD. _AroideA|_. Stove -tuberous perennial, allied to, and requiring the same cultivation as, -_Amorphophallus_ (which _see_). - - =B. variabilis= (variable).* _fl._ exhaling an abominable fA"tor, - which is, however, of very short duration; spathe much shorter than - the spadix, greenish-purple, sharply acuminate, and many-nerved; - spadix whitish, with female flower at the base, and above - contiguous to them are the males without any intermediate neutral - flowers; anthers orange red; the naked apex of the spadix is very - long, wrinkled, and pitted on the surface. _l._ solitary, 18in. - across; the spotted petiole divides at the top into three main - divisions, each of which is again forked and deeply pinnately cut; - the segments alternate, sessile, or decurrent, very unequal in - size, ovate or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, shining. _h._ - 3ft. India, 1876. (G. C. 1876, 129.) - -=BRACHYSTELMA= (from _brachys_, short, and _stelma_, a crown; in -reference to the short coronal processes of the flowers). ORD. -_AsclepiadaceA|_. Extremely curious little suffruticose, tuberous, -twining, greenhouse perennials. Corolla campanulate, having angular -sinuses; corona simple, five-cleft, lobes opposite the anthers, simple -on the back. Leaves opposite, membranous. They thrive best in fibry -loam. Propagated by cuttings, which will root in sandy soil, in heat; -also by divisions of the root. - - =B. Arnotti= (Arnott's). _fl._ brown, green. _l._ in opposite - pairs, nearly sessile, crisped, ovate, dull green above, densely - grey, pubescent beneath. _h._ 4in. South Africa, 1868. (Ref. B. i., - 9.) - - =B. BarberA|= (Mrs. Barber's). _fl._ dingy purple, speckled with - yellow. August. _l._ large, linear-oblong, acute. _h._ 6in. South - Africa, 1866. (B. M. 5607.) - - =B. ovata= (ovate-leaved). _fl._ yellowish-green. _l._ ovate, - shortly-stalked, pubescent. _h._ 1ft. South Africa, 1872. (Ref. B. - 226.) - - =B. spathulatum= (spathulate-leaved). _fl._ green. June. _l._ - spathulate, oblong, hairy. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1826. (B. - R. 1113.) - - =B. tuborosum= (tuberous). _fl._ purple. June. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, ciliate. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1821. - (B. M. 2343.) - -=BRACKEN=, or =BRAKE FERN=. See =Pteris aquilina=. - -=BRACTEATE.= Having bracts. - -=BRACTEOLATE.= Having secondary bracts between the true bracts and the -flowers. - -=BRACTS.= Modified leaves placed near the calyx on the peduncle or -pedicel. - -=BRAHEA= (named after Tycho Brahe, the celebrated astronomer). ORD. -_PalmeA|_. A small genus of dwarf palms, with fan-shaped leaves, and -hermaphrodite, greenish flowers. They require rich light loam and -fibrous peat, in equal parts, to which may be added a good portion of -washed sand; thorough drainage and liberal supplies of water are also -absolutely necessary. Propagated by seeds. During summer, they may be -removed to the greenhouse, and can be employed with much success for -sub-tropical gardening. - - =B. dulcis= (sweet).* _l._ nearly circular, bright shining green; - petioles clothed with woolly tomentum, armed at the edges with - small close-set spines, and enveloped at the base in a network of - brown fibre. Stem stout. Mexico, 1865. A rare and slow developing - species. - - =B. filamentosa= (filamentose). A synonym of _Washingtonia - filifera_. - -=BRAINEA= (commemorative of C. J. Braine, Esq., of Hong Kong, China). -ORD. _Filices_. Sori continuous along transverse veins, near the -midrib, and also produced along the veins in the direction of the edge -of the frond. - - =B. insignis= (remarkable), which is the only species, has a - _trunk_ 3in. to 4in. thick; scales linear, nearly 1in. long. _sti._ - firm, 3in. to 4in. long, scaly only at the base. _fronds_ 2ft - to 3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, simply pinnate; pinnA| close, - numerous, linear, finely serrated. Hong Kong, 1856. A very handsome - and interesting greenhouse tree fern, requiring a soil of loam and - peat, in equal parts, with the addition of some sharp sand, and - thorough drainage. - -=BRAMBLE.= _See_ =Rubus=. - -=BRASSAVOLA= (named in honour of A. M. Brassavola, a Venetian -botanist). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A genus of epiphytal orchids, requiring -the heat of an intermediate house. Flowers large, usually with narrow -acuminate greenish petals and sepals, and a white lip, which is -sometimes broad; column having a pair of great falcate ears on each -side of the front, and eight pollen masses. Leaves solitary, succulent. -They are of easy culture on blocks of wood, with a little moss, -suspended from the roof. Water should be plentifully given during the -growing season; at other times, a very small quantity will suffice. -About seventeen or eighteen species have been introduced, of which the -following only are worth growing: - - =B. acaulis= (stemless). _fl._ large; sepals and petals long, - narrow, greenish and creamy-white; lip large, heart-shaped, and - pure white; base of tube spotted with dull rose. September. _l._ - very narrow, rush-like. _h._ 4in. Central America, 1852. (P. F. G. - ii., 152.) - - =B. Digbyana= (Digby's).* _fl._ solitary, 4in. across, produced - from the top of the bulb; sepals and petals creamy-white; lip same - colour, streaked with purple down the centre, and beautifully - fringed. Winter. _h._ 9in. Honduras, 1844. A compact-growing - evergreen. (B. M. 4474.) - - =B. Gibbsiana= (Gibbs's).* _fl._ white, spotted with chocolate, - large, three on each spike. _l._ rather broad and very thick. This - rare, erect-growing species must be potted in peat and sphagnum. - - =B. glauca= (glaucous).* _fl._ solitary, produced from a sheath at - the top of the bulb; sepals and petals yellow; lip orange, with a - white throat. Early spring. _l._ of a milky-green. _h._ 1ft. Vera - Cruz, 1837. A very handsome fragrant species, somewhat difficult - to flower, but this obstacle may be overcome by liberally growing - during the proper season, and giving it a severe dry rest. (B. M. - 4033.) - - =B. lineata= (lined).* _fl._ large, very fragrant; sepals and - petals creamy-white; lip large, pure white. _l._ long, terete, - channelled above, tapering to a point, very deep green. South - America, 1850. (B. M. 4734.) - - =B. venosa= (veined).* _fl._ small and compact; sepals and petals - cream-coloured; lip white, strongly veined. A pretty free flowering - species. Honduras, 1839. (B. R. 26, 39.) - -=BRASSIA= (named after Mr. William Brass, who was sent by Sir Joseph -Banks to Cape Coast and the neighbouring districts as a botanical -collector, at the end of the last century). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A genus -of tropical American orchids, very nearly allied to _Oncidium_, with -which, indeed, Reichenbach unites it. From this genus, however, -_Brassia_ may be distinguished by its simple inflorescence, elongated -tail-like sepals, and short column, which is quite destitute of the -side lobes or ears that form a marked feature in the species of -_Oncidium_. There are about seventeen species, of which many are not -sufficiently attractive to deserve the cultivator's attention. They -will succeed either in pots or in baskets, the drainage of which must -be perfect. They require to be potted in good fibrous peat, broken in -pieces not less in size than a walnut, placed in the warm end of a -Cattleya or Brazilian house, and supplied liberally with water during -summer. In winter, they must still be kept in a tolerably warm place, -and given sufficient water to keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling. -It is useless to dry off until shrivelling takes place, for experience -assures us that when a plant shrivels it is generally safe to assume -that it has been tried beyond its powers of endurance, and that its -constitution has given way. Propagated by dividing the plants, when -growth has commenced. - - =B. antherotes= (brilliant).* _fl._ 7in. in diameter from tip to - tip of the sepals; sepals and petals yellow, brownish-black at the - base, narrow, 1/8in. broad, tapering; petals 1-1/2in. long; lip - triangular, yellow, barred with brown; spike strong, about 2ft. in - length. Tropical America, 1879. - - =B. caudata= (tailed).* _fl._, sepals and petals yellow, barred - with brown, from 4in. to 6in. long; lip broad and yellow, spotted - with greenish-brown. When the plant is large and healthy, it - produces numerous drooping spikes, 18in. long, and many-flowered. - _h._ 1ft. West Indies, 1823 (B. R. 832.) - - =B. Gireoudiana= (Gireoud's). _fl._, sepals and petals bright - yellow, spotted and blotched with deep red, produced in - many-flowered scapes of singular and beautiful flowers during - spring and early summer. This species much resembles _B. Lanceana_, - but has larger flowers. Costa Rica. (R. X. O. 1, 32.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 275. SINGLE FLOWER OF BRASSIA LANCEANA.] - - =B. Lanceana= (Lance's).* _fl._, sepals and petals lanceolate and - tapering, bright yellow, blotched with brown, or sometimes with - deep red; lip wholly yellow, slightly spotted at the base, and much - waved, deliciously fragrant; scapes radical, many-flowered. In the - typical species, the lip is rather more than half as long as the - sepals. _l._ rich dark green. _h._ 9in. Surinam, 1843. See Fig. - 275. (B. R. 1754.) - - =B. L. macrostachya= (large-spiked).* _fl._, sepals and petals - bright rich yellow, sparingly spotted with brown, as in the - type; sepals lengthened out into tail-like appendages, which are - sometimes nearly 5in. in length; lip wholly of a clear pale yellow. - Demerara. - - =B. L. pumila= (dwarf). _fl._, sepals pale yellow, without spots or - markings; petals of the same colour, tinged with purple near the - base; lip about half the length of the sepals, slightly contracted - in the middle, yellow, with a brownish-yellow base. Caracas. - - =B. Lawrenceana= (Lawrence's).* _fl._ large, sweet-scented; sepals - and petals bright yellow, spotted with cinnamon and green; lip - yellow, tinged with green. June to August. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1839. - (B. R. 27, 18.) - - =B. L. longissima= (long-sepaled).* _fl._, sepals deep - orange-yellow, blotched and spotted, especially towards the base, - with reddish-purple, and lengthened out into tail-like appendages, - which, in well-grown examples, measure 7in. in length; petals about - 2-1/2in. long and 1/4in. broad at the base, marked in the same - manner as the sepals; lip about 3in. long, pale yellow, dotted and - spotted towards the base with purple. August and September. Costa - Rica, 1868. A magnificent variety. - - =B. maculata= (spotted).* _fl._ large; sepals and petals pale - yellow, irregularly spotted with brown; the former being short - compared with those of the other species; lip white, spotted about - and below the centre with brown and purple. Spring and early - summer. Jamaica, 1806. See Fig. 276. (B. M. 1691.) - - =B. m. guttata= (spotted).* _fl._ on spikes 2ft. or 3ft. long; - sepals and petals yellowish-green, blotched with brown; lip broad, - yellow, spotted with brown. May to August. Guatemala, 1842. SYN. - _B. WrayA|_. (B. M. 4003.) - - =B. verrucosa= (warty-lipped).* _fl._ large; sepals and petals - greenish, blotched with blackish-purple; lip white, ornamented with - numerous little green protuberances or warts, hence the specific - name; scape many-flowered. May and June. Guatemala. - - =B. v. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ twice the size of, and - a lighter colour than, the type. This variety is very rare, and is - said to be the best of the genus. - - =B. WrayA|= (Wray's).* A synonym of _B. maculata guttata_. - -=BRASSICA= (old Latin name used by Pliny; from _Bresic_, the Celtic -name for Cabbage). Cabbage. ORD. _CruciferA|_. Herbaceous, usually -biennial, rarely annual or perennial, or suffrutescent plants, usually -with a short caudex. Flowers yellow, rarely white, but never purple nor -veined. Radical leaves usually stalked, lyrate, or pinnatifid; cauline -ones sessile or stem-clasping, entire; racemes elongated; pedicels -bractless, filiform. Full cultural details will be found under the -popular garden name of each variety. - - =B. oleracea= (herb-like). _fl._ pale yellow, large. May and June. - _l._ glaucous, waved, lobed, smooth. Root-stem cylindrical, fleshy. - _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. England. Biennial. - - =B. o. acephala= (headless). Borecole or Kale. Stem round, - elongated. _l._ expanded, racemes panicled. - - =B. o. botrytis asparagoides= (Asparagus-like). The Broccoli. - _fl._ abortive. Stem taller than that of the Cauliflower. _l._ - greyish-glaucous, elongated. Branchlets fleshy, bearing small - flower-buds at the top. - - =B. o. b. cauliflora= (Cauliflower). Heads of flower-buds thick, - terminal. Stem short. _l._ oblong, of a greyish-glaucous colour. - - =B. o. bullata gemmifera= (bud-bearing). Brussels Sprouts. Heads - small, numerous, rising from the axils of the leaves along an - elongated stem. - - =B. o. b. major= (larger). Savoy Cabbage. Heads of leaves loose, - thick, terminal, roundish. _l._ blistered. - - =B. o. capitata= (headed). The Cabbage. Stem round, short. _l._ - concave, not blistered, crowded into a head before flowering; - racemes panicled. - - =B. o. Caulo-rapa= (Kohl-Rabi). Stem tumid and somewhat globose at - the origin of the leaves. - - =B. Rapa= (Rape). The Turnip. Radical leaves lyrate, destitute of - glaucous bloom, green, covered with bristly hairs; middle cauline - ones cut; upper ones quite entire, smooth. - -[Illustration: FIG. 276. SINGLE FLOWER OF BRASSIA MACULATA.] - -=BRASSICACEA†.= _See_ =CruciferA|=. - -=BRAVOA= (named after Bravo, a Mexican botanist). ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. -A pretty little graceful bulbous plant, hardy in very sheltered -positions, but in exposed situations requiring a slight protection in -winter. It is an admirable plant for cool-house culture, and delights -in a compost of light rich loam, leaf mould, and sand. Propagated by -offsets, which are obtainable in autumn; or by seeds, which should be -sown as soon as ripe. - - =B. geminiflora= (twin-flowered).* Twin Flower. _fl._ rich - orange-red, tubular, drooping, disposed in the upper part of the - flower-stems, which are sometimes 2ft. long. July. _l._ linear, - ensiform, pale green. Mexico, 1841. (B. M. 4741.) - -=BRAZILIAN TEA.= _See_ =Ilex paraguariensis= and =Stachytarpheta -jamaicensis=. - -=BRAZIL NUT.= _See_ =Bertholletia=. - -=BRAZIL WOOD.= _See_ =CA|salpinia brasiliensis=. - -=BREAD FRUIT.= _See_ =Artocarpus=. - -=BREAD NUT.= _See_ =Brosimum=. - -=BREDIA= (named in honour of Professor J. G. S. van Bred). ORD. -_MelastomaceA|_. An ornamental greenhouse shrub, thriving in rich light -loam, leaf soil, and peat. Propagated by cuttings of the ripened -shoots, inserted in sandy loam, under a hand glass, in heat; or by -seeds. - - =B. hirsuta= (hairy).* _fl._ rose-pink, about 1/2in. across, - disposed in loose, terminal, many-flowered cymes. Autumn. _l._ - ovate acuminate, hairy. Japan, 1870. (B. M. 6647.) - -=BREEZE.= The small particles or refuse of gas coke. It constitutes a -very cheap fuel, but, unless mixed with good coke, is only suitable for -boilers of the saddle type, having a good draught. Breeze must not, -however, be confounded with coke-dust. - -=BREVOORTIA COCCINEA.= _See_ =BrodiA|a coccinea=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 277. FLOWERING BRANCH OF BREXIA MADAGASCARIENSIS.] - -=BREXIA= (from _brexis_, rain; the large leaves afford protection -against rain). ORD. _SaxifrageA|_. Excellent stove trees. Flowers -green, in axillary umbels, surrounded by bracts on the outside. Leaves -alternate, simple, dotless, and furnished with minute stipules. Stems -nearly simple. They require a compost of two parts loam and one of -peat, with the addition of a little sand, to keep the whole open. -A liberal supply of water must be given at all seasons. Cuttings, -with their leaves not shortened, strike readily in sand under a hand -glass, in heat; or a leaf taken off with a bud attached will grow. -Leaves as in accompanying illustration (Fig. 277), and long, narrow, -spiny-toothed ones, are often produced on the same plant. Probably the -two species enumerated below are simply forms of one. Well hardened -off, strong growing plants of _B. madagascariensis_ are very suitable -for sub-tropical gardening. - - =B. madagascariensis= (Madagascar).* _l._ obovate or oblong, - entire, while young minutely gland-toothed. _h._ 20ft. Madagascar, - 1812. See Fig. 277. - - =B. spinosa= (spiny). _l._ lanceolate, 20in. long, 2in. broad, - spiny-toothed. _h._ 20ft. Madagascar, 1820. - -=BREXIACEA†.= A section of _SaxifrageA|_. - -=BRIAR.= _See_ =Rosa=. - -=BRICKS.= In England, the standard thickness of brick walls is a -Brick and a-half, that is, the length of one brick and the breadth of -another. Thirty-two paving bricks, laid flat, will form one square yard -of flooring; if set on edge, eighty-four will be required for the same -space. The best Bricks for walls are those termed Stocks, which are -well burnt. Grizzells and Place Bricks, being only partially burnt, -are soft and not durable. In various parts of the kingdom, different -clays and methods of manufacture cause a disparity in the weight and -appearance of the finished article. Several forms are made to suit -various purposes, but the standard size is 9in. long by 4-1/2in. wide, -by 2-1/2in. thick, although, since the remission of the duty, some -slight variations occur, owing to shrinkage and other causes. Fire -Bricks are made of a particular kind of clay, which will stand intense -heat when once burnt, and are used in furnaces and other places where -durability under great heat is a desideratum. Fire-clay should always -be used in place of mortar in building with these. - -=BRILLANTAISIA= (named after M. Brillant). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. A very -small genus of erect, branching, stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers -large, in terminal panicles; corolla ringent; upper lip falcate and -overarching, with a trifid apex, the lower one large, spreading, -shortly trifid. Leaves ovate-cordate, on long petioles. For culture, -_see_ =Barleria=. - - =B. owariensis= (Owarian).* _fl._ violet-blue; cymes sub-sessile, - loose; panicles terminal. March. _l._ large, opposite, petiolate. - _h._ 3ft. Western Africa, 1853. This plant, in its habit of growth, - resembles some of the largest species of _Salvia_. (B. M. 4717.) - -=BRISTLES.= Stiff hairs. - -=BRISTLY.= Covered with stiff hairs. - -=BRISTLY-TOOTHED.= Furnished with teeth like bristles, or with the -teeth ending each in a bristle. - -=BRIZA= (from _briza_, to nod). Quaking Grass. ORD. _GramineA|_. A genus -of ornamental hardy grasses. Panicle loose; calyx two-valved; corolla -two-valved, awnless; exterior one ventricose, interior small and flat. -Fruit adnate with the corolla. These extremely graceful plants delight -in a soil composed of loam, leaf soil, and peat. Seeds may be sown -in spring or autumn. For decorative purposes, the branches should be -gathered as soon as full grown, and loosely placed in flower-stands, -to dry. Tufts of these plants look extremely pretty on the rockery, or -amongst hardy ferns. - - =B. gracilis= (graceful). Synonymous with _B. minor_. - - =B. maxima= (greatest).* _fl._, spikelets oblong-cordate, thirteen - to seventeen-flowered; panicle nodding at the end. June and July. - _l._ long, linear-acuminate. _h._ 1-1/2ft. South Europe, 1633. See - Fig. 278. - -[Illustration: FIG. 278. BRIZA MAXIMA, showing Habit and single Flower.] - - =B. media= (middle).* Common Quaking Grass. _fl._, spikelets - broadly ovate, of about seven florets (calyx shorter than the - florets), tremulous with the slightest breeze, very smooth, shining - purple. Branches of the panicle thread-shaped, divaricating, - purple. June. _l._ short, linear acuminate. _h._ 1ft. Britain. (S. - E. B. 1774.) - - =B. minima= (least). Synonymous with _B. minor_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 279. BRIZA MINOR, showing Habit and small Panicle -of Flowers.] - - =B. minor= (small).* Little Quaking Grass. _fl._, spikelets - triangular, seven-flowered; glumes longer than the flowers; panicle - with hair-like branches. June and July. _l._ pale green, short, - narrow. _h._ 8in. England (but very rare). An exceedingly pretty - little annual or perennial grass. SYNS. _B. gracilis_ and _B. - minima_. See FIG. 279. (S. E. B. 1775.) - - =B. spicata= (spiked). A recent introduction from Brazil, described - as being very graceful and quite distinct, having erect spikes - about 8in. in height. - -=BROADCAST.= A method of sowing seeds by means of the hand, scattering -them over the surface of the ground as equally as possible. It is now -superseded, for the majority of garden and field crops, by drilling, -which not only economises the quantity of seed used, but greatly -facilitates subsequent weeding and thinning out. - -=BROCCOLI= (_Brassica oleracea botrytis asparagoides_). A cultivated -variety of the Cabbage, having the young inflorescence condensed into -a fleshy, edible head (see Fig. 280). To grow this popular vegetable -successfully, it is necessary to have rich soil of a good depth, in an -open situation, where the plants can have plenty of sun and air to keep -them sturdy. They succeed the autumn Cauliflower, and are in season -from November till May. - -_Soil._ In preparing ground for Broccoli, trench, in the autumn, to -the depth of from 1-1/2ft. to 2ft., and during the process work in a -liberal dressing of rotten farmyard manure. Ground which has carried a -crop of Celery is very suitable for the strong-growing kinds, as, by -planting where the Celery rows have been, the necessity of trenching -is, to a great extent, obviated. Smaller kinds, however, need to be -planted closer in order to obtain a profitable crop. - -_Cultivation._ At the beginning of May, prepare seed beds on a south -border, and sow the earlier and sprouting kinds. The later varieties -would, perhaps, be best sown in April, but they must not be put in -early and allowed to remain too long in the seed bed. Sow thinly, to -get the plants as sturdy as possible; and, to prevent clubbing, work -in a little soot or wood ashes on the surface of the beds. Care must -also be taken to pick off the club excrescences at planting time, -should there be any, and to destroy the grub inside. Clubbing is not -so frequent in ground which has been well trenched, and where the -plants are not allowed to suffer from drought. Showery weather should -be selected for transferring them to their permanent quarters. If it -is desired that they should succeed potatoes, they may be planted -between every two alternate rows, and the latter crop can be removed -when ready. Broccoli succeed best where the ground is firm, and not -recently dug or manured. Planting with a crowbar is preferable to -digging the ground afresh. If grown by themselves, a distance of from -2ft. to 3ft. should be allowed between the rows, and an equal distance -from plant to plant. Some of the early varieties will, in favourable -seasons, follow the later Cauliflowers, while the latest will not be -fit for use until the following spring. The heads should be cut as soon -as they are large enough; they will keep good for a week in a cold -place, while a day or two might open them too much if allowed to remain -on the plants. Broccoli which have to stand the winter are liable to -injury from severe frosts, and some method of protection is necessary. -Two plans are recommended for both large and small gardens, and either -or both may be adopted, as found convenient. The first is to apply a -covering of fern or other dry protective material, not using too much, -but giving sufficient to break the rays of the sun, which, perhaps, -do as much harm as the actual frost. The other plan is to take up the -plants as soon as the flowers can be seen, and lay them in under a -hedge or wall until required for use. In sheltered positions, or where -there are trees to break the force of the wind, the covering with dry -litter during severe weather will generally be found sufficient; still, -a little precaution in lifting will frequently save a valuable crop. -Broccoli should never follow a crop of any other kind of cruciferous -plants, particularly Cabbage. - -[Illustration: FIG. 280. BROCCOLI.] - -_Sorts._ Veitch's Self-protecting Autumn, Purple and White Cape, -Grange's Early White, and Snow's Winter White. These are the best for -autumn and mid-winter supplies. A good selection for spring and late -purposes is Mitchinson's Penzance, Knight's Protecting, Cooling's -Matchless, Purple Sprouting, Model, Willcove, Leamington, and -Cattell's Eclipse. - -=BRODIA†A= (named after J. J. Brodie, a Scotch cryptogamist). SYN. -_Hookera_. ORD. _LiliaceA|_. Pretty, slender, hardy, or in some -positions only half-hardy, bulbs. The flowers are usually borne in -large clusters or umbels; the prevailing colour is blue; _coccinea_ is, -however, an exception, the flowers being scarlet. The scape is usually -straight and slender, but strong. Leaves from two to four in number, -enveloping the part of the scape beneath the surface, and procumbent -thereon. Most of them are of easy culture in rich sandy loam; if grown -in pots, a mixture of loam, leaf soil, and sand, suits them well. -Increased freely by offsets, which should be left undisturbed with -the parent bulbs till they reach a flowering state, when they may be -divided and replanted in autumn. - - =B. capitata= (headed).* _fl._ deep violet-blue, funnel-shaped, - disposed in a compact, many-flowered umbel; valves of the spathe - also deep violet. May. _l._ narrow, linear. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. - California, 1871. - -[Illustration: FIG. 281. BRODIA†A COCCINEA, showing Flower and Habit.] - - =B. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ 1-1/2in. long, tubular, - rich blood-red below, the apex of the tube and the segments - yellowish-green; umbels composed of five to fifteen drooping - flowers. June. _l._ linear, loose, shorter than the scape. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. California, 1870. Very handsome, distinct from all other - species, requiring a warm, well-drained, and sunny position, and to - remain undisturbed. SYN. _Brevoortia coccinea_. See Fig. 281. (B. - M. 5857.) - - =B. congesta= (close-headed).* _fl._ blue, with the crown paler; - segments cleft at the top; umbel bearing six to eight blooms. The - stamens in this species are metamorphosed into fleshy scales, - which adhere to the mouth of the perianth. Summer. _l._ few, long, - slender, channelled on the inside. Bulb small, roundish, and much - wrinkled. _h._ 1ft. Georgia, &c., 1806. A very free-growing and - rapidly increasing species. - - =B. c. alba= (white).* _fl._ white; in other respects like the - type, but not so vigorous. - - =B. gracilis= (graceful).* _fl._ deep yellow, with brown nerves, - 1/2in. or rather more long, in few-flowered umbels. July. _l._ - solitary, about 1/4in. broad, longer than the scape. _h._ 3in. to - 4in. California, 1876. A scarce and rather tender little species, - but very pretty. - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ bluish-purple, with - entire pointed segments; umbels bearing two to seven somewhat - scattered blooms. Summer. _l._ two to three or more, linear, - pointed, slender, grooved on the inside, furnished with a few - membranous scales. Bulb small, roundish, dry and wrinkled. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. North America, 1806. SYN. _Hookera coronaria_. (B. R. - 1183.) - - =B. Howellii= (Howell's).* _fl._ purplish-blue, about 3/4in. - across, sub-bell-shaped, in many-flowered umbels. July and August. - _l._ narrow acute, grooved, shorter than the scape. _h._ 18in. to - 24in. California, 1880. - - =B. ixioides= (Ixia-like). _See_ =Calliprora lutea=. - - =B. lactea= (milky-white).* _fl._ white, usually with green - midribs, 1/2in. to 3/4in. across, saucer-shaped, in many-flowered - umbels. June and July. _l._ linear, acute, nearly as long as the - scape. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. California, 1833. SYNS. _Hesperoscordum - lacteum_, _Milla hyacinthina_. - - =B. multiflora= (many-flowered).* _fl._ blue-purple, very numerous, - in sub-globose heads. May. _l._ linear, elongate, 1ft. to 2ft. - long, rather fleshy. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. California, 1872. (B. M. - 5989.) - - =B. volubilis= (twining). _fl._ rose-coloured, in dense umbels, - each containing fifteen to thirty blooms; scape twining, sometimes - 12ft. long. July. _l._ narrow, linear-lanceolate, 1ft. long, - synanthous. California, 1874. Half-hardy bulb. (B. M. 6123.) - -=BROMELIA= (named after Bromel, a Swedish botanist). ORD. -_BromeliaceA|_. A genus of stove herbaceous perennials, allied to -the Pineapple. Flowers, corolla three-petaled, convolute, erect, -or spreading at the top. Leaves densely packed, rigid, lanceolate, -with spiny margins. Stems short. These plants require much the same -treatment as _Billbergia_. Allied genera are _A†chmea_, _Ananassa_, -_Billbergia_, _Disteganthus_, _Greigia_, _Karatas_, _Ruckia_ (which -_see_). - - =B. antiacantha= (opposite-spined). _fl._ purple, scarlet. Brazil, - 1864. SYN. _B. sceptrum_. - - =B. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ scarlet, in a close central - sessile head. March. _l._ numerous, narrow, ensiform, outer - green, central crimson; elegantly radiate. Chili, 1872. SYNS. _B. - Joinvillei_, _B. pitcairniA|folia_. (B. H. 14.) - - =B. bracteata= (red-bracted).* _fl._ pink; scape elongated; raceme - compound; bracts red, ovate-lanceolate. September. _l._ serrate, - spiny. _h._ 2ft. Jamaica, 1785. - - =B. FernandA|= (Fernanda's).* _fl._ yellowish, in ovoid heads; - bracts orange-red. July. _l._ linear-ligulate, 24in. to 30in. long, - recurved, spiny-edged. Para, 1872. - - =B. Joinvillei= (Joinville's). A synonym of _B. bicolor_. - - =B. Karatas.= _See_ =Karatas Plumieri=. - - =B. pitcairniA|folia= (Pitcairnia-leaved). A synonym of _B. bicolor_. - - =B. sceptrum= (sceptre-like). A synonym of _B. antiacantha_ and - _Karatas Plumieri_. - -=BROMELIACEA†.= An extensive order of stemless or short-stemmed plants, -having rigid, channelled, and usually spiny leaves. Flowers very showy; -outer perianth three-cleft, persistent, inner one of three withering -segments; stamens six, inserted in the tube of the perianth. To this -order belongs the Pineapple. The genera best known in gardens are -_Ananassa_, _A†chmea_, _Billbergia_, _Bromelia_, and _Tillandsia_. - -=BROMHEADIA= (in honour of Sir Edward Finch Bromhead). ORD. _OrchideA|_. -A small genus of stove orchids, comprising a couple of species, with -erect stems, large flowers, and cucullate lip, which is parallel with -the column. For culture, _see_ =Ansellia=. - - =B. palustris= (marsh).* _fl._, sepals and calyx white; lip white - externally, within streaked with purple, and having a yellow blotch - in centre; spike terminal, distichous, flexuous, many-flowered, - on a long peduncle; bracts short, stiff, tooth-like. June. _l._ - distichous, oblong-linear, emarginate. _h._ 2ft. Singapore, 1840. - (B. R. 30, 18.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 282. BROMUS BRIZA†FORMIS.] - -=BROMUS= (from _bromos_, the Greek name for a wild oat). _Ord._ -_GramineA|_. _B. brizA|formis_ (see Fig. 282) is an elegant biennial -grass, with drooping panicles of spikelets, about as large as those of -_Briza maxima_. It grows about 2ft. high, and is of very easy culture -in common garden soil. Sow seeds outside in patches, in July, thinning -out the plants when necessary. There are numerous other species -belonging to this genus, but the above-mentioned is the only one worth -growing in gardens. It forms a beautiful object in the mixed border, or -among ferns. - -=BRONGNIARTIA= (in honour of Adolphe Brongniart, a distinguished -botanist, and one of the editors of "Annales des Sciences Naturelles"). -ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Handsome greenhouse evergreen sub-shrubs, clothed -with silky villi. Flowers large, purple; pedicels twin, axillary, -one-flowered. Leaves impari-pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets, the -terminal one not remote from the rest. They require a compost of sandy -loam, leaf soil, and fibry peat, with perfect drainage. Cuttings of the -young shoots, if firm at the base, will root if dibbled in sand, under -a bell glass, in a cool house. - - =B. podalyrioides= (Podalyria-like).* _fl._ purple, large. - September. _l._ with two to five pairs of leaflets; leaflets - elliptic-oblong, rounded, and mucronate at the apex, clothed with - adpressed hairs on both surfaces, but silky when young. _h._ 1ft. - New Spain, 1827. - - =B. sericea= (silky).* _fl._ purple. September. _h._ 1ft. _l._, - leaflets ovate-oblong, acute, very silky on both surfaces. Mexico, - 1843. - -=BROOK-LIME.= _See_ =Veronica Beccabunga=. - -=BROOM.= _See_ =Besom=. - -=BROOM.= _See_ =Cytisus scoparius=. - -=BROOM RAPE.= _See_ =Orobanche=. - -=BROOM, SPANISH.= _See_ =Spartium junceum=. - -=BROSIMUM= (from _brosimos_, edible; fruit edible). Bread Nut. ORD. -_UrticaceA|_. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs or trees, principally -of economic value in their native countries. Male and female flowers -generally in a globular head, but sometimes borne on separate trees; -calyx and corolla wanting. Leaves entire. They generally thrive in a -rich fibry loam. Cuttings of ripe wood, with their leaves on, root if -placed in sand, in moist heat. - - =B. Alicastrum.= _fl._, catkins globose, stalked, twin, axillary. - _fr._ coated. _l._ ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 6ft. Jamaica, 1776. - -=BROUGHTONIA= (named after Mr. Arthur Broughton, an English botanist). -ORD. _OrchideA|_. A very compact-growing stove evergreen, allied to -_LA|lia_, succeeding best if suspended from the roof on a block of wood, -with a little moss; it requires a free supply of heat and water when in -a growing state. Propagated by dividing the plant. The colour of the -flowers is very distinct. - - =B. sanguinea= (blood-coloured).* _fl._ blood-coloured, rather - large, disposed in a terminal panicle; scape divided; column - distinct, or at the very base united with the unguiculate lip, - which is lengthened at the base into a tube, connate with the - ovarium. Summer. _l._ twin, oblong, seated on a pseudo-bulb. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Jamaica, 1793. (B. M. 3076.) - -=BROUSSONETIA= (named after P. N. V. Broussonet, a French naturalist, -who wrote numerous works on Natural History). ORD. _UrticaceA|_. -Ornamental fast-growing, deciduous, Mulberry-like trees. They require -rather good open garden soil, and prove hardy in situations which are -not very exposed. Propagated by suckers and cuttings of ripened wood, -inserted in autumn, in a cool house; and by seeds, sown when ripe, or -kept till the following April. - - =B. papyrifera= (paper-bearing).* The Paper Mulberry. _fl._ - greenish, diA"cious; males in pendulous, cylindrical catkins, each - flower in the axil of a bract; females in peduncled, axillary, - upright globular heads. May. _l._ simple, alternate, exstipulate, - variously lobed or entire, hairy, large. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. China, - 1751. There are several varieties, differing in the shape and - character of the leaves. (B. M. 2358). - -=BROWALLIA= (named in honour of John Browall, Bishop of Abo, who -defended the sexual system of LinnA|us against Siegesbeck, in a book -entitled "Examen epicriseos," &c., 1739). ORD. _ScrophularineA|_. A -genus of handsome shrubs or herbs. Flowers blue or white, axillary and -terminal; corolla salver-shaped, resupinate from the contortion of the -peduncle; tube fifteen-nerved, ventricose at top. Leaves alternate, -stalked, ovate in outline. They thrive best in a rich, open, sandy -soil. To have strong plants in bloom by Christmas and after, seeds -should be sown in July, in pans or pots of light rich sandy soil, and -kept in a close frame, or hand light, where they can be shaded till -germination takes place. When large enough to handle, the seedlings may -either be pricked out, three in a pot, or potted singly, according to -the size of the specimens required. In the former way, they form fine -masses for conservatory or greenhouse decoration, or to cut from; and -in the latter, they are very suitable for window recesses, &c. After -potting, they should be stood in a pit or frame, and syringed every -morning and evening, to ward off attacks of insect pests. An abundance -of well-diluted liquid manure is required as soon as the flower-buds -appear. To keep the plants dwarf and bushy, it will be needful to stop -them about three times during the remainder of the summer and autumn, -keeping as near the glass as possible; they should be housed by the end -of September. These elegant little greenhouse annuals are unrivalled -for affording choice, neat sprays for bouquets during the winter and -early spring months, or for growing as pot plants, to furnish warm -greenhouses or sitting-room windows. Many of the species and varieties -are largely employed for summer decoration of the flower garden, with -highly satisfactory results; for this purpose, seeds should be sown -in gentle heat early in spring, and the plants transferred to the -flower borders late in June, or early in July, having been previously -encouraged in pots, and well hardened off. - - =B. abbreviata= (shortened). _fl._ light red; pedicels shorter than - the calyx; calyx campanulate, with teeth as long as the tube. _l._ - oval, hairy when young, quite glabrous when mature. 1852. (R. G. - 94.) - - =B. demissa= (low).* _fl._ of a bright but pale blue colour, - sometimes red or purple; peduncles axillary, one-flowered, downy. - June. _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminated, oblique at the base. _h._ 6in. - to 1ft. Panama, 1735. (B. M. 1136.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 283. BROWALLIA ELATA, showing Habit and Flower.] - - =B. elata= (tall).* _fl._ deep blue; calyx beset with glandular - hairs; peduncles axillary, one or many-flowered. July. _l._ oval, - acuminated. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Peru, 1768. Of this extensively-grown - species there are two varieties, one with white flowers, and the - other, _grandiflora_, with pale blue, both of which are well worth - growing. See Fig. 283. (B. M. 34.) - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._, corolla with a - greenish-yellow tube, which is clothed with glandular villi, and a - white or very pale lilac limb; peduncles one-flowered, axillary, - racemose at the tops of the branches. July. _l._ ovate, acute, - attenuated into the petioles at the base. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Peru, - 1829. (B. M. 3069.) - - =B. Jamesoni= (Jameson's).* _fl._ bright orange, with - lighter-coloured throat, tubular. June. _h._ 4ft. New Grenada, - 1850. This species has been recently re-introduced, after having - been lost to cultivation for over thirty years. (B. M. 4605.) - - =B. Roezli= (Roezl's). _fl._ large, either of a delicate azure - blue, or white, with a yellow tube. Spring to autumn. _l._ shining - green. An exceedingly pretty species, having flowers double the - size of any other, and forming a dense compact bush, 1-1/2ft. to - 2ft. in height. Rocky Mountains. - -=BROWNEA= (named after Patrick Browne, M.D., author of a History of -Jamaica). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Very handsome stove evergreen trees or -shrubs, allied to _Amherstia_. Flowers of a rose-scarlet colour, rising -in fascicled heads from the axillary buds. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, -when young flaccid, and with the leaflets revolute at the edges; -leaf-bud long and stipulaceous. All the species are well worthy of -the most extensive cultivation. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand, is -a soil well adapted for them, and great care should be taken not to -over-water the plants in winter, as too great a supply will be sure to -kill them. Propagated by cuttings, taken from ripened wood, planted in -a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass, in a moist heat. - - =B. Ariza= (Ariza).* _fl._ richest scarlet, produced in a - large, globular, drooping head of immense size. Summer. _l._ - pinnate, usually with six or eight pairs of pinnA|, which are - oblong-lanceolate, and sharply tapered to a point. _h._ 20ft. to - 40ft. Columbia, 1843. This noble tree requires a large house to - fully perfect its beauty. SYN. _B. princeps_. (B. M. 6459.) - - =B. Birschellii= (Birschell's). _fl._ rose-coloured, in drooping - racemes. April to July. _l._ pinnate; leaflets oblanceolate, 6in. - long. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. La Guayra, 1872. (B. M. 5998.) - - =B. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet, fascicled. July to August. - _l._ with two to three pairs of oval-oblong, acuminated leaflets. - _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Venezuela, 1793. (B. M. 3964.) - - =B. grandiceps= (large-headed).* _fl._ red, in dense capitate - spikes. July. _l._ with usually twelve pairs of oblong-lanceolate - glandless leaflets, ending in a long cuspidate acumen; branches and - petioles pubescent. _h._ (in its native home) 60ft. Caraccas, 1829. - (B. M. 4859.) - - =B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ red, in dense fascicles; - involucre tomentose. _l._ with one to three pairs of ovate or - obovate-cuspidate leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Caraccas, 1824. - - =B. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _fl._ orange-scarlet, in dense - heads, often measuring nearly 3ft. in circumference. Central - America, 1879. (G. C. 1873, p. 779.) - - =B. princeps= (chief). A synonym of _B. Ariza_. - - =B. racemosa= (clustered).* _fl._ rose-coloured, racemose; - involucre and calyx clothed with fine tomentum. _l._ with - four pairs of unequal-sided, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, - cuspidately-acuminated leaflets, which are glanduliferous at the - base. _h._ 4ft. Caraccas, 1826. - - =B. Rosa del Monte.= _fl._ scarlet, in dense heads; leaflets of - the involucre roundish, imbricated, and, when in a young state, - rather velvety. June. _l._ with two to three pairs of oval-oblong - acuminated leaflets; branches and petioles glabrous. _h._ 8ft. - South America, 1820. (B. R. 1472.) - -=BROWNLOWIA= (named in honour of Lady Brownlow, daughter of Sir Abraham -Hume, and a great patroness of botany). ORD. _TiliaceA|_. Very handsome -greenhouse evergreen trees, thriving well in a mixture of loam and -peat. Cuttings of ripe shoots will root if placed in sand, under a hand -glass, in heat. - - =B. elata= (tall).* _fl._ yellow; panicle terminal, conical, spreading. - May. _l._ large, cordate, acute, seven-nerved, smooth. _h._ 60ft. - India, 1823. (B. R. 1472.) - -=BRUCEA= (commemorative of James Bruce, the celebrated African -traveller). ORD. _SimarubeA|_. Ornamental stove evergreen shrubs. -Flowers small, purplish inside, disposed in interrupted glomerate -spikes, or racemes. Leaves impari-pinnate, with six pairs of opposite, -entire or serrated leaflets, without dots. Branches, peduncles, -petioles, and nerves of leaves, clothed with rufescent down. They -thrive in a loamy soil; and cuttings from ripened wood strike freely, -in a pot of sand, under a hand glass, in a moderate heat. - - =B. antidysenterica= (antidysenteric). _fl._, racemes simple, - spike-like. May. _l._, leaflets quite entire, clothed with rusty - villi on the nerves beneath. _h._ 8ft. Abyssinia, 1775. - - =B. sumatrana= (Sumatra).* _fl._ dark purple; racemes usually - compound. May. _l._, leaflets serrated, villous beneath. _h._ 20ft. - Sumatra, 1822. - -=BRUCHUS GRANARIUS.= _See_ =Bean Beetle=. - -=BRUCHUS PISI.= _See_ =Pea Weevil=. - -=BRUGMANSIA.= _See_ =Datura=. - -=BRUNFELSIA= (named after Otto Brunfels, of Mentz, first a Carthusian -monk, and afterwards a physician; he published the first good figures -of plants in 1530). SYN. _Franciscea_. ORD. _ScrophularineA|_. Elegant -free-flowering stove evergreens. Flowers sweet-scented; corolla large, -funnel or salver-shaped, with a long tube, and a flat, five-lobed, -obtuse, nearly equal limb. A light rich soil, or a compost of loam, -leaf soil, and peat, is necessary to grow these plants successfully. -Propagated by cuttings, planted in sand, and placed under bell glasses, -in a moderate heat. When rooted, they should be placed in small pots, -in a compost somewhat more sandy than that already mentioned. While -growing, they require to be kept in a moist stove temperature, and -should be hardened by placing them in a drier, and somewhat cooler, -temperature after each growth is completed; the pots should be changed -as often as the roots become thick around the ball of earth. The larger -plants flower freely, and should be slightly pruned in annually, before -commencing their new growth, thus securing neat and compact specimens. -Repotting should be effected directly they have done flowering. The -plants should then be placed in a temperature ranging from 60deg. -to 68deg., and both the roots and foliage liberally supplied with -water. When flowers appear--about October or November--the syringing -must be less frequently performed. At this period, if it be desirable -to prolong the flowering season, the plants should be removed to a -temperature of about 48deg. A few administrations of weak liquid manure -during the growing season are of great value. - - =B. acuminata= (taper-pointed-leaved).* _fl._ bluish-violet, few, - sub-cymose, terminal. April. _l._ oblong, acuminated, attenuated - a little at the base, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, acuminated, - glabrous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Rio Janeiro, 1840. (B. M. 4189.) - - =B. americana= (American).* _fl._ first yellow, then white, very - sweet-scented; axillary flowers solitary, terminal ones numerous. - June. _l._ obovate, elliptic, acuminated, longer than the petioles. - _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. West Indies, 1735. There are narrow and - broad-leaved varieties of this species. (B. M. 393.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 284. FLOWER OF BRUNIA NODIFLORA.] - - =B. calycina= (cup-shaped).* _fl._ purple, disposed in large - trusses, which are produced in succession throughout the whole - year. _l._ large, lanceolate, shining light green. _h._ 2ft. - Brazil, 1850. One of the largest-flowered species grown. (B. M. - 4583.) - - =B. confertiflora= (dense-flowered). _fl._ soft blue, cymosely - crowded, terminal. January to June. _l._ nearly sessile, - oblong-acute, attenuated at the base, rather pilose, ciliated, - yellowish-green above; bracteoles oblong, attenuated at the base, - and are, as well as the calyces, clothed with rusty hairs. _h._ - 1ft. to 2ft. Brazil. - - =B. eximia= (choice).* _fl._ produced from the points of the - shoots, upwards of 2in. in diameter, deep purple. January to July. - _l._ oblong-lanceolate, dark green, but not glossy. _h._ 2-1/2ft. - Brazil, 1847. (B. M. 4790.) - - =B. grandiflora= (large-flowered). _fl._ greenish; limb of corolla - 2in. in diameter, corymbose, terminal. June. _l._ elliptic-oblong, - acuminated. Branches twiggy. _h._ 3ft. Peru. - - =B. hydrangeA|formis= (Hydrangea-like).* _fl._ beautiful - bluish-violet; cymes terminal, hemispherical, large. April. _l._ - oblong, acute, cuneiform at base, quite glabrous, 1ft. long; bracts - lanceolate, aggregate. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1840. This is one - of the most elegant species of the genus. (B. M. 4209.) - - =B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ at first lavender-colour, with - a distinct white eye, eventually becoming almost white; deliciously - fragrant, sub-cymose, terminal. Winter to early spring. _l._ - broad-elliptic, acutish, greyish-white, 6in. to 7in. long, and 2in. - to 2-3/4in. broad. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 3907.) - - =B. Lindeniana= (Linden's).* _fl._ rich purple, with a light eye. - _l._ ovate-acuminate, dark green. Brazil, 1865. (B. H. 1865, 226.) - - =B. uniflora= (one-flowered). _fl._ solitary; corolla with a - whitish tube, and a bluish-violet or purple limb. Winter. _l._ - elliptic, acute; branches greenish, hoary, diffuse, spreading. _h._ - 1ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1826. (L. B. C. 1332.) - -=BRUNIA= (named after Corneille de Bruin, better known under the name -of Le Brun, a Dutchman, a traveller in the Levant). ORD. _BruniaceA|_. -Elegant little greenhouse evergreen Heath-like shrubs, more or less -branched, with the branches in whorls, erect or spreading. Flowers -capitate, furnished with three bracts each, or sometimes deficient of -the two lateral ones. Leaves small, closely imbricate. They require a -compost of peat and sand, with a little leaf soil added, firm potting -and good drainage. Cuttings of young shoots root freely in sand, under -a hand light, in summer. - - =B. nodiflora= (knot-flowered).* _fl._ white; heads globose, size - of a cherry, on the tops of the branches. July. _l._ lanceolate, - awl-shaped, trigonal, acute, smooth, closely imbricate, not - ustulate at the apex. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1786. - See Fig. 284. - -=BRUNIACEA†.= An order of much-branched Heath-like shrubs, usually -having small leaves, which are crowded and entire. Flowers in terminal -heads; petals five, alternating with the lobes of the calyx. The -typical genus is _Brunia_. - -=BRUNONIA= (named after Robert Brown, the most eminent botanist of his -time). ORD. _GoodenoviA|_. A stemless greenhouse perennial herb, with -the habit of _Scabiosa_, downy from glandless simple hairs. Flowers -distinct, with a whorl of five membranous bracts; corolla blue, -marcescent. Radical leaves quite entire, spathulate; scapes undivided, -each bearing one head; head hemispherical, lobate; lobes involucrated -by foliaceous bracts. It thrives in a compost of decayed manure, or -leaf soil and peat, with a little loam added; thorough drainage is -necessary. Propagated by divisions, in early spring, previous to -repotting. - - =B. australis= (southern)* is the only species known to be in - cultivation. _h._ 1ft. New Holland, 1834. (B. R. 1833.) - -=BRUNSVIGIA= (named after the noble House of Brunswick). ORD. -_AmaryllideA|_. Very showy greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape of -Good Hope. Flowers red, on very long pedicels. Bulbs large. Leaves -broad, horizontal; perianth with an evident longer or shorter tube, -curving upwards, funnel-shaped, deeply six-parted, deciduous; segments -sub-equal, many-nerved, flat, and recurved at the apex; stamens on the -tube much curved upwards; scape appearing in summer without the leaves; -umbels many-flowered. Propagation is effected by offsets, of which the -large bulbs produce but few. These, when secured, may be removed after -reaching some considerable size, carefully potted in a mixture of sandy -loam and peat, with good drainage, and kept tolerably warm and close -until established; water must be given but sparingly until root-action -has commenced. The best place for growing the offsets into a flowering -size is on a shelf near the glass, in a temperature of from 50deg. to -55deg. With an abundance of water while growing, and kept dry while -semi-dormant, thus allowing them a rest, the bulbs will speedily -increase in size; but it may be years before flowers are produced. -Culture: This may be divided into two periodsA---one of growth, and one -of rest. After the latter period, they should be allowed to start into -fresh growth, without stimulation, and, as soon as started, liberal -supplies of water should be given, and a genial temperature of from -60deg. to 65deg. maintained, to make them grow vigorously. Good-sized -pots are also necessary, with a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, in -equal parts. They are usually confined to the greenhouse, or warm -conservatory, but are sometimes successfully grown in a south border -at the base of a wall, planted out in a pit, upon which the lights may -be placed in winter, and matted if necessary, as they cannot endure -frost. A good depth of soil, consisting of fibrous loam, peat, and -sand, in equal proportions, with good drainage, should be prepared. In -all cases, the bulbs should be planted somewhat deeply. One of the most -satisfactory methods of ensuring the flowering of these plants consists -in subjecting the bulbs, when at rest, to a hot dry heat of 70deg. or -more, which thoroughly ripens them; but, after this treatment, it will -be necessary to encourage the after-growth to the fullest possible -extent. - - =B. ciliaris= (hair-fringed). _fl._ dull purple. _l._ strongly - fringed with white hairs. _h._ 1ft. 1752. (B. R. 1153.) - - =B. Cooperi= (Cooper's).* _fl._ sulphur-coloured, edged with red; - umbels twelve to sixteen-flowered. _l._ ligulate-obtuse, bifarious, - fleshy. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1872. (Ref. B. 330.) - - =B. falcata= (sickle-leaved).* _fl._ red. May. _l._ sickle-shaped, - with a muricated, discoloured, cartilaginous edge. _h._ 9in. 1774. - (B. M. 1443.) SYN. _Ammocharis falcata_. - - =B. JosephineA|= (Josephine's).* _fl._ scarlet; scape twice as long - as the rays of the many-flowered umbel. _l._ strap-shaped, erect, - spreading, glaucous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. This handsome species is much - grown. 1814. (B. M. 2578.) _Minor_ and _striata_ are varieties. - - =B. multiflora= (many-flowered).* _fl._ red, loosely umbellate. - June. _l._ linguiform, smooth, lying on the ground. _h._ 1ft. 1752. - (B. M. 1619.) - - =B. toxicaria= (poison-bulb).* _fl._ pink; umbel hemispherical, - many-flowered. September to October. _l._ many, erect, oblique, - glaucous. _h._ 1ft. 1774. (B. R. 567.) _B. coranica_ is a variety - of this. 1815. (B. R. 139.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 285. BRUSSELS SPROUTS.] - -=BRUSSELS SPROUTS= (_Brassica oleracea bullata gemmifera_). A -cultivated variety of the Cabbage (Fig. 285). Leaves blistered. Stems -covered with small, close heads. To secure this vegetable in its best -form, it must be grown on deeply-worked and rich ground. In addition, -the seeds should be obtained from a good source, as there are many -spurious stocks in cultivation. Plenty of room must be allowed the -plants to develop, and the tops and leaves should not be removed till -after the sprouts are gathered; dead leaves, of course, excepted. It is -a bad plan to plant Brussels Sprouts amongst potatoes or other crops, -as they become unduly weakened, and never give such good returns as -when grown by themselves. - -[Illustration: FIG. 286. BRYONIA LACINIOSA.] - -_Soil and Cultivation._ In February, and early in March, sow thinly in -a cold frame, or carefully prepare seed beds on a warm south border. -As soon as the plants are large enough, prick them off into prepared -soil, to grow on; about the end of April, transplant into a piece of -rich ground, which has been previously prepared for them, setting in -rows from 2ft. to 3ft. asunder, and 2ft. apart in the rows. The earlier -the plants are put out, the better; and they should be watered-in when -planted, so that they receive as little a check as possible. They must -be kept clear of weeds, and earthed up as soon an they get a good size. -During severe frost, some light dry litter may with advantage be -thrown over them for protection; and the less they are interfered with -when frozen, the better. - -_Sorts._ The Imported is the best strain for general use; other good -sorts are: Sutton's Matchless, The Aigburth, and Scrymger's Giant. - -=BRYA= (from _bryo_, to sprout; the seeds germinate before falling from -the tree). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A small genus of stove shrubs or small -trees, furnished with stipular spines, and solitary, or clustered, or -pinnate leaves. The undermentioned species thrives in a rich fibry -loam. Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings, placed in a hotbed. - - =B. Ebenus= (ebony). Jamaica Ebony. _fl._ bright yellow; peduncles - two to three together, axillary, one to two-flowered, shorter than - the leaves. July and August. _l._, leaflets aggregate, obovate. - _h._ 12ft. to 14ft. West Indies, 1713. (B. M. 4670.) - -=BRYANTHUS= (from _bryon_, a moss, and _anthos_, a flower). ORD. -_EricaceA|_. A genus of small trailing shrubs, allied to _Loiseleuria_. -Flowers terminal, somewhat racemose; calyx five-leaved, imbricate; -corolla deeply five-parted, spreading. Leaves crowded, spreading, -flattish. For culture, _see_ =Menziesia=. - - =B. empetriformis= (Crowberry-leaved). _fl._ reddish-purple, - clustered near the extremities of the branches. _l._ crowded, - linear, on short adpressed petioles. _h._ 6in. North-west America, - 1829. SYN. _Menziesia empetrifolia_. (B. M. 3176.) - - =B. erectus= (erect). _fl._ red, pentamerous, broadly campanulate. - _l._ linear, obtuse, obscurely serrated. _h._ about 1ft. Siberia. - Trailer. (L. & P. F. G. 1, 19.) - - =B. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). _fl._ red; peduncles glandular, - many-flowered. _l._ with denticulated margins. _h._ 2in. or 3in. - Kamtschatka and Behring's Island. - -=BRYONIA= (from _bryo_, to sprout; in allusion to the annual growth -from the tuber). Bryony. ORD. _CucurbitaceA|_. Tuberous-rooted perennial -herbaceous plants, producing annual climbing stems. The native species -is well worth growing over unsightly hedges, fences, &c., and in the -wild garden; it is a rapid grower, and of extremely easy culture. -The stove perennial species should be grown in pots, and the stems -trained up the rafters. Rich loam is the soil most suitable for their -cultivation. Propagated by seeds, or by divisions of the tuber. - - =B. dioica= (diA"cious). _fl._ greenish-white, racemose, diA"cious. - _fr._ globose, red. May to September. _l._ cordate, palmately - five-lobed, toothed, scabrous, from callous points. England. (Sy. - En. B. 517.) - - =B. laciniosa= (cut-leaved). _fl._ yellow, solitary; corollas - hairy inside, smooth outside. _fr._ size of a cherry, striated - with white. July. _l._ palmately five-parted, cordate, rough, and - blistered, with oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, serrated segments; - petioles muricated. Ceylon, 1710. Stove species. SYN. _Bryonopsis - laciniosa_. See Fig. 286. - -=BRYONY.= _See_ =Bryonia=. - -=BRYOPHYLLUM= (from _bryo_, to sprout, and _phyllon_, a leaf; plants -spring from the notches on the edges of the leaves when taken off the -plant, and placed in a moist situation). ORD. _CrassulaceA|_. This very -curious stove succulent thrives in pots of rich loamy soil; perfect -drainage is essential, and but little water is at any time needed. - - =B. calycinum= (large-cupped). _fl._ yellowish-red; cymes - panicled, terminal. April. _l._ opposite, thick, petiolate; some - impari-pinnate, with one or two pairs of segments, the terminal - one large; others solitary; all ovate and crenated. _h._ 2ft. to - 3ft. India, 1806. A fleshy, erect, branched evergreen shrub, grown - chiefly for curiosity. - -=BUCCO.= _See_ =Agathosma=. - -=BUCIDA.= _See_ =Terminalia=. - -=BUCKBEAN.= _See_ =Menyanthes=. - -=BUCKLANDIA= (named after Dr. Buckland, a former Dean of Westminster, -and Professor of Geology at Oxford). ORD. _HamamelideA|_. A handsome -greenhouse tree, allied to _Liquidambar_. It thrives in rich sandy -loam, peat, and leaf mould; or peat may be left out if the leaf soil is -good; perfect drainage is also essential. Cuttings of ripened shoots -will strike in sandy loam, under a hand glass, with moderate heat. -They must be watered carefully, or they are liable to rot off. - - =B. populnea= (Poplar-like). _l._ pale green, large, leathery, - cordate, ovate-acute, on long stalks, pinkish when young; stipules - very curious, large red, consisting of two leafy oblong plates, - placed face to face in an erect position between the leafstalk and - the stem. _h._ 100ft. Himalayas, 1875. (B. M. 6507.) - -=BUCKLER MUSTARD.= _See_ =Biscutella=. - -=BUCKTHORN.= _See_ =Rhamnus=. - -=BUCKWHEAT.= _See_ =Fagopyrum esculentum=. - -=BUCKWHEAT-TREE.= _See_ =Mylocaryum=. - -=BUDDING.= This process consists of taking an eye or bud attached to -a portion of the bark, and transferring it to another and different -plant; it is an operation almost confined to woody plants, but has been -practised with more or less success upon herbaceous perennials. The -stock should not be budded unless the sap is in circulation, which is -assured if the bark will detach itself easily, when gently lifted, from -the wood. - -There are many ways of performing the different systems, in preparing -and inserting the Buds, &c., and all may prove more or less successful -if undertaken when the Buds and stock are both in a suitable condition. -The principal methods are Shield or T-budding, including the Circular, -Square, and Inverted forms; Flute or Tube-budding, and Annular or -Ring-budding. - -The first-named method, which is fully described below, is very -extensively practised for propagating Roses and stone fruits. It is -also coming more in use for the propagation of many other fruit trees, -including Apples and Pears, especially new or scarce varieties, as -the great advantage of making use of many more of the eyes, to form -separate trees, is thereby attained. In large nurseries, where skilful -propagators are employed, thousands of trees are annually budded, the -majority of them with very successful results. It is, in most cases, -preferable to purchase established fruit trees, as cultivators require -the produce much quicker than they could get it by propagating trees -themselves. The same system of Budding is, however, applicable for -increasing Roses; and this may be adopted with every chance of success -by even a cottager, if he takes the necessary care in performing the -work. - -Rare varieties of ornamental deciduous trees are largely propagated in -this way; for instance, many of the Acers, Elms, Horse Chestnuts, &c. -Evergreen shrubs, such as Rhododendrons and Hollies, are also rapidly -increased in some establishments by this means. - -In the case of fruit-frees, plump wood Buds must be selected, from -medium-sized branches. On some sorts these are scarce, the majority -being Flower-buds, and it is rather difficult to distinguish between -them at the Budding season. The best time for the operation is from -June to the end of August; but surrounding influences, condition of -Buds, stocks, &c., must be taken into account. Clean cuts, with gentle -and skilful handling, are even more important in the Budding of stone -fruits than of Roses or other plants, and the ties should be lightly -but firmly made. In all cases, the operation must be performed as -quickly as possible, as both Bud and bark are injured if exposed to the -air for any length of time. - -[Illustration: FIG. 287.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 288.] - -To proceed with the ordinary system of Shield-budding, the stock (see -Fig. 287 _a_) should first have a longitudinal and a transverse -incision made in the bark, the former about 1in. long. Next, the Bud -should be prepared, removing half the leaf (see Fig. 288). Hold the -branch with the left hand, and pass the knife from about 1/2in. below, -gradually upwards and inwards under the Bud, bringing it out in a -similar way at a somewhat shorter distance above. A portion of wood -will also be taken out, and this is generally removed the opposite -way to that in which the Bud has been cut. By skilful Budders, it is -removed by a sort of twitch from either end. Great care must be taken -not to pull out the base or root of the Bud at the same time, as this -would render it useless. Should the whole come out together, leaving -a hollow place under the eye of the Bud, it must be thrown away, and -another prepared. The Bud being ready, loosen the bark at the point -where the incisions meet, with the ivory knife handle, and insert it by -means of the piece of leaf attached. It must then be tied in with soft -matting or bast, to exclude air, but not tight enough to injure the -bark. Shading from bright sun is advisable for a few days afterwards, -and, as soon as the union takes place, the ties must be frequently -examined, and loosened if necessary. Some prefer Budding late in the -season, in order that the Bud may remain dormant during the winter, -and breaking stronger the following spring. Occasionally, they are -inserted in spring, just at the commencement of growth. The stocks of -the Summer-budded trees should only be allowed a moderate amount of -foliage during the autumn, and should be cut back to the established -Bud before growth commences in spring. - -_Square and Circular Shield-budding_ consists in cutting out a piece -of bark of either shape from the stock, and inserting another piece of -exactly the same size, containing a Bud, and covering with a bandage, -or piece of sticking plaster, all except the eye. This mode is seldom -made use of. Inverted T or Shield-budding is preferred in the south of -France for propagating Orange-trees, but is not otherwise much used. -The only difference is that the transverse incision is made below, -instead of above, the other, and the Bud inserted upwards, making it -fit with the bark at the point where the stock is cut across. - -[Illustration: FIG. 289.] - -_Flute-budding_ is sometimes used, and answers well for some trees -(see Fig. 289). A cylinder of bark is removed from the stock, and one -of a similar size from the scion. containing Buds, is fitted in its -place, being carefully made air-tight by means of a bandage or grafting -wax. Some prefer splitting the hark, as shown in the illustration. and -laying it over the tube or cylinder; but the parts cannot be fitted so -well as when it is removed. - -_Ring Budding._ By this mode, it is not necessary to cut off the top of -the stock. A ring of bark may be removed from any convenient part (see -Fig. 290 _b_) and replaced with one containing eyes (see Fig. 290 _a_). -The latter should be taken from a little larger branch than the stock, -as the bark could then be made to fit better. As in Flute-budding, air -must be excluded by means of adhesive paper and bandages or grafting -wax. - -Budding operations may be performed at any time during the season; but -dull cloudy weather, and morning or evening, are most suitable. If the -branch, containing Buds, cannot be obtained as required for use, the -ends may be placed in water, to keep them fresh; but unnecessary delay -should be avoided. - -[Illustration: FIG. 290.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 291.] - -_Stocks for Budding upon._ For the Cherry, the Wild Gean, and -seedlings from the Morello. make capital stocks for tall trees and -those of moderate growth; and the Mahaleb, or Perfumed Cherry, for -small trees for pots, bushes, pyramids, or cordons. For the Plum, the -Mussel, Mirabelle, Magnum Bonum, St. Julian, &c., are mostly used -for stocks, the Mirabelle being best for small trees. Peaches and -Nectarines are generally budded on the Mussel, St. Julian, or Mirabelle -Plums; the last are best for dwarfs. The Apricot is budded on the -Mussel or Mirabelle Plums, for small plants; and the St. Julian Plum -for standards. In France, the Damas Noir, or Black Damask, and the -Cerisette, are also used. They should all be raised from seeds, and -not from suckers. Seeds for raising plants for stocks may be sown as -soon as ripe; but where quantities are used, the stones are thrown into -heaps, so as to slightly ferment during winter. In the spring, they -are sown in drills or beds, and transplanted the next year in rows -2ft. or 3ft. apart. and 10in. or 12in. from plant to plant. The dwarfs -are generally budded the second year, and the standards the third -or fourth. Dwarf trees are budded from within a few inches of the -ground to 1ft. above; standards and riders from 3ft. to 9ft.; cordons, -pyramids, &c., can hardly be budded too low. - -_Rose Budding._ Propagation of Roses by Budding is very extensively -practised both with standard trees and dwarf plants. It is perhaps -easier and more certain to succeed with these than with fruit trees; -but the mode adopted is precisely the same--that of the shield-shaped -Bud with the core, or root, and the bark attached. For standards, -the common briar of the Dog Rose is the best. The earlier these are -obtained and planted in November, the better, as roots are then formed -at once. For dwarf plants, the Manetti stock is mostly used, being -easily obtained and had in proper condition almost at any time when -Buds are ready. Plants on this stock do not succeed in all soils, and -suckers are also very liable to be produced. Budding on the seedling -briar is attended with good results, and is practised more than -hitherto. The De la Grifferaie stock is also used, more for Tea Roses -than others, and is considered by some to produce better plants than -the Manetti. The shoots on standard briars should be reduced to about -three of the strongest, selected as close together as possible, and -near the top, the briars having been previously cut back the desired -height at planting time. Two Buds are sufficient for a good head; but, -for certainty, three may be inserted. Fig. 291 represents a tall briar -with three shoots; _a_ shows the shoot slit for the Bud; _b_, the Bud -inserted; _c_, the Bud tied in. Fig. 292 is a branch showing Buds, the -lowest ones of which are most suitable, being in firmer wood. Those at -the top are often useless. Fig. 293 represents a Bud taken from Fig. -292, _a_, _b_, and Fig. 294 gives an idea of how the wood is removed. -As previously remarked when describing the system, experienced Budders -remove the wood from either end. Fig. 294 shows its removal from the -lower end. - -[Illustration: FIG. 292.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 293. FIG. 294.] - -Budding as close as possible to the main stem is most desirable. Raffia -grass is superior in every way for tying, which should be performed -as soon after the Bud is inserted as possible. It requires much care, -and, of course, the Bud itself must be entirely free. As soon as the -Buds swell, the tying material should be loosened, and the top of the -stock cut back to the level of the budded shoot. By Budding late, the -Buds lie dormant till the next spring, and the necessity of tying the -young shoots is dispensed with for that season. The shoots of the briar -in advance of the Rose Buds must be cut back, as shown in Fig. 295, so -soon as the Buds are safely established. The Manetti and other dwarf -stocks are budded on the main shoot nearly close to, or underneath the -ground, and if low enough to cover part of the rose stem when grown, -the latter often roots as well and assists the stock. Being small, they -may be grown in pots and removed to the required position at any time. - -[Illustration: FIG. 295.] - -Dog Roses, used for standards, are usually collected from hedgerows, -and sold at about 8s. per hundred. Manetti stocks are increased by -cuttings, which, after making one season's good growth, will be fit for -use. Briars are raised from seed, which may be collected from hedges, -and sown in the autumn, in drills. The seedlings should be transplanted -the first year after sowing, and the following season they will be -ready for working. - -=BUDDING KNIVES.= The best Budding Knives are those manufactured by -Messrs. Saynor and Co., and Messrs. G. Hall and Son. They are made with -handles of ivory, shaped in different ways at the end, for the purpose -of opening the bark, in order to insert the Bud. Some of the blades are -made with the edge rounded at the point, so as to cut the bark without -the knife entering the wood underneath (see Figs. 296 and 297). Others, -which may be used for Budding, and are much better for ordinary use for -cutting flowers, &c., are made with the edge of the blade carried to a -point, as in ordinary knives (see Figs. 298 and 299). Another form has -the handle made of some other material, and a piece of ivory inserted -for opening the bark; this is represented in Fig. 300. The first-named -is the best, if required for Budding only; the second is the most -useful for ordinary purposes, and answers admirably for Budding as -well. None of the other shapes have any material advantages over these. - -[Illustration: FIG. 296. - -FIG. 297. - -FIG. 298. - -FIG. 299. - -FIG. 300. - -=BUDDING KNIVES.=] - -=BUDDLEIA= (named after Adam Buddle, who is so often mentioned in Ray's -"Synopsis"; his collection of dried British plants is preserved in the -British Museum). ORD. _LoganiaceA|_. A large genus of stove, greenhouse, -or half-hardy shrubs. Flowers small, often tomentose, axillary, -spicate, capitate, or thyrsoid; calyx equally four-toothed; corolla -tubular-campanulate, regular; limb spreading, four-toothed. Leaves -opposite, reticulately veined. Branches quadrangular. - -The species most extensively grown is _B. globosa_, which, among all -our other shrubs, is quite unique; but it is only in the southern or -favoured counties of England where it can be fairly termed hardy. It -is readily propagated by cuttings or by seeds. The latter should be -sown in a gentle heat the spring following the ripening, when they -will vegetate pretty freely. With careful treatment and nurturing in -pots for the first winter, in a frost-proof pit or house, they may -soon be grown into elegant plants. Cuttings of the ripened wood, put -in under bell glasses or hand lights, in a cool but frost-proof pit, -will root slowly during the winter. They will root all the surer and -quicker if each cutting has a heel of older wood attached to that of -the current year's growth. They are best inserted in fine sand or in -very sandy soil, and require but little water until rooted. As soon as -fairly calloused over or rooted, their further progress may be much -advanced by potting them off, and plunging them in a bottom-heat of -60deg. or 65deg. This is by no means an essential to secure success, -but it hastens it, and promotes growth in an extraordinary manner. The -surface temperature should range about the same as the bottom-heat. -Under such treatment, the plants will be quite fit to place out about -the middle of July. A warm, sheltered situation should be chosen, and -a light, rich soil prepared for them; and if dry weather ensues, they -only require water. South or west walls are, without doubt, the best -situations for them. In all cool or unfavourable localities, much may -be done to ensure success by planting on a dry bottom, and on poorish -soil. A loose, free-and-easy style of training suits the plants best. -This enables them to yield a great number of their peculiarly formed, -distinct, and beautiful flowers; whereas, anything like a close, trim -course of pruning or of training reduces the flowers to the lowest -number. - -Throughout the southern parts of England, and, indeed, in many places -in the north, _B. globosa_ makes an excellent bush for the shrubbery. -It is only during severe winters that it gets badly cut. - -For the other presumably hardy species much the same plan as the -foregoing may be adopted. The greenhouse and stove kinds may have the -same routine of culture usually employed with plants requiring similar -temperatures. - -Stove species, except where specified otherwise. - - =B. americana= (American). _fl._ yellow; spikes disposed in a - terminal panicle, nearly 1ft. long; glomerules nearly globose, size - of a sloe, on short peduncles. August. _l._ ovate, acuminated, - narrowed at the base, serrately crenated. _h._ 8ft. to 12ft. Peru, - 1826. - - =B. asiatica= (Asiatic).* _fl._ white, small, disposed in long, - dense racemes. _l._ lanceolate, finely serrated. _h._ 3ft. India, - 1874. A graceful and sweet-scented shrub. SYN. _B. Neemda_. (B. M. - 6323.) - - =B. crispa= (curled). _fl._ lilac, with a white eye; numerously - produced in long terminal branching spikes, forming a pyramidal - head about 5in. long. March. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, crenately - curled; lower ones cordate at the base; superior ones rounded, all - thick and wrinkled, clothed with soft tomentum on both surfaces. - _h._ 13ft. Western Himalayas. Half-hardy. (B. M. 4793.) - - =B. globosa= (globose).* _fl._ orange, or honey-colour; heads - large, terminal, globose, pedunculate. May. _l._ lanceolate, - acuminated, petiolate, crenated, 6in. long. Branches - sub-tetragonal, clothed with hoary tomentum, as well as the under - side of the leaves. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Chili, 1774. Hardy in most - places. (B. M. 174.) - - =B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's). _fl._ purplish-red, hairy; disposed in - terminal racemose spikes. September. _l._ ovate, shortly petiolate, - serrate. Branches angular, glabrous. _h._ 6ft. China, 1844. - Half-hardy. (B. R. 32, 4.) - - =B. Neemda= (Neemda). A synonym of _B. asiatica_. - -=BUDS, FLOWER.= These are developed like Leaf-buds, from which they -differ chiefly in containing one or more incipient flowers within the -leaves--the flowers being wrapped up in their own floral-leaves, within -the ordinary leaves, which have their outer covering of scales. If a -Bud be gathered from a Lilac or Horse-chestnut very early in spring, -all the rudiments of the future flowers and leaves will be found within -it, though the Bud itself may not be more than half-an-inch long, and -the flowers not larger than the points of the smallest pins. - -=BUDS, LEAF.= These consist of rudimentary leaves, surrounding a -growing vital point, and appear like a collection of scales arranged -symmetrically one above the other. Leaf-buds universally originate in -the horizontal or cellular system, and are formed under the bark at the -extremity of the medullary rays, and at the margin or on the surface -of leaves, whether perfect or rudimentary. Deciduous trees lose their -leaves, but in the axil of each a little Bud previously forms, from -which fresh leaves expand the following spring. In some cases, as in -the Horse-chestnut, the Buds are covered with a gummy exudation. In -Privet-trees, Leaf-buds are generally smaller and more elongated than -Flower-buds. - -=BUETTNERIA= (named after David Sigismund Augustus Byttner, once -a Professor of Botany in the University of GA¶ttingen). ORD. -_SterculiaceA|_. Erect or scandent stove or greenhouse shrubs. Flowers -small, usually dark purple; calyx and corolla valvate; umbels simple, -disposed in something like racemes or panicles, rarely in corymbs. -Leaves simple. All are of easy culture in a compost of loam and peat. -_B. dasyphylla_, _hermanniA|-folia_, _microphylla_, and _scabra_, are -occasionally met with, but they are hardly worth growing. - -=BUETTNERIEA†.= A section of _SterculiaceA|_. - -=BUFF-TIP MOTH= (_PygA|ra bucephala_). This large and beautiful Moth -is very common in many districts; it is easily recognised by the -buff-coloured tips of the fore-wings--whence its common name; the -head, and body between the wings and abdomen, are ochreous. According -to Newman's "British Moths," "the caterpillars, when full grown, are -about an inch and three-quarters long, and sprinkled with silky hairs; -the general colour yellow, with black head, black lines running from -the head to the tail, interrupted by a transverse orange band on each -ring, and a black horny plate above the tail segment." They feed on the -leaves of the Lime, Elm, and Oak, among other trees, and apparently the -only remedy is that generally adopted in exterminating caterpillars, -viz., to shake the branches which are infested, when the pest will be -quickly dislodged, and fall to the ground. Miss Ormerod is of opinion -that "as the caterpillars come down the tree to the ground for their -change to chrysalids, it might be worth while to throw a few spadefuls -of gas-lime, or of anything they would not cross, in a circle at about -a yard from the tree; or a rough band of any material soaked in tar, -or tar and oil, which would keep wet longer, would stop them from -straying off ... and they might be cleared in sufficient numbers so as -to considerably lessen future attack." This plan of prevention deserves -a trial in any place where the destructive caterpillars of these Moths -abound. It is almost a hopeless task to destroy them altogether when -once established on the trees, such specimens as large Oaks being often -almost or wholly denuded of foliage. - -=BUGLE.= _See_ =Ajuga=. - -=BUGLOSSUM BARRELIERI.= _See_ =Anchusa Barrelieri=. - -=BUGWORT.= _See_ =Cimicifuga=. - -=BULBIFEROUS.= Bearing bulbs. - -=BULBINE= (from _bolbos_, a bulb). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A genus of rather -pretty hardy, or nearly hardy, herbaceous or bulbous plants, allied -to _Anthericum_. Flowers showy, fragrant; perianth with spreading -segments. Leaves somewhat fleshy, narrow. Stems short. They are all of -easy culture in a compost of sandy loam. The bulbous-rooted species -are increased by offsets, and the herbaceous sorts by suckers and -divisions. The only species which can be grown satisfactorily in -the open air is _B. annua._ All the others should be grown in the -greenhouse, but may be placed in the open during the summer months. - - =B. alooides= (Aloe-like).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in a terminal - panicle. April. _l._ fleshy, tongue-shaped, lanceolate, flat on - both sides. _h._ 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1732. SYN. _Anthericum - alooides_. (B. M. 1317.) - - =B. annua= (annual). _fl._ yellow; scape racemose. May, June. _l._ - fleshy, subulate, rounded. _h._ 9in. Cape of Good Hope, 1731. An - annual species, the seeds of which should be sown in a gentle heat - during spring, and the seedlings may be transplanted to the open - when large enough to handle. SYN. _Anthericum annuum_. (B. M. 1451.) - - =B. caulescens= (caulescent).* _fl._ yellow. March. _l._ fleshy, - rounded. Stem shrubby, erect, branched. _h._ 2ft. Cape of Good - Hope. 1702. A shrubby species, which should be propagated by - cuttings, placed under a hand glass. SYN. _B. frutescens_. (B. M. - 816.) - - =B. frutescens= (shrubby). Synonymous with _B. caulescens_. - -=BULBOCODIUM= (from _bolbos_, a bulb, and _kodion_, wool; referring to -the woolly covering of the bulbs). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. TRIBE _ColchiceA|_. -A very pretty little bulbous plant, much resembling the _Crocus_, -from which it differs principally in having a superior ovary and -six stamens. It is amongst the earliest of spring-flowering plants, -the flowers preceding the foliage; and, like the majority of bulbs, -delights in rich sandy loam. In such positions, they multiply rapidly -from offsets. It is a good plan to take up the bulbs, divide, and -replant them every second year, selecting in autumn, and renewing the -soil or planting in new positions. Few plants prove more welcome in -the garden, in February, than _B. vernum_, either in beds, patches, or -masses. - - =B. Aitchisoni= (Aitchison's). A synonym of _Merendera Aitchisoni_. - - =B. Eichleri= (Eichler's). A synonym of _Merendera caucasica_. - - =B. trigynum.= A synonym of _Merendera caucasica_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 301. BULBOCODIUM VERNUM.] - - =B. vernum= (spring).* _fl._ violet-purple, with a white spot on - the claw; long, tubular, funnel-shaped, two to three from each - bulb; preceding the appearance of the leaves. Very early spring. - _l._ usually three in number, broadly strap-shaped, concave, and - surrounded at the base by well-developed sheaths. Bulb black, - oblong. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Spain, 1649. See Fig. 301. There is a - variety with the leaves striped white, which is also desirable. - -=BULBOPHYLLUM= (from _bulbos_, a bulb, and _phyllon_, a leaf; referring -to the leaves issuing from the apex of the pseudo-bulbs). SYNS. -_Anisopetalum_, _Bolbophyllum_, _Tri-brachium_. ORD. _OrchideA|_. Of -this rather large genus of orchids but few are worth cultivating except -as curiosities. Racemes long or spike-like, very rarely one-flowered or -sub-umbellate; sepals usually nearly equal and free; lip jointed to the -foot of the column. They are of easy culture when grown on small blocks -of wood with a little moss, and suspended in a warm part of the house; -the roots require a good supply of water. Propagated by dividing the -pseudo-bulbs. - -The following comparative few of the aggregate number of species -already introduced are really all that are worth the cultivator's -attention; what the botanist often regards as being very pretty, &c., -does not always appear such in the eyes of the grower. - - =B. barbigerum= (bearded).* _fl._, sepals and petals - greenish-brown; lip covered with dark-coloured hair, and so loosely - attached at the base as to be moved with the slightest breath. - Sierra Leone, 1835. A curious dwarf-growing plant, with dark green - leaves and pseudo-bulbs. (B. R. 1942.) - - =B. Beccarii= (Beccari's). _fl._ light brownish and painted with - violet; lip brown, with a violet hue, proceeding from a rhizome at - the base of the leaf (just below the small pseudo-bulb), and at - once turning downwards; racemes dense, cylindrical, nodding. _l._ - three, 25in. long, 18in, across, very thick. Rhizome 20in. long. - Brazil, 1879. A remarkable and gigantic climbing species; the odour - of this plant is intolerably fA"tid and the leaves are larger than - those of any other known orchid. This species requires plenty of - heat. (B. M. 6517.) - - =B. Lobbi= (Lobb's).* _fl._ large; sepals and petals yellow, the - upper part spotted with purple; solitary, on radical scapes. - Summer. Java, 1845. (B. M. 4532.) - - =B. maculatum= (spotted). _fl._ prettily spotted, _l._ long, - obtuse, bright green. India. - - =B. reticulatum= (netted-leaved).* _fl._ in pairs, white, striped - inside with purple; lip spotted with the same colour. _l._ somewhat - heart-shaped, with the nerves of a deeper green than the rest of - the leaf, giving it a beautifully reticulated appearance. Brazil, - 1866. Perhaps the handsomest of the genus. (B. M. 5605.) - - =B. saltatorum= (dancing). _fl._ greenish-brown, lasting some time - in perfection. Winter. _h._ 6in. Sierra Leone, 1835. (B. R. 1970.) - - =B. siamense= (Siamese).* _fl._ pale yellow, striped with purple; - lip yellow, streaked with purplish lines. A very pretty species, - closely allied to _B. Lobbi_, but with longer and stouter leaves. - Pseudo-bulbs ovate. Siam, 1867. Should be grown in a pot of peat - and sphagnum. - -=BULBOSTYLES= (from _bolbos_, a bulb, and _stylos_, the style). ORD. -_CompositA|_. A. small genus of stove evergreen plants, now referred to -_Eupatorium_. - -=BULBS.= A Bulb is formed upon or beneath the ground, and is a swollen -stock, consisting, in the first place, of a more or less fleshy disk, -which below gives rise to the roots; secondly, of more or less fleshy -coats, or scales, borne on the disk; thirdly, of a more or less central -shoot, equally borne by the disk, protected by the coats or scales -already mentioned, and formed of rudimentary leaves and flowers. In -some instances, small Bulbs, called Cloves, are formed at the base -of the scales of the original Bulb; these are destined to reproduce -the plant. Shallot and Garlic are good examples. Bulbs are, in fact, -storehouses, husbanding the strength and energy acquired by the plant -during one season, for the exigencies of the next. They are classified -under two sections--Scaly and Tunicated. In the former, the scales -of the Bulb are imbricated, as in the Lily; in the latter, they form -continuous coatings, one within the other, as in the Hyacinth, &c. -In several Lilies, young Bulbs are found growing in the axils of the -leaves, when they are known as Bulbils. Bulbs is also a popular term -given to Dutch Flower Roots, mostly arriving here in the autumn for -spring flowering. Crocus, Colchicum, Cyclamen, Gladiolus, and several -others, are not Bulbs, but Corms. The flowering season varies according -to the different sorts of Bulbs. The majority may be lifted and kept -tolerably dry during the resting period; but they wither and become -exhausted if not replanted at the proper time, thereby causing many -failures. Dutch Bulbs generally arrive in September, and the best -results are obtained from those potted or planted at once, although -some for succession may be kept in reserve up till the beginning of -November. The failure in cultivating imported Liliums and other Bulbs -may be often caused by their long-continued confinement in a dry -atmosphere, whereby their vitality is often almost lost. The roots -of some Bulbs are nearly always, more or less, in action, and these, -especially, should not be kept out of the ground for any length of -time. - -=BULLACE.= _See_ =Prunus insititia=. - -=BULLACE=, or =MUSCADINE=. _See_ =Vitis vulpina=. - -=BULLATE.= Blistered or puckered. - -=BULRUSH=, or =CLUB-RUSH=. _See_ =Typha=. - -=BUNCHOSIA= (from _bunchos_, the Arabic name for Coffee; in allusion to -the similarity between the seeds of this genus and those of Coffee). -ORD. _MalpighiaceA|_. Ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, nearly -allied to _Malpighia_, but having the racemes of flowers axillary. -Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, externally smooth, and containing two or -three seeds. They thrive best in a compost of loam, peat, leaf soil, -and sand, in about equal proportions. Cuttings of ripened shoots will -root in sand under a bell glass, in moist bottom heat, taking several -weeks to do so. Good drainage is essential, both in striking cuttings -and in the cultivation of the plants. - -[Illustration: FIG. 302. BURBIDGEA NITIDA.] - - =B. argentea= (silvery).* _fl._ yellow; racemes opposite, simple, - pubescent. July. _l._ lanceolate, silvery beneath. Branches - puberulous. _h._ 10ft. Caraccas, 1810. - - =B. glandulifera= (gland-bearing). _fl._ yellow; racemes simple, - axillary. March to May. _l._ elliptical-ovate, on short petioles, - wavy, pubescent on both surfaces, furnished with four glands - beneath at the base. _h._ 10ft. Caraccas, 1806. - - =B. nitida= (shining). _fl._ yellow; racemes elongated, almost the - length of the leaves. July. _fr._ large, red; it is much eaten by - turkeys and other large fowl. _l._ 4in. long, oblong, acuminated, - smooth, glandless. _h._ 4ft. Jamaica, 1800. - - =B. odorata= (fragrant).* _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented; racemes - opposite. May. _l._ ovate, emarginate, downy on both surfaces. _h._ - 7ft. Carthagena, 1806. - -=BUPHTHALMUM= (from _bous_, an ox, and _ophthalmos_, the eye; the disk -of the flower being ox-eye-like). Oxeye. ORD. _CompositA|_. Very showy -and ornamental hardy perennial plants, thriving freely in common garden -soil. They are propagated by divisions, made in autumn or spring. - - =B. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, large; - involucre naked. June to October. _l._ alternate-lanceolate, - somewhat toothleted, smooth. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Austria, 1722. Hardy - herbaceous perennial. - - =B. salicifolium= (Willow-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, - rather large, terminal; involucre naked. June. _l._ alternate, - oblong-lanceolate, sub-serrated, three-nerved, villous. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Austria, 1759. Hardy herbaceous perennial. - - =B. speciosissimum= (showiest).* _fl.-heads_ yellow. July. _h._ - 2ft. South Europe, 1826. Hardy herbaceous perennial. SYN. _Telekia - speciosissima_. - -=BUPLEURUM= (derivation not satisfactorily explained). Hare's-Ear. ORD. -_UmbelliferA|_. A somewhat extensive genus of quite glabrous shrubs or -herbaceous plants. Flowers yellowish; umbels compound. Leaves mostly -quite entire. But few of this genus are worth growing, and all are of -the easiest culture in common garden soil. Seeds of the annuals may -be sown out of doors in March or April; divisions of the herbaceous -perennials made in autumn or spring; and cutting or divisions of the -greenhouse species, in March or April. - - =B. fruticescens= (shrubby).* _fl._, umbels small, three to - five-rayed; involucre of three to five, very short, subulate - leaves. August. _l._ linear-subulate, stiff, striated, five to - seven-nerved. Branches slender, elongated, erect. _h._ 1ft. Spain, - 1752. Hardy and evergreen. - - =B. fruticosum= (shrubby).* Leaves of involucre oblong. July. _l._ - of a sea-green colour; oblong, attenuated at the base, coriaceous, - one-nerved, quite entire, sessile. Bark of branches purplish. _h._ - 3ft. to 6ft. Spain, 1596. Hardy. This is nearly the only species - grown. (W. D. B. 1, 14.) - - =B. gibraltarica= (Gibraltar). _fl._ yellow. June. _l._ lanceolate, - one-nerved, coriaceous. _h._ 3ft. Gibraltar, 1784. Evergreen, - half-hardy. - - =B. graminifolium= (Grass-leaved).* _fl._ green-yellow. June. _l._ - linear, grass-like. _h._ 6in. Switzerland, 1768. Hardy perennial. - - =B. longifolium= (long-leaved). _fl._ green-yellow. June. _l._ - ovate-oblong; radical ones stalked; cauline ones amplexicaul. _h._ - 3ft. Switzerland, 1713. Hardy perennial. - -=BUR.= _See_ =Centotheca lappacea=. - -=BURBIDGEA= (named after F. W. Burbidge, the discoverer of the genus, -a traveller in Borneo, and author of several horticultural works). -ORD. _ScitamineA|_. A very large, brilliant-flowered stove herbaceous -perennial, allied to _Hedychium_. For culture, _see_ =Alpinia=. - - =B. nitida= (shining).* _fl._, perianth-tube 1in. to 1-1/2in. - long, slender; outer segments 1-1/2in. to 2in. in diameter, - bright orange-scarlet; panicle terminal, 4in. to 6in. long, - many-flowered. Summer. _l._ 4in. to 6in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, - cordate-acuminate, rather fleshy, bright green above. Stems tufted, - 2ft. to 4ft. high, slender, terete, leafy. N. W. Borneo, 1879. See - Fig. 302, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. (B. - M. 6403.) - -=BURCHARDIA= (named after H. Burchard, M.D., a botanical author). ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. An ornamental greenhouse herbaceous perennial, allied to -_Androcymbium_. It thrives best in sandy peat, or peat mixed with a -little loam. Propagated by offsets or divisions, made just previous to -potting, in spring. It is best to repot annually. Good drainage should -be allowed, and the plant must not be potted too firmly. - - =B. umbellata= (umbelled). _fl._ white, green. August. _h._ 2ft. - New Holland, 1820. - -=BURCHCHELLIA= (named after W. Burchell, a botanical traveller in the -Cape of Good Hope, and in Brazil). ORD. _RubiaceA|_. A stove evergreen -shrub from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers scarlet, disposed in heads -at the tops of the branches, sessile upon a villous receptacle, -intermixed with small distinct bracteoles; and each head is propped -up by the ultimate pair of leaves; corolla of a clavate-funnel-shape. -Leaves ovate, acute, a little cordate at the base, petiolate; stipules -interpetiolar, broad, cuspidate at the apex, deciduous. It grows well -in a rich light soil, or a mixture of turfy loam, turfy peat, and sand. -Cuttings, not too ripe, root readily if planted in sand, and placed -under a hand glass, in a gentle heat. - - =B. bubalina= (buffalo). A synonym of _B. capensis_. - - =B. capensis= (Cape).* _fl._ deep scarlet, nearly 1in. long. March. - _l._ ovate, acute, clothed with hispid pubescence; stipules very - broad, and very short. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft.; 12ft. to 14ft. in a wild - state. SYN. _B. bubalina_. (B. M. 2339.) - -=BURLINGTONIA= (named after the "amiable and accomplished" Countess of -Burlington). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A small genus of epiphytal orchids, all -of which are beautiful and eminently well worth growing. They may be -grown upon small blocks of wood, or in rustic baskets, suspended from -the roof of the plant stove, where, if liberally treated with water, -and a genial moisture in the air during the growing season, very little -else will be required to ensure health and vigour. In the dull days -of winter, they should be watered less frequently, but the plants must -not be allowed to exhibit the slightest signs of distress from drought, -or the consequences may be fatal to their health. When fastening -these plants to blocks of wood, a little sphagnum should be used, for -experience proves that they thrive best when their thin white roots -can escape and hang exposed to the air. If growing them in baskets, it -is preferable first to fasten them securely upon small pieces of bare -cork, then to fill the basket, and finally to cover the whole thinly -with a layer of sphagnum. - -[Illustration: FIG. 303. FLOWER-SPIKE, PSEUDO-BULB, AND LEAF OF -BURLINGTONIA DECORA.] - -Generally speaking, this genus is not a difficult one to cultivate; -its great enemy is a small white scale, which secretes itself in the -sheathing bases of the leaves. Here it rapidly multiplies, to the great -detriment of the plants; the leaves soon turn yellow at the base, and -drop off; the whole plant looks sickly, and soon dies, or else requires -a very long time and much trouble to achieve its recovery to health. -To prevent this, the bases of the leaves must be carefully looked into -every time the plants are taken down to be dipped in water; and, should -the slightest sign of this pest appear, a thorough washing with soft -soap and tepid water must be given, repeating the operation every day -until all traces of the insect are removed. Red thrip are also apt to -work much mischief with these plants. They take up their abode in the -same way as the white scale, and if not speedily removed or destroyed, -soon make sad havoc. To put a stop to the ravages of this pest, a wash -should be given, as before recommended, and after the soap has been -rinsed out of the base of the leaf, a little tobacco powder should be -sprinkled into the hollows, and allowed to remain for a day or two -before brushing it off. This process will, however, cause a somewhat -dirty appearance, but it will ensure ultimate health and vigour. -Propagated by dividing the plants. - - =B. Batemanni= (Bateman's).* _fl._ white, deliciously-scented; lip - beautiful mauve. A very pretty South American species, resembling - _B. candida_. - - =B. candida= (white).* _fl._ snowy-white, with a slight stain of - yellow on the upper part of the lip, in substance and appearance - like white satin, trimmed with gold; large, sweet-scented, in - gracefully drooping three to four-blossomed racemes, produced from - the axils of the leaves. April and May, lasting about three weeks - in perfection, and sometimes having a second flowering season. - _l._ one or two in number, dark green, and firm in texture. _h._ - 1ft. Demerara, 1834. A very compact species, well suited for - basket culture; it should never be allowed to get dry. It may - be distinguished from other species by having a single row of - tubercles, forming a ridge upon each side of the slightly hastate - lip. (B. R. 1927.) - - =B. decora= (comely).* _fl._ white or rose-coloured, spotted - with red; lip pure white; scapes erect, five to ten-flowered. - Winter. Brazil, 1852. This species differs entirely from _B. - candida_, inasmuch as it possesses a long slender-rooting stem, - from different parts of which arise small oval pseudo-bulbs, each - bearing a leaf; a lesser leaf appears at the base of a bulb, and - from the axil of this the scape springs. It is a rather straggling - but nevertheless beautiful species, and is best grown fastened upon - long strips of cork, a little sphagnum being used in the operation; - whilst, to prevent the plant getting too much "away from home," - the young growths should be twisted back as they advance, and the - practice continued until the pseudo-bulb is ultimately left near - the centre, or in any spot which may appear bare. It likes strong - heat and a very moist atmosphere, when growing; but during the - period of rest, it should be kept cool and dry. See Fig. 303. (B. - M. 4834.) - - =B. d. picta= (painted).* A beautiful variety, differing from the - type in having shorter and more acute leaves; flowers produced in - greater profusion, rose-coloured, beautifully mottled and blotched - with dark purple. October. Brazil. (B. M. 5419.) - - =B. fragrans= (fragrant).* _fl._ very gratefully fragrant, disposed - in erect racemes. April, remaining in perfection about three weeks. - _l._ long, rigid, dark green. Habit compact. Brazil, 1850. - - =B. pubescens= (downy). _fl._, sepals and petals snow-white; - distinguished by the somewhat hastate lip, which has three yellow - ridges on each side, and also by the downy column. November. _h._ - 6in. Brazil, 1850. - - =B. rigida= (rigid).* _fl._ purplish-white, spotted with pink on - the lip; produced in heads. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1838. A handsome - plant, but difficult to flower. (L. S. O. 36.) - - =B. venusta= (charming).* _fl._ white, slightly tinted with pink; - produced in heavy pendulous clusters at various seasons of the - year; lip stained with yellow. _l._ rigid, dark green. Brazil, - 1840. It forms a compact mass, and requires less heat than the - kinds previously described. It is often confounded with _B. - pubescens_, from which it may be distinguished by its larger and - more loosely arranged flowers, by its smooth column, by the lip not - being hastate in shape, and by the numerous shallow ridges borne - near the base upon each side. (L. S. O. 2.) - -=BUR MARIGOLD.= _See_ =Bidens=. - -=BURNET= (_Poterium Sanguisorba_; from _poterion_, a cup; being used -in cooling drinks). ORD. _RosaceA|_. A native perennial. The leaves -are sometimes used in soups, and with Borage in cooling drinks; they -are also put in salads. The foliage only being useful, keep the -flower-spikes removed, as this tends to increase the luxuriance of the -plants. It thrives in any light soil. Propagated by division. - -=BURNET SAXIFRAGE.= _See_ =Pimpinella=. - -=BURNING BUSH.= _See_ =Euonymus atropurpureus= and =E. americanus=. - -=BURN ONION.= _See_ =Potato Onion=. - -=BUR REED.= _See_ =Sparganium=. - -=BURSARIA= (from _bursa_, a pouch; the capsules very much resemble -those of the Shepherd's Purse). ORD. _PittosporaceA|_. A handsome, -much-branched, greenhouse evergreen shrub, forming a very pretty object -when covered all over with its elegant white blossoms. It thrives -well in a compost of sandy loam and peat, in equal proportions. Young -cuttings will root freely in sand, under a bell glass, with a little -bottom heat. - - =B. spinosa= (thorny).* _fl._ white, small, disposed either in - lateral or terminal panicles. July to December. _l._ small, - oblong-cuneated, entire. _h._ 10ft. New Holland, 1793. (B. M. 1767.) - -=BURSERA= (named after Joachim Burser, a disciple of Caspar Bauhin). -ORD. _BurseraceA|_. Stove balsam-bearing trees. Flowers polygamous, or -hermaphrodite; calyx small, four to six-toothed; petals four to six, -spreading, generally valvate in A|stivation; stamens eight to twelve; -disk annular, with usually six to ten teeth; drupe oblong, covered by a -three-valved succulent rind, containing three to five nuts. They thrive -in a compost of loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings, placed under a -glass, with bottom heat. - - =B. gummifera= (gum-bearing). _fl._ whitish, hexandrous; racemes - terminal and axillary. _l._ deciduous, usually impari-pinnate; - leaflets ovate, acute, membranous. _h._ 60ft. West Indies, 1690. - - =B. serrata= (serrate).* _fl._ whitish, decandrous; panicles - axillary, shorter than the leaves. _l._ impari-pinnate, with three - to five pairs of broad-lanceolate, bluntly-acuminated, serrulated - leaflets; petioles and pedicels pubescent. _h._ 25ft. India, 1818. - -=BURSERACEA†.= An order of shrubs or trees, abounding in resinous juice; -with opposite compound leaves, full of pellucid dots, and axillary and -terminal fascicles of flowers. Fruit indehiscent, somewhat drupaceous. -The genera best known are _Amyris_, _Balsamodendron_, _Boswellia_, -_Bursera_, and _Canarium_. - -=BURTONIA= (named after D. Burton, a plant collector for Kew Gardens). -ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A genus of handsome greenhouse dwarf Heath-like -shrubs, natives of West Australia. Flowers axillary, often thickly -gathered at the ends of the branches; corollas rich purple; keel -generally of a deeper colour, and the standard having sometimes a -yellow blotch at its base. Leaves simple or trifoliolate, sessile, -usually awl-shaped. They thrive well in a mixture of loam, peat, leaf -soil, and sand, in equal proportions, with thorough drainage; but care -must be taken not to give them too much water, as they require to be -kept moderately dry, and are difficult to preserve in a living state. -Young cuttings root freely in a pot of sandy soil, in a cool house, -with a bell glass placed over them; but some of the species produce -seed in abundance, which are the best means of increasing them. - - =B. conferta= (cluster-flowered).* _fl._ violet. July. _l._ simple, - very much crowded, six to eight lines long, linear-subulate, with - revolute margins, and are, as well as the branches, smooth. _h._ - 2ft. 1830. (B. R. 1600.) - - =B. minor= (smaller). A synonym of _Gompholobium minus_. - - =B. pulchella= (beautiful). A synonym of _B. scabra_. - - =B. scabra= (rough).* _fl._ purple; peduncles axillary, - bi-bracteate. April. _l._, leaflets glabrous, linear-mucronate. - Branches puberulous. _h._ 2ft. 1846. SYN. _B. pulchella_. (B. M. - 5000.) - - =B. villosa= (villose). _fl._ purple, large; peduncles axillary, - bi-bracteate. May. _l._, leaflets linear-subulate, bluntish, - scabrid. _h._ 2ft. 1846. (B. M. 4410.) - -=BUSHEL.= _See_ =Measures=. - -=BUTCHER'S BROOM.= _See_ =Ruscus aculeatus=. - -=BUTEA= (commemorative of John, Earl of Bute, once a munificent patron -of botany). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A genus of very ornamental stove -evergreen unarmed trees. Racemes many-flowered; flowers three together, -on short pedicels, and furnished with two bracteoles each, under the -calyx; corolla deep scarlet; down on the calyces usually black and -velvety. Leaves pinnately-trifoliate; leaflets large, ovate, roundish, -stipellate. For culture, &c., _see_ =Erythrina=. - - =B. frondosa= (leafy). _fl._ 2in. long. _l._, leaflets roundish, - obtuse, or emarginate, rather velvety beneath. Branches pubescent. - _h._ 40ft. India, 1796. (B. F. S. 176.) - - =B. superba= (superb).* _l._, leaflets roundish, obtuse, velvety - beneath. Branches glabrous. Coromandel, 1798. This approaches the - preceding species, from which it differs mainly by its scandent - habit, and not by any botanical characters. (B. F. F. 143.) - -=BUTOMACEA†.= An order of aquatic plants, now usually included under -_AlismaceA|_. - -=BUTOMUS= (from _bous_, an ox, and _temno_, to cut; in reference to the -sharp leaves, which injure the mouths of cattle that browze upon them). -Flowering Rush. ORD. _AlismaceA|_. A very handsome hardy perennial -aquatic, of extremely easy culture on the margins of ponds or muddy -banks. Propagated by divisions of the roots, in spring. - -[Illustration: FIG. 304. BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS, showing Habit and single -Flower.] - - =B. umbellatus= (umbelled).* _fl._ rose-coloured, umbellate; - pedicels with scariose sheathing bracts at the base; scape naked, - terete, longer than the leaves. Summer. _l._ all radical, 2ft. - to 3ft. long, linear, acuminate, triquetrous. Ditches and ponds; - frequent in England, and rare in Ireland. See Fig. 304. - -=BUTTER AND EGGS.= The double-flowered variety of =Narcissus aurantius= -(which _see_). - -=BUTTER AND TALLOW TREE.= _See_ =Pentadesma=. - -=BUTTER-BUR.= _See_ =Petasites vulgaris=. - -=BUTTERCUPS.= _See_ =Ranunculus=. - -=BUTTERFLY ORCHIS.= _See_ =Habenaria bifolia= and =H. chlorantha=. - -=BUTTERFLY PLANT.= _See_ =Oncidium Papilio=. - -=BUTTER NUT.= _See_ =Caryocar= and =Juglans cinerea=. - -=BUTTERWORT.= _See_ =Pinguicula=. - -=BUTTON FLOWER.= _See_ =Gomphia=. - -=BUTTON-TREE.= _See_ =Conocarpus=. - -=BUTTON-WOOD.= _See_ =Cephalanthus=. - -=BUXUS= (from _pyknos_, dense; referring to the hardness of the wood). -Box Tree. ORD. _EuphorbiaceA|_. A genus of hardy evergreen shrubs or -small trees. Flowers unisexual, monA"cious; male flowers, calyx of four -minute segments, stamens four, inserted under the rudiment of a pistil; -female flowers singly, at the tips of groups of male ones. Fruit, a -regma, leathery, beaked with the styles. Leaves simple, opposite, -exstipulate, evergreen. These well-known plants thrive in any light, -well-drained soil. Seeds should be sown in similar situations as -soon as ripe. Cuttings, made of the young shoots, from 4in. to 6in. -in length, inserted in a shady place, in August or September, root -readily. Layers of either young or old wood, made in autumn or early -spring, will make good plants. They can also be increased by suckers -and division. - - =B. balearica= (Balearic).* _l._ yellowish-green, - oblong-elliptical, emarginate, coriaceous, about 2in. long, with - a cartilaginous margin. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. South Europe, 1780. - This is a handsome species. The cuttings will require a shelter in - winter, and in exposed situations it will be better to afford the - plants protection. - - =B. sempervirens= (evergreen).* Common Box. _l._ oval-oblong, - retuse, convex, coriaceous, shining; stalks slightly hairy. - _h._ various. England. There are numerous forms of this popular - shrub: _argentea_, silver-variegated; _aurea_ has its leaves - variegated with a golden colour; _marginata_ has leaves with a - golden margin; _myrtifolia_ has small, oblong, narrowish leaves; - _obcordate-variegata_ is a variegated variety, with obcordate - leaves, from Japan; _suffruticosa_ is the form usually cultivated - for edgings, its leaves are small, obovate, this is readily - increased by divisions, and requires to be planted firmly, in order - to keep it dwarf. - -=BYRSONIMA= (from _byrsa_, a hide, and _nimius_, much used; because -the bark of some of the species is used in tanning, in Brazil). ORD. -_MalpighiaceA|_. Ornamental stove evergreen trees or shrubs. Flowers -racemose, terminal, simple or branched. All the species thrive very -well in any light soil, or a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings made of -half-ripened shoots will root freely in sand, under a hand glass, in a -moist bottom heat. - - =B. altissima= (tallest).* _fl._ white; racemes clothed with rufous - hairs. July. _l._ ovate-oblong, covered with rufous down beneath, - but beset with bristles above, which are fixed by the centre. _h._ - 60ft. Guiana, 1820. - - =B. chrysophylla= (golden-leaved).* _fl._ yellow; racemes simple. - August. _l._ oblong, short, acuminated, acute at the base, rather - wavy on the margin, and revolute, smooth above, clothed beneath - with silky down, which is of a rusty golden colour. _h._ 14ft. - South America, 1823. - - =B. coriacea= (leathery-leaved). _fl._ yellow, sweet-scented; - racemes densely spiked, pubescent, erect. May. _l._ ovate, acute, - quite entire and smooth. _h._ 30ft. Jamaica, 1814. - - =B. crassifolia= (thick-leaved). _fl._ yellow; racemes erect, - elongated, brownish-velvety. July. _l._ ovate, acute at both ends, - at length smooth above, but clothed with brownish down beneath. - _h._ 6ft. Guiana, 1793. - - =B. lucida= (shining).* _fl._ pink; petals hastately kidney-shaped; - pedicels hispid; racemes spiked, erect, short, smooth. May. _l._ - obovate, cuneiform, obtuse, or mucronate, smooth, veinless, - shining. _h._ 8ft. Caribbee Islands, 1759. Described as "a - beautiful shrub." - - =B. verbascifolia= (Verbascum-leaved). _fl._ yellow; racemes - terminal. July. _l._ lanceolate-obovate, quite entire, downy on - both surfaces. _h._ 6ft. Guiana, 1810. - -=BYSTROPOGON= (from _byo_, to close, and _pogon_, a beard; in reference -to the throat of the flower being closed up with hairs). ORD. -_LabiatA|_. Greenhouse evergreen sub-shrubs, nearly allied to _Mentha_. -Flowers small, in dichotomous, sub-corymbose, or panicled cymes; or -else disposed in dense spicate whorls. Bracts lanceolate or subulate. -This genus contains easily cultivated species, which are, however, of -no value for garden purposes. - - -=CAA-CUYS.= _See_ =Ilex paraguariensis=. - -=CAA-MINI.= _See_ =Ilex paraguariensis=. - -=CAAPEBA.= _See_ =Cissampelos Pareira=. - -=CAAPIM DE ANGOLA.= _See_ =Panicum spectabile=. - -=CAA-QUAZU.= _See_ =Ilex paraguariensis=. - -=CABARET.= The French name of _Asarum europA|um_. - -=CABBAGE.= The common name for _Brassica_; but especially applied to -the plain-leaved hearting garden varieties of _Brassica oleracea_. To -obtain good tender Cabbages in early spring and throughout the summer, -it is necessary that they should be planted on rich, deeply-trenched -ground, in a position free from the shade of fruit or other trees. -Stable dung or good farmyard manure is best for this crop, and should -be applied when trenching is being done, burying the manure a spit -below the surface. Cabbages should not be planted successionally on -the same ground, nor should they follow any of the other species of -_Brassica_, if it can be avoided. A warmer position, not too much -sheltered to make the plants tender, will be found beneficial for the -earliest spring crop. This should not be planted too soon in autumn, as -the plants are more subject to run to seed, especially if the winter -be mild. The several forms of Cabbage are well known, being so much -cultivated by cottagers as well as gardeners. None of those forming -close hearts will bear severe frost, but the Savoys are improved by a -little in the early autumn. The Coleworts are very useful in winter, -being perhaps the hardiest of all; and, as the hearts do not get so -close and hard as the Savoy and other Cabbages, the frost, unless it is -very severe, does not injure them so much. - -_Cultivation._ The crop obtained in April and May is usually the most -important one, young Cabbages being then much appreciated by everyone. -The time for seed-sowing varies in different localities, from the third -week in July to the middle of August. The first date would probably -prove suitable for the northern parts of the country; and the latter -would be early enough for the south. The seed should be sown thinly in -beds of rather light, well pulverised soil, afterwards covering these -with netting, to protect the seed from birds. The plants will be ready, -in most cases, for placing out during September, or as soon as the -ground can be cleared of other crops and prepared for their reception. -The Early Battersea, or one of its many allied sorts, is best for -sowing at this season; and, when planting out, an allowance of 2ft. -apart each way will be sufficient. Seed should again be sown on a mild -hotbed in February, and occasionally afterwards, for succession; and a -second crop may be obtained from the plants put out in autumn if they -are allowed to remain. Drumhead and other strong-growing sorts, sown -in spring, will require from 6in. to 1ft. more space when planted out. -These are not, however, of such good quality as the smaller-growing -varieties. - -_Savoys._ The seed of these should be sown in March or April, according -to the locality, in the same way as described above, in seed beds; and -the after treatment is also very similar. The young plants must not -be allowed to starve in the seed bed, but should be kept watered, and -planted out in June and July, choosing dull weather for the operation. -The ground should occasionally be hoed between the plants, to keep -the surface open and destroy weeds. Distances of from 15in. to 30in. -between the plants, according to the variety, must be allowed. See Fig. -305. - -[Illustration: FIG. 305. SAVOY CABBAGE.] - -_Coleworts._ Seed of these should be sown about the end of June, and -planted out 1ft. apart on a sheltered border, when large enough. -Rosette is one of the best varieties; but the early Cabbages are often -grown and used as Coleworts before they have had time to form close -hearts. - -[Illustration: FIG. 306. EARLY YORK CABBAGE.] - -_Pickling Cabbage._ The Red Dutch is the variety generally grown for -pickling, and is probably the best to keep its colour when so treated. -Seed should be sown in August, to stand the winter, and again in -February for a succession; only a few plants will, in the majority of -cases, be required, as, if liberally treated, they grow to a good size. - -[Illustration: FIG. 307. OXHEART CABBAGE.] - -_Sorts of White Cabbage._ These are extremely numerous, and selections -or improved forms are of annual appearance. Some of the old types are, -however, still much cultivated. The following are a selection of the -best sorts for general purposes: Atkins' Matchless, Carter's Heartwell, -Early Battersea, Early York (see Fig. 306), Ellam's Early Dwarf, -Enfield Market, Little Pixie, Oxheart (see Fig. 307), St. John's Day -(see Fig. 308), Sugarloaf, Wheeler's Imperial, and Portugal or Couve -Tronchuda. The last-named variety was introduced from Portugal some -years ago, where it is much grown. It has a large midrib, and does -not form very close hearts. It is very tender when cooked, and is only -suitable for culture in summer. Under the name of Gilbert's Cabbage -Broccoli, or Chou de Burghley, a variety of Cabbage was recently -distributed which produces, if left long enough, hearts resembling -Broccoli. Although there are different opinions as to its merits, it -is said to be very tender when cooked, and is considered a decided -acquisition. - -Of Savoys, the best are: Drumhead, Dwarf Green Curled, Early Ulm, Large -Late Green, and Tom Thumb. - -[Illustration: FIG. 308. ST. JOHN'S DAY CABBAGE.] - -_Insects, &c._ The majority of the Cabbage tribe is attacked by a very -large number of different caterpillars and other pests, both above and -below ground. The plants in their young stages are always a prey for -snails and slugs, and often require a dusting of soot and lime as a -protection. When planting out, many of the plants are often found with -a protuberance at the root, caused by an insect, and termed "clubbing." -Those so injured should be thrown away if they can possibly be spared, -and the others dipped in a thick solution of soot water. This is the -worst kind of disease the Cabbage tribe is subject to. The caterpillars -of several moths and butterflies are very destructive in summer, -often eating through the hearts of Cabbages and Cauliflowers, and so -rendering them totally unfit for use. Hand-picking, or dusting with -lime, is apparently the only means of diminishing the numbers of these -pests. - -=CABBAGE CATERPILLARS.= _Large Cabbage White_ (_Pieris brassicA|_). -From May to July, and again in September and October, this, the most -common of our butterflies, may be seen in great numbers, frequenting -gardens, lanes, and fields, being especially numerous where Cabbages -are growing. Their beautiful yellow eggs are laid singly on the under -surface of the leaves, and securely fastened by a natural glue; -from these, in due time, issue the small, but destructive, "green -caterpillars." Shortly after birth, they become quite green in front -and yellow behind. They then get hairy and dotted over with black; they -have eight pairs of feet, of which the three front ones only are "true" -legs, or those which ultimately develop into the legs of the butterfly. -They change their skin several times, and at each moult become larger -in size. When full grown, they are about 1-1/2in. long, of a light -green or bluish hue above, and yellow beneath; along the back of the -adult caterpillar is a conspicuous yellow line, edged on each side with -black dots. - -[Illustration: FIG. 309. CATERPILLAR AND CHRYSALIS OF LARGE CABBAGE -BUTTERFLY.] - -The chrysalis, or pupa, is commonly found on window-ledges, palings, -walls, and similar places; but is sometimes attached to the plant (see -Fig. 309). It is a rather curious object, of the colour of stone, and -prettily chiselled. It is fastened to the plant by the tail and by a -belt of silk round the middle. - -[Illustration: FIG. 310. LARGE WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 311. SMALL WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY AND CATERPILLAR.] - -The perfect male insect has the body black and wings white on the -upper side, except the tips of the fore-wings, which are black and -crescent-shaped; and on the upper edge of the hinder wings there is a -black spot. On the under side, the fore wings are white with yellow -tips, and two black patches on each; the hind wings are yellow, with -small black markings. The antennA| are alternately black and yellow, -with the club black above and yellow beneath. The female (see Fig. 310) -differs from the male in having two large black spots on each of the -fore or upper wings, and a spot on the inner margin. - -_The Small White_ (_Pieris rapA|_, see Fig. 311) has two broods in the -year, the first batch about April, and the second in July. The eggs -are always placed on the upper side of the leaf, and are hatched in -from ten to thirteen days, the caterpillars becoming full grown in -about three weeks after emerging. The colour of the caterpillar is -dark green, with a fine line of yellow, and a row of yellow spots down -the sides. The chrysalis is attached by the tail and a band of silk to -the place selected by the caterpillar, and varies greatly in colour, -although generally it is of a whitish-brown. - -_Cabbage Moth_ (_Mamestra brassicA|_). Newman, in his "British Moths," -thus describes the Cabbage Moth: "The antennA| are rather long and -slender, and scarcely ciliated in either sex; the fore-wings are dark, -smoky, grey brown, mottled and marbled with confused markings, both -darker and paler; the orbicular spot is inconspicuous, but decidedly -to be traced; the reniform stigma is delicately outlined with white or -whitish-grey, and has a pale anterior disc, in which the same pale grey -colour predominates; the hind wings are dark, smoky brown with rather -pale base, and rather darker crescentic discoidal spot and wing-rays; -the head, thorax, and body have the same colour as the fore and hind -wings." The eggs are laid on Cabbages, or similar plants, and are -hatched in a few days. The caterpillars are very voracious, feeding by -day and night, and, what is worse, they spoil with their excrement, in -the case of Cabbages, more than they eat. They are of a dark colour, -with a kind of marbling, more or less distinct, on the back, the effect -being produced by a triangular mark containing two white dots on each -of their segments. On being disturbed, they roll themselves into a -tight ring, and so remain until they suppose that danger is over. They -descend into the earth for change to smooth red-brown chrysalids, -and remain there till the following spring. If the chrysalids were -collected and destroyed during the autumn and winter digging, much -injury would be obviated through the succeeding spring and summer. - -The destruction of these pests is a very troublesome matter, as the -grubs of the last-named kind bore into the heart of the cabbage. -Hand-picking is the only sure method. Anything emitting a distasteful -odour will also keep them at bay. Miss Ormerod recommends throwing -gas-lime over the plants, but it must be previously weakened by a few -months' exposure. The following remedy may also be recommended: - -_Paraffin_, or _Coal Oil_. Mix one ounce of oil with a gallon of -soapsuds, and water the plants with the mixture before the caterpillars -appear. If any have appeared, an application at the rate of two -ounces to the gallon will generally clear them off. Of course, this -operation must not be performed less than a month previous to cutting -the cabbages, on account of the smell. Soapsuds alone will also clear -caterpillars from most smooth-leaved subjects if frequently applied. - -=CABBAGE FLY= (_Anthomyia brassicA|_). Among the injurious insects which -infest Cabbages, none commit greater havoc to both stem and root, than -the maggots of the Cabbage Fly. "They are whitish, cylindrical, and -legless, tapering to the head, and blunt at the tail, which has short -teeth on the lower margin, and two brown tubercles in the middle. When -full grown, they are about 1/3in. long. They then leave the plants, and -turn, in the earth, to pupA|, with a few black spots at the head, and -short teeth at the tail, inside which the flies form, and emerge in -about a fortnight or three weeks. The fly is of an ashen-grey colour, -and smaller than the Onion Fly, which it much resembles. The male is -of a darker grey, and has a short black stripe along the back between -the wings, with a curved one on each side of it, and one black stripe -along the abdomen" (Ormerod). The presence of these maggots may be -easily detected by the flagging and change of colour of the leaves. -The infested plants should be immediately removed and destroyed. The -following remedy will be found beneficial: - -_Lime._ Hot lime should be soaked in water for about twenty-four hours. -When clear, the infested Cabbages should be well washed with the -liquid. Superphosphate of lime may also be applied with advantage. - -=CABBAGE GALL WEEVIL= (_Ceutorrhynchus sulcicollis_). This is a pretty -little beetle, about three-quarters of a line or one line in length. -Its colour is dark, but the insect is really of a coppery hue; on the -thorax and head are rather large depressions; the wing-cases vary -in colour from green to greenish-blue, or even black, and along the -entire length of the elytra are parallel lines or holes, as may be -seen with the aid of an ordinary lens. This insect, which causes much -damage to plants of the _Brassica_ family, is, in some places, very -difficult to eradicate. It is also very destructive to other crops, -and, therefore, any effectual remedy is valuable. The following methods -may be recommended: - -_Carbolic Acid._ Mix 1oz. Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid with two -gallons of soapsuds, and add sufficient loam or clay to make a thin -paste. Dip the roots of the whole of the plants into this before they -are set out. Well stir the mixture, and put the plants out in a damp -soil, so that watering will not be necessary. - -_Paraffin_, or _Coal Oil_. This, applied in the same manner as -recommended for Carbolic Acid, is also very good. - -_Guano, Superphosphate of Lime, and Nitrate of Soda._ A good dressing -of either of these, given after the ground is dug, and in wet weather, -about a month before the plants are put out, has been found very -beneficial; but, although preventatives, they do not totally clear the -crop from insects for the season. - -_Soot and Lime._ Take equal parts of air-slaked lime and soot, and mix -together. Set the plants with a trowel, and, having placed some soil -over the roots, throw in a little of the mixture, filling up the hole -with soil. - -=CABBAGE MOTH.= _See_ =Cabbage Caterpillars=. - -=CABBAGE PALM.= _See_ =Euterpe oleracea=. - -=CABBAGE POWDERED-WING= (_Aleyrodes brassicA|_). A small four-winged -powdery fly, closely allied to the Aphides. As implied by its -name, this pest infests the various sorts of Cabbages. It is more -particularly prevalent in autumn. Its presence may be readily detected -by the partial discoloration of the leaves attacked. The head and -body between the wings are black, with yellow variegation; abdomen -yellow or rosy; wings white and mealy (whence its common name), the -upper pair each having a darker spot, near the centre. Its destructive -power resides in the rostrum, or sucking-tube, with which its head is -furnished. - -_Remedies._ The only effectual means of exterminating this pest is to -destroy the leaves, preferably by burning. If its presence is detected -early, an application of tobacco water, or diluted soft soap, may prove -beneficial. - -=CABBAGE ROOT-EATING FLY.= _See_ =Root-eating Fly=. - -=CABBAGE-TREE.= _See_ =Euterpe oleracea=. - -=CABBAGE WEEVIL.= _See_ =Cabbage Gall Weevil=. - -=CABOMBA= (the native name in Guiana). ORD. _NymphA|aceA|_. SUB. ORD. -_CabombeA|_. Small and very interesting aquatics. They thrive well in a -cistern 1ft. deep, with 2in. of loam in the bottom, for the plants to -root in, then filled up with water, and placed in a warm part of the -greenhouse during summer, being allowed a rest in a cool part of the -stove in winter. Propagation may be effected by root division. - - =C. aquatica= (water-loving). _fl._ yellow, small; peduncles long, - axillary, solitary, one-flowered. July. Submerged leaves opposite, - stalked, cut into five divisions even to the petiole; segments - multifid; floating leaves alternate, on long petioles, peltate, - orbicular, entire. Guiana, 1823. SYN. _Nectris aquatica_. - - =C. caroliniana= (Carolina) is somewhat similar to _C. aquatica_. - It is a native of the Southern United States. - -=CACALIA= (from _kakalia_, a name used by Dioscorides). ORD. -_CompositA|_. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, here treated -as distinct from _Senecio_, of which genus, from a botanical point -of view, it is but a section. Heads five to many-flowered; florets -all tubular and perfect; scales of the involucre in a single row; -receptacle naked; pappus of numerous capillary bristles. For culture, -_see_ =Senecio=. - - =C. atriplicifolia= (Atriplex-leaved). _fl.-heads_ white. August. - _l._, lower ones triangular-kidney shaped, or slightly cordate; - the upper rhomboid, toothed. Stem terete. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. United - States of America. - - =C. hastata= (hastate). _fl.-heads_ white, nodding, racemose. - Autumn. _l._ stalked, three-lobed, hastate, serrate. _h._ 1ft. - Siberia, 1780. - - =C. reniformis= (reniform). _fl.-heads_ white, disposed in large - corymbs. August. _l._ dilated, fan-shaped, 1ft. to 2ft. broad, - repandly-toothed and angled, petiolate. Stem grooved and angled. - _h._ 4ft. to 9ft. New Jersey, 1801. - - =C. suaveolens= (sweet-scented).* _fl.-heads_ white. Autumn. _l._ - triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, serrate; those of - the stem on winged petioles. Stem grooved. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. North - America, 1752. - - =C. tuberosa= (tuberous).* _fl.-heads_ whitish. June. _l._ thick; - lower ones lanceolate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long - petioles; upper ones on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed - at the apex. Stem angled and grooved. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. North - America. - -=CACOUCIA= (its name in Guiana). ORD. _CombretaceA|_. A small genus -of stove twining or climbing shrubs. Flowers large, showy, racemose. -Leaves opposite, oblong or ovate-elliptical. For culture, _see_ -=Combretum=. - - =C. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet, alternate, bracteate at - the base, disposed in long terminal racemes. May. _l._ ovate, - acuminated, shortly petiolate. Guiana. (A. G. i., 179.). A handsome - stove climber. - -=CACTEA†.= A large order of succulent plants, with remarkable spines -clustered on the cylindrical, angular, two-edged, or leafy stems. -Flowers very variable, showy or minute, usually solitary, sessile, -rarely in fascicles, ephemeral; petals disposed in two or more series, -hardly distinguishable from the inner sepals, and sometimes united with -them; sepals numerous, united and adnate a great length to the ovarium. -Fruit fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded. Well-known genera are _Cereus_, -_Melocactus_, _Mammillaria_, _Opuntia_, _Pereskia_, and _Rhipsalis_. - -=CACTUS= (from _kaktos_, a name used by Theophrastus to describe a -spiny plant). This generic term is popularly applied to all members -of the extensive family _CacteA|_, which order may be distinguished by -the following characteristics: Calyx composed of many sepals, usually -indefinite in number, the inner series not readily distinguishable from -the petals, united and adnate a great length to the ovary; with the -tube smooth in the genera _Mammillaria_, _Melocactus_, and _Rhipsalis_; -or with the lobes of the sepals crowning the fruit, and having the -tube scaly, as in the genera _Cereus_, _Opuntia_, and _Pereskia_. -Petals disposed in two or more series, hardly distinguishable from the -inner sepals, and somewhat united to them; sometimes irregular, and -disposed in a long tube at the base, but distinct at the apex, as in -the genera _Mammillaria_, _Melocactus_, and _Cereus_; sometimes equal -and distinct to the very base, forming a rotate corolla, as in the -genera _Opuntia_, _Pereskia_, and _Rhipsalis_. Stamens indefinite, -disposed in many series, more or less cohering with the petals or -inner sepals; filaments slender, filiform; anthers ovate, versatile, -two-celled. Ovarium obovate, fleshy, one-celled. Fruit fleshy, -one-celled, many seeded, either smooth and crowned by the calyx, or -covered with scales, scars, or tubercles, and umbilicate at the apex. -This order contains fleshy or succulent shrubs, very variable in habit -and size. Flowers very variable, showy, or minute, usually solitary, -sessile, rarely in fascicles, ephemeral, expanding by night or day. -Leaves usually wanting, but, when present, small, caducous, and -terete, rarely flat and expanded, sometimes alternate and disposed -in a spiral order, always glabrous and fleshy. Prickles or bristles -disposed in fascicles, rising from the axils of the leaves. In the -leafless genera, the fascicles of spines are disposed on the angles -of the stem, rising from tubercles. Stems usually angular, winged, -or regularly beset with tubercles, rarely terete, usually jointed; -joints compressed. A group of Cacti is shown at Fig. 312, for which we -are indebted to Herr Fr. Ad. Haage, jun., of Erfurt, Germany. _See_ -=Cereus=, =Disocactus=, =Echinocactus=, =Epiphyllum=, =Leuchtenbergia=, -=Mammillaria=, =Melocactus=, =Nopalea=, =Opuntia=, =Pelecyphora=, -=Pereskia=, =Phyllocactus=, and =Rhipsalis=. - -_Cultivation._ Perhaps no class of plants more easily accommodate -themselves to a general system of treatment, than do these; although -certain genera would undoubtedly thrive better than when subjected to -the lower temperature, suited to the requirements of those coming from -cooler regions. Notwithstanding that nearly all the species are natives -of the western hemisphere, they occur in various geographical and -altitudinal areas, in which the temperature is proportionately lessened -or increased, as the case may be; yet, presuming a special house is set -apart for their culture, the majority of the species may be happily -suited therein. The warmest end of the structure should be selected for -the tropical kinds; while those found in cooler regions may be grown -in the other portions of the house; even those which are hardy in our -climate are really best wintered in a house or frame. Granted that -several species will endure our winter outside, it is yet necessary to -give them the shelter of a friendly ledge of the rockery, or frame, or -to cover them in their permanent position with a hand light, or sheet -of glass, in order to prevent the ill-effects of excessive moisture. -Generally, a winter temperature of from 50deg. to 55deg., and a summer -one of from 70deg. to 80deg. during shade, or in sunshine up to 90deg., -will be found advantageous. When thus treated, it will be necessary to -keep the tropical species, on the whole, very dry during the winter. As -regards soil, potting, and general treatment, all may be treated alike, -except _Epiphyllum_, _Disocactus_, and _Pereskia_ (which _see_). Some -growers give them the protection of a house in winter, and stand them -outside during the summer, which is not, however, a very commendable -plan, as, in consequence of the very variable character of our climate -being especially prejudicial to several of the tender and more delicate -species, the often excessive amount of moisture they would receive, -will produce a weakly state of health in many, while others will be -lost. It is far better if their culture is attempted at all, to give -them the proper treatment. The numerous species and varieties found -on the Rocky Mountains are a most interesting series, and may be well -managed in a cold frame facing south, arranging them on shelves as -close to the glass as possible, and keeping them very dry through the -winter. If the weather is very severe, the lights should be matted. One -of the best collections of these in the country, is in the possession -of E. G. Loder, Esq., Floore House, Weedon, Northampton, where a great -number are admirably grown in frames, and under a large ledge of the -rockery outside. Amateurs may grow quantities of handsome Cacti either -in dwelling rooms near the window, or in small frames or greenhouses. -As they are slow growing, not much space will be occupied; at the -same time, a great deal of interest will be centred in their culture. -As regards watering and insect pests, they are but little trouble. -Miniature Cacti, of numerous kinds, are now often sold in small pots, -and most attractive little subjects they prove. - -[Illustration: - - 1. Opuntia. - 2. Cereus. - 3. Opuntia streptacantha. - 4. Cereus candicans. - 5. Mammillaria. - 6. Cereus peruvianus monstrosus. - 7. Echinocereus electracanthus. - 8. Mammillaria. - 9. Echinopsis formosa. - 10 Echinocactus Visnaga. - 11. Cereus peruvianus var. - 12. Opuntia candelabriformis. - 13. Cereus strictus. - 14. Pilocereus senilis. - 15. Cereus Tweedii. - 16. Cereus chilensis. - -FIG. 312. GROUP OF CACTI.] - -_Soil, Drainage, and Potting._ Good ordinary fibrous loam should form -about one-half of the compost, the other half should be made up of -sand, broken bricks, and lime rubbish in equal quantities; the whole -to be carefully mixed together, and not used until it is moderately -dry. It is absolutely necessary to ensure perfect drainage; a good -"stopper" should, therefore, be placed over the hole at the bottom -of the pot, and about one-third of its depth filled with draining -material. The best time for potting is during February and March. Turn -out the plants, and remove nearly all the old soil from the roots, -taking away any dead or decaying roots which may be observable. Place -some of the roughest soil next the crocks, and gradually fill the pots -with the finer material, well working the same amongst the roots; -finally press the soil moderately firm. Do not water for a few days -after potting, but syringe every evening, especially if the weather be -fine; a little extra heat may be given after potting, to excite new, -healthy growth. It will not be necessary every year to repot specimens -in large vessels. A good top-dressing, with an occasional dose of weak -liquid manure, is all they will require for several seasons. - -_Watering._ This must be discriminately managed, especially during the -winter; for, whatever their treatment as regards temperature during -that season, they must be studiously watered, and anything like a -saturated condition of the soil should be avoided. If the temperature -is brisk, a little water may be given once a week, or perhaps not quite -so often. If the plants are subjected to very cool treatment, water -must be sparingly administered during November, December, and January; -after which, they should be examined weekly, and very carefully -attended to. During the summer months, when in active growth, they -will not suffer if watered twice a week; and, on bright afternoons, -light syringings may be advantageously given. - -_Propagation._ Three methods are adopted, viz., by cuttings or offsets, -grafting, and seeds; the former is the plan generally adopted. The -cuttings or offsets should be removed with a sharp cut, and laid upon a -sunny shelf until the wound is healed and roots are emitted, when they -should be potted in sandy soil, and placed with the others. They will -thrive freely if kept syringed. Grafting is resorted to with delicate -kinds, which, from some reason or another, will not grow freely except -upon the stock of a stronger species; and, by this means also, such -delicate kinds can be kept from the damp soil, which frequently causes -incipient decay. The stocks usually employed are those of _Cereus -tortuosus_, _C. peruvianus_, &c., according to the species intended for -working; they readily unite with each other. If the scion and stock are -both slender, wedge-grafting should be adopted; if both are broad, it -is best to make horizontal sections, placing them together and securing -in proper position by tying with matting, but not too tightly, or the -surface may be injured. Propagation by seeds is not often adopted, as -it is a very slow method; they should be sown in very sandy soil, and -placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences, when they -may be exposed, and very carefully watered. - -=CACTUS DAHLIA.= _See_ =Dahlia Juarezii=. - -=CADUCOUS.= Falling off soon; deciduous. - -=CA†NOPTERIS.= _See_ =Asplenium=. - -=CA†SALPINIA.= (in honour of Andreas CA|salpinus, a celebrated Italian -botanist, 1519-1603). Brasiletto. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. An ornamental -genus of stove evergreen trees or shrubs, not much grown, on account -of the space required and the time the species take to flower. Flowers -yellow or red, produced in racemes, having a top-shaped calyx, divided -at the end into five parts, the lowest larger than the others; petals -five, unequal-stalked, upper one shortest; stamens ten. A mixture of -loam and leaf mould suits them best. Cuttings are somewhat difficult -to root, but sometimes will succeed if taken off from the mother plant -in a growing state and planted in sand, with a hand glass placed over -them, in heat. - - =C. alternifolia= (alternate-leaved). _fl._ orange, clustered. _l._ - alternate, very elegant, compound. Central America, 1868. - - =C. brasiliensis= (Brazilian). Brazil Wood. _fl._ orange; racemes - rather panicled. _l._ with seven to nine pairs of pinnA|, each pinna - bearing about fifteen or sixteen pairs of oval-oblong, obtuse, - glabrous leaflets. Brazil, 1739. Plant unarmed. - - =C. Sappan= (Sappan). _fl._ yellow, panicled. _l._ with ten to - twelve pairs of plane, each pinna bearing ten to twelve pairs of - unequal-sided, obliquely oval-oblong leaflets, which are emarginate - at the apex. _h._ 40ft. Tropical Asia, 1773. This tree furnishes - the Sappan-wood of commerce. - - =C. sepiaria= (hedge). _fl._ yellow. April. _l._ compound; pinnA| - with about ten pairs of pinnules. _h._ 60ft. India, 1857. SYN. - _Biancea scandens_. - -=CA†SIOUS.= Lavender-colour, bluish-grey. - -=CA†SPITOSE.= Growing in tufts. - -=CAFFER BREAD.= _See_ =Encephalartos Caffra=. - -=CAFFER TEA.= _See_ =Helichrysum nudifolium=. - -=CAFTA.= _See_ =Catha edulis=. - -=CAHOUN NUTS.= A name applied to the fruits of _Attalea Cohune_, which -yield a valuable oil. - -=CAIOPHORA.= _See_ =Blumenbachia= and =Loasa=. - -=CAJAN.= _See_ =Cajanus=. - -=CAJANUS= (_Catjang_ is the Amboyna name). Cajan. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A -genus of erect stove evergreen shrubs, clothed with velvety pubescence. -Flowers yellow, distinctly peduncled, corymbose, racemose; standard -sometimes beautifully veined with red. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. -A light rich soil suits these plants well. Young cuttings will root -in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in heat; but plants are -usually raised from seeds, obtained from the West Indian Islands and -India. - - =C. indicus= (Indian).* Pigeon Pea. _fl._ yellow, or - purple-spotted, in axillary racemes. July. _l._ pinnately - trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. India. (B. M. - 6440.) - - =C. i. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ yellow. July. _h._ 4ft. - India, 1800. (B. R. 31, 31.) - - =C. i. flavus= (yellow). _fl._ yellow. July. _h._ 4ft. India, 1687. - -=CAJUPUT OIL= and =CAJUPUT-TREE=. _See_ =Melaleuca leucadendron minor=. - -=CAKILE= (derived from the Arabic). Sea Rocket. ORD. _CruciferA|_. A -pretty hardy annual, frequently found on sea-shores. It is of easy -culture in most sandy soils. Propagated by seed, sown in spring. - - =C. maritima= (sea). _fl._ lilac, large, densely corymbose. Summer - and autumn. _fr._ a succulent pod, divided, when mature, by a - horizontal partition into two cells, the upper containing a single - erect seed, the lower a pendulous one. _l._ oblong, deeply lobed, - fleshy. Stem much branched. _h._ 1ft. Sea-shores of Europe and - North America. - -=CALABASH NUTMEG.= _See_ =Monodora Myristica=. - -=CALABASH, SWEET.= _See_ =Passiflora maliformis=. - -=CALABASH-TREE.= _See_ =Crescentia Cujete=. - -=CALABA-TREE.= _See_ =Calophyllum Calaba=. - -=CALADENIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _aden_, a gland; in reference -to the disk of the labellum being finely beset with glands). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. A genus of pretty greenhouse terrestrial orchids from -New Zealand and Australia. They should be kept in a cool frame or -greenhouse, and carefully watered, when not in a growing state. A -compost of peat, loam, and sand, in equal parts, suits them well. -Over thirty species are enumerated, but probably none are seen out of -botanic gardens. - -=CALADIUM= (derivation of name doubtful; probably of Indian origin). -ORD. _AroideA|_. Stove perennials, chiefly grown for the great beauty -and varied hue of their leaves. Spathe hood-like, rolled round at -the base; spadix, upper portion entirely covered with stamens, but -ultimately becoming bare at the extreme top, provided with blunt -glands or sterile stamens in the middle, and ovaries beneath; anthers -shield-shaped and one-celled; ovaries numerous, two-celled, with from -two to four ascending ovules in each cell. Leaves upon long petioles, -more or less sagittate, ovate, and usually very richly coloured. -Fruit a one or two-celled berry, with few seeds. They are all of easy -culture, and grow freely in a humid atmosphere. In March, when the -tubers have been kept dry or rested for some time, they may be started -into growth again, in small pots, placed in a stove or pit, where a -night temperature of from 60deg. to 65deg. is maintained, and syringed -daily once or twice at least. As soon as indications of activity are -presented, they may be shifted into 4in., 5in., or 6in. pots, or -larger ones may be used if good sized specimens are required. If the -tubers should be in large pots, it is best to turn them out, dividing -if necessary, and placing all the crowns in small pots, from which -they can be removed when root action and growth are resumed, and they -require more room. Large tubers, if sound, may be divided, and the -pieces placed in pots of such sizes as it is desired to grow them in. - -_Soil._ Turfy loam, leaf mould, turfy peat, and a little well -decomposed manure, in equal parts (not broken up too fine), with a -good sprinkling of sharp sand, form an excellent compost, the whole -being well incorporated together. Thorough drainage must be insured, -as these plants require an abundance of water. After potting, they -should be placed in a stove temperature, and kept well moistened by -syringing two or three times daily. If accommodated with mild bottom -heat at this time, they will make much freer and more vigorous growth -than if otherwise treated. Water sparingly at first, but as soon as -the leaves expand, increase the supply; and, when the pots are well -filled with roots, apply clear liquid manure at every other time of -watering. As the season advances, the temperature and humidity of the -house should be increased. During bright sunshine, Caladiums should be -slightly shaded for a few hours in the middle of the day, with some -thin material, just to break the fierceness of the sun's rays; but the -more they are exposed to the light at other times during growth, the -brighter, richer, and more beautiful will the foliage be. As soon as -the plants have attained a good size, some of them should be placed in -the coolest part of the house, and partially hardened off; they may -then be taken to the conservatory, allowing them a situation free from -currents of cold air, and giving water only when really necessary. They -may remain here for some time, but care must be taken to return them to -the stove before they suffer from cold. - -Small neatly grown specimens make beautiful ornaments for table -decoration, and their suitability for exhibition purposes is well -known, and largely taken advantage of. Towards autumn, and as the -foliage begins to fade, the supply of water should be gradually -lessened, until all the leaves die down; the pots should then be placed -under the stage in the stove, where they can be looked to now and then, -and a little water given if required. By no means allow the tubers to -get dried up, as is often done; for, if so, they will frequently rot -away inside; whereas, kept in a semi-moist condition, even the most -delicate can be preserved. In this state, they may remain until the -following season. Caladiums will not endure a very low temperature; -from 55deg. to 60deg. is as low as they can be safely kept. Very few of -those known as "true species" are grown, being superseded, for general -decorative purposes, by the numerous hybrids which have been raised of -late, principally from _C. bicolor_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 313. CALADIUM CHANTINII.] - - =C. argyrites= (silvery).* _l._ small, sagittate, round colour - light green; centre and margins white, with many irregular white - blotches scattered over the remaining portion. Para, 1858. One of - the smallest and most elegant of the genus, and much esteemed for - table decoration. (I. H. 1858, 185.) - - =C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's). _l._ from 20in. to 30in. long; centre - deep red; margin dark green. Para, 1858. (I. H. 1850, 257.) - - =C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._, spadix shorter than the - hooded spathe, which is contracted in the middle. June. _l._ - peltate-cordate, sagittate, coloured in the disk. _h._ 1ft. - Brazil, 1773. (B. M. 820.) - - =C. Cannartii= (Cannart's). _l._ green, with pale blotches; veins - deep red. Para, 1863. - - =C. Chantinii= (Chantin's).* _l._ chiefly brilliant crimson, - irregularly blotched with white, and margined with dark green. - Para, 1858. See Fig. 313. - - =C. Devosianum= (Devosie's).* _l._ angular, blotched white and - pink. Para, 1862. - - =C. esculentum= (edible). Synonymous with _Colocasia esculenta_. - - =C. Hardii= (Hardy's). _l._ red-tinged, slightly spotted with - white. Para, 1862. - - =C. Kochii= (Koch's).* _l._ spotted with white. Para, 1862. - - =C. Lemaireanum= (Lemaire's). _l._ green, with whitish venation. - Brazil, 1861. (I. H. 1862, 311.) - - =C. Leopoldi= (Prince Leopold's).* _l._ green, marbled with red, - and blotched with pink. Para, 1864. - - =C. macrophyllum= (large-leaved).* _l._ large, palish green, - blotched with greenish-white. Para, 1862. - -[Illustration: FIG. 314. CALADIUM MACULATUM.] - - =C. maculatum= (spotted).* _l._ oblong, acuminate, cuspidate, - cordate at base, finely spotted with clear white. Plant erect, - caulescent. South America, 1820. See Fig. 314. - - =C. marmoratum= (marbled).* _l._ broad, peltate, upwards of 1ft. - long, sagittate-ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, the two basal - lobes being slightly divergent, dark bottle-green, variegated with - greyish or silvery angular spots and blotches; petioles terete, - greenish, mottled with purple. Guayaquil. SYN. _Alocasia Roezlii_. - The variety _costata_ differs from the type in having the midrib - (or costa) marked out by a tapering band of silver grey. - - =C. Rougieri= (Rougier's). _l._ green, with white spots; the centre - pale green, with red veins. Para, 1864. - - =C. rubronervium= (red-nerved). A synonym of _C. rubrovenium_. - - =C. rubrovenium= (red-veined).* _l._ greyish-green in the centre, - with red veins. Para, 1862. SYN. _C. rubronervium_. - - =C. sanguinolentum= (blood-red blotched).* _l._ with a white - midrib, blotched with red. Amazons, 1872. - - =C. Schoelleri= (Schoeller's). A synonym of _C. Schomburgkii_. - - =C. Schomburgkii= (Schomburgk's).* _l._ green, with white veins. - Brazil, 1861. SYNS. _C. Schoelleri_ and _Alocasia argyroneura_. - - =C. S. Schmitzii= (Schmitz's). _l._, centre whitish, with green - network; midrib and veins red. 1861. SYN. _Alocasia erythrA|a_. - - =C. sub-rotundum= (half-round). _l._ roundish, spotted with red and - white. Brazil. 1858. - - =C. Verschaffeltii= (Verschaffelt's).* _l._ somewhat heart-shaped; - ground colour brilliant green, entire surface irregularly spotted - with bright red. Para. - - =C. Wallisii= (Wallis's). _l._ dark olive green, with large - irregular shaped spots and blotches of the purest white, and the - veins all yellowish-white. Para, 1864. - -The following descriptive list of hybrid varieties is, for the most -part, a selection from Mr. Bull's catalogue, and contains all of -importance: - - ADOLPHE ADAMS, green leaf-ground, densely speckled with white, and - rose-coloured midribs; ADOLPHE AUDRIEN,* a very attractive variety, - with fine large richly-coloured foliage; AGRIPPINE DIMITRY, leaves - large, with white ground, narrow green margin and veins, and pink - centre; ALCIBIADE,* crimson-rayed centre, surrounded with pale - green, and blotched with pure white, green margin; ALFRED BLEU, - leaves rich green, with pure white spots, and flesh-coloured - centre; ALFRED MAME,* carmine-red, bordered with white, and - profusely spotted with rose; ALPHAND, green, spotted with red, - crimson centre; ALPHONSE KARR, rosy-carmine centre and red spots; - ARISTIDE, light green, with crimson centre; AUGUSTE LEMONIER,* - fine large leaves, with soft green centre, and rosy-crimson ribs - and veins; AUGUSTE RIVIERE, white centre and rays upon a light - green ground, with crimson spots; BARILLET,* bright rosy-crimson - centre, and ribs on green ground, with broad margin of rich green; - BARON DE ROTHSCHILD, rich blood-red centre, and spots, on mottled - green leaf-ground; BARONNE JAMES DE ROTHSCHILD,* young leaves of a - bright rose colour, the more matured foliage soft rose, with red - veins; BARRAL, bright green, with a fine red centre, and large - spots of rose; BEETHOVEN,* ground colour white, intersected and - veined with green, centre rib delicate rose; BELLEYMEI,* fine white - variegated leaves; BELLINI, mottled pale green ground, with rosy - centre and spots; BLANQUA†RTI, dark green, with grey veins and white - spots; BUREL, dark bluish-green, veined bright rose, marked with - rosy-violet, and spotted orange-red; CHANTINII FULGENS,* rich dark - metallic-green, with attractive crimson centre and white spots; - CHELSONI,* bright glossy green, suffused with brilliant red, and - blotched with crimson; CLIO, ground colour deep rose, shaded white, - green ribs and narrow green margin; DE CANDOLLE,* rich green, - with beautiful rose-coloured spots and creamy white centre rays; - DE HUMBOLDT, a fine variety, having glossy green leaves, spotted - with scarlet; DEVINCK, leaves heart-shaped, delicate pink centre - ribs, interspersed with white spots; DR. BOISDUVAL, centre rayed - crimson, snow-white blotches on a green ground; DR. LINDLEY,* - crimson centre, the green ground marked with rose blotches; DUC - DE CLEVELAND, deep red centre, surrounded with pea-green, largely - spotted with red; DUC DE MORNY,* deep green leaf borders, with - large crimson-rayed centre; DUC DE NASSAU,* brilliant red centre - and ribs, white spot on emerald green leaf borders; DUC DE RATIBOR, - green ground, with red midribs marked with white spots; DUCHARTRE, - leaf-ground white, flushed rose, green veins and red spots; EDOUARD - ANDRE, crimson centre, and rose blotches; EDOUARD MOREAUX, mottled - green ground, with lake centre; EDOUARD RODRIGUES,* deep carmine, - margined with light green, and spotted with rose; E. G. HENDERSON,* - green, with transparent rose spots and mottled crimson rays and - centre; ELVINA, bright green, blotched with red, grey centre and - veins; EMILIE VERDIER,* leaves of a light transparent rose colour, - spotted with red; ETOILE D'ARGENT,* bright green, midribs and veins - creamy-white, shaded with grey; EUCHARIS, rose centre, with violet - reflections, margined with bright green, very fresh and bright - looking; FELICIEN DAVID,* centre of leaf dark carmine, surrounded - with white and beautifully veined with red on a light green ground; - GOLDEN QUEEN, leaves large, pale golden yellow, uniform in colour; - GRETRY, carmine centre, with white spots on a dark green ground; - HELEVY, white midribs and marked with crimson blotches, on a green - ground; HEROLD,* dark carmine veins, surrounded by light green, - blotched with pure white, and margined dark green; IBIS ROSE,* a - magnificent variety, with beautiful rich rose-coloured foliage, - extremely attractive; ISADORA LEROY, rich metallic green, with - crimson-red centre rays; JULES DUPLESSIS, bright rose centre, - shaded with rich red and bordered with green; JULES PUTZEYS, rich - green, with crimson midrib and veins, centre mottled grey, and - the whole surface blotched with red; LAINGII,* reddish-carmine - centre, surrounded with yellowish-green, the whole of the leaf - sprinkled with white; LAMARTINE, deep crimson centre, with white - and red spots; LA PERLE DU BRA%SIL,* exceedingly attractive, large - leaves, white, delicately tinted with rose, midrib and veins - dark green; LEPLAY, leaves attractively marked with white, and - beautifully veined with rosy-violet; LOUISE DUPLESSIS, red rays - and veins on a white ground, green margin; LUDDEMANNII,* deep - crimson ribs, the leaf blotched with magenta and white, border pea - green; MADAME ALFRED BLEU, deep green, with large white blotches, - and broad crimson-scarlet veins; MADAME ALFRED MAME, light green, - covered with large white spots, rosy-carmine centre; MADAME DE - LA DEVANSAYE, leaves white, shaded rose, and veined with red and - green; MADAME DOMBRAIN,* centre and ribs pale yellowish-green, - shaded rose, surface covered with large white and rose spots; - MADAME FRITZ KA'CHLIN,* white ground, with violet-rose ribs and - green veins, a beautiful dwarf-growing variety; MADAME HEINE,* - silvery white, stained and edged with pale green, distinct; MADAME - HUNNEBELLE, leaves veined with light garnet colour on a white - ground, and margined with green veins; MADAME JULES MA%NOREAU, - fine large leaves, with white centre tinted rose, veined rich - bright rose, and margined green; MADAME LAFORGE, centre and ribs - reddish-crimson, with green margin; MADAME MARJOLIN SCHEFFER,* - a beautiful variety, with white foliage, charmingly veined and - netted with pure rosy-lake; MADAME WILLAUME, a charming variety, - with transparent leaves, of a delicate salmon-rose colour; MARQUIS - DE CAUX, red centre and veins, with rose blotches on margins; - MARTERSTYGINUM, crimson centre and white spots; MERCADANTE, pale - copper-coloured centre and veins, bordered with green; MEYERBEER,* - white leaf-ground, green veins, and red midribs; MINERVE,* silvery - white midrib and rays, surrounded with greyish white, green margin, - with snowy white spots; MITHRIDATE, ground colour crimson-lake, - with darker ribs, and dark bronze-green margin; MONSIEUR A. HARDY, - rich reddish-carmine veins on white ground, tinted with rose and - spotted with green; MONSIEUR J. LINDEN,* a fine large whitish leaf, - with metallic reflections, coral-rose veins, and reticulated green - border; MRS. LAING,* white ground, deep rose centre and veins, - green margin; MURILLO,* centre and veins metallic-red, with large - crimson blotches, broad margin of lustrous bronzy-green; NAPOLEON - III.,* flamed crimson centre, with forked rays, and carmine spots - on green ground; ONSLOW, deep rosy-crimson centre, with broad - green margin, spotted with rose; PAILLET, crimson centre, broad - green margin, splashed with crimson, and dotted with white; PAUL - VERONESSE, large leaves, with pinkish-white centre, deep scarlet - ribs, and broad green margin; PHILIPPE HERBERT, deep mottled - crimson rays, and clear white margin, spotted with crimson; - PICTUM, green blotched, and spotted with white; PRINCE ALBERT,* - dark emerald green, rich crimson midrib, radiating from centre - to margins, the intervening spaces spotted with white; PRINCE OF - WALES,* a very handsome variety, with large golden-yellow leaves; - PRINCESS ALEXANDRA,* rosy-salmon leaf, green centre rib, bordered - with magenta-crimson, green margin, with light pink chain; PRINCESS - OF TECK,* ground colour bright orange-yellow, the veins suffused - with deep red; PRINCESS ROYAL, leaves of a golden ground, with - crimson centre; PYRRHUS, centre and ribs deep crimson, pea-green - margins; QUADRICOLOR, centre of leaf pale yellowish-green, ribs - white, edged rosy-crimson, and margined green; RAMSAU, centre and - ribs deep reddish-crimson, surface covered with white blotches, - shaded red; RAULINII, rich red centre and veins, finely spotted - with white; REGALE, silvery grey centre, rosy-red ribs, spotted - with vermilion-red; REINE MARIE DE PORTUGAL,* violet-rose centre, - with red veins, dark maroon zone, and green border, very handsome; - REINE VICTORIA,* green veins and margins, spotted or marbled with - white and rich crimson; ROSSINI, large leaf, with pale centre, - pink midribs, and red blotches; ROUILLARD, glossy green margin, - pale green centre, midrib and rays rich violet-plum, the whole - leaf spotted crimson; SANCHONIANTHON, crimson centre, deep glossy - crimson ribs, and pea-green margin; SIEBOLDII, rich green, with - fiery-red crimson-rayed centre, green spaces, spotted with claret - red; SOUVENIR DE MADAME E. ANDRE,* large deep green leaves, marbled - with pure white, veins fine rosy crimson; SPONTINI, pea-green, with - white spots, and rosy-pink ribs and veins; THIBAUTII, fine large - leaf, with rich crimson veins on a red ground; TRICOLOR, edges of - leaves grey-green, intersected with dark green, centre red-lake, - carmine midribs; TRIOMPHE DE L'EXPOSITION,* crimson centre, with - red ribs, and green border; VERDI, crimson-lake centre with small - green zone and apple-green margin; VESTA, greenish-white veins, - surrounded with crimson, the whole of the leaf spotted bright rose; - VICOMTESSE DE LA ROQUE-ORDAN, red midrib, and rays bordered with - white, the margin beautiful emerald green; VILLE DE MULHOUSE, a - beautiful variety, with greenish-white leaves, shaded rose, and - rich green centre; VIRGINALE,* clear shining white, veined with - dark bluish-green, a handsome variety. - -=CALAIS.= _See_ =Microseris=. - -=CALAMAGROSTIS= (from _calamos_, a reed, and _agrostis_, grass). ORD. -_GramineA|_. An extensive genus of grasses, for the most part hardy. -Panicle more or less spreading; spikelets compressed, one-flowered; -empty glumes two, sub-equal, lanceolate, pointed, keeled, awnless. They -thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Seeds may be sown during autumn. - - =C. lanceolata= (lanceolate). _fl._ purple, spreading in all - directions; panicle erect, loose, much branched. July. Culms about - 3ft. high, smooth, slender. Britain (moist woods and hedges). (Sy. - En. B. 1724.) - - =C. stricta= (upright). _fl._ brown, spreading in all directions; - panicle erect, close. June. Culm about 2ft. high, very slender, - smooth. England, &c. (bogs and marshes), but very rare. (Sy. En. B. - 1725.) - -=CALAMANDER WOOD.= _See_ =Diospyros quA"sita=. - -=CALAMINT.= _See_ =Calamintha=. - -=CALAMINTHA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _mintha_, mint). Calamint. -ORD. _LabiatA|_. A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, having the -following essential characters: Calyx two-lipped; stamens diverging; -upper lip of corolla nearly flat; tube straight. Rather pretty plants, -with Thyme-like flowers, well suited for furnishing rock gardens. -They grow in almost any garden soil. Increased by seeds, cuttings, or -divisions of the roots, in spring. - - =C. Acinos= (Acinos). Basil Thyme. _fl._ bluish-purple, variegated - with white and dark purple, disposed in whorls, one on each - flower-stalk. July and August. _l._ acute, serrate. Stems branched, - ascending, leafy. _h._ 6in. England. Annual. SYNS. _Acinos - vulgaris_ and _Thymus Acinos_. (Sy. En. B. 1048.) - - =C. alpina= (alpine). _fl._ purplish, almost sessile, four to six - in a whorl, June to September. _l._ petiolate, roundish or ovate, - slightly serrated. _h._ 6in. S. Europe, 1731. A freely branched, - tufted plant. - - =C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ purplish, 1-1/2in. long, - in loose racemes; throat much inflated. June. _l._ petiolate, - ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, rounded at the base, 2in. to 3in. - long. Herbaceous stems branched at the base, and decumbent. _h._ - 1ft. 1596. - - =C. patavina= (Paduan). _fl._ pale or purplish-red, rather large. - June. _l._ petiolate, ovate, acute, pubescent. _h._ 6in. to 9in. S. - Europe, 1776. - -=CALAMPELIS.= _See_ =Eccremocarpus=. - -=CALAMUS= (from _kalamos_, a reed; old Greek name used by -Theophrastus). ORD. _PalmeA|_. An elegant genus of stove palms. Flowers -small, usually of a rose or greenish colour, clustered upon branching -spikes, each branch having a separate spathe, which is not large enough -to enclose it. Fruit one-seeded, and covered with smooth, shining -scales. Leaves pinnate. Stems reed-like, 1in. to 2in. in thickness. -When in a young state, these palms are most effective as drawing or -diningroom decorations; and, when in a more mature condition, they are -excellent as stove ornaments and for exhibition purposes. They are all -of slender growth, and of easy culture in a compost of equal parts -loam and vegetable mould; a copious supply of water being needed to -keep them in a flourishing state. Propagated by seeds. _C. Rotang_, -_C. viminalis_, and several other species furnish the canes usually -employed in this country for the bottoms of chairs, couches, &c. - - =C. accedens= (yielding). _l._ long, arching, dark green, pinnate; - pinnA| long, narrow, closely set; petioles with slender black - spines. India. A rare, but elegant, slender-growing, miniature tree. - - =C. adspersus= (scattered). _l._ pinnate; pinnA| 6in. to 8in. long, - narrow, deep green; petioles about 6in. in length, sheathing at - the base, clothed with long, slender, black spines. Stem not much - stouter than a large wheat straw. _h._ 20ft. Java, 1866. - - =C. asperrimus= (very rough).* _l._ pinnate, 3ft. to 12ft. long; - pinnA| 1ft. to 2ft. in length, 1in. in breadth, pendent, light - green, upper side with two rows of hair-like spines; petioles - broadly sheathing at the base, densely armed with long, stout, - black spines. Java, 1877. A beautiful species, which attains a - considerable size. (I. H. 275.) - - =C. ciliaris= (fringed).* _l._ pinnate, clothed with a quantity of - soft hair-like bristles; petioles sheathing at the base. Stem erect - and slender. India, 1869. From the plume-like habit of the leaves, - it makes a splendid plant for table decoration, as well as being a - beautiful specimen for exhibition. - - =C. draco= (dragon). _l._ 4ft. to 6ft. in length, beautifully - arched, pinnate; pinnA| 12in. to 18in. long, narrow, slightly - pendent, dark green; petioles sheathing at base, armed with long, - flat, black spines. _h._ 20ft. to 30ft. India, 1819. A very - handsome species, with a robust constitution. - - =C. fissus= (cleft). _l._ ovate in outline, pinnate, when young - bright cinnamon; leaflets pendent, dark green, bearing on the upper - side a few black hair-like bristles; petioles armed with dark, - stout spines. Borneo. A very ornamental species. - - =C. flagellum= (whip-like). _l._ 6ft. to 8ft. in length when fully - grown, pinnate; pinnA| pendent, about 1ft. in length and 1in. in - breadth, dark green, furnished on the upper side with two rows of - long, white, hair-like spines; petioles sheathing, copiously armed - with stout white spines, much swollen at the base, and tipped with - black. Stem slender. - - =C. Hystrix= (bristly). _l._ pinnate; petioles spiny. A - compact-growing and very graceful species. - - =C. Jenkinsianus= (Jenkins's). _l._ pinnate, gracefully arched, - 2ft. to 6ft. long; pinnA| 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. broad, rich dark - green; petioles slightly sheathing at the base, armed with long - flat spines. Sikkim. - - =C. leptospadix= (slender-spadix).* _l._ pinnate; pinnules about - 1/3in. wide, and from 6in. to 12in. long, subulately acuminate; - upper surface with three bristle-bearing ribs; a few smaller - bristles are disposed along the midrib underneath; margins finely - and regularly toothed with small ascending bristles; petiole - channelled, tomentose towards the base, bearing three or four - solitary needle-like spines, about 1in. long. India. A rare - species, and described as one of the most graceful. - - =C. Lewisianus= (Lewis's).* _l._ ultimately spreading, 2ft. to 6ft. - long, pinnate: pinnA| equidistant, 1/2in. broad, and front 13in. - to 15in. long: veins on the upper surface bristled, under surface - smooth; margins rough, with appressed bristles; petioles white, - with a broad, sheathing, blackish-brown base, densely armed with - long, flat, black spines. India. A fine, but somewhat rare, species. - - =C. Rotang= (Rotang). _l._ pinnate, from 3ft. to 4ft. in length. - very gracefully arched; pinnA| 6in. to 12in. long, less than 1in. - broad; upper side dark green, with two rows of hair-like spines; - petioles and stems armed sparingly with stout, slightly reversed - spines. Stems slender. India. When young, especially, this plant is - very handsome. - - =C. Royleanus= (Royle's).* _l._ pinnate, arching; pinnA| very - numerous, narrow, pendent, deep green; petioles with few spines, - dark green. North-west Himalayas. - - =C. spectabilis= (showy).* _l._ pinnate, with a few pairs of smooth - linear-lanceolate, three-ribbed leaflets, measuring 6in. to 8in. - long; petioles green, furnished with numerous short conical white - spines, tipped with brown. Malacca. A slender-growing species. - - =C. verticillaris= (whorled). _l._ pinnate, with a very ornamental - plume-like appearance; pinnA| long, broad, drooping; petioles with - the spines arranged verticillately. Malacca. This beautiful species - is extremely rare. - - =C. viminalis= (twiggy).* _l._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, pinnate; pinnA| - about 6in. long, narrow, light green; petioles sheathing, densely - armed with long flat white spines. When only 3ft. or 4ft. in - height, its spiny whip-like spikes of flowers are often produced. - Stem slender. _h_. 50ft. Java, 1847. - - The following are other, but less-known, species: _australis_, - _elegans_, _micranthus_, _niger_, _oblongus_, and _tenuis_. - -=CALAMUS AROMATICUS.= An old name of =Acorus Calamus= (which _see_). - -=CALAMUS ODORATUS.= An old name of =Andropogon SchA"nanthus= (which -_see_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 315. CALANDRINIA MENZIESII, showing Flower and -Habit.] - -=CALANDRINIA= (in honour of L. Calandrini, an Italian botanist, who -lived in the beginning of the eighteenth century). ORD. _PortulaceA|_. A -rather large genus of fleshy, glabrous, annual or perennial, herbaceous -plants, some fourteen or fifteen species growing in Australia, the rest -occurring in the New World. Flowers usually rose or purple, solitary, -or in terminal umbels or racemes. Leaves quite entire, radical or -alternate. Only four or five species are cultivated in this country; -these are treated as half-hardy annuals--with the exception of _C. -umbellata_, which is best treated as a biennial--and as such they are -extensively grown in small gardens, with most satisfactory results. -They should be sown in the spots where they are intended to flower, as -transplantation, unless performed with more than ordinary care, will -considerably check their growth or result in loss. Their flowers only -expand during bright sunshine, and, consequently, they are less grown -than they otherwise would be. The plants thrive in a light sandy soil. -_C. umbellata_ may be sown in a pan, placed in a cold frame, in May or -June; and when the plants are large enough to handle, they should be -potted off, or placed out in colonies where they are to bloom. - - =C. discolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ bright rose, with a yellow - tuft of stamens in the centre, 1-1/2in. across; raceme long. July, - August. _l._ fleshy, obovate, attenuated at the base, pale green - above, purple beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1834. (B. M. - 3357.) - - =C. grandiflora= (large.flowered).* _fl._ rosy, about 2in. across; - calyx spotted; raceme simple, loose. Summer. _l._ fleshy, rhomboid, - acute, petiolate. Stem suffruticose. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. R. - 1194.) - - =C. Menziesii= (Menzies').* FL. deep purple-crimson, from 1/2in. to - 1in. across, terminal and axillary, solitary. June to September. - _l._ elongated, spathulate, much attenuated at the base. Stems much - branched, prostrate. California, 1831. SYN. _C. speciosa_. See Fig. - 315. (B. R. 1598.) - - =C. nitida= (shining). _fl._ rose-coloured, about 2in. across; - raceme leafy, many-flowered. Summer. _l._ oblong-spathulate, - sub-acute, glabrous, attenuated at the base, 1in. to 2in. in - length. _h._ 6in. Chili, 1837. A very pretty hardy annual, forming - a tuft from 4in. to 6in. across. - - =C. speciosa= (showy). A synonym of _C. Menziesii_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 316. CALANDRINIA UMBELLATA, showing Flower and -Habit.] - - =C. umbellata= (umbellate).* _fl._ of a dazzling magenta-crimson, - about as large as a sixpence; corymb cymose, terminal, - many-flowered. Summer. _l._ radical, linear, acute, pilose. _h._ - 6in. Peru, 1826. A very charming half-hardy biennial. See Fig. 316. - (P. M. B. 12, 271.) - -Other species occasionally met with are: _compressa_, _micrantha_, and -_procumbens_; they are, however, inferior to those described above. - -=CALANTHE= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _anthos_, a flower). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. SEC. _VandA|_. A very handsome genus of stove terrestrial -orchids. They may be characterised as robust-growing plants, producing -large, broad, many-ribbed, or plaited leaves, which are, with one or -two exceptions, evergreen, and long spikes, bearing many flowers, -distinguished by their calcarate lip, which is attached to the column, -and by the eight thick, waxy pollen masses adhering to a separate -gland. Calanthes should be special favourites with amateurs, as, in the -first place, they produce an abundance of showy flowers, which last -a long time in perfection; and, secondly, because they are so easily -managed. In potting these plants, it will be necessary to depart from -the usual style of potting orchids, and, instead of elevating them -above the rim of the pot upon a cone of peat and sphagnum, they must -be kept below the rim, as in potting ordinary plants. In place of the -usual soil and moss, these plants should have a mixture of loam, leaf -mould, and peat, broken up rough, to which may be added some silver -sand and dried cow manure. During the growing season, they require -abundant supply of water, and in winter even this element must be -administered freely to the evergreen kinds; whilst the deciduous ones, -on the contrary, enjoy a thorough rest after blooming. Good drainage -is essential to all. Little more need be said upon the cultivation of -Calanthes during the summer months. When growing, they enjoy strong -heat and plenty of moisture; but, when growth is complete, a cooler -situation is most beneficial. They are subject to the attacks of -various insects, which must be continually searched for, and, when -found, destroyed; for, if neglected in this particular, the bold -and handsome leaves will be much disfigured, and rendered far from -ornamental. Propagated by suckers and divisions. About forty species -are known, of which the following are a selection: - - =C. curculigoides= (Curculigo-like). _fl._ beautiful orange-yellow, - disposed in an erect spike. Summer and autumn. _l._ large, - evergreen, plaited. _h._ 2ft. Malacca, 1844. (B. R. 33, 8.) - - =C. Dominyi= (Dominy's).* _fl._, sepals and petals lilac; lip deep - purple. This fine hybrid is a cross between _C. Masuca_ and _C. - veratrifolia_. (B. M. 5042.) - - =C. furcata= (forked). _fl._ creamy white, very freely produced; - spikes erect, 3ft. long. June to August. Luzon Isles, 1836. An - excellent exhibition plant. - - =C. Masuca= (Masuca).* _fl._, sepals and petals deep violet colour, - with an intense violet-purple lip; numerously produced on spikes - 2ft. long. June to August. India, 1838. (B. M. 4541). The variety - _grandiflora_ differs from the type in its greater size both of - spike and individual flower; the gigantic spikes are from 3ft. to - 4ft. high, and continue blooming for three months. - - =C. Petri= (Peter Veitch's).* _fl._ whitish-yellow. Said to be very - like _C. veratrifolia_, but bearing leaves a little narrower, and a - system of five curious sulcate yellowish calli on the base of the - lip, without the single lamella and teeth which are proper to that - species. Polynesia, 1880. - - =C. pleiochroma= (many-coloured). _fl._ whitish, purplish, ochre, - orange. Japan, 1871. - - =C. Regnieri= (Regnier's). _fl._, sepals and petals white; lip - rosy-pink; middle lobe short, wedge-shaped, and emarginate. - Pseudo-bulbs jointed, Cochin China. _fausta_ is a fine variety, - with the base of the tip and column a warm crimson. - - =C. Sieboldii= (Siebold's).* _fl._ yellow, large; spikes erect. - _l._ broad, dark green, plaited. _h._ 1ft. Japan, 1837. An elegant - evergreen dwarf-growing species. (R. H. 1855, 20.) - - =C. Textori= (Textor's). _fl._ cream-white, washed with violet on - the petals and column, as well as on the base of lip, where the - calli are brick-red, changing later on to ochre-colour, excepting - the white-lilac base of sepals and petals and the column; lip very - narrow. Japan, 1877. - -[Illustration: FIG. 317. SINGLE FLOWER OF CALANTHE VEITCHII.] - - =C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _fl._ rich bright rose, with a white - throat; spikes often attaining a height of 3ft., and bearing an - immense quantity of flowers. Winter. _l._ large, plaited, light - green, deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs flask-shaped. This very beautiful - hybrid is the result of a cross between _C. vestita_ and _C. rosea_ - (SYN. _Limatodes rosea_). See Fig. 317. (B. M. 5375.) - - =C. veratrifolia= (Veratrum-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, except the - green tips of the sepals and the golden papillA| on the disk of the - labellum; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. high, freely produced on well-grown - plants. May to July. _l._ 2ft. or more long, dark green, broad, - many-ribbed, with wavy margins. India, 1819. See Fig. 318. (B. M. - 2615.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 318. SINGLE FLOWER OF CALANTHE VERATRIFOLIA.] - - =C. vestita= (clothed).* _fl._, sepals and petals pure white, - numerously produced in a many-flowered, nodding spike. _l._ - deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs large, whitish, _h._ 2-1/2ft. Burmah. (B. - M. 4671.) The varieties of this species are very numerous. - - =C. v. igneo-oculata= (fire-eyed).* _fl._, base of the column - purplish, over which is a dazzling fire-colour, the blotch in the - base of the lip of the same colour. Borneo, 1876. - - =C. v. nivalis= (snowy).* _fl._ pure white, entirely destitute of - any colour on the lip. Java, 1868. - - =C. v. rubro-oculata= (red-eyed).* _fl._ delicate white, with a - blotch of rich crimson in the centre; upwards of 2in. across; - spikes long, drooping, having a white downy covering, and rising - from the base of the silvery-green pseudo-bulbs, when the latter - are without leaves. October to February. - - =C. v. Turneri= (Turner's).* _fl._ pure white, with rose-coloured - eye, larger, and produced on longer flower-spikes than the other - kinds; form of flowers more compact. Java. This is considered by - some authorities, to be a distinct species. - -=CALATHEA= (from _kalathos_, a basket; in reference to the -basket-shaped stigma, or to the leaves being worked into baskets in -South America). ORD. _ScitamineA|_. This genus of very ornamental-leaved -stove plants is distinguished from _Maranta_ by mere botanical -characters; and the two genera are often confounded. Flowers in -terminal spikes, bracteate; perianth six-cleft, outer segments -lanceolate, inner ones blunt and irregular; stamens three, petal-like. -Leaves large, springing from the contracted stem, near the root. They -delight in a rich, loose, open soil, consisting of peat, loam, and -leaf soil, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a good -sprinkling of sand, to keep it open and porous. The mixture should be -used in a rough, lumpy state, so that the roots, which are of large -size, may be able to travel with freedom. Nearly all the species admit -of easy increase by division. July is a favourable time to set about -it, or it may be carried out any time between that and the spring -months. In order to make the necessary separation without damaging the -roots, the plants should be shaken out from the soil, when they may -be divided into as many pieces as there are separate crowns. Whether -an increased stock be desired or not, Calatheas require fresh soil -annually; and, if not reduced by division, they become much too thickly -foliaged to properly develop, unless they are shifted into larger-sized -pots, which can always be done if large specimens are required. When -making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots, so -that they may at once commence sending up fresh young foliage. Although -Calatheas require an abundant supply of water while growing, a stagnant -moisture is most injurious; good drainage is, therefore, essential. -To have the leaves in fine, healthy condition, plenty of atmospheric -moisture must be maintained during their growth; and, if syringing -is resorted to for the purpose of securing this, clear soft water -should be used, or an unsightly deposit will be the result, by which -the beauty of the plants, unless they are frequently sponged, will -be spoiled. These plants require, in addition to plenty of moisture, -moderate shade during the summer, as they dislike strong sunshine, and -may, therefore, be grown among ferns, under creepers, in situations -that would be of little use for other purposes. Calatheas are not -subject to insects if properly supplied with water while growing, and -a sufficiently moist atmosphere is at all times maintained; but, if -either of these are lacking, red spider soon put in an appearance, and -quickly disfigure the leaves. - - =C. applicata= (inclined). _fl._ white. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Maranta - pinnato-picta_. (B. H. 1875, 18.) - - =C. arrecta= (erect).* _l._ rich satin-green on the upper side, and - heavy ruby colour on the under side. Ecuador, 1872. A fine species, - with a very elegant growth. (I. H. 1871, 77.) - - =C. Bachemiana= (Bachem's). _l._ silvery, with green lines and - blotches. Brazil, 1875. - - =C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate; ground - colour bright green, relieved by beautiful bands of silvery white. - Amazons, 1868. - - =C. bella= (handsome).* _l._ greyish-green, with the margins and - two series of central patches deep green. Brazil, 1875. SYN. - _Maranta tessellata Kegeljani_. - - =C. crocata= (saffron-coloured). _fl._ orange. Brazil, 1875. - - =C. eximia= (choice). 1857. SYN. _Phrynium eximium_. (R. G. 686.) - - =C. fasciata= (banded).* _l._ 8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. - wide, broadly cordate; ground colour bright green, with broad bands - of white running across from midrib to the margin; the under side - pale green, tinged with purple. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1859. (R. G. 255.) - - =C. hieroglyphica= (hieroglyphic). _l._ broadly obovate, obtuse; - ground colour rich dark velvety green, which, towards the midrib, - shades off into light emerald green; primary veins oblique, and - the spaces between them ornamented with irregular streaks and bars - of silvery white; under surface of a uniform dark vinous purple. - Columbia, 1873. Dwarf and distinct. (I. H. 1873, 122.) - - =C. illustris= (bright).* _l._ somewhat obovate; upper surface of a - bright pea-green, streaked with transverse bands of a deeper green; - midrib pink, with two irregular blotches of white traversing the - leaves from base to point, midway between the margin and costa; - under surface deep purple. Ecuador, 1866. - - =C. Kerchoviana= (Kerchove's).* _l._ cordate, oblong, obtuse, - shortly and abruptly acuminate, greyish-green, with a row of - purplish blotches on each side of the midrib. _h._ 6in. Brazil, - 1879. SYN. _Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana_. - - =C. Legrelliana= (Le Grell's). _l._ very dark green, relieved by - a feathery band of white, extending the whole length between the - midrib and margin. Ecuador, 1867. - - =C. Leitzei= (Leitze's). _l._ oblong-lanceolate, deep metallic - green, and shining on the upper surface, with feather-like markings - of deeper colour, purplish-violet beneath. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. - 935.) - - =C. leopardina= (leopard).* _l._ oblong, pale or yellowish-green, - marked on each side of the costa with several oblong acuminate - blotches of deep green. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 893.) - - =C. leuconeura= (white-nerved). A synonym of _Maranta leuconeura_. - - =C. leucostachys= (white-spiked). _h._ 1ft. A fine species, allied - to _C. Warscewiczii_. Costa Rica, 1874. (B. M. 6205.) - - =C. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _l._ oblong, 6in. to 12in. long, deep - green, with blotches of yellowish-green on each side of the midrib; - under surface purplish-rose, through which the markings of the - upper side are visible. Peru, 1866. Very handsome and free-growing. - (I. H. 1871, 82.) - - =C. Luciani= (Lucian's). _l._ shining green, the midrib festooned - with silvery white. Tropical America, 1872. - - =C. Makoyana= (Makoy's).* _l._ oblong, somewhat unequal-sided, - 6in. to 8in. long, upwards of 4in. broad; outer margin deep green, - the central portion semi-transparent, beautifully blotched with - creamy-yellow and white; the central part is also ornamented - between the transverse veins with oblong blotches of deep green; - petioles slender, purplish-red. Tropical America, 1872. SYN. _C. - olivaris_. (G. C. 1872, p. 1589.) - - =C. Massangeana= (Massange's).* _l._ beautifully covered with rich - marking, presenting a somewhat similar appearance to the wings of - certain butterflies. The outer portion is olive-green; the middle, - on both sides of the costa, of a delicate silvery-grey colour, from - which the whitish side veins run out in a well-defined and regular - manner; the portion of the leaf surrounding the silvery centre is - ornamented with large blotches of dark velvety purplish-maroon, - occasionally shaded with brownish-crimson; the whole of the leaf - being marked with silky and sparkling reflections. Brazil, 1875. - It is of neat habit, growing in close tufts, its ample foliage - covering the ground. - - =C. medio-picta= (middle painted). _l._ oblong-acute, tapering - to the base, dark green, with a feathered white central stripe. - Brazil, 1878. - - =C. micans= (glittering).* _l._ oblong-acuminate, 2in. to 3in. - long, a little over 1in. in breadth, dark shining green, with - a white feathery stripe down the centre. Tropical America. The - smallest species of the genus with a spreading habit, and quickly - forming dense and beautiful tufts. There is a variety of this named - _amabilis_. Brazil. - - =C. nitens= (shining).* _l._ oblong, green, with a bright glossy - surface, marked on each side of the midrib with a series of - oblong acute bars, alternating with numerous lines of a dark - green on a pale bright green ground. Brazil, 1880. An elegant and - small-growing plant. - - =C. olivaris= (olive-green). Synonymous with _C. Makoyana_. - - =C. ornata= (ornamented).* _l._ oblong acuminate, 6in. to 9in. - long, 3in. or more broad, yellowish-green, relieved by broad - transverse bands of dark olive-green; under side tinged with - purple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Columbia, 1849. - - =C. o. albo-lineata= (white-lined). Columbia, 1848. SYN. _Maranta - albo-lineata_. - - =C. o. majestica= (majestic). Rio Purus, 1866. SYN. _Maranta - majestica_. - - =C. o. regalis= (royal). Peru, 1856. SYNS. _Maranta regalis_ and - _M. coriifolia_. - - =C. o. roseo-lineata= (rosy-lined).* _h._ 1ft. 1848. SYN. _Maranta - roseo-lineata_. - - =C. pacifica= (Pacific). _l._ oblong ovate, of a fine dark green on - the upper surface, olive-brown beneath. Eastern Peru, 1871. - -[Illustration: FIG. 319. CALATHEA VEITCHII.] - - =C. pardina= (leopard).* _fl._ yellow, large, handsome, produced - in great abundance. _l._ 10in. to 18in. long, 5in. to 6in. wide, - ovate, pale green, with dark brown blotches on each side the - midrib, and which occur at regular intervals the whole length of - the leaf. New Grenada. (F. d. S. ii., 1101.) - - =C. prasina= (leek-green). _l._ with a yellow-green central band. - Brazil, 1875. - - =C. princeps= (magnificent).* _l._ 12in. to 18in. long; centre rich - dark green, broadly margined with yellowish-green, purple beneath. - _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1869. A superb large-growing species. - - =C. pulchella= (pretty). _l._ bright green, with two series of deep - green blotches, alternately large and small. Brazil, 1859. This - much resembles _C. zebrina_ in general appearance, but is not so - strong a grower, and the leaves are not so dark. - - =C. rosea-picta= (rose-coloured). _l._ somewhat orbicular, of a - rich glossy green; midrib of a lovely rose-colour, between the - margin and midrib are two irregular bands of the same colour, - traversing the entire length of the leaf. Upper Amazon, 1866. (R. - G. 610.) - - =C. Seemanni= (Seemann's). _l._ about 1ft. long, 6in. broad, satiny - emerald-green; midrib whitish. Nicaragua, 1872. - - =C. splendida= (splendid). _l._ large, oblong-lanceolate, deflexed, - 10in. to 18in. long, rich dark olive-green, with distinct blotches - of greenish-yellow. Brazil, 1864. - - =C. tubispatha= (tube-spathed).* _l._ somewhat obovate, obtuse, - 6in. to 12in. long, pale greenish-yellow, beautifully relieved by - a row of rich brown oblong blotches, set in pairs on each side of - the midrib, throughout the entire length of the leaf. West Tropical - America, 1865. An elegant species. (B. M. 5542.) - - =C. Vanden Heckei= (Van den Heck's).* _l._ rich dark glossy green, - shaded with transverse bands of a lighter green; midrib broadly - margined with silvery-white, two bands of the same colour traverse - the leaf from base to apex, midway between midrib and margin; under - side of a uniform purplish-crimson. Brazil, 1865. Very distinct and - handsome. - - =C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ large, ovate elliptic, over 1ft. - long, very rich glossy green, marked along each side the midrib - with crescent-shaped blotches of yellow, softened by shades of - green and white; under surface light purple. _h._ 3ft. W. Tropical - America, 1865. Probably the handsomest of the genus. See Fig. 319. - - =C. virginalis= (virginal). _l._ large, broadly ovate, light green; - midrib white, also with a white band on each side; the under side - of a greyish-green. Amazons, 1857. Habit dwarf and compact. - - =C vittata= (striped). _l._ ovate-acuminate, 9in. long, very light - green, with narrow transverse bars of white on each side of the - midrib. Brazil, 1857. - - =C. Wallisii= (Wallis's).* _l._ rather large, of a rich and - pleasing light green, beautifully relieved with a ray of rich dark - green. South America, 1867. A handsome and distinct sort, but - somewhat rare. - - =C. W. discolor= (two-coloured). _l._ bright velvety green, with - the centre and margins grey. South America, 1871. - - =C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _l._ 2ft. long, about 8in. wide, - deep velvety green in colour, relieved by a feathery stripe of - yellowish-green on either side the midrib, and extending from the - base to the apex. _h._ 3ft. Tropical America, 1879. A fine sort. - (R. G. 515.) - - =C. Wioti= (Wiot's). _l._ bright green, with two series of - olive-green blotches. Brazil, 1875. - -[Illustration: FIG. 320. CALATHEA ZEBRINA.] - - =C. zebrina= (zebra).* _l._ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, - beautiful velvety light green on the upper side, barred with - greenish-purple; under side of a dull greenish-purple. _h._ 2ft. - Brazil, 1815. This is a very old inhabitant of our stoves, and, for - general usefulness is not much surpassed. See Fig. 320. (B. R. 385.) - -=CALATHIAN VIOLET.= _See_ =Gentiana Pneumonanthe=. - -=CALCARATE.= Spurred, or having a spur. - -=CALCEOLARIA= (from _calceolus_, a little slipper, in allusion to the -form of the corolla; the form _calceolarius_, shoemaker, probably -chosen to include a reference to F. Calceolari, an Italian botanist -of the sixteenth century). Slipperwort. ORD. _ScrophularineA|_. A -genus of hardy or half-hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs or herbs. Peduncles -one or many-flowered, axillary or terminal, corymbose; corolla with a -very short tube; limb bilabiate; upper lip short, truncately rounded, -entire; lower lip large, concave, slipper-shaped. Leaves opposite, -sometimes three in a whorl, rarely alternate. - -SHRUBBY SECTION. In addition to the widely-known utility of this class -for bedding purposes, they are fine decorative plants when well grown, -and useful alike in conservatory or dwelling house. It will be found -more convenient to grow these in a pit or frame, as in such places they -are less liable to the attacks of fly, and make sturdier growth. If -large plants are required, cuttings should be taken in August, placed -in a cold frame facing the north, in sandy soil, and, when rooted, -potted off into 3in. pots. They should then be placed in a light sunny -frame, where they may remain until the middle of February. The points -should then be pinched out. When the plants break, they must be shifted -into 48-sized pots. If there are from four to six breaks to each -plant, it will be sufficient; but, should such not be the case, the -plants must be stopped again, when the requisite number will probably -be obtained. Directly the roots touch the pots, the plants should be -transferred to 7in. or 8in. pots, in which they will flower, and the -shoots must be tied out so as to develop fully. Every effort should -be exerted to keep the foliage green to the base of the plants, and -they should be fumigated on the first appearance of green fly. As the -flower-spikes are thrown up, weak liquid manure, applied two or three -times a week, will prove beneficial. For potting, the following compost -is most suitable: One-half good fibrous loam, one-eighth thoroughly -rotted manure, and the remainder leaf soil, with enough sharp sand -to keep the whole open. During frosty weather, of course, it will be -necessary to protect the frames with mats, and to water judiciously, to -avoid damping. Those plants intended for bedding will not require to -be repotted, but should be inserted, about 3in. apart, in sandy soil, -in a cold frame. The tops must be taken off early in March; and from -the middle of April to the middle of May, they may be planted out where -they are to remain. Should frosty weather, accompanied by drying winds, -ensue, the plants will require the protection of inverted flower-pots, -with pieces of slate or crock placed over the holes. A good soil, -abundantly enriched with rotten manure, is most desirable for them. - -[Illustration: FIG. 321. HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIA.] - -_Varieties._ These are very numerous. The best of them are the -following: BIJOU, dark red, very free; GAINE'S YELLOW, rich deep -yellow, extremely free; GENERAL HAVELOCK, crimson-scarlet, very fine; -GOLDEN GEM, bright yellow, perhaps the best; SPARKLER, crimson-gold, -dwarf; VICTORIA, dark maroon, very attractive. - -HERBACEOUS SECTION. These, like the preceding, are very useful, both -for house and conservatory decoration (see Fig. 321). A packet of -seed from a first-class firm will, if properly managed, produce a -good percentage of excellent flowers. The seed may be sown from June -to August, when large batches are required (when only one sowing is -made, July will be the best month), on pans of light, sandy soil, -which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken -to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as -evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet -of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady -part of the greenhouse or cold frame until the young plants show the -first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. When large enough -to handle, the seedlings must be pricked out, about 2in. asunder, in -pans or boxes, and placed in a close, shaded situation. As soon as of -sufficient size, they must be placed singly in 3in. pots, returned -to the frame, kept close for a few days, and as near the glass as -possible, to make them sturdy. When necessary, they should be shifted -into 5in. pots, in which they may be kept through the winter; or the -later batches may be placed in small pots. By the end of October or -early in November, the plants will be strong and fit for wintering; -at this stage, the best place for them is in a dry, frost-proof pit, -or on an airy shelf of the greenhouse, giving them sufficient water -to prevent flagging. All dead leaves must be removed. On the first -appearance of green fly, the plants should be fumigated with tobacco. -From the end of January onwards, in order to encourage growth, the -plants should be removed into 7in. or 8in. pots, giving plenty of -drainage, and a compost consisting of one-half good light fibrous loam, -one-fourth thoroughly decayed sheep manure, and one-fourth leaf soil, -to which must be added sufficient coarse sand to keep the whole open. -After potting, the plants must be again placed in the same position, -and, as they require it, plenty of room given. Careful attention to -watering is necessary, as they must not be allowed to get dry. Air -must be given on all suitable occasions. The flower-stems, as they -require it, should be supported with small neat sticks. About May, the -plants will commence to bloom, and continue to do so for a couple of -months. The best flowers should be selected, and cross-fertilised with -a camel-hair pencil, in order to produce a good strain of seed for -future sowing. The attention of horticulturists appears to be almost -wholly confined to the innumerable hybrids raised from _amplexicaulis_, -_arachnoidea_, _corymbosa_, _integrifolia_, _purpurea_, _thyrsiflora_, -and a few others. Very few pure species are seen in cultivation, -although most of them are well worth growing. - - =C. alba= (white). _fl._ white; peduncles elongated, racemose, - dichotomous. June. _l._ linear, remotely serrated. Plant - suffruticose, clammy, and resinous. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1844. Shrubby. - (B. M. 4157.) - - =C. amplexicaulis= (stem-clasping).* _fl._ yellow, umbellately - fascicled; corymbs terminal; pedicels pilose. _l._ stem-clasping, - ovate-oblong, acuminated, cordate, crenately-serrated, pilose. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. Peru, 1845. Half-hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 4300.) - - =C. arachnoidea= (cobwebby).* _fl._ purple; peduncles terminal, - twin, elongated, dichotomous. June to September. _l._ - lingulately-oblong, a little toothed, narrowing downwards into long - winged petioles, which are connate at the base; about 5in. long, - wrinkled. Stem herbaceous, branched, spreading, clothed with white - cobwebbed wool, as well as the leaves and other parts, except the - corolla. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1827. (B. M. 2874.) - - =C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ in large terminal cymes; upper - lip yellow, small; lower lip large, gaping, conchiform, the front - clear yellow, the back white. July to November. _l._ broadly-ovate, - sub-acute, coarsely crenated, wrinkled. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Stem much - branched, woody at the base. Peru, 1829. SYN. _C. diffusa_. (B. R. - 1374.) - - =C. Burbidgei= (Burbidge's).* _fl._ rich yellow, with large lower - lip. Autumn and winter. _l._ ovate, distinctly obtusely biserrate, - sub-acute, with a narrow wing running down the petiole; both - surfaces downy. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. This is a handsome hybrid between - _C. Pavonii_ and _C. fuchsiA|folia_, raised by F. W. Burbidge, Esq., - Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, 1882. - - =C. chelidonioides= (Chelidonium-like). _fl._ yellow. June. _h._ - 1ft. Peru, 1852. Annual. - - =C. corymbosa= (corymbose). _fl._ yellow, marked with purple dots - and lines, corymbose. May to October. _l._, radical ones ovate - and cordate, petiolate, doubly crenated, white beneath; cauline - ones few, cordate, half amplexicaul. Stems herbaceous, leafless at - bottom, but dichotomous and leafy at top. Plant hairy. _h._ 1ft. to - 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. (B. R. 723.) - - =C. deflexa= (bending). Synonymous with _C. fuchsiA|folia_. - - =C. diffusa= (spreading). A synonym of _C. bicolor_. - - =C. flexuosa= (flexuose). _fl._, corolla yellow; lower lip large, - ventricose; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered; - pedicels umbellate. _l._ cordate, unequally and bluntly crenated, - petiolate, remote. Plant shrubby, rough, beset with glandular - hairs. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1847. (B. M. 5154.) - - =C Fothergillii= (Fothergill's).* _fl._, upper lip of corolla - yellowish; lower lip sulphur colour, having the margins spotted - with red, four times the size of the upper one; peduncles - scape-formed, one-flowered. May to August. _l._ spathulate, quite - entire, pilose above, about 1in. long. Stem herbaceous, a little - divided near the root. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Falkland Islands, 1777. - (B. M. 348.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 322. CALCEOLARIA VIOLACEA.] - - =C. fuchsiA|folia= (Fuchsia-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in - terminal panicles; upper lip nearly as large as the lower one. - Spring. _l._ lanceolate, glandless. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1878. - This is a very handsome winter-flowering shrubby species, but it is - difficult to keep the foliage in anything like good condition. SYN. - _C. deflexa_. (Garden, March, 1879.) - - =C. Henrici= (Anderson-Henry's). _fl._ yellow, disposed in terminal - corymbose cymes; both lips of corolla much inflated, so as to - entirely close the mouth. _l._ rather large, elongate-lanceolate, - downy beneath. _h._ 2ft. Andes of Cuenca, 1865. Shrubby evergreen. - (B. M. 5772.) - - =C. hyssopifolia= (Hyssop-leaved).* _fl._ in terminal cymes; upper - lip clear yellow, about half the width of the lower, and meeting - closely to it; lower lip clear canary-yellow above, nearly white - beneath. May to August. _l._ sessile, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute, - entire. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Chili. Shrubby. (B. M. 5548.) - - =C. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). Synonymous with _C. rugosa_. - - =C. lobata= (lobed). _fl._ yellow, disposed in erect, - loosely-branched cymes; lip curiously folded on itself, and spotted - on the inner surface. _l._ palmately lobed. _h._ 9in. Peru, 1877. - Herbaceous species. (B. M. 6330.) - - =C. Pavonii= (Pavon's).* _fl._ rich yellow and brown, in large - terminal clusters; upper lip small; lower lip large, widely gaping. - _l._ perfoliate, the petioles connected by a broad wing, running - all their length; blade broadly ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate; - both sides covered with soft down. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Herbaceous. - (B. M. 4525.) - - =C. pinnata= (pinnate). _fl._ sulphur-coloured; peduncles twin - or tern, panicled. July to September. _l._ pinnate; leaflets or - segments toothed, lower ones pinnatifidly toothed. _h._ 2ft. to - 3ft. Peru, 1773. Annual, clothed with clammy hairs. (B. M. 41.) - - =C. pisacomensis= (Pisacomanese). _fl._ rich orange-red, large; - lower lip of corolla so bent upwards as to close the mouth; cymes - produced from all the upper axils, forming long leafy panicles. - _l._ ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1868. A - sub-shrubby perennial, of strong, erect habit. - - =C. plantaginea= (Plantain-like).* _fl._ yellow; lower lip of - corolla large, hemispherical; upper one small, bifid; scapes - generally two to three-flowered, pilose. August. _l._ radical, - ovate, rhomboid, rosulate, serrated. Plant herbaceous, stemless, - pubescent. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. M. 2805.) - - =C. purpurea= (purple). _fl._, corolla of an uniform - reddish-violet, rather small; corymbs terminal, many-flowered. - July to September. _l._ wrinkled, hispid; radical ones - cuneate-spathulate, serrated, quite entire behind, petiolate, - acutish; cauline ones cordate, decussate, with a few long scattered - hairs on their surfaces. Stems herbaceous, many from the same root. - _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. There are several hybrids between this and - other species. (B. M. 2775.) - - =C. rugosa= (wrinkled). _fl._ yellow; panicles terminal, corymbose, - pedunculate. August. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, - denticulated, wrinkled, opaque, rusty beneath; petioles winged, - connate. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. Shrubby species. - SYN. _C. integrifolia_. (B. R. 744.) Two varieties of this are - _angustifolia_, and _viscosissima_. - - =C. scabiosA|folia= (Scabious-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale yellow; - lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles terminal, corymbose. May - to October. _l._, lower ones pinnate; superior ones pinnatifid, - three-lobed, or simple, the terminal segment always the largest. - Plant rather hairy. Peru, 1822. Evergreen trailer. (B. M. 2405.) - - =C. tenella= (small). _fl._ golden yellow, with orange-red spots - within the lower lip; corymbs few-flowered. _l._ opposite, ovate, - acuminated. _h._ 6in. Chili, 1873. Hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 6231.) - - =C. thyrsiflora= (thyrse-flowered). _fl._ yellow, downy inside; - thyrse terminal, crowded; peduncles compound, umbellate. June. _l._ - linear, attenuated at both ends, serrate-toothed, sessile, 2in. - long, and two lines broad. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Chili, 1827. Shrubby, - clammy. (B. M. 2915.) - - =C. violacea= (violet).* _fl._, corolla pale violet, spotted - with deeper violet beneath; lip spreading in a campanulate - manner; peduncles terminal by threes, corymbose; pedicels one to - two-flowered. June. _l._ petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely - serrated, white beneath. _h._ 2ft. Chili, 1853. Shrubby. (B. M. - 4929.) See Fig. 322. - -=CALCEOLATE.= Shaped like a slipper or round-toed shoe. - -=CALDASIA.= _See_ =Galipea heterophylla=. - -=CALDCLUVIA= (named after Alexander Caldcleugh, F.R.S. and F.L.S., -who collected and sent to this country many plants from Chili). ORD. -_SaxifrageA|_. A greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers panicled, terminal. -Leaves opposite, simple, serrate, glabrous; pedicels jointless; -stipules twin, sub-falcate, toothed, caducous. It thrives well in a -compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the -half-ripened shoots, planted in sand, under a hand glass, and placed in -a very gentle bottom heat. - - =C. paniculata= (panicled). _fl._ white. June. Chili, 1831. - -=CALEA= (from _kalos_, beautiful; referring to the flowers). ORD. -_CompositA|_. A genus of stove evergreen herbs or small shrubs. Pappus -hairy; receptacle paleaceous; involucre imbricated. They thrive in a -compost of peat and loam. Side shoots root readily, if placed in sand, -under glass, and with bottom heat; seeds may be sown in March. Warmer -parts of New World. - -=CALEANA= (named after G. Caley, Superintendent of the Botanical -Garden, St. Vincent). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A genus of greenhouse -terrestrial orchids, natives of Australia. Flowers few, greenish-brown; -column broad, thin, concave; sepals and petals narrow, reflexed; lip -posticous, peltate, unguiculate, highly irritable. In fine weather, or -if left undisturbed, this lip bends back, leaving the column uncovered; -but in wet weather, or if the plant is shaken, the lip falls over the -column, securely fastening it. Leaves solitary, radical. They are of -easy culture, in a compost of fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little -charcoal. - - =B. major= (greater). _fl._ green-brown. June. 1810. - - =C. minor= (less). _fl._ green-brown. June. 1822. - - =C. nigrita= (blackish-flowered). _fl._ dark. - -=CALECTASIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _ektasis_, extension; in -allusion to the star-like perianth segments). ORD. _JuncaceA|_. An -elegant greenhouse suffruticose perennial, with dry, permanent, starry -flowers. It thrives best in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by -divisions. - - =C. cyanea= (blue). _fl._ bright blue, solitary, on short terminal - branches. June. _l._ needle-shaped, sheathing at the base. - Australia, 1840. (B. M. 3834.) - -=CALENDULA= (from _calendA|_, the first day of the month; in allusion to -the almost perpetual flowering). Marigold. ORD. _CompositA|_. A genus -of showy greenhouse and hardy annuals, and some few greenhouse shrubby -species. Pappus none; receptacle naked; involucre of one or two series -of sub-equal, acuminate, generally scarious-edged bracts. The shrubby -species are propagated by cuttings, and thrive best in a compost of -loam and peat.. For culture of the annuals, _see_ =Marigold=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 323. FLOWERS OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS.] - - =C. arvensis= (field). _fl.-heads_ yellow. Pericarps urceolate, - obovate, smooth; outer lanceolate-subulate, muricated at back. _h._ - 2ft. Europe, 1597. Hardy annual. - - =C. maderensis= (Madeira).* _fl.-heads_ orange. Pericarps - cymbiform, incurved, muricated; outer five ovate-lanceolate, - membranous, toothed at edge. _h._ 2ft. Madeira, 1795. Hardy. SYN. - _C. stellata_. - - =C. officinalis= (officinal).* Common Marigold. _fl.-heads_ orange. - June to September. Pericarps cymbiform, all incurved, muricated. - _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1573. Hardy annual. See Fig. 323. - - =C. o. prolifera= (proliferous). A garden form, analogous to the - Hen and Chickens Daisy. See Fig. 324. - - =C. stellata= (stellate). A synonym of _C. maderensis_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 324. FLOWER OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS PROLIFERA.] - -=CALICO BUSH.= _See_ =Kalmia latifolia=. - -=CALIFORNIAN EVERGREEN REDWOOD.= _See_ =Sequoia sempervirens=. - -=CALIFORNIAN MAYBUSH.= _See_ =Photinia arbutifolia=. - -=CALIFORNIAN PEPPER-TREE.= _See_ =Schinus Molle=. - -=CALIFORNIAN POPPY.= _See_ =Platystemon californicus=. - -=CALIPHRURIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phroura_, prison; from -the handsome spathe inclosing the flowers). ORD. _AmaryllideA|_. Pretty -half-hardy greenhouse bulbs. Tube of perianth narrow, funnel-shaped, -nearly straight; limb regular, stellate; stamens furnished with a -bristle on each side. They thrive best in a compost of sandy loam, -a little peat, leaf soil, and sand. Propagated by offsets. After -flowering, the plants should have a slight heat; and, when starting -into new growth, should be repotted. - - =C. Hartwegiana= (Hartweg's).* _fl._ greenish-white; umbels - seven-flowered; scape nearly terete, glaucous. May. _l._ petiolate, - depressed, ovate, sub-plicate, green. _h._ 1ft. New Grenada, 1843. - (B. M. 6259.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 325. CALIPHRURIA SUBEDENTATA.] - - =C. subedentata= (rarely-toothed).* _fl._ white, funnel-shaped, - disposed in a truss, on a long scape. Winter. _l._ stalked, - ovate-oblong. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 325. (B. M. - 6289.) - -=CALISAYA BARK.= _See_ =Cinchona Calisaya=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 326. CALLA PALUSTRIS, showing Habit and detached -Inflorescence.] - -=CALLA= (from _kallos_, beauty). SYN. _Provenzalia_. ORD. _AroideA|_ -(_AraceA|_). A monotypic genus. The species is a native of Central and -Northern Europe and North America, has creeping or floating stems, and -cordate entire leaves. _C. palustris_ is sometimes grown in collections -of aquatics or bog plants; and, although, perhaps, hardly worth -cultivating as a pot plant, is well worth a place in open ornamental -waters. _Richardia A|thiopica_ is frequently erroneously called _Calla -A|thiopica_. - - =C. palustris= (marsh). _fl._, spadix protected by a flat white - spathe, upper ones female, lower hermaphrodite, with numerous - thread-like stamens. _l._ stalked, emerging from a sheath. _h._ - 6in. Hardy aquatic, naturalised here and there in Britain. See Fig. - 326. - -=CALLI.= Small callosities, or little protuberances. - -=CALLIANDRA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _andros_, a stamen; -referring to the elegant long, silky, purple or white stamens). ORD. -_LeguminosA|_. A genus of beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers -usually borne on stalked globose heads; corollas small, hidden by -the numerous filaments of the stamens. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets -varying in size and number. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. -Propagated by cuttings of rather firm young wood, inserted in sand, -under a hand glass, in heat. - - =C. Harrisii= (Harris's). _fl._ pink; peduncles axillary, - fascicled, glandularly downy. February. _l._ bipinnate; leaflets - obovate, falcate, downy; stipules small, falcate. Branches - puberulous. _h._ 10ft. Mexico, 1838. (B. M. 4238.) - - =C. Tweediei= (Tweedie's).* _fl._ red; peduncles longer than the - petioles; bracts linear. March and April. _l._ with three or - four pairs of pinnA|; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear, acutish, - ciliated, pilose beneath; stipules ovate, acuminate. Branches and - petioles pilose. _h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 4188.) - -=CALLICARPA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _karpos_, fruit; referring -to the beautiful berries). SYN. _Porphyra_. ORD. _VerbenaceA|_. A -genus of stove, greenhouse, or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs, closely -allied to _PetrA|a_. Flowers inconspicuous, disposed in axillary cymes; -corolla-tube short, with the limb four-lobed. Fruit a very ornamental -small juicy berry or drupe. The following mode of culture has been -recommended: "After the old plants have been cut back in the spring, -and started into growth, the young shoots will strike as readily as a -Fuchsia, and with exactly the same treatment. In order to make good -plants, short-jointed cuttings should be selected; and, as soon as -these are struck, they should be potted into 2-1/2in. pots, using a -compost of equal parts loam and peat, with a little charcoal and river -sand. When they commence to grow, after being potted, remove to a pit -or house with a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 75deg. Pinch out -the tops of the plants as soon as they have three pairs of leaves, and -whenever each of the laterals has made two pairs of leaves, pinch out -their points, and continue this operation with all the rest of the -shoots till the beginning of August, at the same time keeping off all -the flower-buds. The next shift will be into 4in. or 5in. pots. They -should always have plenty of light and air, but more especially after -they come into flower." - - =C. americana= (American). _fl._ red, small, in axillary cymes. - Berries violet-coloured. _l._ ovate-oblong, toothed, silvery - beneath, with a scurf of tomentum. _h._ 6ft. South America, 1724. - Greenhouse. - - =C. japonica= (Japanese). _fl._ pink. August. _l._ stalked, ovate, - oblong, acuminate, serrate. _h._ 3ft. Japan, 1850. Stove. (L. & P. - F. G. ii., p. 165.) - - =C. lanata= (woolly). _fl._ purplish. June. Berries purple. _l._ - sessile, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath. _h._ 3ft. India, - 1788. Stove. (S. F. d. J. 1861, p. 96.) - - =C. purpurea= (purple). _fl._ insignificant, borne in cymose - clusters, upon axillary footstalks. Berries very numerous, bright - glossy deep violet coloured. _l._ opposite, ovate, acuminate; edges - serrated; profusely clothed, as well as the stem, with hairs. _h._ - 3ft. India, 1822. Stove. (Garden, June, 1833.) - - =C. rubella= (reddish). _fl._ red. May. _l._ sessile, obovate, - acuminate, cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces. _h._ 2ft. - China, 1822. Half-hardy. (B. R. 883.) - -=CALLICHROA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _chroa_, colour; referring to -the bright yellow colour of the flowers). ORD. _CompositA|_. This genus -is now usually included under _Layia_. Hardy annual, of easy culture in -common garden soil. Seeds may be sown in March, on a slight hotbed, -and transplanted to the open border early in May; or if sown out of -doors in April, it will flower in the autumn. - - =C. platyglossa= (broad-tongued). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, - pedunculate; ray florets large, cuneate. Autumn. _l._ alternate, - sessile, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. California, 1836. SYN. _Layia - platyglossa_. (B. M. 3719.) - -=CALLICOMA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _kome_, hair; in reference to -the tufted heads of flowers). ORD. _SaxifrageA|_. A greenhouse evergreen -shrub. Flowers capitate; heads terminating the tops of the branchlets, -pedunculate, globose. Leaves simple, coarsely serrated, stalked. -Stipules membranous, bidentate, caducous. It thrives well in a sandy -peat soil. Half ripened cuttings will root if placed in the same sort -of soil, under a hand glass. - - =C. serratifolia= (saw-leaved). Black Wattle. _fl._ yellow. May to - August. _l._ lanceolate, acuminate, hoary beneath, attenuated at - the base. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1793. (B. M. 1811.) - -=CALLIGONUM= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _gonu_, a knee-joint; in -reference to its leafless joint). ORD. _PolygonaceA|_. SYNS. _Pallasia_, -_Pterococcus_. A genus containing about a score species of very -curious, erect, evergreen, hardy shrubs, found growing in dry, arid, -sandy spots in Northern Africa and Western Asia. They will thrive in -any well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings will root in spring or autumn if -placed under a hand glass. - - =C. Pallasia= (Pallas's). _fl._ whitish, in groups. May. _fr._ - winged; wings membranous, curled and toothed, succulent, acid, - edible. _l._ simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, caducous, - minute. Shoots rush-like, smooth, green. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Caspian - Sea, 1780. - -=CALLIOPSIS.= _See_ =Coreopsis=. - -=CALLIPRORA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _prora_, a front; referring -to the front view of the flower). ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A very pretty -little bulbous plant, now often referred to _BrodiA|a_. It thrives in a -well-drained spot on the lower flanks of rockwork, in dry, rich, sandy -soil. Propagated by offsets, which should remain on the parent bulbs -until they are a good size. - - =C. lutea= (yellow).* Pretty Face. _fl._, segments purplish-brown - in the middle on the outside. Summer. _l._ linear-lanceolate, - acuminated, channelled, longer than the flower-stem; bracts - sheathing, scarious, much shorter than the pedicels. _h._ 9in. - North California, 1831. SYNS. _BrodiA|a ixioides_, _Milla ixioides_. - (B. M. 3588.) - -=CALLIPSYCHE= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _psyche_, a butterfly; -alluding to the handsome flowers). ORD. _AmaryllidaceA|_. Ornamental -greenhouse bulbs; requiring shade, and a compost of rich sandy loam and -leaf mould, with good drainage. Propagated by seeds and offsets. They -should have plenty of water when growing, and, during the winter, be -kept moderately dry, but not dried off, so as to cause them to shrivel. -As the leaves wither, water should be gradually withheld. - - =C. aurantiaca= (orange).* _fl._ deep golden-yellow, several in an - umbel, spreading, much flattened sideways; stamens green, twice the - length of the perianth; scape erect, nearly 2ft. high. _l._ few, - oblong-acute, bright green, conspicuously veined, stalked, 6in. - long. Andes of Ecuador, 1868. (Ref. B. 167.) - - =C. eucrosiodes= (Eucrosia-like).* _fl._ scarlet and green; stamens - very long, incurved; scape about ten-flowered, glaucous. March. - _l._ few, green, tessellated, pitted, 4in. wide. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, - 1843. (B. R. 1845, 45.) - - =C. mirabilis= (wonderful)*, _fl._ greenish-yellow, small, with - stamens three times as long as the perianth, and spreading out on - all sides; disposed in an umbellate head of about thirty blooms; - scape 3ft. high. _l._ about two, oblong-spathulate, green, 1ft. - long. Peru, 1868. An extremely curious plant. (Ref. B. 168.) - -=CALLIPTERIS= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _pteris_, a fern). ORD. -_Filices_. A genus of stove ferns, founded upon the sub-genus -_Diplazium_, which is now included under _Asplenium_. - -=CALLIRHOE= (of mythological origin, from Callirhoe, a daughter of -the river-god Achelous). Poppy-Mallow. Allied to _Malva_. Species -belonging to this genus have been erroneously referred to _Malva_ -and _Nuttallia_. ORD. _MalvaceA|_. A genus of elegant annual or -perennial herbs, natives of North America. They are of extremely -easy cultivation, thriving in a compost of light, rich, sandy loam. -Propagation of the perennial species may be effected by means of both -seeds and cuttings; of the annuals, by seeds only. Seeds should be sown -in spring, either outside, or in pans in a cold frame. Young cuttings -should be taken and dibbled in sandy soil in a frame. - - =C. digitata= (fingered).* _fl._ reddish-purple; peduncles - long, axillary, one-flowered. Summer. _l._ sub-peltate, six to - seven-parted, with linear-entire or two-parted segments; upper ones - more simple. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Perennial. (S. B. F. G. 129, - under the name of _Nuttallia digitata_.) - - =C. involucrata= (involucrate).* _fl._ crimson, nearly 2in. across, - loosely panicled. Summer. _l._ divided nearly to the base, three to - five-parted; segments narrow, lanceolate, three to five-toothed, - hairy on both surfaces. Habit procumbent; stems hairy. _h._ 6in. - Perennial. (G. W. P. A. 26.) SYN. _Malva involucrata_ (B. M. 4681). - - =C. Papaver= (Poppy-like).* _fl._ violet-red; sepals ovate-acute, - ciliated. Summer. _l._, root leaves lobed or pedate; lower stem - leaves palmato-pedate, upper digitate or simple. _h._ 3ft. - Louisiana, 1833. Perennial. SYN. _Nuttallia Papaver_. (B. M. 3287.) - - =C. pedata= (pedate-leaved). _fl._ cherry-red, panicled. August. - _l._ laciniately-pedate; upper ones trifid. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. - Annual. (R. H. 1857, 148.) - - =C. triangulata= (triangular-leaved). _fl._ pale purple. August. - 1836. Perennial. SYN. _Nuttallia cordata_ (under which name it is - figured in B. R. 1938). - -=CALLISTACHYS.= _See_ =Oxylobium=. - -=CALLISTEMMA.= _See_ =Callistephus=. - -=CALLISTEMON= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _stemon_, a stamen; in most -of the species, the stamens are of a beautiful scarlet colour). ORD. -_MyrtaceA|_. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs or trees, having -the inflorescence rising from the old branches in crowded spikes, -as in the species of _Melaleuca_, but with the stamens free, as in -_Metrosideros_. Leaves elongated, stiff, alternate, usually lanceolate. -All the species of this genus are very ornamental and neat in habit. -They are well adapted for a conservatory. The soil best suited for them -is a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Ripened cuttings strike root -in sand, under a hand glass; seeds are frequently produced on large -plants, and these may also be used to increase the stock, but they do -not produce flowering plants for a considerable time; whereas plants -raised from cuttings, taken from flowering plants, come into flower -when small. - - =C. linearis= (linear-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet; calyces clothed - with velvety pubescence. June. _l._ linear, stiff, acute, keeled - beneath, channelled above, villous when young. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. - New South Wales, 1788. - - =C. lophanthus= (crest-flowered). Synonymous with _C. salignus_. - - =C. salignus= (willow). _fl._ straw-coloured, distinct, spicate, - nearly terminal; petals rather pubescent, ciliated; calyx pilose. - June to August. _l._ lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, - mucronate, one-nerved, villous when young, as well as the branches. - _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Australia, 1806. SYN. _C. lophanthus_. (L. B. C. - 1302.) - - =C. speciosus= (showy).* _fl._ scarlet; calyx villous. March - to July. _l._ lanceolate, mucronate, flat, middle nerve rather - prominent; when young, rather silky from adpressed villi, - and reddish. _h._ 5ft. to 10ft. West Australia, 1823. SYN. - _Metrosideros speciosa_. See Fig. 327. (B. M. 1761.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 327. CALLISTEMON SPECIOSUS.] - -=CALLISTEPHUS= (from _kallistos_, most beautiful, and _stephos_, a -crown; in allusion to the appendages on the ripe fruit). China Aster. -SYN. _Callistemma_. ORD. _CompositA|_. A hardy annual, requiring an open -situation and a rich loamy soil. Involucre of many fringed bracts; -receptacle naked, pitted; pappus double. Propagated by seed, sown in a -hotbed in March, the seedlings being hardened off and transplanted in -May. For culture of these much grown plants and their varieties, _see_ -=Aster=. - -[Illustration: Chrysanthemum-flowered Aster. - -Truffaut's PA|ony-flowered Aster. - -Victoria Aster. - -FIG. 328. FLOWER-HEADS OF CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS VARS.] - - =C. chinensis= (Chinese).* _fl-heads_ dark purple. July. _l._ - ovate, coarsely toothed, stalked; stem ones sessile, cuneate at the - base. Stem hispid. Branches with single heads. _h._ 2ft. China, - 1731. See Fig. 328. - -=CALLITRIS= (probably altered from _kallistos_, most beautiful; -referring to the whole plant). ORD. _ConiferA|_. SYN. _Frenela_. -Half-hardy evergreen shrubs or small trees, with long, very -slender-jointed branches, and often very minute, scale-like, persistent -leaves. Flowers monA"cious. Fruit globular, composed of four to -six--rarely eightA---unequal, woody, valvate scales, with one or two -seeds at the base of each. All the species are somewhat tender, in -England, except in the more southern districts. They require a sandy -loam compost. Propagated by cuttings, inserted under a handlight in -autumn, and protected by a cold pit; or by seeds. - - =C. quadrivalvis= (four valved). Arar-tree; Sandarach Gum-tree. - _fl._, female catkin tetragonal, with four oval valves, each - furnished with a point, and two of which bear seeds. February to - May. _l._ flattened, articulate. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Barbary, 1815. - -=CALLIXENE.= _See_ =Luzuriaga=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 329. FLOWERS AND LEAVES OF CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS.] - -=CALLOSE.= Callous, hardened. - -=CALLOUSLY-GLANDULAR.= Having hardened glands. - -=CALLOUSLY-SERRATED.= Having hardened serratures. - -=CALLUNA= (from _kalluno_, to sweep, from the use of the plant in -brooms). Common Ling; Heather. ORD. _EricaceA|_. A small hardy spreading -shrub, very common throughout Northern and Central Europe. Corolla -campanulate, four-lobed, shorter than the calyx. For culture, _see_ -=Erica=. - - =C. vulgaris= (common).* _fl._ disposed in long, terminal, spicate - racemes. July to September. _l._ trigonal, obtuse, very short, - imbricating in four rows, having the margins revolute and the - base sagittate. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Britain. There are numerous - very ornamental varieties of this species, which are admirably - adapted for planting in borders and clumps. The white-flowered - (_alba_, _Serlii_, and _Hammondi_), flesh-coloured (_carnea_), and - double-flowered varieties (_fl.-pl._) are all well worth growing in - shrubberies; _aurea_ and _argentea_, with gold and silver coloured - shoots, are also very ornamental. The value of the common form can - scarcely be over-estimated for planting on barren hill sides or - spaces; it affords excellent shelter for game, and food for bees. - -=CALLUS.= The new formation at the end of a cutting before it puts -forth roots; when the Callus is formed, it shows that the cutting is in -a healthy state. - -=CALOCHILUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _cheilos_, a lip; referring -to the beauty of the labellum or lip). ORD. _OrchideA|_. Interesting -greenhouse terrestrial tuberous-rooted orchids, allied to _Epipactis_. -Sepals yellowish-green; lip purple, covered with rich brown hairs. For -culture, _see_ =Bletia=. - - =C. campestris= (field). _fl._ greenish and brown. April to June. - _l._ narrow, oblong, pointed. Stem leafy, slender, terete. _h._ - 9in. Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3187.) - - =C. paludosus= (marsh).* _fl._ very similar in colour to those - of _C. campestris_, but rather larger. May and June. _l._ rather - broader. _h._ 9in. Australia, 1823. (F. A. O., part 4.) - -=CALOCHORTUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _chortos_, grass; referring -to the leaves). Mariposa Lily. ORD. _LiliaceA|_. Handsome bulbous -plants. Flowers showy, on erect scapes; perianth deciduous; three -outer segments sepaloid, three inner ones much larger and broader, and -bearded on the inside. Leaves ensiform. Bulbs tunicated. These have -not, hitherto, been generally grown in the open air with much success; -but in warm localities and sheltered positions, they may be flowered -outside. A frame, in a sunny situation, is the best possible place for -their cultivation. Here they may be fully exposed to the sun and air, -during mild weather, through the winter; and, when expedient, they may -be protected from excessive moisture, as that is the primary cause of -failure, rather than cold, for they are perfectly hardy, and capable -of enduring all the frost we are likely to get. From May onwards, the -lights might be wholly removed. From the end of June to August, the -bulbs will be in bloom, when, if necessary, the flowers should be -fertilised to secure seed; and when the capsules are forming, material -assistance would be given by placing the lights on again, allowing -plenty of air. Assuming that fresh bulbs are being planted, they should -be in the soil early in the autumn, as nothing is more prejudicial -than keeping them dry through the winter. A good depth of soil should -be provided, composed of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal -proportions, in a well-drained position. The bulbs must be planted 3in. -deep, and some sand placed about them; they may be left undisturbed for -years. Of course, where no frame can be provided, they may be planted -in a well-drained, sunny position in the same soil. They are also -easily managed in pots, but it is necessary to pot in the autumn, and -keep in a frame. Through the winter, they must never be allowed to get -dry, until the leaves are withering in the autumn, when water may be -withheld. - -_Propagation._ This may be effected by seeds or offsets, and by the -tiny bulbs frequently produced on the upper portion of the stem. Sow -seeds in pans, in a cool house or frame, as soon as ripe, or in the -early part of the year, and keep the plants close to the glass during -their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Sow thinly, -so as to enable the young plants to pass a second season in the seed -pots or pans. Early in the third season, pot off and plant out singly, -encouraging them to grow freely. Propagation by offsets is the most -usual method. With liberal treatment, most of the species increase -pretty freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a -dormant state. They may be either grown in pots or pans, or planted out -in pits or frames, until they reach flowering size. During the season -of rest, it is the safest plan, with those in pots, to keep them in the -earth in which they were grown. - - =C. albus= (white).* _fl._ snow-white, with a rich blotch, bearded - and ciliated, large, globose, pendent; umbels many-flowered, on - stems from 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. high. California, 1832. This handsome - species is rare. SYN. _Cyclobothra alba_. (B. R. 1661.) - - =C. Benthami= (Bentham's).* _fl._ rich yellow; petals obtuse, - densely covered with yellow hairs; stem three to six-flowered. - July, August. _l._ linear, much elongated. _h._ 4in. to 8in. Sierra - Nevada. SYN. _C. elA"gans lutea_. - - =C. cA"ruleus= (bluish).* _fl._ lilac, more or less lined and dotted - with dark blue, the petals covered and fringed with slender hairs; - stem two to five-flowered. July. _l._ solitary, linear. _h._ 3in. - to 6in. Sierra Nevada. - - =C. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ greenish-white, purplish at base; - stems three-flowered; petals not ciliate on the margin, or - sparingly so. June. _h._ 8in. California, 1826. This is a rare - species. - - =C. e. lutea= (yellow). A synonym of _C. Benthami_. - - =C. Gunnisoni= (Gunnison's).* _fl._ light lilac, yellowish-green - below the middle, with a purple band encircling the base of the - perianth; large, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Rocky Mountains. - - =C. Leichtlinii= (Leichtlin's). A synonym of _C. Nuttallii_. - - =C. lilacinus= (lilac).* _fl._ pale pink, hairy below the middle, - 1-1/2in. across, with three segments narrow and three broad; scape - slender, leafy, bearing one to five flowers. _l._ solitary, narrow - lanceolate, radical. _h._ 6in. to 8in. California, 1868. SYN. _C. - umbellatus_. (B. M. 5804, under the name of _C. uniflorus_.) - - =C. luteus= (yellow).* _fl._ terminal, two or three together; - exterior segments of the perianth greenish; the inner yellow, - bordered with purple hairs. September. _h._ 1ft. California, 1831. - (B. R. 1567.) - - =C. l. oculatus= (eyed). _fl._ very charming bright yellow, with a - bold eye on the inside of each petal. - - =C. macrocarpus= (large-capsuled). _fl._ very large, - lavender-coloured, on stems 1ft. high. August. California, 1826. - (B. R. 1152.) - - =C. Maweanus= (Mawe's). _fl._, sepals purplish, broadly obovate - acute; petals white or bluish-purple, longer than the sepals, the - surfaces more or less covered with long purplish hairs. June, July. - _l._ glaucous, linear. Stem three to six-flowered. _h._ 6in. to - 10in. San Francisco, &c. (B. M. 5976, figured under the name of _C. - elegans_.) - - =C. Nuttallii= (Nuttall's).* _fl._ large, 2-1/2in. across; the - three smaller segments of the perianth of a greenish colour - streaked with red; the three larger segments pure white, with a - purple spot at the base on the inner surface; two or three flowers - on a stalk. June. _l._ linear, glaucous. _h._ 6in. California, - 1869. SYN. _C. Leichtlinii_. (B. M. 5862.) - - =C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl._ bright yellow, globular, - drooping; umbels three to five-flowered, on stems from 10in. to - 12in. high. Summer. California, 1832. A lovely species. (B. R. - 1662.) SYN. _Cyclobothra pulchella_. - - =C. purpureus= (purple).* _fl._, outer segments of the perianth - green and purple outside and yellow within; inner segments purple - outside and yellow within. August. _h._ 3ft. Mexico, 1827. (S. B. - F. G. ser. ii., 20.) - - =C. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._ clear lilac, large. August. _h._ - 1-1/2ft. California, 1832. (B. R. 1676.) - - =C. umbellatus= (umbelled). A synonym of _C. lilacinus_. - - =C. venustus= (charming).* _fl._ large, white, nearly 3in. in - diameter, yellow at the base, deeply stained with crimson, and - blotched on each segment with crimson. _h._ 1-1/2ft. California, - 1836. See Fig. 329. (B. R. 1669.) There are three varieties of - this species, viz., _brachysepalus_ (short-sepaled), _lilacinus_ - (lilac), and _purpureus_ (purple-flowered). - -=CALODENDRON= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _dendron_, a tree). ORD. -_RutaceA|_. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers in -terminal panicles. Leaves large, opposite, simple, crenated. It will -grow freely in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened -wood root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in gentle bottom heat. - - =C. capensis= (Cape). _fl._ flesh-coloured; pedicels compressed, - dilated under the flower; panicle trichotomously divided. Branches - opposite, or three in a whorl. _h._ 40ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1789. - This is supposed to be one of the finest trees at the Cape of Good - Hope. (G. C., 1883, xix., 217.) See Fig 330, for which we are - indebted to Mr. Bull. - -=CALODRACON.= _See_ =Cordyline=. - -=CALONYCTION.= _See_ =IpomA"a=. - -=CALOPHACA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phake_, a lentil; in -allusion to the beauty of the plant, and to its being one of the -leguminous kind). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A hardy deciduous shrub, with -axillary pedunculate racemes of yellow flowers, and impari-pinnate -leaves. This is well adapted for the front of shrubberies. It is -somewhat difficult to propagate, except by seeds, which, however, in -fine seasons, are produced in abundance. Grafted high on the common -Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular, picturesque, and -beautiful, whether covered with blossoms, or with its fine reddish pods. - - =C. wolgarica= (Volga).* _fl._ yellow. May, June. _l._, leaflets - six or seven pairs, orbicular, velvety beneath, as well as the - calyces. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1786. (W. D. B. 83.) - -=CALOPHANES= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phaino_, to appear; -alluding to the flowers). ORD. _AcanthaceA|_. A genus of about thirty -species, widely distributed, principally in the tropical regions of -both hemispheres. The best garden plant is that mentioned below; it is -an interesting hardy herbaceous perennial, excellent for growing in -borders, in loam and peat, or sandy loam soil; and may be propagated by -dividing the roots, in March. - - =C. oblongifolia= (oblong-leaved).* _fl._ blue; corolla - funnel-shaped, throat ventricose, limb bilobed, nearly equal; tube - of corolla one-half longer than the calyx; pedicels axillary. - August. _l._ opposite, oblong-spathulate, entire, acuminated. _h._ - 1ft. Florida, &c., 1832. (S. B. F. G., ser. ii., 181.) - -=CALOPHYLLUM= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phyllon_, a leaf; the -leaves are large, of a beautiful green, and elegantly veined). -ORD. _GuttiferA|_. Fine stove evergreen trees. Flowers disposed in -axillary racemes. Leaves furnished with numerous transverse, parallel -nerves. They thrive in a compost of loam, sand, and peat. Cuttings of -half-ripened shoots will root in sand, if placed under a glass, in -bottom heat. - - =C. Calaba.= Calaba-tree. _fl._ white, sweet-scented, loosely - racemose; racemes lateral, very short. _fr._ green. _l._ obovate or - oblong, obtuse or emarginate. _h._ 30ft. West Indies, &c., 1780. - - =C. inophyllum= (fibrous-leaved). _fl._ snow-white, sweet-scented, - loosely racemose; racemes axillary; peduncles one-flowered, usually - opposite. _fr._ reddish, the size of a walnut. _l._ oblong or - obovate, obtuse, but usually emarginate. Branches round. Tropics of - the Old World, 1793. A medium-sized tree. - -[Illustration: FIG. 330. CALODENDRON CAPENSIS.] - -=CALOPOGON= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _pogon_, a beard; in -reference to the fringe on the lip). ORD. _OrchideA|_. Very pretty, -hardy, tuberous-rooted orchids, admirably suited for a good shady -position at the foot of the rockwork, or for an open situation in a -hardy fernery. Propagated by offsets, taken from the tuberous roots; -but this method of increase is very uncertain. Perhaps the only species -in cultivation is the following: - - =C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl._ purple, with a very pretty pale - yellow beard or tuft of hairs growing from the lip; two or three to - a plant. Late summer. _l._ few, radical, grass-like. _h._ 1-1/2ft. - North America. 1791. SYN. _Limodorum tuberosum_. (S. B. F. G. 115.) - -=CALOSANTHES INDICA.= A synonym of _Oroxylum indicum_. - -=CALOSCORDUM= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _skorodon_, garlic). ORD. -_LiliaceA|_. A genus of half-hardy bulbs, allied to _Allium_, but now -referred to _Nothoscordum_. For culture, _see_ =Calochortus=. - - =C. nerinA|florum= (Nerine-flowered).* _fl._ rose; umbels about - twelve-flowered; spathe one-valved. June and July. _l._ narrow, - semi-terete, channelled above. _h._ 6in. Chusan, 1843. (B. R. 1847, - 5.) - -=CALOSTEMMA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _stemma_, a crown). ORD. -_AmaryllidaceA|_. Handsome greenhouse bulbous plants, natives of New -Holland. Flowers funnel-shaped, irregular; perianth with the orifice -surmounted by a corona; stamens erect, united by their dilated bases; -ovary three-celled, many-seeded. Leaves linear-lorate. - - =C. album= (white). _fl._ white. May. _l._ ovate, acute, 3in. to - 5in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad. _h._ 1ft. 1824. - - =C. luteum= (yellow). _fl._ yellow. November. _l._ strap-shaped, - narrow. _h._ 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2101.) - - =C. purpureum= (purple). _fl._ purple. November. _l._ like those of - _C. luteum_. _h._ 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2100.) - -=CALOTHAMNUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _thamnos_, a shrub; in -reference to the elegance of the shrubs, from their scarlet flowers and -terete leaves). ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers -scarlet, axillary and solitary, sessile. Leaves scattered, crowded, -terete. They require much the same culture as _Callistemon_. Cuttings -of young wood, firm at the base, will root in sand, if covered by a -hand glass, which requires to be occasionally taken off and wiped, to -prevent damp. - - =C. quadrifidus= (four-cleft). _fl._ scarlet, somewhat secund; - bundles of stamens four, distinct, equal. July. _l._ glabrous (as - well as the flowers). _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1803. (B. - M. 1506.) - - =C. villosa= (villous). _fl._ scarlet, quinquefid; bundles of - stamens equal, distinct. July to September. _l._ villous (as well - as the fruit). _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1823. (B. R. 1099.) - -=CALOTIS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _ous_, _otos_, an ear; in -reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-head). Allied -to _Bellium_. ORD. _CompositA|_. Greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous -perennials, rarely annuals, all natives of Australia. Receptacle naked; -involucre nearly equal, many-leaved, in a single or double row. They -may be grown successfully in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by -divisions of the root. - - =C. cuneifolia= (wedge-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ blue, solitary, - terminal. July and August. _l._ cuneate, cut, toothed at end. _h._ - 1ft. 1819. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. (B. R. 504.) - -=CALOTROPIS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _tropis_, a keel; literally -"beautifully twisted," apparently in reference to the corolla of _C. -gigantea_). ORD. _AsclepiadeA|_. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs, -or small trees. The three species bear large handsome flowers, in -interpetiolar umbels. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, sand, and -peat. Young cuttings, thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, strike root -freely under a hand glass, in heat. Care must be taken that they do not -receive an excess of moisture, or they will rot. - - =C. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ very handsome, a mixture of - rose and purple; corona shorter than the gynostegium, obtuse, - circinately recurved at the base; umbels sometimes, though rarely, - compound, surrounded by several involucral scales. July. _l._ - decussate, broad, wedge-shaped, bearded on the upper side at the - base, woolly-downy on the under side, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to - 3in. broad. _h._ 6ft. to 15ft. India, &c., 1690. (B. R. i. 58.) - - =C. procera= (tall). _fl._ white; petals spreading, marked at the - top by a purple spot. July. _l._ obovate-oblong, on short petioles, - whitish from wool. _h._ 6ft. Persia, 1714. (B. R. 1792.) - -=CALPICARPUM.= _See_ =Kopsia=. - -=CALPIDIA.= A synonym of =Pisonia= (which _see_). - -=CALTHA= (a syncope of _kalathos_, a goblet; in allusion to the form of -the perianth, which may be likened to a golden cup). Marsh Marigold. -ORD. _RanunculaceA|_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture on -the margin of a piece of water, or in a marshy bog, or in the ordinary -border, where their showy blossoms look very brilliant. Propagation is -readily effected by dividing the roots, in early spring, or in summer -after flowering. - - =C. leptosepala= (slender-sepaled).* _fl._ pure white, one to - two upon erect, scape-like peduncles. May, June. _l._ radical, - cordate, the margins nearly entire, or sometimes crenate. _h._ 1ft. - Northwestern America, 1827. (H. F. B. A. 1, 10.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 331. CALTHA PALUSTRIS MONSTROSA PLENA.] - - =C. palustris= (marsh).* _fl._ golden-coloured, large; - peduncles furrowed. Spring. _l._ cordate, somewhat orbicular, - roundly-crenate, with rounded auricles. Stems dichotomous, erect. - _h._ 1ft. Great Britain. (Sy. En. B. 40.) The double forms of - this species, under the names of _nana plena_ and _monstrosa - plena_ (see Fig. 331) are excellent plants, and, though growing - best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appropriate - for rough scenery, they, like the type, do very well in ordinary - well-enriched soil. A variety named _purpurascens_, from Southern - Europe, is also showy, more erect, and branching; the shoots and - pedicels purplish. - - =C. p. biflora= (two-flowered). A twin-flowered variety of _C. - palustris_. North America, 1827. This is not quite so tall as the - type, and the flowers are rather larger. - - =C. p. parnassifolia= (Parnassia-leaved). _fl._ yellow, on - few-flowered peduncles. April, May. _l._ cordate-ovate, crenated. - _h._ 3in. to 4in. North America, 1815. - - =C. radicans= (rooting).* _fl._ bright yellow, several in small - cyme. April, May. _l._ reniform-cordate, sharply crenate-serrate, - spreading. _h._ 6in. Scotland. (Sy. En. B. 41.) - -=CALTROPS.= _See_ =Tribulus=. - -=CALTROPS, WATER.= _See_ =Trapa natans=. - -=CALUMBA, FALSE.= _See_ =Coscinium fenestratum=. - -=CALUMBA ROOT.= _See_ =Jateorrhiza Calumba=. - -=CALUMBA WOOD.= _See_ _Coscinium fenestratum_. - -=CALYCANTHACEA†.= A natural order of shrubs, with square stems, having -four woody axes surrounding the central one. Flowers solitary, lurid; -calyx of numerous coloured sepals compounded with the petals. Leaves -opposite, entire, exstipulate. The two genera known are _Calycanthus_ -and _Chimonanthus_. - -=CALYCANTHUS= (from _kalyx_, _kalykos_, a calyx, and _anthos_, a -flower; in reference to the calyx being coloured, and appearing -like a corolla). Allspice. ORD. _CalycanthaceA|_. A genus of hardy, -deciduous, North American shrubs. Flowers lurid purple, axillary, and -terminal, stalked, sweet-scented; stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, -oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire, generally rough on the surface; -sweet-scented. All are handsome and well worth growing. They thrive -best in a peaty compost, but grow freely in almost any soil. Increased -by layers, put down in the summer; or by seed, sown as soon as ripe, or -in spring, in a cold frame. - - =C. floridus= (Floridan).* Carolina Allspice. _fl._ with a sweet - apple scent. May. _l._ ovate, downy beneath, as well as the - branchlets. Branches spreading. Wood and roots smelling strongly - of camphor. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. See Fig. 332. (B. M. - 503.) There are several varieties of this species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 332. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS.] - - =C. glaucus= (glaucous).* _fl._ lurid purple, not strongly scented. - May. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glaucous and pubescent - beneath. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. SYN. _C. fertilis_. (B. - R. 404.) _C. oblongifolius_ is a variety with ovate-lanceolate - elongated leaves. - -[Illustration: FIG. 333. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CALYCANTHUS LA†VIGATUS.] - - =C. lA|vigatus= (smooth-leaved).* _fl._ lurid purple. May. _l._ - oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green, - and glabrous, or nearly so, on both sides, or rather pale - beneath. Branches strictly erect. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. Mountains of - Pennsylvania, &c., 1806. See Fig. 333. (B. R. 481.) - - =C. macrophyllus= (large-leaved). A garden synonym of _C. - occidentalis_. - - =C. occidentalis= (Western).* _fl._ brick-red, sweet-scented, 3in. - to 4in. across, each petal about 2in. long and 1/2in. broad. June - to October. _l._ oblong or ovate-cordate, acuminate, slightly - pubescent on the veins only beneath. _h._ 6ft. to 12ft. California, - 1831. In California, this is called the Sweet-scented Shrub. SYN. - _C. macrophyllus_, of gardens. (B. M. 4808.) - -=CALYCIFLORA†.= A sub-division of dicotyledonous plants, having the -stamens inserted on the calyx or disk. - -=CALYCIFORM.= Formed like a calyx. - -=CALYCINE.= Of, or belonging to, the calyx. - -=CALYCOPHYLLUM= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _phyllon_, a leaf; in -allusion to one of the teeth of the calyx being expanded into a large -petiolate coloured leaf). ORD. _RubiaceA|_. Stove evergreen shrubs, -requiring a compost of loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. -Cuttings of half ripe shoots will root in sand if placed under a bell -glass, in bottom heat. - - =C. candidissimum= (whitest).* _fl._, corolla white, campanulate, - with a bearded throat, three together, the middle one bearing a - petiolate leaf, but the two lateral ones naked; corymbs terminal. - _l._ ovate, bluntly acuminated, 2in. to 3in. long. _h._ 30ft. Cuba, - 1830. - -=CALYCOTOME= (from _kalyx_, _kalykos_, calyx, and _tome_, a section; -lips of calyx fall off). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A small genus of hardy, -divaricately-branched, spiny shrubs, formerly included as a section of -_Cytisus_. Flowers yellow, disposed in short branched leafy fasicles. -For culture, _see_ =Cytisus=. - - =C. spinosa= (spiny). _fl._ yellow. June and July. _l._, leaflets - obovate-oblong. Branches angular, spiny. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Genoa, - Corsica, &c., 1846. (B. R. 55.) - -=CALYCULATE.= Having bracts so placed as to resemble an external or -additional calyx. - -=CALYMMODON.= _See_ =Polypodium=. - -=CALYPSO= (from the beautiful nymph, _Calypso_, or from Greek -_kalypto_, to conceal; in reference to its place of growth). ORD. -_OrchideA|_. An elegant terrestrial monotypic genus. It thrives well in -half-shady spots on the margins of a rock garden or artificial bog, in -a light, moist, vegetable soil, composed of peat, leaf soil, and sand, -mulched with cocoa-nut fibre refuse in winter. Propagated by offsets. - - =C. borealis= (Northern).* _fl._ solitary, delicate rose and brown, - with a yellow crest on the lip; labellum longer than the sepals, - the lateral lobes cohering in their upper part over the saccate - central one, which is usually bifid at the tip, resembling those of - a Cypripedium. Summer. _l._ solitary, thin, many-nerved, ovate or - cordate. Stems usually thickening into pseudo-bulbs. _h._ 1ft. High - latitudes of Northern hemisphere, 1820. (B. M. 2763.) - -=CALYPTRA.= Literally an extinguisher; applied to the hood which covers -the theca in mosses. - -=CALYPTRANTHES= (from _kalyptra_, a covering, and _anthos_, a flower; -in allusion to the operculum of the flower). ORD. _MyrtaceA|_. -Strong-growing stove evergreen shrubs or small trees. Peduncles -axillary, many-flowered. Leaves feather-veined. They are of easy -culture, in a compost of loam and peat, and may be propagated by -layers, or by cuttings, placed in heat. - - =C. Chytraculia= (Chytraculia). _fl._ white, small, glomerate; - peduncles axillary and terminal, trichotomous, panicled, and are, - as well as the flowers, clothed with rufous velvety down. March. - _l._ ovate, attenuated at the apex, stiffish, glabrous. _h._ 10ft. - Jamaica, 1778. (N. S. 1, 26.) - - =C. Syzygium= (Syzygium). _fl._ white, on short pedicels; peduncles - axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered. May to July. _l._ ovate, - obtuse, stiff. _h._ 10ft. to 12ft. Jamaica, 1779. - -=CALYPTRARIA.= _See_ =Centronia=. - -=CALYPTRATE.= Resembling an extinguisher. - -=CALYPTRIFORM.= Shaped like an extinguisher. - -=CALYPTRION.= _See_ =Corynostylis=. - -=CALYPTROCALYX= (from _kalyptra_, an extinguisher, and _kalyx_, a -calyx, in allusion to the form of the outer perianth segments). -ORD. _PalmeA|_. A monotypic genus of stove palms. For culture, _see_ -=Calamus=. - - =C. spicatus= (spiked). _fl._, spadices elongated, spicate, leafy - at base; spathe opening longitudinally. _l._ terminal, pinnatisect; - segments reduplicate, linear, acuminate, bifid at the apex; petiole - fibrous at the base. Caudex finally smooth. _h._ 12ft. Moluccas. - SYNS. _Areca_ and _Pinanga globosa_. - -=CALYPTROGYNE= (from _kalyptra_, an extinguisher, and _gyne_, a -woman--pistil--in allusion to the form of the pistil). Including -_Calyptronoma_. ORD. _PalmeA|_. A small genus comprising five species of -handsome stove palms, allied to _Geonoma_ (which _see_ for cultivation). - - =C. Ghiesbreghtiana= (Ghiesbreght's). _fl._, peduncles erect, - overtopping the leaves, bearing a single cylindrical, undivided - spadix, 9in. to 12in. in length. _l._ pinnate, 2ft. to 5ft. - long; pinnA| opposite or alternate, sessile, of unequal breadth, - the narrower ones one to two-nerved, the broader ones six to - ten-nerved, usually from six to twelve on each side of the rachis; - the intervals between the pinnA| vary from 1in. to 2in.; petiole - broadly sheathing at the base, from a few inches to 1-1/2ft. - long. Stem short or absent. Mexico. A very elegant dwarf-growing - species. SYNS. _Geonoma Ghiesbreghtiana_, _G. magnifica_ and _G. - Verschaffeltii_. (B. M. 5782.) - - =C. spicigera= (ear-bearing). _l._ irregularly pinnate, 2ft. to - 3ft. long, 1ft. broad, deeply bifid at apex, rich bright green; - petioles short, sheathing at the base, flat on the upper side, - rounded below. Stems stout. _h._ 5ft. Guatemala. A very elegant - species. - - =C. Swartzii= (Swartz's). _l._ equally pinnatisect; pinnA| deeply - reduplicate at the base, bifid at the top. Trunk smooth. _h._ 50ft. - to 60ft. Jamaica, 1878. A handsome plant when young, and useful for - general decorative purposes. SYN. _Calyptronoma Swartzii_. - -=CALYPTRONOMA SWARTZII.= _See_ =Calyptrogyne Swartzii=. - -=CALYSTEGIA= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _stege_, a covering; in -reference to the two large persistent bracts enclosing the calyx). -Bearbind. ORD. _ConvolvulaceA|_. Hardy, glabrous, twining or prostrate -herbs. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered; corolla campanulate, -five-plicate. All the species are of easy cultivation in common garden -soil. Propagation may be effected by dividing the plants; or by seeds, -sown in spring. - - =C. dahurica= (Dahurian).* _fl._, corolla of a rosy-purple; - sepals lanceolate, acute, the two outer ones broadest; peduncles - tetragonal, tomentose; bracts broad-ovate, acute, longer than the - calyx. July. _l._ glabrous or hairy, oblong-cordate, having the - margins and nerves on the under side tomentose. Dahuria, 1826. (B. - M. 2609.) - - =C. inflata= (inflated). Synonymous with _C. sepium incarnata_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 334. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CALYSTEGIA PUBESCENS -FLORE-PLENO.] - - =C. pubescens flore-pleno= (downy, double-flowered).* _fl._ 2in. to - 3in. across; petals long, narrow, wavy, and reflexed, flesh-colour, - but ultimately bright rose; pedicels 2-1/2in. to 3-1/2in. long. - Summer and autumn. _l._ alternate, hastate, downy. China, 1844. See - Fig. 334. - - =C. sepium= (hedge). Common Bindweed. _fl._ white, sometimes tinged - with red; peduncles tetragonal, exceeding the petioles; bracts - cordate, keeled, acute, longer than the calyx, but one-half shorter - than the corolla. Summer. _l._ sagittate or cordate, very acute; - hind lobes obtuse, or truncate, entire. Britain. A very troublesome - weed. (Sy. En. B. 924.) There is a variety named _incarnata_, with - rose-coloured flowers. North America. SYN. _C. inflata_. (B. M. - 732.) - - =C. Soldanella= (Soldanella-like).* Sea Bells. _fl._ pale red, with - five longitudinal, yellowish plaits, large; peduncles angular, - angles winged; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally - shorter than the calyx. June. _l._ rather fleshy, reniform, entire - or a little angular. Sea-shores, Britain. This pretty species can - only be grown with success in a very sandy soil. (Sy. En. B. 925.) - -=CALYTHRIX= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _thrix_, a hair; in reference -to the lobes of the calyx, which each end in a long hair). ORD. -_MyrtaceA|_. A genus of very pretty and interesting greenhouse -Heath-like shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers small; bracteoles -two under each flower; they are either free or joined together at the -base, sometimes in the form of an operculum. Leaves scattered, crowded, -opposite, full of dots, axillary, solitary, almost sessile. They grow -well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, with good drainage and firm -potting. Cuttings, made from young shoots, will root in April or May, -if placed in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house. - - =C. ericoides= (Heath-like). A synonym of _C. tetragona_. - - =C. glabra= (glabrous). A synonym of _C. tetragona_. - - =C. tetragona= (tetragonal).* _fl._ white; bracts one-half shorter - than the tube of the calyx. _l._ scattered, petiolate, glabrous; - stipules deciduous. _h._ 2ft. 1825. SYNS. _C. ericoides_, _C. - glabra_. (B. R. 409.) - - _C. angulata_, _aurea_, and _breviseta_ are other species which - have been introduced, but are not worth house room when that - described above is grown. - -=CALYX.= The external whorl of floral leaves. - -=CAMARIDIUM= (from _kamara_, an arched roof; in reference to the arched -tip of the stigma). ORD. _OrchideA|_. A pretty stove orchid, allied to -_Cymbidium_. It thrives best if grown in a shallow basket, or raised -above the surface of the pots with sphagnum and broken pots. - - =C. ochroleucum= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ yellowish-white. July. - _l._ ligulate. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, compressed, smooth. _h._ 1ft. - Trinidad, 1823. SYN. _Cymbidium ochroleucum_. (B. M. 4141.) - -=CAMAROTIS.= _See_ =Sarcochilus=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 335. CAMASSIA ESCULENTA.] - -=CAMASSIA= (from _Quamash_, so called by the North American Indians, -who eat the bulbs). SYN. _Sitocodium_. ORD. _LiliaceA|_. A small genus -(two species) of handsome bulbous plants. Perianth of six segments, -slightly connected at base, and spreading out horizontally, but not -equally. Leaves narrow, about 1ft. long, grooved down the inside. -They thrive best in a sheltered, partially-shaded situation, but will -do fairly well in almost any ordinary good garden soil. A compost of -loam and leaf mould, with a liberal mixture of sharp sand, suits them -best. They need not be disturbed for several years; but a top-dressing -of rich soil or well-rotted manure may be given yearly. Propagated by -offsets and seeds. The plants are so hardy that they ripen seeds in -warm situations. These may be sown as soon as ripe, or the following -spring, either in a warm situation out of doors, or in pots or boxes, -under glass. The young plants make rapid progress, and should remain -for at least two years in the seed beds. The best time for final -transplanting is in February. Offsets are produced very freely, -and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just -previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or -lines, placing a little sand about them. - - =C. esculenta= (edible).* Camash or Quamash. _fl._ blue, about - 2in. across; racemes loose, ten to twenty-flowered, borne on - stout scapes; perianth six-cleft, the five upper segments close - together, the sixth standing by itself. Summer. _l._ linear, about - 1ft. high. Columbia, &c., 1837. The colour of the flowers varies - from a deep blue to nearly white. See Fig. 335. (B. R. 1486.) The - white-flowered form is figured in B. M. 2774, under the name of - _Scilla esculenta flore albo_. - - =C. e. Leichtlini= (Leichtlin's).* _fl._ creamy-white, larger than - those of the type, with more numerous nerves in the keel of the - segments of the perianth; racemes longer, and sometimes compound. - Spring. _h._ 2ft. Columbia, 1853. This also differs from the type - in its more robust habit and broader leaves. SYN. _Chlorogalum - Leichtlini_. (B. M. 6287.) - - =C. Fraseri= (Fraser's).* _fl._ pale blue, smaller than those of - _C. esculenta_; pedicels and scape much more slender. _l._ narrow, - acute; capsule more acutely angled. _h._ 1ft. Eastern States of - North America. A smaller and more slender plant. (B. M. 1574, as - _Scilla esculenta_.) - -=CAMBESSEDESIA= (named after James Cambessedes, coadjutor of Auguste -St. Hilaire, in his "Flora BrasiliA| Meridionalis," and author of -several botanical memoirs). ORD. _MelastomaceA|_. A genus of elegant, -erect, or ascending, dichotomously branched stove shrubs or herbaceous -plants. Flowers terminal and axillary, in paniculate cymes; petals -five, obovate; calyx bell-shaped. Leaves sessile, opposite or -verticillate, obovate, oblong or linear. They thrive best in a compost -of peat and sand. Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root -freely in a similar mixture, if placed in heat and under a hand glass. -There are about eight species known to science, but probably that -mentioned below is the only one in cultivation. - - =C. paraguayensis= (Paraguay). _fl._ rose-red, 2/3in. in diameter, - in terminal corymbose, glandular, hairy panicles. July. _l._ nearly - 1in. long, sessile, ovate, acute, three-nerved, pale green, with - entire ciliate margins. Stem annual, herbaceous, leafy. _h._ 10in. - to 18in. 1880. (B. M. 6604.) - -=CAMBIUM.= The formative fluid found between the bark and wood of -Exogens, in spring. - -=CAMBUY FRUIT.= _See_ =Eugenia=. - -=CAMELLIA= (named in honour of George Joseph Camellus or Kamel, a -Moravian Jesuit and traveller in Asia, who wrote a history of the -plants of the Isle of Luzon, which is inserted in the third vol. of -John Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). Japanese Rose. Including _Thea._ -ORD. _TernstrA"miaceA|_. A genus of elegant hardy or nearly hardy -evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers large; sepals five or six, gradually -passing from bracts into petals, the latter slightly cohering at the -base; stamens numerous. Leaves coriaceous. By close attention to a -few particulars in the management of these beautiful plants, much -disappointment may be avoided, and a succession of flowers obtained -from October till the following July. The fact of the buds frequently -dropping off, deters many would-be growers from attempting the culture -of the Camellia. Dryness of the atmosphere, and want of water at the -roots, are generally the primary causes of failure; the remedy for -these evils rests with the cultivator. The roots are apt to get -matted together, compressing the earth around them into a hard ball, -impervious to water; hence attention is necessary to see that the -water poured into the pot thoroughly moistens all the soil. In order -to form handsome plants, they should be trained with single stems to -rods, and pruned, so as to make them throw out side branches from -every part of the stem; they must not be placed too close to each -other on the stage, or when planted out. A liberal supply of water -is always necessary, but especially so during the flowering period. -Plants that are required to flower early may remain in the warm house -till they commence to blossom, when they should be removed to a cold -place, such as the back of a greenhouse, giving them plenty of light. -Those kept in a hothouse or vinery during summer, will flower in the -beginning or middle of October; and a large plant, having from fifty to -one hundred buds, will continue in flower till the month of January. -Those that are removed early, will blossom in January, and so succeed -the others. The plants that have finished flowering should be brought -back to the hothouse, where they will begin to make new wood, and be -ready to come in succession next season. By thus shifting the plants -from a warm to a cold situation, a regular succession will be secured -from October to July. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and in -the summer months the leaves occasionally syringed. Camellias flower -best when kept in small pots or tubs. In order to raise and exhibit -these handsome plants to the best advantage, they should be grown in -a separate house, of ample height, as they never look so well as when -6ft. or 8ft. high, trained in a conical form, with branches from the -root upwards; and the plants should be raised near to the glass on a -movable stage, which should be lowered as they grow. In summer, they -may either be placed in the open air in a sheltered spot, or the glass -roof of the house can be taken off. The hardier sorts, such as the -Double-red, Blush, and PA|ony-flowered, succeed in the bed or border of -a conservatory, if the roof can be taken off in summer, so as to admit -air. If this cannot be managed, they are better grown in portable pots -or boxes. The most suitable time for shifting Camellias is directly -after flowering; they should then be put into a vinery or hothouse, -where there is a little heat; or the warmest part of a greenhouse. -They will soon begin to make new wood, where they should be allowed to -remain, amply supplied with water, till they form their flower buds, -at the extremity and sides of the young growth. A few should then be -removed to a cold place, and shaded during strong sunshine. In a few -weeks afterwards, others may also be transferred, so as to have a -regular succession of flowering plants. - -_Propagation._ The red Camellias are generally propagated by layers, -but cuttings will also succeed; the single red Camellia being raised by -either cuttings, layers, or seeds. This latter forms suitable stocks -on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the -preceding summer should be taken off in August, cutting them smoothly -at a joint or bud. Two or three of the lower leaves should be taken -off, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. Some -growers use peat earth and sand to strike in, while others prefer a -loam mixed with sand and peat. The pans containing the cuttings should -be kept in a plant or cold frame, without being covered with glasses, -but shaded during powerful sunshine. In the following spring, such as -have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle -heat. The following September or October, the rooted plants will be -fit to pot off, and in the second or third spring they may be used -as stocks. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as -growth commences. When this process is completed, care must be taken -to fix the pot containing the stock so that it may not be disturbed -during the connection of the scion with the parent plant. The grafting -being clayed over, is then covered with moss, to prevent its cracking. -When independent grafting is resorted to, the mode called "side -grafting" is generally employed, as in the case of Orange-trees; but -the operation of tongueing is generally omitted, as tending to weaken -the stock. Liquid or other manure is not required; nor is it desirable -to apply it, as it often, sooner or later, causes the destruction of -the plants. As a rule, insects do not trouble this class of plants; but -scale will sometimes appear, and can easily be removed by hand. Thrips -occasionally put in an appearance, but a little smoke will quickly get -rid of them. - - =C. euryoides= (Eurya-like). _fl._ white; peduncles lateral, - one-flowered, scaly. May to July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, - serrated, silky beneath. Branches hairy. _h._ 4ft. China, 1822. (B. - R. 983.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 336. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA.] - - =C. japonica= (Japanese).* Common Camellia. _fl._ variously - coloured, axillary, sessile. _l._ ovate, acuminate, acutely - serrated. _h._ 20ft. Japan and China, 1739. The innumerable hybrids - are chiefly the offspring of this species. See Fig. 336. - -[Illustration: FIG. 337. FLOWER OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA ANEMONA†FLORA.] - - =C. j. anemonA|flora= (Anemone-flowered). All, or nearly all, the - stamens, &c., in this variety are transformed into small petaloid - bodies, and the flower has the general aspect of a double Anemone. - See Fig. 337. (B. M. 1654.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 338. FLOWER OF CAMELLIA OLEIFERA.] - - =C. oleifera= (oil-yielding).* _fl._ white, very numerous, - fragrant, solitary. November. _l._ elliptic-oblong, acute, - serrated, coriaceous, shining. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See - Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.) - - =C. reticulata= (netted-leaved). _fl._ bright rose, large, - semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated. - _h._ 10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full - double flowers. - - =C. theifera= (Tea-bearing). _fl._ white, spreading, of five - sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring. _l._ - elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as - broad, dark green. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780. - This species varies very considerably. In different countries, - it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas, - formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained - from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes. - -Less-known species are: _drupifera_, _lanceolata_, _rosA|flora_, and -_Sasanqua_. - -The true species are rarely seen in cultivation. The following is a -selection of the best forms of _C. japonica_; the list is a limited -one, and is capable of great extension: - - ALBA PLENA,* double white; ARCHIDUCHESSE AUGUSTA, petals deep red, - veined with blue, a white band; ARCHIDUCHESSE MARIE,* flowers - bright red, banded with white, imbricated; AUGUSTE DELFOSSE, bright - reddish-orange, stripes down the centre of petals; AUGUSTINA - SUPERBA,* flowers clear rose, free bloomer; BEALII ROSEA, one of - the best and latest deep crimson varieties known; BICOLOR DE LA - REINE, white and rose; BONOMIANA,* ground colour white, banded - with intense deep red; CARYOPHYLLOIDES,* white, marbled with - rosy-carmine, flowers very large; CHANDLERII ELEGANS,* flowers - large, light rose; COMTE DE GOMER,* petals soft rose, striped - with crimson, beautifully imbricated; COMTE DE PARIS, rich pink, - large and full; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI, pure white, broadly flamed - with rosy-cerise; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI ROSEA, flowers rich - rosy-red, fine form, a superb variety; CORRADINO, rose, veined - with salmon, centre delicate blush pink; COUNTESS OF DERBY,* - beautifully imbricated, white, striped with rose; COUNTESS OF - ELLESMERE,* colour varying from pure white to flesh, streaked with - carnation; COUNTESS OF ORKNEY, pure white, striped with carmine, - sometimes pink, shaded with deep rose; CUP OF BEAUTY,* pure white - and rose, a beautifully imbricated flower; DAVID BOSCHI, clear - pink, shaded with deep rose; DE LA REINE, petals white, striped - with carmine; DONCKELAARII,* large flowers, semi-double, rich - crimson, marbled white; DUCHESSE DE NASSAU,* flowers light pink, - very large, and of superb form; DUCHESS OF BERRY, pure white, and - cupped, beautifully imbricated, one of the most beautiful of all - the double whites; EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, large crimson; FANNY BOLIS, - white, striped and splashed with deep crimson; FIMBRIATA ALBA,* - similar to _Alba plena_, outer petals notched at the edges; GENERAL - CIALDINI, beautifully imbricated, bright carmine, flaked with red; - HENRI FAVRE, flowers rosy-salmon, finely imbricated; HOVEY, C. - H.,* bright crimson, well imbricated; HOVEY, C. M.,* deep velvety - crimson, darkly shaded, very distinct; HOVEY, MRS.,* delicate pink, - very smooth in outline, medium size; IL CYGNO, flowers pure white, - petals Ranunculi-formed and imbricated; IL 22 MARZO, clear rose, - the petals sometimes banded with white; IMBRICATA, deep carmine, - occasionally variegated; JARDIN D'HIVER, a fine variety, flowers - beautifully imbricated, colour bright rose; JEFFERSONII, fine - crimson; JENNY LIND,* flowers imbricated to the extreme centre, - broad, and of good substance, white, striped and marbled with - rose; JUBILEE,* flowers very large, with broad, round, imbricated - petals, white, marbled with rose, centre pure white; LADY HUME'S - BLUSH,* flowers flesh-colour, and of excellent form; LA MAESTOSA, - rose, mottled with white; LEEANA SUPERBA, flowers salmon-red, very - fine; LEON LEGUAY, rich crimson; MADAME AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT,* - white, shaded with blush, and dotted with red; MADAME LEBOIS, - bright rose, finely imbricated, and of good form; MATHOTIANA,* - flowers brilliant red, and beautifully imbricated, extra fine; - MATHOTIANA ALBA, flowers large, finely imbricated to the centre, - pure white; MONTIRONI,* a fine pure white flower; MRS. ABBEY - WILDER, ivory-white, striped with rose, well imbricated; MRS. - COPE,* white, delicately shaded with pink, and striped with rose; - MRS. DOMBRAIN,* shape and substance excellent, colour beautiful - soft pink; NAPOLEON III., flowers rose, beautifully veined with - deep rose, and edged with pure white; PRINCE ALBERT, white, - beautifully flaked with carmine; PRINCESS BACCIOCCHI,* rich velvety - carmine; PRINCESS FREDERICK WILLIAM,* flowers white, tipped with - bright carmine; QUEEN OF ROSES, flowers delicate rose; REINE DES - BEAUTA%S,* very delicate clear rose, fine form, extra fine variety; - REINE DES FLEURS,* finely imbricated, petals of good substance - and perfect symmetry, colour vermilion-red, flaked occasionally - with white; RUBENS, deep rose-white stripes; SACCOIANA,* a finely - imbricated flower, colour very variable, occasionally clear rose, - at other times spotted with pure white; SARAH FROST, flowers - bright red; STORYI, outer petals bright rose, centre almost white; - TARGIONI, flowers beautifully imbricated, pure white, striped with - cerise; TEUTONIA, flowers sometimes red, at other times white, - but occasionally half red and half white; THOMAS MOORE,* flowers - 4-1/2in. across, perfectly round, and well imbricated, petals also - round, and well filled up in the centre, colour rich carmine, - shaded with crimson; TRICOLOR DE MATHOT, flowers red, marbled with - white, semidouble; TRICOLOR IMBRICATA PLENA, blush white, flaked - with carmine and rose; VALTEVAREDA, colour bright rose, often - spotted with snowy white; WILDERII,* soft rose, of excellent form. - -[Illustration: - - 1. C. lactiflora. - 2. C. rotundifolia Hostii. - 3. C. carpathica turbinata. - 4. C. carpathica alba. - -FIG. 339. GROUP OF CAMPANULAS.] - -=CAMOENSIA= (named in honour of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portuguese -poet). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A genus containing a couple of handsome -species. _C. maxima_ is the largest-flowered leguminous plant known. It -thrives well in rich loam and leaf mould. Cuttings root in sandy loam, -in bottom heat, if placed under a bell glass. It has not yet flowered -in this country. The other species has not been introduced. - - =C. maxima= (greatest).* _fl._ cream-colour, yellow, 1ft. long, in - short axillary racemes. Angola, 1878. (T. L. S. 25, 36.) - -=CAMOMILE.= _See_ =Chamomile=. - -=CAMPANEA= (from _campana_, a bell; alluding to the shape of the -flowers). ORD. _GesneraceA|_. Stove herbaceous climbing perennials, the -only one at present introduced being _C. grandiflora_. For cultivation, -_see_ =Gesnera=. - - =C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ in axillary tufts, - at ends of long, axillary, and terminal peduncles; corolla - white, lined and dotted with crimson. June. _l._ opposite, oval, - acuminated, oblique, soft, crenated, stalked. Plant hairy. _h._ - 2ft. Santa FA(C), 1848. (R. H. 1849, 241.) - -=CAMPANULA= (diminutive of _campana_, a bell; in reference to the shape -of the flowers). Bell-flower; Slipperwort. ORD. _CampanulaceA|_. A genus -of mostly perennial--rarely annual or biennial--herbs. Flowers blue or -white, for the most part pedunculate, usually racemose, rarely spicate -or glomerate. Radical leaves usually different in form from the cauline -ones, especially in size. All the species of this genus are elegant -when in flower (see Fig. 339), and are very largely grown. The dwarf -varieties make excellent subjects for pot culture, rockeries, or the -fronts of borders. A rather rich sandy loam, with plenty of drainage, -suits these plants. The forms of _C. pyramidalis_ may be kept in cold -frames during the winter, and firmly repotted in summer, the crown -of the plant being kept just a trifle raised above the soil, or they -are at times liable to damp off, through the water lodging around the -necks. During hot weather, the pots should be plunged in a bed of -ashes. Campanulas are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in -spring. - -_General Culture._ As a rule, few plants are so easily cultivated as -these. The strong-growing kinds may be grown with the greatest success -in ordinary garden soil, well enriched with manure, while the alpine -kinds are easily managed on the rockery. Sow seeds of the annuals -in April, and of the biennials in June, in the open, or in a cold -frame. The perennials are chiefly propagated by dividing the roots, -or by young cuttings, in spring--the latter is by far the best method -of propagation with many of the species--or by seeds. Those kinds -requiring special treatment are particularised, and those suitable -to the rockery are so designated. Perennials, except where otherwise -mentioned. - - =C. Adami= (Adam's). _fl._ bluish, nearly erect, one on the top of - each stem; corolla funnel-shaped. July. _l._ slightly ciliated; - radical ones on long petioles, cuneate-spathulate, coarsely toothed - at the apex; cauline ones sessile, obovate or linear. _h._ 6in. - Caucasus, 1821. Alpine. - - =C. Allionii= (Allioni's).* _fl._ usually blue, rarely white, - subnutant, large, solitary. July to September. _l._, radical ones - linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ciliated; lower ones rosulate, - bluntish. Stem rather pilose. Root creeping. _h._ 3in. to 4in. - Piedmontese Alps, &c., 1820. A little gem, requiring a well-drained - position, in rich sandy loam, with plenty of grit in it, and an - abundance of moisture when growing. SYNS. _C. alpestris_ and _C. - nana_. (B. M. 6588.) - - =C. alpestris= (rocky). A synonym of _C. Allionii_. - - =C. alpina= (alpine).* _fl._ deep blue, few or numerous, - scattered in a pyramidal manner along the whole stem. July. _l._ - linear-lanceolate, repandly-crenate, woolly; radical ones crowded, - narrowed at the base. Stem glabrous or woolly. _h._ 3in. to 9in. - Europe, 1779. Rockery. (B. M. 957.) - - =C. americana= (American). _fl._ erect, one to three from the axil - of each bract; corollas blue, a little longer than the calycine - lobes. July. _l._, radical ones rosulate, ovate, acute, a little - cordate, petiolate, serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, - acuminated at both ends, serrulated. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. North - America, 1763. Borders. - - =C. barbata= (bearded).* _fl._ nutant, disposed in a loose, often - secund raceme; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the axils of - the superior leaves; corolla pale blue or white (in the variety - _alba_), glabrous outside, but woolly in the mouth. June. _l._ - villous, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, lanceolate; cauline - ones few, ligulate. _h._ 6in. to 18in. European Alps, 1752. This is - best grown on the rockery. The white variety is very handsome. (B. - M. 1258.) - - =C. Barrelierii= (Barrelier's). A synonym of _C. fragilis_. - - =C. betonicA|folia= (Betony-leaved).* _fl._ terminal and axillary, - the branchlets usually bearing three; corollas purplish-blue, with - a pale yellow base, tubular. May. _l._ elliptic-oblong or ovate, - acute, crenate-toothed; radical ones shortly petiolate. Stems much - branched. Plant pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Mount Olympus in Bithynia, - 1820. Borders. (S. F. G. 210.) - - =C. bononiensis= (Bononian).* _fl._ bluish-violet, rather small, - numerous, disposed in long racemes. July. _l._ serrulated, ovate, - acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; radical ones cordate, - petiolate; upper ones stem-clasping. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe, - 1773. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety. - - =C. cA|spitosa= (tufted).* _fl._ drooping, terminal, solitary, and - sometimes three to four at the top of each stem; corollas deep blue - or pure white (in the variety _alba_). May to August. _l._, radical - ones crowded, on short petioles, ovate, glandularly toothed, - shining. Stems numerous, tufted. Root fibrous, creeping. _h._ 4in. - to 6in. Temperate parts of Europe, 1813. Rockery, delighting in - rich fibrous loam and leaf mould. - -[Illustration: FIG. 340. FLOWERING STEM OF CAMPANULA CARPATHICA.] - - =C. carpathica= (Carpathian).* _fl._ blue, broadly campanulate, - disposed in loose panicles, on long peduncles, which are elongated, - naked, and terminated by an erect flower. June to August. _l._, - lower ones on long petioles, ovate-roundish, cordate, toothed; - upper ones on short petioles, ovate, acute. Stems leafy, branched. - _h._ 9in. Transylvania, 1774. Borders or rockery. See Fig. 340. (B. - M. 117.) - - =C. c. alba= (white).* _fl._ quite white, otherwise like the type. - See Fig. 339. - -[Illustration: FIG. 341. CAMPANULA CARPATHICA PELVIFORMIS.] - - =C. c. pelviformis= (pelvis-formed).* _fl._ lilac, nearly 2in. - across, numerously produced in lax panicles on much-branched stems, - 9in. to 18in. high; fragrant. August. _l._ ovate, cordate, toothed. - A distinct seedling from _C. c. turbinata_. See Fig. 341. - -[Illustration: FIG. 342. CAMPANULA CARPATHICA TURBINATA.] - - =C. C. turbinata= (top-shaped).* _fl._ nearly 2in. across, erect; - corolla deep purple, campanulate. Summer. _l._ ovate, rigid, - greyish-green, toothed, and pointed, with cordate bases, in stiff - tufts. Stems short, erect. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Transylvania, - 1868. Borders or rockery. See Figs. 339 and 342. There is also a - desirable variety named _pallida_, with very pale purple flowers. - - =C. c. t. Hendersoni= (Henderson's). _fl._ rich mauve, in large - pyramidal racemes, rather open. July to September. _l._, lower ones - cordate, or ovate cordate, slightly crenulated, on long stalks; - upper ones oblong, sessile. _h._ 1ft. Very handsome hybrid for - borders. - - =C. caucasica= (Caucasian). _fl._ few, terminal and axillary, - drooping; corollas glabrous outside, but bearded inside, of a - violaceous-blue colour. July. _l._ crenulated; lower ones obovate, - obtuse, petiolate; upper ones lanceolate, sessile. Stems erect, - branched, terete, scabrous, pilose. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Caucasus, - 1804. Rockery; very pretty. - - =C. celtidifolia= (Nettle-tree-leaved).* A synonym of _C. - lactiflora_. - - =C. cenisia= (Mont Cenis).* _fl._ deep blue, solitary, terminal, - erect. June. _l._ entire; radical ones rosulate, obovate, obtuse; - cauline ones ovate-oblong. Stems numerous, glabrous, or slightly - pilose. _h._ 3in. Italy, &c., 1775. A rare little rockery gem, - requiring a deep gritty loam and leaf soil, between stones. (A. F. - P. 3, 6.) - - =C. Cervicaria.= Throatwort. _fl._ blue, pilose outside; heads - terminal, round, bracteate. July. _l._ crenately serrated; radical - ones linear-lanceolate, bluntish, on short petioles; cauline ones - linear-acuminated. Stem simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Mountains of - Europe, 1768. Biennial. Borders. (L. B. C. 452.) - - =C. collina= (hill).* _fl._ deep blue, funnel-shaped, few, secund, - disposed in a long raceme. July. _l._, lower ones on long petioles, - ovate-oblong, crenulated; middle ones lanceolate; upper ones - linear-acuminated. Stems simple, rather pilose. _h._ 1ft. Caucasus, - 1803. Borders. (B. M. 927.) - - =C. colorata= (coloured). _fl._ purple; corolla tubular, velvety; - peduncles elongated, terminal and axillary. September. _l._ - scattered, lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulated. Stem branched, - downy. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. This requires frame protection - during winter. (B. M. 4555.) - - =C. dichotoma= (forked). _fl._ bluish-purple, with a paler tube, - drooping, terminal, solitary in the forks of the branches and stem. - July. _l._, cauline ones ovate, acute, a little crenated. Stem - erect, with dichotomous branches. Plant clothed with stiff hairs. - _h._ 6in. South-western Europe, 1820. Annual. Borders. (S. F. G. - 211.) - - =C. drabifolia= (Draba-leaved). _fl._ pedicellate, opposite the - leaves; corolla inflated, with a white tube and a violaceous-blue - limb. July. _l._ elliptic-oblong, toothed. Stem many times forked, - slightly erect. Plant hispid. _h._ 3in. Island of Samos, 1823. - Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 215.) - - =C. Elatines= (Elatine).* _fl._ scattered over the upper part of - the plant, sometimes racemose, and sometimes panicled; corollas - bluish-purple. June to August. _l._ cordate, coarsely and acutely - toothed, ovate-acute; lower ones roundish. Stem branched. Plant - downy. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Piedmont, 1823. Rockery. (A. F. P. 3, 7.) - - =C. Erinus= (Erinus).* _fl._ terminal and axillary, situated - in the angles of the forks of the branches; corollas of a pale - bluish-rose-colour, or white, pilose at the base, tubular. May to - August. _l._ obovate or ovate, toothed. Stem much branched. Plant - hispid. _h._ 3in. to 9in. Europe, 1768. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. - 214.) - - =C. excisa= (excised). _fl._ drooping; stem one-flowered; corollas - blue, funnel-shaped. June. _l._ entire, or remotely-denticulated, - linear-acuminated. Stems numerous, erect, slender, simple, naked at - top. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Switzerland and Transylvania, 1820. Rockery. - A rare species, requiring to be treated like _cenisia_. (L. B. C. - 561.) - - =C. floribunda= (many-flowered). A synonym of _C. isophylla_. - - =C. fragilis= (fragile).* _fl._ clear lilac-purple, white in - the centre, solitary or in pairs, axillary, erect, or nearly - so, on spreading branches. July and August. _l._, radical ones - reniform, or roundish-cordate, rather deeply lobed; cauline ones - broadly-ovate, slightly cordate, all stalked. _h._ 4in. to 6in. - South Italy. SYN. _C. Barrelierii_. (B. M. 6504.) - - =C. garganica= (Gargano).* _fl._ axillary, in fascicles; corollas - blue, rotate, deeply five-lobed. May to September. _l._, radical - ones reniform, on long petioles; cauline ones cordate, all - crenately toothed, downy. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Italy, 1832. An - extremely variable species. Rockery, in rich sandy loam. (B. R. - 1768.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 343. FLOWER-SPIKE OF CAMPANULA GLOMERATA.] - - =C. glomerata= (clustered).* _fl._ sessile, disposed in terminal - heads on the branches and stems; corollas bluish-violet or - white, glabrous, except the nerves outside, funnel-shaped. - May to September. _l._ serrulated; radical ones ovate, acute; - bracts ovate, acuminated. Stems simple, or branched. _h._ 1ft. - to 2ft. Britain, &c. Borders. See Fig. 343. (Sy. En. B. 866.) A - double-flowered variety, and also a white-flowered form, are very - desirable. There are numerous varieties of this species which are - frequently described as distinct species. The following are among - the number: - - =C. g. cervicaroides= (Cervicaria-like). _fl._ bluish-violet, - terminal and axillary. Lower leaves on long petioles. Stem - flexuous, hairy. - - =C. g. elliptica= (elliptical). _fl._ blue, large, capitate. _l._ - on long petioles, elliptic; bracts large, often longer than the - flowers. - - =C. g. nicA|ensis= (Nice). _fl._ bluish-violet, disposed in short, - dense spikes. _l._ approximate, ovate, acute, sessile. - - =C. g. pusilla= (diminutive).* _fl._ few, capitate. _l._ round, - cordate. _h._ 1in. to 2in. In addition to these, there are - _aggregata_ and _speciosa_ (= _dahurica_). The latter is an - excellent variety, with large heads of deep-coloured flowers. - - =C. grandiflora= (large-flowered). _See_ =Platycodon grandiflorum=. - - - =C. grandis= (large).* _fl._ pale violet-blue, broadly bell-shaped, - with large pointed divisions, axillary and alternate, on the upper - part of the stem. June. _l._ sessile, lanceolate, serrated. Stem - simple, furrowed. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, 1842. Borders. There - is also a very showy white-flowered variety named _alba_. - - =C. haylodgensis= (Hay Lodge). _fl._ light blue, rather open, - bell-shaped, few, at the ends of the stems. August. _l._, - radical ones tufted, roundish-cordate, with the margins slightly - indented; cauline ones ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed, light - green. _h._ 6in. to 9in. Rockery. This is a hybrid, raised by - Mr. Anderson-Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh, probably between _C. - carpathica_ and _C. pusilla_. - - =C. hederacea= (Ivy-like). _See_ =Wahlenbergia hederacea=. - - =C. Hostii= (Host's).* A synonym of _C. rotundifolia Hostii_. - - =C. isophylla= (equal-leaved).* _fl._ numerous, erect, disposed - in a corymb; corolla lilac-blue, with a grey centre, large, - salver-shaped, deeply five-lobed. August. _l._ broadly ovate, - cordate, and toothed. Stems firm. North Italy, 1868. Borders and - rockery. SYN. _C. floribunda_. (B. M. 5745.) - - C. i. alba (white).* _fl._ pure white; in other respects like the - species. It is a charming rockery plant, flowering very freely. - -[Illustration: FIG. 344. FLOWERS OF CAMPANULA LACINIATA.] - - =C. laciniata= (cut-leaved). _fl._ long-stalked, in lax panicles. - Stem erect, branchy, somewhat hairy. _h._ 1ft. Islands in Grecian - Archipelago, 1790. This biennial species is impatient of much - moisture during winter, and is therefore best kept in a cold frame. - See Fig. 344. - - =C. lactiflora= (milk-coloured-flowered).* _fl._ in loose panicles; - peduncles erect, short, usually three-flowered; corollas erect, - milk-coloured, tinged with blue, or quite blue, as in the variety - named _cA"rulea_. July to September. _l._ sessile. ovate-lanceolate, - acutely serrated. Stems branched. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. Caucasus, 1814. - Borders. SYN. _C. celtidifolia_. See Fig. 339. (B. R. 241.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 345. CAMPANULA LANGSDORFFIANA.] - - =C. Langsdorffiana= (Langsdorff's). _fl._ blue, either solitary or - in few-flowered panicles, not unlike those of _C. rotundifolia_. - _l._ either entire or toothed. _h._ 3in. to 9in. Mountains of - Northern Asia and America. Perennial. See Fig. 345. - - =C. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ disposed in spicate racemes; - peduncles erect, one-flowered; corolla blue, but sometimes white - (in the variety _alba_) campanulately funnel-shaped, large. July. - _l._ large, doubly serrated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, - ovate-oblong; cauline ones sessile, ovate-acuminated. Stems simple, - smooth. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 868.) - - =C. l. eriocarpa= (woolly-fruited). _fl._, tube of calyx very - hispid. _l._ less acuminated. Stem and leaves pilose and pale. - Caucasus, 1823. Borders. - - =C. l. macrantha= (large-flowered).* _fl._, corollas purplish-blue, - larger than those of the type. Stem and leaves rather pilose; teeth - of leaves more distinct. A hybrid. Borders. - - =C. Loefflingii= (LA"ffling's). _fl._ solitary, terminating the - naked branchlets, loosely panicled, drooping; corolla blue or - violaceous, with a deeper-coloured zone beneath the middle, - white at the base, both inside and out, funnel-shaped. July. - _l._ crenulated; lower ones ovate-reniform; superior ones ovate, - stem-clasping. Stem much branched. Annual. _h._ 6in. to 18in. - South-west Europe, 1818. (B. R. 29, 19.) - - =C. Loreyi= (Lorey's). A synonym of _C. ramosissima_. - - =C. lyrata= (lyrate). _fl._ disposed in a long, many-flowered, - loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, with rather pilose nerves. - June. _l._, lower ones petiolate, cordate, ovate, acute, crenated; - superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stem - branched. Eastern Europe, Levant, &c., 1823. Borders. - -[Illustration: FIG. 346. CAMPANULA MACROSTYLA.] - - =C. macrostyla= (large-styled). _fl._ dull purple, reticulated with - violet, solitary, on stout stalks; hairy towards the base. July. - _l._, lower ones ovate-oblong, acute; upper ones ovate-lanceolate, - recurved, small for the size of the plant, hispid on both surfaces, - and ciliated with bristles. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Taurus Mountains. - Annual. Borders. The rigid habit, bristly, almost prickly, stem - and leaves, curious calyx appendages, short gaping corolla, and - wonderful stigma, mark this as the most singular Campanula hitherto - introduced. See Fig. 346. - - =C. Medium= (middle-sized).* Canterbury Bells. _fl._ numerous, - large, disposed in racemes; corolla blue, purple, and white, - campanulate, inflated, single and double. July. _l._ sessile, - ovate-lanceolate, crenately toothed. Stem erect, branched. _h._ - 1ft. to 4ft. South Europe, 1597. See Fig. 347. A well-known and - very handsome biennial, of which there are numerous varieties. - Borders. - - =C. muralis= (wall).* A synonym of _C. Portenschlagiana_. - - =C. nana= (dwarf). A synonym of _C. Allionii_. - - =C. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ blue or white, disposed in spicate - racemes; corolla campanulately rotate. Summer. _l._ in rosettes, - leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, crenated; cauline - ones linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Stem simple. _h._ 3in. to - 9in. North America, 1731. Borders. There are also double blue and - white flowered forms of this species. SYN. _C. planiflora_. - - =C. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ drooping, crowded towards the - ends of the branchlets; corollas reddish-violet, or white, or - cream-coloured, spotted, 3in. or more long. July. _l._ hairy; lower - ones petiolate, ovate, toothed; upper ones lanceolate, nearly or - quite sessile. _h._ 2ft. China, 1844. Borders. (B. R. 32, 65.) - There is also a white-flowered variety. - - =C. patula= (spreading). _fl._ panicled, terminal, and axillary, on - long pedicels, large, erect; corollas blue or white, funnel-shaped. - July. _l._, radical ones crowded, obovate, crenated; cauline ones - linear-lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire. Stems branched. Branches - diverging. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 873.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 347. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CAMPANULA MEDIUM.] - - =C. peregrina= (foreign).* _fl._ disposed in a dense spicate - raceme, sessile; corollas of a dark violet colour at the base, - not so deep in the middle, and paler towards the margins, - funnel-shaped. July. _l._ crenated; lower ones obovate; superior - ones ovate, acute. Stem simple, angular. _h._ 2ft. Mount Lebanon, - 1794. Borders. (B. M. 1257.) - - =C. persicA|folia= (Peach-leaved).* _fl._ terminal and axillary, - pedunculate, solitary, inclined, racemose; corollas blue and all - the intermediate shades to white, large, broadly campanulate. July. - _l._ glabrous, stiff, crenulated; radical ones lanceolate-obovate; - cauline ones linear-lanceolate. Stems nearly simple. _h._ 1ft. to - 3ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 871.) The forms of _C. persicA|folia_ are - very numerous in gardens. The following are well worth growing: - _alba_, pure white, single-flowered; _alba coronata_, pure white, - semi-double; _alba fl.-pl._, flowers very double and Camellia-like, - constituting one of the best hardy flowers for cutting; _cA|rulea - coronata_, blue, in form like the white; _cA|rulea fl.-pl._, flowers - semi-double. - - =C. phrygia= (Phrygian). _fl._, corolla bluish-violet, - spreading, having the nerves more intensely coloured. July. _l._ - ovate-lanceolate, crenated; lower ones obtuse, upper acute. Stem - branched. Branches very naked, divaricate, each terminating in - a single flower. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Mount Olympus, 1820. Rockery - annual. - - =C. planiflora= (flat-flowered). A synonym of _C. nitida_. - - =C. Portenschlagiana= (Portenschlag's).* _fl._ light blue-purple, - erect, or nearly so, bell-shaped, with spreading segments, several - at the ends of the shoots, and one or two in the upper axils. - June, July. _l._, radical ones broadly reniform, conspicuously but - irregularly toothed, on long slender petioles; cauline ones passing - from reniform to ovate. _h._ 6in. to 9in. South Europe. Rockery. - SYN. _C. muralis_. (B. R. 1995.) - - =C. primulA|folia= (Primula-leaved). _fl._ disposed in a spicate - raceme; corolla blue or purple, with a whitish downy bottom, - campanulately rotate, nearly glabrous. July. _l._ unequally and - doubly crenated; radical ones lanceolate, bluntish; cauline ones - ovate-oblong, acute. Stem hispid, simple. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. - Portugal. Borders. (B. M. 4879.) - - =C. pulla= (russet).* _fl._ terminal, large for the size of the - plant; corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June. _l._ glabrous, - crenulately toothed; lower ones on short petioles, ovate-roundish; - superior ones sessile, ovate, acute. Stems rarely pilose at the - base. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Eastern Europe, 1779. Rockery, in rich - sandy peat and leaf soil. (L. B. C. 554.) - - =C. pumila= (dwarf). A synonym of _C. pusilla_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 348. UPPER PORTION OF FLOWERING STEM OF CAMPANULA -PUNCTATA.] - - =C. punctata= (dotted). _fl._ whitish, spotted with red on the - inner surface; large, pendulous. _l._ ovate-acute, somewhat - crenate. Stem simple, erect, few-flowered. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, - Japan, &c. Border perennial. See Fig. 348. - - =C. pusilla= (small).* _fl._ axillary and terminal at the upper - part of the slender stems, pendulous, bell-shaped, passing from - deep blue to white. July, August. _l._, radical ones tufted, - broadly ovate or roundish, slightly cordate, obtusely serrated, on - petioles longer than the laminA|; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, - distinctly toothed, sessile. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Southern Europe. - SYN. _C. pumila_. (B. M. 512.) There is a pale-coloured variety - named _pallida_, and a pure white variety named _alba_, both - of which, as well as the species, are most desirable for the - embellishment of rockeries, or for planting in sandy soil as a - front line for a border. - -[Illustration: FIG. 349. CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS, showing Habit and -Flower.] - - =C. pyramidalis= (pyramidal).* Chimney Bell-flower. _fl._ very - numerous, pedicellate, usually three together from the same bract, - the whole disposed in a large pyramidal raceme, which is loose at - the base; corollas pale blue or white, with a dark base. July. - _l._ glandularly toothed; lower ones petiolate, ovate-oblong, - somewhat cordate; cauline ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Stem - nearly simple, but furnished with floriferous branchlets. _h._ 4ft. - to 5ft. Europe, 1596. See Figs. 349 and 350. There are several - excellent varieties, but the light and dark blue and white are the - best. Borders, and for pot culture. - - =C. Raineri= (Rainer's).* _fl._ blue, erect; corolla turbinate. - June. _l._ almost sessile, ovate, tomentose, remotely serrated; - lower ones the smallest, obovate. Stems erect, firm, branched. - Branches one-flowered, leafy. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Switzerland, Italy, - &c., 1826. A beautiful little alpine, requiring a warm position in - rich gritty soil; it must be religiously protected against slugs. - (F. d. S. 1908.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 350. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS.] - - =C. ramosissima= (much-branched). _fl._, corolla with a white - base; middle part or base of the lobes pale blue, and the lobes - bluish-violet; peduncles long, naked, glabrous, bearing each an - erect flower at the apex. June. _l._ sessile, glaucous; lower ones - obovate, crenated; middle ones ovate-lanceolate; superior ones - linear, entire. Stem branched. _h._ 6in. to 12in. South Europe, - 1824. Annual. SYN. _C. Loreyi_. (B. M. 2581.) - - =C. r. flore-albo= (white-flowered) only differs from the type in - having white flowers. - -[Illustration: FIG. 351. CAMPANULA RAPUNCULUS.] - - =C. rapunculoides= (Rapunculus-like).* _fl._ drooping, solitary, - disposed in spike-formed racemes, secund, but usually hanging on - all sides in strong garden specimens; corollas bluish-violet, - funnel-shaped, and bearded a little inside. June. _l._ scabrous, - ovate, acuminated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, crenulated; - cauline ones serrulated. Stems glabrous or scabrous, usually - branched in gardens, but simple in the wild state. _h._ 2ft. to - 4ft. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 869.) - - =C. r. trachelioides= (Trachelium-like). Stem and leaves, but - particularly the calyx, beset with stiff white hairs. - - =C. Rapunculus= (little turnip).* Rampion. _fl._ nearly sessile, or - pedicellate, erect, forming a long raceme, which is branched at the - base; corolla blue or white, funnel-shaped. July. _l._, lower ones - obovate, on short petioles, nearly entire; cauline ones sessile, - linear-lanceolate, entire. Stem simple, but sometimes furnished - with a few branches towards the top. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe. - Borders. See Fig. 351. (Sy. En. B. 872.) - - =C. rhomboidalis= (rhomboidal). _fl._ usually drooping, few, - disposed in loose racemes, pedunculate; corolla blue, campanulate. - July. _l._ sessile, ovate, acute, serrate. Stem glabrous, or a - little pilose, furnished with flower-bearing branches at top. _h._ - 1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1775. Border. SYN. _C. rhomboidea_. (L. B. C. - 603.) - - =C. rhomboidea= (diamond-leaved). A synonym of _C. rhomboidalis_. - - =C. rotundifolia= (round-leaved).* Blue-bell; Hare-bell. _fl._ - drooping, solitary, pedunculate, few on each stem; corolla deep - blue, campanulate. June to August. _l._, radical ones petiolate, - cordate roundish, crenately toothed; cauline ones linear or - lanceolate. Stems numerous. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Britain. (Sy. En. B. - 870.) - - =C. r. alba= (white).* _fl._ white, the same size as those of the - type. Stems much more leafy. - - =C. r. Hostii= (Host's).* _fl._ rich blue, much larger than those - of the type, produced on stouter profusely branched stems. July, - August. _l._, radical ones roundish only in a very early state; - cauline ones linear, acuminate, sometimes 3in. to 4in. long. SYN. - _C. Hostii_. See Fig. 339. There is a white-flowered form of this, - not quite so vigorous as the blue-flowered form, but the flowers - are equal in size. - -[Illustration: FIG. 352. FLOWERS OF CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA -SOLDANELLA†FLORA.] - - =C. r. soldanellA|flora= (Soldanella-flowered).* _fl._, corolla - blue, semi-double, turbinate, with shallow marginal divisions, very - acutely pointed. June. _l._ long, linear, acute, sessile. Stem - simple, slender. _h._ 1ft. 1870. (R. G. 473.) All the forms of - _rotundifolia_ are pretty, and suitable for the front of borders, - or the rockery; rising from the crevices of the latter, with their - slender stems laden with flowers, they are especially beautiful. - See Fig. 352. - -[Illustration: FIG. 353. FLOWERS AND LEAVES OF CAMPANULA SARMATICA.] - - =C. sarmatica= (Sarmatian).* _fl._ nutant, usually secund, terminal - and axillary, forming a long, loose, scattered raceme; corolla pale - blue, velvety outside. July. _l._ tomentose; lower ones petiolate, - cordate, rather hastate, crenately toothed; superior ones sessile, - ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stems simple, straight, downy. - _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. R. 237.) See Fig. - 353. - - =C. saxatilis= (rock). _fl._ three to five, disposed in a loose - raceme; corolla blue, tubular, nutant. May. _l._ crenated; radical - ones rosulate, somewhat spathulate; cauline ones ovate, acute. Stem - erect. _h._ 6in. Crete, 1768. Rockery. Very rare. - - =C. Scheuchzeri= (Scheuchzer's).* _fl._ dark blue, pendent, on - slender stems, broadly bell-shaped. July, August. _l._, lower ones - similar to those of _C. pusilla_; upper ones linear. _h._ 3in. to - 6in. South European Alps, 1813. (L. B. C. 485.) - - =C. Scouleri= (Scouler's). _fl._ pale blue, paniculate, - bell-shaped. July, August. _l._, lower ones ovate, on long - petioles, coarsely serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate. _h._ - 1ft. North-west America, 1876. Rockery. - - =C. sibirica= (Siberian). _fl._ panicled, numerous, drooping; - corollas bluish-violet, large. July. _l._ crenulated; radical - ones crowded, petiolate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones sessile, - oblong-lanceolate, undulated, acuminated. Plant beset with - bristle-like hairs. Stem branched. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. East - Europe, 1783. Biennial. Borders. (B. M. 659.) - - =C. s. divergens= (divergent).* _fl._ violaceous, rather large, - at first erect, but drooping in the expanded state; peduncles - many-flowered, and, like the stem, usually trichotomous. June. - _l._, radical ones sub-spathulate, crenulated, narrowed at - the base; cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, acuminated. Plant - pilose, panicled. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1814. Biennial. SYN. _C. - spathulata_. (S. B. F. G. ii., 256.) - - =C. spathulata= (spathulate). A synonym of _C. sibirica divergens_. - - =C. speciosa= (beautiful).* _fl._ pedicellate, disposed in a - pyramidal raceme; corolla blue, purple or white, 1in. long, smooth - outside, but often villous inside. June, July. _l._ sessile, - repandly crenated; radical ones rosulate, linear-lanceolate; - cauline ones linear. Stem simple. _h._ 12in. to 18in. South-west - Europe, 1820. Borders. (B. M. 2649.) - - =C. spicata= (spicate). _fl._ sessile, one to three from each - bract; spike long, interrupted at the base; corolla blue, - funnel-shaped. July. _l._ sessile, nearly entire; radical ones - crowded, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear, acuminated. Stem - simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1786. Biennial. Borders. (A. F. - P. 3, 46.) - - =C. stricta= (strict). _fl._ almost sessile, few, solitary, - spicate; corolla blue, tubular. July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acute, - serrated, pilose. Stem branched, pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Armenia, - 1819. Biennial. Borders. - -[Illustration: FIG. 354. CAMPANULA THYRSOIDEA, showing Entire Plant and -Single Flower.] - - =C. thyrsoidea= (thyrsoid).* _fl._ disposed in a dense pyramidal - spike, sessile; corolla sulphur-coloured, oblong. July. _l._ - entire, pilose; lower ones lanceolate, obtuse; cauline ones - linear-lanceolate, acute. Stem simple, covered with leaves and - flowers. Plant pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Alps of Europe, 1785. - Biennial. Rockery. (B. M. 1290.) See Fig. 354. - - =C. Tommasiniana= (Tommasini's).* _fl._ pale blue, tubular, - slightly angled, in closely set, several-flowered, axillary cymes. - July, August. _l._ nearly or quite sessile, linear-lanceolate, - acuminate, distinctly serrated, there being no difference between - the lower and upper ones. Stems at first erect, ultimately drooping - through the weight of the flowers. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Italy. A very - handsome alpine species. (B. M. 6590.) - - =C. Trachelium= (Throat-wort).* _fl._ drooping a little, one to - four together, terminating the branchlets; corolla variously - coloured, campanulate, bearded inside. July. _l._ scabrous, - acuminated, coarsely and crenately toothed; radical ones petiolate, - cordate. Stem angular, simple or branched. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 867.) There are double blue, double - white, and variously shaded single forms of this species. - - =C. trichocalycina= (hairy-calyxed). _fl._ disposed in an almost - simple terminal raceme, approximate at the top, one to three rising - from each axil, at the time of flowering erect, but afterwards - drooping; corolla profoundly five-cleft, funnel-shaped. July. _l._ - on short petioles, ovate, acute, coarsely serrated. Stem simple. - _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Europe, 1823. Borders. - - =C. Van Houttei= (Van Houtte's).* _fl._ dark blue, bell-shaped, - pendulous, 2in. long, axillary and terminal. July, August. _l._, - lower ones roundish-cordate, crenate on long stalks; cauline ones - oblong-lanceolate, sessile, serrated. _h._ 2ft. This is a very fine - hybrid. Differing from it only in colour and other unimportant - details is _C. Burghalti_, a handsome hybrid, found in gardens; the - flowers are of a pale purple colour, very large, pendent. These are - two of the best border Bell-flowers in cultivation. - - =C. versicolor= (various-coloured). _fl._ disposed in long spicate - racemes; corolla of a deep violaceous colour at bottom, pale in - the middle, and the lobes pale violet, companulately rotate. July - to September. _l._ serrated; radical ones petiolate, ovate, acute, - rather cordate; cauline ones on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, - acuminated. Stems erect. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Greece, 1788. Borders. - (S. F. G. 207.) - - =C. Vidalii= (Vidal's). _fl._ large, racemose; corolla white, - wax-like, between urceolate and campanulate, pendulous; disk - singularly broad, surrounded by a thick bright orange-coloured - annulus. July and August. _l._ thick and fleshy, oblong spathulate, - viscid, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Azores, 1851. - Perennial. Cool greenhouse or (during summer) herbaceous border. - (B. M. 4748.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 355. CAMPANULA WALDSTEINIANA.] - - =C. Waldsteiniana= (Waldstein's).* _fl._ three to four at the - top of each stem, one of which is terminal, and the others - from the axils of the superior leaves, always looking upwards; - corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June. _l._ greyish, - sessile, lanceolate, serrated; lower ones obtuse; superior ones - long-acuminated. Stems erect, flexuous, stiff, simple, numerous - from the same root. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Hungary, 1824. See Fig. 355. - - =C. Wanneri= (Wanner's). A synonym of _Symphyandra Wanneri_. - - =C. Zoysii= (Zoys's).* _fl._ pedicellate, drooping; corolla pale - blue, with five deeper-coloured lines, cylindrical, elongated. - June. _l._ entire; radical ones crowded, petiolate, ovately - obovate, obtuse; cauline ones obovate-lanceolate, and linear. Plant - small, tufted. _h._ 3in. Carniola, 1813. A scarce little alpine - gem, thriving in a sunny chink in rich gritty soil. - -=CAMPANULACEA†.= A large order of herbs or sub-shrubs. Flowers blue -or white; corolla regular, bell-shaped, usually five-lobed. Leaves -alternate, exstipulate. The genus best known is _Campanula_; other -genera are _Adenophora_, _Jasione_, and _Phyteuma_. - -=CAMPANULATE.= Bell-shaped. - -=CAMPANUMA†A= (altered from _Campanula_). ORD. _CampanulaceA|_. A genus -of greenhouse herbaceous, tuberous-rooted, twining perennials. Flowers -involucrated, solitary, on axillary and terminal peduncles. Leaves -opposite, petiolate, glaucescent beneath. Stems and branches terete. -They thrive best in a rich sandy loam, with a little peat. Propagated -by seeds and divisions. - - =C. gracilis= (graceful). _fl._ pale blue; corolla membranous, with - a tubular base, dilated throat, and slightly expanded, truncated - limb. _l._ on long petioles, ovate, blunt. Himalayas. SYN. - _Codonopsis gracilis_. (C. H. P. t. xvi. A.) - - =C. inflata= (inflated). _fl._ yellowish, with brownish veins; - corolla herbaceous, ventricose; peduncles opposite the leaves, - one-flowered. _l._ alternate, ovate-cordate, acute. Himalayas. (C. - H. P. t. xvi. C.) - - =C. javanica= (Javan). _fl._ yellowish, with brownish veins; - corolla herbaceous, very broadly campanulate, with five spreading - lobes. _l._ variable, opposite and alternate, ovate-cordate, - crenate. Himalayas. (C. H. P. t. xvi. B.) - -=CAMPEACHY WOOD=, or =LOGWOOD=. _See_ =HA|matoxylon campechianum=. - -=CAMPHORA= (Camphor, commercial name of its chief product). -Camphor-tree. ORD. _LaurineA|_. Cool stove evergreen trees, now referred -to _Cinnamomum_. The true Camphor of commerce is a product of the oil -procured from the wood, branches, and leaves of this tree, by means of -dry distillation. The species thrives in a compost of peat and loam, -and may be propagated by cuttings. - - =C. officinalis= (officinal). _fl._ greenish-white. March to June. - _l._ triple-nerved, lanceolate, ovate. _h._ 20ft. Japan, 1727. SYN. - _Cinnamomum Camphora_. - -=CAMPHOR-TREE.= _See_ =Camphora=. - -=CAMPION.= _See_ =Silene=. - -=CAMPION, MOSS.= _See_ =Silene acaulis=. - -=CAMPION, ROSE.= _See_ =Lychnis=. - -=CAMPSIDIUM= (from _kampsis_, a curving). ORD. _BignoniaceA|_. A small -genus, the best-known (perhaps the only) species being a handsome -greenhouse climber. For culture, _see_ =Bignonia=. - - =C. chilense= (Chilian). Pipil Boqui. _fl._ rich orange colour; - corolla tubular, almost regular; anthers parallel. _l._ pinnate, - dark shining green. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Chili. (G. C. 1870, 1182.) - -=CAMPTERIA.= Included under =Pteris= (which _see_). - -=CAMPTODIUM.= _See_ =Nephrodium=. - -=CAMPTOPUS= (from _kamptos_, curved, and _pous_, a foot; the -flower-stalk is curved downwardly). ORD. _RubiaceA|_. A curious shrub, -now referred to _Cephaelis_. It requires a most stove temperature. -Cuttings will root in sandy loam, under a hand glass, in bottom heat. - - =C. Mannii= (Mann's). _fl._ white, numerously produced in - subglobose, compound heads; peduncles stout, scarlet, drooping, - from 12in. to 18in. long. Summer. _l._ large, opposite, obovate - or obovate-lanceolate, glabrous, coriaceous; midrib thick, red - beneath. _h._ 15ft. Fernando Po, 1863. (B. M. 5755.) - -=CAMPTOSORUS.= _See_ =Scolopendrium=. - -=CAMPYLANTHERA.= A synonym of =Pronaya=. - -=CAMPYLIA.= Included under =Pelargonium=. - -=CAMPYLOBOTRYS.= _See_ =Hoffmannia=. - -=CAMPYLONEURON.= _See_ Polypodium. - -=CAMWOOD.= _See_ =Baphia=. - -=CANADA BALSAM.= _See_ =Abies balsamea=. - -=CANADA RICE.= _See_ =Zizania aquatica=. - -=CANADA TEA.= _See_ =Gaultheria procumbens=. - -=CANALICULATE.= Channelled, or furrowed. - -=CANARINA= (so named from its habitat). SYN. _Pernettya_ (of Scopoli). -ORD. _CampanulaceA|_. A beautiful, glaucescent, greenhouse, herbaceous -perennial. It thrives in a compost of loam, leaf mould, thoroughly -decomposed manure, and sand, in equal parts; ample root space and -perfect drainage are essential, and when new growth commences, a little -extra heat will considerably accelerate the development of the flowers. -Water should be liberally supplied during the growing season. The plant -may be propagated by divisions when repotting, in January; or by young -cuttings, inserted in sandy soil, in a gentle warmth. - - =C. Campanula= (bell-shaped).* _fl._ of a yellowish purple or - orange colour, with red nerves, drooping, solitary, terminating - axillary branchlets; corolla six-lobed at the apex, large, - campanulate. January to March. _l._ opposite, hastately - sub-cordate, irregularly toothed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Canary Islands, - 1696. (B. M. 444.) - -=CANARIUM= (from _Canari_, its vernacular name in the Malay language). -ORD. _BurseraceA|_. A rather large genus of stove trees. Flowers small, -in axillary panicles; petals usually three, valvate, or slightly -imbricate in the bud. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, often three-angled. -Leaves large, impari-pinnate. For culture, _see_ =Boswellia=. - - =C. commune= (common). _fl._ white, glomerate, nearly sessile, - bracteate; panicle terminal. _l._, leaflets seven to nine, on long - stalks, ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminated, entire. India. The fruit - has a thin olive skin, and when the nuts are mature, they contain a - sweet kernel, which does not become rancid, and resembles a Sweet - Chestnut; they are also used for various economic purposes. (B. M. - Pl. 61.) - -=CANARY-BIRD FLOWER.= _See_ =TropA|olum peregrinum=. - -=CANAVALIA= (from _Canavali_, the name of one of the species in -Malabar). ORD. _LeguminosA|_. A genus of elegant twining or climbing -stove herbs or subshrubs. Flowers in racemes, produced from the axils -of the leaves; calyx bell-shaped, two-lipped; corolla papilionaceous. -Leaves trifoliate. They are well adapted for training up the rafters in -a stove or warm greenhouse. For culture, _see_ =Dolichos=. - - =C. bonariensis= (Buenos Ayrean). _fl._ purple; racemes drooping, - longer than the leaves. July and August. _l._, leaflets ovate, - obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous. Buenos Ayres, 1824. (B. R. 1199.) - - =C. ensiformis= (ensiform).* _fl._ white, red, pendulous; racemes - longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets ovate, acute. India, - 1790. SYN. _C. gladiata_. (B. M. 4027.) - - =C. gladiata= (sword-podded). Synonymous with _C. ensiformis_. - - =C. obtusifolia= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ purple. July, August. _l._, - leaflets ovate obtuse. Malabar, 1820. - -=CANBIA= (named in honour of W. M. Canby, of Wilmington, Delaware). -ORD. _PapaveraceA|_. A monotypic genus, remarkable for its persistent -(not caducous) corolla. Sepals three, caducous; petals six, barely -1/6in. in length; stamens six to nine. - -[Illustration: FIG. 356. CANBIA CANDIDA.] - - =B. candida= (glossy white). _fl._ white, solitary, on little - scapes. _l._ alternate, linear, entire. _h._ about 1in. Discovered - in sandy soil in South-east California, in 1876. See Fig. 356. - -=CANCELLATE.= Latticed; resembling lattice-work. - -=CANDELABRUM= or =CHANDELIER TREE=. _See_ =Pandanus candelabrum=. - -=CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE.= _See_ =Myrica cereifera=. - -=CANDLEBERRY-TREE.= _See_ =Aleurites triloba=. - -=CANDLE-TREE.= _See_ =Parmentiera cerifera=. - -=CANDOLLEA= (named after Augustus Pyramus De Candolle, formerly -Professor of Botany, at Geneva, and author of numerous botanical -works). ORD. _DilleniaceA|_. A genus of very ornamental greenhouse -evergreen shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers yellow, sub-solitary, -at the tips of the branches; sepals five, oval, mucronate; petals -obovate or obcordate. They thrive in a compost of equal parts loam -and peat, with which sufficient sand may be mixed to render the whole -porous. Cuttings will root, if placed in a similar compost, under a -hand glass; seeds are also sometimes obtainable. - -[Illustration: FIG. 357. FLOWERS AND BUDS OF CANDOLLEA CUNEIFORMIS.] - - =C. cuneiformis= (wedge-shaped).* _fl._ yellow. July. _l._ smooth, - obovately cuneated, blunt at the top, entire. Branches cinerous. - _h._ 7ft. 1824. See Fig. 357. (B. M. 2711.) - - =C. Huegelii= (Huegel's). _fl._ at tops of the branches, among the - leaves, on short pedicels; sepals acuminate, hoary outside, longer - than the petals. May. _l._ linear, quite entire, villous when - young. _h._ 6ft. 1837. - - =C. tetrandra= (four-stamened). _fl._ yellow, solitary; petals - emarginate. June. _l._ oblong, cuneate, toothed. _h._ 7ft. 1842. - (B. R. 1843, 50.) - -=CANDYTUFT.= _See_ =Iberis=. - -=CANE-BRAKE.= A common name for different species of _Arundinaria_. - -=CANELLA= (a diminutive of _canna_, a reed; in allusion to the rolled -bark, like cinnamon). ORD. _CanellaceA|_. The best-known species of this -genus is a very ornamental and economically valuable stove evergreen -tree, which thrives in a mixture of loam and sand. Well-ripened -cuttings, taken off at a joint, will root in sand, under a hand glass, -with bottom heat, in April or May; but care should be taken not to -deprive them of any of their leaves. Sweet says that large old cuttings -are best. - - =C. alba= (white).* _fl._ violet-colour, small, growing at the tops - of branches in cluster, but upon divided peduncles. _l._ alternate, - obovate, cuneated at the base, white, or glaucous beneath, somewhat - coriaceous, sometimes full of pellucid dots. _h._ 15ft. The - whole tree is very aromatic, and, when in blossom, perfumes the - neighbourhood. The flowers dried, and softened again in warm water, - have a fragrant odour, nearly approaching to that of Musk. The - leaves have a strong smell of Laurel. West Indies, &c., 1735. (T. - L. S. i., 8.) - -=CANELLACEA†.= A small order of tropical American aromatic shrubs, -allied to _BixineA|_, from which it differs only in having the albumen -firmer, and with a smaller embryo. The genera are _Canella_ and -_Cinnamodendron_. - -=CANESCENT.= Hoary, approaching to white. - -=CANICIDIA.= A synonym of =Rourea= (which _see_). - -=CANISTRUM= (from _canistrum_, a basket; in allusion to the -inflorescence resembling a basket of flowers). ORD. _BromeliaceA|_. -Stove epiphytes, with showy inflorescence, and requiring similar -culture to =Billbergia= (which _see_). - - =C. aurantiacum= (orange).* _fl._ orange-yellow, in a cup-shaped - involucre of orange-red bracts; scapes erect. June to September. - _l._ ligulate-lorate denticulate, deflexed. Brazil, 1873. See Fig. - 358. (B. H. 1873, 15.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 358. CANISTRUM AURANTIACUM.] - - =C. eburneum= (ivory).* _fl._ white, green, disposed in a depressed - head, the white ovaries of which give an appearance as of eggs in a - basket. May. _l._ tufted, mottled, the central ones cream-coloured, - surrounding the flower-heads. _h._ 2ft. SYNS. _Guzmannia fragrans_ - and _Nidularium Lindeni_. Brazil, 1876. (B. H. 1879, 13, 14.) - - =C. roseum= (rose-coloured). _fl._ white, green; bracts rosy. 1879. - - =C. viride= (green). _fl._ green. _l._ green, canaliculate, - acuminate, irregularly toothed. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Nidularium - latifolium_. (B. H. 1874, 16.) - -=CANKER.= This is a disease presenting very serious difficulties, -principally in the cultivation of Apples and Pears. Both the trees -and fruits, especially of some varieties, are, in many localities, -so far injured as not to be worth cultivating. What causes the -disease is not at all times known; indeed, it is, in most cases, but -imperfectly understood. Were the causes better known, the remedy might -generally be much easier found. Some of the primary causes are cold -and undrained soil, severe and careless pruning, extreme variations -of temperature, and excessive growth, made late in the season, when -it has not sufficient time to get well ripened. Trees that are badly -Cankered may often be improved by lifting, and replanting in improved -or better-drained soil. Immediately the disease is detected in young -trees, by the cracking of the bark or the skin of the fruits, measures -should be taken to find the cause, if possible, and avert its progress. -Some Pear-trees, in various localities, will not produce fruit without -Canker in the open garden, but they will do so when planted against -a wall; and as such may be the very best varieties, trees should be -placed in the latter position. The removal of large branches, late in -spring, will sometimes produce Canker, at the point where mutilation -has taken place; and it may be caused by severe late pruning, which -induces the growth of soft shoots that are almost certain to be injured -by severe frosts. The difference in the seasons, as regards the amount -of moisture, is one that can scarcely be provided against. One spring -may be favourable to rapid growth, and the following may be most -unfavourable, thereby arresting the natural flow of the sap until the -latter part of the summer, when excessive growth will probably take -place. Such checks invariably produce Canker. At times, the disease -seems caused by the punctures of insects, in an early stage, on the -stems or branches. In such instances, a thorough cleansing, and a -smearing of quicklime, made into a wash, often proves successful. -Strong tobacco water will destroy insects, and a weak solution of -sulphuric acid is also fatal to lichens and mosses, which should never -be allowed to obtain a footing. The chief preventatives, therefore, -are: Planting in well-drained soil; avoiding the use of any rank -manure, to cause excessive growth; changing the old, or adding new, -soil to injured trees; careful pruning, and the encouragement of early -growth in spring, and subsequent well ripening in autumn. - -[Illustration: FIG. 359. CANNA INDICA, showing Habit, Flowers, and -Leaves.] - -=CANNA= (derivation uncertain; according to some, from _cana_, the -Celtic name for cane, or reed). Indian Shot. ORD. _ScitamineA|_. A -large genus of stove herbaceous perennials, very extensively employed -in sub-tropical and other methods of summer gardening. Flowers -spathaceous; anther attached to the edge of the petal-like filament. -Leaves very ornamental. Few plants are more easily grown, or more -quickly propagated. Seeds of many of the finer sorts may be bought -cheaply from respectable seedsmen. These should be sown in heat, in -February or March. A warm house or cucumber pit is the best place for -sowing the seeds, which are very hard. If soaked in tepid water for -twenty-four hours, germination will be materially stimulated. A mixture -of sand and leaf mould is best for them, and a covering of 1-1/2in. or -2in. of earth is not excessive. They should be sown thinly, in pans. -As Cannas are gross, and have somewhat brittle roots in a young state, -it is a good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. This method -preserves all the roots intact, and prevents any check in potting -off or dividing the plants out of seed pans or boxes. When this is -not done, the plants must be potted off singly, as soon as they have -formed two leaves, 3in. pots being used for the first shift. The soil -can hardly be too rich and porous. Equal parts rotted dung, loam, and -sand, with a little peat, form a capital mixture for them. The plants -must be kept in a growing temperature of 60deg. or so, during their -earlier stages, and shifted as required into larger pots. Under proper -management, the roots will fill 6in. pots by the middle or end of May. -They ought not to be planted out till the end of May or the first week -in June. Should fairly rich soil and a sheltered place be selected for -them, they will not only grow, but flower freely during the late summer -and autumn months. Cannas are also very effective indoors, either for -greenhouse or room decoration. For these purposes they may be grown -on in 8in., 10in., or even 12in., pots, with rich soil, and placed -either in a stove, intermediate house, warm or cool conservatory, -window, or room. Liberal supplies of manure water will be of very great -benefit. Propagation is also effected by means of divisions; they form -a root-stock very like some of the commoner and more free-growing -Irises, each portion of which, with bud and roots attached, may be -converted into an independent plant. The best mode of procedure is to -divide the root-stock in early spring, when the pieces may be placed in -4in. pots at once; and, if plunged in a bottom heat of 60deg. or so, -they will quickly resume root action and grow rapidly. They may also -be propagated by division without bottom heat. Those who grow large -quantities seldom put their plants in pots at all. Stored in pots or -boxes for the winter, they are divided and placed singly in similar -positions in the spring, and transferred from such vessels into the -open air. The best open site for Cannas is in a sheltered spot, with a -good depth of rich soil, and plenty of moisture. In such a position, -their noble leaves are not so much injured by rough winds. After -flowering, or at the end of the season, they may be lifted and stored -away in boxes, or in pots of earth, in dry, frost-proof sheds, or under -greenhouse stages during winter. In warm, sheltered situations, with -dry bottoms, they winter safely in the open, provided their crowns are -covered with 1ft. of litter or cocoa fibre refuse. But where the soil -is wet and cold, or the situation bleak and unprotected, they should be -lifted and stored away, as already described. - - =C. Achiras variegata= (variegated Achiras).* _fl._ dark red. - August. _l._ bright green, striped with white and yellow. Better - adapted for indoor culture than out. - - =C. AnnA|i= (M. AnnA(C)e's).* _fl._ salmon-colour, large, well formed. - June. _l._ large, green, glaucescent, ovate-acute, 2ft. long by - 10in. wide. Stems vigorous, stiff, sea-green. _h._ 6ft. (R. H. - 1861, 470.) Of this there are many forms, the best of which are: - - =C. A. discolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ rosy-yellow, few, small. - Late summer. _l._ lanceolate, erect, light red, 2-1/2ft. long, - 10in. wide. Stems dark red. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. - - =C. A. fulgida= (red).* _fl._ orange-red, large, well-opened. _l._ - 20in. long, 6in. wide, deep purple, erect. Stems small, dark red. - _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. - - =C. A. rosea= (rose).* _fl._ carmine-rose colour, small, few. Late - summer. _l._ 2ft. long, very narrow, pointed, erect. Stems dark - green, with a reddish base, numerous. _h._ 5ft. - - =C. Auguste Ferrier= (A. Ferrier's).* _fl._ orange-red, - medium-sized. _l._ very large, oval, erect, pointed, deep green, - with narrow stripes and margins of dark purplish-red. Stem green, - very thick, downy. _h._ 10ft. - - =C. aurantiaca= (orange). _fl._, segments of perianth rose-coloured - outside, reddish inside; upper lip orange, lower one yellow, dotted - with orange. _l._ large, broadly lanceolate, pale green; margins - slightly undulated. _h._ 6-1/2ft. Brazil, 1824. - - =C. Bihorelli= (Bihorell's).* _fl._ deep crimson, produced upon - branching spikes in great abundance. _l._ red when young, changing - to deep bronze with age. _h._ 6ft. to 7ft. One of the best. - - =C. Daniel Hooibrenk.= _fl._ bright orange, large, freely produced. - _l._ large, glaucous-green, acuminate, with bronzy margin. Stalks - strong, green. _h._ 6ft. - - =C. Depute Henon.=* _fl._ pure canary-colour, with a yellowish - base, large; spikes numerous, rising gracefully above the foliage - to a height of 1-1/2ft. _l._ ovate-acute, erect. _h._ 4ft. - - =C. discolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ red. _l._ very large, broad, - ovate-oblong; lower ones tinged with a blood-red hue; upper ones - streaked with purple. Stems stout, reddish. _h._ 6ft. South - America, 1872. (B. R. 1231.) - - =C. edulis= (edible). _fl._ large, with purple outer segments, - inner ones yellowish. _l._ broadly ovate-lanceolate, green, tinged - with maroon. Stems deep purple tinged. _h._ 6ft. to 7ft. Peru, - 1820. (B. R. 775.) - - =C. expansa-rubra= (red-expanded).* _fl._ large, with rounded - bright purple segments. _l._ very large, sometimes over 4ft. long, - and nearly 2ft. broad, ovate, obtuse, spreading horizontally, dark - red. Stems numerous, very thick. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. - - =C. flaccida= (flaccid). _fl._ yellow, very large, not very unlike - those of the native _Iris pseudo-acorus_. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, - erect. _h._ 2-1/2ft. South America, 1788. (L. B. C. 562.) - - =C. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ large, very ornamental, with - orange-red outer, and deep purple red inner segments. Summer. _l._ - about 2ft. long; petioles covered with a velvety down. _h._ 6ft. - South America, 1788. (B. R. 206.) - - =C. indica= (Indian).* Indian Reed. _fl._ rather large, irregular; - spikes erect, with light yellow and carmine-red divisions. Summer. - _l._ large, alternate, ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. West - Indies, 1570. See Fig. 359. (B. M. 454.) - - =C. insignis= (magnificent). _fl._ orange-red, few, small. _l._ - ovate, spreading horizontally, green, rayed and margined with - purplish-red. Stems violet, downy. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft. - - =C. iridiflora= (Iris-flowered). _fl._ rose, with a yellow spot on - the lip; spikes slightly drooping, several emanating from the same - spathe. Summer. _l._ broadly ovate-acuminate. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. - Peru, 1816. (B. R. 609.) - - =C. i. hybrida= (hybrid). _fl._ blood-red, very large, only - properly developed when grown in a greenhouse. _l._ green, very - large. Stem green, downy, somewhat reddish. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. - - =C. limbata= (bordered).* _fl._ yellowish-red, disposed in long - loose spikes; spathes glaucous. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute. _h._ - 3ft. Native country uncertain, 1818. (B. R. 771.) - - =C. l. major= (larger-bordered). _fl._ orange-red, large. _l._ - large, lanceolate, 2-1/2ft. long, 8in. wide, spreading, deep green. - Stems downy. _h._ 5ft. to 6-1/2ft. - - =C. nigricans= (blackish).* _l._ coppery-red, lanceolate, - acuminate, erect, 2-1/2ft. long, 10in. to 12in. broad. Stems - purplish-red. _h._ 4-1/2ft. to 8ft. One of the finest kinds. _C. - atro-nigricans_ has leaves of a purplish shade, passing into dark - red, of a deeper hue than those of _C. nigricans_. - - =C. Premices de Nice.= _fl._ bright yellow, very large. Stems and - leaves like those of _C. AnnA|i_. - - =C. Rendatleri= (Rendatler's).* _fl._ salmon-red, numerous, - large. _l._ much pointed, deep green, tinged with dark red. Stems - purplish-red. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. - -[Illustration: FIG. 360. FLOWERING SPIKE OF CANNA SPECIOSA.] - - =C. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ sessile, in pairs; petals two, erect, - bifid; lip spotted, revolute. August. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 3ft. - Nepaul, 1820. See Fig. 360. (B. M. 2317.) - - =C. Van-Houttei= (Van Houtte's).* _fl._ bright scarlet, large, - very abundantly produced. _l._ lanceolate, 2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, - acuminated, green, rayed and margined with dark purplish-red. - - =C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _fl._ with brilliant scarlet - inner, and purplish outer segments. _l._ ovate-elliptic, narrowed - at both ends, deeply tinged with dark purple. _h._ 3ft. Costa Rica, - 1849. (B. H. 2, 48.) There are several varieties of this species, - the best two are: _Chatei_, with very large dark red leaves, and - _nobilis_, with deep green leaves, rayed and margined with dark red. - - =C. zebrina= (zebra-striped).* _fl._ orange, small. _l._ very - large, ovate, erect, deep green, passing into dark red, rayed with - violet-purple. Stems dark violet-red. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. - -=CANNABINACEA†.= This order, of which the genus _Cannabis_ (Hemp) is the -type, is now merged into _UrticaceA|_. - -=CANNABIS= (from the Greek word _kannabis_, used by Dioscorides, and -that from Sanskrit _canam_). Hemp. ORD. _UrticaceA|_. A small genus, -of but little ornamental value. Flowers racemose, diA"cious. Nut -two-valved, within the closed calyx. The undermentioned species is a -hardy annual, of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by -seeds, sown in spring. - - =C. sativa= (cultivated). _fl._ greenish. June. _l._ on long - stalks; leaflets from five to seven, long, lanceolate, acuminated; - margins serrated. _h._ 4ft. to 10ft., or even 20ft. India, &c. This - plant is cultivated very extensively for the sake of its valuable - fibre. Well-grown plants have rather an ornamental appearance - during the summer months. See Fig. 361. - -[Illustration: FIG. 361. HEAD OF CANNABIS SATIVA.] - -=CANNON-BALL TREE.= A common name for =Couroupita guianensis= (which -_see_). - -=CANSCORA= (from _Kansgan-Cora_, the Malabar name of _C. perfoliata_, -as yet unintroduced). SYN. _Pladera_. Including _Phyllocyclus_. ORD. -_GentianeA|_. Small, erect, simple or branched, stove or greenhouse -annuals. Flowers stalked or sub-sessile. Leaves opposite, sessile -or amplexicaul. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a four-cleft, unequal -limb; the two outer segments equal, two lower ones combined a greater -distance. Stems tetragonal. _C. Parishii_ requires similar treatment to -=Balsam=, and grows best in a soil to which chalk or limestone dA(C)bris -is added. - - =C. Parishii= (Parish's). _fl._ white. _l._ opposite, perfectly - connate, so that the united two apparently form an exactly - orbicular leaf. _h._ 2ft. Moulmein, 1864. Greenhouse. (B. M. 5429.) - -=CANTERBURY BELLS.= _See_ =Campanula Medium=. - -=CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS.= _See_ =Chantarelle=. - -=CANTHIUM.= A synonym of =Plectronia=. - -=CANTUA= (from _Cantu_, the Peruvian name of one of the species). -SYN. _Periphragmos_. ORD. _PolemoniaceA|_. Very pretty erect, branched -greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers in corymbs, at the termination -of the branches, rarely solitary and axillary. Leaves entire or -almost pinnatifid, alternate, petiolate, elliptic, acuminated, or -cuneate-oblong, glabrous, or downy on both surfaces when young. They -are of easy culture in a compost of turfy loam, leaf-mould, and -sand, if good drainage is allowed. Propagated by cuttings, placed -in sand, under a hand glass. In the western parts of England, these -plants--particularly _C. buxifolia_--thrive remarkably well in -sheltered situations. - - =C. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ solitary; corolla with a short - yellow tube and scarlet limb. May. _h._ 4ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M. - 4729.) - - =C. buxifolia= (Box-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale red, straight, - funnel-shaped, with a very long tube; corymbs few-flowered; - peduncles tomentose. April. _l._ cuneate-oblong, mucronulate, quite - entire. _h._ 4ft. Peruvian Andes, 1849. An elegant plant, having - the tops of branches, calyces, and young leaves, downy. SYN. _C. - dependens_. See Fig. 362. (B. M. 4582.) - - =C. dependens= (hanging). Synonymous with _C. buxifolia_. - - =C. pyrifolia= (Pyrus-leaved).* _fl._, corolla yellowish-white, - curved; stamens twice as long as the corolla; corymbs terminal, - dense-flowered. March. _l._ elliptic or obovate acute, entire or - sinuate-dentate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M. 4386.) - -=CAOUTCHOUC.= The elastic gummy substance known as indiarubber, which -is the inspissated juice of various plants growing in tropical climates -in different parts of the world; such as _Castilloa_, _Ficus elastica_, -_Hevea_, various species of _Landolphia_, _Manihot_, &c., &c. - -=CAPE EVERLASTING.= _See_ =Helichrysum=. - -=CAPE GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Physalis peruviana=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 362. FLOWERING BRANCH OF CANTUA BUXIFOLIA.] - -=CAPE GUM.= The gum of _Acacia Karroo_ or _A. capensis_. - -=CAPE JESSAMINE.= _See_ =Gardenia florida=. - -=CAPER-TREE.= _See_ =Capparis=. - -=CAPILLARY.= Very slender; resembling a hair. - -=CAPITATE.= Growing in a head. - -=CAPITULATE.= Growing in small heads. - -=CAPITULUM.= A close head of flowers; the inflorescence of Composites. - -=CAPPARIDEA†.= An order of herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Flowers -clustered, or solitary; sepals four to eight, imbricate or valvate; -petals four, arranged crosswise, sometimes, but rarely, five, or eight, -rarely absent. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite, stipulate or -exstipulate. The order is distributed throughout the tropical and -warm temperate regions of both hemispheres, the frutescent species -being largely represented in America. There are about twenty-three -genera--the best-known being _Capparis_, _Cleome_, and _CratA|va_--and -about 300 species. - -=CAPPARIS= (_kapparis_, old Greek name used by Dioscorides, from -Persian _kabar_, Capers). Caper-tree. ORD. _CapparideA|_. Greenhouse -or stove evergreen shrubs, of considerable beauty. Calyx four-parted; -petals four; stamens numerous; succeeded by a berry. They thrive best -in a compost of well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings of ripe shoots will -root in sand, under a hand glass, in moist heat. This genus contains -about 120 species, but it is very doubtful if more than six are to be -found under cultivation in this country. - - =C. amygdalina= (Almond-like).* _fl._ white; peduncles axillary, - compressed, corymbiferous. _l._ elliptical-oblong, narrowed towards - both ends, with a callous point; upper surface smooth; under - surface, as well as the branches, covered with silvery scaly dots. - _h._ 6ft. West Indies, 1818. Stove. - - =C. cynophallophora= (Dog-phallus bearing). _fl._ white, large, - fragrant; peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. _l._ - smooth, leathery, oblong, on short petiole. _h._ 8ft. to 25ft. West - Indies, 1752. Stove. (R. G. 1862, 351.) - - =C. odoratissima= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ violet, sweet-scented, - about the size of Myrtle, with yellow anthers; peduncles - racemiferous at the top. _l._ oblong, acuminate, on long - footstalks; upper surface smooth; under surface covered with little - hard scales. _h._ 6ft. Caraccas, 1814. Stove. - -[Illustration: FIG. 363. FLOWER AND BUD OF CAPPARIS SPINOSA.] - - =C. spinosa= (spiny).* Common Caper. _fl._ white, tinged with red - on the outside; pedicels solitary, one-flowered. June. _l._ ovate, - roundish, deciduous. _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1596. This is an - excellent greenhouse shrub, and one which we have found perfectly - hardy in the southern counties of England. See Fig. 363. (B. M. - 291.) - -=CAPRIFOLIACEA†.= A rather large order of shrubs or herbs, often -twining. Flowers terminal, corymbose, or axillary; corolla superior, -regular or irregular. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Well-known genera -are: _LinnA|a_, _Lonicera_, _Sambucus_, and _Viburnum_. - -=CAPRIFOLIUM.= _See_ =Lonicera=. - -[Illustration: FIG. 364. FRUIT OF LONG AND ROUND CAPSICUMS.] - -=CAPSICUM= (from _kapto_, to bite; on account of the biting heat of the -seeds and pericarp). ORD. _SolanaceA|_. Shrubs or sub-shrubs, rarely -herbs. Peduncles extra-axillary, one-flowered. Leaves scattered, -solitary, or twin, and quite entire. Many of the species, although -possessing considerable beauty, are but rarely grown, either for -decoration or for the use of their fruit; consequently, we confine -our specific enumeration to the Common Capsicum, the Bird Pepper or -Chili, and the Bell Pepper. The first two of these have long been in -cultivation, for use either in a green state for pickles and for making -Chili vinegar, or ripened and ground as Cayenne Pepper. Some sorts are -exceedingly ornamental for greenhouse decoration in winter, if plants -are well grown in rather small pots, and the fruit ripened under glass. -The varieties producing small pods are the hottest, and consequently -best suited for making Cayenne Pepper. These are generally called -Chilies. All other varieties of Capsicum have a more or less pungent -flavour, and those bearing larger pods are more profitable for use in -a green state. The fruits of all are either red or yellow when ripe, -and are of various sizes and shapes. Some are produced and stand erect -on the upper side of the branches; others hang underneath. Fig. 364 -represents hanging fruits of Long and Round Capsicums, the shapes of -which are produced by both red and yellow varieties. - -_Cultivation._ Being natives of tropical countries, Capsicums cannot -always be depended upon to thoroughly ripen in the open air; but a good -crop of green fruits may generally be obtained by preparing the plants -early in the season, and planting out in a warm situation. - -Sow the seeds in February or early in March, in pots or pans, placing -them in heat; and so soon as the plants are large enough, pot off -singly into 3in. pots, still keeping them in heat until well rooted. -Place them into 6in. or 7in. pots before they become starved; and -gradually harden off and plant out about 2ft. asunder, in June. The -fruits ripen better if the plants are placed against a south wall and -tacked on to it. The safest plan to obtain a crop of ripe fruits is to -cultivate under glass. Pots of 7in. diameter are large enough. Rich -soil must be used, and any spare frames are suitable in summer. Plenty -of water and frequent syringings should be applied, as the plants are -very liable to injury from red spider and other insects if this is in -any way neglected. The fruits will keep some time after being ripe, but -are never better than when fresh gathered; they may, however, be kept -on the plants for a considerable period. - -_Sorts._ Chili, Long Red, Long Yellow, Small Red Cayenne, Round Red, -and Round Yellow. Good ornamental varieties are: Little Gem, a very -dwarf variety, of comparatively recent introduction, covered with -small, erect, red pods; and Prince of Wales, free fruiting, with -hanging bright yellow pods. - - =C. annuum= (annual). Common Capsicum. _fl._ white, solitary. June. - Petioles glabrous. _fr._ oblong, pendulous, and erect, red or - yellow, variable in shape. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. South America, 1548. - - =C. baccatum.= Bird Pepper or Chili. _fl._ greenish; peduncles - twin. June. _fr._ small, erect, almost globose. _l._ oblong, - glabrous, as well as the petiole. Branches angular, striated. _h._ - 2ft. to 4ft. Tropical America, 1731. Greenhouse shrub. - - =C. grossum= (large). Bell Pepper. _fl._ white. July. India, 1759. - -=CAPSULAR.= Like a capsule. - -=CAPSULE.= A dry dehiscent seed vessel or fruit. - -=CARAGANA= (_Caragan_ is the name of _C. arborescens_ among the -Monguls). Siberian Pea-tree. ORD. _LeguminosA|_. Very ornamental hardy -deciduous trees or shrubs. Flowers usually yellow, axillary, either -solitary or crowded, but always single on thin stalks. Leaves abruptly -pinnate, the midrib ending in a bristle or spine; leaflets mucronate. -They are well adapted for shrubberies, and are of the easiest culture -in sandy soil. Propagated by cuttings, made of the roots, or by seeds; -the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally -increased by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised from -seed, sown when ripe or in spring. - - =C. Altagana= (Altagana). _fl._ yellow; pedicels solitary. April to - July. _l._ with six to eight pairs of glabrous, obovate-roundish, - retuse leaflets; petiole unarmed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Dahuria, 1789. - Shrub. - - =C. arborescens= (tree-like).* _fl._ pale or bright yellow; - pedicels in fascicles. April, May. _l._ with four to six pairs of - oval-oblong villous leaflets; petiole unarmed. Stipules spinescent. - _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Siberia, 1752. Tree. (B. M. 1886.) - - =C. Chamlagu= (Chamlagu). _fl._ yellow, at length becoming reddish, - large, pendulous; pedicels solitary. May. _l._ with two pairs of - distant, oval, or obovate glabrous leaflets; stipules spreading, - and, as well as the petioles, spinose. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. China, - 1773. Shrub. - - =C. frutescens= (woody).* _fl._ yellow, resupinate; pedicels - solitary. April. _l._ with two pairs of leaflets, approximating - the top of the petiole, obovate-cuneated; stipules membranous; - petiole furnished with a short spine at the apex. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. - Siberia, 1752. Shrub. (S. B. F. G. 3, 227.) There are one or two - varieties of this species. - - =C. jubata= (bearded).* _fl._ white, suffused with red, few; - pedicels solitary, very short. April. _l._ with four or five pairs - of oblong-lanceolate, lanuginously-ciliated leaflets; stipules - setaceous; petioles somewhat spinose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, - 1796. Shrub. SYN. _Robinia jubata_. (L. B. C. 522.) - - * * * * * - - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - | Transcriber notes: | - | | - | P. 14. 't rminal' under Aciotis, changed to 'terminal'. | - | P. 21. 'Ternstroemiaceoe' changed to 'TernstroemiaceA|' | - | P. 27. 'producing fronds', fronds is usually in italics. Changed. | - | P. 27. 'A synonymn of A. venustum.', changed 'synonymn' | - | to 'synonym'. | - | P. 41. 'deeply chanelled', changed 'chanelled' to 'channelled'. | - | P. 41. 'A. Wislizeni ... which is under 2ft. broad'; should 'broad'| - | be 'long'? Left as a query. | - | P. 49. A. Scorodoprasum. 'Europ' changed to 'Europe'. | - | P. 53. A. ageratoides. 'receptable" changed to 'receptacle'. | - | P. 87. 'surface is punctuate', changed 'punctuate' to 'punctuated'.| - | P. 87. 'of less than than', taken out one 'than'. | - | P. 134. A. umbrosum. 'laceolate' changed to 'lanceolate'. | - | P. 162. 'Caraccas', changed to 'Caracas'. | - | P. 171. 'browish when matured.', changed 'browish' to 'brownish'. | - | P. 174. 'numerous arge round', changed 'arge' to 'large'. | - | P. 190. 'part the day' changed to 'part of the day'. | - | P. 190. 'Rio Janeiro, 1825.' changed to 'Rio de Janeiro, 1825.' | - | P. 210. 'Caraccas', changed to 'Caracas'. | - | P. 213. 'Syn. B Joinvillei, B. pitcairniA|folia.', changed 'Syn.' | - | to 'Syns.' | - | P. 222. 'There is a is a variety', removed extra 'is a'. | - | P. 235. 'petioles sheating' changed to 'petioles sheathing'. | - | P. 259. 'CAPSIDIUM' is 'CAMPSIDIUM' in another volume. Changed. | - | Fixed various punctuation. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Illustrated Dictionary of -Gardening, Division. 1; A to Car., by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF GARDENING *** - -***** This file should be named 56162.txt or 56162.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/1/6/56162/ - -Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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