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diff --git a/old/56099-0.txt b/old/56099-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20fd8a6..0000000 --- a/old/56099-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1662 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review, Vol. I, No. 2 (1911), by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Review, Vol. I, No. 2 (1911) - -Author: Various - -Release Date: December 1, 2017 [EBook #56099] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. I, NO. 2 (1911) *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Barry Abrahamsen and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - - - - - The Review - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - VOLUME I, No. 2. FEBRUARY, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - =NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION= - - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - --------------------------------------------------------- - - TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR - - --------------------------------------------------------- - - E. F. Waite, President. - F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review. - - E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee. - Charles Parsons, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - - G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee - Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - LEGISLATION - - -These are the months that count. This issue of the REVIEW brings notice -of many bills introduced in various states for the betterment of prison -conditions and for the welfare of the prisoner. Let prisoners’ aid -societies show during these next few months that they can work for -legislation as well as talk, co-operate with other organizations as well -as criticize, get results as well as get out annual reports. Let us not -be discouraged because it may often be said that “there is no hope of -getting a bill like that through this year.” Passing a bill is only one -of the steps in the process of educating public sentiment up to the -acceptance of a new idea. Education must begin somewhere and sometime. -So let us be active in advocating and introducing good legislation, even -though we may not get all we want in any one year. - - ---------- - - =MESSAGE OF THE PRISONERS’ AID SOCIETIES= - -We have one of the most important messages in the field of practical -philanthropy. Americans, particularly in the eastern states, are loth to -wear their hearts upon their sleeves. So we hesitate sometimes perhaps, -to emphasize the message we have. Yet—life is short, and the field is -wide. Prisons are still far from solving the problems of the deprivation -of liberty, punishment, the protection of society, the rehabilitation of -the criminal, and the reduction of crimes. - -Therefore, let us not forget the missionary nature of the prisoners’ aid -society. But, in spreading far and wide the facts regarding the prisoner -and the duty of society in his behalf, let us not fall into the error of -being fanatical because our field is one of magnitude. Accepting the -proposition that the great public wants definite and impressive -information, not simply emotional enthusiasm or tirade, let us present -honestly and vigorously conditions as they are, and also make -constructive suggestions as to their possible betterment, never -forgetting the many difficulties that prison administrators are forced -to meet which are not of their own making. - - ---------- - - =THE REVIEW= - -This number of the REVIEW begins to illustrate the purpose of the -editors. This periodical should be a live news sheet of events and -discussions in the prison and prisoners’ aid field. So we publish this -month a noteworthy article by an Iowa warden with progressive ideas; we -print also Mr. Whitin’s conclusion about the use of prisoners in road -making and about the administrative problems raised by their use. - -Several prisoners’ aid societies are described by their own -representatives. This journal’s first purpose is to be a bond of union -between these societies. Then follow a number of pages of notes on -events in the prison field. We hope the Review deserves the co-operation -of all engaged in the prison field. Paraphrasing the Old Farmer’s -Almanac: “Now is the time to subscribe!” - - THE MAN GOING OUT.[1] - -=By WARDEN J. C. SANDERS, Ft. Madison, Iowa.= - -Footnote 1: - - Reprinted from “Man for Man,” annual report for 1911 of Central Howard - Association. - -I do not feel enough can ever be said to eternally damn, as they should -be, the vicious, barbarous, degenerating method, which until within -comparatively recent years, robbed penology of the right to be classed -as a science and converted our prisons and penitentiaries into forcing -beds for the germinating and spreading of folly, vice and crime. -Society, however, has paid the price for the mistaken views it endorsed, -and as the new era is fast sweeping away the old, I have elected to deal -with the man produced by it. And mark you, I say MAN, for in Iowa we are -trying to make men in our prisons today, not ex-convicts. I want to -feel, and I am going to feel, when the day of liberation comes, and a -man stands in my office prepared to re-enter the world, that society is -about to receive back in the economic value of the man returned, the -principal and interest on all it has cost to produce him. But to come at -once to my subject, the “MAN GOING OUT.” - -If there is one thing a man needs most at such a time it is -self-confidence. Its absence marks the weakling and is almost a sure -precursor of his certain return to old habits of thought with their -accompanying results. Self-confidence rests upon a self-recognition of -ability, and this in turn is the outgrowth of experience which has been -productive of pre-designed results. If in his prison experience he has -been taught that results—all results—come through intelligent, -systematic application and has learned to concentrate his efforts and -apply himself and thus to realize them, he would be a strange anomaly if -he lacked confidence in himself. This is education expressed in its -highest term, acquired under that master preceptor—experience. To the -man imbued with this spirit, society’s attitude toward him he feels is -immaterial, not that he vicariously courts its hostility, but he is -possessed of the sublime assurance that his character-force will carry -him through. Accompanying this attitude and as vital to it for him as -the sunshine to the rose, is to make of the past a dead and, so far as -is possible, a forgotten existence. This I know is contrary to the -theory of the value of its lessons, but the man who, like Sinbad, -burdens himself with “an old man of the sea,” and thus accepts a -self-imposed handicap, possesses but little of the initiative in his -character. - -The new going out, whom I insist upon holding in view, ought to be a new -spirit incarnate in a rebuilt body, born over a second time into a new -life, has nothing in common with the deal self buried in the past. If he -is not such, he ought not to be released. Why then embalm it in memory -and forever travel in the company of a mummy! The funeral urn never -pampered to anything but a sickly, morbid sentiment. A constant -reviewing of failure is no inspiration to succeed. The most sanguine -temperament falls a helpless victim before ravishing regret, and the man -or woman, ex-prisoner, allowed to re-enter society unfortified by the -philosophical truth that the past must have culminated in the present to -make possible a happier, better, greater future, has been badly -instructed in the ways of Providence—ever a witness to the wisdom and -mercy that rejoiceth more over the lost sheep that is found than over -the “Ninety and Nine.” - -Next to self-confidence and a stoical attitude toward the past, the -important thing to a man going out is “purpose.” I do not mean merely -purpose to do right—that, of course, will be a conceded essential. What -I do mean is a definite, well considered and reasonable aim—something -higher and beyond. God alone knows how many men inspired with the best -of intentions have gone forth from our prisons and penitentiaries within -the past year, who have failed, are failing, or will fail, simply -because they have been led into attempting commercial impossibilities! -The responsibility for these failure will rest less on the men -themselves than upon us. If there is one duty above all others we owe to -society, to the men and to ourselves, it is to see that the man going -out has not lost his job—but goes out to go into one. In a large measure -this may be accomplished by reconciling the man to the necessity of -filling any position which will support him until he can catch his -balance and soar up to something higher. Where he is employed the -prejudice said to exist against ex-prisoners is very much a popular -error. I have observed that most business men, for purely selfish -reasons, if for none higher, recognize and are willing to pay for -ability, nor are they given to looking for or picking flaws in a man’s -past record. - -So far I have spoken only of the three character-traits I regard as -indispensable to the present and future of the man going -out—self-confidence, emancipation from the past, and purpose. It is our -duty as missionaries in the field of prison philanthrophy to devote our -uttermost efforts to secure them to him. But character-traits great and -invaluable as they are and primarily of first importance in the work we -have assumed, should be supplemented in a material way. No ex-prisoner -should be turned loose into society unprovided with sufficient funds to -maintain him suitably—not in luxury—if you please, but comfortably, for -at least thirty days. And to be explicit and not misunderstood as -meaning to convert penal institutions into finishing schools turning out -embryonic millionaires at the expense of the tax-payers—I will say that -no sum less than $50.00 is sufficient for such a purpose. And you, dear -reader, with your practical experience, will acknowledge that this sum -is not an extravagant estimate. If there is one thing the ex-prisoner -should be spared during the period immediately following release it is a -financial stringency. I appreciate, as do we all, the noble efforts -being made by Mrs. Booth, the Central Howard Association, and kindred -organizations, and I am fully aware of the miraculous results being -achieved by them every day. And while I am grateful to them, and those -who so liberally support and second them, I cannot help feeling -chagrined at the thought that the great commonwealths of this country -should leave a duty so palpably belonging to them to be discharged by -philanthropic associations. I believe nothing is productive of greater -practical good than to secure a prisoners’ compensation law in each -state where one is not in operation at present. And, furthermore, I am -persuaded that any such general law which received the indorsement of -the public would meet with sufficient popular approval to assure its -legislative passage in any state where it is introduced. There are -those, I have been made aware, who are skeptical as to the policy of -providing ex-prisoners with more money than is sufficient to meet -immediate requirements. They argue that the pressure of necessity will -have a stimulating effect, that the man determined to lead an honest -life will, driven by it, go to work at once. But I question the logic of -this reasoning. For I cannot conceive of abject poverty under such -circumstances as other than demoralizing in its moral effects. And I am -sure every man works more cheerfully—more contentedly and more -effectively with a ten or a twenty dollar bill in his pocket than when -he feels himself to be absolutely insolvent. - -And now permit me to briefly suggest what I regard as an important, -indispensable, and in time to be, universally adopted prison innovation, -directly affecting the man going out and which can be productive of only -beneficial results. - -I believe we do the man going out an injury when we permit the transit -from prison regime to freedom to be marked simply by the opening and -shutting of a gate. It seems to me that this could be largely obviated -if what might be termed a “transit squad” was organized, and to which -all first offenders would be advanced two weeks prior to discharge. Here -the discipline should be relaxed and the daily experiences of the men -brought into close touch with those of the outside world. We recognize -the utility of such a step already—for we all know how prevalent the -custom is of giving near discharge men outside work. - -In connection with the transit squad I would advocate complete -segregation from the rest of the prison—providing a dormitory ward -properly furnished, and connected with its own dining room, where a -special dietary should be served. I should advocate even going further -than this and permit the wearing of the citizen’s clothing furnished by -the state. In this direction the ice has already been broken, for it is -a general custom to allow prisoners to draw their outgoing shoes and -wear them several weeks before being discharged. During this period I -believe it would be wise to permit the men to purchase such personal -effects as they will need later—additions to their wardrobe and toilet -articles—and in selecting them I should be in favor of taking the men on -shopping expeditions—not in prison garb. We are all familiar with the -temptations besetting men going out—and their attraction would be -greatly lessened by a less precipitous exit from prison and entrance -into society than that now in vogue. Too often the last thing a man gets -on leaving prison is the “ice-eye” of a turnkey, immune to any sentiment -other than that arising from the expectation that his coming back is -only a question of time. - -I have often wondered whether we fully realize that in the experience of -every man there is always the “middle man.” By the “middle man” I mean -the character taken after its evolution from the innocent years of early -life and out of which the last state of the man will evolve. The man -when received at a penal institution is invariably the “middle man.” If -we realize this, and in connection therewith that character remains -plastic, despite the old adage that “you can’t teach an old dog new -tricks,” and we conscientiously endeavor to secure the adoption of -regulations designed with the idea in view that we are dealing with -human beings, the “man going out” is an entirely new fellow from the man -we received—while our prisons will become vast catacombs, the eternal -resting place for the shade of the “middle man.” - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - MAKING ROADS THROUGH PRISON LABOR - - =Dr. E. Stagg Whitin, General Secretary, National Committee on Prison - Labor.= - -(By Dr. E. Stagg Whitin, General Secretary, National Committee on Prison -Labor). - -“Open up your jails, penitentiaries and prisons!” cry the good roads -associations throughout the country—“a solution is at hand for your most -difficult problem. Bad men on bad roads make good roads, while good -roads make good men.” - -“Good roads and good men” has become a slogan and no topic of prison -news today is more widely discussed in the press from coast to coast -than this—the employment of convicts in public road building. - -Convict road making is a pressing question before the present sessions -of legislatures, county supervisors and boards of control. Members are -hesitating as to what answer to make and what arguments pro or con to -bring forth. The literature on the subject is abundant, but in the -suggestions there is little that is new. That thirty-three states had -laws on their statute books in 1905 permitting the employment of -convicts on state and county roads shows that a solution of the problem -does not necessarily lie in legislation but in its administration. The -various forms which these laws take demonstrate the fact that there is -as yet no satisfactory or uniform law. The many different experiments -going on today appear to have grown out of local needs and conditions -rather than out of any generally accepted theory of what is right from -the standpoint of penology. To solve satisfactorily the difficult -problem involved, or even to suggest its proper solution, would require -long research and experimentation, but perhaps it may be timely to point -out some of the difficulties which must be encountered wherever convict -road making is tried. - -The theory that convict labor is a proper source of exploitation either -by a lessee through his peonage, a contractor through his cheap -contract, or a co-ordinate department of a state government through its -subtle bookkeeping, is one that is untenable from any point of view. -Road making is a legitimate use of state funds and is of practical -benefit to all citizens by reducing the cost of transportation of the -products of the farms to the great markets; therefore anything that will -expedite the building of good roads is for the common welfare. It is on -this basis that it is urged that the labor of convicts be used for this -purpose. The state has a right to its use and under certain conditions -it would greatly reduce the cost of production and tend to a more rapid -development of good roads projects. - -Still, we are face to face with a condition whereby the state directs -its prison department to allow its highway department to have the labor -of the convicts at little or no cost to the highway department and -consequently at a figure much below that at which free labor might be -induced to seek employment in road building. The claim that free labor -cannot be had at any wage for work on roads in certain communities is -generally advanced as a justification for this, but the large employment -agencies of the country as well as the student of economics will soon -show conclusively that the difficulty lies not in securing labor at any -price, but in reluctance to give an adequate wage which will induce -labor to come into the work. - -The value of the convict’s labor on the roads is the same as the value -of his labor in the prison factory—the wage at which free labor can be -secured to perform the same work. Shall the prison department turn over -gratis its convicts to the highway department—this is the question. If -it does, it is giving to the highway department exactly that amount of -money for which the highway department could hire free labor. It makes -little difference to the taxpayers which he is taxed to maintain, -prisons or roads. Prisons are deemed a necessity and the community is -afraid to get along without them. Bad roads are a habit and the -community is accustomed to get along with them. But with a single tax -maintaining prisons and developing highways, which community could -hesitate? - -A much more legitimate argument, but one less often advanced, is the -healthful, wholesome environment thrown around the convict while at work -in road building. The experience of the men who developed the road work -in Colorado shows that this is an advantageous way of employing -able-bodied convicts—of transforming the sallow ghost-like prisoner, -fresh from the prison pen, into a rosy, happy specimen of humanity. -Under God’s own sky, with the fresh air of heaven, free from shackles -and living on his honor with few guards to do more than supervise, the -prisoner is surrounded by the best environment and governed under a -method which is sane. While it remains to be proved how long this method -will be a success and whether the experience of Colorado can be -duplicated both north and south, the work at Kalamazoo, Mich., at -Richmond, Va., and other places tends to raise our hope. These practical -arguments should have weight. - -A movement equally important with that of good roads is passing over the -country. Efficiency is demanded in the management of prisons, with a -wage for the convict which will benefit those dependent on him. To build -up an efficient organization of prison industries is a task of no mean -magnitude on an inadequate salary and hampered by red-tape of -officialdom and incompetency of subordinates. The man at the head of -prison departments needs sympathetic encouragement. To place upon him -the burden of securing large appropriations for maintenance of his -institution while the labor of his charges is handed over to others for -exploitation is destructive of all ambition for the attainment of -efficiency. - -So it is that the movements of the day tend to clash and we are left -with a dilemma. Is there a demand on the part of the highway and road -people which is legitimate, which will open this seemingly large -opportunity for the convict and still not offer it on a basis of -exploitation? This conflict is full of interest to the student of the -subject. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD - - ---------- - -=THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY= - -Early in the year 1776 a society was organized by some benevolent -citizens of Philadelphia under the name “The Philadelphia Society for -Assisting Distressed Prisoners.” After a career of nineteen months the -society was dissolved on account of difficulties arising during the War -for Independence. - -In 1787 philanthropic citizens constituted themselves “The Philadelphia -Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.” From that time -until the present this society has been actively engaged in securing -measures to improve the conditions of prisons, and also in earnest -endeavors to reform criminals, and so far as known it is the oldest -prison society in continued existence in the world. The name of the -society was legally changed in 1886 to “The Pennsylvania Prison -Society.” - -The present president, Joshua L. Baily, whose membership dates from -1851, has been connected with the society longer than any other living -member. - -In the first year of the existence of the society about 150 gentlemen of -Philadelphia were connected with the organization. Their object was to -discover “such degree and modes of punishment” as might restore our -“fellow-creatures to virtue and happiness.” - -An annuity of the value of about $70, the donation of John Dickinson, -was the only permanent revenue of the new society. - -In 1788, the society addressed the following letter to John Howard, the -great apostle in the work of ameliorating the condition of prisons: “The -Society heartily concurs with the friends of humanity in Europe in -expressing their obligation to you for having rendered the miserable -tenants of prisons the objects of more general attention and compassion, -and for having pointed out some of the means not only of alleviating -their miseries, but of preventing those crimes and misfortunes which are -the cause of them.” A year or two later John Howard left on record an -expression of appreciation of the work of the Philadelphia Society. The -following sentiment was found among his papers: “Should the plan take -place during my life of establishing a permanent charity under some such -title as that at Philadelphia, viz: ‘a society for alleviating the -miseries of public prisons,’ I would most readily stand at the bottom of -a page for five hundred pounds.” - -The organizers of the society had a tremendous task before them, and -they went at their work with energetic diligence. Very little effort had -ever been made to carry out William Penn’s injunction that “all prisons -should be considered workhouses for the employment of criminals and of -the idle and vicious.” There was an ill-constructed prison at the corner -of High and Third Streets with subterranean dungeons for those under -sentence of death. At least half a dozen crimes were punishable by -death. “In one common herd were kept by day and night prisoners of all -ages, colors and sexes. There was no separation of the most flagrant -felon from the prisoner held on suspicion for some trifling misdemeanor. -There was no separation of the fraudulent swindler from the unfortunate, -and often estimable, debtor.” - -The society early resolved that two leading elements of the desired -reformation were to find employment for the inmates and to interdict the -use of intoxicants. They also insisted that there must be a segregation, -not only of the sexes, but also that there must be an individual -separation in order that the penal institutions should not become -“schools for crime.” - -From the first the society has advocated separate confinement and -individual treatment, but has not stood for absolutely solitary -imprisonment. There is no objection to work being done in groups, -provided the prisoners are under direct supervision of the proper -officials. Visits from the officers, from ministers, from all properly -concerned persons, have been encouraged. Visitations by members of the -Prison Society began under peculiar difficulties, as it is on record -that the keeper, with loaded cannon, for the purpose of maintaining -order, allowed the prisoners to assemble to hear the preaching of the -gospel, but the beneficial effect of the visits were soon officially -recognized, and have been maintained with great regularity to the -present day, the Acting Committee in 1909 having reported 10,951 visits -to prisoners. In the year 1829, when the Eastern Penitentiary, whose -plan and management at that time represented the most advanced ideas in -prison construction and discipline was built, the members of the Acting -Committee of the Society were, by enactment of the State Legislature, -constituted “Official Visitors” of prisons. - -In 1794 the society succeeded in securing the abolition of the exaction -of fees by the jailers as a condition of release, and a competent salary -was authorized to be paid to the prison officials. About the same time -it was decreed that capital punishment should be inflicted only for the -crime of murder. Barbarous methods of punishment, such as the pillory, -branding with hot irons, the whipping post, were soon dispensed with as -reformatory measures. - -In 1844 the society issued the first number of “The Journal of Prison -Discipline and Philanthropy.” At first this periodical was published -quarterly, but for many years it has been an annual. In the columns of -this Journal every phase of prison reform, every measure affecting the -management of prisons, every act of penal legislation for nearly seventy -years, has received attention. - -For about fifty years a special agent has been employed who devotes his -time to sympathetic care of prisoners from the time they arrive until -they have received their discharge. Legal aid is found for those whose -cases seem to require it, and where there are mitigating circumstances -the charges are often withdrawn and so the accused is restored where -often his services are needed. Attention is given to their physical -needs at the time of their discharge and effort is made to provide them -with employment. - -The Commutation Act, whereby the sentence of prisoners could be -relatively shortened for good behavior, was first passed in 1861, for -the passage of which act the members of the society had worked for -years. In recent years some members of the society have made a thorough -study of methods of dealing with criminals in the various states of the -Union, and in connection with other interested parties have been -instrumental in securing the passage of a law in 1909, which provides -for probation for adult offenders, and also for parole for certain -classes of offenders. These provisions had for many years applied to -juvenile criminals, but before 1909 had no reference to the sentence on -adults. The State of Pennsylvania has been quite cautious in adopting -some principles of what may be called “The New Penology,” and it is too -early at the present time to make any report on the effect in -Pennsylvania of this recent legislation. The society is giving close and -sympathetic attention to the practical enforcement of these regulations -with the hope that the beneficial effects, reported elsewhere, may here -be observed, and that the errors of this system, which have been noted -rather conspicuously in the press, may be reduced to a minimum in our -State.—_From an article by Albert H. Votaw, secretary of the -Pennsylvania Prison Society, in supplement to No. 49 of The Journal of -Prison Discipline and Philanthropy._ - - ---------- - -The following report has been made by Frederick J. Pooley, general agent -of the Pennsylvania Prison Society, concerning the recent activities of -the general agent: At the close of the year, December 31, 1908, there -were 1,480 prisoners confined within the walls of the Eastern -Penitentiary. At the close of the year, December 31, 1909, there were -1,527, an increase of 47. Of this number 30 are life prisoners. There -are 38 female prisoners. During the year 1909 there were 520 prisoners -discharged. Of this number 405 were furnished with suits or parts of -clothing and with tools, lodging, etc., by the Pennsylvania Prison -Society through their general agent, and in addition to this part of the -work many were taken to the early morning trains and conducted safely -out of the city and beyond the reach of evil companions who often wait -for the discharged prisoners at the prison gate for the purpose of -leading them back to a life of crime. In addition to the work at the -Eastern Penitentiary the general agent has a large field of work at -Moyamensing and Holmesburg. - -I believe the lesson of temperance that has been taught to the younger -generation is commencing to bear fruit, and I look for fewer commitments -for drunkenness in the future than in the past. More than 500 discharged -prisoners from the County Prison were assisted with railroad tickets, -board, lodging, room rent, tools, etc. - - ---------- - - =NEW YORK PRISON ASSOCIATION IN 1910= - -The New York Tribune on January 23rd stated: The Prison Association of -New York during 1910 found work for 362 released prisoners. At the -annual meeting held last Thursday O. F. Lewis, general secretary, -reported that 1,237 former prisoners had been in charge of the parole -bureau during the year, and that the men and women on probation to the -association from the Court of General Sessions would bring the total -number of persons helped to 1,700. - -Managers of the prisons and reformatories know the Prison Association -will take at any time as many men on parole as may be assigned to the -association. These men must report once a month, and they are also -visited by the parole staff at their work and at their homes. - -All prisoners eligible for parole must obtain an offer of employment, so -their purpose in writing to the association is obvious. - -The general secretary pointed out that during the year seventy-six men -had been paroled from the state prisons to the association. It was -necessary to return to state prison only four men, and the others were -all doing well. - -Ten thousand calls a year were made at the office of the Prison -Association, most of them from men who had “done time.” The -association’s staff made over 3,600 visits in 1910 in behalf of men on -parole and on probation, and gave nearly 3,500 meals and 1,968 lodgings. -The association spent $3,200 in cash relief, including lodgings and -meals. Many friends of the association gave clothing, magazines and -books, and 344 garments were received by needy prisoners during the -year. - -Smith Ely contributed $27,500 to the endowment fund, and an equivalent -amount was raised by the association last year, but the income will not -be available for six months, and an appeal was made for financial help -because of greatly increased activity. - -The work for dependent families of prisoners was placed in charge of a -special committee, with the exclusive service of one visitor. The -problem of mental defectiveness among prisoners received much attention -from the association, and a special committee on defective delinquents -was appointed at the last meeting, which comprised twenty-five -specialists in study and care of delinquents. A closely affiliated body -of forty business and professional men, calling themselves the Barrows -League, was organized to assist the Prison Association through work for -the welfare of persons released from prisons or reformatory -institutions. - -A comprehensive study of the lives of seven hundred present and former -inmates of Elmira Reformatory was conducted by the association during -1910, through the financial support of the Sage Foundation. It was -expected that this study would be published this year. - - ---------- - - =THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR AIDING DISCHARGED CONVICTS= - -In 1846 the Boston Society for Aiding Discharged Convicts was organized -for the purpose which its name indicates. At that time there were 276 -prisoners confined in the state prison, while on Jan. 1, 1911, there -were 876 serving sentences there. - -In 1867 the organization was incorporated, and the name changed to the -Massachusetts Society for Aiding Discharged Convicts. Upon the formation -of the society the state agent for discharged convicts was employed for -its work, which was to be carried on along the same lines as that -contemplated by the state. - -The advantages to the society from its co-operation with the state in -this work are many. Perhaps the greatest is the fact that by this -arrangement the records of all the commitments and discharges to and -from all the prisons of the commonwealth, which are in the office of the -prison commissioners, are open to the inspection of the agent at all -times. Here the story of an applicant for aid can be verified or -disproved immediately. In addition to the criminal records are many -others, going more fully into the personal history and home conditions -of those who have been in prison; all of this information is useful and -necessary in dealing with the ex-prisoner. The saving in administration -expenses, rent, and other items, leaves more funds available for the -prime object of the society, i.e., help to the prisoner. - -During the year ending Nov. 30, 1910, this society has helped four -hundred and sixty-three men, most of whom had served terms in the jails, -houses of correction, and on the state farm. The assistance rendered has -been generally in the form of transportation, meals and lodgings, room -rent, clothing, tools, taking property from pawn shops, medicines, -spectacles, etc. There has been expended during the year about $1,700. - -Notwithstanding the increase of population in Massachusetts there were -213 fewer prisoners on Oct. 1, 1910 than on the same date in 1909. - - ---------- - - =THE MINNESOTA DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE FRIENDLESS= - -The Minnesota Division of the Society for the Friendless is a division -of the National Society of the same name. It has been doing active work -in the state of Minnesota since January 1st, 1909, when Rev. James -Parsons came to the state as superintendent, under appointment of the -national society. The work was carried forward for the first fifteen -months under the direction of the national society. On April 8th, 1910, -the Minnesota Division was formally organized. - -Its special motto is “education for the prevention of crime, and help -for the prisoner.” It aims to arouse a more enlightened and humane -sentiment toward the treatment of discharged prisoners, awaken a new -interest in the improvement of laws, and show the forces that are at -work to make criminals. Along relief lines it aims to do everything -possible for the men while in prison, to find employment for them when -they are discharged or paroled, and in cases where employment cannot be -secured for them at once to furnish them with a temporary lodging place. -It also gives such aftercare as each case seems to need. - -During the year 1910 one hundred and six jail visits were made, over 600 -prisoners were interviewed, 45 persons were helped to work, and 75 were -assisted in other ways. The machinery of the organization has been -gotten into such working order that the society is in a position to -handle a larger work. During the next year the organization hopes to aid -in securing the passages of a number of beneficial laws, among them -being one providing for an up-to-date indeterminate sentence. - -During 1910 the following work has been done, among other activities of -the society: Church addresses, 106; persons reached in churches, 16,155; -school addresses, 56; persons reached in school audiences, 8,780; -miscellaneous addresses, 19; persons in these gatherings, 4,445; miles -traveled, 22,673; calls made for various purposes, 1,491; letters -written, 599: jail visits, 106; prisoners interviewed, 600; discharged -prisoners helped to work, 45; assisted in other ways, 600. - - ---------- - - =NEW JERSEY STATE CHARITIES AID AND PRISON REFORM ASSOCIATION= - -The current number of the New Jersey Review of Charities and Correction -brings interesting information regarding the re-organization of the -association and the appointment of Joseph P. Byers, formerly -superintendent of the House of Refuge at Randall’s Island, New York -City, as general secretary. The program of the present year includes the -organization of county branches in all counties of New Jersey, there -being at present but seven county committees: the visitation of all the -institutions of the state by the general secretary; the regular -publication of the New Jersey Review; the development of the standing -committees, and the extension of the membership and influence of the -association. Hugh F. Fox, writing in the Review, says: “Mr. Byers has -made his mark in all of his undertakings in the past, and his practical -experience and wide knowledge qualify him peculiarly for the supervisory -and advisory duties which he has now undertaken.” - -The annual report of the association’s general secretary calls attention -to the county jail problem, the opposition in New Jersey to the present -contract system of labor and the possibilities of a profitable -introduction of the state use system, the desirability of introducing -winter work into the almshouses of the state to discourage the presence -of vagrants, and the great need of a woman’s reformatory. - - ---------- - - =COLORADO PRISON ASSOCIATION GROWING= - -The Colorado State Prison association, says the Denver News, has become -during the last year an organization not only to help prisoners who have -a criminal record to get work and to reform, but to keep others from -gaining a criminal record. - -Instead of sending young first offenders to jail this year some Denver -judges have tried the plan of releasing them to the Colorado Prison -association. In every case the offenders have been grateful, were helped -by friends and relatives to get work and are now living useful lives. -The idea is new to Colorado. - -W. E. Collett, general secretary of the association, states in his -report for 1910, that the association helped 534 persons as against 324 -the year before. - -For the first time Secretary Collett received applications from men of -the professions, lawyers, physicians, and from bookkeepers and clerks -who have fallen into trouble. - -The association procured employment for 355, meals for 344, lodging for -227, clothing for 105, transportation for 70 and tools, loans and -medical aid for 45. The total number of lodgings given was 1,226 and the -total number of meals, 2,882. - -Nine were given courses in a Correspondence school. The cost per -prisoner to the association was $9.75. - - ---------- - - =GEORGIA’S NEW SECRETARY= - -Robert B. McCord has been recently made secretary of the Prison -Association of Georgia, with headquarters at 404 Gould building, -Atlanta. Concerning the new incumbent, the Atlanta _Georgian_ says: - -“Mr. McCord is a native Georgian and has spent years in specializing on -the character of work in which he will now be engaged. After a -preliminary course at the University of Florida, he attended Yale -university, from which he graduated in 1908. After his course at Yale he -attended the University of Chicago. Mr. McCord was closely associated -with Dr. C. R. Henderson for two years in research work. - -“In outlining the work of which he will have charge, Mr. McCord said: - -‘The prison associations of the several states are not organized on the -same plan, or for doing the same phases of the work in every case. The -Prison Association of Georgia is not modeled after any of them, yet in -the work outlined it resembles more nearly the Prison Association of New -York. - -“‘The Prison Association will investigate and attempt to throw light -upon the causes that underlie crime of the various kinds in this state. -It will collect information from officials and suggestions from men of -experience in Georgia, methods employed in other states and countries, -and it will publish these in various ways to the people of the state. It -will aid in introducing and extending methods of preventing crime and -reforming offenders. It will endeavor to organize such influence as will -secure the building and equipping of proper institutions for those -offenders who can not be dealt with more profitably and wisely by -methods of probation and parole. It will direct its efforts to securing -the proper equipment and regular inspection of jails and prisons of all -kinds. It will in time organize such aid as may enable the discharged -prisoner to establish himself again in the confidence of the people -instead his possessing that dangerous state of mind which characterizes -one who feels himself an outcast of society’.” - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - EVENTS IN BRIEF - -=[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the -delinquent.]= - -_What Can Be Done With the Drunkard?_—In many states the approach of the -legislative season has brought forth bills providing for a more rational -treatment of the drunkard. A commission appointed by Governor Warner of -Michigan to make a study of minor criminal offenses will recommend to -the legislature at the 1911 session the establishment of an inebriates’ -farm where the drunkard, habitual or occasional, may work off the habit -under the influence of helpful and healthful surroundings. The -commission, all of whose members are lawyers, have found that petty -crime is increasing in Michigan at the rate of ten per cent a year, -while the population is increasing at the rate of but four per cent. The -report emphasizes that the present Michigan methods of dealing with -petty offenders are not reformatory. - -In Lewiston and Auburn, Maine, citizens are establishing a refuge for -discharged prisoners who have served terms for vagrancy or intoxication. -The Auburn Reform League hopes thus to find “a place where these men can -be helped to a fresh start.” - -In Massachusetts, Warren F. Spalding, the secretary of the Massachusetts -Prison Association, discussing the treatment of drunkenness before the -commission which has been investigating the increase of prisoners and -paupers in the Bay State, said recently: “Massachusetts’ system of -dealing with the question is not good. It is sending thousands of -persons to the houses of correction each year and then releasing them -after short periods without having helped them.” “A drunk,” he said, -“needs air, sunshine and outdoor work. He should not be in a cell 16 out -of the 24 hours. These cells are not free from germs. What does -Massachusetts do with her drunks? After sending each one to the House of -Correction for a number of times, he is sent to the state farm at -Bridgewater, where he receives the outdoor treatment he needed in the -first place. Massachusetts should establish from one to six institutions -where drunks and criminals through drunkenness can be given outdoor -treatment.” - -It is reported that a bill is to be introduced into the Indiana -legislature providing for the sending of convicted drunkards to the -county infirmary which is reported to be able to work the men on the -farm at a cost only one-fourth of that entailed by keeping them at the -jail. - -A member of the State Commission in Lunacy of New York recently stated -that 28 per cent of insanity in the state hospitals of New York is -directly traceable to inebriety or the use of alcohol. - - ---------- - -_Winter and the Vagrant._—New York City has been registering at its -half-million dollar new free lodging house a record-breaking attendance -this winter of the out-of-works. On January 15th the department of -public charities lodged 982 homeless persons at the city lodging house -and an overflow of 286 were lodged on a covered dock owned by the -department. “In my fifteen years of experience,” said the superintendent -of the lodging house, “I have never seen so many men come here with -clean shirts and collars, and with neat clothes. They are men who have -been working on the railroads and on the aqueduct and are now laid off -for the winter.” The city lodging house has no work-test and the -magistrates have largely discontinued their former tendency to commit -frequent repeaters at the lodging house to the city workhouse. In the -first sixteen days of 1910 the city cared for 5,841 persons at the -lodging house; for the first sixteen days of 1911 the attendance was -13,197, an astounding increase of approximately 8,000 or more than 125 -per cent. - -Meanwhile cities all over the land are complaining of the swarms of -tramps and vagrants making claims, almost with the assurance of vested -rights, upon the hospitality of the towns or the individual citizens. -Minneapolis has recently attracted attention through its new city -lodging house, where free food, free bath and nightshirt are a part of -the regulations, as well as the fumigation of the guest’s clothing -during the night. The conditions under which homeless men were formerly -lodged by the police in Minneapolis were so wretched that the new -municipal lodging house has received a welcome from press and public. - -One year’s work of the wayfarer’s lodge of the federation of charities -in Toledo, O., is worth notice. During 1910, 3,896 men were taken care -of, 8,465 beds being given. On an average the men stopped at the lodge -two and one-half nights, 18,773 meals being given in 1910. Paid -employment was found for 962 men, most of the positions being at manual -labor. Seventy-three per cent of the men were American born. Over -seventy per cent were in the best period of life, between twenty and -forty years of age. Nearly fifty per cent of the men were common -laborers. All the men were examined by medical students of Toledo -University, and if in need of care were referred to a dispensary or -other sources. About one man in five was found to need medical -attention. Over forty per cent of the men were reported as having, or as -having had, venereal disease. - - ---------- - -_A Court to “Patch Up” Quarrels._—The domestic relations court of -Buffalo supervised through its probation officer in 1910 the -distribution of $40,587 in non-support cases. This was the first court -of this nature to be established. Recently New York and Boston have -followed suit. Probation did not prove successful in every case, but the -percentage of success “warrants enthusiasm,” according to the probation -officer of the court. Three out of every four persons are reported -benefited by the court. - - ---------- - -_A Prison Twine Plant in Wisconsin._—On January 13th a bill was -introduced into the Wisconsin senate providing for an appropriation of -$400,000 as a fund to be used in operating a binder twine plant at the -state prison at Waupun, $200,000 to be available May 1st, 1911, and the -remainder May 1st, 1912. - - ---------- - -A bill will be introduced, it is reported, into the Ohio legislature -providing for the sterilization of criminals and insane. - - ---------- - -_Points in Prison Reform._—The Chicago Record-Herald of January 17th, -says editorially: A Harvard professor advocates systematic -experimentation on prisoners in state institutions with the different -chemical poisons used in food preservatives. Such doings, he thinks, -would be mild and humane as compared with those which are constantly -being tried on the non-criminal public by the manufacturers of food -products. - -The professor probably has in mind the experiments conducted by Dr. -Wiley on government employees at Washington. But submission to such -treatment was voluntary, and the work was under competent supervision. -That such favorable auspices could be guaranteed in an average prison is -open to doubt. - -One finds a spirit more human than that of the Harvard professor in the -warden of the state prison at Walla Walla, Wash. The latter declares -that the striped suit and the lock step are undesirable relics of an -outlived past. He has put his charges into plain gray clothes, with no -distinguishing mark beyond the prison number, and has abolished the lock -step altogether. If those two antiquated features represented affronts -to the dignity of human nature, the compulsory consumption of poison -might reasonably be held to represent still another. Its introduction -might lay the base of a new error and abuse, which itself would have to -be abolished in turn. - - ---------- - -_Life Prisoners Studied._—A thorough study of the subject of life -prisoners has been made by Warden Henry Town, of Waupun, Wis. It is -interesting to note the kindly feeling held generally by prison -officials toward the “lifer.” Experience proves that the average -character of life prisoners is higher than the short-term men, and fewer -return again to crime, when given their liberty. This fact has increased -the sentiment favorable to paroling life prisoners after they have -served a reasonable period. The great majority of officials have -expressed themselves as favorable to laws of this kind, and several -states have already adopted them with satisfactory results. - - ---------- - -_A Jail Catechism._—The following recommendations, made by Commissioner -Frank Wade, of the New York Commission on Prisons, after an inspection -of the Orleans County jail, may have a general applicability to the -jails of the county: - -“That more beds and mattresses be placed in the lockup; that tramps and -loafers, not under arrest, be not allowed to mingle with the prisoners -detained for trial; that a jail yard be provided at the county jail, and -that work be provided for time prisoners; that all the beds in the jail -be equipped with new mattresses; that the walls of the corridors and -cells be repainted and that the corridors and cells be kept clean; that -the bed clothing be regularly washed and kept clean, in which event -sheets and pillow cases should be washed; that a steel ceiling be placed -over the wooden joists in the kitchen; that there be light in every cell -and that there be a new lock on every floor which cannot be reached or -tampered with by the prisoners.” - - ---------- - -_A Court On Prison Architecture._—In the course of a decision denying an -injunction brought to hold up the contract for a new state prison, -Justice Betts of the New York Supreme Court, recently uttered the -following dictum dealing with the psychological aspects of prison -architecture: - -“It appears that a substantial change in plans was made, increasing the -cost of the new prison from $2,000,000 to $2,200,000. This was solely in -an attempt to beautify and adorn the exterior of the building. The -commission, with the sanction of the legislature, is to spend $200,000 -in seeking the unattainable. A prison known to be such is hideous and -ugly. It can be viewed by two classes of people only, those who are -inmates and those who are out. The inmates are not proud of their -environments, however ornate, and no amount of embellishment can make it -attractive to outsiders.” - - ---------- - -A state training school for boys under 18 has just been opened at -Monroe, Alabama. It has been in preparation for several years. - - ---------- - -_Federal Prisoners Paroled Without Publicity._—In accordance with the -decision of the attorney general of the United States and the chairman -of the federal board, prisoners who have won their paroles from federal -prisons will hereafter be released without publicity. Thus they can go -back into society unburdened with the disadvantage of readvertised -notoriety. Commenting editorially on this change, the Cincinnati (Ohio) -_Enquirer_ says: - -“This is in keeping with modern progress in the treatment of criminals. -When a man is tried and sentenced for a crime, full publicity is given -to that fact, and when he arrives at the penitentiary that fact also is -announced to the public. After that man has served the term to which he -was sentenced, or when he has served a part of it and is released on -parole, he has paid his obligation to society for his violation of law. -He has a right to demand that he be permitted to re-enter the world -unhandicapped by the renewed publication of the disgrace of his -imprisonment. * * * * The attention of the Ohio prison managers is -called to this progressive action on the part of the federal government. -Its helpfulness would be just as important in state as in national -criminal affairs.” - - ---------- - -_Organized Labor Opposes_ “THIRD DEGREE.”—A dispatch from New Haven, -Conn., states that organized labor in the various states is called upon -to exert its influence for legislation forbidding the police “third -degree” to get confessions from prisoners in a letter sent out from the -National Headquarters of the American Federation of Labor at Washington. - -The letter, which is signed by Samuel Gompers, describes the practice as -having no warrant for its existence “except the brute power of barbarism -and the tradition derived therefrom,” and declares that “its practice on -the part of the police is usurpation that must be stopped.” - - ---------- - -Former Lieutenant-Governor E. H. Harper has been elected president of -the Colorado Prison Association, which plans to draft a number of bills -for the legislative session. - - ---------- - -_Penal Farm for Indiana._—A bill providing for the establishment of a -state penal farm will be introduced into the Indiana legislature. - -The bill provides that the location of the farm and the purchase of the -land for it shall be made by the board of trustees of the state prison, -with the approval of the governor. The location shall be determined by -the advantages offered in providing work for the inmates. The labor for -erecting the buildings shall be furnished by prisoners transferred from -the state prison and reformatory. The farm shall be in charge of a board -of four trustees appointed by the governor. - -All male delinquents, who are above the age of commitments to the -Indiana Boys’ School, who have been convicted of the violation of any -state law or city ordinance, the punishment for which now consists of -confinement in a county jail or workhouse, may be sent to the farm. -Where the imprisonment shall not be more than thirty days it is left to -the discretion of the trial court as to whether the prisoner shall be -sent to the county jail or to the penal farm. - -Upon the recommendation of the boards of trustees of the Indiana state -prison and the state reformatory the governor may order transferred from -these institutions to the farms such prisoners as in the opinion of the -board would be benefited thereby. The prisoners at the proposed -institutions shall be employed at work in or about the building and -farm. For the purpose of equipping the farm appropriations shall be made -by the legislature. It is estimated the appropriation will require $200 -a year for each prisoner. - - ---------- - -_A Women’s Prison for Ohio?_—Members of the Ohio joint legislative -committee appointed to recommend what the state should do about building -a women’s prison, have decided to recommend that a joint reformatory and -prison for women be built under a management separate from the -penitentiary. The board of managers of the penitentiary will be asked to -abandon the project of erecting the woman’s prison near the institution -for men. - - ---------- - -_Probation in Connecticut._—The Connecticut Prison Association shows -that the number of cases placed on probation during the year ended -September 30, 1910, was as follows: Men, 1,613; women, 126; boys, 809; -girls, 49. Those who observed their terms of probation and were released -were: Men, 1,077; women, 117; boys, 677; girls, 43. Those who violated -the conditions and were rearrested were: Men, 214; women, 12; boys, 52; -girls, 7; while 92 men, 7 women, 17 boys and 4 girls escaped from the -jurisdiction of the court. There were remaining on probation at the -close of the fiscal year 858 men, 59 women, 325 boys and 26 girls, while -the cases of 326 men, 18 women, 90 boys and 50 girls were investigated -and settled out of court. - -The amount of probationers’ wages collected and expended for their -families was $26,919.75. The amount of fines and costs collected from -them amounted to $10,791.44. - - ---------- - -President Thorpe of the Massachusetts Prison Association, in support of -his recommendation of state control of all penal institutions, which he -suggested had been smiled upon taxation, and a governor or two, said -that criminals violate the welfare of the state, not of the county, and -that about the only opposition to his project comes from county -commissioners. He called it wasteful for counties to build new prisons, -where they house both serious and petty criminals, and suggested that -the state should erect one in the country for classified lighter -offenders. - -Following the wide publication of an article from the pen of Sir Evelyn -Ruggles-Brise, K. C. B., dealing with prison conditions in this country, -a statement condemning American prisons and prison systems was -attributed to him. In a recent letter to Amos W. Butler, Secretary of -the Indiana State Board of Charities, Mr. Ruggles-Brise, who attended -the International Prison Congress at Washington, and who is chairman of -the prison commission of England, stated that his criticism referred -only to the jail system in this country. - - ---------- - -_Three Reforms Urged in Maine._—Several reforms are being strenuously -urged upon the Maine legislature by the prison association of that -state. A farm for inebriates in Cumberland county, a reformatory for -women, and a system of juvenile courts are those propositions attracting -the most attention from the press and the public. Civic clubs, men’s -clubs and church organizations are being drawn into the effort to get -the necessary bills passed by the legislature. The proposed farm for -inebriates will provide physical and mental training for the inmates, -and the bill authorizing it fixes minimum and maximum sentences of three -months and one year respectively. The bill providing for a women’s -reformatory asks for an appropriation of $30,000 for an institution on -the cottage plan, to which commitment will be on the indeterminate -sentence plan. The proposed juvenile court bill was spoken of as follows -by Judge Ben B. Lindsey, of Denver, Colorado: - -“This bill is the best measure yet proposed to protect and correct -helpless, neglected or offending children.” - - ---------- - -In connection with what promises to be a state-wide investigation of -several departments in New York which come under the control of the -governor, it is interesting to note that Governor Dix declares his -intention to make a personal inspection of the prisons, and a thorough -study of their affairs. Cornelius V. Collins, Superintendent of Prisons, -has stated publicly that he will welcome any investigation of affairs in -the Prison Department. - - ---------- - -A bill to abolish the different prison boards and establish a new board -to control all state prisons and perform the functions of the present -advisory board in the matter of pardons, is in preparation by Rep. -Robert Y. Ogg, of Detroit, Michigan. Both parties declared for such a -bill in their state platforms. - - ---------- - -A stop has been put in South Boston, Mass., to the practice of sending -juvenile offenders from the detention station to the courthouse in the -same vans with adult prisoners. - - ---------- - -A bill to compel the sending of prisoners under 18 years of age to the -state reformatory, and to permit the sending of first offenders, except -those guilty of serious crimes, to the same place, and to prevent the -sending of prisoners over 30 years of age to the reformatory, is being -urged upon the legislature in Colorado. It is argued that some of the -judges think the reformatory merely a branch of the penitentiary. - - ---------- - -On the ground that imprisonment in the city jail for petty crimes brings -punishment on the family of the culprit no less than on the culprit -himself, Mayor Pratt, of Spokane, Wash., is urging the establishment of -a work farm where petty criminals can be given employment that will -contribute to the support of their families. Mayor Pratt is also said to -favor an institution where the destitute can find employment. - - ---------- - -A bill for the establishment of a reformatory for first offenders, now -before the legislature of California, is said to have the backing of -many organizations interested in prison reform. The bill provides for an -institution to which prisoners convicted of felony for the first time -may be sent for confinement, instruction and discipline, with the object -of fitting them for self-support on release. The sentence of such -prisoners is to be indeterminate. - - ---------- - -A plan for sharing profits with the prisoners of the Rhode Island state -prison at Howard, R. I., has been proposed by Warden James F. McCusker, -and is now in the hands of a committee charged with reporting upon it. -It provides that in each department of the prison those who have worked -steadily for the preceding six months shall share in a monthly -distribution of the earnings of that department over and above a stated -minimum amount. - - ---------- - -It is expected that legislature of Tennessee will make an appropriation -at this session for a reformatory where boys convicted of crime may be -kept separate from hardened criminals. The state has already purchased a -farm five miles from Nashville on which to erect such an institution. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - A DIGEST OF EVENTS IN THE PRISON FIELD - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - =To all who are Interested Prisoners’ Aid Work and the Prison Field:= - - Last October, at the meeting of the American Prison Association, - representatives of a number of the leading prisoners’ aid - societies of the United States voted to organize a National - Prisoners’ Aid Association, to promote closer co-operation - between the prisoners’ aid societies of this country. - - These societies have decided to publish a monthly “Review” of events - in the prison field. The first number of the REVIEW appeared - about the middle of January. It contained an article by Warren - F. Spaulding (Massachusetts) on the International Prison - Congress, brief histories of three prisoners’ aid societies, a - list of prisoners’ aid societies, several pages of “Events in - Brief” containing up-to-date facts in the prison field from all - parts of the country, and an advertisement. - - The REVIEW will be published once a month, in New York. It is an - experiment. Everybody working for it, writers and editors, are - giving their services gratuitously. - - The REVIEW is an experiment, not a money-maker. The important - question is—can it pay for itself? Yes, if five hundred persons, - interested in the prison world, will subscribe for the REVIEW at - seventy-five cents, or become members of the National Prisoners’ - Aid Association, at one dollar, which will include the REVIEW. - - Therefore, SUBSCRIBE NOW. This REVIEW is specially for prisoners’ - aid workers, prison officials, boards of managers, state boards, - probation officers, parole officers, members of the American - Prison Association and of the National Conference of Charities - and Correction, and all others interested in the treatment of - the delinquent. - - The officers of the Association are: E. F. Waite, President; F. - Emory Lyon, Vice President; O. F. Lewis, Secretary. Executive - Committee: E. A. Fredenhagen, Charles Parsons, G. E. Cornwall, - A. H. Votaw, Albert Steelman, and the officers ex-officio. - - - - - Mr. O. F. Lewis, Sec’y, Date............................. - - National Prisoners’ Aid Association, - - 135 East 15th Street, New York. - - Please enter my subscription to the work of the National - Prisoners’ Aid Association as follows: - - .............Subscription. . . .to “The Review,” at 75c each. - - .............Membership, at $............. (including Review.) - - (Active, $1.; Associate, $5.; Sustaining, $25.; Life, $100.) - - Name ............................................. - - Street and No. ................................... - - City ......................State .................. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ● Transcriber’s Notes: - ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected. - ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Review, Vol. I, No. 2 (1911), by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. I, NO. 2 (1911) *** - -***** This file should be named 56099-0.txt or 56099-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/0/9/56099/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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