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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Review, Vol. I, No. 2 (1911) - -Author: Various - -Release Date: December 1, 2017 [EBook #56099] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. I, NO. 2 (1911) *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Barry Abrahamsen and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div> - <p class='c000'>The Review</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<table class='table0' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='53%' /> -<col width='46%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c002'><span class='large'>VOLUME I, No. 2.</span></td> - <td class='c003'><span class='large'>FEBRUARY, 1911</span></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div> - <h1 class='c004'>THE REVIEW</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div>A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE</div> - <div><b>NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</b></div> - <div class='c005'><span class='small'>AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c006' /> -<table class='table1' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='40%' /> -<col width='59%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c002'>TEN CENTS A COPY.</td> - <td class='c003'>SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR</td> - </tr> -</table> -<hr class='c006' /> -<div class='lg-container-l c007'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>E. F. Waite, President.</div> - <div class='line'>F. Emory Lyon, Vice President.</div> - <div class='line'>O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee.</div> - <div class='line'>Charles Parsons, Member Ex. Committee.</div> - <div class='line'>A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee</div> - <div class='line'>Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c008' /> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>LEGISLATION</h2> -</div> -<p class='c010'>These are the months that count. This -issue of the <span class='sc'>Review</span> brings notice of -many bills introduced in various states -for the betterment of prison conditions -and for the welfare of the prisoner. Let -prisoners’ aid societies show during -these next few months that they can -work for legislation as well as talk, co-operate -with other organizations as well -as criticize, get results as well as get out -annual reports. Let us not be discouraged -because it may often be said that -“there is no hope of getting a bill like -that through this year.” Passing a bill -is only one of the steps in the process of -educating public sentiment up to the acceptance -of a new idea. Education must -begin somewhere and sometime. So let -us be active in advocating and introducing -good legislation, even though we may -not get all we want in any one year.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>MESSAGE OF THE PRISONERS’ AID SOCIETIES</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>We have one of the most important -messages in the field of practical philanthropy. -Americans, particularly in the -eastern states, are loth to wear their -hearts upon their sleeves. So we hesitate -sometimes perhaps, to emphasize the -message we have. Yet—life is short, -and the field is wide. Prisons are still -far from solving the problems of the -deprivation of liberty, punishment, the -protection of society, the rehabilitation -of the criminal, and the reduction of -crimes.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Therefore, let us not forget the missionary -nature of the prisoners’ aid society. -But, in spreading far and wide -the facts regarding the prisoner and the -duty of society in his behalf, let us not -fall into the error of being fanatical because -our field is one of magnitude. Accepting -the proposition that the great -public wants definite and impressive information, -not simply emotional enthusiasm -or tirade, let us present honestly -and vigorously conditions as they are, -and also make constructive suggestions -as to their possible betterment, never forgetting -the many difficulties that prison -administrators are forced to meet which -are not of their own making.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>THE REVIEW</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>This number of the <span class='sc'>Review</span> begins to -illustrate the purpose of the editors. -This periodical should be a live news -sheet of events and discussions in the -prison and prisoners’ aid field. So we -publish this month a noteworthy article -by an Iowa warden with progressive -ideas; we print also Mr. Whitin’s conclusion -about the use of prisoners in road -making and about the administrative -problems raised by their use.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Several prisoners’ aid societies are -described by their own representatives. -This journal’s first purpose is to be a -bond of union between these societies. -Then follow a number of pages of notes -on events in the prison field. We hope -the Review deserves the co-operation of -all engaged in the prison field. Paraphrasing -the Old Farmer’s Almanac: -“Now is the time to subscribe!”</p> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>THE MAN GOING OUT.<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c013'><sup>[1]</sup></a></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c010'><b>By WARDEN J. C. SANDERS, Ft. Madison, Iowa.</b></p> -<div class='footnote c014' id='f1'> -<p class='c015'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>Reprinted from “Man for Man,” annual report for -1911 of Central Howard Association.</p> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>I do not feel enough can ever be said -to eternally damn, as they should be, the -vicious, barbarous, degenerating method, -which until within comparatively recent -years, robbed penology of the right to -be classed as a science and converted our -prisons and penitentiaries into forcing -beds for the germinating and spreading -of folly, vice and crime. Society, however, -has paid the price for the mistaken -views it endorsed, and as the new era is -fast sweeping away the old, I have -elected to deal with the man produced -by it. And mark you, I say MAN, for -in Iowa we are trying to make men in -our prisons today, not ex-convicts. I -want to feel, and I am going to feel, -when the day of liberation comes, and a -man stands in my office prepared to re-enter -the world, that society is about to -receive back in the economic value of -the man returned, the principal and interest -on all it has cost to produce him. -But to come at once to my subject, the -“MAN GOING OUT.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>If there is one thing a man needs most -at such a time it is self-confidence. Its -absence marks the weakling and is almost -a sure precursor of his certain -return to old habits of thought with their -accompanying results. Self-confidence -rests upon a self-recognition of ability, -and this in turn is the outgrowth of -experience which has been productive of -pre-designed results. If in his prison -experience he has been taught that results—all -results—come through intelligent, -systematic application and has -learned to concentrate his efforts and -apply himself and thus to realize them, -he would be a strange anomaly if he -lacked confidence in himself. This is -education expressed in its highest term, -acquired under that master preceptor—experience. -To the man imbued with -this spirit, society’s attitude toward him -he feels is immaterial, not that he vicariously -courts its hostility, but he is possessed -of the sublime assurance that his -character-force will carry him through. -Accompanying this attitude and as vital -to it for him as the sunshine to the rose, -is to make of the past a dead and, so -far as is possible, a forgotten existence. -This I know is contrary to the theory of -the value of its lessons, but the man -who, like Sinbad, burdens himself with -“an old man of the sea,” and thus accepts -a self-imposed handicap, possesses -but little of the initiative in his character.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The new going out, whom I insist -upon holding in view, ought to be a new -spirit incarnate in a rebuilt body, born -over a second time into a new life, has -nothing in common with the deal self -buried in the past. If he is not such, -he ought not to be released. Why then -embalm it in memory and forever travel -in the company of a mummy! The -funeral urn never pampered to anything -but a sickly, morbid sentiment. A constant -reviewing of failure is no inspiration -to succeed. The most sanguine temperament -falls a helpless victim before -ravishing regret, and the man or woman, -ex-prisoner, allowed to re-enter society -unfortified by the philosophical truth -that the past must have culminated in -the present to make possible a happier, -better, greater future, has been badly -instructed in the ways of Providence—ever -a witness to the wisdom and mercy -that rejoiceth more over the lost sheep -that is found than over the “Ninety and -Nine.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>Next to self-confidence and a stoical -attitude toward the past, the important -thing to a man going out is “purpose.” -I do not mean merely purpose to do -right—that, of course, will be a conceded -essential. What I do mean is a -definite, well considered and reasonable -aim—something higher and beyond. God -alone knows how many men inspired -with the best of intentions have gone -forth from our prisons and penitentiaries -within the past year, who have failed, -are failing, or will fail, simply because -they have been led into attempting commercial -impossibilities! The responsibility -for these failure will rest less on -the men themselves than upon us. If -there is one duty above all others we -owe to society, to the men and to ourselves, -it is to see that the man going -out has not lost his job—but goes out -to go into one. In a large measure this -may be accomplished by reconciling the -man to the necessity of filling any position -which will support him until he can -catch his balance and soar up to something -higher. Where he is employed the -prejudice said to exist against ex-prisoners -is very much a popular error. I -have observed that most business men, -for purely selfish reasons, if for none -higher, recognize and are willing to pay -for ability, nor are they given to looking -for or picking flaws in a man’s past -record.</p> - -<p class='c012'>So far I have spoken only of the three -character-traits I regard as indispensable -to the present and future of the man -going out—self-confidence, emancipation -from the past, and purpose. It is our -duty as missionaries in the field of prison -philanthrophy to devote our uttermost -efforts to secure them to him. But character-traits -great and invaluable as they -are and primarily of first importance in -the work we have assumed, should be -supplemented in a material way. No ex-prisoner -should be turned loose into -society unprovided with sufficient funds -to maintain him suitably—not in luxury—if -you please, but comfortably, for at -least thirty days. And to be explicit -and not misunderstood as meaning to -convert penal institutions into finishing -schools turning out embryonic millionaires -at the expense of the tax-payers—I -will say that no sum less than $50.00 -is sufficient for such a purpose. And -you, dear reader, with your practical experience, -will acknowledge that this sum -is not an extravagant estimate. If there -is one thing the ex-prisoner should be -spared during the period immediately -following release it is a financial stringency. -I appreciate, as do we all, the -noble efforts being made by Mrs. Booth, -the Central Howard Association, and -kindred organizations, and I am fully -aware of the miraculous results being -achieved by them every day. And while -I am grateful to them, and those who -so liberally support and second them, I -cannot help feeling chagrined at the -thought that the great commonwealths -of this country should leave a duty so -palpably belonging to them to be discharged -by philanthropic associations. I -believe nothing is productive of greater -practical good than to secure a prisoners’ -compensation law in each state where -one is not in operation at present. And, -furthermore, I am persuaded that any -such general law which received the indorsement -of the public would meet with -sufficient popular approval to assure its -legislative passage in any state where it -is introduced. There are those, I have -been made aware, who are skeptical as -to the policy of providing ex-prisoners -with more money than is sufficient to -meet immediate requirements. They -argue that the pressure of necessity will -have a stimulating effect, that the man -determined to lead an honest life will, -driven by it, go to work at once. But I -question the logic of this reasoning. For -I cannot conceive of abject poverty under -such circumstances as other than demoralizing -in its moral effects. And -I am sure every man works more cheerfully—more -contentedly and more effectively -with a ten or a twenty dollar bill -in his pocket than when he feels himself -to be absolutely insolvent.</p> - -<p class='c012'>And now permit me to briefly suggest -what I regard as an important, indispensable, -and in time to be, universally -adopted prison innovation, directly affecting -the man going out and which -can be productive of only beneficial results.</p> - -<p class='c012'>I believe we do the man going out an -injury when we permit the transit from -prison regime to freedom to be marked -simply by the opening and shutting of a -gate. It seems to me that this could be -largely obviated if what might be termed -a “transit squad” was organized, and to -which all first offenders would be advanced -two weeks prior to discharge. -Here the discipline should be relaxed -and the daily experiences of the men -brought into close touch with those of -the outside world. We recognize the -utility of such a step already—for we -all know how prevalent the custom is of -giving near discharge men outside work.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In connection with the transit squad I -would advocate complete segregation -from the rest of the prison—providing -a dormitory ward properly furnished, -and connected with its own dining room, -where a special dietary should be served. -I should advocate even going further -than this and permit the wearing of the -citizen’s clothing furnished by the state. -In this direction the ice has already been -broken, for it is a general custom to -allow prisoners to draw their outgoing -shoes and wear them several weeks before -being discharged. During this -period I believe it would be wise to permit -the men to purchase such personal -effects as they will need later—additions -to their wardrobe and toilet articles—and -in selecting them I should be in -favor of taking the men on shopping -expeditions—not in prison garb. We -are all familiar with the temptations besetting -men going out—and their attraction -would be greatly lessened by a less -precipitous exit from prison and entrance -into society than that now in -vogue. Too often the last thing a man -gets on leaving prison is the “ice-eye” of -a turnkey, immune to any sentiment -other than that arising from the expectation -that his coming back is only a -question of time.</p> - -<p class='c012'>I have often wondered whether we -fully realize that in the experience of -every man there is always the “middle -man.” By the “middle man” I mean -the character taken after its evolution -from the innocent years of early life and -out of which the last state of the man -will evolve. The man when received at -a penal institution is invariably the “middle -man.” If we realize this, and in -connection therewith that character remains -plastic, despite the old adage that -“you can’t teach an old dog new tricks,” -and we conscientiously endeavor to secure -the adoption of regulations designed -with the idea in view that we are dealing -with human beings, the “man going out” -is an entirely new fellow from the man -we received—while our prisons will become -vast catacombs, the eternal resting -place for the shade of the “middle man.”</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>MAKING ROADS THROUGH PRISON LABOR</h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c016'> - <div><b><span class='small'>Dr. E. Stagg Whitin, General Secretary, National Committee on Prison Labor.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>(By Dr. E. Stagg Whitin, General Secretary, National Committee on Prison -Labor).</p> - -<p class='c012'>“Open up your jails, penitentiaries and -prisons!” cry the good roads associations -throughout the country—“a solution is at -hand for your most difficult problem. -Bad men on bad roads make good roads, -while good roads make good men.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>“Good roads and good men” has become -a slogan and no topic of prison -news today is more widely discussed in -the press from coast to coast than this—the -employment of convicts in public -road building.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Convict road making is a pressing -question before the present sessions of -legislatures, county supervisors and -boards of control. Members are hesitating -as to what answer to make and what -arguments pro or con to bring forth. The -literature on the subject is abundant, but -in the suggestions there is little that is -new. That thirty-three states had laws -on their statute books in 1905 permitting -the employment of convicts on state and -county roads shows that a solution of the -problem does not necessarily lie in legislation -but in its administration. The various -forms which these laws take demonstrate -the fact that there is as yet no satisfactory -or uniform law. The many different -experiments going on today appear -to have grown out of local needs -and conditions rather than out of any -generally accepted theory of what is -right from the standpoint of penology. -To solve satisfactorily the difficult problem -involved, or even to suggest its proper -solution, would require long research -and experimentation, but perhaps it may -be timely to point out some of the difficulties -which must be encountered wherever -convict road making is tried.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The theory that convict labor is a -proper source of exploitation either by a -lessee through his peonage, a contractor -through his cheap contract, or a co-ordinate -department of a state government -through its subtle bookkeeping, is one -that is untenable from any point of view. -Road making is a legitimate use of state -funds and is of practical benefit to all -citizens by reducing the cost of transportation -of the products of the farms to the -great markets; therefore anything that -will expedite the building of good roads -is for the common welfare. It is on this -basis that it is urged that the labor of -convicts be used for this purpose. The -state has a right to its use and under certain -conditions it would greatly reduce -the cost of production and tend to a more -rapid development of good roads projects.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Still, we are face to face with a condition -whereby the state directs its prison -department to allow its highway department -to have the labor of the convicts at -little or no cost to the highway department -and consequently at a figure much -below that at which free labor might be -induced to seek employment in road -building. The claim that free labor cannot -be had at any wage for work on -roads in certain communities is generally -advanced as a justification for this, but -the large employment agencies of the -country as well as the student of economics -will soon show conclusively that the -difficulty lies not in securing labor at -any price, but in reluctance to give an -adequate wage which will induce labor to -come into the work.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The value of the convict’s labor on the -roads is the same as the value of his labor -in the prison factory—the wage at which -free labor can be secured to perform the -same work. Shall the prison department -turn over gratis its convicts to the highway -department—this is the question. If -it does, it is giving to the highway department -exactly that amount of money -for which the highway department could -hire free labor. It makes little difference -to the taxpayers which he is taxed -to maintain, prisons or roads. Prisons -are deemed a necessity and the community -is afraid to get along without them. -Bad roads are a habit and the community -is accustomed to get along with them. -But with a single tax maintaining prisons -and developing highways, which -community could hesitate?</p> - -<p class='c012'>A much more legitimate argument, but -one less often advanced, is the healthful, -wholesome environment thrown around -the convict while at work in road building. -The experience of the men who developed -the road work in Colorado shows -that this is an advantageous way of employing -able-bodied convicts—of transforming -the sallow ghost-like prisoner, -fresh from the prison pen, into a rosy, -happy specimen of humanity. Under -God’s own sky, with the fresh air of -heaven, free from shackles and living on -his honor with few guards to do more -than supervise, the prisoner is surrounded -by the best environment and governed -under a method which is sane. While it -remains to be proved how long this -method will be a success and whether -the experience of Colorado can be duplicated -both north and south, the work at -Kalamazoo, Mich., at Richmond, Va., -and other places tends to raise our hope. -These practical arguments should have -weight.</p> - -<p class='c012'>A movement equally important with -that of good roads is passing over the -country. Efficiency is demanded in the -management of prisons, with a wage for -the convict which will benefit those dependent -on him. To build up an efficient -organization of prison industries is a -task of no mean magnitude on an inadequate -salary and hampered by red-tape -of officialdom and incompetency of subordinates. -The man at the head of prison -departments needs sympathetic encouragement. -To place upon him the -burden of securing large appropriations -for maintenance of his institution while -the labor of his charges is handed over -to others for exploitation is destructive -of all ambition for the attainment of efficiency.</p> - -<p class='c012'>So it is that the movements of the day -tend to clash and we are left with a -dilemma. Is there a demand on the part -of the highway and road people which is -legitimate, which will open this seemingly -large opportunity for the convict and -still not offer it on a basis of exploitation? -This conflict is full of interest to -the student of the subject.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD</h2> -</div> -<hr class='c017' /> -<p class='c012'><b>THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY</b></p> - -<p class='c012'>Early in the year 1776 a society was -organized by some benevolent citizens -of Philadelphia under the name “The -Philadelphia Society for Assisting Distressed -Prisoners.” After a career of -nineteen months the society was dissolved -on account of difficulties arising -during the War for Independence.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In 1787 philanthropic citizens constituted -themselves “The Philadelphia Society -for Alleviating the Miseries of -Public Prisons.” From that time until -the present this society has been actively -engaged in securing measures to improve -the conditions of prisons, and also in -earnest endeavors to reform criminals, -and so far as known it is the oldest -prison society in continued existence in -the world. The name of the society was -legally changed in 1886 to “The Pennsylvania -Prison Society.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>The present president, Joshua L. -Baily, whose membership dates from -1851, has been connected with the society -longer than any other living member.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In the first year of the existence of -the society about 150 gentlemen of Philadelphia -were connected with the organization. -Their object was to discover -“such degree and modes of punishment” -as might restore our “fellow-creatures -to virtue and happiness.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>An annuity of the value of about $70, -the donation of John Dickinson, was the -only permanent revenue of the new society.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In 1788, the society addressed the following -letter to John Howard, the great -apostle in the work of ameliorating the -condition of prisons: “The Society -heartily concurs with the friends of -humanity in Europe in expressing their -obligation to you for having rendered -the miserable tenants of prisons the objects -of more general attention and compassion, -and for having pointed out some -of the means not only of alleviating their -miseries, but of preventing those crimes -and misfortunes which are the cause of -them.” A year or two later John Howard -left on record an expression of appreciation -of the work of the Philadelphia -Society. The following sentiment -was found among his papers: “Should -the plan take place during my life of -establishing a permanent charity under -some such title as that at Philadelphia, -viz: ‘a society for alleviating the miseries -of public prisons,’ I would most -readily stand at the bottom of a page -for five hundred pounds.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>The organizers of the society had a -tremendous task before them, and they -went at their work with energetic diligence. -Very little effort had ever been -made to carry out William Penn’s injunction -that “all prisons should be considered -workhouses for the employment -of criminals and of the idle and vicious.” -There was an ill-constructed prison at -the corner of High and Third Streets -with subterranean dungeons for those -under sentence of death. At least -half a dozen crimes were punishable by -death. “In one common herd were kept -by day and night prisoners of all ages, -colors and sexes. There was no separation -of the most flagrant felon from -the prisoner held on suspicion for some -trifling misdemeanor. There was no -separation of the fraudulent swindler -from the unfortunate, and often estimable, -debtor.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>The society early resolved that two -leading elements of the desired reformation -were to find employment for the -inmates and to interdict the use of intoxicants. -They also insisted that there must -be a segregation, not only of the sexes, -but also that there must be an individual -separation in order that the penal institutions -should not become “schools for -crime.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>From the first the society has advocated -separate confinement and individual -treatment, but has not stood for -absolutely solitary imprisonment. There -is no objection to work being done in -groups, provided the prisoners are under -direct supervision of the proper officials. -Visits from the officers, from ministers, -from all properly concerned persons, -have been encouraged. Visitations by -members of the Prison Society began -under peculiar difficulties, as it is on -record that the keeper, with loaded cannon, -for the purpose of maintaining -order, allowed the prisoners to assemble -to hear the preaching of the gospel, but -the beneficial effect of the visits were -soon officially recognized, and have been -maintained with great regularity to the -present day, the Acting Committee in -1909 having reported 10,951 visits to -prisoners. In the year 1829, when the -Eastern Penitentiary, whose plan and -management at that time represented -the most advanced ideas in prison construction -and discipline was built, the -members of the Acting Committee of the -Society were, by enactment of the State -Legislature, constituted “Official Visitors” -of prisons.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In 1794 the society succeeded in securing -the abolition of the exaction of -fees by the jailers as a condition of release, -and a competent salary was authorized -to be paid to the prison officials. -About the same time it was decreed that -capital punishment should be inflicted -only for the crime of murder. Barbarous -methods of punishment, such as -the pillory, branding with hot irons, the -whipping post, were soon dispensed with -as reformatory measures.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In 1844 the society issued the first -number of “The Journal of Prison Discipline -and Philanthropy.” At first this -periodical was published quarterly, but -for many years it has been an annual. -In the columns of this Journal every -phase of prison reform, every measure -affecting the management of prisons, -every act of penal legislation for nearly -seventy years, has received attention.</p> - -<p class='c012'>For about fifty years a special agent -has been employed who devotes his time -to sympathetic care of prisoners from -the time they arrive until they have received -their discharge. Legal aid is found -for those whose cases seem to require -it, and where there are mitigating circumstances -the charges are often withdrawn -and so the accused is restored -where often his services are needed. Attention -is given to their physical needs -at the time of their discharge and effort -is made to provide them with employment.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The Commutation Act, whereby the -sentence of prisoners could be relatively -shortened for good behavior, was first -passed in 1861, for the passage of which -act the members of the society had -worked for years. In recent years some -members of the society have made a -thorough study of methods of dealing -with criminals in the various states of -the Union, and in connection with other -interested parties have been instrumental -in securing the passage of a law in 1909, -which provides for probation for adult -offenders, and also for parole for certain -classes of offenders. These provisions -had for many years applied to juvenile -criminals, but before 1909 had no reference -to the sentence on adults. The -State of Pennsylvania has been quite -cautious in adopting some principles of -what may be called “The New Penology,” -and it is too early at the present -time to make any report on the effect in -Pennsylvania of this recent legislation. -The society is giving close and sympathetic -attention to the practical enforcement -of these regulations with the hope -that the beneficial effects, reported elsewhere, -may here be observed, and that -the errors of this system, which have -been noted rather conspicuously in the -press, may be reduced to a minimum in -our State.—<i>From an article by Albert -H. Votaw, secretary of the Pennsylvania -Prison Society, in supplement to No. 49 -of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy.</i></p> - -<hr class='c011' /> - -<p class='c012'>The following report has been made -by Frederick J. Pooley, general agent of -the Pennsylvania Prison Society, concerning -the recent activities of the general -agent: At the close of the year, -December 31, 1908, there were 1,480 -prisoners confined within the walls of -the Eastern Penitentiary. At the close -of the year, December 31, 1909, there -were 1,527, an increase of 47. Of this -number 30 are life prisoners. There are -38 female prisoners. During the year -1909 there were 520 prisoners discharged. -Of this number 405 were furnished -with suits or parts of clothing -and with tools, lodging, etc., by the Pennsylvania -Prison Society through their -general agent, and in addition to this -part of the work many were taken to -the early morning trains and conducted -safely out of the city and beyond the -reach of evil companions who often wait -for the discharged prisoners at the prison -gate for the purpose of leading them -back to a life of crime. In addition to -the work at the Eastern Penitentiary the -general agent has a large field of work -at Moyamensing and Holmesburg.</p> - -<p class='c012'>I believe the lesson of temperance that -has been taught to the younger generation -is commencing to bear fruit, and I -look for fewer commitments for drunkenness -in the future than in the past. -More than 500 discharged prisoners -from the County Prison were assisted -with railroad tickets, board, lodging, -room rent, tools, etc.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>NEW YORK PRISON ASSOCIATION IN 1910</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>The New York Tribune on January -23rd stated: The Prison Association of -New York during 1910 found work for -362 released prisoners. At the annual -meeting held last Thursday O. F. Lewis, -general secretary, reported that 1,237 -former prisoners had been in charge of -the parole bureau during the year, and -that the men and women on probation -to the association from the Court of -General Sessions would bring the total -number of persons helped to 1,700.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Managers of the prisons and reformatories -know the Prison Association will -take at any time as many men on parole -as may be assigned to the association. -These men must report once a month, -and they are also visited by the parole -staff at their work and at their homes.</p> - -<p class='c012'>All prisoners eligible for parole must -obtain an offer of employment, so their -purpose in writing to the association is -obvious.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The general secretary pointed out that -during the year seventy-six men had -been paroled from the state prisons to -the association. It was necessary to return -to state prison only four men, and -the others were all doing well.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Ten thousand calls a year were made -at the office of the Prison Association, -most of them from men who had “done -time.” The association’s staff made over -3,600 visits in 1910 in behalf of men on -parole and on probation, and gave nearly -3,500 meals and 1,968 lodgings. The -association spent $3,200 in cash relief, -including lodgings and meals. Many -friends of the association gave clothing, -magazines and books, and 344 garments -were received by needy prisoners during -the year.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Smith Ely contributed $27,500 to the -endowment fund, and an equivalent -amount was raised by the association -last year, but the income will not be -available for six months, and an appeal -was made for financial help because of -greatly increased activity.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The work for dependent families of -prisoners was placed in charge of a -special committee, with the exclusive -service of one visitor. The problem of -mental defectiveness among prisoners received -much attention from the association, -and a special committee on defective -delinquents was appointed at the last -meeting, which comprised twenty-five -specialists in study and care of delinquents. -A closely affiliated body of forty -business and professional men, calling -themselves the Barrows League, was organized -to assist the Prison Association -through work for the welfare of persons -released from prisons or reformatory -institutions.</p> - -<p class='c012'>A comprehensive study of the lives of -seven hundred present and former inmates -of Elmira Reformatory was conducted -by the association during 1910, -through the financial support of the Sage -Foundation. It was expected that this -study would be published this year.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR AIDING DISCHARGED CONVICTS</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>In 1846 the Boston Society for Aiding -Discharged Convicts was organized for -the purpose which its name indicates. -At that time there were 276 prisoners -confined in the state prison, while on -Jan. 1, 1911, there were 876 serving sentences -there.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In 1867 the organization was incorporated, -and the name changed to the -Massachusetts Society for Aiding Discharged -Convicts. Upon the formation -of the society the state agent for -discharged convicts was employed for -its work, which was to be carried on -along the same lines as that contemplated -by the state.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The advantages to the society from its -co-operation with the state in this work -are many. Perhaps the greatest is the -fact that by this arrangement the records -of all the commitments and discharges -to and from all the prisons of the commonwealth, -which are in the office of the -prison commissioners, are open to the -inspection of the agent at all times. Here -the story of an applicant for aid can be -verified or disproved immediately. In -addition to the criminal records are many -others, going more fully into the personal -history and home conditions of -those who have been in prison; all of -this information is useful and necessary -in dealing with the ex-prisoner. The -saving in administration expenses, rent, -and other items, leaves more funds available -for the prime object of the society, -i.e., help to the prisoner.</p> - -<p class='c012'>During the year ending Nov. 30, 1910, -this society has helped four hundred and -sixty-three men, most of whom had -served terms in the jails, houses of correction, -and on the state farm. The -assistance rendered has been generally -in the form of transportation, meals and -lodgings, room rent, clothing, tools, taking -property from pawn shops, medicines, -spectacles, etc. There has been -expended during the year about $1,700.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Notwithstanding the increase of population -in Massachusetts there were 213 -fewer prisoners on Oct. 1, 1910 than on -the same date in 1909.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>THE MINNESOTA DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE FRIENDLESS</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>The Minnesota Division of the -Society for the Friendless is a -division of the National Society of -the same name. It has been doing active -work in the state of Minnesota since -January 1st, 1909, when Rev. James Parsons -came to the state as superintendent, -under appointment of the national society. -The work was carried forward -for the first fifteen months under the -direction of the national society. On -April 8th, 1910, the Minnesota Division -was formally organized.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Its special motto is “education for the -prevention of crime, and help for the -prisoner.” It aims to arouse a more enlightened -and humane sentiment toward -the treatment of discharged prisoners, -awaken a new interest in the improvement -of laws, and show the forces that -are at work to make criminals. Along -relief lines it aims to do everything -possible for the men while in prison, to -find employment for them when they are -discharged or paroled, and in cases where -employment cannot be secured for them -at once to furnish them with a temporary -lodging place. It also gives such aftercare -as each case seems to need.</p> - -<p class='c012'>During the year 1910 one hundred and -six jail visits were made, over 600 prisoners -were interviewed, 45 persons were -helped to work, and 75 were assisted in -other ways. The machinery of the organization -has been gotten into such -working order that the society is in a -position to handle a larger work. During -the next year the organization hopes to -aid in securing the passages of a number -of beneficial laws, among them being one -providing for an up-to-date indeterminate -sentence.</p> - -<p class='c012'>During 1910 the following work has -been done, among other activities of the -society: Church addresses, 106; persons -reached in churches, 16,155; school -addresses, 56; persons reached in school -audiences, 8,780; miscellaneous addresses, -19; persons in these gatherings, -4,445; miles traveled, 22,673; calls made -for various purposes, 1,491; letters written, -599: jail visits, 106; prisoners interviewed, -600; discharged prisoners -helped to work, 45; assisted in other -ways, 600.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>NEW JERSEY STATE CHARITIES AID AND PRISON REFORM ASSOCIATION</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>The current number of the New -Jersey Review of Charities and -Correction brings interesting information -regarding the re-organization -of the association and the appointment -of Joseph P. Byers, formerly -superintendent of the House of -Refuge at Randall’s Island, New York -City, as general secretary. The program -of the present year includes the organization -of county branches in all counties -of New Jersey, there being at present -but seven county committees: the visitation -of all the institutions of the state by -the general secretary; the regular publication -of the New Jersey Review; the -development of the standing committees, -and the extension of the membership and -influence of the association. Hugh F. -Fox, writing in the Review, says: “Mr. -Byers has made his mark in all of his -undertakings in the past, and his practical -experience and wide knowledge qualify -him peculiarly for the supervisory and -advisory duties which he has now undertaken.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>The annual report of the association’s -general secretary calls attention to the -county jail problem, the opposition in -New Jersey to the present contract system -of labor and the possibilities of a -profitable introduction of the state use -system, the desirability of introducing -winter work into the almshouses of the -state to discourage the presence of vagrants, -and the great need of a woman’s -reformatory.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>COLORADO PRISON ASSOCIATION GROWING</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>The Colorado State Prison association, -says the Denver News, has become -during the last year an organization -not only to help prisoners who have -a criminal record to get work and to -reform, but to keep others from gaining -a criminal record.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Instead of sending young first offenders -to jail this year some Denver judges -have tried the plan of releasing them to -the Colorado Prison association. In -every case the offenders have been grateful, -were helped by friends and relatives -to get work and are now living useful -lives. The idea is new to Colorado.</p> - -<p class='c012'>W. E. Collett, general secretary of the -association, states in his report for 1910, -that the association helped 534 persons -as against 324 the year before.</p> - -<p class='c012'>For the first time Secretary Collett -received applications from men of the -professions, lawyers, physicians, and -from bookkeepers and clerks who have -fallen into trouble.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The association procured employment -for 355, meals for 344, lodging for 227, -clothing for 105, transportation for 70 -and tools, loans and medical aid for 45. -The total number of lodgings given was -1,226 and the total number of meals, -2,882.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Nine were given courses in a Correspondence -school. The cost per prisoner -to the association was $9.75.</p> -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>GEORGIA’S NEW SECRETARY</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c012'>Robert B. McCord has been recently -made secretary of the Prison Association -of Georgia, with headquarters at -404 Gould building, Atlanta. Concerning -the new incumbent, the Atlanta <i>Georgian</i> -says:</p> - -<p class='c012'>“Mr. McCord is a native Georgian and -has spent years in specializing on the -character of work in which he will now -be engaged. After a preliminary course -at the University of Florida, he attended -Yale university, from which he graduated -in 1908. After his course at Yale -he attended the University of Chicago. -Mr. McCord was closely associated with -Dr. C. R. Henderson for two years in -research work.</p> - -<p class='c012'>“In outlining the work of which he -will have charge, Mr. McCord said:</p> - -<p class='c012'>‘The prison associations of the several -states are not organized on the same -plan, or for doing the same phases of -the work in every case. The Prison Association -of Georgia is not modeled after -any of them, yet in the work outlined it -resembles more nearly the Prison Association -of New York.</p> - -<p class='c012'>“‘The Prison Association will investigate -and attempt to throw light upon the -causes that underlie crime of the various -kinds in this state. It will collect information -from officials and suggestions -from men of experience in Georgia, -methods employed in other states and -countries, and it will publish these in -various ways to the people of the state. -It will aid in introducing and extending -methods of preventing crime and reforming -offenders. It will endeavor to organize -such influence as will secure the -building and equipping of proper institutions -for those offenders who can not be -dealt with more profitably and wisely by -methods of probation and parole. It will -direct its efforts to securing the proper -equipment and regular inspection of jails -and prisons of all kinds. It will in time -organize such aid as may enable the discharged -prisoner to establish himself -again in the confidence of the people instead -his possessing that dangerous state -of mind which characterizes one who -feels himself an outcast of society’.”</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c010'><span class='small'><b>[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field -and the treatment of the delinquent.]</b></span></p> - -<p class='c012'><i>What Can Be Done With the Drunkard?</i>—In -many states the approach of -the legislative season has brought forth -bills providing for a more rational treatment -of the drunkard. A commission -appointed by Governor Warner of Michigan -to make a study of minor criminal -offenses will recommend to the legislature -at the 1911 session the establishment -of an inebriates’ farm where the drunkard, -habitual or occasional, may work off -the habit under the influence of helpful -and healthful surroundings. The commission, -all of whose members are lawyers, -have found that petty crime is increasing -in Michigan at the rate of ten -per cent a year, while the population is -increasing at the rate of but four per -cent. The report emphasizes that the -present Michigan methods of dealing -with petty offenders are not reformatory.</p> - -<p class='c012'>In Lewiston and Auburn, Maine, citizens -are establishing a refuge for discharged -prisoners who have served terms -for vagrancy or intoxication. The Auburn -Reform League hopes thus to find -“a place where these men can be helped -to a fresh start.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>In Massachusetts, Warren F. Spalding, -the secretary of the Massachusetts -Prison Association, discussing the treatment -of drunkenness before the commission -which has been investigating the increase -of prisoners and paupers in the -Bay State, said recently: “Massachusetts’ -system of dealing with the question -is not good. It is sending thousands -of persons to the houses of correction -each year and then releasing them -after short periods without having helped -them.” “A drunk,” he said, “needs air, -sunshine and outdoor work. He should -not be in a cell 16 out of the 24 hours. -These cells are not free from germs. -What does Massachusetts do with her -drunks? After sending each one to the -House of Correction for a number of -times, he is sent to the state farm at -Bridgewater, where he receives the outdoor -treatment he needed in the first -place. Massachusetts should establish -from one to six institutions where drunks -and criminals through drunkenness can -be given outdoor treatment.”</p> - -<p class='c012'>It is reported that a bill is to be introduced -into the Indiana legislature providing -for the sending of convicted -drunkards to the county infirmary which -is reported to be able to work the men on -the farm at a cost only one-fourth of -that entailed by keeping them at the jail.</p> - -<p class='c012'>A member of the State Commission -in Lunacy of New York recently stated -that 28 per cent of insanity in the state -hospitals of New York is directly traceable -to inebriety or the use of alcohol.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Winter and the Vagrant.</i>—New York -City has been registering at its half-million -dollar new free lodging house a -record-breaking attendance this winter -of the out-of-works. On January 15th -the department of public charities lodged -982 homeless persons at the city lodging -house and an overflow of 286 were -lodged on a covered dock owned by the -department. “In my fifteen years of -experience,” said the superintendent of -the lodging house, “I have never seen -so many men come here with clean shirts -and collars, and with neat clothes. They -are men who have been working on the -railroads and on the aqueduct and are -now laid off for the winter.” The city -lodging house has no work-test and the -magistrates have largely discontinued -their former tendency to commit frequent -repeaters at the lodging house to -the city workhouse. In the first sixteen -days of 1910 the city cared for 5,841 -persons at the lodging house; for the -first sixteen days of 1911 the attendance -was 13,197, an astounding increase of -approximately 8,000 or more than 125 -per cent.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Meanwhile cities all over the land are -complaining of the swarms of tramps -and vagrants making claims, almost with -the assurance of vested rights, upon the -hospitality of the towns or the individual -citizens. Minneapolis has recently attracted -attention through its new city -lodging house, where free food, free bath -and nightshirt are a part of the regulations, -as well as the fumigation of the -guest’s clothing during the night. The -conditions under which homeless men -were formerly lodged by the police in -Minneapolis were so wretched that the -new municipal lodging house has received -a welcome from press and public.</p> - -<p class='c012'>One year’s work of the wayfarer’s -lodge of the federation of charities in -Toledo, O., is worth notice. During -1910, 3,896 men were taken care of, -8,465 beds being given. On an average -the men stopped at the lodge two and -one-half nights, 18,773 meals being -given in 1910. Paid employment was -found for 962 men, most of the positions -being at manual labor. Seventy-three -per cent of the men were American born. -Over seventy per cent were in the best -period of life, between twenty and forty -years of age. Nearly fifty per cent of -the men were common laborers. All the -men were examined by medical students -of Toledo University, and if in need of -care were referred to a dispensary or -other sources. About one man in five -was found to need medical attention. -Over forty per cent of the men were -reported as having, or as having had, -venereal disease.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>A Court to “Patch Up” Quarrels.</i>—The -domestic relations court of Buffalo -supervised through its probation officer -in 1910 the distribution of $40,587 in -non-support cases. This was the first -court of this nature to be established. -Recently New York and Boston have -followed suit. Probation did not prove -successful in every case, but the percentage -of success “warrants enthusiasm,” -according to the probation officer of the -court. Three out of every four persons -are reported benefited by the court.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>A Prison Twine Plant in Wisconsin.</i>—On -January 13th a bill was introduced -into the Wisconsin senate providing for -an appropriation of $400,000 as a fund -to be used in operating a binder twine -plant at the state prison at Waupun, -$200,000 to be available May 1st, 1911, -and the remainder May 1st, 1912.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A bill will be introduced, it is reported, -into the Ohio legislature providing -for the sterilization of criminals and -insane.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Points in Prison Reform.</i>—The Chicago -Record-Herald of January 17th, -says editorially: A Harvard professor -advocates systematic experimentation on -prisoners in state institutions with the -different chemical poisons used in food -preservatives. Such doings, he thinks, -would be mild and humane as compared -with those which are constantly being -tried on the non-criminal public by the -manufacturers of food products.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The professor probably has in mind -the experiments conducted by Dr. Wiley -on government employees at Washington. -But submission to such treatment was -voluntary, and the work was under competent -supervision. That such favorable -auspices could be guaranteed in an average -prison is open to doubt.</p> - -<p class='c012'>One finds a spirit more human than -that of the Harvard professor in the -warden of the state prison at Walla -Walla, Wash. The latter declares that -the striped suit and the lock step are undesirable -relics of an outlived past. He -has put his charges into plain gray -clothes, with no distinguishing mark beyond -the prison number, and has abolished -the lock step altogether. If those -two antiquated features represented affronts -to the dignity of human nature, -the compulsory consumption of poison -might reasonably be held to represent -still another. Its introduction might lay -the base of a new error and abuse, which -itself would have to be abolished in turn.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> - -<p class='c012'><i>Life Prisoners Studied.</i>—A thorough -study of the subject of life prisoners -has been made by Warden Henry Town, -of Waupun, Wis. It is interesting to -note the kindly feeling held generally by -prison officials toward the “lifer.” Experience -proves that the average character -of life prisoners is higher than the -short-term men, and fewer return again -to crime, when given their liberty. This -fact has increased the sentiment favorable -to paroling life prisoners after they -have served a reasonable period. The -great majority of officials have expressed -themselves as favorable to laws of this -kind, and several states have already -adopted them with satisfactory results.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>A Jail Catechism.</i>—The following recommendations, -made by Commissioner -Frank Wade, of the New York Commission -on Prisons, after an inspection -of the Orleans County jail, may have a -general applicability to the jails of the -county:</p> - -<p class='c012'>“That more beds and mattresses be -placed in the lockup; that tramps and -loafers, not under arrest, be not allowed -to mingle with the prisoners detained for -trial; that a jail yard be provided at the -county jail, and that work be provided -for time prisoners; that all the beds in -the jail be equipped with new mattresses; -that the walls of the corridors and cells -be repainted and that the corridors and -cells be kept clean; that the bed clothing -be regularly washed and kept clean, -in which event sheets and pillow cases -should be washed; that a steel ceiling be -placed over the wooden joists in the -kitchen; that there be light in every cell -and that there be a new lock on every -floor which cannot be reached or tampered -with by the prisoners.”</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>A Court On Prison Architecture.</i>—In -the course of a decision denying an injunction -brought to hold up the contract -for a new state prison, Justice Betts of -the New York Supreme Court, recently -uttered the following dictum dealing -with the psychological aspects of prison -architecture:</p> - -<p class='c012'>“It appears that a substantial change -in plans was made, increasing the cost -of the new prison from $2,000,000 to -$2,200,000. This was solely in an attempt -to beautify and adorn the exterior -of the building. The commission, with -the sanction of the legislature, is to spend -$200,000 in seeking the unattainable. A -prison known to be such is hideous and -ugly. It can be viewed by two classes -of people only, those who are inmates -and those who are out. The inmates are -not proud of their environments, however -ornate, and no amount of embellishment -can make it attractive to outsiders.”</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A state training school for boys under -18 has just been opened at Monroe, Alabama. -It has been in preparation for -several years.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Federal Prisoners Paroled Without -Publicity.</i>—In accordance with the decision -of the attorney general of the -United States and the chairman of the -federal board, prisoners who have won -their paroles from federal prisons will -hereafter be released without publicity. -Thus they can go back into society unburdened -with the disadvantage of readvertised -notoriety. Commenting editorially -on this change, the Cincinnati -(Ohio) <i>Enquirer</i> says:</p> - -<p class='c012'>“This is in keeping with modern progress -in the treatment of criminals. When -a man is tried and sentenced for a crime, -full publicity is given to that fact, and -when he arrives at the penitentiary that -fact also is announced to the public. -After that man has served the term to -which he was sentenced, or when he has -served a part of it and is released on -parole, he has paid his obligation to -society for his violation of law. He has -a right to demand that he be permitted -to re-enter the world unhandicapped by -the renewed publication of the disgrace -of his imprisonment. * * * * The -attention of the Ohio prison managers -is called to this progressive action on -the part of the federal government. Its -helpfulness would be just as important -in state as in national criminal affairs.”</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Organized Labor Opposes</i> “<span class='sc'>Third -Degree</span>.”—A dispatch from New Haven, -Conn., states that organized labor in the -various states is called upon to exert its -influence for legislation forbidding the -police “third degree” to get confessions -from prisoners in a letter sent out from -the National Headquarters of the American -Federation of Labor at Washington.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The letter, which is signed by Samuel -Gompers, describes the practice as having -no warrant for its existence “except the -brute power of barbarism and the tradition -derived therefrom,” and declares -that “its practice on the part of the -police is usurpation that must be -stopped.”</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>Former Lieutenant-Governor E. H. -Harper has been elected president of the -Colorado Prison Association, which -plans to draft a number of bills for the -legislative session.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Penal Farm for Indiana.</i>—A bill providing -for the establishment of a state -penal farm will be introduced into the -Indiana legislature.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The bill provides that the location of -the farm and the purchase of the land -for it shall be made by the board of -trustees of the state prison, with the -approval of the governor. The location -shall be determined by the advantages -offered in providing work for the inmates. -The labor for erecting the buildings -shall be furnished by prisoners -transferred from the state prison and -reformatory. The farm shall be in -charge of a board of four trustees appointed -by the governor.</p> - -<p class='c012'>All male delinquents, who are above -the age of commitments to the Indiana -Boys’ School, who have been convicted -of the violation of any state law or city -ordinance, the punishment for which now -consists of confinement in a county jail -or workhouse, may be sent to the farm. -Where the imprisonment shall not be -more than thirty days it is left to the -discretion of the trial court as to whether -the prisoner shall be sent to the county -jail or to the penal farm.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Upon the recommendation of the -boards of trustees of the Indiana state -prison and the state reformatory the -governor may order transferred from -these institutions to the farms such prisoners -as in the opinion of the board -would be benefited thereby. The prisoners -at the proposed institutions shall -be employed at work in or about the -building and farm. For the purpose of -equipping the farm appropriations shall -be made by the legislature. It is estimated -the appropriation will require $200 -a year for each prisoner.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>A Women’s Prison for Ohio?</i>—Members -of the Ohio joint legislative committee -appointed to recommend what -the state should do about building a -women’s prison, have decided to recommend -that a joint reformatory and prison -for women be built under a management -separate from the penitentiary. The -board of managers of the penitentiary -will be asked to abandon the project of -erecting the woman’s prison near the -institution for men.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Probation in Connecticut.</i>—The Connecticut -Prison Association shows that -the number of cases placed on probation -during the year ended September 30, -1910, was as follows: Men, 1,613; -women, 126; boys, 809; girls, 49. Those -who observed their terms of probation -and were released were: Men, 1,077; -women, 117; boys, 677; girls, 43. Those -who violated the conditions and were -rearrested were: Men, 214; women, 12; -boys, 52; girls, 7; while 92 men, 7 -women, 17 boys and 4 girls escaped from -the jurisdiction of the court. There -were remaining on probation at the close -of the fiscal year 858 men, 59 women, -325 boys and 26 girls, while the cases of -326 men, 18 women, 90 boys and 50 girls -were investigated and settled out of -court.</p> - -<p class='c012'>The amount of probationers’ wages -collected and expended for their families -was $26,919.75. The amount of fines -and costs collected from them amounted -to $10,791.44.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>President Thorpe of the Massachusetts -Prison Association, in support -of his recommendation of state control -of all penal institutions, which -he suggested had been smiled upon -taxation, and a governor or two, said -that criminals violate the welfare of the -state, not of the county, and that about -the only opposition to his project comes -from county commissioners. He called -it wasteful for counties to build new -prisons, where they house both serious -and petty criminals, and suggested that -the state should erect one in the country -for classified lighter offenders.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Following the wide publication of an -article from the pen of Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, -K. C. B., dealing with prison -conditions in this country, a statement -condemning American prisons and prison -systems was attributed to him. In a -recent letter to Amos W. Butler, Secretary -of the Indiana State Board of Charities, -Mr. Ruggles-Brise, who attended -the International Prison Congress at -Washington, and who is chairman of -the prison commission of England, stated -that his criticism referred only to the jail -system in this country.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'><i>Three Reforms Urged in Maine.</i>—Several -reforms are being strenuously -urged upon the Maine legislature by the -prison association of that state. A farm -for inebriates in Cumberland county, a -reformatory for women, and a system of -juvenile courts are those propositions -attracting the most attention from the -press and the public. Civic clubs, men’s -clubs and church organizations are being -drawn into the effort to get the necessary -bills passed by the legislature. The proposed -farm for inebriates will provide -physical and mental training for the inmates, -and the bill authorizing it fixes -minimum and maximum sentences of -three months and one year respectively. -The bill providing for a women’s reformatory -asks for an appropriation of $30,000 -for an institution on the cottage plan, -to which commitment will be on the indeterminate -sentence plan. The proposed -juvenile court bill was spoken of as follows -by Judge Ben B. Lindsey, of Denver, -Colorado:</p> - -<p class='c012'>“This bill is the best measure yet proposed -to protect and correct helpless, -neglected or offending children.”</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>In connection with what promises to -be a state-wide investigation of several -departments in New York which come -under the control of the governor, it is -interesting to note that Governor Dix -declares his intention to make a personal -inspection of the prisons, and a thorough -study of their affairs. Cornelius V. Collins, -Superintendent of Prisons, has -stated publicly that he will welcome any -investigation of affairs in the Prison -Department.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A bill to abolish the different prison -boards and establish a new board to control -all state prisons and perform the -functions of the present advisory board -in the matter of pardons, is in preparation -by Rep. Robert Y. Ogg, of Detroit, -Michigan. Both parties declared for -such a bill in their state platforms.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A stop has been put in South Boston, -Mass., to the practice of sending juvenile -offenders from the detention station to -the courthouse in the same vans with -adult prisoners.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A bill to compel the sending of prisoners -under 18 years of age to the state -reformatory, and to permit the sending -of first offenders, except those guilty of -serious crimes, to the same place, and to -prevent the sending of prisoners over 30 -years of age to the reformatory, is being -urged upon the legislature in Colorado. -It is argued that some of the judges think -the reformatory merely a branch of the -penitentiary.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>On the ground that imprisonment in -the city jail for petty crimes brings punishment -on the family of the culprit no -less than on the culprit himself, Mayor -Pratt, of Spokane, Wash., is urging the -establishment of a work farm where -petty criminals can be given employment -that will contribute to the support of -their families. Mayor Pratt is also said -to favor an institution where the destitute -can find employment.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A bill for the establishment of a reformatory -for first offenders, now before -the legislature of California, is said to -have the backing of many organizations -interested in prison reform. The bill -provides for an institution to which prisoners -convicted of felony for the first -time may be sent for confinement, instruction -and discipline, with the object -of fitting them for self-support on release. -The sentence of such prisoners -is to be indeterminate.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>A plan for sharing profits with the -prisoners of the Rhode Island state -prison at Howard, R. I., has been proposed -by Warden James F. McCusker, -and is now in the hands of a committee -charged with reporting upon it. It provides -that in each department of the -prison those who have worked steadily -for the preceding six months shall share -in a monthly distribution of the earnings -of that department over and above a -stated minimum amount.</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> -<p class='c012'>It is expected that legislature of Tennessee -will make an appropriation at this -session for a reformatory where boys -convicted of crime may be kept separate -from hardened criminals. The state has -already purchased a farm five miles from -Nashville on which to erect such an institution.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>A DIGEST OF EVENTS IN THE PRISON FIELD</h2> -</div> -<hr class='c018' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>To all who are Interested Prisoners’ Aid Work and the Prison Field:</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c019'>Last October, at the meeting of the American Prison Association, representatives of a -number of the leading prisoners’ aid societies of the United States voted to organize -a National Prisoners’ Aid Association, to promote closer co-operation -between the prisoners’ aid societies of this country.</p> -<p class='c019'>These societies have decided to publish a monthly “Review” of events in the prison field. -The first number of the REVIEW appeared about the middle of January. It -contained an article by Warren F. Spaulding (Massachusetts) on the International -Prison Congress, brief histories of three prisoners’ aid societies, a list of -prisoners’ aid societies, several pages of “Events in Brief” containing up-to-date -facts in the prison field from all parts of the country, and an advertisement.</p> -<p class='c019'>The REVIEW will be published once a month, in New York. It is an experiment. -Everybody working for it, writers and editors, are giving their services gratuitously.</p> -<p class='c019'>The REVIEW is an experiment, not a money-maker. The important question is—can -it pay for itself? Yes, if five hundred persons, interested in the prison world, -will subscribe for the REVIEW at seventy-five cents, or become members of the -National Prisoners’ Aid Association, at one dollar, which will include the -REVIEW.</p> -<p class='c019'>Therefore, SUBSCRIBE NOW. This REVIEW is specially for prisoners’ aid -workers, prison officials, boards of managers, state boards, probation officers, -parole officers, members of the American Prison Association and of the National -Conference of Charities and Correction, and all others interested in the treatment -of the delinquent.</p> -<p class='c019'>The officers of the Association are: E. F. Waite, President; F. Emory Lyon, Vice -President; O. F. Lewis, Secretary. Executive Committee: E. A. Fredenhagen, -Charles Parsons, G. E. Cornwall, A. H. Votaw, Albert Steelman, and the -officers ex-officio.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c020'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Mr. O. F. Lewis, Sec’y, Date.............................</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div>National Prisoners’ Aid Association,</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-r c007'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>135 East 15th Street, New York.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>Please enter my subscription to the work of the National Prisoners’ Aid -Association as follows:</p> -<div class='lg-container-l c007'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>.............Subscription. . . .to “The Review,” at 75c each.</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>.............Membership, at $............. (including Review.)</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>(Active, $1.; Associate, $5.; Sustaining, $25.; Life, $100.)</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Name .............................................</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Street and No. ...................................</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>City ......................State ..................</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> - <ul class='ul_1 c001'> - <li>Transcriber’s Notes: - <ul class='ul_2'> - <li>Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected. - </li> - <li>Typographical errors were silently corrected. - </li> - </ul> - </li> - </ul> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Review, Vol. I, No. 2 (1911), by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 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