diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 19:26:56 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 19:26:56 -0800 |
| commit | 33299ae6d289f7a638e06914f4bb8786fc51cbd8 (patch) | |
| tree | 27a22f71739107f8f1ec76d8a91dd8863a314784 | |
| parent | aa5562b2af0f5ad8d6f99040b89d2d7a1825b845 (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-0.txt | 16942 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-0.zip | bin | 302440 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h.zip | bin | 718404 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/56033-h.htm | 24152 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/images/colophon.jpg | bin | 59017 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 35464 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/images/frontis.jpg | bin | 99682 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/images/hr.jpg | bin | 1803 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/images/i_276.jpg | bin | 88083 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56033-h/images/i_306.jpg | bin | 91828 -> 0 bytes |
13 files changed, 17 insertions, 41094 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec68c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #56033 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56033) diff --git a/old/56033-0.txt b/old/56033-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5366aff..0000000 --- a/old/56033-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16942 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Old Virginia and Her Neighbours - Volume 2 - -Author: John Fiske - -Release Date: November 22, 2017 [EBook #56033] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -[Illustration: - - - - - WESTWARD GROWTH - OF - OLD VIRGINIA - -THE M.-N. CO., BUFFALO, N. Y.] - - OLD VIRGINIA - AND HER NEIGHBOURS - - BY - - JOHN FISKE - - Οὐ λίθοι, οὐδὲ ξύλα, οὐδὲ - Τέχνη τεκτόνων αἱ πόλεις εἶσιν - Ἀλλ’ ὅπού ποτ’ ἂν ὦσιν ἌΝΔΡΕΣ - Αὑτοὺς σώζειν εἰδότες, - Ἐνταῦθα τείχη καὶ πόλεις. - - _Alcæus_ - -[Illustration: The Riverside Press] - -IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II - -BOSTON AND NEW YORK - -HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY - -<f>The Riverside Press Cambridge</f> */ - - -COPYRIGHT 1897 BY JOHN FISKE - -ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - - - - -CONTENTS. - -VOLUME II. - - - CHAPTER X. - - THE COMING OF THE CAVALIERS. - - PAGE - - Virginia depicted by an admirer 1 - - Her domestic animals, game, and song-birds 2 - - Her agriculture 2, 3 - - Her nearness to the Northwest Passage 3 - - Her commercial rivals 3, 4 - - Not so barren a country as New England 4 - - Life of body and soul were preserved in Virginia; Mr. Benjamin - Symes and his school 5 - - Worthy Captain Mathews and his household 5 - - Rapid growth in population 6 - - Historical lessons in names of Virginia counties 7 - - Scarcity of royalist names on the map of New England 8, 9 - - As to the Cavaliers in Virginia; some popular misconceptions 9, 10 - - Some democratic protests 10, 11 - - Sweeping statements are inadmissible 11 - - Difference between Cavaliers and Roundheads was political, - not social 12 - - Popular misconceptions regarding the English nobility; England - has never had a _noblesse_, or upper caste 13 - - Contrast with France in this respect 13, 14 - - Importance of the middle class 14 - - Respect for industry in England 15 - - The Cavalier exodus 16 - - Political complexion of Virginia before 1649 16, 17 - - The great exchange of 1649 17, 18 - - Political moderation shown in Virginia during the Commonwealth - period 18 - - Richard Lee and his family 19 - - How Berkeley was elected governor by the assembly 20 - - Lee’s visit to Brussels 20 - - How Charles II. was proclaimed king in Virginia, but not - before he had been proclaimed in England 21 - - The seal of Virginia 22, 23 - - Significant increase in the size of land grants 23, 24 - - Arrival of well-known Cavalier families 25 - - Ancestry of George Washington 25 - - If the pedigrees of horses, dogs, and fancy pigeons are important, - still more so are the pedigrees of men 26 - - Value of genealogical study to the historian 26 - - The Washington family tree 27 - - How Sir William Jones paraphrased the epigram of Alcæus 28 - - Historical importance of the Cavalier element in Virginia 28 - - Differences between New England and Virginia were due - not to differences in social quality of the settlers, but - partly to ecclesiastical and still more to economical - circumstances 29, 30 - - Settlement of New England by the migration of organized - congregations 30 - - Land grants in Massachusetts 31 - - Township and village 31, 32 - - Social position of settlers in New England 32 - - Some merits of the town meeting 33 - - Its educational value 34 - - Primogeniture and entail in Virginia 35 - - Virginia parishes 35 - - The vestry a close corporation; its extensive powers 36 - - The county was the unit of representation 37 - - The county court was virtually a close corporation 38 - - Powers of the county court 39 - - The sheriff and his extensive powers 40 - - The county lieutenant 41 - - Jefferson’s opinion of government by town meeting 42 - - Court day 42, 43 - - Summary 43 - - Virginia prolific in great leaders 44 - - - CHAPTER XI. - - BACON’S REBELLION. - - How the crude mediæval methods of robbery began to give - place to more ingenious modern methods 45 - - The Navigation Act of 1651 45, 46 - - Second Navigation Act 46 - - John Bland’s remonstrance 47 - - Some direct consequences of the Navigation Act 47 - - Some indirect consequences of the Navigation Act 48 - - Bland’s exposure of the protectionist humbug 49, 50 - - His own proposition 50, 51 - - Effect of the Navigation Act upon Virginia and Maryland; - disasters caused by low price of tobacco 51, 52 - - The Surry protest of 1673 52 - - The Arlington-Culpeper grant 53 - - Some of its effects 54 - - Character of Sir William Berkeley 55 - - Corruption and extortion under his government 56 - - The Long Assembly, 1661-1676 57 - - Berkeley’s violent temper 57 - - Beginning of the Indian war 58 - - Colonel John Washington 59 - - Affair of the five Susquehannock envoys 60 - - The killing of the envoys 61 - - Berkeley’s perverseness in not calling out a military force 62 - - Indian atrocities 62, 63 - - Nathaniel Bacon and his family 64 - - His friends William Drummond and Richard Lawrence 65 - - Bacon’s plantation is attacked by the Indians, May, 1676 65 - - Bacon marches against the Indians and defeats them 66 - - Election of a new House of Burgesses 66 - - Arrest of Bacon 67 - - He is released and goes to lodge at the house of “thoughtful - Mr. Lawrence” 67 - - Bacon is persuaded to make his submission and apologizes to - the governor 68, 69 - - In spite of the governor’s unwillingness, the new assembly - reforms many abuses 70, 71 - - How the “Queen of Pamunkey” appeared before the House - of Burgesses 72-74 - - The chairman’s rudeness 74 - - Bacon’s flight 74 - - His speedy return 75 - - How the governor was intimidated 76 - - Bacon crushes the Susquehannocks while Berkeley flies to - Accomac and proclaims him a rebel 76 - - Bacon’s march to Middle Plantation 77 - - His manifesto 78 - - His arraignment of Berkeley; he specifies nineteen persons - as “wicked counsellors” 80 - - Oath at Middle Plantation 81 - - Bacon defeats the Appomattox Indians 82 - - Startling conversation between Bacon and Goode 82-86 - - Perilous situation of Bacon 86 - - The “White Aprons” at Jamestown 87 - - Bacon’s speech at Green Spring 88 - - Burning of Jamestown 89 - - Persons who suffered at Bacon’s hands 89, 90 - - Bacon and his cousin 90 - - Death of Bacon, Oct. 1, 1676 91 - - Collapse of the rebellion 92 - - Arrival of royal commissioners, January, 1677 92 - - Berkeley’s outrageous conduct 93 - - Execution of Drummond 94 - - Death of Berkeley 95 - - Significance of the rebellion 96 - - How far Bacon represented popular sentiment in Virginia 97 - - Political changes since 1660; close vestries 98, 99 - - Restriction of the suffrage 100, 101 - - How the aristocrats regarded Bacon’s followers 102, 103 - - The real state of the case 104 - - Effect of hard times 104, 105 - - Populist aspect of the rebellion 106 - - Its sound aspects 106 - - Bacon must ever remain a bright and attractive figure 107 - - - CHAPTER XII. - - WILLIAM AND MARY. - - A century of political education 108 - - Robert Beverley, clerk of the House of Burgesses 109 - - His refusal to give up the journals 110 - - Arrival of Lord Culpeper as governor 110, 111 - - The plant-cutters’ riot of 1682 111, 112 - - Contracting the currency with a vengeance 112 - - Culpeper is removed and Lord Howard of Effingham comes - to govern in his stead 113 - - More trouble for Beverley 114 - - For stupid audacity James II., after all, was outdone by - George III. 114, 115 - - Francis Nicholson comes to govern Virginia and exhibits - eccentric manners 115 - - How James Blair founded William and Mary College 116, 117 - - How Sir Edmund Andros came as Nicholson’s successor and - quarrelled with Dr. Blair 118 - - How young Daniel Parke one Sunday pulled Mrs. Blair out - of her pew in church 119 - - Removal of Andros 119 - - The Earl of Orkney draws a salary for governing Virginia - for the next forty years without crossing the ocean, - while the work is done by lieutenant-governors 120 - - The first of these was Nicholson once more 120 - - Who removed the capital from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, - and called it Williamsburg 121 - - How the blustering Nicholson, disappointed in love, behaved - so badly that he was removed from office 122, 123 - - Fortunes of the college 123 - - Indian students 124 - - Instructions to the housekeeper 125 - - Horse-racing prohibited 126 - - Other prohibitions 126 - - The courtship of Parson Camm; a Virginia Priscilla 127, 128 - - Some interesting facts about the college 128, 129 - - Nicholson’s schemes for a union of the colonies 129, 130 - - - CHAPTER XIII. - - MARYLAND’S VICISSITUDES. - - Maryland after the death of Oliver Cromwell 131 - - Fuller and Fendall 132 - - The duty on tobacco 133 - - Fendall’s plot 134 - - Temporary overthrow of Baltimore’s authority 135 - - Superficial resemblance to the action of Virginia 136 - - Profound difference in the situations 137 - - Collapse of Fendall’s rebellion 138 - - Arrival of the Quakers 138, 139 - - The Swedes and Dutch on the Delaware River 139 - - Augustine Herman 140 - - He makes a map of Maryland and is rewarded by the grant - of Bohemia Manor 141 - - How the Labadists took refuge in Bohemia Manor 142, 143 - - How the Duke of York took possession of all the Delaware - settlements 143 - - And granted New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George - Carteret 144 - - Which resulted in the bringing of William Penn upon the - scene 144 - - Charter of Pennsylvania 145 - - Boundaries between Penn and Baltimore 145, 146 - - Old manors in Maryland 146 - - Life on the manors 147 - - The court leet and court baron 148 - - Changes wrought by slavery 148, 149 - - A fierce spirit of liberty combined with ingrained respect for - law 149 - - Cecilius Calvert and his son Charles 150 - - Sources of discontent in Maryland 150 - - A pleasant little family party 151 - - Conflict between the Council and the Burgesses 151, 152 - - Burgesses claim to be a House of Commons, but the Council - will not admit it 152 - - How Rev. Charles Nichollet was fined for preaching politics 153 - - The Cessation Act of 1666 153 - - Acts concerning the relief of Quakers and the appointment - of sheriffs 153, 154 - - Restriction of suffrage in 1670 154, 155 - - Death of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore 155 - - Rebellion of Davis and Pate, 1676; their execution 156 - - How George Talbot, lord of Susquehanna Manor, slew a - revenue collector and was carried to Virginia for trial 157 - - How his wife took him from jail, and how he was kept hidden - until a pardon was secured 158 - - “A Complaint from Heaven with a Hue and Cry” 159 - - The anti-Catholic panic of 1689 159 - - Causes of the panic 160 - - How John Coode overthrew the palatinate government 161 - - But did not thereby bring the millennium 162 - - How Nicholson removed the capital from St. Mary’s to - Annapolis 162, 163 - - Unpopularity of the establishment of the Church of England 163 - - Episcopal parsons 164 - - Exemption of Protestant dissenters from civil disabilities 165 - - Seymour reprimands the Catholic priests 166 - - Cruel laws against Catholics 167 - - Crown requisitions 168 - - Benedict Calvert, fourth Lord Baltimore, becomes a Protestant - and the palatinate is revived 168, 169 - - Change in the political situation 170 - - Charles Carroll entertains a plan for a migration to the - Mississippi Valley 171 - - How the seeds of revolution were planted in Maryland 171 - - End of the palatinate 172, 173 - - - CHAPTER XIV. - - SOCIETY IN THE OLD DOMINION. - - How the history of tobacco has been connected with the history - of liberty 174 - - Rapid growth of tobacco culture in Virginia 175 - - Legislative attempts to check it 176 - - Need for cheap labour 176 - - Indentured white servants 177 - - How the notion grew up in England that Virginians were - descended from convicts; Defoe’s novels, a comedy by - Mrs. Behn, Postlethwayt’s Dictionary, and Gentleman’s - Magazine 178-180 - - Who were the indentured white servants 181 - - Redemptioners 182 - - Distribution of convicts 183 - - Prisoners of war 184 - - Summary 185 - - Careers of white freedmen 186 - - Representative Virginia families were not descended from - white freedmen 187 - - Some of the freedmen became small proprietors 187 - - Some became “mean whites” 188, 189 - - Development of negro slavery; effect of the treaty of - Utrecht 190 - - Anti-slavery sentiment in Virginia 191 - - Theory that negroes were non-human 192 - - Baptizing a slave did not work his emancipation 193 - - Negroes as real estate 194 - - Tax on slaves 194 - - Treatment of slaves 195, 196 - - Fears of insurrection 196 - - Cruel laws 197, 198 - - Free blacks a source of danger 199 - - Taking slaves to England; did it work their emancipation? 200 - - Lord Mansfield’s famous decision 201 - - Jefferson’s opinion of slavery 201 - - Immoralities incident to the system 202, 203 - - Classes in Virginia society 204 - - Huguenots in Virginia 204, 205 - - Influence of the rivers upon society 206 - - Some exports and imports 207 - - Some domestic industries 208 - - Beverley complains of his countrymen as lazy, but perhaps - his reproachful tone is a little overdone 210 - - Absence of town life 210, 211 - - Futile attempts to make towns by legislation 212 - - The country store and its treasures 213, 214 - - Rivers and roads 215 - - Tobacco as currency 216 - - Effect upon crafts and trades 217 - - Effect upon planters’ accounts 218 - - Universal hospitality 219 - - Visit to a plantation; the negro quarter 220 - - Other appurtenances 221 - - The Great House or Home House 222 - - Brick and wooden houses 222, 223 - - House architecture 223, 224 - - The rooms 224 - - Bedrooms and their furniture 225 - - The dinner table; napkins and forks 226 - - Silver plate; wainscots and tapestry 227 - - The kitchen 228 - - The abundance of wholesome and delicious food 228, 229 - - The beverages, native and imported 229, 230 - - Smyth’s picture of the daily life on a plantation 230, 231 - - Very different picture given by John Mason; the mode of - life at Gunston Hall 232-234 - - A glimpse of Mount Vernon 235 - - Dress of planters and their wives 236 - - Weddings and funerals 237 - - Horses and horse-racing 237-239 - - Fox-hunting 239 - - Gambling 239, 240 - - A rural entertainment of the olden time 240, 241 - - Music and musical instruments 242 - - The theatre and other recreations 243 - - Some interesting libraries 243-245 - - Schools and printing 245, 246 - - Private free schools 246 - - Academies and tutors 247 - - Convicts as tutors 248 - - Virginians at Oxford 249 - - James Madison and his tutors 250 - - Contrast with New England in respect of educational advantages 251 - - Causes of the difference 252, 253 - - Illustrations from the history of American intellect 254 - - Virginia’s historians; Robert Beverley 255 - - William Stith 255, 256 - - William Byrd 256-258 - - Jefferson’s notes on Virginia; McClurg’s Belles of Williamsburg; - Clayton the botanist 259 - - Physicians, their prescriptions and charges 260 - - Washington’s last illness 260 - - Some Virginia parsons, their tricks and manners 261, 263 - - Free thinking; superstition and crime 264 - - Cruel punishments 265 - - Lawyers 266 - - A government of laws 267 - - Some characteristics of Maryland 267-269 - - - CHAPTER XV. - - THE CAROLINA FRONTIER. - - How South Carolina was a frontier against the Spaniards 270 - - How North Carolina was a wilderness frontier 271 - - The grant of Carolina to eight lords proprietors 272 - - John Locke and Lord Shaftesbury 272, 273 - - “Fundamental Constitutions” of Carolina 274 - - The Carolina palatinate different from that of Maryland 275 - - Titles of nobility 276 - - Albemarle colony 276 - - New Englanders at Cape Fear 277 - - Sir John Yeamans and Clarendon colony 277 - - The Ashley River colony and the founding of Charleston 278 - - First legislation in Albemarle 279 - - Troubles caused by the Navigation Act 280 - - The trade between Massachusetts and North Carolina 281 - - Eastchurch and Miller 282 - - Culpeper’s usurpation 283 - - How Culpeper fared in London 284 - - How Charleston was moved from Albemarle Point to Oyster - Point 285 - - Seth Sothel’s tyranny in Albemarle and his banishment 286, 287 - - Troubles in Ashley River colony 287 - - The Scotch at Port Royal 288 - - A state without laws 289 - - Reappearance of Sothel, this time as the people’s friend 289 - - His downfall and death 290 - - Clarendon colony abandoned 290 - - Philip Ludwell’s administration 290, 291 - - Joseph Archdale and his beneficent rule 291 - - Sir Nathaniel Johnson and the dissenters 292 - - Unsuccessful attempt of a French and Spanish fleet upon - Charleston 293 - - Thomas Carey 294 - - Porter’s mission to England 295 - - Edward Hyde comes to govern North Carolina 296 - - Carey’s rebellion 296, 297 - - Expansion of the northern colony; arrival of Baron Graffenried - with Germans and Swiss; founding of New - Berne 297 - - Accusations against Carey and Porter of inciting the Indians - against the colony 297 - - These accusations are highly improbable and not well supported 298 - - Survey of Carolina Indians 298-300 - - Algonquin tribes 298 - - Sioux tribes; Iroquois tribes 299 - - Muscogi tribes 300 - - Algonquin-Iroquois conspiracy against the North Carolina - settlements 300 - - Capture of Lawson and Graffenried by the Tuscaroras; Lawson’s - horrible death 301 - - The massacre of September, 1711 302 - - Aid from Virginia and South Carolina 302, 303 - - Barnwell defeats the Tuscaroras 303 - - Crushing defeat of the Tuscaroras by James Moore; their - migration to New York 304 - - Administration of Charles Eden 304, 305 - - Spanish intrigues with the Yamassees 305 - - Alliance of Indian tribes against the South Carolinians and - nine months’ warfare 306 - - Administration of Robert Johnson 306 - - The revolution of 1719 in South Carolina; end of the proprietary - government in both colonies 308 - - Contrast between the two colonies 308, 309 - - Interior of North Carolina contrasted with the coast 310, 311 - - Unkempt life 311 - - A genre picture by Colonel Byrd 312, 313 - - Industries of North Carolina 313 - - Absence of towns 314, 315 - - A frontier democracy 315 - - Segregation and dispersal of Virginia poor whites 316 - - Spotswood’s account of the matter 317 - - New peopling of North Carolina after 1720; the German - immigration 318 - - Scotch Highlanders and Scotch-Irish 318, 319 - - Further dispersal of poor whites 319, 320 - - Barbarizing effects of isolation 321 - - The settlers of South Carolina, churchmen and dissenters 323 - - The open vestries 323 - - South Carolina parish, purely English in its origin, not - French like the parishes of Louisiana 324 - - Free schools 325 - - Rice and indigo 326 - - Some characteristics of South Carolina slavery 327, 329 - - Negro insurrection of 1740 329 - - Cruelties connected with slavery 330 - - Social life in Charleston 331 - - Contrast between the two Carolinas 332, 333 - - The Spanish frontier and the founding of Georgia 333 - - James Oglethorpe and his philanthropic schemes 334 - - Beginnings of Georgia 335, 336 - - Summary; Cavaliers and Puritans once more 337 - - - CHAPTER XVI. - - THE GOLDEN AGE OF PIRATES. - - The business of piracy has never thriven so greatly as in the - seventeenth century 338 - - Pompey and the pirates 338 - - Chinese and Malay pirates on the Indian Ocean and Mussulman - pirates on the Mediterranean Sea 339 - - The Scandinavian Vikings cannot properly be termed pirates 339, 340 - - Sir William Blackstone’s remarks about piracy 340 - - Character of piracy 341 - - To call the Elizabethan sea-kings pirates is silly and - outrageous 341, 342 - - Features of maritime warfare out of which piracy could - grow 342, 343 - - Privateering 343 - - Fighting without declaring war 344 - - Lack of protection for neutral ships 344 - - Origin of buccaneering; “Brethren of the Coast” 345 - - Illicit traffic in the West Indies 346 - - Buccaneers and filibusters 347 - - The kind of people who became buccaneers 348 - - The honest man who took to buccaneering to satisfy his - creditors 349 - - The deeds of Olonnois and other wretches 349, 350 - - Henry Morgan and his evil deeds 350, 351 - - Alexander Exquemeling and his entertaining book 352 - - How Morgan captured Maracaibo and Gibraltar in Venezuela 353 - - The treaty of America of 1670 for the suppression of buccaneering - and piracy 353 - - Sack of Panama by Morgan and his buccaneers 354 - - How Morgan absconded with most of the booty 355 - - How English and Spanish governors industriously scotched - the snake 355 - - How the chief of pirates became Sir Henry Morgan, deputy-governor - of Jamaica, and hanged his old comrades or - sold them to the Spaniards 356 - - How the treaty of America caused his downfall 357 - - Decline of buccaneering 357 - - Pirates of the South Sea 358, 359 - - Plunder of Peruvian towns 360 - - Effects of the alliance between France and Spain in 1701 360 - - Pirates in the Bahama Islands and on the Carolina coast 361 - - Effect of the navigation laws in stimulating piracy 362, 363 - - Effect of rice culture upon the relations between South - Carolina settlers and the pirates 363 - - Wholesale hanging of pirates at Charleston 364 - - How pirates swarmed on the North Carolina coast 365 - - Until Captain Woodes Rogers captured the Island of New - Providence in 1718 365 - - The North Carolina waters furnished the last lair for the - pirates 365 - - How Blackbeard, the last of the pirates, levied blackmail - upon Charleston 366, 367 - - Epidemic character of piracy; cases of Kidd and Bonnet 368 - - Fate of Bonnet and Blackbeard, and final suppression of - piracy 369 - - - CHAPTER XVII. - - FROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS. - - Family and early career of Alexander Spotswood 370 - - He brings the privilege of _habeas corpus_ to Virginia, but - wrangles much with his burgesses 371 - - His energy and public spirit 372 - - How the Post-Office Act was resisted by the people 373, 375 - - Disputes as to power of appointing parsons 376 - - Beginnings of continental politics in America 376 - - Beginning of the seventy years’ struggle with France 377 - - How the continental situation in America was affected by - the war of the Spanish succession 378, 379 - - Different views of Spotswood and the assembly with regard - to sending aid to Carolina 379, 380 - - How the royal governors became convinced that the thing - most needed in English America was a continental government - that could impose taxes 381 - - Franklin’s plan for a federal union 381, 383 - - It was the failure of the colonies to adopt Franklin’s plan - that led soon afterwards to the Stamp Act 382, 383 - - How Spotswood regarded the unknown West 383 - - Attempts to cross the Blue Ridge 384 - - How the Blue Ridge was crossed by Spotswood 385 - - Knights of the Golden Horseshoe 386 - - Spotswood’s plan for communicating between Virginia and - Lake Erie 387, 388 - - Condition of the postal service in the English colonies under - Spotswood’s administration 389 - - Brief mention of Governors Gooch and Dinwiddie 390 - - Importance of the Scotch-Irish migration to America 390, 391 - - In 1611 James I. began colonizing Ulster with settlers from - Scotland and England 391 - - In Ulster they established flourishing manufactures of woollens - and linens 392 - - Which excited the jealousy of rival manufacturers in England 393 - - Legislation against the Ulster manufacturers 393 - - Civil disabilities inflicted upon Presbyterians in Ulster 393 - - These circumstances caused such a migration to America - that by 1770 it amounted to more than half a million - souls 394 - - Many Scotch-Irish settled in the Shenandoah Valley, and - were closely followed by Germans 395 - - This Shenandoah population exerted a most powerful democratizing - influence upon the colony 396 - - Jefferson found in them his most powerful supporters 396 - - Lord Fairfax’s home at Greenway Court; Fairfax’s affection - for Washington 397 - - How the surveying of Fairfax’s frontier estates led Washington - on to his public career 398 - - The advance of Virginians from tidewater to the mountains - brought on the final struggle with France 398, 399 - - Advance of the French from Lake Erie 399 - - Washington goes to warn them from encroaching upon - English territory 399 - - - MAPS. - - Westward Growth of Old Virginia, _from a sketch by the - author_ _Frontispiece_ - - North Carolina Precincts in 1729, _after a map in Hawks’s - History of North Carolina_ 276 - - A Map of y^e most Improved Part of Carolina, _from Winsor’s - America_, vol. v. p. 351 306 - - - - -OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -THE COMING OF THE CAVALIERS. - - -[Sidenote: Virginia depicted.] - -“These things that follow in this ensuing relation are certified by -divers letters from Virginia, by men of worth and credit there, written -to a friend in England, that for his own and others’ satisfaction was -desirous to know these particulars and the present estate of that -country. And let no man doubt of the truth of it. There be many in -England, land and seamen, that can bear witness of it. And if this -plantation be not worth encouragement, let every true Englishman judge.” - -[Sidenote: Animals.] - -Such is the beginning of an enthusiastic little pamphlet, of unknown -authorship, published in London in 1649,[1] the year in which Charles -I. perished on the scaffold. It is entitled “A Perfect Description -of Virginia,” and one of its effects, if not its purpose, must have -been to attract immigrants to that colony from the mother country. -In Virginia “there is nothing wanting” to make people happy; there -are “plenty, health, and wealth.” Of English about 15,000 are settled -there, with 300 negro servants. Of kine, oxen, bulls, and calves, there -are 20,000, and there is plenty of good butter and cheese. There are -200 horses, 50 asses, 3,000 sheep with good wool, 5,000 goats, and -swine and poultry innumerable. Besides these European animals, there -are many deer, with “rackoons, as good meat as lamb,” and “passonnes” -[opossums], otters and beavers, foxes and dogs that “bark not.” In the -waters are “above thirty sorts” of fish “very excellent good in their -kinds.” The wild turkey sometimes weighs sixty pounds, and besides -partridges, ducks, geese, and pigeons, the woods abound in sweet -songsters and “most rare coloured parraketoes, and [we have] one bird -we call the mock-bird; for he will imitate all other birds’ notes and -cries, both day and night birds, yea, the owls and nightingales.” - -[Sidenote: Agriculture.] - -The farmers have under cultivation many hundred acres of excellent -wheat; their maize, or “Virginia corn,” yields an increase of 500 for -1, and makes “good bread and furmity” [porridge]; they have barley in -plenty, and six brew-houses which brew strong and well-flavoured beer. -There are fifteen kinds of fruit that for delicacy rival the fruits -of Italy; in the gardens grow potatoes, turnips, carrots, parsnips, -onions, artichokes, asparagus, beans, and better peas than those of -England, with all manner of herbs and “physick flowers.” The tobacco -is everywhere “much vented and esteemed,” but such immense crops are -raised that the price is but three pence a pound. There is also a hope -that indigo, hemp and flax, vines and silk-worms, can be cultivated -with profit, since it is chiefly hands that are wanted. It surely -would be better to grow silk here, where mulberry trees are so plenty, -than to fetch it as we do from Persia and China “with great charge and -expense and hazard,” thereby enriching “heathen and Mahumetans.” - -[Sidenote: Northwest passage.] - -At the same time they are hoping soon to discover a way to China, -“for Sir Francis Drake was on the back side of Virginia in his voyage -about the world in 37 degrees ... and now all the question is only -how broad the land may be to that place [_i. e._ California] from the -head of James River above the falls.” By prosecuting discovery in -this direction “the planters in Virginia shall gain the rich trade of -the East India, and so cause it to be driven through the continent of -Virginia, part by land and part by water, and in a most gainful way and -safe, and far less expenseful and dangerous, than now it is.” - -[Sidenote: Commercial rivals.] - -It behooves the English, says our pamphlet, to be more vigilant, and -to pay more heed to their colonies; for behold, “the Swedes have come -and crept into a river called Delawar, that is within the limits of -Virginia,” and they are driving “a great and secret trade of furs.” -Moreover, “the Hollanders have stolen into a river called Hudson’s -River, in the limits also of Virginia, ... they have built a strong -fort ... and drive a trade of fur there with the natives for above -£10,000 a year. These two plantations are ... on our side of Cape Cod -which parts us and New England. Thus are the English nosed in all -places, and out-traded by the Dutch. They would not suffer the English -to use them so; but they have vigilant statesmen, and advance all they -can for a common good, and will not spare any encouragements to their -people to discover.” - -[Sidenote: New England.] - -[Sidenote: Health of body and soul.] - -“Concerning New England,” which is but four days’ sail from Virginia, -a trade goes to and fro; but except for the fishing, “there is not -much in that land,” which in respect of frost and snow is as Scotland -compared with England, and so barren withal that, “except a herring -be put into the hole that you set the corn or maize in, it will not -come up.” What a pity that the New England people, “being now about -20,000, did not seat themselves at first to the south of Virginia, in a -warm and rich country, where their industry would have produced sugar, -indigo, ginger, cotton, and the like commodities!” But here in Virginia -the land “produceth, with very great increase, whatsoever is committed -into the bowels of it; ... a fat rich soil everywhere watered with many -fine springs, small rivulets, and wholesome waters.” As to healthiness, -fewer people die in a year proportionately than in England; “since that -men are provided with all necessaries, have plenty of victual, bread, -and good beer, ... all which the Englishman loves full dearly.” Nor is -their spiritual welfare neglected, for there are twenty churches, with -“doctrine and orders after the church of England;” and “the ministers’ -livings are esteemed worth at least £100 per annum; they are paid by -each planter so much tobacco per poll, and so many bushels of corn; -they live all in peace and love.” - -[Sidenote: Schools.] - -[Sidenote: Captain Mathews and his household.] - -“I may not forget to tell you we have a free school, with 200 acres of -land, a fine house upon it, 40 milch kine, and other accommodations; -the benefactor deserves perpetual memory; his name, Mr. Benjamin Symes, -worthy to be chronicled; other petty schools also we have.” Various -details of orchards and vineyards, of Mr. Kinsman’s pure perry and Mr. -Pelton’s strong metheglin, entertain us; and a pleasant tribute is -paid to “worthy Captain Mathews,” the same who fourteen years before -had assisted at the thrusting out of Sir John Harvey. “He hath a fine -house, and all things answerable to it; he sows yearly store of hemp -and flax, and causes it to be spun; he keeps weavers, and hath a tan -house, causes leather to be dressed, hath eight shoemakers employed in -their trade, hath forty negro servants, brings them up to trades in -his house; he yearly sows abundance of wheat, barley, &c., the wheat -he selleth at four shillings the bushel, kills store of beeves, and -sells them to victual the ships when they come thither; hath abundance -of kine, a brave dairy, swine great store, and poultry; he married the -daughter of Sir Thomas Hinton, and, in a word, keeps a good house, -lives bravely, and a true lover of Virginia; he is worthy of much -honour.” - -[Sidenote: Rapid growth of population.] - -It will be observed that Captain Mathews possessed, in his forty black -servants, nearly one seventh part of the negro population. Of the -conditions under which wholesale negro slavery grew up, I shall treat -hereafter. In the third quarter of the seventeenth century it was still -in its beginnings. Between 1650 and 1670, along with an extraordinary -growth in the total population, we observe a marked increase in the -number of black slaves. In the latter year Berkeley estimated the -population at 32,000 free whites, 6,000 indentured white servants, and -2,000 negroes. Large estates, cultivated by wholesale slave labour, -were coming into existence, and a peculiar type of aristocratic or in -some respects patriarchal society was growing up in Virginia. It was -still for the most part confined to the peninsula between the James -and York rivers and the territory to the south of the former, from -Nansemond as far as the Appomattox, although in Gloucester likewise -there was a considerable population, and there were settlements -in Middlesex and Lancaster counties, on opposite banks of the -Rappahannock, and even as far as Northumberland and Westmoreland on the -Potomac. In the course of the disputes over Kent Island, settlements -began upon those shores and increased apace. - -[Sidenote: Names of Virginia counties.] - -Some significant history is fossilized in the names of Virginia -counties. When they are not the old shire names imported from England, -like those just mentioned, they are apt to be personal names indicating -the times when the counties were first settled, or when they acquired -a distinct existence as counties. For a long time such personal names -were chiefly taken from the royal household. Thus, while Charles -City County bears the name of Charles I., bestowed upon the region -before that king ascended the throne, the portion of it south of -James River, set off in 1702 as Prince George County, was named for -George of Denmark, consort of Queen Anne. So King William County on -the south bank of the Mattapony, and King and Queen County on its -north bank, carry us straight to the times of William and Mary, and -indicate the position of the frontier in the days of Charles II.; -while to the west of them the names of Hanover and the two Hanoverian -princesses, Caroline and Louisa, carry us on to the days of the first -two Georges.[2] At the time with which our narrative is now concerned, -all that region to the south of Spottsylvania was unbroken wilderness. -In 1670 a careful estimate was made of the number of Indians comprised -within the immediate neighbourhood of the colony, and there were -counted up 725 warriors, of whom more than 400 were on the Appomattox -and Pamunkey frontiers, and nearly 200 between the Potomac and -Rappahannock. - -[Sidenote: Scarcity of royalist names on the map of New England.] - -The map of Virginia, in the light in which I have here considered it, -shows one remarkable point of contrast with the map of New England. On -the coast of the latter one finds a very few names commemorative of -royalty, such as Charles River, named by Captain John Smith, Cape Anne, -named by Charles I. when Prince of Wales, and the Elizabeth Islands, -named by Captain Gosnold still earlier and in the lifetime of the great -Queen. But when it comes to names given by the settlers themselves, one -cannot find in all New England a county name taken from any English -sovereign or prince, except Dukes for the island of Martha’s Vineyard, -and that simply recalls the fact that the island once formed a part of -the proprietary domain of James, Duke of York, and sent a delegate to -the first legislature that assembled at Manhattan. Except for this one -instance, we should never know from the county names of New England -that such a thing as kingship had ever existed. As for names of towns, -there is in Massachusetts a Lunenburg, which is said to have received -its name at the suggestion of a party of travellers from England in the -year 1726;[3] it was afterward copied in Vermont; and by diligently -searching the map of New England we may find half a dozen Hanovers and -Brunswicks, counting originals and copies. Between this showing and -that of Virginia, where the sequence of royal names is full enough to -preserve a rude record of the country’s expansion, the contrast is -surely striking. The difference between the Puritan temper and that of -the Cavaliers seems to be written ineffaceably upon the map. - -[Sidenote: The Cavaliers in Virginia: some popular misconceptions.] - -[Sidenote: Some democratic protests.] - -We are thus brought to the question as to how far the Cavalier element -predominated in the composition of Old Virginia. It is a subject -concerning which current general statements are apt to be loose and -misleading. It has given rise to much discussion, and, like a good -deal of what passes for historical discussion, it has too often been -conducted under the influence of personal or sectional prejudices. -Half a century ago, in the days when the people of the slave states -and those of the free states found it difficult to think justly or -to speak kindly of one another, one used often to hear sweeping -generalizations. On the one hand, it was said that Southerners were -the descendants of Cavaliers, and therefore presumably of gentle -blood, while Northerners were descendants of Roundheads, and therefore -presumably of ignoble origin. Some such notion may have prompted the -famous remark of Robert Toombs, in 1860: “We [_i. e._ the Southerners] -are the gentlemen of this country.” On the other hand, it was retorted -that the people of the South were in great part descended from -indentured white servants sent from the jails and slums of England.[4] -This point will receive due attention in a future chapter. At present -we may note that descent from Cavaliers has not always been a matter -of pride with Southern speakers and writers. There was a time when the -fierce spirit of democracy was inclined to regard such a connection -as a stigma. The father of President Tyler “used to say that he cared -naught for any other ancestor than Wat Tyler the blacksmith, who had -asserted the rights of oppressed humanity, and that he would have no -other device on his shield than a sledge hammer raised in the act -of striking.”[5] On the subject of Cavaliers a well known Virginian -writer, Hugh Blair Grigsby, once grew very warm. “The Cavalier,” said -he, “was essentially a slave, a compound slave, a slave to the King -and a slave to the Church. I look with contempt on the miserable -figment which seeks to trace the distinguishing points of the Virginia -character to the influence of those butterflies of the British -aristocracy.”[6] Historical questions are often treated in this way. -We grow up with a vague conception of something in the past which -we feel in duty bound to condemn, and then if we are told that our -own forefathers were part and parcel of the hated thing we lose our -tempers. Mr. Grigsby’s remarks are an expression of American feeling -in what may be called its Elijah Pogram period, when the knowledge of -history was too slender and the historic sense too dull to be shocked -at the incongruity of classing such men as Strafford and Falkland with -“butterflies.” The study of history in such a mood is not likely to be -fruitful of much beside rhetoric. - -[Sidenote: Sweeping statements are inadmissible.] - -Before we proceed, a few further words are desirable concerning the -fallacies and misconceptions which abound in the opinions cited in -the foregoing paragraph. It is impossible to make any generalization -concerning the origin of the white people of the South as a whole, or -of the North as a whole, further than to say that their ancestors came -from Europe, and a large majority of them from the British islands. The -facts are too complicated to be embraced in any generalization more -definitely limited than this. When sweeping statements are made about -“the North” and “the South,” it is often apparent that the speaker -has in mind only Massachusetts and tidewater Virginia, making these -parts do duty for the whole. The present book will make it clear that -it is only in connection with tidewater Virginia that the migration of -Cavaliers from England to America has any historical significance. - -[Sidenote: Difference between Cavaliers and Roundheads was political, -not social.] - -It is a mistake to suppose that the contrast between Cavaliers -and Roundheads was in any wise parallel with the contrast between -high-born people and low-born. A majority of the landed gentry, titled -and untitled, supported Charles I., while the chief strength of the -Parliament lay in the smaller landholders and in the merchants of the -cities. But the Roundheads also included a large and powerful minority -of the landed aristocracy, headed by the Earls of Bedford, Warwick, -Manchester, Northumberland, Stamford, and Essex, the Lords Fairfax and -Brooke, and many others. The leaders of the party, Pym and Hampden, -Vane and Cromwell, were of gentle blood; and among the officers of the -New Model were such as Montagues, Pickerings, Fortescues, Sheffields, -and Sidneys. In short, the distinction between Cavalier and Roundhead -was no more a difference in respect of lineage or social rank than the -analogous distinction between Tory and Whig. The mere fact of a man’s -having belonged to the one party or the other raises no presumption as -to his “gentility.” - -[Sidenote: England has never had a _noblesse_, or upper caste.] - -[Sidenote: Contrast with France.] - -[Sidenote: Importance of the middle class.] - -It is worth while here to correct another error which is quite commonly -entertained in the United States. It is the error of supposing that -in Great Britain there are distinct orders of society, or that there -exists anything like a sharp and well defined line between the nobility -and the commonalty. The American reader is apt to imagine a “peerage,” -the members of which have from time immemorial constituted a kind of -caste clearly marked off from the great body of the people, and into -which it has always been very difficult for plain people to rise. -In this crude conception the social differences between England and -America are greatly exaggerated. In point of fact the British islands -are the one part of Europe where the existence of a peerage has not -resulted in creating a distinct upper class of society. The difference -will be most clearly explained by contrasting England with France. -In the latter country, before the Revolution of 1789, there was a -peerage consisting of great landholders, local rulers and magistrates, -and dignitaries of the church, just as in England. But in France -all the sons and brothers of a peer were nobles distinguished by a -title and reckoned among the peerage, and all were exempt from sundry -important political duties, including the payment of taxes. Thus they -constituted a real _noblesse_, or caste apart from the people, until -the Revolution at a single blow destroyed all their privileges. At -the present day French titles of nobility are merely courtesy titles, -and through excessive multiplication have become cheap. On the other -hand, in England, the families of peers have never been exempt from -their share of the public burdens. The “peerage,” or hereditary right -to sit in the House of Lords, belongs only to the head of the family; -all the other members of the family are commoners, though some may be -addressed by courtesy titles. During the formative period of modern -political society, from the fourteenth century onward, the sons of -peers habitually competed for seats in the House of Commons, side by -side with merchants and yeomen. This has prevented anything like a -severance between the interests of the higher and of the lower classes -in England, and has had much to do with the peaceful and healthy -political development which has so eminently characterized our mother -country. England has never had a _noblesse_. As the upper class has -never been sharply distinguished politically, so it has not held -itself separate socially. Families with titles have intermarried with -families that have none, the younger branches of a peer’s family become -untitled gentry, ancient peerages lapse while new ones are created, so -that there is a “circulation of gentle blood” that has thus far proved -eminently wholesome. More than two thirds of the present House of -Lords are the grandsons or great-grandsons of commoners. Of the 450 or -more hereditary peerages now existing, three date from the thirteenth -century and four from the fourteenth; of those existing in the days -of Thomas Becket not one now remains in the same family. It has -always been easy in England for ability and character to raise their -possessor in the social scale; and hence the middle class has long -been recognized as the abiding element in England’s strength. Voltaire -once compared the English people to their ale,--froth at the top and -dregs at the bottom, but sound and bright and strong in the middle. As -to the last he was surely right. - -[Sidenote: Respect paid to industry in England.] - -One further point calls for mention. In mediæval and early modern -England, great respect was paid to incorporated crafts and trades. -The influence and authority wielded by county magnates over the rural -population was paralleled by the power exercised in the cities by the -livery companies or guilds. Since the twelfth century, the municipal -franchise in the principal towns and cities of Great Britain has been -for the most part controlled by the various trade and craft guilds. In -the seventeenth century, when the migrations to America were beginning, -it was customary for members of noble families to enter these guilds as -apprentices in the crafts of the draper, the tailor, the vintner, or -the mason, etc. Many important consequences have flowed from this. Let -it suffice here to note that this fact of the rural aristocracy keeping -in touch with the tradesmen and artisans has been one of the safeguards -of English liberty; it has been one source of the power of the Commons, -one check upon the undue aspirations of the Crown. It indicates a kind -of public sentiment very different from that which afterward grew -up in our southern states under the malignant influence of slavery, -which proclaimed an antagonism between industry and gentility that is -contrary to the whole spirit of English civilization. - -[Sidenote: The Cavalier exodus.] - -With these points clear in our minds, we may understand the true -significance of the arrival of the Cavaliers in Virginia. The date -to be remembered in connection with that event is 1649, and it is -instructive to compare it with the exodus of Puritans to New England. -The little settlement of the Mayflower Pilgrims was merely a herald of -the great Puritan exodus, which really began in 1629, when Charles I. -entered upon his period of eleven years of rule without a parliament, -and continued until about 1642, when the Civil War broke out. During -those thirteen years more than 20,000 Puritans came to New England. -The great Cavalier exodus began with the king’s execution in 1649, and -probably slackened after 1660. It must have been a chief cause of the -remarkable increase of the white population of Virginia from 15,000 in -1649 to 38,000 in 1670. - -[Sidenote: Political complexion of Virginia before 1649.] - -[Sidenote: The great exchange of 1649.] - -The period of the Commonwealth in England thus marks an important -epoch in Virginia, and we must be on our guard against confusing what -came after with what preceded it. As to the political complexion of -Virginia in the earliest time, it would be difficult to make a general -statement, except that there was a widespread feeling in favour of -the Company as managed by Sandys and Southampton. This meant that the -settlers knew when they were well governed. They did not approve of -a party that sent an Argall to fleece them, even though it were the -court party. So, too, in the thrusting out of Sir John Harvey in 1635 -we see the temper of the councillors and burgesses flatly opposed to -the king’s unpopular representative. But such instances do not tell us -much concerning the attitude of the colonists upon questions of English -politics. The fortunes of the Puritan settlers in Virginia afford a -surer indication. At first, as we have seen, when the Puritans as a -body had not yet separated from the Church, there were a good many in -Virginia; and by 1640 they probably formed about seven per cent. of -the population. The legislation against them beginning in 1631 seems -to indicate that public sentiment in Virginia favoured the policy of -Laud; while the slackness with which such legislation was enforced -raises a suspicion that such sentiment was at first not very strong. -It seems probable that as the country party in England came more and -more completely under the control of Puritanism, and as Puritanism -grew more and more radical in temper, the reaction toward the royalist -side grew more and more pronounced in Virginia. If there ever was a -typical Cavalier of the more narrow-minded sort, it was Sir William -Berkeley, who at the same time was by no means the sort of person that -one might properly call a “butterfly.” If the eloquent Mr. Grigsby had -once got into those iron clutches, he would have sought some other term -of comparison. When Berkeley arrived in Virginia, and for a long time -afterward, he was extremely popular. We have seen him acting with so -much energy against the Puritans that in the course of the year 1649 -not less than 1,000 of them left the colony. Upon the news of the -king’s death, Berkeley sent a message to England inviting royalists to -come to Virginia, and within a twelvemonth perhaps as many as 1,000 -had arrived, picked men and women of excellent sort. Thus it curiously -happened that the same moment which saw Virginia lose most of her -Puritan population, also saw it replaced by an equal number of devoted -Cavaliers. - -[Sidenote: Moderation shown in Virginia.] - -From this moment we may date the beginnings of Cavalier ascendency -in Virginia. But for the next ten years that growing ascendency was -qualified by the necessity of submitting to the Puritan government in -England. In 1652 Berkeley was obliged to retire from the governorship, -and the king’s men in Virginia found it prudent to put some restraint -upon the expression of their feelings. But in this change, as we -have seen, there was no violence. It is probable that there was a -considerable body of colonists “comparatively indifferent to the -struggle of parties in England, anxious only to save Virginia from -spoliation and bloodshed, and for that end willing to throw in their -lot with the side whose success held out the speediest hopes of peace. -There is another consideration which helps to explain the moderation -of the combatants. In England each party was exasperated by grievous -wrongs, and hence its hour of triumph was also its hour of revenge. The -struggle in Virginia was embittered by no such recollections.”[7] - -[Sidenote: Colonel Richard Lee.] - -[Sidenote: Election of Berkeley by the assembly.] - -A name inseparably associated with Berkeley is that of Colonel Richard -Lee, who is described as “a man of good stature, comely visage, an -enterprising genius, a sound head, vigorous spirit, and generous -nature,”[8] qualities that may be recognized in many of his famous -descendants. This Richard Lee belonged to an ancient family, the Lees -of Coton Hall, in Shropshire, whom we find from the beginning of -the thirteenth century in positions of honour and trust. He came to -Virginia about 1642, and obtained that year an estate which he called -Paradise, near the head of Poropotank Creek, on the York River. He -was from the first a man of much importance in the colony, serving -as justice, burgess, councillor, and secretary of state. In 1654 we -find him described as “faithful and useful to the interests of the -Commonwealth,” but, as Dr. Edmund Lee says, “it is only fair to observe -that this claim was made for him by a friend in his absence;”[9] or -perhaps it only means that he was not one of the tribe of fanatics who -love to kick against the pricks.[10] Certain it is that Colonel Lee was -no Puritan, though doubtless he submitted loyally to the arrangement -of 1652, as so many others did. There was nothing for the king’s men -to do but possess their souls in quiet until 1659, when news came of -the resignation of Richard Cromwell. “Worthy Captain Mathews,” whom the -assembly had chosen governor, died about the same time. Accordingly, -in March, 1660, the assembly resolved that, since there was then in -England no resident sovereign generally recognized, the supreme power -in Virginia must be regarded as lodged in the assembly, and that all -writs should issue in the name of the Grand Assembly of Virginia until -such a command should come from England as the assembly should judge -to be lawful. Having passed this resolution, the assembly showed its -political complexion by electing Sir William Berkeley for governor: -and in the same breath it revealed its independent spirit by providing -that he must call an assembly at least once in two years, and oftener -if need be; and that he must not dissolve it without the consent of a -majority of the members. On these terms Berkeley accepted office at the -hands of the assembly. - -[Sidenote: Lee’s visit to Brussels.] - -[Sidenote: Charles II. proclaimed king.] - -Before this transaction, perhaps in 1658, Colonel Lee seems to have -visited Charles II. at Brussels, where he handed over to the still -exiled prince the old commission of Berkeley, and may have obtained -from him a new one for future use, reinstating him as governor.[11] -There is a vague tradition that on this occasion he asked how soon -Charles would be likely to be able to protect the colony in case it -should declare its allegiance to him; and from this source may have -arisen the wild statement, recorded by Beverley and promulgated by the -eminent historian Robertson, that Virginia proclaimed Charles II. as -sovereign a year or two before he was proclaimed in England.[12] The -absurdity of this story was long ago pointed out;[13] but since error -has as many lives as a cat, one may still hear it repeated. Charles II. -was proclaimed king in England on the 8th of May, 1660, and in Virginia -on the 20th of September following.[14] In October the royal commission -for Berkeley arrived, and the governor may thus have felt that the -conditions on which he accepted his office from the assembly were no -longer binding. Our next chapter will show how lightly he held them. - -If one may judge from the public accounts of York County in 1660, -expressed in the arithmetic of a tobacco currency, the 20th of -September must have been a joyful occasion:-- - -Att the proclaiming of his sacred Maisty: - - To y^e Ho^{ble} Govn^r p a barrell powd^r, 112 lb. .00996 - To Cap^t ffox six cases of drams .00900 - To Cap^t ffox for his great gunnes .00500 - To M^r Philip Malory .00500 - To y^e trumpeters .00800 - To M^r Hansford 176 Gallons Syd^r at 15 - & 35 gall at 20, caske 264 .03604 - -There can be no doubt that it was an occasion prolific in legend. The -historian Robert Beverley, who was born about fifteen years afterward, -tells us that Governor Berkeley’s proclamation named Charles II. -as “King of England, Scotland, France, Ireland, and Virginia.” The -document itself, however, calls him “our most gratious soveraigne, -Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, ffrance, & Ireland,” and -makes no mention of Virginia. - -[Sidenote: The seal of Virginia.] - -William Lee tells us that it was “in consequence of this step” that -the motto _En dat Virginia quintam_ was placed upon the seal of the -colony.[15] Since “this step” was never taken, the statement needs some -qualification. The idea of of designating Virginia as an additional -kingdom to those over which the English sovereign ruled in Europe was -already entertained in 1590 by Edmund Spenser, who dedicated his “Faëry -Queene” to Elizabeth as queen of “England, France,[16] and Ireland, -and of Virginia.”[17] As early as 1619 the London Company adopted a -coat-of-arms, upon which was the motto _En dat Virginia quintum_, in -which the unexpressed noun is _regnum_; “Behold, Virginia gives the -fifth [kingdom].” After the restoration of Charles II. a new seal for -Virginia, adopted about 1663, has the same motto, the effect of which -was to rank Virginia by the side of his Majesty’s other four dominions, -England, Scotland, “France,” and Ireland. We are told by the younger -Richard Henry Lee that in these circumstances originated the famous -epithet “Old Dominion.” In 1702, among several alterations in the -seal, the word _quintum_ was changed to _quintam_, to agree with the -unexpressed noun _coronam_; “Behold, Virginia gives the fifth [crown].” -After the legislative union of England with Scotland in 1707, another -seal, adopted in 1714, substituted _quartam_ for _quintam_.[18] - -[Sidenote: Increase in the size of land grants.] - -Just how many members of the royalist party came to Virginia while -their young king was off upon his travels, it would be difficult to -say. But there were unquestionably a great many. We have already -remarked upon the very rapid increase of white population, from about -15,000 in 1649 to 38,000 in 1670. Along with this there was a marked -increase in the size of the land grants, both the average size and the -maximum; and in this coupling of facts there is great significance, for -they show that the increase of population was predominantly an increase -in the numbers of the upper class, of the people who could afford to -have large estates. In these respects the year 1650 marks an abrupt -change,[19] which may best be shown by a tabular view of the figures:-- - - Largest number of acres Average number of - Years. in a single grant. acres in a grant. - - 1632 350 - 1634 5,350 719 - 1635 2,000 380 - 1636 2,000 351 - 1637 5,350 445 - 1638 3,000 423 - 1640 1,300 405 - 1641 872 343 - 1642 3,000 559 - 1643 4,000 595 - 1644 670 370 - 1645 1,090 333 - 1646 1,200 360 - 1647 650 361 - 1648 1,800 412 - 1649 3,500 522 - 1650 5,350 677 - 1651-55 10,000 591 - 1656-66 10,000 671 - 1667-79 20,000 890 - 1680-89 20,000 607 - -Another way of showing the facts is still more striking:-- - - Number of grants exceeding - Years. 5,000 acres. - - 1632-50 3 - 1651-55 3 - 1656-66 20 - 1667-79 37 - 1680-89 19 - -[Sidenote: Cavalier families.] - -[Sidenote: Ancestry of George Washington.] - -[Sidenote: Value of genealogy.] - -The increase in the number of slaves after 1650 is a fact of similar -import with the greater size of the estates. All the circumstances -agree in showing that there was a large influx of eminently well-to-do -people. It is well known, moreover, who these people were. It is in the -reign of Charles II. that the student of Virginian history begins to -meet frequently with the familiar names, such as Randolph, Pendleton, -Madison, Mason, Monroe, Cary, Ludwell, Parke, Robinson, Marshall, -Washington, and so many others that have become eminent. All these -were Cavalier families that came to Virginia after the downfall of -Charles I. Whether President Tyler was right in claiming descent from -the Kentish rebel of 1381 is not clear, but there is no doubt that -his first American ancestor, who came to Virginia after the battle of -Worcester, was a gentleman and a royalist.[20] Until recently there -was some uncertainty as to the pedigree of George Washington, but -the researches of Mr. Fitz Gilbert Waters of Salem have conclusively -proved that he was descended from the Washingtons of Sulgrave, in -Northamptonshire, a family that had for generations worthily occupied -positions of honour and trust. In the Civil War the Washingtons were -distinguished royalists. The commander who surrendered Worcester in -1646 to the famous Edward Whalley was Colonel Henry Washington;[21] and -his cousin John, who came to Virginia in 1657, was great-grandfather -of George Washington. After the fashion that prevailed a hundred years -ago, the most illustrious of Americans felt little interest in his -ancestry; but with the keener historic sense and broader scientific -outlook of the present day, the importance of such matters is better -appreciated. The pedigrees of horses, dogs, and fancy pigeons have -a value that is quotable in terms of hard cash. Far more important, -for the student of human affairs, are the pedigrees of men. By no -possible ingenuity of constitution-making or of legislation can a -society made up of ruffians and boors be raised to the intellectual and -moral level of a society made up of well-bred merchants and yeomen, -parsons and lawyers. One might as well expect to see a dray horse -win the Derby. It is, moreover, only when we habitually bear in mind -the threads of individual relationship that connect one country with -another, that we get a really firm and concrete grasp of history. -Without genealogy the study of history is comparatively lifeless. No -excuse is needed, therefore, for giving in this connection a tabulated -abridgment of the discoveries of Mr. Waters concerning the forefathers -of George Washington.[22] Beside the personal interest attaching to -everything associated with that immortal name, this pedigree has -interest and value as being in large measure typical. It is a fair -sample of good English middle-class pedigrees, and it is typical as -regards the ancestry of leading Cavalier families in Virginia; an -inspection of many genealogies of those who came between 1649 and 1670 -yields about the same general impression. Moreover, this pedigree is -equally typical as regards the ancestry of leading Puritan families -in New England. The genealogies, for example, of Winthrop, Dudley, -Saltonstall, Chauncey, or Baldwin give the same general impression as -those of Randolph, or Cary, or Cabell, or Lee. The settlers of Virginia -and of New England were opposed to each other in politics, but they -belonged to one and the same stratum of society, and in their personal -characteristics they were of the same excellent quality. To quote -the lines of Sir William Jones, written as a paraphrase of the Greek -epigram of Alcæus inscribed upon my title-page:-- - - -ARMS.--_Argent, two bars and in chief three mullets Gules._ - - John Washington, - of Whitfield, Lancashire, time of Henry VI. - | - | - Robert Washington, - of Warton, Lancashire, 2d son. - | - | - John Washington, - of Warton, m. Margaret Kitson, sister of Sir Thomas Kitson, - alderman of London. - | - | - Lawrence Washington, - of Gray’s Inn, mayor of Northampton, obtained grant of - Sulgrave Manor, 1539, d. 1584; m. Anne Pargiter, of Gretworth. - | - +--------------------+---------------------------------+ - | | - Robert Washington, Lawrence Washington, -of Sulgrave, b. 1544; of Gray’s Inn, -m. Elizabeth Light. register of High - | Court of Chancery, - | d. 1619. - | | - | | - Lawrence Washington, Sir Lawrence Washington, - of Sulgrave and Brington, register of High Court of - d. 1616; m. Margaret Butler. Chancery, d. 1643. - | | - +--------+-----+--------------+ | - | | | | -Sir William Sir John Rev. Lawrence Lawrence Washington, -Washington, Washington, Washington, d. 1662; m. Eleanor Gyse. -d. 1643; m. Anne d. 1678. M. A., Fellow | -Villiers, of Brasenose | -half-sister of College, Oxford, | -George Villiers, Rector of Purleigh, | -Duke of d. before 1655. | -Buckingham. | | - | | | - | +-----------------+ | - | | | | -Henry Washington, John Lawrence Washington, Elizabeth Washington, -colonel in the Washington, b.1635, came to heiress, d. 1693; -royalist army, b. 1631, Virginia, 1657. m. Earl Ferrers. -governor of d. 1677; -Worcester, came to -d. 1664. Virginia, - 1657; m. - Anne Pope. - | - Lawrence Washington, - d. 1697; m. Mildred, dau. of Augustine Warner. - | - | - Augustine Washington, - b. 1694, d. 1749; m. Mary Ball. - | - | - GEORGE WASHINGTON, - b. 1732, d. 1799. - _First President of the United States._ - - “What constitutes a State? - Not high-raised battlement or laboured mound, - Thick wall or moated gate; - Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned; - Not bays and broad-armed ports, - Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride; - Not starred and spangled courts - Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. - No:--MEN, high-minded MEN, - * * * * * - “Men who their duties know, - But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain, - Prevent the long-aimed blow, - And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain: - These constitute a State.”[23] - -Such men were the Cavaliers of Virginia and the Puritans of New England. - -[Sidenote: Importance of the Cavalier element in Virginia.] - -There can be little doubt that these Cavaliers were the men who -made the greatness of Virginia. To them it is due that her history -represents ideas and enshrines events which mankind will always find -interesting. It is apt to be the case that men who leave their country -for reasons connected with conscience and principle, men who have once -consecrated themselves to a cause, are picked men for ability and -character. Such men are likely to exert upon any community which they -may enter an influence immeasurably greater than an equal number of men -taken at random. It matters little what side they may have espoused. -Very few of the causes for which brave men have fought one another have -been wholly right or wholly wrong. Our politics may be those of Samuel -Adams, but we must admit that the Thomas Hutchinson type of mind and -character is one which society could ill afford to lose. Of the gallant -Cavaliers who drew the sword for King Charles, there were many who no -more approved of his crooked methods and despotic aims than Hutchinson -approved of the Stamp Act. No better illustration could be found than -Lord Falkland, some of whose kinsmen emigrated to Virginia and played a -conspicuous part there. A proper combination of circumstances was all -that was required to bring the children of these royalists into active -political alliance with the children of the Cromwellians. - -[Sidenote: Differences between New England and Virginia.] - -Both in Virginia and in New England, then, the principal element of -the migration consisted of picked men and women of the same station in -life, and differing only in their views of civil and ecclesiastical -polity. The differences that grew up between the relatively -aristocratic type of society in Virginia and the relatively democratic -type in New England were due not at all to differences in the social -quality of the settlers, but in some degree to their differences in -church politics, and in a far greater degree to the different economic -circumstances of Virginia and New England. It is worth our while to -point out some of these contrasts and to indicate their effect upon the -local government, the nature of which, perhaps more than anything else, -determines the character of the community as aristocratic or democratic. - -[Sidenote: Settlement of New England by congregations.] - -That extreme Puritan theory of ecclesiastical polity, according to -which each congregation was to be a little self-governing republic, -had much to do with the way in which New England was colonized. The -settlers came in congregations, led by their favourite ministers,--such -men, for example, as Higginson and Cotton, Hooker and Davenport. When -such men, famous in England for their bold preaching and imperilled -thereby, decided to move to America, a considerable number of their -parishioners would decide to accompany them, and similarly minded -members of neighbouring churches would leave their own pastor and join -in the migration. Such a group of people, arriving on the coast of -Massachusetts, would naturally select some convenient locality, where -they might build their houses near together and all go to the same -church. - -[Sidenote: Land grants in Massachusetts.] - -This migration, therefore, was a movement, not of individuals or of -separate families, but of church-congregations, and it continued to -be so as the settlers made their way inland and westward. The first -river towns of Connecticut were thus founded by congregations coming -from Dorchester, Cambridge, and Watertown. This kind of settlement -was favoured by the government of Massachusetts, which made grants of -land, not to individuals but to companies of people who wished to live -together and attend the same church. - -[Sidenote: Small farms.] - -It was also favoured by economic circumstances. The soil of New England -was not favourable to the cultivation of great quantities of staple -articles, such as rice or tobacco, so that there was nothing to tempt -people to undertake extensive plantations. Most of the people lived -on small farms, each family raising but little more than enough food -for its own support; and the small size of the farms made it possible -to have a good many in a compact neighbourhood. It appeared also that -towns could be more easily defended against the Indians than scattered -plantations; and this doubtless helped to keep people together, -although if there had been any strong inducement for solitary pioneers -to plunge into the great woods, as in later years so often happened at -the West, it is not likely that any dread of the savages would have -hindered them. - -[Sidenote: Township and village.] - -Thus the early settlers of New England came to live in townships. A -township would consist of about as many farms as could be disposed -within convenient distance from the meeting-house, where all the -inhabitants, young and old, gathered every Sunday, coming on horseback -or afoot. The meeting-house was thus centrally situated, and near -it was the town pasture or “common,” with the school-house and the -blockhouse, or rude fortress for defence against the Indians. For the -latter building some commanding position was apt to be selected, and -hence we so often find the old village streets of New England running -along elevated ridges or climbing over beetling hilltops. Around the -meeting-house and common the dwellings gradually clustered into a -village, and after a while the tavern, store, and town-house made their -appearance. - -[Sidenote: Social position of settlers in New England.] - -Among the people who thus tilled the farms and built up the villages of -New England, the differences in what we should call social position, -though noticeable, were not extreme. While in England some had been -esquires or country magistrates, or “lords of the manor,”--a phrase -which does not mean a member of the peerage, but a landed proprietor -with dependent tenants,--some had been yeomen, or persons holding farms -by some free kind of tenure; some had been artisans or tradesmen in -cities. All had for many generations been more or less accustomed to -self-government and to public meetings for discussing local affairs. -That self-government, especially as far as church matters were -concerned, they were stoutly bent upon maintaining and extending. -Indeed, that was what they had crossed the ocean for. Under these -circumstances they developed a kind of government which has remained -practically unchanged down to the present day. In the town meeting the -government is the entire adult male population. Its merits, from a -genuine democratic point of view, have long been recognized, but in -these days of rampant political quackery they are worth recalling to -mind, even at the cost of a brief digression. - -[Sidenote: Some merits of the town meeting.] - -[Sidenote: The “magic fund” delusion.] - -Within its proper sphere, government by town meeting is the form -of government most effectively under watch and control. Everything -is done in the full daylight of publicity. The specific objects -for which public money is to be appropriated are discussed in the -presence of everybody, and any one who disapproves of any of these -objects, or of the way in which it is proposed to obtain it, has an -opportunity to declare his opinions. Under this form of government -people are not so liable to bewildering delusions as under other -forms. I refer especially to the delusion that “the Government” is a -sort of mysterious power, possessed of a magic inexhaustible fund of -wealth, and able to do all manner of things for the benefit of “the -People.” Some such notion as this, more often implied than expressed, -is very common, and it is inexpressibly dear to demagogues. It is -the prolific root from which springs that luxuriant crop of humbug -upon which political tricksters thrive as pigs fatten upon corn. In -point of fact no such government, armed with a magic fund of its own, -has ever existed upon the earth. No government has ever yet used any -money for public purposes which it did not first take from its own -people,--unless when it may have plundered it from some other people in -victorious warfare. - -The inhabitant of a New England town is perpetually reminded that -“the Government” is “the People.” Although he may think loosely about -the government of his state or the still more remote government at -Washington, he is kept pretty close to the facts where local affairs -are concerned, and in this there is a political training of no small -value. - -[Sidenote: Educational value of the town meeting.] - -In the kind of discussion which it provokes, in the necessity of facing -argument with argument and of keeping one’s temper under control, the -town meeting is the best political training school in existence. Its -educational value is far higher than that of the newspaper, which, in -spite of its many merits as a diffuser of information, is very apt -to do its best to bemuddle and sophisticate plain facts. The period -when town meetings were most important from the wide scope of their -transactions was the period of earnest and sometimes stormy discussion -that ushered in our Revolutionary War. In those days great principles -of government were discussed with a wealth of knowledge and stated with -masterly skill in town meeting. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Primogeniture and entail in Virginia.] - -In Virginia the economic circumstances were very different from those -of New England, and the effects were seen in a different kind of local -institutions. In New England the system of small holdings facilitated -the change from primogeniture to the Kentish custom of gavelkind, -with which many of the settlers were already familiar, in which the -property of an intestate is equally divided among the children.[24] In -Virginia, on the other hand, the large estates, cultivated by servile -labour, were kept together by the combined customs of primogeniture and -entail, which lasted until they were overthrown by Thomas Jefferson in -1776. In this circumstance, more than in anything else, originated the -more aristocratic features in the local institutions of Virginia. To -this should be added the facts that before the eighteenth century there -was a large servile class of whites, to which there was nothing even -remotely analogous in New England; and that the introduction of negro -slavery, which was beginning to assume noticeable dimensions about -1670, served to affix a stigma upon manual labour. - -[Sidenote: Virginia parishes.] - -[Sidenote: The vestry a close corporation.] - -In view of this group of circumstances we need not wonder that in Old -Virginia there were no town meetings. The distances between plantations -coöperated with the distinction between classes to prevent the growth -of such an institution. The English parish, with its churchwardens and -vestry and clerk, was reproduced in Virginia under the same name, but -with some noteworthy peculiarities. If the whole body of ratepayers had -assembled in vestry meeting, to enact by-laws and assess taxes, the -course of development would have been like that of the New England town -meeting. But instead of this the vestry, which exercised the chief -authority in the parish, was composed of twelve chosen men. This was -not government by a primary assembly, it was representative government. -At first the twelve vestrymen were elected by the people of the parish, -and thus resembled the selectmen of New England; but in 1662 “they -obtained the power of filling vacancies in their own number,” so that -they became what is called a “close corporation,” and the people had -nothing to do with choosing them. Strictly speaking, that was not -representative government; it was a step on the road that leads towards -oligarchical or despotic government. It was, as we shall see, one of -the steps ineffectually opposed in Bacon’s rebellion. - -[Sidenote: Powers of the vestry.] - -It was the vestry, thus constituted, that apportioned the parish taxes, -appointed the churchwardens, presented the minister for induction into -office, and acted as overseers of the poor. The minister presided in -all vestry meetings. His salary was paid in tobacco, and in 1696 it -was fixed by law at 16,000 pounds of tobacco yearly. In many parishes -the churchwardens were the collectors of the parish taxes. The other -officers, such as the sexton and the parish clerk, were appointed -either by the minister or by the vestry. - -With the local government thus administered, we see that the larger -part of the people had little directly to do. Nevertheless, in those -small neighbourhoods government could be kept in full sight of the -people, and so long as its proceedings went on in broad daylight and -were sustained by public sentiment, all was well. As Jefferson said, -“The vestrymen are usually the most discreet farmers, so distributed -through the parish that every part of it may be under the immediate -eye of some one of them. They are well acquainted with the details -and economy of private life, and they find sufficient inducements to -execute their charge well, in their philanthropy, in the approbation of -their neighbours, and the distinction which that gives them.”[25] - -[Sidenote: The county was the unit of representation.] - -The difference, however, between the New England township and the -Virginia parish, in respect of self-government, was striking enough. We -have now to note a further difference. In New England, the township was -the unit of representation in the colonial legislature; but in Virginia -the parish was not the unit of representation. The county was that -unit. In the colonial legislature of Virginia the representatives sat, -not for parishes but for counties. The difference is very significant. -As the political life of New England was in a manner built up out of -the political life of the towns, so the political life of Virginia was -built up out of the political life of the counties. This was partly -because the vast plantations were not grouped about a compact village -nucleus like the small farms at the North, and partly because there was -not in Virginia that Puritan theory of the church according to which -each congregation is a self-governing democracy. The conditions which -made the New England town meeting were absent. The only alternative -was some kind of representative government, and for this the county -was a small enough area. The county in Virginia was much smaller -than in Massachusetts or Connecticut. In a few instances the county -consisted of only a single parish; in some cases it was divided into -two parishes, but oftener into three or more. - -[Sidenote: The county court was virtually a close corporation.] - -In Virginia, as in England and in New England, the county was an area -for the administration of justice. There were usually in each county -eight justices of the peace, and their court was the counterpart of the -quarter sessions in England. They were appointed by the governor, but -it was customary for them to nominate candidates for the governor to -appoint, so that practically the court filled its own vacancies and was -a close corporation, like the parish vestry. Such an arrangement tended -to keep the general supervision and control of things in the hands of -a few families. - -[Sidenote: The county seat or Court House.] - -This county court usually met as often as once a month in some -convenient spot answering to the shire town of England or New England. -More often than not, the place originally consisted of the court-house -and very little else, and was named accordingly from the name of -the county, as Hanover Court House or Fairfax Court House; and the -small shire towns that have grown up in such spots often retain these -names to the present day. Such names occur commonly in Virginia, West -Virginia, and South Carolina, and occasionally elsewhere. Their number -has diminished from the tendency to omit the phrase “Court House,” -leaving the name of the county for that of the shire town, as for -example in Culpeper, Va. In New England the process of naming has been -just the reverse; as in Hartford County, Conn., or Worcester County, -Mass., which have taken their names from the shire towns. Here, as in -so many cases, whole chapters of history are wrapped up in geographical -names.[26] - -[Sidenote: Powers of the court.] - -[Sidenote: The sheriff.] - -The county court in Virginia had jurisdiction in criminal actions -not involving peril of life or limb, and in civil suits where the -sum at stake exceeded twenty-five shillings. Smaller suits could be -tried by a single justice. The court also had charge of the probate -and administration of wills. The court appointed its own clerk, who -kept the county records. It superintended the construction and repair -of bridges and highways, and for this purpose divided the county -into “precincts,” and appointed annually for each precinct a highway -surveyor. The court also seems to have appointed constables, one for -each precinct. The justices could themselves act as coroners, but -annually two or more coroners for each parish were appointed by the -governor. As we have seen that the parish taxes--so much for salaries -of minister and clerk, so much for care of church buildings, so much -for the relief of the poor, etc.--were computed and assessed by the -vestry; so the county taxes, for care of court-house and jail, roads -and bridges, coroner’s fees, and allowances to the representatives sent -to the colonial legislature, were computed and assessed by the county -court. The general taxes for the colony were estimated by a committee -of the legislature, as well as the county’s share of the colony tax. -The taxes for the county, and sometimes the taxes for the parish also, -were collected by the sheriff. They were usually paid, not in money, -but in tobacco; and the sheriff was the custodian of this tobacco, -responsible for its proper disposal. The sheriff was thus not only -the officer for executing the judgments of the court, but he was also -county treasurer and collector, and thus exercised powers almost as -great as those of the sheriff in England in the twelfth century. He -also presided over elections for representatives to the legislature. It -is interesting to observe how this very important officer was chosen. -“Each year the court presented the names of three of its members to -the governor, who appointed one, generally the senior justice, to be -the sheriff of the county for the ensuing year.”[27] Here again we see -this close corporation, the county court, keeping the control of things -within its own hands. - -[Sidenote: The county lieutenant.] - -One other important county officer needs to be mentioned. In early -New England each town had its train-band or company of militia, and -the companies in each county united to form the county regiment. In -Virginia it was just the other way. Each county raised a certain number -of troops, and because it was not convenient for the men to go many -miles from home in assembling for purposes of drill, the county was -subdivided into military districts, each with its company, according -to rules laid down by the governor. The military command in each -county was vested in the county lieutenant, an officer answering in -many respects to the lord lieutenant of the English shire at that -period. Usually he was a member of the governor’s council, and as such -exercised sundry judicial functions. He bore the honorary title of -“colonel,” and was to some extent regarded as the governor’s deputy; -but in later times his duties were confined entirely to military -matters.[28] - -If now we sum up the contrasts between local government in Virginia and -that in New England, we observe:-- - -1. That in New England the management of local affairs was mostly in -the hands of town officers, the county being superadded for certain -purposes, chiefly judicial; while in Virginia the management was -chiefly in the hands of county officers, though certain functions, -chiefly ecclesiastical, were reserved to the parish. - -2. That in New England the local magistrates were almost always, with -the exception of justices, chosen by the people; while in Virginia, -though some of them were nominally appointed by the governor, yet in -practice they generally contrived to appoint themselves,--in other -words, the local boards practically filled their own vacancies and were -self-perpetuating. - -[Sidenote: Jefferson’s opinion of township government.] - -These differences are striking and profound. There can be no doubt -that, as Thomas Jefferson clearly saw, in the long run the interests -of political liberty are much safer under the New England system -than under the Virginia system. Jefferson said: “Those wards, called -townships in New England, are the vital principle of their governments, -and have proved themselves the wisest invention ever devised by the -wit of man for the perfect exercise of self-government, and for its -preservation.[29] ... As Cato, then, concluded every speech with -the words _Carthago delenda est_, so do I every opinion with the -injunction: ‘Divide the counties into wards!’”[30] - -[Sidenote: “Court-day.”] - -We must, however, avoid the mistake of making too much of this -contrast. As already hinted, in those rural societies where people -generally knew one another, its effects were not so far-reaching -as they would be in the more complicated society of to-day. Even -though Virginia had not the town meeting, “it had its familiar -court-day,” which “was a holiday for all the countryside, especially -in the fall and spring. From all directions came in the people on -horseback, in wagons, and afoot. On the court-house green assembled, -in indiscriminate confusion, people of all classes,--the hunter from -the backwoods, the owner of a few acres, the grand proprietor, and the -grinning, heedless negro. Old debts were settled, and new ones made; -there were auctions, transfers of property, and, if election times were -near, stump-speaking.”[31] - -[Sidenote: Virginia prolific in great leaders.] - -For seventy years or more before the Declaration of Independence the -matters of general public concern, about which stump speeches were -made on Virginia court-days, were very similar to those that were -discussed in Massachusetts town meetings when representatives were to -be chosen for the legislature. Such questions generally related to -some real or alleged encroachment upon popular liberties by the royal -governor, who, being appointed and sent from beyond sea, was apt to -have ideas and purposes of his own that conflicted with those of the -people. This perpetual antagonism to the governor, who represented -British imperial interference with American local self-government, was -an excellent schooling in political liberty, alike for Virginia and -for Massachusetts. When the stress of the Revolution came, these two -leading colonies cordially supported each other, and their political -characteristics were reflected in the kind of achievements for which -each was especially distinguished. The Virginia system, concentrating -the administration of local affairs in the hands of a few county -families, was eminently favourable for developing skilful and vigorous -leadership. And while in the history of Massachusetts during the -Revolution we are chiefly impressed with the remarkable degree in -which the mass of the people exhibited the kind of political training -that nothing in the world except the habit of parliamentary discussion -can impart; on the other hand, Virginia at that time gave us--in -Washington, Jefferson, Henry, Mason, Madison, and Marshall, to mention -no others--such a group of leaders as has seldom been equalled. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -BACON’S REBELLION. - - -[Sidenote: The Navigation Act of 1651.] - -The rapid development of maritime commerce in the seventeenth century -soon furnished a new occasion for human folly and greed to assert -themselves in acts of legislation. Crude mediæval methods of robbery -began to give place to the ingenious modern methods in which men’s -pockets are picked under the specious guise of public policy. Your -mediæval baron would allow no ship or boat to pass his Rhenish castle -without paying what he saw fit to extort for the privilege, and at the -end of his evil career he was apt to compound with conscience and buy -a ticket to heaven by building a chapel to the Virgin. Your modern -manufacturer obtains legislative aid in fleecing his fellow-countrymen, -while he seeks popularity by bestowing upon the public a part of his -ill-gotten gains in the shape of a new college or a town library. This -change from the more brutal to the more subtle devices for living upon -the fruits of other men’s labour was conspicuous during the seventeenth -century, and one of the most glaring instances of it was the Navigation -Act of 1651, which forbade the importation of goods into England except -in English ships, or ships of the nation that produced the goods. -This foolish act was intended to cripple the Dutch carrying trade, and -speedily led to a lamentable and disgraceful war between England and -Holland. In its application to America it meant that English colonies -could trade only with England in English ships, and it was generally -greeted with indignation. Cromwell, however, did little or nothing to -enforce it in America. Charles II.’s government was more active in the -matter and soon became detested. One of the earliest causes of the -American Revolution was thus set in operation. The policy begun in the -Navigation Act was one of the grievances that kept Massachusetts in a -chronic quarrel with Charles II. during the whole of his reign, and it -was a source of no less irritation in Virginia. - -[Sidenote: The second Navigation Act.] - -A second Navigation Act, passed at the beginning of the reign of -Charles II., prescribed that “no goods or commodities whatsoever shall -be imported into or exported from any of the king’s lands, islands, -plantations, or territories in Asia, Africa, or America, in any other -than English, Irish, or plantation built ships, and whereof the master -and at least three-fourths of the mariners shall be Englishmen, under -forfeiture of ships and goods.” It was further provided that “no -sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo, ginger, fustic and other dyeing -woods, of the growth or manufacture of our Asian, African, or American -colonies, shall be shipped from the said colonies to any place but to -England, Ireland, or to some other of his Majesty’s said plantations, -there to be landed, under forfeiture of goods and ships.” - -[Sidenote: Bland’s remonstrance.] - -The motive in these restrictions is obvious enough. Their effects were -ably set forth in 1677, in a memorial by John Bland, a sagacious London -merchant, whose grasp of the principles of political economy was very -remarkable for that age.[32] In order that merchants in England might -buy Virginia tobacco very cheap, the demand for it was restricted by -cutting off the export to foreign markets. In order that they might -sell their goods to Virginia at exorbitant prices, the Virginians were -prohibited from buying anything elsewhere. The shameless rapacity -of these merchants was such as might have been expected under such -fostering circumstances. If the planter shipped his own tobacco to -England, the charges for freight would be put so high as to leave him -scarcely any margin of profit. - -[Sidenote: Some direct consequences.] - -Such restrictions were apt to have other effects than those -contemplated. The “protected” merchants chuckled over their sagacity -in keeping Dutchmen away from Virginia, for thus it would become -possible to make the Dutchmen pay three or four shillings in England -for tobacco that cost a ha’penny in the colony. But the worthy burghers -of the Netherlands took a different view of the matter. They began -planting tobacco for themselves in the East Indies, so that it became -less necessary to buy it of the English. Another somewhat curious -consequence may be stated in Bland’s own words: “Again, if the -Hollanders must not trade to Virginia, how shall the planters dispose -of their tobacco? The English will not buy it [all], for what the -Hollander carried thence was a sort of tobacco not ... used by us in -England, but merely to transport for Holland. Will it not then perish -on the planters’ hands? which undoubtedly is not only an apparent loss -of so much stock and commoditie to the plantations who suffer thereby, -but for want of its employment an infinite prejudice to the commerce in -general.” - -[Sidenote: Some indirect consequences.] - -There was yet another aspect of the matter. “I demand then, in the next -place, which way shall the charge of the governments be maintained, if -the Hollanders be debarred trade in Virginia and Maryland, or anything -raised to defray the constant and yearly levies for the securing the -inhabitants from invasions of the Indians? How shall the forts and -public places be built and repaired, with many other incident charges -daily arising, which must be taken care for, else all will come to -destruction? for when the Hollanders traded thither, they paid upon -every anchor of brandy (which is about 25 gallons) 5 shillings import -brought in by them, and upon every hogshead of tobacco carried thence -10 shillings; and since they were debarred trade, our English, as they -did not, whilst the Hollander traded there, pay anything, neither -would they when they traded not ...; so that all these charges being -taxed on the poor planters, it hath so impoverished them that they -scarce can recover wherewith to cover their nakedness. As foreign -trade makes rich and prosperous any country that hath within it any -staple commodities to invite them thither, so it makes men industrious, -striving with others to gather together into societies, and building of -towns, and nothing doth it sooner than the concourse of shipping, as we -may see before our eyes, Dover and Deal what they are grown into, the -one by the Flanders trade, the other by ships riding in the Downs.” - -[Sidenote: Exposure of the humbug.] - -But if in spite of all these arguments the Navigation Act must stand, -then, says this acute writer, “let me on the behalf of the said -colonies of Virginia and Maryland make these following proposals, which -I hope will appear but equitable:-- - -“_First_, that the traders to Virginia and Maryland from England shall -furnish and supply the planters and inhabitants of those colonies with -all sorts of commodities and necessaries which they may want or desire, -at as cheap rates and prices as the Hollanders used to have when the -Hollander was admitted to trade thither. - -“_Secondly_, that the said traders out of England to those colonies -shall not only buy of the planters such tobacco ... as is fit for -England, but take off all that shall be yearly made by them, at as good -rates and prices as the Hollanders used to give for the same, by bills -of exchange or otherwise.... - -“_Thirdly_, that if any of the inhabitants or planters of the said -colonies shall desire to ship his tobacco or goods for England, that -the traders from England to Virginia and Maryland shall let them have -freight in their ships at as low and cheap rates as they used to have -when the Hollanders and other nations traded thither. - -“_Fourthly_, that for maintenance of the governments, raising of forces -to withstand the invasions of the Indians, building of forts and other -public works needful in such new discovered countries, the traders -from England to pay there in Virginia and Maryland as much yearly as -was received of the Hollanders and strangers as did trade thither, -whereby the country may not have the whole burden to lie on their hard -and painful labour and industry, which ought to be encouraged but not -discouraged. - -“Thus having proposed in my judgment what is both just and equal, to -all such as would not have the Hollanders permitted to trade into -Virginia and Maryland, I hope if they will not agree hereunto, it will -easily appear it is their own profits and interest they seek, not those -colonies’s nor your Majesty’s service, but in contrary the utter ruin -of all the inhabitants and planters there; and if they perish, that -vast territory must be left desolate, to the exceeding disadvantage of -this nation and your Majesty’s honour and revenue.” - -[Sidenote: Bland’s own proposal.] - -After this keen exposure of the protectionist humbug the author -concludes by offering his own proposal. “Let all Hollanders and other -nations whatsoever freely trade into Virginia and Maryland, and -bring thither and carry thence whatever they please,” with only one -qualification. It had been urged that, without legislative aid, English -shipping could not compete successfully with that of other countries. -Insatiableness of commercial greed begets a fidgetty, unreasoning -dread of anything like free competition. Just as the Frenchman puts -tariff duties upon German goods because he knows he cannot compete with -Germans in a free market, while at the same moment the German puts -tariff duties upon French goods because he knows he cannot compete -with Frenchmen in a free market, so it was with men’s arguments two -centuries ago. It was urged that French and Dutch ships could be -built and navigated at smaller expense than English ships; and this -point our author meets by suggesting a differential tonnage-duty “to -counterpoise the cheapness,” only great care must be taken not to make -it prohibitory. - -[Sidenote: Distress caused by low price of tobacco.] - -The principal effect of the Navigation Act upon Virginia and Maryland -was to lower the price of tobacco while it increased the cost of all -articles imported from England. As tobacco was the circulating medium -in these colonies, the effect was practically a depreciation of the -currency with the usual disastrous consequences. There was an inflation -of prices, and all commodities became harder to get. Efforts were -made from time to time to contract the currency by curtailing the -tobacco crop. It was proposed, for example, in 1662, that no tobacco -should be planted in Maryland or Virginia for the following year. Such -proposals recurred from time to time, but it proved impossible to -secure concerted action between the two colonies. In 1664 the whole -tobacco crop of Virginia was worth less than £3 15s. for each person -in the colony. In 1666 so much tobacco was left on the hands of the -planters that a determined effort was made to enforce the cessation of -planting, and after much discussion an agreement was reached between -Maryland, Virginia, and the new settlements in Carolina, but the plan -was defeated by disapproval in Maryland which led to a veto from Lord -Baltimore. In 1667 the price of tobacco fell to a ha’penny a pound, -and Thomas Ludwell, writing to Lord Berkeley in London, “declared that -there were but three influences restraining the smaller landowners of -Virginia from rising in rebellion, namely, faith in the mercy of God, -loyalty to the king, and affection for the government.”[33] - -[Sidenote: The Surry protest, 1673.] - -The discontent sometimes took the form of a disposition to resist the -collection of taxes, as in Surry, in December, 1673, when “a company of -seditious and rude people to y^e number of ffourteene did unlawfully -Assemble at y^e pish church of Lawnes Creeke, w^{th} Intent to declare -they would not pay theire publiq taxes, & y^t they Expected diverse -oth^{rs} to meete them, who faileing they did not put theire wicked -design in Execution.” Nevertheless these persons assembled again, -some three weeks later, in an old field “called y^e Divell’s field,” -where they passed divers lawless resolutions interspersed with heated -harangues. In particular one Roger Delke did say, “we will burne all -before one shall Suffer,” and when brought before the magistrates, “y^e -s^d Delke Acknowledged he said y^e same words, & being asked why they -meet at y^e church he said by reason theire taxes were soe unjust, & -they would not pay it.”[34] The ringleaders in this affair were fined, -but Governor Berkeley remitted the fines, provided “they acknowledged -their faults and pay the court charges.” - -[Sidenote: The Arlington-Culpeper grant, 1673.] - -Another cause of trouble was the king’s recklessness in rewarding -public services or gratifying favourites by extensive grants of wild -land in America. It was an easy way to pay debts, for it cost the king -nothing, and all the labour and expense of making the grant valuable -fell upon the grantee. To many of these grants there could, of course, -be no objection. Those that founded the Carolinas and Pennsylvania and -the Hudson Bay Company were all proper enough. The trouble began when -territory already granted and occupied by Englishmen was given away -again. There were some complicated and obscure instances of this in -New England, but a flagrant and exasperating case occurred in Virginia -in 1673, when Charles made a grant of the whole country to the Earl of -Arlington and Lord Culpeper, to hold for thirty-one years at a yearly -rent of 40 shillings to be paid at Michaelmas. - -[Sidenote: Some of its effects.] - -The practical effect of this grant was to convert Virginia into -something like a proprietary government, with Arlington and Culpeper -for proprietors. It was, of course, not the intention to disturb -individuals in the possession of lands already acquired by a valid -title; but escheated lands were to go to these proprietors instead of -the crown, and there was an opportunity for grievous injustice, for -many escheated lands were occupied by persons who had purchased them -in good faith. The lord proprietors were to receive the revenues of -the colony, to appoint all public officers, and to present pastors -for installation. In short, the entire control of the internal -administration of the colony was to be placed in their hands, and -against such favourites of the king an appeal at any time was likely -to be of little avail. It is needless to add that the grant was made -without consulting the Virginians. For people who had lavished so much -loyalty upon a worthless sovereign, this was a scurvy requital. To -find its match for ingratitude one must go to the story of Inkle and -Yarico. No sooner did the House of Burgesses hear of it than they sent -commissioners to England to make an energetic protest. They found the -king rather surprised to hear that the Virginians cared anything about -such a trifle; he promised to satisfy everybody, and that naturally -took some time, so that the matter was still under discussion when -things came to a blaze in Virginia. - -[Sidenote: Character of Sir William Berkeley.] - -The unprincipled government of Charles II. in England was matched in -some respects by the oppressive administration of Sir William Berkeley -in Virginia. We have already met this gentleman on several occasions; -it is now time to notice him more particularly. He was son of Sir -Maurice Berkeley, who was one of the members of the London Company -when it was first organized in 1606. Several members of the family -were interested in American affairs. Sir William’s elder brother, Lord -Berkeley of Stratton, was a favourite of Charles II., and one of the -group of proprietors to whom that king granted Carolina in 1663. Sir -William was an aristocrat to the ends of his fingers, a man of velvet -and gold lace, a brave soldier, a devoted husband, a chivalrous friend, -and withal as narrow and bigoted and stubborn a creature as one could -find anywhere. He had no sympathy with common people, nor any very -clear sense of duty toward them. When he first arrived in Virginia in -1642, at the age of thirty-four, he was considered very gracious and -affable in manners, and during the ten years of his first governorship -he seems to have been generally popular. From 1652 to 1660 he lived in -retirement on his rural estate of Greenspring near Jamestown, where he -had an orchard of more than 2,000 fruit trees--apples, pears, quinces, -peaches, and apricots--and a stable of seventy fine horses. There he -entertained Cavalier guests and drank healths to King Charles until he -was once more called to Jamestown to be governor. In 1661 he went to -London and stayed for a year, and it was afterwards thought that his -visit with his froward and hot-tempered brother[35] worked a change -in him for the worse. Berkeley’s errand in London was to oppose an -attempt which the old London Company was making to have its charter -restored; the people of Virginia had long ago passed the stage at which -they regretted the overthrow of the Company. During his stay in London, -Berkeley saw one of his own plays performed at the theatre, for this -courtier and Cavalier dabbled in literature. Of this tragi-comedy, “The -Lost Lady,” Pepys tells us in his Diary that at first he did not care -much for it, but liked it better the next time he saw it.[36] - -[Sidenote: Corruption and extortion.] - -[Sidenote: The Long Assembly, 1661-1676.] - -[Sidenote: Berkeley’s violent temper.] - -After Berkeley’s return to Virginia the evils of Charles’s -misgovernment soon began to show themselves. A swarm of place-hunters -beset the king, who carelessly gave them appointments in Virginia, or -recommended them to Berkeley for places. Judges and sheriffs, revenue -collectors and parsons, were thus appointed without reference to -fitness, with the natural results; the law was ill-administered, the -public money embezzled, and the church scandalized. The custom-house -charges on exported tobacco afforded chances for extortion and -blackmailing, of which abundant advantage was taken, and Berkeley was -not the sort of man who was quick to punish the rogues of his own -party. Enemies accused him of profiting by the maladministration of his -officials, and he himself confessed in a rather cynical letter to Lord -Arlington that, while advancing years had taken away his ambition, they -had left him covetous. A little group of wealthy planters, friends -of Berkeley, obtained places on the council, and contrived to have -everything their own way for several years. With their aid the governor -tried to do away with the popular election of representatives. Amid -the blaze of royalist exultation over the restoration of monarchy, -the House of Burgesses elected in 1661 contained a large majority -of members who believed in high prerogative and divine right; and -Berkeley, having thus secured a legislature that was quite to his mind, -kept it alive for fifteen years, until 1676, simply by the ingenious -expedient of _adjourning_ it from year to year, and refusing to issue -writs for a new election. The effect of such things was to carry more -than one staunch Cavalier over into what was by no means a Puritan -but none the less a strong opposition party. As this opposition could -not find adequate voice in the legislature, it became ready for an -explosion. As Berkeley’s old popularity ebbed away he grew arrogant -and cross, and now and then some instance of mean vindictiveness -swelled the rising tide of hatred against him. He became subject to -fits of violent passion. The famous Quaker preacher, William Edmundson, -who visited Virginia in 1672, called on the governor and sought to -intercede with him for the Society of Friends, the members of which -were shamefully treated in that colony. “He was very peevish and -brittle,” says Edmundson, “and I could fasten nothing on him, with all -the soft arguments I could use.... The next day was the men’s meeting -at William Wright’s house [where I met] Major-General Bennett.... -He asked me ‘How I was treated by the governor?’ I told him ‘he was -brittle and peevish.’... He asked me ‘if the governor called me dog, -rogue, etc.’ I said ‘No.’ ‘Then,’ said he, ‘you took him in his best -humour, those being his usual terms when he is angry, for he is an -enemy to every appearance of good.’”[37] - -[Sidenote: Beginning of the Indian war, 1675.] - -Such was the governor of Virginia and such the state of things there, -when to the many troubles that were goading the people to rebellion -the horrors of the tomahawk and scalping-knife were suddenly added. -In 1672, after a fearful struggle of twenty years’ duration, the Five -Nations of New York had completely overthrown and nearly annihilated -their kinsmen the Susquehannocks. The defeated barbarians, slowly -retreating southward, roamed on both sides of the Potomac, while -parties of the victors, mostly from the Seneca tribe, pursued and -harassed them. Early in the summer of 1675 some Algonquins of the -Doeg tribe, dwelling in Stafford County, not far from the site of -Fredericksburg, got into a dispute with one of the settlers and stole -some of his pigs. The thieves were pursued, and in the chase one or two -of them were shot. A few days afterward a herdsman was found mortally -wounded at the door of his cabin, and said with his dying breath that -it was Doegs who had done it. Then the county lieutenant of Stafford -turned out with his militia to punish the offenders. This officer -was Colonel George Mason, whose cavalry troop had gone down before -Cromwell’s resistless blows in the crowning mercy at Worcester. He was -great-grandfather of the George Mason who sat in the Federal Convention -of 1787. One party of Colonel Mason’s men overtook and slew eleven of -the Algonquins, and another party at some distance in the forest had -already shot fourteen red men, when a chief came running up to Colonel -Mason and told him that these latter were friendly Susquehannocks, -and that the murderers of the herdsman were neither Algonquins nor -Susquehannocks, but Senecas. The firing was instantly stopped, but the -unfortunate affair had evil consequences. Murders by Indians along the -Potomac became frequent. The Susquehannocks occupied an old blockhouse -on the Maryland side of the river, and a force of Marylanders, -commanded by Major Thomas Truman, marched out to dislodge them. - -[Sidenote: John Washington.] - -At the request of the Maryland government, Virginia sent a party -to coöperate in this task. Its commander bore a name which his -great-grandson was to make forever illustrious. Colonel John Washington -had come over from England in 1657, with his younger brother Lawrence, -and settled in Westmoreland County. He was now forty-four years old, a -man of wealth and influence, a leading judge, and member of the House -of Burgesses. - -[Sidenote: The five Susquehannock envoys.] - -When the Virginia troops crossed the Potomac they found their Maryland -allies assembled before the blockhouse, with five Susquehannocks in -custody. These Indians were envoys who had come out for a parley, but -had apparently taken alarm and sought to escape, whereupon Major Truman -seized and detained them until the Virginians should arrive. Then -Colonel Washington, with his next in command, Major Isaac Allerton, -proceeded to interrogate the Indians, while Major Truman listened in -silence. Washington demanded satisfaction for the murders and other -outrages committed in Virginia, but the Indians denied everything and -declared that their deadly enemies the Senecas were the sole offenders. -Washington then asked how it happened that several canoe-loads of -beef and pork, stolen from the plantations, had been carried into -the Susquehannock fort; was it their foes the Senecas who were thus -supplying them with food? And how did it happen that a party of -Susquehannocks just captured in Virginia were dressed in the clothes of -Englishmen lately murdered? The falsehood was too palpable. The guilt -of the Susquehannocks was plain, and they must either make amends or -taste the rigours of war. - -There can be little doubt that Colonel Washington was right. Then, -as always until after 1763, the Long House was from end to end the -steadfast ally of the English, and nothing could be more unlikely than -that one of its tribes should have been guilty of these murders. It -is quite clear that the Susquehannocks lied, with the double purpose -of saving themselves and bringing down vengeance upon the Senecas. -The first murders had been committed by Algonquins, and evidently -the Susquehannocks had joined in the work in retaliation for the -unfortunate mistake committed by Colonel Mason’s men. - -[Sidenote: The killing of the envoys.] - -At the close of the conference Major Truman called to Colonel -Washington, asking if these were not impudent rogues to deny the -murders they had done, when at that very moment the corpses of nine of -their own tribe were lying unburied at Hurston’s plantation, where in -a fight the defenders of the place had just slain them. As the envoys -persisted in denying that these dead Indians were Susquehannocks, -Washington suggested that they should be taken to Hurston’s and -confronted with the bodies. So Truman’s men marched away with the five -envoys, and presently put them to death, “w^{ch} was occation,” says -one of the Virginian witnesses, “y^t much amaized & startled us & ou^r -Comanders, being a thing y^t was never imagined or expected.”[38] - -The killing of these envoys was in violation of a rule that holds in -all warfare, whether savage or civilized, and Truman was impeached for -it in the Maryland assembly; but owing to an obstinate disagreement -between the two houses as to the penalty to be inflicted, he escaped -without further punishment than the loss of his seat in the council. - -[Sidenote: Berkeley’s perverseness.] - -[Sidenote: Indian atrocities.] - -Colonel Washington’s force proved too small to hold in check the -infuriated Susquehannocks, who seem to have entered into alliance with -the Algonquins of the country. Soon the whole border, from the Potomac -to the falls of the James, was swarming with painted barbarians, and -day after day renewed the tale of burning homes and slaughtered wives -and children. This sort of thing went on through the fall and winter, -driving people into frenzy, but Berkeley would not call out a military -force for the occasion. He insisted that it was enough to instruct -the county lieutenants, each in his county, to keep his militia in -readiness. It was charged against him that fear of losing his share in -a very lucrative fur trade made him unwilling to engage in war with -the Indians. However this may have been, the spirit of the people had -become so mutinous that he was probably afraid to entrust himself -to the protection of a popular militia. Whatever the motive of his -conduct, its consequences were highly disastrous. On a single day in -January, 1676, within a circle of ten miles’ radius, thirty-six people -were murdered; and when the governor was notified, he coolly answered -that “nothing could be done until the assembly’s regular meeting in -March”![39] Meanwhile the work of firebrand and tomahawk went on. In -Essex County (then known as Rappahannock), sixty plantations were -destroyed within seventeen days. It was thought by some persons that -the Indians were stimulated by reports of the fearful havoc which -their brethren were making in New England, where King Philip’s war -was raging. Surely the wrath of the planters must have been redoubled -when they heard of the stalwart troop led by Josiah Winslow into the -Narragansett country, and noted the stern vengeance it wrought there -on a December day of 1675, and contrasted these things with what they -saw before them. As the Charles City people afterward declared with -bitterness, “we do acknowledge we were so unadvised then ... as to -believe it our duty incumbent on us both by the laws of God and nature, -and our duty to his sacred Majesty, notwithstanding ... Sir William -Berkeley’s prohibition, ... to take up arms ... for the just defence of -ourselves, wives, and children, and this his Majesty’s country.”[40] -At length, in March, the Long Assembly, as people called it, which had -been elected in 1661, was convened for the last time; a force of 500 -men was gathered, and all things were in readiness for a campaign, when -Berkeley by proclamation disbanded the little army, declaring that -the frontier forts, if duly prepared and equipped, afforded all the -protection the country needed. To many people this seemed to be adding -insult to injury; for while no fortress could prevent the skulking -approach of the enemy through the tangled wilderness, it was widely -believed that the repairing of forts was simply a device for enabling -the governor’s friends to embezzle the money granted for the purpose. - -[Sidenote: Nathaniel Bacon.] - -[Sidenote: Drummond and Lawrence.] - -At this time there was a young man of eight-and-twenty living on his -plantation on James River, hard by Curl’s Wharf. His name was Nathaniel -Bacon, son of Thomas Bacon, of Friston Hall, Suffolk, a kinsman of the -great Lord Bacon.[41] His mother was daughter of a Suffolk knight, Sir -Robert Brooke. He had studied law at Gray’s Inn, and after extensive -travel on the continent of Europe had come to Virginia with his young -wife shortly before the beginning of these Indian troubles. His -father’s cousin, Nathaniel Bacon, of King’s Creek, who had dwelt in -the colony since about 1650, was a man of large wealth and influence. -The abilities and character of the young Nathaniel were rated so high -that he already had a seat in the council. He was clearly an impetuous -youth, brave and cordial, fiery at times, and gifted with a persuasive -tongue. He was in person tall and lithe, with swarthy complexion -and melancholy eyes, and a somewhat lofty demeanour. One writer says -that his discourse was “pestilent and prevalent logical,” and that it -“tended to atheism,” which doubtless means that he criticised things -freely. Two other prominent men were much of his way of thinking. -One was a hard-headed and canny Scotchman, William Drummond, who had -been governor of the Albemarle colony in Carolina.[42] The other was -Richard Lawrence, an Oxford graduate of scholarly tastes, whom an old -chronicler has labelled for posterity as “thoughtful Mr. Lawrence.” -Both Drummond and Lawrence were wealthy men, and lived, it is said, in -the two best built and best furnished houses in Jamestown, which, it -should be remembered, had scarcely more than a score of houses all told. - -[Sidenote: Bacon’s plantation attacked, May, 1676.] - -[Sidenote: He defeats the Indians.] - -Beside the estate where Bacon lived, he had another one farther up, on -the site still marked by the name “Bacon Quarter Branch” in the suburbs -of Richmond. “If the redskins meddle with me,” quoth the fiery young -man, “damn my blood but I’ll harry them, commission or no commission!” -One May morning in 1676 news came to Curl’s Wharf that the Indians had -attacked the upper estate, and killed Bacon’s overseer and one of his -servants. A crowd of armed planters on horseback assembled, and offered -to march under Bacon’s lead. He made an eloquent speech, accepted the -command, and sent a courier to the governor to ask for a commission. -Berkeley returned an evasive answer, whereupon Bacon sent him a polite -note, thanking him for the promised commission, and forthwith started -on his campaign. He had not gone many miles when a proclamation from -the governor overtook him, commanding the party to disperse. A few -obeyed; the rest kept on their way and inflicted a severe defeat upon -the Indians. Then Bacon and his volunteers marched homeward.[43] - -[Sidenote: Election of a new House of Burgesses.] - -[Sidenote: Arrest of Bacon.] - -Meanwhile the indignant Berkeley had gathered a troop of horse and -taken the field in person to arrest this refractory young man. But -suddenly came the news that the whole York peninsula was in revolt. The -governor must needs hasten back to Jamestown, where he soon realized -that if he would avoid civil war he must dissolve his moss-grown House -of Burgesses and issue writs for a new election. This was done. In -anticipation of such an emergency, an act had been passed in 1670 -restricting the suffrage by a property qualification, which had -called forth much indignation, since previously universal suffrage had -prevailed. In this excited election of 1676 the restriction was openly -disregarded in many places, and unqualified persons voted illegally. -Bacon offered himself as a candidate for Henrico County and was elected -by a large majority. As he drew near to Jamestown in his sloop with -thirty followers, a war-ship lay at anchor awaiting him, and the high -sheriff arrested him with his whole party. He was taken into the brick -State House and confronted with the governor, who simply said, “Mr. -Bacon, have you forgot to be a gentleman?” “No, may it please your -honour,” said Bacon. “Very well,” said Berkeley, “then I’ll take your -parole.” This was discreet in the governor, since the election had gone -so heavily against him. Bacon was released and went to lodge in the -house of Richard Lawrence. - -[Sidenote: “Thoughtful” Mr. Lawrence.] - -This “thoughtful” gentleman, the Oxford scholar, “for wit, learning, -and sobriety equalled by few,” is said to have “kept an ordinary,” -while his house was one of the best in Jamestown. It should be -remembered that the permanent residents in the town numbered less than -a hundred,[44] while the sessions of the assembly brought a great -influx of temporary sojourners, so that any or every house would be -made to serve as a tavern. Some years before, Mr. Lawrence had been -“partially treated at law, for a considerable estate on behalf of a -corrupt favourite” of Sir William Berkeley; a fact well certified by -the testimony of the governor’s friend, Colonel Lee. For this reason -Lawrence bore the governor a grudge and spoke of him as a treacherous -old villain. It was believed by some people that in the conduct of the -rebellion Lawrence was the Mephistopheles and Bacon simply the Faust -whom he prompted. - -[Sidenote: Bacon’s submission.] - -There seems to have been an understanding that, if Bacon were to -acknowledge his offence in marching without a commission, he should be -received back to his seat in the council, and the governor would give -him a commission to go and finish the Indian war. The old Nathaniel -Bacon, of King’s Creek, being “a very rich politic man and childless,” -and intending to leave his estates to young Nathaniel, succeeded in -persuading him, “not without much pains,” to accept the compromise. The -old gentleman wrote out a formal recantation, which his young kinsman -consented to read in public, and a scene was made of it. The State -House was a two-story building in which the burgesses had lately begun -sitting apart on the second floor, while the governor and council (in -point of dignity the “upper house”) held their session on the first -floor. On the 5th of June, 1676, the burgesses were summoned to attend -in the council chamber while Berkeley opened parliament. In his opening -speech the governor referred to the Indian troubles, and expressed -himself with strong emphasis on the slaying of the five envoys: “If -they had killed my grandfather and grandmother, my father and mother -and all my friends, yet if they had come to treat of peace they ought -to have gone in peace!”[45] Then, changing the subject, the governor -announced: “If there be joy in the presence of the angels over one -sinner that repenteth, there is joy now, for we have a penitent sinner -come before us. Call Mr. Bacon.” The young man knelt at the bar of the -assembly and read aloud the prepared paper in which he confessed that -he had acted illegally, and offered sureties for future good behaviour. -Then said the governor impressively, and thrice repeating the words, -“God forgive you! I forgive you.” “And all that were with him,” -interposed a member of the council. “Yea,” continued Berkeley, “and -all those that were with you.” The sheriff at once released Bacon’s -followers, and he took his old seat in the council, while the burgesses -filed off upstairs. Our informant, the member for Stafford, tells us -that while he was on his way up to the burgesses that afternoon, and -through the open door of the council chamber descried “Mr. Bacon on his -quondam seat,” it seemed “a marvellous indulgence” to one who had so -lately been proscribed as a rebel. - -[Sidenote: Governor _vs._ Burgesses.] - -[Sidenote: Reform of abuses.] - -The governor’s chief dread was the free discussion of affairs in -general by a hostile assembly. Now that the Indian imbroglio had -brought these new burgesses together, he wanted them to confine their -talk to Indian affairs and then go home, but this was not their way -of thinking. They aimed, though feebly, at greater independence than -heretofore, and the governor’s intent was to frustrate this aim. It was -moved by one of his partisans in the House of Burgesses “to entreat -the governor would please to assign two of his council to sit with -and assist us in our debates, as had been usual.” At this the friends -of Bacon scowled, and the member for Stafford ventured to suggest -that such aid might not be necessary, whereat there was an uproar. -The Berkeleyans urged that “it had been customary and ought not to be -omitted,” but a shrewd old assemblyman named Presley replied, “’Tis -true it has been customary, but if we have any bad customs amongst -us, we are come here to mend ’em.”[46] This happy retort was greeted -with laughter, but the Cavalier feeling of loyalty to the king’s -representative was still strong, and Berkeley’s friends had their -way, apparently in a tumultuous fashion. As the member for Stafford -says, the affair “was huddled off without coming to a vote,” so that -the burgesses must “submit to be overawed and have every carped at -expression carried straight to the governor.” Nevertheless, they went -sturdily on to their work of reform, and the acts which they passed -most clearly reveal the nature of the evils from which the people had -been suffering. They restored universal suffrage; they enacted that -vestrymen should be elected by popular vote, and limited their term -of office to three years; they reduced the sheriff’s term to a single -year; they declared that no person should hold at one and the same time -any two of the offices of sheriff, surveyor, escheator, and clerk of -court; and they imposed penalties upon the delay of public business and -the taking of excessive fees. Councillors with their families, and the -families of clergymen, had been exempted from taxation; this odious -privilege was now abolished. Sundry trade monopolies were overthrown; -two magistrates, Edward Hill and John Stith, were disfranchised for -alleged misconduct; and provision was made for a general inspection of -public expenses and the proper auditing of accounts.[47] - -[Sidenote: An Indian “princess.”] - -The Indian troubles were not neglected. Arrangements were made for -raising and maintaining an army of 1,000 men, and the aid of friendly -Indians was solicited. There was a picturesque scene when the -“Queen of Pamunkey” was brought before the House of Burgesses. That -interesting squaw sachem appears to have been a descendant of the -fierce Opekankano. Her tribe was the same that John Smith had visited -on the winter day when he held his pistol to the old warrior’s head, -with the terse mandate, “Corn or your life!” That remnant of the -Powhatan confederacy was still flourishing in Bacon’s time, and indeed -it has survived to the present day, a mongrel compound of Indian and -negro, on two small reservations in King William County.[48] The “Queen -of Pamunkey” in Bacon’s time commanded about 150 warriors, and what -the assembly wanted was to secure their aid in suppressing the hostile -Indians. The dusky princess “entered the chamber with a comportment -graceful to admiration, bringing on her right hand an Englishman -interpreter, and on the left her son, a stripling twenty years of -age, she having round her head a plat of black and white wampum peag -three inches broad in imitation of a crown, and was clothed in a -mantle of dressed deerskins with the hair outwards and the edge cut -round six inches deep, which made strings resembling twisted fringe -from the shoulders to the feet; thus with grave courtlike gestures -and a majestic air in her face she walked up our long room to the -lower end of the table, where after a few entreaties she sat down; the -interpreter and her son standing by her on either side as they had -walked up. Our chairman asked her what men she would lend us for guides -in the wilderness and to assist us against our enemy Indians. She spake -to the interpreter to inform her what the chairman said (though we -believed she understood him). He told us she bid him ask [her] son to -whom the English tongue was familiar (and who was reputed the son of an -English colonel), yet neither would he speak to or seem to understand -the chairman, but, the interpreter told us, he referred all to his -mother, who being again urged, she, after a little musing, with an -earnest passionate countenance as if tears were ready to gush out, and -a fervent sort of expression, made a harangue about a quarter of an -hour, often interlacing (with a high shrill voice and vehement passion) -these words, _Totapotamoy chepiack!_ i. e. _Totapotamoy dead!_ Colonel -Hill, being next me, shook his head. I asked him what was the matter. -He told me all she said was too true, to our shame, and that his father -was general in that battle where divers years before[49] Totapotamoy -her husband had led a hundred of his Indians in help to the English -against our former enemy Indians, and was there slain with most of his -men; for which no compensation at all had been to that day rendered to -her, wherewith she now upbraided us.” - -[Sidenote: The chairman’s rudeness.] - -The candid member for Stafford calls the chairman of the committee -morose and rude for not so much as “advancing one cold word towards -assuaging the anger and grief” of the squaw sachem. Having once -obtained a favour and so ill requited it, the white men in an emergency -were now suppliants for further good offices of the same sort. But -disregarding all this, the chairman imperiously demanded to be informed -how many Indians she would now contribute. A look of angry disdain -passed over the cinnamon face; she turned her head away and “sat mute -till that same question being pressed a third time, she, not returning -her face to the board, answered with a low slighting voice in our own -language, _Six!_ but, being further importuned, she, sitting a little -while sullen, without uttering a word between, said, _Twelve!_ ... and -so rose up and walked gravely away, as not pleased with her treatment.” - -[Sidenote: Bacon’s flight.] - -[Sidenote: His return.] - -Small wisdom was shown in this mean and discourteous treatment of a -useful ally, but men’s thoughts were at once abruptly turned from such -matters. “One morning early a bruit ran about the town, Bacon is fled! -Bacon is fled!” and for the moment Indian alliances and legislative -reforms were alike forgotten. Mr. Lawrence’s house was searched at -daybreak, but his lodger had gone. Not only had the governor withheld -the expected commission, but the air was heavy with suspicion of -treachery. The elder Bacon, of King’s Creek, who was fond of “this -uneasy cousin” without approving his conduct, secretly informed him -that his life was in danger at Jamestown. So the young man slipped -away to his estate at Curl’s, and within a few days marched back upon -Jamestown at the head of 600 men. Berkeley’s utmost efforts could -scarcely muster 100 men, of whom we are told that not half could be -relied on. Early in the warm June afternoon Bacon halted his troops -upon the green before the State House, and walked up toward the -building with a little guard of fusileers. The upper windows were -filled with peering burgesses, and crowds of expectant people stood -about the green. Out from the door came the old white-haired governor, -trembling with fury, and plucking open the rich lace upon his bosom, -shouted to Bacon, “Here I am! Shoot me! ’Fore God, a fair mark, a fair -mark--shoot!” Bacon answered mildly, “No, may it please your honour, we -have not come to hurt a hair of your head or of any man’s. We are come -for a commission to save our lives from the Indians, which you have so -often promised, and now we will have it before we go.” - -[Sidenote: The governor intimidated, June, 1676.] - -But we are told that after the old man had gone in to talk with his -council, Bacon fell into a rage and swore that he would kill them all -if the commission were not granted. The fusileers presented their -pieces at the windows and yelled, “We will have it! we will have it!” -till shortly one of the burgesses shook “a pacifick handkercher” -and called down, “you shall have it.” All was soon quiet again. The -assembly drew up a memorial to the king, setting forth the grievances -of the colony and Bacon’s valuable services; and it made out a -commission for him as general of an army to be sent against the -Indians. Next day the governor was browbeaten into signing both these -papers; but the same ship that carried the memorial to Charles II. -carried also a private letter wherein Berkeley told his own story in -his own way. The assembly was then dissolved. - -[Sidenote: Bacon crushes the Susquehannocks.] - -[Sidenote: Berkeley flies to Accomac, and proclaims Bacon a rebel.] - -[Sidenote: Bacon’s march to Middle Plantation.] - -Bacon was a commander who could move swiftly and strike hard. Within -four weeks the remnant of the Susquehannocks had been pretty nearly -wiped out of existence, when he heard that the governor had proclaimed -him and his followers rebels. It was like a cry of despair from the -old man, who felt his power and dignity gone while this young Cromwell -rode over him rough-shod. He tried to raise the people in Gloucester, -reputed the most loyal of the counties, but his efforts were vain. -Ominous groans and calls of “a Bacon! a Bacon!” greeted him, until in -anticipation of still worse difficulties he fled across Chesapeake Bay -to the Accomac peninsula, launching the proclamation behind him like a -Parthian arrow. This was on July 29, and Richard Lawrence carried the -news up-stream to Bacon, who was probably somewhere about the North -Anna River. The young leader was stung by what he felt to be cruel -injustice. “It vexed him to the heart for to think that while he was -hunting Indian wolves, tigers, and foxes, which daily destroyed our -harmless sheep and lambs, that he and those with him should be pursued -with a full cry, as a more savage or a no less ravenous beast.” He -quickly marched back at the head of his troops to Middle Plantation, -half way between Jamestown and York River, the site where Williamsburg -was afterward built. What had best be done was matter of discussion -between Bacon and his friends, and the affair began to assume a more -questionable and dangerous aspect than before. The Scotch adviser, -William Drummond, was a gentleman who did not believe in half measures. -When some friend warned him of the danger of rebellion he was heard to -reply, “I am in over shoes; I will be over boots!” His wife was equally -bold. It was suggested one day that King Charles might by and by have -something to say about these proceedings, whereupon Sarah Drummond -picked up a stick and broke it in two, exclaiming, “I care no more for -the power of England than for this broken straw!” Bacon was advised -by Drummond to have Berkeley deposed and the more placable Sir Henry -Chicheley put in his place; and as a precedent he cited the thrusting -out of Sir John Harvey, forty-one years before. But Bacon preferred a -different course of action. First, he issued a manifesto in rejoinder -to Berkeley’s proclamation. A few ringing sentences from it will serve -as a sample of his peculiar eloquence. - -[Sidenote: His manifesto.] - -“If virtue be a sin, if piety be guilt, all the principles of morality, -goodness and justice be perverted, we must confess that those who are -now called Rebels may be in danger of those high imputations. Those -loud and several bulls would affright innocents, and render the defence -of our brethren and the inquiry into our sad and heavy oppressions -Treason. But if there be (as sure there is) a just God to appeal to, if -religion and justice be a sanctuary here, if to plead the cause of the -oppressed, if sincerely to aim at his Majesty’s honour and the public -good without any reservation or by-interest, if to stand in the gap -after so much blood of our dear brethren bought and sold, if after the -loss of a great part of his Majesty’s colony deserted and dispeopled -freely with our lives and estates to endeavour to save the remainders, -be treason--God Almighty judge and let guilty die. But since we cannot -in our hearts find one single spot of rebellion or treason, or that -we have in any manner aimed at subverting the settled government or -attempting of the person of any either magistrate or private man, -notwithstanding the several reproaches and threats of some who for -sinister ends were disaffected to us and censured our innocent and -honest designs, and since all people in all places where we have yet -been can attest our civil, quiet, peaceable behaviour, far different -from that of rebellion [rebellious?] and tumultuous persons, let Truth -be bold and all the world know the real foundations of pretended -guilt. We appeal to the country itself, what and of what nature their -oppressions have been, or by what cabal and mystery the designs of many -of those whom we call great men have been transacted and carried on. -But let us trace these men in authority and favour to whose hands the -dispensation of the country’s wealth has been committed.”[50] - -[Sidenote: His arraignment of Berkeley.] - -This is the prose of the seventeenth century, which had not learned -how to smite the reader’s mind with the short incisive sentences to -which we are at the present day accustomed; but there is no mistaking -the writer’s passionate earnestness, his straightforward honesty and -dauntless courage. As we read, we seem to see the gleam of lightning -in those melancholy eyes, and we quite understand how the impetuous -youth was a born leader of men. With strong words tumbling from a full -heart the manifesto goes on to “trace these men in authority,” these -“juggling parasites whose tottering fortunes have been repaired at -the public charge.” He points out at some length the character of the -public grievances, and appeals to the king with a formal indictment of -Sir William Berkeley:-- - -“For having upon specious pretences of public works raised unjust taxes -upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favourites and other -sinister ends, but no visible effects in any measure adequate. - -“For not having, during the long time of his government, in any -measure advanced this hopeful colony either by fortification, towns, or -trade. - -“For having abused and rendered contemptible the majesty of justice, of -advancing to places of judicature scandalous and ignorant favourites. - -“For having wronged his Majesty’s prerogative and interest by assuming -the monopoly of the beaver trade. - -“[For] having in that unjust gain bartered and sold his Majesty’s -country and the lives of his loyal subjects to the barbarous heathen. - -“For having protected, favoured, and emboldened the Indians against -his Majesty’s most loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring or -appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many -invasions, murders, and robberies committed upon us.” - -[Sidenote: “Wicked counsellors.”] - -And so on through several further counts. At the close of the -indictment nineteen persons are mentioned by name as the governor’s -“wicked and pernicious counsellors, aiders and assisters against the -commonalty in these our cruel commotions.” Among these names we read -those of Sir Henry Chicheley, Richard Lee, Robert Beverley, Nicholas -Spencer, and the son of our old friend William Claiborne, who had -once been such a thorn in the side of Maryland. The manifesto ends by -demanding that Berkeley and all the persons on this list be promptly -arrested and confined at Middle Plantation until further orders. Let -no man dare aid or harbour any one of them, under penalty of being -declared a traitor and losing his estates. - -[Sidenote: The oath at Middle Plantation.] - -[Sidenote: Defeat of the Indians.] - -When he had launched this manifesto Bacon called for a meeting of -notables at Middle Plantation, to concert measures for making it -effective. There on August 3, accordingly, were assembled “most of -the prime gentlemen of those parts,” including four members of the -council. The discussion lasted all day, and was kept up by the light -of torches until midnight. There were many who were not willing to go -all lengths with Bacon. All were willing to subscribe an agreement -not to aid Berkeley in molesting Bacon and his men, but all were not -prepared to promise military aid to Bacon in resisting Berkeley. Bacon -insisted upon this and even more. It was not unlikely that the king, -influenced by calumnies and misrepresentations, might send troops to -Virginia to suppress the so-called “rebellion.” In that case all must -unite in opposing the royal forces until his Majesty should be brought -to see these matters in their true light. Many demurred at this. It -was equivalent to armed rebellion. They would sign the first part -of the agreement, but not this. Bacon replied that the governor had -already proclaimed them rebels, and would hang them for signing any -part of the agreement; one might as well be hanged for a sheep as for -a lamb, and as for himself he was not going to be satisfied with half -support. They must choose between Berkeley and himself. It is said that -they might have argued all that summer night but for a sudden Indian -scare which emphasized the need for prompt action. Then the hesitating -gentlemen came forward and signed the entire paper, while the whole -company, and no one more emphatically than Bacon himself, asseverated -that these proceedings in no way impaired their allegiance. In other -words, they were ready if need be to make war on the king for his own -good. It was “We, the inhabitants of Virginia,” that drew up this -remarkable agreement, which Charles II. was presently to read. Writs -were then made out in the king’s name for a new election of burgesses -and signed by the four councilmen. Then Bacon crossed the James River -and defeated the Appomattox Indians near the spot where Petersburg now -stands. After this he moved about the country, capturing and dispersing -the barbarians, until early in September it might be said that every -homestead in the colony was safe. - -[Sidenote: Startling conversation between Bacon and Goode.] - -In the proceedings which attended the taking of the oath at Middle -Plantation it may be plainly seen that Bacon was in danger of -alienating his followers by pursuing too radical a policy. This is -strikingly confirmed by a document which has only lately attracted -attention, a letter from John Goode to Sir William Berkeley, dated -January 30, 1677. This John Goode was a veteran frontiersman of sixty -years, a man of importance in the colony. He seems to have been a -faithful adherent of Bacon from his first march against the Indians -in May until the beginning of September, when there occurred the -conversation which, after all was over, he reported to the governor as -follows. The affair is so important and so little known that I quote -the dialogue entire, with the original spelling and punctuation:[51]-- - -HON’D SR.--In obedient submission to your honours command directed -to me by Capt. Wm. Bird[52] I have written the full substance of a -discourse Nath: Bacon, deceased, propos’d to me on or about the 2d day -of September last, both in order and words as followeth:-- - -BACON.--There is a report Sir Wm. Berkeley hath sent to the king -for 2,000 Red Coates, and I doe believe it may be true, tell me -your opinion, may not 500 Virginians beat them, wee having the same -advantages against them the Indians have against us. - -GOODE.--I rather conceive 500 Red Coats may either Subject or ruine -Virginia. - -B.--You talk strangely, are not wee acquainted with the Country, can -lay Ambussadoes, and take Trees and putt them by, the use of their -discipline, and are doubtlesse as good or better shott than they. - -G.--But they can accomplish what I have sayd without hazard or coming -into such disadvantages, by taking Opportunities of landing where -there shall bee noe opposition, firing out [our?] houses and Fences, -destroying our Stocks and preventing all Trade and supplyes to the -Country. - -B.--There may bee such prevention that they shall not bee able to -make any great Progresse in Mischeifes, and the Country or Clime not -agreeing with their Constitutions, great mortality will happen amongst -them, in their Seasoning which will weare and weary them out. - -G.--You see Sir that in a manner all the principall Men in the Countrey -dislike your manner of proceedings, they, you may bee sure will joine -with the Red Coates. - -B.--But there shall none of them bee [permitted?]. - -G.--Sir, you speake as though you design’d a totall defection from -Majestie, and our native Country. - -B.--Why (smiling) have not many Princes lost their Dominions soe. - -G.--They have been such people as have been able to subsist without -their Prince. The poverty of Virginia is such, that the Major part of -the Inhabitants can scarce supply their wants from hand to mouth, and -many there are besides can hardly shift, without Supply one yeare, -and you may bee sure that this people which soe fondly follow you, -when they come to feele the miserable wants of food and rayment, will -bee in greater heate to leave you, then [than] they were to come -after you, besides here are many people in Virginia that receive -considerable benefitts, comforts, and advantages by Parents, Friends -and Correspondents in England, and many which expect patrimonyes and -Inheritances which they will by no meanes decline. - -B.--For supply I know nothing: the Country will be able to provide it -selfe withall, in a little time, save Amunition and Iron, and I believe -the King of France or States of Holland would either of them entertaine -a Trade with us. - -G.--Sir, our King is a great Prince, and his Amity is infinitely more -valuable to them, then [than] any advantage they can reape by Virginia, -they will not therefore provoke his displeasure by supporting his -Rebells here; besides I conceive that your followers do not think -themselves ingaged against the King’s Authority, but against the -Indians. - -B.--But I think otherwise, and am confident of it, that it is the mind -of this country, and of Mary Land, and Carolina also, to cast off their -Governor and the Governors of Carolina have taken no notice of the -People, nor the People of them, a long time;[53] and the people are -resolv’d to own their Governour further; And if wee cannot prevaile by -Armes to make our Conditions for Peace, or obtaine the Priviledge to -elect our own Governour, we may retire to Roanoke. - -And here hee fell into a discourse of seating a Plantation in a great -Island in the River, as a fitt place to retire to for Refuge. - -G.--Sir, the prosecuting what you have discoursed will unavoidably -produce utter ruine and destruction to the people and Countrey, & I -dread the thoughts of putting my hand to the promoting a designe of -such miserable consequence, therefore hope you will not expect from me. - -B.--I am glad I know your mind, but this proceeds from meer -Cowardlynesse. - -G.--And I desire you should know my mind, for I desire to harbour noe -such thoughts, which I should fear to impart to any man. - -B.--Then what should a Gentleman engaged as I am, doe, you doe as good -as tell me, I must fly or hang for it. - -G.--I conceive a seasonable Submission to the Authority you have your -Commission from, acknowledging such Errors and Excesse, as are yett -past, there may bee hope of remission. - -I perceived his cogitations were much on this discourse, hee nominated, -Carolina, for the watch word. - -Three days after I asked his leave to goe home, hee sullenly Answered, -you may goe, and since that time, I thank God, I never saw or heard -from him. - -[Sidenote: Bacon’s perilous situation.] - -This interesting dialogue reveals the nature of the situation into -which Bacon had drifted. As the days went by, he could hardly fail to -see that the king was more likely to take Berkeley’s view of the case -than his. According to that view the deliverer of Virginia from the -Indians was a proscribed rebel who must “fly or hang for it.” There was -little hope for Bacon in “seasonable submission.” He would, therefore, -consider it safer and better for Virginia to hold out until the king -could be induced to take Bacon’s view of the case; or failing this, -it might still be possible to wear out the king’s troops and achieve -independence for Virginia, with the aid of the discontented people in -the neighbouring colonies. These were the speculations of a man whom -circumstances were making desperate, and the effect which they wrought -upon John Goode was likely to be repeated with many who had hitherto -loyally followed his fortunes. - -[Sidenote: Berkeley takes the offensive.] - -Thus far Bacon’s fighting had been against Indians. His quarrel with -the governor had been confined to fulminations. Now the two men were -to come into armed collision and give Virginia a brief taste of civil -war. Bacon sent Giles Bland, “a gentleman of an active and stirring -disposition,” with four armed vessels, to arrest Berkeley in Accomac, -but Colonel Philip Ludwell, aided by treachery, succeeded in capturing -Bland with his flotilla. Bland was put in irons, and one ship’s captain -was hanged for an example. Meanwhile Berkeley was enlisting troops by -promising as rewards the estates of all the gentlemen who had taken the -oath at Middle Plantation. He also sought to win over the indentured -servants of gentlemen fighting under Bacon by promising to give them -the estates of their masters. Many longshoremen also were enrolled. -Having in these ways scraped together about 1,000 men, the governor -sailed up the river to Jamestown and took possession of the place, from -which Lawrence and Drummond fled in the nick of time. - -[Sidenote: The white aprons.] - -When this news reached Bacon it found him at West Point, with the work -of subduing the red men practically finished. Not four months had yet -elapsed since the first attack on his plantation. It was clearly no -ordinary young man that had done that summer’s arduous work. Now he -advanced upon Jamestown, and made his headquarters in his adversary’s -comfortable mansion at Green Spring. Sir William had thrown an -earthwork across the neck of the promontory, and Bacon began building -a parallel. It is said that he compelled a number of ladies in white -aprons--wives of leading Berkeleyans--to stand upon the works, and -sent a message to the governor not to fire upon these guardian angels. -“The poor gentlewomen were mightily astonished,” says the chronicle, -“and neither were their bands void of amazement at this subtle -invention.”[54] The incident is an ugly spot in that brief career. One -would gladly disbelieve the story, but our contemporary authority for -it seems unimpeachable, and is friendly withal to Bacon. - -[Sidenote: Bacon’s speech.] - -The speech made by the young commander to his men at Green Spring -before the final assault is a good specimen of his eloquence: -“Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers, how I am transported with gladness to -find you thus unanimous, bold and daring, brave and gallant. You have -the victory before the fight, the conquest before the battle.... Your -hardiness will invite all the country along as we march to come in -and second you.... The ignoring of their actions cannot but so much -reflect upon their spirit, as they will have no courage left to fight -you. I know you have the prayers and well wishes of all the people -in Virginia, while the others are loaded with their curses. Come -on, my hearts of gold; he that dies in the field lies in the bed of -honour!”[55] - -[Sidenote: Burning of Jamestown.] - -[Sidenote: Sufferers at Bacon’s hands.] - -The governor’s motley force was indeed no match for these determined -men. In the desultory fighting that ensued about Jamestown he was -badly defeated and at last fled again to Accomac. Jamestown remained -at Bacon’s mercy, and he burned it to the ground, that it might no -longer “harbour the rogues.” We are told that Lawrence and Drummond -took the lead in this work by applying the torch to their own houses -with their own hands. At Green Spring an “oath of fidelity” was drawn -up, which was taken voluntarily by many people and forced upon others. -Bacon seems now to have shown more severity than formerly in sending -men to prison and seizing their property. One deserter he shot, but -from bloodthirstiness he was notably free. Among the gentlemen who -suffered most at his hands were Richard Lee and Sir Henry Chichely, who -were kept several weeks in prison, Philip and Thomas Ludwell, Nicholas -Spencer and Daniel Parke, Robert Beverley and Philip Lightfoot, whose -estates were at various times plundered. John Washington and others -who were denounced as “delinquents” saw their corn and tobacco, cattle -and horses, impressed and carried away. Colonel Augustine Warner, -another great-grandfather of George Washington, “was plundered as much -as any, and yet speaks little of his losses, though they were very -great.”[56] Among the sufferers appears “the good Queen of Pamunkey,” -who was “driven, out into the wild woods and there almost famished, -plundered of all she had, her people taken prisoners and sold; the -queen was also robbed of her rich watchcoat for which she had great -value, and offered to redeem at any rate.” The next paragraph in the -commissioners’ report is delightful: “We could not but present her case -to his Majesty, who, though he may not at present so well or readily -provide remedies or rewards for the other worthy sufferers, yet since a -present of small price may highly oblige and gratify this poor Indian -Queen, we humbly supplicate his Majesty to bestow it on her.” - -[Sidenote: Bacon and his cousin.] - -One of the accusations against Bacon was that to him a good Indian -meant a dead Indian, so that he did not take the trouble to -discriminate between friends and foes. But what shall we say when we -find him plundering his own kinsman, the affectionate cousin whose -timely warning had once perhaps saved his life? The commissioners -report the losses of Nathaniel Bacon the elder, at the hands of his -“unnatural kinsman,” as at least £1,000 sterling. The old gentleman -was “said to have been a person soe desirous and Industrious to divert -the evil consequences of his Rebell kinsman’s proceedings, that at -the beginning hee freely proposed and promised to invest him in a -considerable part of his Estate in present, and to leave him the -Remainder in Reversion after his and his wife’s death, offering him -other advantages upon condicion hee would lay downe his Armes, and -become a good subject to his Majestie, that that colony might not be -disturbed or destroyed, nor his owne ffamily stained with soe foule a -Blott.” - -[Sidenote: Death of Bacon, Oct. 1, 1676.] - -At the burning of Jamestown the end of Bacon and of his rebellion -was not far off. “This Prosperous Rebell, concluding now the day his -owne, marcheth with his army into Gloster County, intending to visit -all the northern part of Virginia ... and to settle affairs after his -own measures.... But before he could arrive to the Perfection of his -designes (w^{ch} none but the eye of omniscience could Penetrate) -Providence did that which noe other hand durst (or at least did) doe -and cut him off.” Malarious Jamestown wreaked its own vengeance upon -its destroyer. When Bacon marched away from it he was already ill -with fever, and on the first day of October, at the house of a friend -in Gloucester, he “surrendered up that fort he was no longer able to -keep, into the hands of the grim and all-conquering Captain, Death.” -Accusations of poison were raised, but it is not likely that any other -poison was concerned than impure water and marsh gases. The funeral -was conducted with extraordinary secrecy. If a sudden turn of fortune -should put Berkeley in possession of the body, he would surely hang it -on a gibbet; so thoughtful Mr. Lawrence took measures to prevent any -such indignity. One chronicler darkly hints that Bacon’s remains were -buried in some very secret place in the woods, but another mentions -stones laid in the coffin, which suggests that it was sunk beneath the -waves of York River, as Soto was buried in the Mississippi and mighty -Alaric in the Busento. - -[Sidenote: Collapse of the Rebellion.] - -[Sidenote: Arrival of royal commissioners, January, 1677.] - -[Sidenote: Outrageous conduct of Berkeley.] - -A strange meteoric career was that of young Bacon, begun and ended as -it was in the space of about twenty weeks. On the news of his death -the rebellion collapsed with surprising suddenness. His followers soon -began giving in their submissions to the governor; the few that held -out were dispersed or captured. Although it was not until January -that the work of suppression was regarded as complete, yet that work -consisted chiefly in catching fugitives. In January an English fleet -arrived, with a regiment of troops, and a commission for investigating -the affairs of Virginia. The commissioners were Sir John Berry, Sir -Herbert Jeffries, and Colonel Francis Morison, three worthy and -fair-minded gentlemen. They found nothing left for soldiers to do. They -had authority for trying rebels, but in that business Berkeley had been -beforehand. Soon after Bacon’s death one of his best officers, Colonel -Thomas Hansford, was captured by Robert Beverley, and carried over to -Accomac. He asked no favour save that he might be “shot like a soldier -and not hanged like a dog,” but this was not granted. Hansford has -been called “the first native martyr to American liberty.”[57] Soon -afterward two captains were hanged, and the affair of Major Edward -Cheesman seems to have occurred while Berkeley was still at Accomac. It -is the foulest incident recorded in Berkeley’s career. When Cheesman -was brought before him, the governor fiercely demanded, “Why did you -engage in Bacon’s designs?” Before the prisoner could answer, his -young wife stepped forward and said, “It was my provocations that made -my husband join the cause; but for me he had never done what he has -done.” Then falling on her knees before the governor, she implored him -that she might be hanged as the guilty one instead of her husband.[58] -The old wretch’s answer was an insult so atrocious that the royalist -chronicler can hardly abide it. “His Honour” must have been beside -himself with anger and could not have meant what he said; for no woman -could have “so small an affection for her husband as to dishonour him -by her dishonesty, and yet retain such a degree of love, that rather -than he should be hanged she will be content to submit her own life -to the sentence.” Perhaps the governor’s thirst for vengeance was -satisfied by his ruffian speech, for Major Cheesman was not put to -death, but remanded to jail, where he died of illness. - -[Sidenote: Execution of Drummond.] - -After Berkeley had occupied the York peninsula little work remained for -him but that of the hangman. Not all the leaders were easy to find. -Richard Lawrence, thoughtful as always, escaped from the scene. “The -last account of him,” says T. M., “was from an uppermost plantation, -whence he and four other desperadoes, with horses, pistols, etc., -marched away in a snow ankle-deep.” Here the scholarly rebel vanishes -from our sight, and whether he perished in the wilderness or made his -way to some safer country, we do not know. On a cold day in January -his friend Drummond, hiding in White Oak Swamp was found and taken -to the governor. “Aha!” cried the old man, with a low bow, “you are -very welcome. I would rather see you just now than any other man in -Virginia. Mr. Drummond, you shall be hanged in half an hour!” “What -your honour pleases,” said the undaunted Scotchman. He was strung up -that afternoon, but not until his wife’s ring had been pulled from -his finger, for rapacity vied with ferocity in the governor’s breast. -Before the end of January some twenty more had been hanged. An election -was then going on, and the newly-elected assembly called upon Berkeley -to desist from this carnival of blood. “If we had let him alone,” said -Presley, the venerable member for Northampton, to T. M., the member for -Stafford, “he would have hanged half the country!” - -[Sidenote: Death of Berkeley.] - -The governor’s rage had carried him too far. His conduct did not -meet with the approval of the commissioners, whose report on the -disturbances is written in a fair and impartial spirit. He treated the -commissioners with crazy rudeness. It is said that when they had called -on him at Green Spring and were about to return to their boat on the -river, he offered them his state-coach with the hangman for driver! -whereupon they preferred to walk to the landing-place. Fresh seeds -of contention were sown, to bear fruit in the future. The complaints -of Drummond’s widow and others found their way to the throne. “As I -live,” quoth the king, “the old fool has put to death more people in -that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father.” In the -spring the royal order for Berkeley’s removal arrived, and on April 27 -he sailed for England, apparently expecting to return, for he left his -wife at Green Spring. Sir Herbert Jeffries, one of the commissioners, -succeeded him with a special commission as lieutenant governor. -Berkeley’s departure was joyfully celebrated with bonfires and salutes -of cannon. He cherished hopes of justifying himself in a personal -interview with the king, but the interview was delayed until, about the -middle of July, the old man fell sick and died. It was believed that -his death was caused by vexation and chagrin. A few weeks afterward the -other two commissioners, Sir John Berry and Colonel Morison, returned -to England; and we are told that one day the late governor’s brother, -Lord Berkeley, meeting Sir John Berry in the council chamber, told him -“with an angry voice and a Berkeleyan look,” that he and Morison had -murdered his brother.[59] In October a royal order for the relief of -Sarah Drummond declared that her husband “had been sentenced and put to -death contrary to the laws of the kingdom.” - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Significance of the rebellion.] - -Thus ended the first serious and ominous tragedy in the history of -the United States, a story preserved for us in many of its details -with striking vividness, yet concerning the innermost significance of -which we would fain know more than we do. It may fairly be pronounced -the most interesting episode in our early history, surpassing in this -regard the Leisler affair at New York, which alone can be compared with -it for intensity of human interest. As ordinarily told, however, the -story of Bacon presents some features that are unintelligible. It is -customary to liken the little rebellion of 1676 to the great rebellion -of 1776, and we are thus led to contemplate Bacon and Virginia as -arrayed against Berkeley and England. In such a view the facts are -unduly simplified and strangely distorted. If it were possible thus -fully to identify Bacon’s cause with the cause of Virginia, it would -become impossible to explain the ease with which his followers were -suppressed by Virginians, without any aid from England. But when all -the facts are considered, we can see at once that such a result was -inevitable. - -Careful inspection of the relevant facts will show us that Bacon was -contending against four things:-- - -1. The Indian depredations. - -2. The misrule of Sir William Berkeley. - -3. The English navigation laws. - -4. The tendency toward oligarchical government which had been rapidly -growing since the beginning of the great influx of Cavaliers in 1649. - -[Sidenote: How far Bacon represented public sentiment in Virginia.] - -Under the first three heads little need be said. The facts have been -generally recognized. It was by Bacon’s zeal and success in suppressing -the Indian power that he acquired public favour. As for the peculation -and extortion practised or permitted by Berkeley, it cannot for a -moment be supposed that such men as John Washington, Richard Lee, etc., -were inclined to tolerate or connive at it. As for the navigation laws, -it was a common remark, after the oath at Middle Plantation, that now -Virginians might look forward hopefully to trading with all countries. -It is therefore altogether probable that on all these grounds the -public sentiment of Virginia was overwhelmingly on the side of Bacon. - -[Sidenote: The leading families were in general opposed to him.] - -Under the fourth head some explanation is needed, for historians have -generally overlooked or disregarded it. One of the most conspicuous -facts in the story of Bacon’s rebellion is the fact that a great -majority of the wealthiest and most important men in the colony were -opposed to him from first to last. The list of those who were pillaged -by his followers is largely a list of the names most honoured in -Virginia, the great-grandfathers of the illustrious men who were among -the foremost in winning independence for the United States and in -building up our federal government. It is also largely a list of the -names of Cavaliers who had come from England to Virginia since 1649. -The political ideas of these men were surely not democratic. If they -were devout disbelievers in popular government, the fact is in nowise -to their discredit. Popular government is still on its trial in the -world, and the last word on the subject has not yet been said. In -our day the men who do the most to throw discredit upon it are often -those who prate most loudly in its favour; political blatherskites, -like the famous “Colonel Yell of Yellville,” whose accounts were -sadly delinquent though his heart beat with fervour for his native -land. The Cavaliers who came to Virginia were staunch and honourable -men who believed--with John Winthrop and Edmund Burke and Alexander -Hamilton--that society is most prosperous when a select portion of -the community governs the whole. Such a doctrine seems to me less -defensible than the democratic views of Samuel Adams and Thomas -Jefferson and Herbert Spencer, but it is still entitled to all the -courtesies of debate. Two centuries ago it was of course the prevailing -doctrine. - -[Sidenote: Political changes since 1660; the close vestry.] - -[Sidenote: Restriction of the suffrage.] - -In the preceding chapter I pointed out that the period of Cavalier -immigration, between 1650 and 1670, was characterized by a rapid -increase in the dimensions of landed estates and in the employment of -servile labour. The same period witnessed a change of an eminently -symptomatic kind in local government. In any state the local -institutions are the most vitally important part of the whole political -structure. Now, as I have already mentioned,[60] the English parish -was at an early time reproduced in Virginia, and its authority was -exercised by a few chosen men, usually twelve, who constituted a -vestry. At first, and until after 1645,[61] the vestrymen were elected -by the people of the parish, so that they were analogous to the -selectmen of New England. A vestry thus elected is called an open -vestry. Now soon after the Long Assembly had begun its sessions in -1661, in the fall tide of royalist reaction, we find on its records -a statute which transformed the open vestry into a close vestry. -In March, 1662, it was enacted that “in case of the death of any -vestryman, or his departure out of the parish, ... the minister and -vestry make choice of another to supply his room.”[62] The speedy -effect of this was to dispense with the popular election and to convert -the vestry into a self-perpetuating close corporation. When we consider -the great powers wielded by the vestry, we realize the importance -of this step. The vestry made up the parish budget, apportioned the -taxes, and elected the churchwardens, who were in many places the -tax-collectors. By its “processioning of the bounds of every person’s -land,” the vestry exercised control over the record of land-titles. Its -supervision of the counting of tobacco was also a function of no mean -importance. The vestry also presented the minister for induction. All -the local government not in the hands of the vestry was administered by -the county court, which consisted of eight justices appointed by the -governor. So that when the people lost the power of electing vestrymen -they parted with the only share they had in the local government.[63] -Nothing was left them except the right to vote for burgesses, and not -only was this curtailed in 1670 by a property qualification, but it was -of no avail while the Long Assembly lasted, since during those fifteen -years there were no elections. That political power should thus rapidly -become concentrated in the hands of the leading families was under the -circumstances but natural. That the deprivation of suffrage was by -many people felt to be a grievance is unquestionable.[64] No testimony -can outweigh that of the statute book, and two of the notable acts of -Bacon’s assembly in June, 1676, were those which restored universal -suffrage and the popular election of vestrymen, and limited the terms -of service of vestrymen to three years. The first assembly after the -rebellion, which met at Green Spring in February, 1677, with Augustine -Warner as speaker, declared all the acts of Bacon’s assembly null and -void. Then in the course of that year and the three years following -several of those wholesome acts were reënacted, especially those which -related to exorbitant fees and the misuse of public money. Great pains -were taken to guard against extortion and corruption,[65] but the -provisions concerning vestrymen were not reënacted. A law was passed -allowing the freeholders and housekeepers in each parish to elect six -“sober and discreet” representatives to sit with the vestry and have -equal votes with the vestrymen in assessing the parish taxes; in case -the parish should neglect to choose such representatives, or in case -they should fail to appear at the time appointed, the vestry was to -proceed without them.[66] This act seems to have had little effect, and -the law of 1662, which created the close vestry, still remained law -after more than a century had passed.[67] As for the right to vote for -burgesses, the royal instructions received from Charles II. in January, -1677, restricted it to “ffreeholders, as being more agreeable to the -custome of England, to which you are as nigh as you conveniently can -to conforme yourselves.”[68] According to the same instructions the -assembly was to be called together only once in two years, “unlesse -some emergent occasion shall make it necessary;” and it was to sit -“ffourteene days ... and noe longer, unlesse you find goode cause to -continue it beyond that tyme;” qualifications which could easily be -made to defeat the restriction. - -[Sidenote: How the aristocrats regarded Bacon’s followers.] - -The legislation of Bacon’s assembly concerning the suffrage and -the vestries proves that the people whom he represented were not -in sympathy with the political and social changes which had been -growing up since the middle of the century. These enactments were a -protest against the increasing tendency toward a more aristocratic -type of society. It was, therefore, natural that a large majority -of the aristocrats should have been opposed to Bacon. Doubtless -they sympathized with his protests against legislative oppression -and official corruption, but they did not approve of his levelling -schemes. Their language concerning Bacon’s followers shows how they -felt about them and toward them. William Sherwood calls them “y^e scum -of the Country.”[69] According to Philip Ludwell, deputy secretary and -member of the council, Bacon “gathers about him a Rabble of the basest -sort of People, whose Condicion was such, as by a chaunge could not -admitt of worse, w^{th} these he begins to stand at Defyance ag’t the -Governm’t.”[70] Again, “Mr. Bacon had Gotten at severall places about -500 men, whose fortune and Inclinations being equally desperate, were -ffit for y^e purpose there being not 20 in y^e whole Route, but what -were Idle & will not worke, or such whose Debaucherie or Ill Husbandry -has brought in Debt beyond hopes or thought of payment these are the -men that are sett up ffor the Good of ye Countrey; who for ye ease of -the poore will have noe taxes paied, though for ye most p^t of them, -they pay none themselves, would have all magistracie & Governm’nt -taken away & sett up one themselves, & to make their Good Intentions -more manifest _stick not to talk openly of shareing mens Estates among -themselves_,[71] with these (being Drawne together) Mr. Bacon marches -speedly toward the towne, etc.”[72] Governor Berkeley’s testimony -should not be omitted; he wrote to the king in June, “I have above -thirty-five years governed the most flourishing country the sun ever -shone over, but am now encompassed with rebellion like waters in every -respect like to that of Masaniello except their leader.”[73] In other -words, the rebels were a mere rabble, except their leader, who was not -a humble fisherman like the Italian, but a gentleman of high birth and -breeding. According to the careful and fair-minded commissioners, Bacon -“seduced the Vulgar and most ignorant People (two-thirds of each county -being of that Sort) Soe that theire whole hearts and hopes were set now -upon” him.[74] - -[Sidenote: The real state of the case.] - -Allowance for prejudice must of course be made in considering the -general statements of hostile witnesses, such as Berkeley and Sherwood -and Philip Ludwell. It is quite clear that Bacon’s followers were -by no means all of the baser sort. This is distinctly recognized in -a letter to the king by Thomas Ludwell and Robert Smith, containing -proposals for reducing the rebels. In a certain event, they say, “there -will be a speedy separation of the sound parts from the rabble.”[75] -Here we have an explicit admission that there was a “sound part.” -It will be remembered that Drummond had been a colonial governor, -and that his house and Lawrence’s were the best in Jamestown. The -officers we have met in the story, Hansford and Bland and Cheesman, -were men of good family; and among the foremost men in the colony we -are told that Colonel George Mason was inclined to sympathize with the -insurgents.[76] In this he was clearly by no means alone. On the whole, -however, there can be no doubt that Bacon’s cause was to a considerable -extent the cause of the poor against the rich, of the humble folk -against the grandees. - -[Sidenote: Effect of hard times.] - -[Sidenote: Populist aspects of the rebellion.] - -[Sidenote: Its sound aspects.] - -When we take into account this aspect of the case, which has never -received the attention it deserves, the whole story becomes consistent -and intelligible. The years preceding the rebellion were such as are -commonly called “hard times.” People felt poor and saw fortunes made -by corrupt officials; the fault was with the Navigation Act and with -the debauched civil service of Charles II. and Berkeley. Besides these -troubles, which were common to all, the poorer people felt oppressed by -taxation in regard to which they were not consulted and for which they -seemed to get no service in return.[77] The distribution of taxation -by polls, equal amounts for rich and for poor, was resented as a cruel -injustice.[78] The subject of taxation was closely connected with the -Indian troubles, for people paid large sums for military defence and -nevertheless saw their houses burned and their families massacred. -Under these circumstances the sudden appearance of the brave and -eloquent Bacon seemed to open the way of salvation. The indomitable -queller of Indians could also curb the tyrant. Naturally, along with -a more respectable element, the rabble gathered under his standard; -it is always the case in revolutions with the men who have little or -nothing to lose. It is likewise usual for men with much property at -stake to be conservative on such occasions. Philip Ludwell’s statement, -that some of the rebels entertained communistic notions, is just -what one might have expected. There is always more or less socialist -tomfoolery at such times. In some of its aspects there is a resemblance -between Bacon’s rebellion and that of Daniel Shays in Massachusetts one -hundred and ten years later. But the Massachusetts leader was a weak -and silly creature, and his resistance to government had nothing to -justify it, though there were palliating circumstances. The course of -Bacon, on the other hand, was in the main a justifiable protest against -misgovernment, and until after the oath at Middle Plantation a great -deal of the sound sentiment in Virginia must have sympathized with him. -In the unwillingness of some of the gentlemen present to take the oath, -we seem to see the first ebbing of the tide. Evidently there began to -be, as Thomas Ludwell had predicted, “a separation of the sound parts -from the rabble;” and this appears very distinctly in the defection of -Goode about four weeks later. - -In the intention of resisting the king’s troops, which thus weakened -Bacon’s position, he certainly showed more zeal than judgment. It has -the look of the courage that comes from desperation. Had he lived to -persist in this course, the policy most likely to strengthen him would -have been to make his foremost demand the repeal of the Navigation Act -which all Virginians detested and even Berkeley disapproved. But it -is not likely that anything could have saved him from defeat and the -scaffold. Death seems to have intervened in kindness to him and to -Virginia.[79] - -In the early history of our country Bacon must ever remain one of the -bright and attractive figures. Our heart is always with the man who -boldly stands out against corruption and oppression. To many persons -the name of rebel seems fraught with blame and reproach; but the career -of mankind so abounds in examples of heroic resistance to intolerable -wrongs that to any one familiar with history the name of rebel is often -a title of honour. Bacon’s brief career was an episode in the perennial -fight against taxation without representation, the ancient abuse of -living on other men’s labour. We cannot fail to admire his quick -incisiveness, his cool head, his determined courage; and the spectacle -of this young Cavalier taking the lead, like Tiberius Gracchus, in a -movement for justice and liberty will always make a pleasing picture. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -WILLIAM AND MARY. - - -[Sidenote: Political education.] - -Between the breaking out of Bacon’s rebellion in the summer of 1676 -and the Declaration of Independence, the interval was exactly a -hundred years. It was for Virginia a century of political education. -It prepared her for the great work to come, and it brought her -into sympathy more or less effective with other colonies that -were struggling with similar political questions, especially with -Massachusetts. It was in that same year, 1676, that Charles II. sent -Edward Randolph to Boston, to enforce the Navigation Act and to report -upon New England affairs in general. This mission of Randolph led -to quarrels which resulted in the overthrow of the charter and the -sending of royal governors to Massachusetts. From that time forth -the legislatures of Massachusetts and Virginia had to contend with -similar questions concerning the powers and prerogatives of the -royal governors, so that the two colonies kept a close watch upon -each other’s proceedings, while both received a thorough training -in constitutional politics. Amid such circumstances came into -existence the necessary conditions for the establishment of political -independence and the formation of our Federal Union. - -[Sidenote: Robert Beverley.] - -[Sidenote: His refusal to give up the journals.] - -The suppression of Bacon’s rebellion was far from equivalent to a -surrender to Charles II. or his representatives. Questions of privilege -soon arose, and it was not long before Berkeley’s most efficient -officer came himself to be regarded almost in the light of a rebel. -Major Robert Beverley, of Beverley in Yorkshire, an ardent royalist, -had come to Virginia in 1663. He was elected clerk of the House of -Burgesses in 1670, and held that office for many years. No one was -more active in stamping out rebellion in the autumn of 1677, but after -the arrival of the royal commissioners he was soon at feud with them. -As the disturbances had been quieted without the aid of their troops, -there was a disposition to resent their coming as an interference, -especially as they seemed to lend too ready an ear to the complaints -of the malcontents. In the list of grievances of Gloucester County we -find “a complaint against Major Robert Beverley that when the country -had (according to Order) raised 60 armed men to be an Out-guard for the -Governor--who not finding the Governor nor their appointed Comander -they were by Beverly comanded to goe to work, fall trees and maule -and toate railes, which many of them refusing to doe, he presently -disbanded them & sent them home at a tyme when the countrey were -infested by the Indians, who had a little before cut off six persons -in one family, and attempted others.” Upon this the commissioners -remarked, “Wee conceive this dealing of Beverly’s to be a notorious -abuse and Grievance, to take away the peoples armes while ther famlies -were cutt off by the Indians, and they deserve just reparation here.” -But Berkeley declared that what Beverley had done was by his orders, -and the newly elected House of Burgesses stood by its clerk. After -Berkeley had sailed for England, in April, 1677, the commissioners -called upon the House of Burgesses to give up its journals for their -inspection, and Beverley refused to comply with the demand. No king -in England, said the burgesses, would venture to make such a demand -of the House of Commons. Then the commissioners seized the journals, -and the burgesses indignantly voted that such an act was a violation -of privilege. This enraged the king, and in February, 1679, the privy -council ordered that Beverley should be removed from office. - -[Sidenote: Lord Culpeper.] - -A change of governors, however, altered the situation. After Jeffries -and Chichely, who served but a year each, came Lord Culpeper, whom -Charles II. had undertaken to make co-proprietor of Virginia, along -with the Earl of Arlington. Culpeper was an average specimen of -the public officials of the time, fairly agreeable and easy-going, -but rapacious and utterly unprincipled. In one respect he might be -contrasted unfavourably with all the governors since Harvey. Such men -as Bennett and Mathews and Berkeley looked upon Virginia as home. After -his own fashion the tyrannical Berkeley had the interest of Virginia -at heart. But Culpeper regarded the Virginians simply as people to be -fleeced. Through four years of chronic brawl he kept coming and going, -coming to manage the assembly and returning to consult with the king. -Charles wished to have the power of initiating legislation taken away -from the burgesses. All laws were to be drafted by the governor and -council, and then sent to England for the royal approval, before being -submitted to the burgesses. With such an arduous task before him, it -was wise for Culpeper to avoid giving needless offence; and seeing the -high regard in which Beverley was held, he caused the order for his -removal to be revoked. - -[Sidenote: The Plant-cutter’s Riot, 1682.] - -The evil effects of the Navigation Act still continued. In 1679 the -tobacco crop was so large that a considerable surplus was left over -till the next year unsold. In 1680 the surplus was still greater, so -that there was evidently more than enough to supply the English market -for two years. The assembly therefore proposed to order a cessation -of planting for the year 1681, but on account of the customs revenue -it was necessary to obtain the king’s assent to such an order. By the -same token the assent was refused, and great was the indignation in -Virginia. The price of tobacco had fallen so low that, according to -Nicholas Spencer, a whole year’s crop would not so much as buy the -clothes which people needed.[80] The distress was like that which was -caused in the War of Independence by the Continental currency and the -rag money issued by the several states. It was the kind of sickness -that has always come and always will come with “cheap money.” Culpeper -insisted that the only chance of relief was in exporting beef, pork, -and grain to the West Indies. A more effective measure would have -been the repeal of the Navigation Act. In the spring of 1682, on the -petition of several counties, the assembly was convened for the purpose -of ordering a cessation of planting. Amid great popular excitement the -assembly adjourned without taking any decisive action. Then a fury -for destroying the young plants seized upon the people. “The growing -tobacco of one plantation was no sooner destroyed than the owner, -having been deprived either with or without his consent of his crop, -was seized with the same frenzy and ran with the crowd as it marched to -destroy the crop of his neighbour.”[81] The contagion spread until ten -thousand hogsheads of tobacco had been destroyed. In Gloucester, where -the most damage was done, two hundred plantations were laid waste. The -riot was suppressed by the militia, three ringleaders were hung, and -the rest pardoned. One, we are told, received pardon on condition that -he should build a bridge.[82] - -[Sidenote: Culpeper’s removal.] - -This was contracting the currency with a vengeance, but it produced -the desired effect. In 1683 the purchasing power of tobacco was -greatly increased, and a feeling of contentment returned. But the -destruction of the plants served to heighten the king’s indignation -at Culpeper’s ill success in curtailing the power of the burgesses. -Culpeper tried to play a double part and appear complaisant to the -assembly without offending the king. Consequently he pleased nobody, -and early in 1684 he was removed. Shortly afterward the king confirmed -him in the possession of the territory known as the Northern Neck, and -he relinquished all proprietary claims upon the rest of Virginia, in -exchange for a pension of £600 yearly for twenty years. - -[Sidenote: Lord Howard of Effingham.] - -Culpeper’s successor was Lord Howard of Effingham, an unworthy -descendant of Elizabeth’s gallant admiral. He was as greedy and -dishonest as Culpeper, without his conciliatory temper. The difference -between the two has been aptly compared to the difference between -Charles II. and his brother. Howard was indeed as domineering and -wrong-headed as James II., and rapacious besides. He treated public -opinion with contempt. His administration was noted for corruption and -tyranny. No accounts were rendered of the use of public funds, and -men were arbitrarily sent to jail. Howard went so far as to claim the -right to repeal the acts of the assembly, and over this point there was -hot contention. The subject of “plant-cutting,” or the destruction of -growing tobacco, came up again, and the crown was enabled in one and -the same act to wreak its vengeance upon an eminent victim and to aim -a blow at the independence of the House of Burgesses. - -[Sidenote: More trouble for Beverley.] - -Robert Beverley, as we have seen, had incurred the royal displeasure -by refusing to hand over to the commissioners the journals of the -House of Burgesses. In 1682 he was strongly in favour of a cessation -of planting, and accordingly it suited the purposes of his enemies -to point to him as the prime instigator of the plant-cutting riots. -On this accusation he was turned out of office and several times -imprisoned. At last, just after Lord Howard’s arrival, he was set free -after asking pardon on his bended knees and giving security for future -good behaviour. A statute passed about this time made plant-cutting -high treason, punishable with death and confiscation.[83] - -As soon as Beverley was set free the House of Burgesses again chose him -for its clerk. But presently Lord Howard tried to get the burgesses -to allow him to levy a tax, and in the course of the quarrel sundry -trumped-up charges were brought against Beverley, so that in 1686 James -II. instructed Howard to declare him incapable of holding any office of -public trust. The same letter ordered that henceforth the clerk of the -House of Burgesses should be appointed by the governor.[84] - -[Sidenote: For stupid audacity James II. was outdone by George III.] - -It is worthy of note that the most despicable and lawless of modern -English kings did not venture to deny the right of Virginians to tax -themselves by their own representatives. Howard’s instructions merely -authorized him to “recommend” certain measures to the assembly. His -attempt to get permission to levy a tax independently of the burgesses -was such a recommendation. However arrogant and illegal in spirit, it -still conceded to the colonists the constitutional principle over which -the fatuous George III. and his rotten-borough parliaments were to try -to ride rough-shod. - -[Sidenote: Francis Nicholson.] - -By 1688 Howard concluded that it would be pleasant and comfortable -for him to live on his governor’s salary in England and send out a -deputy-governor to deal with refractory burgesses. When he arrived in -England he found William and Mary on the throne, but they showed no -disposition to interfere with his plans. Just the right sort of man -for deputy-governor appeared at the right moment. Francis Nicholson -had held that position in New York under the viceroy of united New -York and New England, Sir Edmund Andros. When that unpopular viceroy -was deposed and cast into jail in Boston, Nicholson was deposed in New -York by Jacob Leisler, and went to England with the tale of his woes, -which King William sought to assuage by sending him to Virginia as -deputy-governor. - -[Sidenote: His manners.] - -Nicholson was a man of integrity and fair ability, though highly -eccentric and cantankerous. “Laws of Virginia,” he cried one day, -seizing the attorney-general by the lapel of his silk robe, “I know -no laws of Virginia! I know my commands are going to be obeyed here!” -At another time he told the council that they were “mere brutes who -understood not manners, ... that he would beat them into better -manners and make them feel that he was governor of Virginia.”[85] - -[Sidenote: James Blair, founder of William and Mary College.] - -In spite of his queer peppery ways, the rule of Nicholson was a decided -relief after such worthless creatures as Culpeper and Howard. It is -chiefly memorable for the founding of the second American college, a -work which encountered such obstacles on both sides of the ocean as -only an iron will could vanquish. Such was found in the person of James -Blair, a Scotch clergyman, who in 1689 was appointed commissioner of -the Church in Virginia. The need for a bishop was felt, and a little -later there was some talk of sending out the famous Jonathan Swift in -that capacity, but no Episcopal bishopric was created in America until -after the War of Independence. Dr. Blair had a seat in the colonial -council, presided at ecclesiastical trials, and exercised many of -the powers of a bishop. Since the old scheme of Nicholas Ferrar and -his friends for a college in Virginia had been extinguished amid -lurid scenes of Indian massacre, nearly seventy years had elapsed[86] -when Blair in 1691 revived it. He began by collecting some £2,500 by -subscription, and then went to England to get more money and obtain -a charter. He was aided by two famous divines, Tillotson, Archbishop -of Canterbury, and Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester, but from the -treasury commissioner, Sir Edward Seymour, he received a coarse -rebuff, which shows the frankly materialistic view at that time -entertained by the British official mind regarding England’s colonies. -When Blair urged that a college was needed for training up clergymen, -Seymour thought it was no time to be sending money to America for -such purposes; every penny was wanted in Europe for carrying on the -necessary and righteous war against Louis XIV. Blair could not deny -that it was an eminently righteous war, but he was not thus to be -turned from his purpose. “You must not forget,” said he, “that people -in Virginia have souls to save, as well as people in England.” “Souls!” -cried Seymour, “damn your souls! Grow tobacco!” In spite of this -discouraging view of the case, the good doctor persevered until he -obtained from William and Mary the charter that founded the college -ever since known by their names. - -[Sidenote: Nicholson succeeded by Sir Edmund Andros.] - -The college was established in 1693, with Blair for its president.[87] -Governor Nicholson, with seventeen other persons appointed by the -assembly, formed the board of trustees. From the outset Nicholson -was warmly in sympathy with the enterprise, but now this friend was -called away for a time. In the anti-Catholic fervour which attended the -accession of King William and Queen Mary, the palatinate government in -Maryland had been overturned, and the new royal governor, Sir Lionel -Copley, died in 1693. Nicholson was then promoted from deputy-governor -of Virginia to be governor of Maryland. About the same time Lord -Howard of Effingham resigned or was removed, and Sir Edmund Andros was -sent out to Virginia as governor. It may seem a strange appointment in -view of the obloquy which Andros had incurred at the north. But in all -these appointments William III. seems to have acted upon a consistent -policy of not disturbing, except in cases of necessity, the state of -things which he found. As a rule he retained in his service the old -officials against whom no grave charges were brought; and while the -personality of Andros was not prepossessing, there can be no doubt as -to his integrity. - -[Sidenote: Andros quarrels with Blair.] - -Nicholson’s career as royal governor of Maryland lasted until 1698, -while Andros was having a hard time in Virginia trying to enforce with -rigour the Navigation Act and to make life miserable for Dr. Blair. -His conduct was far more moderate than it had been in New England, -but he had his full share of trouble in Virginia. The moving cause of -his hostility to the college of William and Mary is not distinctly -assigned, but he is not unlikely to have believed, like many a dullard -of his stripe, that education is apt to encourage a seditious and -froward spirit. He did everything he could think of to thwart and -annoy President Blair. At the election of burgesses he predicted that -the establishment of a college would be sure to result in a terrible -increase of taxes. He tried to persuade subscribers to withhold the -payment of their subscriptions. He sought to arouse an absurd prejudice -against Scotchmen, for which it was rather late in the day. Finally he -connived at gross insults to the president and friends of the college. -Among the young men to whom Andros showed especial favour was Daniel -Parke, whose grandson, Daniel Parke Custis, is now remembered as the -first husband of Martha Washington. This young Daniel did some things -to which posterity could hardly point with pride. He is described as -a “sparkish gentleman,” or as some would say a slashing blade. He was -an expert with the rapier and anxious to thrust it between the ribs of -people who supported the college. His challenges were numerous, but -clergymen could not be reached in such a way. So “he set up a claim to -the pew in church in which Mrs. Blair sat, and one Sunday,” as we are -told, “with fury and violence he pulled her out of it in the presence -of the minister and congregation, who were greatly scandalized at this -ruffian and profane action.”[88] - -[Sidenote: Removal of Andros.] - -This was going too far. The stout Scotchman had powerful friends in -London; the outrage was discussed in Lambeth Palace; and Sir Edmund -Andros, for winking at such behaviour, was removed. He was evidently a -slow-witted official. His experiences in Boston, with Parson Willard -of the Old South, ought to have cured him of his propensity to quarrel -with aggressive and resolute clergymen. For two or three years after -going home, Sir Edmund governed the little channel island of Jersey, -and the rest of his days were spent in retirement, until his death in -1714. - -[Sidenote: Earl of Orkney.] - -The system of absentee governors, occasionally exemplified in such -cases as those of Lord Delaware and Lord Howard, was now to be -permanently adopted. A great favourite with William III. was George -Hamilton Douglas, whose distinguished gallantry at the battle of the -Boyne and other occasions had been rewarded with the earldom of Orkney. -In 1697 he was appointed governor-in-chief of Virginia, and for the -next forty years he drew his annual salary of £1,200 without ever -crossing the ocean. Henceforth the official who represented him in -Virginia was entitled lieutenant-governor, and the first was Francis -Nicholson, who was brought back from Maryland in 1698. - -[Sidenote: Return of Nicholson.] - -[Sidenote: Founding of Williamsburg.] - -One of Nicholson’s achievements in Maryland, as we shall see in the -next chapter, had been the change of the seat of government from St. -Mary’s to Annapolis. He now proceeded to make a similar change in -Virginia. After perishing in Bacon’s rebellion, Jamestown was rebuilt -by Lord Culpeper, but in the last decade of the century it was again -destroyed by an accidental fire, and has never since risen from its -ashes. Of that sacred spot, the first abiding-place of Englishmen in -America, nothing now is left but the ivy-mantled ruins of the church -tower and a few cracked and crumbling tombstones. The site of the -hamlet is more than half submerged, and unless some kind of sea-wall -is built to protect it, the unresting tides will soon wash everything -away.[89] Jamestown had always a bad reputation for malaria, and after -its second burning people were not eager to restore it. Plans for -moving the government elsewhere had been considered on more than one -occasion. In 1699 the choice fell upon the site of Middle Plantation, -half way between James and York rivers, with its salubrious air and -wholesome water. It had already, in 1693, been selected as the site of -the new college.[90] Nicholson called the place Williamsburg, and began -building a town there with streets so laid out as to make W and M, the -initials of the king and queen, a plan soon abandoned as inconvenient. -The town thus founded by Nicholson remained the capital of Virginia -until 1780, when it was superseded by Richmond. - -[Sidenote: Nicholson and Blair.] - -Nicholson was in full sympathy with President Blair as regarded the -college, but occasions for disagreement between them were at hand. On -the lieutenant-governor’s arrival the wise parson read him a lesson -upon the need for moderation in the display of his powers. The career -of his predecessor Andros, in more than one colony, furnished abundant -examples of the need for such moderation. Blair offered him some good -advice tendered by the Bishop of London, whereupon Nicholson exclaimed, -with a big round oath, “I know how to govern Virginia and Maryland -better than all the bishops in England. If I had not hampered them in -Maryland and kept them under, I should never have been able to govern -them.” The doctor replied: “Sir, I do not pretend to [speak for] -Maryland, but if I know anything of Virginia, they are a good-natured -[and] tractable people as any in the world, and you may do anything -with them by way of civility, but you will never be able to manage them -in that way you speak of, by hampering and keeping them under.”[91] The -eccentric governor did not profit by this advice. Of actual tyranny -there was not much in his administration, but his blustering tongue -would give utterance to extravagant speeches whereat company would sit -“amazed and silent.” - -[Sidenote: scolding swain.] - -[Sidenote: Removal of Nicholson.] - -At last in a laughable way this blustering habit proved his ruin. -Not far from Williamsburg lived Major Lewis Burwell, who had married -a cousin of the rebel Bacon and had a whole houseful of blooming -daughters. With one of these young ladies the worshipful governor -fell madly in love, but to his unspeakable chagrin she promptly and -decisively refused him. Poor Nicholson could not keep the matter to -himself, but raved about it in public. He suspected that Dr. Blair’s -brother was a favoured rival and threatened the whole family with -dire vengeance. He swore that if Miss Burwell should undertake to -marry anybody but himself, he would “cut the throats of three men: the -bridegroom, the minister, and the justice who issued the license.” -This truculent speech got reported in London, and one of Nicholson’s -friends wrote him a letter counselling him not to be so unreasonable, -but to remember that English women were the freest in the world, and -that Virginia was not like those heathen Turkish countries where tender -ladies were dragged into the arms of some pasha still reeking with the -blood of their nearest relatives. But nothing could quiet the fury -of a “governor scorned;” and one day when he suspected the minister -of Hampton parish of being his rival, he went up to him and knocked -his hat off. This sort of thing came to be too much for Dr. Blair; a -memorial was sent to Queen Anne, and Nicholson was recalled to England -in 1705. Afterwards we find him commanding the expedition which in -1710 captured the Acadian Port Royal from the French. He then served -as governor of the newly conquered Nova Scotia and afterwards of South -Carolina, was knighted, rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, and -died in 1728. - -[Sidenote: The college.] - -Meanwhile the college of William and Mary, in which Nicholson felt so -much interest, was flourishing. Unfortunately its first hall, designed -by Sir Christopher Wren, was destroyed by fire in 1705, but it was -before long replaced by another. Until 1712 the faculty consisted of -the president, a grammar master, writing master, and an usher; in -that year a professor of mathematics was added. By 1729 there were six -professors. Fifty years later the departments of law and medicine were -added, and the name “College” was replaced by “University.”[92] - -[Sidenote: Indian students.] - -As in the case of Harvard, it was hoped that this college might prove -effective in converting and educating Indians. In 1723 Brafferton Hall -was built for their use, from a fund given by Robert Boyle, the famous -chemist. It is still standing and used as a dormitory. We are told that -the “Queen of Pamunkey” sent her son to college with a boy to wait upon -him, and likewise two chiefs’ sons, “all handsomely cloathed after the -Indian fashion;”[93] but as to any effects wrought upon the barbarian -mind by this Christian institution of learning, there is nothing to -which we can point. - -[Sidenote: Instructions to the housekeeper.] - -The first Commencement exercises were held in the year 1700, and it is -said that not only were Virginians and Indians present on that gala -day, but so great was the fame of it that people came in sloops from -Maryland and Pennsylvania, and even from New York.[94] The journals of -what we may call the “faculty meetings” throw light upon the manner of -living at the college. There is a matron, or housekeeper, who is thus -carefully instructed: “1. That you never concern yourself with any -of the Boys only when you have a Complaint against any of them, and -then that you make it to his or their proper Master.--2. That there -be always both fresh and salt Meat for Dinner; and twice in the Week, -as well as on Sunday in particular, that there be either Puddings or -Pies besides; that there be always Plenty of Victuals; that Breakfast, -Dinner, and Supper be serv’d up in the cleanest and neatest manner -possible; and for this Reason the Society not only allow but desire -you to get a Cook; that the Boys Suppers be not as usual made up of -different Scraps, but that there be at each Table the same Sor^t: and -when there is cold fresh Meat enough, that it be often hashed for -them; that when they are sick, you yourself see their Victuals before -it be carry’d to them, that it be clean, decent, and fit for them; -that the Person appointed to take Care of them be constantly with -them, and give their Medicine regularly. The general Complaints of the -Visitors, and other Gentlemen throughout the whole Colony, plainly -shew the Necessity of a strict and regular Compliance with the above -Directions.... 4. That a proper Stocking-mender be procured to live in -or near the college, and as both Masters and Boys complain of losing -their Stockings, you are desired to look over their Notes given with -their Linnen to the Wash, both at the Delivery and Return of them.... -5. That the Negroes be trusted with no keys; ... that fresh Butter be -look’d out for in Time, that the Boys may not be forced to eat salt in -Summer.--6. As we all know that Negroes will not perform their Duties -without the Mistress’ constant Eye, especially in so large a Family as -the College, and as we all observe You going abroad more frequently -then even the Mistress of a private Family can do without the affairs -of her province greatly suffering, We particularly request it of you, -that your visits for the future in Town and Country may not be so -frequent, by which Means we doubt not but Complaints will be greatly -lessened.”[95] - -[Sidenote: Horse-racing prohibited.] - -At another meeting it is ordered “y^t no scholar belonging to any -school in the College, of w^t Age, Rank, or Quality, soever, do keep -any race Horse at y^e College, in y^e Town--or any where in the -neighbourhood--y^t they be not anyway concerned in making races, or in -backing, or abetting, those made by others, and y^t all Race Horses, -kept in y^e neighbourhood of y^e College & belonging to any of y^e -scholars, be immediately dispatched & sent off, & never again brought -back, and all of this under Pain of y^e severest Animadversion and -Punishment.” - -[Sidenote: Other prohibitions.] - -There is a stress in the wording of this order which makes one -suspect that the faculty had encountered difficulty in suppressing -horse-racing. Similar orders forbid students to take part in -cock-fighting, to frequent “y^e Ordinaries,” to bet, to play at -billiards, or to bring cards or dice into the college. Punishment is -most emphatically threatened for any student who may “presume to go -out of y^e Bounds of y^e College, particularly towards the mill pond” -without express leave; but why the mill pond was to be so sedulously -shunned, we are left to conjecture. Finally, “to y^e End y^t no Person -may pretend Ignorance of y^e foregoing ... Regulations, ... it is -Ordered ... y^t a clear & legible copy of y^m be posted up in every -School of y^e College.”[96] - -[Sidenote: The story of Parson Camm.] - -One of the brightest traditions in the history of the college is that -which tells of the wooing and wedding of Parson Camm, a gentleman -famous once, whose fame deserves to be revived. John Camm was born in -1718 and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a man of good -scholarship and sturdy character, an uncompromising Tory, one of the -leaders in that “Parsons’ Cause” which made Patrick Henry famous.[97] -He lived to be the last president of William and Mary before the -Revolution. After he had attained middle age, but while he was as yet -only a preacher and professor, and like all professors in those days -at William and Mary a bachelor, there came to him the romance which -brightened his life. Among those who listened to his preaching was Miss -Betsy Hansford, of the family of Hansford the rebel and martyr. A young -friend, who had wooed Miss Betsy without success, persuaded the worthy -parson to aid him with his eloquence. But it was in vain that Mr. Camm -besieged the young lady with texts from the Bible enjoining matrimony -as a duty. She proved herself able to beat him at his own game when -she suggested that if the parson would go home and look at 2 Samuel -xii. 7, he might be able to divine the reason of her obduracy. When Mr. -Camm proceeded to search the Scriptures he found these significant -words staring him in the face: “And Nathan said to David, _Thou art -the man!_” The sequel is told in an item of the Virginia Gazette, -announcing the marriage of Rev. John Camm and Miss Betsy Hansford.[98] - -So, Virginia, too, had its Priscilla! In the words of the sweet -mediæval poem:-- - - El fait que dame, et si fait bien, - Car sos ciel n’a si france rien - Com est dame qui violt amer, - Quant Deus la violt à ço torner: - Deus totes dames beneie.[99] - -But this marriage was an infringement of the customs of the college, -and was rebuked in an order that _hereafter_ the marriage of a -professor should _ipso facto_ vacate his office. - -[Sidenote: Some interesting facts about the college.] - -The college founded by James Blair was a most valuable centre for -culture for Virginia, and has been remarkable in many ways. It was -the first college in America to introduce teaching by lectures, and -the elective system of study; it was the first to unite a group -of faculties into a university; it was the second in the English -world to have a chair of Municipal Law, George Wythe coming to such -a professorship a few years after Sir William Blackstone; it was -the first in America to establish a chair of History and Political -Science; and it was one of the first to pursue a thoroughly secular -and unsectarian policy. Though until lately its number of students -at any one time had never reached one hundred and fifty, it has -given to our country fifteen senators and seventy representatives in -congress; seventeen governors of states, and thirty-seven judges; three -presidents of the United States,--Jefferson, Monroe, and Tyler; and the -great Chief Justice Marshall.[100] It was a noble work for America that -was done by the Scotch parson, James Blair. - -[Sidenote: Nicholson’s schemes for a union of the colonies.] - -As for Governor Nicholson, who was so deeply interested in that work, -he played a memorable part in the history of the United States, which -deserves mention before we leave the subject of his connection with -Virginia. When he was first transferred from the governorship of New -York to that of the Old Dominion, with his head full of experiences -gained in New York, he proposed a grand Union of the English colonies -for mutual defence against the encroachments of the French. King -William approved the scheme and recommended it to the favourable -consideration of the colonial assemblies. But a desire for union was -not strong in any of these bodies, and as for Virginia, she was too -remote from the Canadian border to feel warmly interested in it. The -act of 1695, authorizing the governor to apply £500 from the liquor -excise to the relief of New York, shows a notably generous spirit in -the Virginia burgesses, but the pressure which was to drive people into -a Federal Union was still in the hidden future. The attitude of the -several colonies so exasperated Nicholson as to lead him to recommend -that they should all be placed under a single viceroy and taxed for -the support of a standing army. When this plan was submitted to Queen -Anne and her ministers, it was rejected as unwise, and no British -ministry ever ventured to try any part of such a policy until the reign -of George III. Francis Nicholson should be remembered as one of the -very first to conceive and suggest the policy that afterward drove the -colonies into their Declaration of Independence. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -MARYLAND’S VICISSITUDES. - - -[Sidenote: Virginia and Maryland.] - -The accession of William and Mary, which wrought so little change in -Virginia, furnished the occasion for a revolution in the palatinate of -Maryland. To trace the causes of this revolution, we must return to -1658, the year which witnessed the death of Oliver Cromwell and saw -Lord Baltimore’s government firmly set upon its feet through the favour -of that mighty potentate. The compromises which were then adopted -put an end to the conflict between Virginia and Maryland, and from -that time forth the relations between the two colonies were nearly -always cordial. For the next century the constitutional development of -Maryland proceeded without interference from Virginia, although on many -occasions the smaller colony was profoundly influenced by what went on -in its larger neighbour, as well as by those currents of feeling that -from time to time pervaded the English world and swayed both colonies -alike. We shall presently see, for example, that marked effects were -wrought in Maryland by Bacon’s rebellion, and we shall observe what -various echoes of the political situation in England were heard in all -the colonies, from the wild scare of the Popish Plot in 1678 down to -the assured triumph of William III. in 1691, and even later. - -[Sidenote: Fuller and Fendall.] - -It will be remembered that when the Puritans of Providence, in March, -1658, gave in their assent to the compromises by which Lord Baltimore’s -authority was securely established in Maryland, only three years had -elapsed since their victory at the Severn had given them supreme -control over the country. While the defeated Governor Stone languished -in jail, the victorious leader, William Fuller, exercised complete sway -and for a moment could afford to laugh at the pretensions of Josias -Fendall, the new governor whom Baltimore appointed in 1656. But this -state of things came abruptly to an end when it was discovered that -Lord Baltimore was upheld by Cromwell. Virginia, with her Puritan -rulers, Bennett and Claiborne and Mathews, was thus at once detached -from the support of Fuller, so that nothing was left for him but to -come to terms. Fendall’s policy toward his late antagonists was pacific -and generous, so much so that in the assembly of 1659 we find the names -of Fuller and other Puritan leaders enrolled among the burgesses. -Associated with Fendall, and second to him in authority, was the -secretary and receiver-general, Philip Calvert, younger brother of -Cecilius, Lord Baltimore. - -[Sidenote: The duty on tobacco.] - -After the fires of civil dudgeon had briskly burned for so many years, -it was not strange that their smouldering embers should send forth a -few fitful gleams before dying. Apart from questions of religion or -of loyalty, there were difficulties in regard to taxation that can -hardly have been without their effect. There seems to have been more -or less widely diffused a feeling of uneasiness upon which agitators -could play. In 1647 the assembly had granted to the lord proprietor a -duty of ten shillings per hogshead on all tobacco exported from the -colony. This grant called forth remonstrances which seem to have had -their effect, as in 1649 the act was replaced by another which granted -to the proprietor for seven years a similar duty upon all tobacco -exported on Dutch vessels if not bound to some English port.[101] This -act seemed to carry with it the repeal of that of 1647, concerning -which it was silent; if the first act continued in force, the second -was meaningless. During the turbulence that ensued after 1650 it -is not likely that the revenue laws were rigidly enforced. In 1659 -Baltimore directed Fendall to have the act of 1647 explicitly repealed -on condition that the assembly should grant him two shillings per -hogshead on tobacco when shipped to British ports and ten shillings -when shipped to foreign ports. Whether this demand was popular or not, -we may gather from dates that are more eloquent than words. The act of -1647 was repealed by the assembly in 1660, but no grant in return was -made to the proprietor until 1671, and then it was a uniform duty of -two shillings. Unless the demand had been unpopular it would not have -been resisted for eleven years. - -[Sidenote: Fendall’s plot.] - -When the assembly met on the last day of February, 1660, to consider -this and other questions, memorable changes had occurred in England. -The death of mighty Oliver, in September, 1658, threatened the realm -with anarchy; and the prospect for a moment grew darker when in May, -1659, his gentle son Richard dropped the burden which he had not -strength to carry. For nine months England seemed drifting without -compass or helm. When our assembly met, one notable thing had just -happened, early in February, when George Monk, “honest old George,” -entered London at the head of his army, and assumed control of affairs. -The news of this event had not yet crossed the ocean, and even if it -had, our Marylanders would not have understood what it portended. To -some of them it seemed as if in this season of chaos whoever should -seize upon the government of their little world would be likely to keep -it. So Governor Fendall seems to have thought, and with him Thomas -Gerrard, a member of the council and a Catholic, but disloyal to -Baltimore. Why should not the government be held independently of the -lord proprietor and all fees and duties to him be avoided? In this view -of the case Fendall had two or three sympathizers in the council, and -probably a good many in the House of Burgesses, especially among the -Puritan members, who were in number three fourths of the whole. - -[Sidenote: Temporary overthrow of Baltimore’s authority.] - -In the course of the discussion over the tobacco duty the burgesses -sent a message to Governor Fendall and the council, saying that they -judged themselves to be a lawful assembly without dependence upon any -other power now existing within the province, and if anybody had any -objections to this view of the case they should like to hear them. -The upper house answered by asking the lower house if they meant that -they were a complete assembly without the upper house, and also that -they were independent of the lord proprietor. These questions led to -a conference, in which, among other things, Fendall declared it to be -his opinion that laws passed by the assembly and published in the lord -proprietor’s name should at once be in full force. Two of the council, -Gerrard and Utie, agreed with this view, while the secretary, Philip -Calvert, and all the rest, dissented. In these proceedings the governor -was plainly in league with the lower house, and this vote demonstrated -the necessity of getting rid of the upper house. Accordingly the -burgesses sent word to the governor and council, that they would not -acknowledge them as an upper house, but they might come and take -seats in the lower house if they liked. Secretary Calvert observed -that in that case the governor would become president of the joint -assembly, and the speaker of the burgesses must give place to him. -A compromise was presently reached, according to which the governor -should preside, with a casting vote, but the right of adjourning or -dissolving the assembly should be exercised by the speaker. Hereupon -Calvert protested, and demanded that his protest be put on record, -but Fendall refused. Then Calvert and his most staunch adherent, -Councillor Brooke, requested permission to leave the room. “You may if -you please,” quoth Fendall, “we shall not force you to go or stay.” -With the departure of these gentlemen the upper house was virtually -abolished, and now Fendall quite threw off the mask by surrendering -his commission from Lord Baltimore and accepting a new one from the -assembly. Thus the palatinate government was overthrown, and it only -remained for Fendall and his assembly to declare it felony for anybody -in Maryland to acknowledge Lord Baltimore’s authority. - -[Sidenote: Superficial resemblance to the action of Virginia.] - -These proceedings in Maryland become perfectly intelligible if we -compare them with what was going on at the very same moment in -Virginia. In March, 1660, the assembly at Jamestown, in view of the -fact that there was no acknowledged supreme authority then resident -in England, declared that the supreme power in Virginia was in the -assembly, and that all writs should issue in its name, until such -command should come from England as the assembly should judge to -be lawful. This assembly then elected Sir William Berkeley to the -governorship, and he accepted from it provisionally his commission.[102] - -[Sidenote: Profound difference in the situations.] - -[Sidenote: Fendall’s error.] - -[Sidenote: Collapse of the rebellion.] - -Now in Maryland there was a superficial resemblance to these -proceedings, in so far as the supreme power was lodged in the assembly -and the governor accepted his commission from it. But there was a -profound difference in the two situations, and while the people of -Virginia read their own situation correctly, Fendall and his abettors -did not. The assembly at Jamestown was predominantly Cavalier in its -composition and in full sympathy with the expected restoration of the -monarchy; and its proceedings were promptly sanctioned by Charles -II., whose royal commission to Sir William Berkeley came in October -of the same year. On the other hand, the assembly at St. Mary’s -was predominantly Puritan in its composition, and one of its most -influential members was that William Fuller who five years before had -defeated Lord Baltimore’s governor in the battle of the Severn, and -executed drumhead justice upon several of his adherents. The election -had been managed in the interest of the Puritans, as is shown by -Fuller’s county, Anne Arundel, returning seven delegates, whereas it -was only entitled to four. The collusion between Fuller and Fendall -is unmistakable. For two years the Puritans had acquiesced in Lord -Baltimore’s rule, because they had not dared resist Cromwell. Now -if Puritanism were to remain uppermost in England, they might once -more hope to overthrow him; if the monarchy were to be restored, the -prospect was also good, for it did not seem likely that Charles II. -would befriend the man whom Cromwell had befriended. Here was the fatal -error of Fendall and his people. Charles II. had long ago recovered -from his little tiff with Cecilius for appointing a Parliamentarian -governor, and as a Romanist at heart he was more than ready to show -favour to Catholics. Thus with rare good fortune--defended in turn by -a king and a lord protector, and by another king, and aided at every -turn by his own consummate tact, did Cecilius triumphantly weather -all the storms. When the news of Fendall’s treachery reached London -it found Charles II. seated firmly on the throne. All persons were at -once instructed to respect Lord Baltimore’s authority over Maryland, -and Sir William Berkeley was ordered to bring the force of Virginia -to his aid if necessary; Cecilius appointed his brother Philip to the -governorship; the rebellion instantly collapsed, and its ringleaders -were seized. Vengeance was denounced against Fendall and Fuller and -all who had been concerned in the execution of Baltimore’s men after -the battle of the Severn. Philip Calvert was instructed to hang them -all, and to proclaim martial law if necessary, but on second thought -so much severity was deemed impolitic. Such punishments were inflicted -as banishment, confiscation, and loss of civil rights, but nobody was -put to death. Such was the end of Fendall’s rebellion. In the course of -the year 1661, Cecilius sent over his only son, Charles Calvert, to be -governor of the palatinate, while Philip remained as chancellor; and -this arrangement continued for many years. - -[Sidenote: The Quakers.] - -Fendall’s administration had witnessed two events of especial interest, -in the arrival of Quakers in the colony and of Dutchmen in a part of -its territory. Quakers came from Massachusetts and Virginia, where they -suffered so much ill usage, into Maryland, where they also got into -trouble, though it does not appear that the objections against them -were of a religious nature. The peculiar notions of the Quakers often -brought them into conflict with governments on purely civil grounds, -as when they refused to be enrolled in the militia, or to serve on -juries, or give testimony under oath. For such reasons, two zealous -Quaker preachers, Thurston and Cole, were arrested and tried in 1658, -but it does not appear that they were treated with harshness or that at -any time there was anything like persecution of Quakers in Maryland. -When George Fox visited the country in 1672, his followers there were -numerous and held regular meetings. - -[Sidenote: The Swedes and Dutch.] - -[Sidenote: Augustine Herman.] - -[Sidenote: Bohemia Manor.] - -With the arrival of Quakers there appeared on the northeastern horizon -a menace from the Dutch, and incidents occurred that curiously -affected the future growth of Lord Baltimore’s princely domain. -Since 1638 parties of Swedes had been establishing themselves on the -western bank of the Delaware River, on and about the present sites -of Newcastle and Wilmington. This region they called New Sweden, -but in 1655 Peter Stuyvesant despatched from Manhattan a force of -Dutchmen which speedily overcame the little colony. Stuyvesant then -divided his conquest into two provinces, which he called New Amstel -and Altona, and appointed a governor over each. It was now Maryland’s -turn to be aroused. The governor of New Netherland had no business to -be setting up jurisdictions west of Delaware River. That whole region -was expressly included in Lord Baltimore’s charter. Accordingly the -Dutch governors of New Amstel and Altona were politely informed that -they must either acknowledge Baltimore’s jurisdiction or leave the -country. This led to Stuyvesant’s sending an envoy to St. Mary’s, to -discuss the proprietorship of the territory in question. The person -selected for this business was a man of no ordinary mould, a native -of Prague, with the German name of Augustine Herman. He came to New -Amsterdam at some time before 1647, in which year he was appointed one -of the Nine Men whose business it was to advise the governor. This -Herman was a man of broad intelligence, rare executive ability, and -perfect courage. He was by profession a land surveyor and draughtsman, -but in the course of his life he accumulated a great fortune by trade. -His portrait, painted from life, shows us a masterful face, clean -shaven, with powerful jaw, firm-set lips, imperious eyes, and long hair -flowing upon his shoulders over a red coat richly ruffled.[103] Such -was the man whom Stuyvesant chose to dispute Lord Baltimore’s title to -the smiling fields of New Amstel and Altona. He well understood the -wisdom of claiming everything, and when the discovery of North America -by John Cabot was cited against him, he boldly set up the priority -of Christopher Columbus as giving the Spaniards a claim upon the -whole hemisphere. To the Dutch, he said, as victors over their wicked -stepmother Spain, her claims had naturally passed! One is inclined -to wonder if such an argument was announced without something like a -twinkle in those piercing eyes. At all events, it was not long before -the astute ambassador abandoned his logic and changed his allegiance. -Romantic tradition has assigned various grounds for Herman’s leaving -New Amsterdam. Whether it was because of a quarrel with Stuyvesant, and -whether the quarrel had its source in love of woman or love of pelf, -we know not; but in 1660 Herman wrote to Lord Baltimore, asking for -the grant of a manor, and offering to pay for it by making a map of -Maryland. The proposal was accepted. The map, which was completed after -careful surveys extending over ten years and was engraved in London in -1673, with a portrait of Herman attached, is still preserved in the -British Museum. For this important service the enterprising surveyor -received an estate on the Elk River, which by successive accretions -came to include more than 20,000 acres.[104] It is still called by -the name which Herman gave it, Bohemia Manor. There he grew immensely -rich by trade with the Indians along the very routes which Claiborne -had hoped to monopolize, and there in his great manor house, in spite -of matrimonial infelicities like those of Socrates and the elder Mr. -Weller, he lived to a good old age and dispensed a regal hospitality, -in which the items of rum and brandy, strong beer, sound wines, and -“best cider out of the orchard” were not forgotten. Herman’s tomb is -still to be seen hard by the vestiges of his house and his deer park. -Six of his descendants succeeded him as lords of Bohemia Manor, until -its legal existence came to an end in 1789. The fact is not without -interest that Margaret Shippen, wife of Benedict Arnold, counted among -her ancestors the sturdy Augustine Herman. - -[Sidenote: The Labadists.] - -A noteworthy episode in the history of Bohemia Manor is the settlement -of a small sect of Mystics, known as Labadists, from the name of their -French founder, Jean de Labadie. Their professed aim was to restore the -simplicity of life and doctrine attributed to the primitive Christians. -Their views of spiritual things were brightened by an inward light, -their drift of thought was toward antinomianism, they held all goods -in common, and their notions about marriage were such as to render -them liable to be molested on civil grounds. The persistent recurrence -of such little communities, age after age, each one ignorant of the -existence of its predecessors and supremely innocent of all knowledge -of the world, is one of the interesting freaks in religious history. -Even in the tolerant atmosphere of Holland these Labadists led an -uneasy life, and in 1679 two of their brethren, Sluyter and Dankers, -came over to New York, to make fresh converts and find a new home. One -of their first converts was Ephraim, the weak-minded son of Augustine -Herman, and it may have been through the son’s persuasion that the -father was induced to grant nearly 4,000 acres of his manor to the -community. A company settled there in 1683 and were joined by persons -from New York. As often happens in such communities the affair ended -in a despotism, in which the people were ruled with a rod of iron by -Brother Sluyter and his wife, who set themselves up as a kind of abbot -and abbess. On Sluyter’s death in 1722 the sect seems to have come to -an end, but to this day the land is known as “the Labadie tract.” - -[Sidenote: The Duke of York takes possession of the Delaware -settlements.] - -Long before Augustine Herman’s death, Lord Baltimore had granted him a -second estate, called the manor of St. Augustine, extending eastward -from Bohemia Manor to the shore of Delaware Bay; but to the greater -part of it the Herman family never succeeded in making good their -title, for the territory passed out of Lord Baltimore’s domain. Once -more the heedlessness and bad faith of the Stuart kings, in their -grants of American lands, was exhibited, and as Baltimore’s patent had -once encroached upon the Virginians, so now he was encroached upon by -the Duke of York and presently by William Penn. The province of New -Netherland, which Charles II. took from the Dutch in 1664 and bestowed -upon his brother as lord proprietor, extended from the upper waters -of the Hudson down to Cape May at the entrance to Delaware Bay, but -did not include a square foot of land on the west shore of the bay, -since all that was expressly included in the Maryland charter. It was -not to be expected that Swedes or Dutchmen would pay any heed to that -English charter; but it might have been supposed that Charles II. and -his brother James would have shown some respect for a contract made by -their father. Not so, however. The little Swedish and Dutch settlements -on the west shore were at once taken in charge by officers of the Duke -of York, as if they had belonged to his domain of New Netherland, while -the southern part of that domain was granted by him, under the name of -New Jersey, to his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. - -[Sidenote: Charter of Pennsylvania.] - -Nothing more of consequence occurred for several years, in the course -of which interval, in 1675, Cecilius Calvert died and was succeeded -by his son Charles, third Lord Baltimore. Not long afterward William -Penn appeared on the scene, at first as trustee of certain Quaker -estates in New Jersey, but presently as ruler over a princely domain -of his own. The Quakers had been ill treated in many of the colonies; -why not found a colony in which they should be the leaders? The -suggestion offered to Charles II. an easy way of paying an old debt -of £16,000 owed by the crown to the estate of the late Admiral Penn, -and accordingly William was made lord proprietor of a spacious country -lying west of the Delaware River and between Maryland to the south and -the Five Nations to the north. His charter created a government very -similar to Lord Baltimore’s but far less independent, for laws passed -in Pennsylvania must be sent to England for the royal assent, and the -British government, which fifty years before had expressly renounced -the right to lay taxes upon Marylanders, now expressly asserted the -right to lay taxes upon Pennsylvanians. This change marks the growth -of the imperial and anti-feudal sentiment in England, the feeling that -privileges like those accorded to the Calverts were too extensive to be -enjoyed by subjects. - -[Sidenote: Boundaries between Penn and Baltimore.] - -According to Lord Baltimore’s charter his northern boundary was the -fortieth parallel of latitude, which runs a little north of the -site of Philadelphia. The latitude was marked by a fort erected on -the Susquehanna River, and when the crown lawyers consulted with -Baltimore’s attorneys, they were informed that all questions of -encroachment would be avoided if the line were to be run just north -of this fort, so as to leave it on the Maryland side.[105] Penn made -no objection to this, but when the charter was drawn up no allusion -was made to the Susquehanna fort. Penn’s southern boundary was made to -begin twelve miles north of Newcastle, thence to curve northwestward to -the fortieth parallel and follow that parallel. Measurement soon showed -that such a boundary would give Penn’s province inadequate access to -the sea. His position as a royal favourite enabled him to push the -whole line twenty miles to the south. Even then he was disappointed in -not gaining the head of Chesapeake Bay, and, being bent upon securing -somewhere a bit of seacoast, he persuaded the Duke of York to give -him the land on the west shore of Delaware Bay which the Dutch had -once taken from the Swedes. By further enlargement the area of this -grant became that of the present state of Delaware, the whole of which -was thus, in spite of vehement protest, carved out of the original -Maryland. In such matters there was not much profit in contending -against princes. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Old manors in Maryland.] - -In the course of this narrative we have had occasion to mention the -grants of Bohemia and other manors. In order that we should understand -the course of Maryland history before and after the Revolution of 1689, -some description of the manorial system is desirable. One of the most -interesting features in the early history of English America is the way -in which different phases of English institutions were reproduced in -the different colonies. As the ancient English town meeting reached a -high development in New England, as the system of close vestries was -very thoroughly worked out in Virginia, so the old English manor was -best preserved in Maryland. In 1636 Lord Baltimore issued instructions -that every grant of 2,000 acres or more should be erected into a manor, -with court baron and court leet. “The manor was the land on which the -lord and his tenants lived, and bound up with the land were also the -rights of government which the lord possessed over the tenants, and -they over one another.”[106] Such manors were scattered all over -tidewater Maryland. Mr. Johnson, in his excellent essay on the subject, -cites at random the names of “George Evelin, lord of the manor of -Evelinton, in St. Mary’s county; Marmaduke Tilden, lord of Great Oak -Manor, and Major James Ringgold, lord of the manor on Eastern Neck, -both in Kent; Giles Brent, lord of Kent Fort, on Kent Island; George -Talbot, lord of Susquehanna Manor, in Cecil county,” and he mentions a -sale, in 1767, of “twenty-seven manors, embracing 100,000 acres.” - -[Sidenote: Life in the manors.] - -In the life upon these manors there was a kind of patriarchal -completeness; each was a little world in itself. There was the great -house with its generous dining-hall, its panelled wainscoat, and -its family portraits; there was the chapel, with the graves of the -lord’s family beneath its pavement and the graves of common folk out -in the churchyard; there were the smoke-houses, and the cabins of -negro slaves; and here and there one might come upon the dwellings of -white freehold tenants, with ample land about them held on leases of -one-and-twenty years. In establishing these manors, Lord Baltimore had -an eye to the military defence of his colony. It was enacted in 1641 -that the grant of a manor should be the reward for every settler who -should bring with him from England twenty able-bodied men, each armed -with a musket, a sword and belt, a bandelier and flask, ten pounds of -powder, and forty pounds of bullets and shot. - -[Sidenote: The court leet.] - -These manors were little self-governing communities. The court leet was -like a town meeting. All freemen could take part in it. It enacted -by-laws, elected constables, bailiffs, and other local officers, set -up stocks and pillory, and sentenced offenders to stand there, for -judicial and legislative functions were united in this court leet. It -empanelled its jury, and with the steward of the manor presiding as -judge, it visited with fine or imprisonment the thief, the vagrant, the -poacher, the fraudulent dealer. - -[Sidenote: The court baron.] - -Side by side with the court leet was the court baron, an equally free -institution in which all the freehold tenants sat as judges determining -questions of law and of fact. This court decided all disputes between -the lord and his tenants concerning such matters as rents, or trespass, -or escheats. Here actions for debt were tried, and transfers of land -were made with the ancient formalities. - -[Sidenote: Changes wrought by slavery.] - -These admirable manorial institutions were brought to Maryland in -precisely the same shape in which they had long existed in England. -They were well adapted for preserving liberty and securing order in -rural communities before the days of denser population and more rapid -communication. In our progress away from those earlier times we have -gained vastly, but it is by no means sure that we have not also lost -something. In the decadence of the Maryland manors there was clearly an -element of loss, for that decadence was chiefly brought about by the -growth of negro slavery, which made it more profitable for the lord of -the manor to cultivate the whole of it himself, instead of leasing -the whole or parts of it to tenants. Slavery also affixed a stigma -upon free labour and drove it off the field, very much as a debased -currency invariably drives out a sound currency. From these causes the -class of freehold tenants gradually disappeared, “the feudal society -of the manor” was transformed into “the patriarchal society of the -plantation,”[107] and the arbitrary fiat of a master was substituted -for the argued judgments of the court leet. - -[Sidenote: A fierce spirit of liberty.] - -Among the people of Lord Baltimore’s colony, as among English-speaking -people in general, one might observe a fierce spirit of political -liberty coupled with engrained respect for law and a disposition to -achieve results by argument rather than by violence. Such a temper -leads to interminable parliamentary discussion, and in the reign of -Charles II. the tongues of the Maryland assembly were seldom quiet. -As compared with the stormy period before 1660, the later career of -Cecilius and that of his son Charles down to the Revolution of 1689 -seem peaceful, and there are writers who would persuade us that when -the catastrophe arrived, it came quite unheralded, like lightning -from a cloudless sky. A perusal of the transactions in the Maryland -assembly, however, shows that the happy period was not so serene as we -have been told, but there were fleecy specks on the horizon, with now -and then a faint growl of distant thunder. - -[Sidenote: Cecilius and Charles.] - -That the proprietary government had many devoted friends is not -to be denied, and it is clear that some of the opposition to it -was merely factious. There is no doubt as to the lofty personal -qualities of the second Lord Baltimore, his courage and sagacity, his -disinterested public spirit, his devotion to the noble ideal which he -had inherited. As for Charles, the third lord, he seems to have been -a paler reflection of his father, like him for good intentions, but -far inferior in force. The period of eight-and-twenty years which we -are considering, from 1661 to 1689, is divided exactly in the middle -by the death of Cecilius in 1675. Before that date we have Charles -administering the affairs of Maryland subject to the approval of his -father in London; after that date Charles is supreme. - -[Sidenote: Sources of discontent.] - -[Sidenote: The family party] - -Now the circumstances were such that father and son would have had -to be more than human to carry on the government without serious -opposition. In the first place, they were Catholics, ruling a -population in which about one twelfth part were Catholics, while -one sixth belonged to the Church of England, and three fourths were -dissenting Puritans. To most of the people the enforced toleration of -Papists must have seemed like keeping on terms of polite familiarity -with the devil. In the second place, the proprietor was apt to appoint -his own relatives and trusted friends to the highest offices, and such -persons were usually Catholics. As these high officers composed the -council, or upper house of the assembly, the proprietor had a permanent -and irreversible majority in that body. When we read the minutes of a -council composed of Governor Charles Calvert, his uncle Philip, his -cousin William, Mr. Baker Brooke, who had married cousin William’s -sister, Mr. William Talbot, who was another cousin, and Mr. Henry -Coursey, who was uncle Philip’s bosom friend, we seem to be assisting -at a pleasant little family party. Again, when the governor marries -a widow, and each of his five stepchildren marries, and we are told -that “every one who became related to the family soon obtained an -office,”[108] we begin to realize that there was coming to be quite a -clan to be supported from the revenues of a small province. Nepotism -may not be the blackest of crimes, but it is pretty certain to breed -trouble. - -[Sidenote: Conflict in the assembly.] - -The governing power opposed to this family party was the House of -Burgesses, or lower house of assembly. Those freeholding tenants -and small proprietors who had brought with them from England their -time-honoured habits of self-government in court leet and court baron, -represented the democratic element in the constitution of Maryland, -as the upper house represented the oligarchical element. The history -of the period we are considering is the history of a constitutional -struggle between the two houses. We have seen that it was not a part -of the proprietor’s original scheme that the assembly should take -an initiative in legislation, and that on this ground he refused -his assent to the first group of laws sent to him in 1635 for his -signature. Apparently it was his idea that his burgesses should simply -comment on acts passed by their betters, as on old Merovingian fields -of March the magnates legislated while the listening warriors clashed -their shields in token of approval. If such was the first notion of -Cecilius he promptly relinquished it and gracefully conceded the -claim of the assembly to take the initiative in legislation. But the -veto power, without any limitation of time, was a prerogative which -he would not give up. At any moment he could use this veto power to -repeal a law, and this was felt by the colonists to be a grievance. -On such constitutional matters, when we read of antagonism between -the proprietor and the assembly, it is the burgesses that we are to -understand as in opposition, since the council was almost sure to -uphold the proprietor. - -[Sidenote: Rights of the burgesses.] - -One point upon which the upper house always insisted was that the -burgesses were not a house of commons with inherent rights of -legislation, but that they owed their existence to the charter, with -powers that must be limited as strictly as possible. But this point the -burgesses would never concede. They were Englishmen, with the rights -and privileges of Englishmen, and it was an inherent right in English -representatives to make laws for their constituents; accordingly -they insisted that they were, to all intents and purposes, a house -of commons for Maryland.[109] On one occasion a clergyman, Charles -Nichollet, preached a sermon, in which he warned the burgesses not to -forget that they had no real liberty unless they could pass laws that -were agreeable to their conscience; as a house of commons they must -keep their hand upon the purse strings and consider if the taxes were -not too heavy. The family party of the upper house called such talk -seditious, and the parson was roundly fined for preaching politics. - -[Sidenote: Cessation Act of 1668.] - -But it would be grossly unfair to the proprietor to overlook the fact -that on some important occasions he took sides with the representatives -of the people against his own little family party. As an instance may -be cited the act of 1666 concerning the “Cessation of Tobacco.” As the -fees of public officials were paid in tobacco, a large crop was liable -to diminish their value, and accordingly the upper house wished to -contract the currency by an act stopping all planting of tobacco for -one year. The lower house objected to this, but after a long dispute -was induced to give consent, provided Virginia should pass a similar -act. The speaker, however, wrote to Cecilius urging him to veto the -act, and he did so.[110] - -[Sidenote: Sheriffs.] - -The occasions of difference between the two houses were many and -various. One concerned the relief of Quakers. In Rhode Island, New -Jersey, and Jamaica, they were allowed to make affirmations instead of -taking oaths. When the Quakers of Maryland petitioned for a similar -relief, the burgesses granted it, but the council refused to concur. A -more important matter was the appointment of sheriffs. In addition to -the ordinary functions of the sheriff, with which we are familiar in -more modern times, these officers collected all taxes, superintended -all elections, and made out the returns. These were formidable powers, -for a dishonest or intriguing sheriff might alter the composition of -the House of Burgesses. Sheriffs were appointed by the governor, and -were in no way responsible to the county courts. The burgesses tried to -establish a check upon them by enacting that the county court should -recommend three persons out of whom the governor should choose one, and -that the sheriff thus selected should serve for one year; but the upper -house declared that such an act infringed the proprietor’s prerogative. -No check upon the sheriffs, therefore, was left to the people except -the regulating of their fees, and upon this point the burgesses were -stiff. - -[Sidenote: Restriction of suffrage, 1670.] - -In 1669 the disputes between the houses were more stormy than usual, -and in the election of the next year the suffrage was restricted to -freemen owning plantations of fifty acres or more, or possessed of -personal property to the amount of £50 sterling. This restriction -was not accomplished by legislation; it must have been a sheer -assertion of prerogative, either by Cecilius or by Charles acting -on his own responsibility. All that is positively known is that the -sheriffs were instructed to that effect in their writs. It is worthy -of note that a similar restriction of suffrage had just occurred in -Virginia. Perhaps Charles Calvert was imprudently taking a lesson from -Berkeley. But still worse, in summoning to the assembly the members -who had been elected, he omitted a few names, presumably those of -persons whose opposition was likely to prove inconvenient. When the -burgesses demanded the reason for this omission, Charles made a -shuffling explanation which they saw fit to accept for the moment, -and thus a precedent was created of which he was not slow to avail -himself, and from which endless bickering ensued. For the present -a house of burgesses was obtained which was much to the governor’s -liking; accordingly, instead of allowing its term to expire at the -end of a year, he simply adjourned it, and thus kept it alive until -1676,--another lesson learned from Berkeley. - -[Sidenote: Death of Cecilius, 1675.] - -[Sidenote: Rebellion of Davis and Pate, 1676.] - -[Sidenote: Execution of Davis and Pate.] - -It was this comparatively submissive assembly that in 1671 passed -the act which for eleven years had been resisted, granting to the -proprietor a royalty of two shillings on every hogshead of tobacco -exported. In return for this grant, however, the lower house obtained -some concessions. With the death of Cecilius, in 1675, the situation -was certainly changed for the worse. Now for the first time the -people of Maryland had their lord proprietor dwelling among them and -not in England; but Charles was narrower and less public-spirited -than his father, his measures were more arbitrary, and the feeling -that the country was governed in the interests of a small coterie of -Papists rapidly increased. In 1676 Maryland seemed on the point of -following Virginia into rebellion. Lord Baltimore went to England in -the spring, and by midsummer it had become evident that Bacon had able -sympathizers in Maryland. A set of manuscript archives, recently -recovered from long oblivion,[111] make it probable that but for -Bacon’s sudden death in October and the collapse of the movement in -Virginia, there would have been bloodshed in the sister colony. In -August a seditious paper was circulated, alleging grievances similar -to those of Virginia, and threatening the proprietor’s government. -Two gentlemen named Davis and Pate, with others, gathered an armed -force in Calvert county with the design of intimidating the governor -and council, and extorting from them sundry concessions. When the -governor, Thomas Notley, ordered them to disband, promising that their -demands should be duly considered at the next assembly, they refused -on the ground that the assembly had been tampered with and no longer -represented the people. As Notley afterward wrote to Lord Baltimore, -never was there a people “more replete with malignancy and frenzy than -our people were about August last, and they wanted but a monstrous head -to their monstrous body.” But this incipient Davis and Pate rebellion -derived its strength from the Bacon rebellion, and the collapse of the -one extinguished the other. Davis and Pate were hanged, at which Notley -tells us the people were “terrified,” and so peace was preserved. - -[Sidenote: George Talbot.] - -An episode which occurred before the final catastrophe throws some -light upon the relations of parties at the time. An Irish kinsman of -Lord Baltimore’s, by name George Talbot, obtained in 1680 an extensive -grant of land on the Susquehanna River, where he lived in feudal -style, with a force of Irish retainers at his beck and call, hunting -venison, drinking strong waters, browbeating Indians, and picking -quarrels with William Penn’s newly arrived followers. In 1684 Lord -Baltimore went again to England, leaving his son, Benedict Calvert, in -the governorship; and as Benedict was a mere boy, there was a little -regency of which George Talbot was the head. Now the exemption of -Maryland from king’s taxes did not extend to custom-house duties. These -were collected by crown officers and paid into the royal treasury; -and the collectors were apt to behave themselves, as in all ages -and countries, like enemies of the human race. Between them and the -proprietary government there was deep-seated antipathy. They accused -Lord Baltimore of hindering them in their work, and this complaint -led the king to pounce upon him with a claim for £2,500 alleged to -have been lost to the revenue through his interferences. One of these -collectors, Christopher Rousby, was especially overbearing, and some -called him a rascal. Late in 1684 a small ship of the royal navy -was lying at St. Mary’s, and one day, while Rousby was in the cabin -drinking toddies with the captain, Talbot came on board, and a quarrel -ensued, in the course of which Talbot drew a dagger and plunged it into -Rousby’s heart. The captain refused to allow Talbot to go ashore to -be tried by a council of his relatives; he carried him to Virginia and -handed him over to the governor, Lord Howard of Effingham. Talbot was -imprisoned not far from the site where once had stood the red man’s -village, Werowocomoco, where he was in imminent danger of the gallows, -or perhaps of having to pay his whole fortune as a bribe to the greedy -Howard. But Talbot’s brave wife, with two trusty followers, sailed down -the whole length of Chesapeake Bay and up York River in a boat. On a -dark winter’s night they succeeded in freeing Talbot from his jail, -and returning as they came, carried him off exulting to Susquehanna -Manor. For the sake of appearances his friends in the Maryland council -thought it necessary to proclaim the hue and cry after him, and there -is a local tradition that he was for a while obliged to hide in a cave, -where a couple of his trained hawks kept him alive by fetching him -game--canvas-back ducks, perhaps, and terrapin--from the river! It is -not likely, however, that the search for him was zealous or thorough. -For some time he staid unmolested in his manor house, but presently -deemed it prudent to go and surrender himself. The council refused to -bring him to trial in any court held in the king’s name, until a royal -order came from England to send him over there for trial, but before -this was done Lord Baltimore interceded with James II. and secured a -pardon. - -[Sidenote: A “Complaint from Heaven.”] - -The general effect of this Talbot affair was to weaken the palatinate -government by making it appear lukewarm in its allegiance and remiss -in its duties to the crown. The custom-house became a subject of -hot discussion, and the charges of defrauding the royal revenue were -reiterated with effect. Some time before this, a remarkable pamphlet -had appeared with the title, “Complaint from Heaven with a Huy and Crye -and a petition out of Virginia and Maryland.” It was evidently written -by some Puritan friend of Fendall’s. After a bitter denunciation of the -palatinate administration some measures of relief were suggested, one -of which was that the king should assume the government of Maryland and -appoint the governors. The time was now at hand when this suggestion -was to bear fruit. - -[Sidenote: The anti-Catholic panic.] - -The forced abdication of James II. in 1688, with his flight to France, -was the occasion of an anti-Catholic panic throughout the greater part -of English America. It was as certain as anything future could be that -the antagonism between Louis XIV. and William of Orange would at once -break out in a great war, in which French armies from Canada would -invade the English colonies. There was a widespread fear that Papists -in these colonies would turn traitors and assist the enemy. It was in -this scare that Leisler’s rebellion in New York originated, although -there too a conflict between democracy and oligarchy was concerned, -somewhat as in Maryland. Everywhere the ordinary dread of Papists -became more acute. It was soon after this time that the clause of an -act depriving Roman Catholics of the franchise found its way into the -Rhode Island statutes, the only instance in which that commonwealth -ever allowed itself to depart from the noble principles of Roger -Williams.[112] - -[Sidenote: Causes of the panic.] - -While there were absurdities in this anti-Catholic panic, it contained -an element that was not unreasonable. Throughout the century the -Papist counter-reformation had made alarming progress. In France, the -strongest nation in the world, it had just scored a final victory in -the expulsion of the Huguenots. In Germany the Thirty Years’ War had -left Protestantism weaker than it had been at the death of Martin -Luther. England had barely escaped from having a Papist dynasty -settled upon her; nor was it yet sure that she had escaped. A caprice -of fortune might drive King William out as suddenly as he had come. -Ireland still held out for the Stuarts, and there in May, 1689, -James II. landed with French troops, in the hope of winning back his -crown. The officer who held Ireland for James was Richard Talbot, -Duke of Tyrconnel, a distant relative and intimate friend of Lord -Baltimore. Under these circumstances a panic was natural. There were -absurd rumours of a plot between Catholics and Indians to massacre -Protestants. More reasonable was the jealous eagerness with which men -watched the council to see what it would do about proclaiming William -and Mary. Lord Baltimore was prompt in sending from London directions -to the council to proclaim them; whatever his political leanings might -have been, he could in prudence hardly do less. But the messenger died -on the voyage, and a second messenger was too late. - -[Sidenote: Coode’s _coup d’état_, 1689.] - -[Sidenote: Overthrow of the palatinate, 1691.] - -Meanwhile, in April, 1689, there was formed “An Association in arms for -the defense of the Protestant Religion, and for asserting the right of -King William and Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and all the -English Dominions.” The president of this association was John Coode, -who had married a daughter of that Thomas Gerrard who took a part in -Fendall’s rebellion. Another leader, who had married another daughter -of Gerrard, was Nehemiah Blackiston, collector of customs, who had -been foremost in accusing the Calverts of obstructing his work. Others -were Kenelm Cheseldyn, speaker of the house, and Henry Jowles, colonel -of the militia. As the weeks passed by, and news of the proclaiming -of William and Mary by one colony after another arrived, and still -the council took no action in the matter, people grew impatient and -the association kept winning recruits. At last, toward the end of -July, Coode appeared before St. Mary’s at the head of 700 armed men. -No resistance was offered. The council fled to a fort on the Patuxent -River, where they were besieged and in a few days surrendered. Coode -detained all outward-bound ships until he had prepared an account of -these proceedings to send to King William in the name of the Protestant -inhabitants of Maryland. Like the insurrection in Boston, three months -earlier, which overthrew Sir Edmund Andros, this bold stroke wore the -aspect of a rising against the deposed king in favour of the king -actually reigning. William was asked to undertake the government of -Maryland, and the whole affair met with his approval. He issued a -_scire facias_ against the Baltimore charter, and before a decision had -been reached in the court of chancery he sent out Sir Lionel Copley in -1691, to be royal governor of Maryland. In such wise was the palatinate -overturned. - -[Sidenote: Oppressive enactments.] - -[Sidenote: Removal of the capital to Annapolis, 1694.] - -If any party in Maryland expected the millennium to follow this -revolution, they were disappointed. Taxes were straightway levied -for the support of the Church of England, the further immigration -of Catholics was prohibited under heavy penalties, and the public -celebration of the mass was strictly forbidden within the limits of the -colony. When Governor Nicholson arrived upon the scene, in 1694, he -summoned his first assembly to meet at the Anne Arundel town formerly -known as Providence; and in the course of that session it was decided -to move the seat of government thither from St. Mary’s. The purpose -was to deal a blow at the old capital, the social and political centre -of Catholicism in Maryland. Bitter indignation was felt at St. Mary’s, -and a petition signed by the mayor and other municipal officers, -with a number of the freemen, was sent to the assembly, praying that -the change might be reconsidered. The House of Burgesses returned an -answer, brutal and vulgar in tone, which shows the wellnigh incredible -virulence of political passion in those days.[113] The blow was final, -so far as St. Mary’s was concerned. Her civic life had evidently -depended upon the presence of the government. At one time, with its -fifty or sixty houses, the little city founded by Leonard Calvert was -much larger than Jamestown; but after the removal it dwindled till -little was left save a memory. The name of the new capital on the -Severn was doubtless felt to be cumbrous, for it was presently changed -to Annapolis,[114] the first of a set of queer hybrid compounds with -which the map of the United States is besprinkled. Nicholson wished to -crown the work of founding a new capital by establishing a school or -college there, and accordingly in 1696 King William School was founded. -For many years the income for supporting this and other free schools -was derived from an export duty on furs.[115] - -[Sidenote: Unpopularity of the establishment of the Episcopal church.] - -[Sidenote: Episcopal parsons.] - -The change of the capital was perhaps bewailed only by the Catholics -and others who were most strongly attached to the proprietary -government. But the change in ecclesiastical policy disgusted -everybody. Taxation for the support of the Episcopal church, of which -only a small part of the population were members, was as unpopular with -Puritans as with Papists. The Puritans, who had worked so zealously -to undermine the proprietary government, had not bargained for such a -result as this. The manner in which the church revenue was raised was -also extremely irritating. The rate was forty pounds of tobacco per -poll, so that rich and poor paid alike. A more inequitable and odious -measure could hardly have been devised. The statute, however, with the -dullness that usually characterizes the work of legislative bodies, -forgot to specify the quality of tobacco in which the rates should be -paid. Naturally, therefore, they were paid in the vilest unmarketable -stuff that could be found, and the Episcopal clergymen found it hard -to keep the wolf from the door. There was thus no inducement for -competent ministers to come to Maryland, and those that were sent from -England were of the poorest sort which the English Church in that -period of its degradation could provide. Dr. Thomas Chandler, of New -Jersey, who visited the eastern shore of Maryland in 1753, wrote to -the Bishop of London as follows: “The general character of the clergy -... is wretchedly bad.... It would really, my lord, make the ears of -a sober heathen tingle to hear the stories that were told me by many -serious persons of several clergymen in the neighbourhood of the parish -where I visited; but I still hope that some abatement may be fairly -made on account of the prejudices of those who related them.”[116] The -Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited Maryland about the same time, -tells us that it was a common trick with a parson, when performing -the marriage service for a poor couple, to halt midway and refuse to -go on till a good round fee had been handed over to him.[117] On such -occasions it may be presumed that the tobacco was of unimpeachable -quality. - -[Sidenote: Exemption of Protestant Dissenters from civil disabilities.] - -The last decade of the seventeenth century was a period of ceaseless -wrangling over church matters. Almost every year saw some new act -passed from which its opponents succeeded in causing the assent of -the crown to be withheld. The government of William III. was not -ill-disposed toward a policy of toleration, except toward Papists. -Accordingly, although the act of 1692 remained substantially in force -until the American Revolution, it was so qualified in 1702 as to exempt -Quakers and other Protestant Dissenters from civil disabilities, and to -allow them the free exercise of public worship in their own churches or -meeting-houses. They were not exempted, however, from the poll tax for -the maintenance of the Episcopal church. - -[Sidenote: Seymour’s reprimand to the Catholic priests.] - -For the Catholics there was neither exemption nor privilege; they were -shamefully insulted and vexed. In the autumn of 1704 two priests were -summoned before the council: the one, William Hunter, was accused -of consecrating a chapel, which he answered with a plea that was -in part denial and in part “confession and avoidance;” the other, -Robert Brooke, acknowledged the truth of the charge that he had said -mass at the chapel of St. Mary’s. The request of these gentlemen -for legal counsel was refused. As the complaint against them was a -first complaint, they were let off with a reprimand, which the newly -installed governor, John Seymour, thus politely administered: “It is -the unhappy temper of you and all your tribe to grow insolent upon -civility and never know how to use it, and yet of all people you have -the least reason for considering that, if the necessary laws that are -made were let loose, they are sufficient to crush you, and which (if -your arrogant principles have not blinded you) you must need to dread. -You might, methinks, be content to live quietly as you may, and let -the exercise of your superstitious vanities be confined to yourselves, -without proclaiming them at public times and in public places, unless -you expect by your gaudy shows and serpentine policy to amuse the -multitude and beguile the unthinking, ... an act of deceit well known -to be amongst you. But, gentlemen, be not deceived.... In plain and -few words, if you intend to live here, let me hear no more of these -things; for if I do, and they are made good against you, be assured -I’ll chastise you.... I’ll remove the evil by sending you where you may -be dealt with as you deserve.... Pray take notice that I am an English -Protestant gentleman, and can never equivocate.” After this fulmination -the governor ordered the sheriff of St. Mary’s county to lock up -the Catholic chapel and “keep the key thereof;” and for all these -proceedings the House of Burgesses declared themselves “cheerfully -thankful” to his excellency, whom they found “so generously bent to -protect her majesty’s Protestant subjects here against insolence and -growth of Popery.”[118] - -[Sidenote: Cruel laws against Catholics.] - -From 1704 to 1718 several ferocious acts were passed against Catholics. -A reward of £100 was offered to any informer who should “apprehend -and take” a priest and convict him of saying mass, or performing any -of a priest’s duties; and the penalty for the priest so convicted -was perpetual imprisonment. Any Catholic found guilty of keeping a -school, or taking youth to educate, was to spend the rest of his life -in prison. Any person sending his child abroad to be educated as a -Catholic was to be fined £100. No Catholic could become a purchaser of -real estate. Certain impossible test oaths were to be administered to -every Papist youth within six months after his attaining majority, and -if he should refuse to take them he was to be declared incapable of -inheriting land, and his nearest kin of Protestant faith could supplant -him. The children of a Protestant father might be forcibly taken away -from their widowed mother and placed in charge of Protestant guardians. -When extra taxes were levied for emergencies, Catholics were assessed -at double rates.[119] - -[Sidenote: Crown requisitions.] - -These atrocities of the statute book were a symptom of the -inflammatory effect wrought upon the English mind by the gigantic war -against Louis XIV., and immediately afterward by the wild attempt of -the so-called James III. to seize the crown of Great Britain. From the -accession of William and Mary to the end of the reign of Anne, war -against France was perpetual except for the breathing spell after the -Peace of Ryswick. This state of things brought a fresh burden upon -Maryland. War between France and Great Britain meant war between the -Algonquin tribes and the English colonies aided by the Five Nations. -The new situation was heralded in the Congress which met at New York -in 1690, at Leisler’s invitation, when Maryland was called upon to -contribute men and money toward the invasion of Canada. With the advent -of the royal government came royal requisitions for military purposes; -and although this new burden was due to the new continental situation -rather than to the change in the provincial government, it was one -thing the more to make Marylanders look back with regret to the days of -the proprietary rule. - -[Sidenote: Benedict Calvert becomes a Protestant.] - -[Sidenote: Revival of the palatinate, 1715.] - -For four-and-twenty years after 1691 the third Lord Baltimore lived -in England in the full enjoyment of his private rights and revenues, -though deprived of his government. His son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, -was a prince who took secular views of public policy, like the great -Henry of Navarre. He preferred his palatinate to his church, and -abjured the Catholic faith, much to the wrath and disgust of his aged -father, who at once withdrew his annual allowance of £450. Benedict -was obliged to apply to the crown for a pension, which was granted -by Anne and continued by George I. until on February 20, 1715, the -situation was completely changed by the father’s death. On the petition -of Benedict, fourth Lord Baltimore, the proprietary government of -Maryland was revived in his behalf. But Benedict survived his father -only six weeks, and on April 5 his son Charles Calvert became fifth -Lord Baltimore. As Charles was a lad of sixteen, whose Romanist faith -had been forsworn with his father’s, he was forthwith proclaimed Lord -Proprietor of Maryland, and royal governors no more vexed that colony. - -[Sidenote: Change in the political situation.] - -Despite all troubles it had thriven under their administration. The -population had doubled within less than twenty years, and on Charles’s -accession it was reckoned at 40,700 whites and 9,500 negroes.[120] -Oppressive statutes had not prevented the Catholics from increasing -in numbers and the influence which ability and character always wield. -They were preëminently the picked men of the colony. Entire suppression -of their forms of worship had been recognized as impracticable. An act -of 1704 had allowed priests to perform religious services in Roman -Catholic families, though not in public. From this permission advantage -was taken to build chapels as part of private mansions, so that the -family with their guests might worship God after their manner, relying -upon the principle that an Englishman’s house is his castle. By some of -these people it was hoped that the restoration of the palatinate would -revive their political rights and privileges. But this renewal of the -palatinate was far from restoring the old state of things. The position -of the fifth Lord Baltimore was very different from that of the second -and third. They were Catholic princes, and were steadily supported by -two Catholic kings of England. The new proprietor was a Protestant, -dependent upon the favour of a Protestant king. The features of the old -palatinate government, therefore, which lend the chief interest to its -history, were never restored. Catholic citizens remained disfranchised, -and continued to be taxed for the support of a church which they -disapproved. - -[Sidenote: Charles Carroll.] - -An interesting project was entertained about this time, by Charles -Carroll and other Catholic gentlemen, of leading a migration to the -Mississippi valley, thus transferring their allegiance from Great -Britain to France. Mr. Carroll, a descendant of the famous Irish -sept of O’Carrolls, and one of the foremost citizens of Maryland, had -long been agent and receiver of rents for the third Lord Baltimore. -The scheme which he was now contemplating might have led to curious -results, but it was soon abandoned. A grant of territory by the -Arkansas River was sought from the French government,[121] but it -proved impossible to agree upon terms, and that region remained a -wilderness until several questions of world-wide importance had been -settled. - -[Sidenote: Seeds of revolution.] - -Though the accession of the fifth Lord Baltimore did not reinstate -the Catholics in their civil rights, it nevertheless did much to -mitigate the operation of the oppressive statutes against them. An -early symptom of Charles’s temper was shown by his reappointment of -Carroll as his agent. He went on to do such justice to Catholics as -was in his power, and under his mild and equitable rule the fierceness -of political passion was much abated. The proprietary government -retained its popularity until it came to an end with the Declaration -of Independence. But the interval of crown government from 1691 to -1715 had for the first time made the connection with Great Britain -seem oppressive, and had planted the seeds of future sympathy with the -revolutionary party in Massachusetts and Virginia. As the long struggle -with France increased in dimensions, the political questions at issue -in the several colonies became more and more continental in character. -All were more or less assimilated one to another, and thus the way -toward federation was prepared. Thus the discussions in Maryland came -more and more to deal with the rights of the colonial legislature -and British interference with them. At the same time Maryland had a -grievance of her own in the poll tax for maintaining a foreign and -hated church. In 1772 an assault upon that tax was the occasion of one -of the most remarkable legal controversies in American annals; and -the leader in that assault, Charles Carroll’s grandson and namesake, -Charles Carroll of Carrollton, soon afterward signed his name to the -Declaration of Independence. - -[Sidenote: End of the palatinate.] - -In 1751, after a tranquil reign, only two years of which were spent in -Maryland, Charles Calvert died in London, and was succeeded by his son -Frederick, sixth and last Lord Baltimore. After a series of Antonines, -at last came the Commodus. Frederick was a miserable debauchee, -unworthy scion of a noble race. For Maryland he cared nothing except -to spend its revenues in riotous living in London. One adventure of -his, for which he was tried and acquitted on a mere technicality, fills -one of the most loathsome chapters of the Newgate Calendar.[122] But -this villain was represented in Maryland by two excellent governors, -Horatio Sharpe from 1753 to 1768, and then Sir Robert Eden, who had -married Frederick’s younger sister. Eden remained in authority until -June 24, 1776, when he embarked for England with the good wishes of -the people. The wretched Frederick died in 1771, without legitimate -children, and the barony of Baltimore became extinct. By the will -of Charles, the fifth baron, the proprietorship of Maryland was now -vested in Frederick’s elder sister, Louisa, wife of John Browning. But -Frederick had also left a will, in which he devised the province to -an illegitimate son, called Henry Harford. This young man laid claim -to the proprietorship, but before the chancery suit was ended the -Palatinate of Maryland had become one of the thirteen United States. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -SOCIETY IN THE OLD DOMINION. - - -[Sidenote: Tobacco and liberty.] - -A learned son of Old Virginia, who is fond of wrapping up a bookful of -meaning in a single pithy sentence, has declared that “a true history -of tobacco would be the history of English and American liberty.” -This remark occurs near the beginning of Mr. Moncure Conway’s dainty -volume printed for the Grolier Club, entitled “Barons of the Potomack -and the Rappahannock.” When construed liberally, as all such sweeping -statements need to be, it contains a kernel of truth. It was tobacco -that planted an English nation in Virginia, and made a corporation -in London so rich and powerful as to become a formidable seminary -of sedition: it was the desire to monopolize the tobacco trade that -induced Charles I. to recognize the House of Burgesses; discontent with -the Navigation Act and its effect upon the tobacco trade was potent -among the causes of Bacon’s Rebellion; and so on down to the eve of -Independence, when Patrick Henry won his first triumph in the famous -Parson’s Cause, in which the price of tobacco furnished the bone of -contention, the Indian weed has been strangely implicated with the -history of political freedom. - -Furthermore, when we reflect upon the splendid part played by Virginia -in winning American independence and bringing into existence the -political framework of our Federal Republic; when we recollect that -of the five founders of this nation who were foremost in constructive -work--Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jefferson, and Marshall--four were -Virginians,--it becomes interesting to go back and study the social -features of the community in which such leaders of men were produced. -The economic basis of that community was the cultivation of tobacco on -large plantations, and from that single economic circumstance resulted -most of the social features which we have now to pass in review. - -[Sidenote: Rapid growth of tobacco culture.] - -[Sidenote: Attempts to check it.] - -We have seen in a previous chapter how important was the cultivation -of tobacco in setting the infant colony at Jamestown upon its feet in -1614 and the following years. In the rapid development of the colony -during the reign of Charles I. other kinds of agriculture thrived, -there were good crops of wheat, and Indian corn was exported. But -tobacco culture increased rapidly and steadily until in the latter part -of the century it nearly extinguished all other kinds of activity, -except the raising of domestic animals and vegetables needed for food. -Long before this result was reached, the tendency was deplored by the -colonists themselves. To use a modern political phrase, it was “viewed -with alarm.” This is quite intelligible. “We know now that tobacco, -though not strictly a necessary of life, is one of those articles -whose consumption may be looked on as certain and permanent. In the -seventeenth century, men could hardly be blamed if they regarded the -use of tobacco as a precarious fashion.”[123] It was also felt that -in case of war it would be dangerous for Virginia to be forced to -rely upon importing the manufactured necessaries of life. Moreover, -the absorption of the colony’s industry in the production of a single -staple made it especially easy for the home government to depress -that industry by stupid legislation, as in the reign of Charles -II., when the Navigation Act so seriously diminished the purchasing -power of tobacco. For these various reasons many attempts were made -to check the cultivation of the Indian weed. The legislation of -the seventeenth century was full of instances. It was attempted to -establish rival industries and to produce silk, cotton, and iron; laws -were made forbidding any planter to raise more than 2,000 plants in one -year’s crop, and so on. All such attempts proved futile; in spite of -everything that could be done, tobacco drove all competitors from the -field. - -[Sidenote: Need for cheap labour.] - - -[Sidenote: Indented white servants.] - -This tobacco was generally cultivated upon large estates. The policy -of making extensive grants of land as an inducement to settlers was -begun at an early date, and all that was needed to develop the system -was an abundance of cheap labour. English yeomanry, such as came to -New England, was too intelligent and enterprising to furnish the right -sort. English yeomanry, coming to Virginia, came to own estates for -itself, not to work them for others. It soon became necessary to have -recourse to servile labour. We have seen negro slaves first brought -into the colony from Africa in 1619, but their numbers increased very -slowly, and it was only toward the end of the century that they began -to be numerous. In the early period the demand for servile labour was -supplied from other sources. Convicted criminals were sent over in -great numbers from the mother country, as in later times they were -sent to Botany Bay. On their arrival they were indented as servants -for a term of years. Kidnapping was also at that time in England an -extensive and lucrative business. Young boys and girls, usually but not -always of the lowest class of society, were seized by press-gangs on -the streets of London and Bristol and other English seaports, hurried -on board ship, and carried over to Virginia to work on the plantations -or as house servants. These poor wretches were not, indeed, sold into -hopeless slavery, but they passed into a state of servitude which might -be prolonged indefinitely by avaricious or cruel masters. The period -of their indenture was short,--usually not more than four years; but -the ordinary penalty for serious offences, such as were very likely to -be committed, was a lengthening of the time during which they were to -serve. Among such offences the most serious were insubordination or -attempts to escape, while of a more venial character were thievery, -or unchaste conduct,[124] or attempts to make money on their own -account. Their lives were in theory protected by law, but where an -indented servant came to his death from prolonged ill-usage, or from -excessive punishment, or even from sudden violence, it was not easy to -get a verdict against the master. In those days of frequent flogging, -the lash was inflicted upon the indented servant with scarcely less -compunction than upon the purchased slave; and in general the condition -of the former seems to have been nearly as miserable as that of the -latter, save that the servitude of the negro was perpetual, while that -of the white man was pretty sure to come to an end. For him, Pandora’s -box had not quite spilled out the last of its contents. - -[Sidenote: Notion that Virginians are descended from convicts.] - -In England the notion presently grew up that the aristocracy of -Virginia was recruited from the ranks of these kidnapped paupers and -convicts. This impression may have originated in statements, based -upon real but misconstrued facts, such as we find in Defoe’s widely -read stories, “Moll Flanders”[125] and “Colonel Jack.” So, too, in -Mrs. Aphra Behn’s comedy, “The Widow Ranter, or, The History of Bacon -in Virginia,” one of the personages, named Hazard, sails to Virginia, -and on arriving at Jamestown suddenly meets an old acquaintance, named -Friendly, whereupon the following conversation ensues:-- - -_Hazard._ This unexpected happiness o’erjoys me. Who could have -imagined to have found thee in Virginia?... - -_Friendly._ My uncle dying here left me a considerable plantation.... -But prithee what chance (fortunate to me) drove thee to this part of -the New World? - -_Hazard._ Why, ’faith, ill company and that common vice of the town, -gaming.... I had rather starve abroad than live pitied and despised at -home. - -_Friendly._ Would [the new governor] were landed; we hear he is a noble -gentleman. - -_Hazard._ He has all the qualities of a gallant man. Besides, he is -nobly born. - -_Friendly._ This country wants nothing but to be peopled with a -well-born race to make it one of the best colonies in the world; but -for want of a governor we are ruled by a council, some of whom have -been perhaps transported criminals, who having acquired great estates -are now become Your Honour and Right Worshipful, and possess all places -of authority.[126] - -[Sidenote: Malachy Postlethwayt.] - -[Sidenote: Dr. Johnson.] - -It is not only in novels and plays, however, that we encounter such -statements. Malachy Postlethwayt, author of several valuable and -scholarly treatises on commerce, tells us: “Even your transported -felons, sent to Virginia instead of Tyburn, thousands of them, if we -are not misinformed, have, by turning their hands to industry and -improvement, and (which is best of all) to honesty, become rich, -substantial planters and merchants, settled large families, and been -famous in the country; nay, we have seen many of them made magistrates, -officers of militia, captains of good ships, and masters of good -estates.”[127] Either from the study of Postlethwayt, or perhaps simply -from reading “Moll Flanders,” we may suppose that Dr. Johnson got the -notion to which he gave vent in 1769 when quite out of patience because -the ministry seemed ready to make some concessions to the Americans. -“Why, they are a race of convicts,” cried the irate doctor, “and ought -to be thankful for anything we allow them short of hanging!”[128] -Thus we witness the progress of generalization: first it is some -Virginians that are jail-birds, or offspring of jail-birds, then it is -all Virginians, finally it is all Americans. A few years ago, in the -time of our Civil War, one used to find this grotesque notion still -surviving in occasional polite statements of European newspapers, -informing their readers that the citizens of the United States are the -“offspring of the vagabonds and felons of Europe.”[129] - -[Sidenote: The real question.] - -The statement of the worthy Postlethwayt seems based partly on -observation, partly on information, and has unquestionably been the -source of inferences much more sweeping than facts will sustain. In -order to arrive at clear views of the subject, we must distinguish -between two questions:-- - -1. What sort of people, on the whole, were the indented white servants -in Virginia? - -2. How far did they ever succeed, as freedmen, in attaining to high -social position in the colony? - -[Sidenote: Redemptioners.] - -In answering the first question, a mere reference to “felons” and -“convicts” will carry us but little way. A considerable proportion -of the indented white servants were poor but honest persons who sold -themselves into slavery for a brief term to defray the cost of the -voyage from England. The ship-owner received from the planter the -passage-money in the shape of tobacco, and in exchange he handed over -the passenger to be the planter’s servant until the debt was wiped out. -Indented servants of this class were known as “redemptioners,” and -many of them were eminently industrious and of excellent character. -Such redemptioners came in large numbers to Virginia, Maryland, and the -middle colonies, and much more rarely to New England, where the demand -for any kind of servile labour was but small. - -[Sidenote: Punishments for crime.] - -Again, among the transported convicts were many who had been sentenced -to death for what would now be considered trivial offences; the poor -woman who stole a joint of meat to relieve her starving children was -not necessarily a hardened criminal, yet if the price of the joint were -more than a shilling she incurred the death penalty. For counterfeiting -a lottery ticket, or for personating the holder of a stock and -receiving the dividends due upon it, the punishment was the same as -for wilful murder.[130] The favourite remedy prescribed in law was -the gallows, as in medicine the lancet. Yet many judges and officers -of state were conscious of the excessive severity of the system, and -welcomed the device of sending the less hardened offenders out of the -kingdom instead of putting them to death. There is reason for believing -that murderers, burglars, and highwaymen continued to be summarily -sent to Tyburn, while for offences of a lighter sort and in cases with -extenuating circumstances the death penalty was often commuted to -transportation. As a rule it was not the worst sort of offenders who -were sent to the colonies. - -[Sidenote: Number and distribution of convicts.] - -The practice of sending rogues beyond sea began soon after the -founding of Virginia, and continued until it was cut short in America -by the War of Independence; thereafter the Australasian colonies were -made a receptacle for them until the practice came to an end soon -after the middle of the nineteenth century. It has been estimated that -between 1717 and 1775 not less than 10,000 “involuntary emigrants” were -sent from the Old Bailey alone;[131] and possibly the total number sent -to America from the British islands in the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries may have been as high as 50,000.[132] In the lists of such -offenders their particular destinations are apt to be very loosely and -carelessly indicated; the name Virginia, for example, is often used -so vaguely as to include the West Indies.[133] The destinations most -commonly specified are Virginia, Maryland, Barbadoes, and Jamaica, but -it is certain that all English colonies outside of New England received -considerable numbers of convicts. Very few were brought to New England, -because the demand for such labour was less than elsewhere, and -therefore the prisoners would not fetch so high a price.[134] Stringent -laws were made against bringing in such people. In 1700 Massachusetts -enacted that every master of a ship arriving with passengers must -hand to the custom-house officer a written certificate of the “name, -character, and circumstances” of each passenger, under penalty of a -fine of £5 for every name omitted; and the custom-house officer was -obliged to deliver to the town clerk the full list of names with -the accompanying certificates.[135] The existence of this wholesome -statute indicates that undesirable persons had been brought into the -colony; and the reënactment of it in 1722, with the fine raised from -£5 to £100, is clear proof that the nuisance was not yet abated. -Nevertheless, partly because of such vigilant measures of prevention, -but much more because of the economic reason above alleged, the four -New England colonies received but few convicts. - -[Sidenote: Prisoners of war.] - -A very different class of transported persons consisted of those who -were not criminals at all, but merely political offenders, or even -prisoners of war. For example, of the Scotch prisoners taken at Dunbar -in 1650, Cromwell sent about 150 to Boston. The next year orders were -issued for sending 1,610 of the Worcester captives to Virginia, but -very few of them seem to have arrived there.[136] In 1652 a party -of 272 men captured at Worcester were landed in Boston, but so -small was the demand for their labour that they were soon exported -southward,--perhaps to the West Indies in exchange for sugar or rum. -After the restoration of the monarchy so many non-conformists were -sold into servitude in Virginia as to lead to an insurrection in 1663, -followed by legislation designed to keep all convicts out of the -colony.[137] On the whole, the number of political offenders brought to -those colonies that have since become the United States was certainly -much smaller than the number of criminal convicts, while the latter -were in all probability much less numerous than the redemptioners. -During the seventeenth century the demand for wholesale servile white -labour was much greater in Virginia and Maryland than elsewhere, -and there are many indications that they received more convicts and -redemptioners than the other colonies. In the eighteenth century, -however, the middle colonies, especially Pennsylvania, probably -received at least as large a share. - -[Sidenote: Careers of white freedmen.] - -[Sidenote: Representative Virginia families are not descended from -white freedmen.] - -Our survey shows that in the class of indented white servants there was -a wide range of gradation, from thrifty redemptioners[138] and gallant -rebels at the one extreme down to ruffians and pickpockets at the -other. Bearing this in mind, we come to our second question, How far -did white freedmen succeed in attaining to high social position in such -a colony as Virginia? There is no doubt that, as Postlethwayt declares, -some of the best of them did work their way up to the ownership of -plantations. In the seventeenth century they were occasionally elected -to the House of Burgesses. The composition of that assembly for 1654 -affords an interesting example. One of the two members for Warwick -was the worthy Samuel Mathews, soon to be elected governor; and one -of the four members for Charles City was Major Abraham Wood, who, as -a child of ten years, had been brought from England in 1620, and had -been a servant of Mathews. John Trussel, the member for Northumberland, -and William Worlidge, one of the two members for Elizabeth City, -had been servants brought over in 1622, aged respectively nineteen -and eighteen.[139] Whether these lads had been offenders against -the law does not appear, nor do we know whether the child had come -with parents not mentioned, or as the victim of kidnappers. We only -know that all three were servants,[140] and, if the word is to be -understood in the ordinary sense, it was much to their credit that -they rose to be burgesses. Cases of ordinary indented servants thus -rising were certainly exceptional in the seventeenth century, and -still more so in the eighteenth. Nothing can be more certain than -that the representative families of Virginia were not descended from -convicts, or from indented servants of any sort. Although family -records were until of late less carefully preserved than in New -England, yet the registered facts abundantly prove that the leading -families had precisely the same sort of origin as the leading families -in New England. For the most part they were either country squires, or -prosperous yeomen, or craftsmen from the numerous urban guilds; and -alike in Virginia and in New England there was a similar proportion of -persons connected with English families ennobled or otherwise eminent -for public service. - -[Sidenote: Some white freedmen became small proprietors.] - -As for the white freedmen, those of the better sort often acquired -small estates, while some became overseers of white servants and -black slaves. The kind of life which they led is described in -Defoe’s “Colonel Jack” with that great writer’s customary minuteness -of information. The class of small proprietors always remained in -Virginia, and included many other persons beside freedmen. With the -increasing tendency toward the predominance of great estates in -tidewater Virginia, there was a tendency for the smaller proprietors -to move westward into the Piedmont region or southward into North -Carolina, as will appear in the next chapter. - -[Sidenote: Some became “mean whites.”] - -While it was true that “the convicts ... sometimes prove very worthy -creatures and entirely forsake their former follies,”[141] it was -also true that many of them “have been and are the poorest, idlest, -and worst of mankind, the refuse of Great Britain and Ireland, and -the outcast of the people.”[142] These degraded freedmen were apt to -be irreclaimable vagabonds. According to Bishop Meade, they gave the -vestrymen a great deal of trouble. “The number of illegitimate children -born of them and thrown upon the parish led to much action on the part -of the vestries and the legislature. The lower order of persons in -Virginia in a great measure sprang from those apprenticed servants and -from poor exiled culprits. It is not wonderful that there should have -been much debasement of character among the poorest population, and -that the negroes of the first families should always have considered -themselves a more respectable class. To this day [1857] there are many -who look upon poor white folks (for so they call them) as much beneath -themselves; and, in truth, they are so in many respects.”[143] Indeed, -the fact that manual labour was a badge of servitude, while the white -freedmen of degraded type were by nature and experience unfitted to -perform any work of a higher sort, was of itself enough to keep them -from doing any work at all, unless driven by impending starvation. -As manual labour came to be more and more entirely relegated to men -of black and brown skins, this wretched position of the mean whites -grew worse and worse. The negro slave might take a certain sort of -pride in belonging to the grand establishment of a powerful or wealthy -master, and from this point of view society might be said to have a -place for him, even though he possessed no legal rights. There was no -such haven of security for the mean whites. If the negro was like a -Sudra, they were simply Pariahs. Crimes against person and property -were usually committed by persons of this class. They were loungers in -taverns and at horse-races, earning a precarious livelihood, or violent -death by gambling and thieving; or else they withdrew from the haunts -of civilization to lead half-savage lives in the backwoods. In these -people we may recognize a strain of the English race which has not yet -on American soil become extinct or absorbed. There can be little doubt -that the white freedmen of degraded type were the progenitors of a -considerable portion of what is often called the “white trash” of the -South. Originating in Virginia and Maryland, the greater part of it -seems to have been gradually sifted out by migration to wilder regions -westward and southward, much to the relief of those colonies. As to the -probable manner of its distribution, something will be said in the next -chapter. - -[Sidenote: Development of negro slavery; treaty of Utrecht.] - -[Sidenote: Anti-slavery sentiment in Virginia.] - -Long before the end of the seventeenth century, Virginia and Maryland -had begun to protest against the policy of sending criminals from -England,[144] and as negro slaves became more numerous white servitude -was greatly diminished. The rapid increase of negroes began toward -the end of the century, and an immense impetus was given it by -the _asiento_ clause of the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. By way of -indemnifying herself for the cost of the War of the Spanish Succession, -victorious England bade Spain and France keep their hands off from -Africa, while she monopolized for herself the slave-trade. We are -reminded by Mr. Lecky that this was the one clause in the treaty that -seemed to give the most general satisfaction; and while an eminent -prelate affixed his name to the treaty and a magnificent _Te Deum_ by -Handel was sung in the churches, it occurred to nobody to denounce as -unchristian a national scheme for kidnapping thousands of black men -and selling them into slavery.[145] Before 1713 the part which English -ships had taken in the slave-trade was comparatively small; and it -is curious now to look back and think how Marlborough and Eugene at -Blenheim were unconsciously cutting out work for Grant and Sherman -at Vicksburg. In 1700 there were probably 60,000 Englishmen and 6,000 -negroes in Virginia; by 1750 there were probably 250,000 whites and -250,000 blacks, while during that same half century the peopling of the -Carolinas was rapidly going on.[146] This portentous increase of the -slave population presently began to awaken serious alarm in Virginia. -Attempts were made to restrict the importation of negroes, and at the -time of the Revolutionary War the humanitarian spirit of the eighteenth -century showed itself in the rise of a party in favour of emancipation. -In 1784 Thomas Jefferson announced the principle upon which Abraham -Lincoln was elected to the presidency in 1860, the prohibition of -slavery in the national domain; Jefferson attempted to embody this -principle in an ordinance for establishing territorial government -west of the Alleghanies. In 1787 George Mason denounced the “infernal -traffic” in flesh and blood with phrases quite like those which his -grandchildren were to resent when they fell from the lips of Wendell -Phillips. The life of the anti-slavery party in Virginia was short. -After the abolition of the African slave-trade in 1808 had increased -the demand for Virginia-bred slaves in the states farther south, the -very idea of emancipation faded out of memory. - -[Sidenote: Theory that negroes were non-human.] - -I have already remarked upon the approval with which negro slavery -was by many people regarded in the days of Queen Elizabeth. To -bring black heathen within the pale of Christian civilization was -deemed a meritorious business.[147] But there were people who took -a lower and coarser view of the matter. They denied that the negro -was strictly human; it was therefore useless to try to make him a -Christian, but it was right to make him a beast of burden, like asses -and oxen.[148] This point of view was illustrated in the remark made -by a lady of Barbadoes, noted for her exemplary piety, to Godwyn, -the able author of “The Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate;” she told him -that “he might as well baptize puppies as negroes.”[149] This line of -thought was pursued to all sorts of grotesque conclusions. Some held -that mulattoes were made half human by the infusion of white blood, -and might accordingly be baptized. Others deemed it poor economy to -baptize the slave, since it would be incumbent on the master to feed -Christians better than heathen, and so flog them less. And there were -yet others who had heard the doctrine that Christians ought not to be -held in bondage, and feared lest baptism should be judged equivalent to -emancipation.[150] This notion was at first so prevalent in Virginia -that in 1667 it was enacted: “Whereas some doubts have risen whether -children that are slaves by birth, and by the charity and piety of -their owners made partakers of the blessed sacrament of baptisme, -should by vertue of their baptisme be made ffree; It is enacted and -declared by this grand assembly and the authority thereof, that the -conferringe of baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as -to his bondage or ffreedom; that diverse masters, ffreed from this -doubt, may more carefully endeavour the propagation of christianity -by permitting children, though, slaves, or those of greater growth if -capable, to be admitted to that sacrament.”[151] - -[Sidenote: Negroes as real estate.] - -During the seventeenth century the slave was regarded as personal -property, but a curious statute of 1705 declared him to be for most -purposes a kind of real estate. He could be sold, however, without the -registry of a deed; he could be recovered by an action of trover; and -he was not reckoned a part of the property qualification which entitled -his master to the political privileges of a freeholder.[152] - -[Sidenote: Taxes on slaves.] - -In the system of taxation white servants and negro slaves played an -important part. The primary tax upon all landholders was the quit-rent -of a shilling for every fifty acres, payable at Michaelmas. This -quit-rent was at first collected in the name of the Company, but after -1624 in the King’s name; and the proceeds were devoted to various -public uses. It was always an unpopular tax, inasmuch as there was -no feasible way (as now-a-days with our blessed tariffs) of making -dullards believe that “the foreigner paid it,” and there were frequent -complaints of delinquency. Another tax was the duty of two shillings -upon every hogshead of tobacco exported. A third was the tax upon -slaves and servants. At the close of the seventeenth century adult -negroes were valued at from £25 to £40, and children at £10 or £12; -there seems to have been little if any difference between the prices -of men and women.[153] The taxation of slave property was equitable, -inasmuch as it bore most heavily upon those best able to pay. - -[Sidenote: Treatment of slaves.] - -It is generally admitted that the treatment of slaves by their masters -was mild and humane. There were instances of cruelty, of course. -Cruelty forever lurks as a hideous possibility in the mildest system of -slavery; it is part of its innermost essence. In every community there -are brutes unfit to have the custody of their fellow-creatures. Such a -ruffian was the Rev. Samuel Gray, who had his runaway black boy tied -to a tree and flogged to death. Separation of families also occurred, -though much less frequently than in later times. But cases of cruelty -were on the whole rare. The cultivation of tobacco was not such a drain -upon human life as the cultivation of sugar in the West Indies, or the -raising of indigo and rice in South Carolina. It created a kind of -patriarchal society in which the master felt a genuine interest in the -welfare of his slaves. “The solicitude exhibited by John Page of York -was not uncommon: in his will he instructed his heirs to provide for -the old age of all the negroes who descended to them from him, with as -much care in point of food, clothing, and other necessaries as if they -were still capable of the most profitable labour.”[154] The historian, -Robert Beverley, writing in 1705, tells us that “the male servants and -the slaves of both sexes are employed together in tilling and manuring -the ground, in sowing and planting corn, tobacco, etc. Some distinction -indeed is made between them in their clothes and food; but the work of -both is no other than what the overseers, the freemen, and the planters -themselves do.... And I can assure you with a great deal of truth that -generally their slaves are not worked near so hard, nor so many hours -in a day, as the husbandmen and day-labourers in England.” As for -cruelty, he exclaims, with honest fervour, “no people more abhor the -thoughts of such usage than the Virginians, nor take more precaution to -prevent it.”[155] - -[Sidenote: Fears of insurrection.] - -[Sidenote: Cruel laws.] - -Nevertheless, a state of enforced servitude is something which -human nature does not willingly endure. A slave-holding community -must provide for catching runaways and suppressing or preventing -insurrections. It is one of the remarkable facts in American history -that there have been so few insurrections of negroes. There have been, -however, occasional instances and symptoms which have kept slave-owners -in dread and given rise to harsh legislation. In 1687 a conspiracy -among the blacks on the Northern Neck was detected just in time to -prevent the explosion.[156] In 1710 a similar plot in Surry County -was betrayed by one of the conspirators, whom the assembly proceeded -to reward by giving him his freedom with permission to remain in the -colony.[157] The fears engendered by such discoveries are revealed -in the statute book. Slaves were not allowed to be absent from their -plantations without a ticket-of-leave signed by their master. The negro -who could not show such a passport must receive twenty lashes, and was -liable to be treated as a fugitive or “outlying” slave. Such runaways -were formally outlawed; a proclamation issued by two justices of the -peace was read on the next Sunday by the parish clerk from the door -of every church in the county, after which anybody might seize the -fugitive and bring him home, or kill him if he made any resistance. In -the latter event the master was indemnified from the public funds. At -the discretion of the county court, such mutilation might be inflicted -upon the outlying negro as to protect white women against the horrible -crime which then as now he was prone to commit.[158] In 1701 we find -an act of the assembly directed against “one negro man named Billy,” -who “has severall years unlawfully absented himselfe from his masters -services, lying out and lurking in obscure places, ... devouring and -destroying stocks and crops, robing the houses of and committing and -threatening other injuryes to severall of his majestye’s good and leige -people.” It was enacted that whosoever should bring in the said Billy -alive or dead should receive a thousand pounds of tobacco in reward, -and if dead, his master’s loss should be repaired with four thousand -pounds. Anybody who should aid or harbour Billy was to be adjudged -guilty of felony.[159] No penalty was attached to the murder of a slave -by his master; but if he were killed by any one else, the master could -recover his value, just as in case of damage done to a dog or a horse. -Slaves were not allowed to have fire-arms or other weapons in their -possession; “and whereas many negroes, under pretence of practising -physic, have prepared and exhibited poisonous medicines, by which -many persons have been murdered, and others have languished under -long and tedious indispositions, and it will be difficult to detect -such pernicious and dangerous practices if they should be permitted -to exhibit any sort of medicine,” it was enacted that any slave who -should prepare or administer any medicine whatsoever, save with the -full knowledge and consent of the master or mistress, should suffer -death.[160] The testimony of a slave could not be received in court -except when one of his own race was on trial for life; then, if he -should be found to testify falsely, he was to stand for an hour with -one ear nailed to the pillory, and then be released by slicing off the -ear; the same process was then repeated with the other ear, after which -the ceremony was finished at the whipping-post with nine-and-thirty -lashes on the bare back, “well laid on.”[161] Stealing a slave from -a plantation was a capital offence.[162] No master was allowed to -emancipate one of his slaves, except for meritorious services, in -which case he must obtain a license from the governor and council. -If a slave were set free without such a license, the church-wardens -could forthwith arrest him and sell him at auction, appropriating the -proceeds for the parish funds, and thereby lightening the taxes.[163] -When a license was granted, the master received the usual indemnity, -and by an act of 1699 the freedman was required to quit the colony -within six months;[164] for obviously the presence of a large number -of free blacks in the same community with their enslaved brethren -was a source of danger. They were apt, moreover, to become receivers -of stolen goods, and their shiftless habits made them paupers.[165] -Nevertheless there were some free negroes in the colony, and at one -time they even appear to have had the privilege of voting, for an act -of 1723 deprived them of it; but no free negroes, whether men or women, -were exempt from taxation.[166] - -[Sidenote: Taking slaves to England.] - -[Sidenote: Lord Mansfield’s decision.] - -Since gentlemen from the North American colonies and from the West -Indies not unfrequently visited England, and sometimes remained -there for months or years, it was quite natural that they should -take with them household slaves to whose personal attendance they -were accustomed. In course of time the question thus arose whether -the arrival of a slave upon the free soil of England worked his -emancipation. According to Virginia law it did not.[167] The opinion -expressed in 1729 by Lord Talbot, the attorney-general, and supported -by Lord Hardwicke, agreed with the Virginia theory. These eminent -lawyers held that mere arrival in England was not enough to free a -slave without some specific act of emancipation, but Chief Justice -Holt expressed a contrary opinion. Meanwhile masters kept carrying -negroes to London until in 1764 the “Gentleman’s Magazine” asserted -(surely with wild exaggeration) that no less than 20,000 were domiciled -there. Escape was so easy for them that their owners felt obliged to -put collars on them, duly inscribed with name and address. In 1685 -the “London Gazette” advertised Colonel Kirke’s runaway black boy, -upon whose silver collar the colonel’s arms and cipher were engraved; -in 1728 the “Daily Journal” informs us that a stray negro has on -his collar the inscription, “My Lady Bromfield’s black in Lincoln’s -Inn Fields;” and in the “London Advertiser,” 1756, a goldsmith in -Westminster announces that he makes “silver padlocks for Blacks’ or -Dogs’ collars.” Colonel Kirke and Lady Bromfield were not American -visitors, but residents in London, and there is evidence, not abundant -but sufficient, that negroes were now and then bought and sold there -for household service. When the forger John Rice was hanged at Tyburn -in 1763, his effects were sold at auction, and a black boy brought -£32. A similar sale at Richmond in 1771 was mentioned in terms of -severe condemnation by the “Stamford Mercury.”[168] However the English -people may have sanctioned the establishment of slavery beyond sea, -they were not disposed to tolerate it at home; and in the sixty years -withal since the treaty of Utrecht, the public conscience had grown -tender on the subject. The days of Clarkson and Wilberforce were at -hand. A cry was raised by the press, a test case was brought before -the King’s Bench, and in 1772 Lord Mansfield pronounced the immortal -decision that “as soon as a slave sets foot on the soil of the British -islands he becomes free.” - -[Sidenote: Jefferson on slavery.] - -It is not long after this that we find Thomas Jefferson--himself the -kindest of masters, and familiar with slavery in its mild Virginia -form--thus writing about it: “The whole commerce between master and -slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most -unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the -other. Our children see this, and learn to imitate it.... The man must -be a prodigy who can retain his manners and morals undepraved by such -circumstances.... With the morals of the people their industry also is -destroyed. For in a warm climate no man will labour for himself who can -make another labour for him. This is so true that of the proprietors -of slaves a very small proportion, indeed, are ever seen to labour. -And can the liberties of the nation be thought secure when we have -removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people -that these liberties are of the gift of God? that they are not to be -violated but with his wrath? Indeed, I tremble for my country when I -reflect that God is just.”[169] - -[Sidenote: Sexual immoralities.] - -In no respect was the system of slavery more reprehensible than in -the illicit sexual relations that grew out of it. The extent of the -evil may be realized when we simply reflect that the numerous race -of mulattoes and quadroons did not originate from wedlock. In 1691 -it was enacted that any white man or woman, whether bond or free, -intermarrying with a negro, mulatto, or Indian, should be banished -for life. In 1705 the penalty was changed to fine and imprisonment, -and for any minister who should dare to perform the ceremony there -was prescribed a fine nearly equal to his whole year’s salary.[170] -Yet the “abominable mixture and spurious issue,” against which these -statutes were aimed, went on, unsanctioned by law and unblessed by -the church. Usually mulattoes were the children of negresses by white -fathers, but it was not always so. Some of the wretched women from -English jails seem to have had fancies as unaccountable as those of the -frail sultanas of the Arabian Nights. In such cases the white mother, -if free, was fined £15, or in default thereof was sold into servitude -for five years; if she were a bondwoman, the church-wardens waited for -her term of service to expire, and then sold her for five years; her -child was bound to service until thirty years of age.[171] The case of -the bastards of negresses was very simply disposed of by enacting that -the legal status of children was the same as that of their mother.[172] -This made them all slaves, from the prognathous and platyrrhine -creature with woolly hair to the handsome and stately octoroon, and -secured their labour to the master. At first the illicit relations -between masters and their female slaves were frowned at, and in some -instances visited with church discipline or punished by fines.[173] But -public opinion seems to have lost its sensitiveness in the presence -of a custom which lasted until slavery was abolished.[174] With the -signal advance in refinement which the nineteenth century ushered in, -there is reason to believe that in many a southern home there were -earnest hearts that deplored the dreadful evil, and welcomed at last -the downfall of the system that sustained it. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Classes in Virginia society.] - -Some writers divide Old Virginia society into four classes,--the great -planters, the small planters, the white servants and freedmen, and the -negro slaves. The division is sound, provided we remember that between -the two upper classes no hard and fast line can be drawn. Already -in England the classes of rural gentry and yeomen shaded into one -another; in Virginia both alike became land-holders and slave-owners, -they mingled together in society, and their families intermarried. -A typical instance is that of the parents of Thomas Jefferson. His -paternal ancestors were yeomanry who in Virginia developed into country -squires. The first Jefferson in Virginia was a member of the first -House of Burgesses in 1619; Thomas’s father, who was also a burgess and -county lieutenant, owned about thirty slaves. Thomas’s mother, Jane -Randolph, whose grandfather migrated to Virginia in 1674, belonged to a -family that had been eminent in England since the thirteenth century, -including among its members a baron of the exchequer, a number of -knights, a foreign ambassador, a head of one of the colleges at Oxford, -etc. - -[Sidenote: Huguenots in tidewater Virginia.] - -There can be no doubt that the white blood of tidewater Virginia was -English almost without admixture until the end of the seventeenth -century, and of the very slight admixture nearly all was from the -British islands. There was a desultory sprinkling of Protestant -Frenchmen, Walloons, and Dutch, scarcely appreciable in the mass of -the population. But after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in -1685, Virginia received a small part of the Huguenot exodus from -France. The largest company, more than seven hundred in number, led by -the Breton nobleman, Olivier, Marquis de la Muce, arrived in the year -1700, and settled in various places, more particularly at Monacan -Town in Henrico County. A part of this company were Waldenses from -Piedmont, who had taken refuge in Switzerland, and thence made their -way through Alsace and the Low Countries to England.[175] Other parties -came from time to time, adding to Virginia many estimable citizens -whom France could ill afford to lose. Among the Huguenot names in -Virginia, the reader will recognize Maury, Flournoy, Jouet, Moncure, -Fontaine, Marye, Bertrand, and others.[176] Dabneys (_D’Aubigné_) and -Bowdoins (_Baudouin_) came to Virginia as well as to Boston. Such was -the principal foreign admixture while Virginia was still tidewater -Virginia, before the crossing of the Blue Ridge. The advent of Germans -and Scotch-Irish will be treated in a future chapter. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Influence of the rivers upon society.] - -[Sidenote: Some exports and imports.] - -Having thus considered the composition of society in its different -strata, as connected with wholesale tobacco culture, let us observe -one of the most conspicuous results of this industry as influenced -by the physical geography of the country. One might suppose that the -necessity for exporting the enormous crops of tobacco would have -called into existence a large class of thriving merchants, who would -naturally congregate at points favourable for shipping, and thus give -rise to towns. In most countries that is what would have happened. -But the manner in which the Virginia planter disposed of his crops was -peculiar. Most of the large plantations lay on or near the wide and -deep rivers of that tidewater country;[177] and each planter would have -his own wharf, from which his own slaves might load the tobacco on to -the vessels that were to carry it to England. If the plantation lay at -some distance from a navigable river, the tobacco was conveyed to the -nearest creek and tied down upon a raft of canoes, and so floated and -paddled down stream until some head of navigation was reached, where a -warehouse was ready to receive it. The vessels which carried away this -tobacco usually paid for it in all sorts of manufactured articles that -might be needed upon the plantations. Every manufactured article that -required skill or nicety of workmanship was brought from England, in -ships of which the owners, masters, and crews were for the most part -either natives of the British islands or of New England. Such a ship -would unload upon the planter’s wharf some part of its motley cargo of -mahogany tables, chairs covered with russia leather, wines in great -variety from the Azores and Madeira,[178] brandy, Gloucester cheeses, -linens and cottons, silks and dimity, quilts and featherbeds, carpets, -shoes, axes and hoes, hammers and nails, rope and canvas, painters’ -white lead and colours, saddles, demijohns, mirrors, books,--pretty -much everything.[179] If she came from a New England port she was -likely to bring salted cod and mackerel, with fragrant rum, either -out of the distilleries at Newport and Boston,[180] or imported from -Antigua or Jamaica. Sometimes the rum came from Barbadoes, along with -sugar and molasses, and occasionally ginger and lime-juice, in return -for which the ship often carried away some of the planter’s live hogs -or packed pork, as well as butter, and corn, and tanned leather. The -landing of rum was sometimes private and confidential, for there were -duties on it which lent a charm to evasion. - -[Sidenote: Some domestic industries.] - -It would be too much to say that there was no manufacturing done -in colonial Virginia. There were probably few if any plantations -where the spinning-wheel and hand-loom were not busy. Female slaves -and white servants wove coarse cloth and made it up into suits of -clothes[181] for people of their sort, and doubtless for some of the -small planters. Such artisans as blacksmiths, carpenters, and coopers, -shipwrights, tailors, tanners, and shoemakers were often to be found -among the indentured servants. Boys of this class were sometimes upon -their arrival made apprentices in these crafts. Occasionally negro -slaves became more or less skilled as workmen, especially as coopers -and joiners. There must always have been some demand for the labour -of white freedmen acquainted with any of the mechanical arts, and in -fact instances of free labourers in these departments are found. There -can be no doubt, however, that the style of work thus attained was apt -to be unsatisfactory; for we find such planters as Colonel Byrd and -Colonel Fitzhugh, late in the seventeenth century, sending to England -for skilled workmen, and offering to pay very high wages, on the ground -that it was wasting money to employ such workmen as were to be had in -the colony.[182] - -[Sidenote: Beverley’s complaint against his countrymen.] - -The historian Beverley, who sometimes indulged himself (like the late -Matthew Arnold) in upbraiding his fellow-countrymen for their own good, -says of the Virginians in 1705: “They have their Cloathing of all -sorts from _England_, as Linnen, Woollen, Silk, Hats, and Leather. -Yet Flax and Hemp grow no where in the World, better than there; their -Sheep yield a mighty Increase, and bear good Fleeces, but they shear -them only to cool them. The Mulberry-Tree, whose Leaf is the proper -Food of the Silk-worm, grows there like a Weed, and Silk-worms have -been observ’d to thrive extreamly, and without any hazard. The very -Furrs that their Hats are made of, perhaps go first from thence; and -most of their Hides lie and rot, or are made use of, only for covering -dry Goods, in a leaky House. Indeed some few Hides with much adoe -are tann’d, and made into Servants Shoes; but at so careless a rate, -that the Planters don’t care to buy them, if they can get others; and -sometimes perhaps a better manager than ordinary, will vouchsafe to -make a pair of Breeches of a Deer-Skin. Nay, they are such abominable -Ill-husbands, that tho’ their Country be over-run with Wood, yet they -have all their Wooden Ware from _England_; their Cabinets, Chairs, -Tables, Stools, Chests, Boxes, Cart-wheels, and all other things, even -so much as their Bowls, and Birchen Brooms, to the Eternal Reproach of -their Laziness.... Thus they depend altogether upon the Liberality of -Nature, without endeavoring to improve its Gifts, by Art or Industry. -They spunge upon the Blessings of a warm Sun, and a fruitful Soil, and -almost grutch the Pains of gathering in the Bounties of the Earth. I -should be asham’d to publish this slothful Indolence of my Countrymen, -but that I hope it will rouse them out of their Lethargy, and excite -them to make the most of all those happy Advantages which Nature has -given them; and if it does this, I am sure they will have the Goodness -to forgive me.”[183] - -[Sidenote: True state of the case.] - -It was not, however, as Mr. Bruce reminds us, from any “inherent -repugnance” that Englishmen in Virginia did not take kindly to -manufactures, and perhaps the good Beverley’s reproachful tone is a -trifle overdone. When the planter could get sharp knives, well-made -boots, and fine blankets at his own wharf, simply by handing over -to the skipper a few hogsheads of tobacco, he was not greatly to be -blamed for preferring them to such dull knives, clumsy boots, and -coarse blankets as could be made by the workmen within reach. Many -inconveniences, however, grew out of the absence of local means for -supplying local needs, and I have little doubt that sundry trades and -crafts could have been made to flourish much better than they did, had -it not been for the baneful effects of a tobacco currency, which we -shall presently have to consider. - -[Sidenote: Absence of town life.] - -The most conspicuous result of the absorption of all activities in -tobacco-planting, and the absence of developed arts and trades, was the -non-existence of town life. At the beginning of the eighteenth century -there was hardly so much as a village in Virginia, unless we make an -exception in honour of Williamsburg, the new seat of government and of -the college. By the middle of the century Williamsburg contained about -200 houses, chiefly wooden, and its streets were unpaved. Richmond, -founded in 1737, had a population of 3,761 in the census of 1790. -The growth of Norfolk, founded in 1705, was exceptional. The trade -with the West Indies, for sugar, molasses, and rum, tended to become -concentrated there, and the proximity of North Carolina made it a mart -for lumber at a time when Virginia forests in the lower tidewater -region had been largely cleared away. Colonel Byrd in 1728 says of the -Norfolk people: “They have a pretty deal of lumber from the borderers -on the Dismal, who make bold with the king’s land thereabouts, without -the least ceremony.” Besides boards and shingles, they sent beef -and pork to the West Indies, and it was not unusual to see a score -of sloops and brigantines riding in the noble harbour. Under these -favourable circumstances the population of Norfolk had come by 1776 to -be about 6,000. At that time Philadelphia had some 35,000 inhabitants, -and New York 25,000, though the population of their two states taken -together scarcely equalled that of Virginia. - -[Sidenote: Futile attempts to make towns by legislation.] - -The lack of urban life was deplored by the legislators at Jamestown -and Williamsburg, and assiduous efforts were made to correct the -evil; but neither bounties nor orders to build were of avail. To make -towns on paper was as easy as to make a promissory note, but nobody -would go and settle in the towns. Most of the county seats consisted -simply of the court-house, flanked by the jail, the dismal country -inn, and the nondescript country “store,” where the roving peddler -sometimes replenished his pack on his route through the plantations. -Among the legislative acts designed to encourage the building of -towns, three were especially important. The act of 1662 ordered that -thirty-two brick houses should be erected at Jamestown, and forbade -the building or repairing of wooden houses there; all tobacco grown in -the three counties of James City, Charles City, and Surry was to be -sent to Jamestown and stored there for shipping, and the penalty for -disobedience of this order was a fine of 1,000 lbs. of tobacco; every -ship, moreover, ascending the river above Mulberry Island, must land -its cargo at Jamestown and nowhere else, under penalty of forfeiting -the cargo. Half of these fines was to be paid to the town, the other -half to the informer.[184] The statute of 1680, commonly known as the -Cohabitation Act, undertook in somewhat similar fashion to establish -a town in every county; and the attempt was renewed on a larger scale -in 1691.[185] But all these acts were either disregarded or suspended. -When the Surry planter could effect an exchange at his own wharf, -without incidental expense or risk, it was useless to command him to -load his crop on shallops and send it to Jamestown, with a charge for -freight, a chance of capsizing, and warehouse dues at the end of the -journey. The skipper withal had no wish to be saddled with port dues, -or to be hindered from stopping and trading wherever a customer hove -in sight. So skipper and planter had their way, and towns refused to -grow.[186] When Thomas Jefferson entered William and Mary College in -1760, a lad of seventeen years, he had never seen so many as a dozen -houses grouped together. - -[Sidenote: The country store.] - -The country store was an important institution in Old Virginia. -Under some conditions it would have formed a nucleus around which a -town would have been developed, but in Virginia the store seems to -have been regarded as a kind of rival against which the town could -not compete.[187] It furnished a number of petty centres which did -away with the need for larger centres. The store was apt to be an -appendage to a plantation, unless its size became such as to reverse -the relationship, after the manner of Dundreary’s dog. It might be a -room in a planter’s house, or it might be a detached barn like building -on the estate. Mr. Bruce tells us that to enumerate its contents would -be to mention pretty much every article for which Virginians had any -use. For example, the inventory of the Hubbard store in York County, -taken in 1667, “contained lockram, canvas, dowlas, Scotch cloth, -blue linen, oznaburg, cotton, holland, serge, kersey, and flannel in -bales, full suits for adults and youths, bodices, bonnets, and laces -for women, shoes, ... gloves, hose, cloaks, cravats, handkerchiefs, -hats, and other articles of dress, ... hammers, hatchets, chisels, -augers, locks, staples, nails, sickles, bellows, froes,[188] saws, -axes, files, bed-cords, dishes, knives, flesh-forks, porringers, -sauce-pans, frying-pans, gridirons, tongs, shovels, hoes, iron posts, -tables, physic, wool-cards, gimlets, compasses, needles, stirrups, -looking-glasses, candlesticks, candles, funnels, 25 pounds of raisins, -100 gallons of brandy, 20 gallons of wine, and 10 gallons of aqua vitæ. -The contents of the Hubbard store were valued at £614 sterling, a sum -which represented about $15,000 in our present currency.”[189] One can -imagine how dazzling to youthful eyes must have been the miscellaneous -variety of desirable things. Not only were the manufactured articles -pretty sure to have come from England, but everything else, to be -salable, must be labelled English, “insomuch that fanciers used to sell -the songsters unknown to England, if they sang particularly well, as -_English mocking-birds_.”[190] - -[Sidenote: Roads] - -We have seen how the rivers and creeks were used as highways of -traffic; for a long time they were the only highways, and the sloop -or the canoe was the only kind of vehicle, public or private, in -which it was possible to get about with ease and safety.[191] Until -after the middle of the eighteenth century there were but few roads -save bridle-paths, and such as there were became impassable in rainy -weather. There were also but few bridges, and these were very likely -to be unsound, while the ferry-boats were apt to be leaky. It was -often necessary for the traveller to swim across the stream, with a -fair chance of getting drowned, and more than a fair chance of losing -his horse. The course of the bridle-path often became so obscure that -it was necessary to blaze the trees. It was not uncommon for people -to lose their way and find themselves obliged to stay overnight in -the woods, perhaps with the howls of the wolf and panther sounding in -their ears. The highway robber was even a more uncomfortable customer -to meet than such beasts of prey; and in those days, when banking was -in its infancy and travellers used to carry gold coins sewed under the -lining of their waistcoats, the highwayman enjoyed opportunities which -in this age of railways and check-books are denied him. Nevertheless -crime was far less common than in England or France, and travelling -was much safer than one might suppose. This was true of the whole -colonial period. In 1777 a young Rhode Island merchant, Elkanah Watson, -armed with a sabre and pair of pistols, journeyed from Providence to -Charleston in South Carolina, with several hundred pounds sterling -in gold quilted into his coat. In seventy days he accomplished the -distance of 1,243 miles, partly on horseback and partly in a sulky, -without encountering any more serious mishaps than being arrested -for a British spy in Pennsylvania, and meeting a large bear in North -Carolina; and he has left us a narrative of his journey, which is as -full of instruction as of interest.[192] - -[Sidenote: Tobacco as currency.] - -The traveller in Old Virginia, however, was not likely to carry large -sums of money concealed on his person, for he dealt in a circulating -medium too bulky for that. In the course of this book we have had -frequent occasions to observe that the Virginian’s current money was -tobacco. The prices of all articles of merchandise were quoted in -pounds of tobacco. In tobacco taxes were assessed and all wages and -salaries were paid. This use of tobacco as a circulating medium and -as a standard of values was begun in the earliest days of the colony, -when coin was scarce, and the structure of society was simple enough -to permit a temporary return toward the primitive practice of barter. -Under such circumstances tobacco was obviously the article most sure to -be used as money. It was exchangeable for whatever anybody wanted in -the shape of service or merchandise, and it was easily procured from -the bountiful earth. But as time went on this ease of attainment made -it an extremely vicious currency. In the course of our narrative we -have encountered some of the disastrous financial and social results -that flowed from the use of so cheap a substitute for money. Many -reasons have been alleged for the scarcity of coin throughout the whole -colonial period in Virginia;[193] but assuredly the chief reason was -the fact that tobacco was currency. The bad money drove away the good -money, as it always does. There are indications that there was always a -small stock of coin in the colony, but it was hoarded or sent to other -colonies or to England in the settlement of trade balances. Yet it was -not easy to demonetize tobacco without a radical revolution in the -industrial system and in the commercial relations of the colony. - -[Sidenote: Effect upon crafts and trades.] - -The nature of the currency evidently had much to do with the ill -success of the attempts to encourage manufactures. The carpenter or -shoemaker, after doing his work, must wait for his pay until the year’s -crop of tobacco was gathered and cured. Meanwhile he had nothing to -live on unless he raised it for himself; he might either plant grain -and rear cattle, or else grow tobacco wherewith to buy things. But the -time consumed in these agricultural operations was time taken from his -handicraft. The evil was attacked by legislation. “In 1633 brickmakers, -carpenters, joiners, sawyers, and turners were expressly forbidden to -take part in any form of tillage.” In 1662 tradesmen and artisans were -exempted from all taxes except church-rates, on condition that they -should abstain from all interest, direct or indirect, in the growing of -tobacco. But the evil was not cured.[194] - -[Sidenote: Effect upon planters’ accounts.] - -Further disaster came from the fact that tobacco was a highly -speculative crop. The fluctuations in its value were liable to be great -and sudden, and they affected the price of every article that was -bought and sold throughout the colony. No one could estimate from one -year to another, with any approach to accuracy, what the purchasing -power of his income was going to be. The inevitable results of this -were extravagance in living and chronic debt. The planter was drawn -into a situation from which it was almost impossible to extricate -himself. “The system of keeping open accounts in London was calculated -to encourage extravagance; and these accounts were habitually -overdrawn. Many of the merchants even made it a rule to encourage this -indebtedness, so as to assure the continuance of their customers. -It gave them a certain advantage in all their dealings with the -planters.”[195] They charged nearly twice as much for their goods sent -to Norfolk or Williamsburg as for the same goods sent to New York.[196] -In all this they were aided by the Navigation Act. - -[Sidenote: Hospitality.] - -Extravagance in living was further stimulated by the regal hospitality -for which the great planters early became famous. Although the life -upon their estates was much more busy than some writers seem to -suppose, yet the drudgery of business did not consume all their time; -and in their rural isolation, with none of the diversions of town -life, the entertainment of guests by the month together was regarded -both as a duty and as a privilege; and the example set by the large -plantations was followed by the smaller. Even the keeper of an inn, if -he wished to make a charge for food and shelter, must notify the guest -upon his arrival, for a statute of 1663 declared that in the absence of -such preliminary understanding not a penny could be recovered from the -guest, however long he might have staid in the house.[197] As a rule, -no person whose company was at all desirable was allowed to stop at an -inn, for the neighbours vied with one another in offering hospitality. -Every planter kept open house, and provided for his visitors with -unstinted hand. - -[Sidenote: Visit to a plantation; the negro quarter.] - -Let us put ourselves into the position of one of these visitors, -and get some glimpses of life upon the old plantation. Our host we -may suppose to be a vestryman, justice of the peace, and burgess, -dwelling upon a plantation of five or six thousand acres, with his -next neighbours at a distance of two or three miles.[198] The space is -in great part cleared for the planting of vast fields of tobacco, but -here and there are extensive stretches of woodland and coppice, with -noble forest trees and luxuriant undergrowth, much rougher and wilder -than an English park. The cabins for slaves present the appearance of -a hamlet. These are wooden structures of the humblest sort, built of -logs or undressed planks, and afflicted with chronic dilapidation. An -inventory of 1697 shows us that the cabin might contain a bed and a -few chairs, two or three pots and kettles, “a pair of pot-racks, a -pot-hook, a frying-pan, and a beer barrel;” and advertisements for -runaways describe Cuffy and Pompey as clad in red cotton, with canvas -drawers, waistcoat, and wide-brimmed black hat. Their victuals, of -“hog and hominy” with potatoes and green vegetables, were wholesome -and palatable. If there were white servants on the estate, they were -commonly but not necessarily somewhat better housed and clothed. - -[Sidenote: Other appurtenances.] - -[Sidenote: The Great House.] - -Leaving the negro quarters, with their grinning mammies and swarms of -woolly pickaninnies, one would presently come upon other outbuildings; -the ample barns for tobacco and granaries for corn, the stable, the -cattle-pens, a hen-coop and a dove-cot, a dairy, and in some cases a -malt-house, or perhaps, as we have seen, a country store. There were -brick ovens for curing hams and bacon; and the kitchen likewise stood -apart from the mansion, which was thus free from kitchen odours and -from undue heating in summer time. There was a vegetable garden, with -“all the culinary plants that grow in England, and in far greater -perfection,” besides “roots, herbs, vine-fruits, and salad-flowers -peculiar to themselves,” and excellent for a relish with meat.[199] -Nearer to the house, among redolent flower-beds gay with varied -colours, some vine-clad arbour afforded shelter from the sun. A short -walk across the mown space shaded by large trees, called, as in New -England, the yard, would bring us to the mansion, very commonly known -as the Great House. From this epithet no sure inference can be drawn -as to the size of the building, for it simply served to contrast it -with its dependent cabins and outhouses. It was often called the Home -House. It was apt to stand upon a rising ground, and from its porch -you might look down at the blue river and the little wharf, known as -“the landing,” with pinnaces moored hard by and canoes lying lazily -on the bank or suddenly darting out upon the water. Turning away from -the river, the eye would rest upon an orchard bearing fruits in great -variety, and a pasture devoted to horses of some special breed. - -[Sidenote: Brick and wooden houses.] - -The planter’s mansion might be built of wood or brick, but was -comparatively seldom of stone. In tidewater Virginia, good stone for -building purposes was not readily found, but there was an abundance of -red clay from which excellent and durable brick could be made. A number -of brick houses were built in the seventeenth century, but wood was -much more commonly used, since the work of clearing away the forests -furnished great quantities of timber of the finest quality. Among -the many articles that were imported from England, bricks are not to -be reckoned.[200] Brickmaking went on from the earliest days of the -colony, and much of this work was done by white servants and freedmen. -In course of time there came to be many brick houses, and chimneys were -regularly of this material. For roofs the strong and durable cypress -shingle was the material most commonly used. Partition walls, covered -first with a tenacious clay and then white-washed, were very firm and -solid. The glass windows, for protection against storms of a violence -to which Englishmen had not been accustomed, had stout wooden shutters -outside, which gave the house somewhat the look of a stronghold. - -[Sidenote: House architecture.] - -During the seventeenth century not much architectural beauty was -attained. To any criticisms on this score the planters would have -replied, as the early settlers did to Captain Butler, that their houses -were for use and not for ornament.[201] During the eighteenth century -some progress was made in this respect, but for the architectural -effect of the mansions not much is to be said, though they were often -highly picturesque. The earliest type, the house of greater width than -depth, with an outside chimney at each end, is familiar to every one, -at least in pictures. It was as characteristic of Old Virginia as -the house of huge central chimney and small entryway with transverse -staircase was characteristic of early New England. Both are slightly -modified types of the smaller English manor houses of the Tudor -period. A more picturesque style, and somewhat more stately, is that of -Gunston Hall, the homestead of the Mason family; while scarcely less -attractive, and still more capacious, is that of Stratford Hall, the -home of the Lees. The well-known Mount Vernon shows a further departure -from English models; while in Monticello both the name and the house -present symptoms of the beginning of that so-called classical revival -when children were baptized Cyrus and Marcellus, and dwelt in the shade -of porticoes that simulated those of Greek temples.[202] - -[Sidenote: The rooms.] - -[Sidenote: Bedrooms and their furniture.] - -The differentiation of rooms for specific uses had by no means -proceeded so far as in modern houses. One mediæval English feature -which was retained was the predominance of the Hall, or Great Room, -used for meals and for general purposes. Along with the hall, there -might be as few as five or six rooms, or as many as eighteen or twenty, -upstairs and down. Stratford Hall, built about 1725-30, contained -eighteen large rooms, exclusive of the central hall,[203] whereas -Governor Berkeley’s house at Green Spring, built three quarters of -a century earlier, had but six rooms altogether. Beside the central -hall, there might be a hall parlour, equivalent to reception room and -family sitting-room combined, and in this there might be chests and a -bed; the others were simply bedrooms. Beds were such as we are still -familiar with; their ticking might be stuffed with feathers or hair or -straw, but leathers were much more commonly used than now, as they are -now more commonly used in chilly England than in the fiery summers and -hot-house winters of America. With sheets, blankets, and counterpane, -pillows, curtains, and valances, the bed was dressed as at present, -save that curtains are now departing along with the brass warming-pans, -bequests from higher latitudes. Already the Virginia bed often had a -protection for which England could have no use, the mosquito net. For -such members of the household as were lazily inclined in the daytime -there was a couch, which might be plainly covered with calico, or more -expensively with russia leather or embroidered stuffs. The chairs might -be upholstered likewise, or be seated with cane, wicker, or rushwork. -In every bedroom was a chest for storing clothes not in immediate -use. There were also the ewer and basin, and the case of drawers with -looking-glass. If one of the big chimneys was accessible, there was a -fireplace for wooden logs, supported on andirons of iron or brass, and -guarded by iron or tin fenders; otherwise there was an open brazier, -such as we see to-day in Italy. Floors were usually ill-made in those -days, and woollen carpets faithfully accumulated dirt; so that the -sunbeam straggling through the dimity or printed calico window-curtains -would often gild long dusty rays. - -[Sidenote: The dinner-table.] - -[Sidenote: Napkins and forks.] - -[Sidenote: Silver plate.] - -[Sidenote: Wainscots and tapestry.] - -In the Hall, or Great Room, the principal feature was the long -dining-table of walnut or oak or cedar, flanked either by benches or -by chairs. For daily use it was covered with a cloth of unbleached -linen, known as holland, while on extra occasions a damask cloth was -used. Napkins were abundant, and often of a fine fabric delicately -embroidered. Forks, on the other hand, were in the earlier days scarce. -Before the seventeenth century, forks were nowhere in general use, save -in Italy. Queen Elizabeth ate with her fingers. A satirical pamphlet, -aimed at certain luxurious favourites of Henry III. of France, derides -them for conveying bits of meat to their mouths on a little pronged -implement, rather than do it in the natural way.[204] Forks are nowhere -mentioned in Shakespeare. In 1608, while travelling in Italy, one -Thomas Coryat took a liking to them and introduced the fashion into -England, for which he was jocosely nicknamed _Furcifer_.[205] Naturally -the use of forks narrowed the functions of napkins.[206] Spoons were -in much more common use, and, in the New World as in the Old, were of -iron or pewter in the poor man’s house, and of silver in the rich -man’s. The dishes and plates were of earthenware or pewter, but in the -eighteenth century the use of chinaware increased. Pewter cups and -mugs were everywhere to be seen, and now and then a drinking-horn. -Well-to-do planters had silver tankards, sometimes marked with the -family arms, as well as silver salt-cellars, candlesticks, and -snuffers. A cupboard with glass doors, or light drapery, displayed the -store of cups and dishes; while about the walls sometimes hung family -portraits, and more rarely paintings of other sorts. This central hall -retained many marks of its mediæval miscellaneousness of use; capacious -linen-chests, guns and pistols, powder-horns, swords, saddles, bridles, -and riding-whips, in picturesque and cosy confusion. In the eighteenth -century a luxurious elegance was developed quite similar to that of -the “colonial mansions” at the North, such as the Philipse manor house -on the Hudson River, or Colonel Vassall’s house in Cambridge, where -Washington dwelt for a few months, and Longfellow for many years. -Panelled wainscots of oak and carved oaken chimney-pieces were common; -the walls were hung with tapestry; and artistic cabinets, screens, and -clocks adorned the spacious room. In the Lee homestead at Stratford the -hall added to its other functions that of library. The ceiling was very -high and vaulted, and parts of the panelled walls had bookshelves set -into them.[207] Such rooms were warmed by huge logs of hickory or oak, -burning in open fireplaces. They were lighted by candles, which might -be made of beef tallow or deer suet, but the favourite material was a -wax obtained by boiling the berries of a myrtle that grew profusely -in marshy land. It was extremely cheap and burned with a pleasant -fragrance, giving a brilliant light. - -[Sidenote: The kitchen.] - -The central object in the kitchen was, of course, the fireplace, which -was sometimes very large. At Stratford it was “twelve feet wide, -six high, and five deep, evidently capable of roasting a fair-sized -ox.”[208] In the days when pains were taken not to spoil good meat -with bad cooking, your haunch of venison, saddle of mutton, or stuffed -turkey was not baked to insipidity in an oven meant for better uses, -but was carefully turned about on an iron spit, catching rich aroma -from the caressing flame, while the basting was judiciously poured from -ladles, and dripping-pans caught the savoury juices. Then there was the -great copper boiler imbedded in brick and heated from underneath; there -were the kettles and sauce-pans, the swinging iron pot, the gridirons -and frying-pans, and the wooden trays for carrying the cooked dishes to -the dining-hall. - -[Sidenote: Abundance of food.] - -The settlers in the strange wilderness of the Powhatans had once had -their Starving Time, but it would be hard to point to any part of the -earth more bountifully supplied with wholesome and delicious food -than civilized Old Virginia. Venison, beef, and dairy products were -excellent and cheap. Mutton was less common, and was highly prized. The -pork in its various forms was pronounced equal to that of Yorkshire -or Westphalia. Succulent vegetables and toothsome fruits were grown -in bewildering variety. Good Henry of Navarre’s peasant, had he lived -in this favoured country, might have had every day a fowl in his pot; -while, as for game and fish, the fame of Chesapeake Bay is world-wide -for its canvas-backs, mallards, and red-heads, its terrapin, its soles, -bass, and shad, and, last not least, its oysters. The various cakes -which the cooks of the Old Dominion could make from their maize and -other grains have also won celebrity. - -[Sidenote: Beverages, native and imported.] - -To wash down these native viands the Virginian had divers drinks, -whereof all the best were imported. Englishmen could not in a -moment leave off beer-drinking, but the generous, full-bodied -and delicate-flavoured ale of the mother country has never been -successfully imitated on this side of the Atlantic, and indeed seems -hardly adapted to our sweltering summers. Concerning the beer brewed -in Old Virginia opinions varied; but since barley soon ceased to be -cultivated, and attempts were made to supply its place with maize or -pumpkins or persimmons, we need not greatly regret that we were not -there to be regaled with it. Cider, with its kindred beverages, was -abundant,[209] and doubtless of much better quality. Apple-jack and -peach brandy were distilled. Other beverages were imported, most -commonly sack, of which Falstaff was so fond; the name was applied to -such dry (Spanish _seco_) and strong wines as sherry and madeira. In -the cellars of wealthy planters were often found choice brands of red -wine from Bordeaux and white wine from the Rhineland. Cognacs were also -imported, and of rum we have already spoken. Evidently our friends, the -planters, had sturdy tipplers among them.[210] Fortunately for them, -the manufacture of coarse whiskey from maize and rye had not yet come -into vogue, while of the less harmful peaty “mountain dew” from Ireland -or Scotland we hear nothing. - -[Sidenote: Smyth’s picture of a planter.] - -Of the daily life of a rich planter we have a graphic account from John -Ferdinand Smyth, a British soldier who travelled through Virginia and -other colonies, and sojourned for some years in Maryland, about the -middle of the eighteenth century. I cite the description, because so -much has been made of it: “The gentleman of fortune rises about nine -o’clock; he may perhaps make an excursion to walk as far as his stable -to see his horses, which is seldom more than fifty yards from his -house; he returns to breakfast between nine and ten, which is generally -tea or coffee, bread-and-butter, and very thin slices of venison, -ham, or hung beef. He then lies down on a pallet on the floor, in the -coolest room in the house, in his shirt and trousers only, with a negro -at his head and another at his feet, to fan him and keep off the -flies; between twelve and one he takes a draught of bombo, or toddy, a -liquor composed of water, sugar, rum, and nutmeg, which is made weak -and kept cool; he dines between two and three, and at every table, -whatever else there may be, a ham and greens, or cabbage, is always a -standing dish. At dinner he drinks cider, toddy, punch, port, claret, -and madeira, which is generally excellent here; having drank [_sic_] -some few glasses of wine after dinner, he returns to his pallet, with -his two blacks to fan him, and continues to drink toddy, or sangaree, -all the afternoon; he does not always drink tea. Between nine and ten -in the evening he eats a light supper of milk and fruit, or wine, -sugar, and fruit, etc., and almost immediately retires to bed for the -night. This is his general way of living in his family, when he has no -company. No doubt many differ from it, some in one respect, some in -another; but more follow it than do not.”[211] - -This extract seems to show that Rev. Samuel Peters was not the only -writer who liked to entertain his trustful British friends with queer -tales about their American cousins.[212] No doubt Mr. Smyth wrote it -with his tongue in his cheek; but if he meant what he said, we must -remember that the besetting sin of travellers is hasty generalization. -We will take Mr. Smyth’s word for it that one or more gentlemen were -in the habit of passing their days in the way he describes, and we may -freely admit that a good many gentlemen might thus make shift to keep -alive through some furious attack of the weather fiend in August; but -his concluding statement, that this way of living was customary, is not -to be taken seriously. An extract from the manuscript recollections -of General John Mason, son of the illustrious George Mason, gives a -different picture:-- - -[Sidenote: The mode of life at Gunston.] - -“It was very much the practice with gentlemen of landed and slave -estates ... so to organize them as to have considerable resources -within themselves; to employ and pay but few tradesmen, and to buy -little or none of the coarse stuffs and materials used by them.... -Thus my father had among his slaves carpenters, coopers, sawyers, -blacksmiths, tanners, curriers, shoemakers, spinners, weavers, and -knitters, and even a distiller. His woods furnished timber and plank -for the carpenters and coopers, and charcoal for the blacksmith; his -cattle killed for his own consumption and for sale supplied skins for -the tanners, curriers, and shoemakers; and his sheep gave wool and his -fields produced cotton and flax for the weavers and spinners, and his -orchards fruit for the distiller. His carpenters and sawyers built -and kept in repair all the dwelling-houses, barns, stables, ploughs, -harrows, gates, etc., on the plantations, and the outhouses at the -house. His coopers made the hogsheads the tobacco was prized in, and -the tight casks to hold the cider and other liquors. The tanners and -curriers, with the proper vats, etc., tanned and dressed the skins -as well for upper as for lower leather to the full amount of the -consumption of the estate, and the shoemakers made them into shoes -for the negroes. A professed shoemaker was hired for three or four -months in the year to come and make up the shoes for the white part -of the family. The blacksmiths did all the ironwork required by the -establishment, as making and repairing ploughs, harrows, teeth, chains, -bolts, etc. The spinners, weavers, and knitters made all the coarse -cloths and stockings used by the negroes, and some of finer texture -worn by the white family, nearly all worn by the children of it. The -distiller made every fall a good deal of apple, peach, and persimmon -brandy. The art of distilling from grain was not then among us, and -but few public distilleries. All these operations were carried on at -the home house, and their results distributed as occasion required -to the different plantations. Moreover, all the beeves and hogs for -consumption or sale were driven up and slaughtered there at the proper -seasons, and whatever was to be preserved was salted and packed away -for after distribution. - -“My father kept no steward or clerk about him. He kept his own books -and superintended, with the assistance of a trusty slave or two, and -occasionally of some of his sons, all the operations at or about -the home house above described.... To carry on these operations to -the extent required, it will be seen that a considerable force was -necessary, besides the house servants, who for such a household, -a large family and entertaining a great deal of company, must be -numerous; and such a force was constantly kept there, independently -of any of the plantations, and besides occasional drafts from them of -labour for particular occasions. As I had during my youth constant -intercourse with all these people, I remember them all, and their -several employments as if it was yesterday.”[213] - -Now when we consider that Colonel Mason had some 500 persons on his -estate, and was known to have sent from his private wharf as many as -23,000 bushels of wheat in a single shipment, it is clear that no -gentleman who spent the day lolling on a couch and sipping toddy could -have superintended the details of business which his son describes. -George Mason was, no doubt, a fair specimen of his class, and their -existence was clearly not an idle one. With the public interests of -parish, county, and commonwealth to look after besides, they surely -earned the leisure hours that were spent in social entertainments or in -field sports. - -[Sidenote: A glimpse of Mount Vernon.] - -A glimpse of the life of a planter’s wife, which Bishop Meade declares -to be typical, is given in a letter from Mrs. Edward Carrington to her -sister, about 1798. Colonel Carrington and his wife were visiting -at Mount Vernon. After telling how Washington and the Colonel sat -up together until midnight, absorbed in reminiscences of bivouac -and hard-fought field, she comes to Mrs. Washington, who alluded -to her days of public pomp and fashion as “her lost days.” Then -Mrs. Carrington continues: “Let us repair to the old lady’s [Mrs. -Washington’s] room, which is precisely in the style of our good old -aunt’s,--that is to say, nicely fixed for all sorts of work. On one -side sits the chambermaid, with her knitting; on the other, a little -coloured pet, learning to sew. An old, decent woman is there, with -her table and shears, cutting out the negroes’ winter clothes, while -the good old lady directs them all, incessantly knitting herself. She -points out to me several pairs of nice coloured stockings and gloves -she had just finished, and presents me with a pair half done, which she -begs I will finish and wear for her sake.” At this domestic picture -Bishop Meade exclaims: “If the wife of General Washington, having her -own and his wealth at command, should thus choose to live, how much -more the wives and mothers of Virginia with moderate fortunes and -numerous children! How often have I seen, added to the above-mentioned -scenes of the chamber, the instruction of several sons and daughters -going on, the churn, the reel, and other domestic operations all -in progress at the same time, and the mistress, too, lying on a -sick-bed!”[214] - -[Sidenote: Dress of planters and their wives.] - -Although Mrs. Carrington may have finished and worn the pair of knit -gloves, yet most articles of dress for well-to-do men and women were -imported. London fashions were strictly followed. In the time of -Bacon’s rebellion, your host would have appeared, perhaps, in a coat -and breeches of olive plush or dark red broadcloth, with embroidered -waistcoat, shirt of blue holland, long silk stockings, silver buttons -and shoe-buckles, lace ruffles about neck and wrists, and his head -encumbered with a flowing wig; while the lady of the house might have -worn a crimson satin bodice trimmed with point lace, a black tabby[215] -petticoat and silk hose, with shoes of fine leather gallooned; her lace -headdress would be secured with a gold bodkin, and she would be apt -to wear earrings, a pearl necklace, and finger-rings with rubies or -diamonds, and to carry a fan.[216] - -[Sidenote: Weddings and funerals.] - -[Sidenote: Horse-racing.] - -The ordinary chances for the ladies to exhibit their garments of -flowered tabby, and beaux their new plush suits, were furnished by the -Sunday services at the parish church, and by the frequent gatherings -of friends at home. Weddings, of course, were high times, as everywhere -and always; and the gloom of funerals was relieved by feasting the -guests, who were likely to have come long distances over which they -must return.[217] These journeys, like the journeys to church and to -the court-house, might be made in boats; on land they were made on -horseback. Carriages were very rare in the seventeenth century, but -became much more common before the Revolution. In their fondness for -horses the Virginians were true children of England. In the stables of -wealthy planters were to be found specimens of the finest breeds, and -the interest in racing was universal. Common folk, however, were not -allowed to take part in the sport, except as lookers-on. One of the -earliest references to horse-racing is an order of the county court -of York in 1674: “James Bullocke, a Taylor, haveing made a race for -his mare to runn w’th a horse belonging to Mr. Mathew Slader for twoe -thousand pounds of tobacco and caske, it being contrary to Law for a -Labourer to make a race, being a sport only for Gentlemen, is fined -for the same one hundred pounds of tobacco and caske.”[218] Half a -century later, Hugh Jones tells us that the Virginians “are such lovers -of riding that almost every ordinary person keeps a horse; and I have -known some spend the morning in ranging several miles in the woods to -find and catch their horses only to ride two or three miles to church, -to the court-house, or to a horse-race.”[219] After 1740 there was a -systematic breeding from imported English thoroughbreds.[220] Thirty -years later, we are told that “there are races at Williamsburg twice a -year; that is, every spring and fall, or autumn. Adjoining to the town -is a very excellent course for either two, three, or four mile heats. -Their purses are generally raised by subscription, and are gained by -the horse that wins two four-mile heats out of three; they amount to -an hundred pounds each for the first day’s running, and fifty pounds -each every day after, the races commonly continuing for a week. There -are also matches and sweepstakes very often for considerable sums. -Besides ... there are races established annually almost at every town -and considerable place in Virginia; and frequent matches on which large -sums of money depend.... Very capital horses are started here, such -as would make no despicable figure at Newmarket; nor is their speed, -bottom, or blood inferior to their appearance.... Indeed, nothing can -be more elegant and beautiful than the horses here, either for the -turf, the field, the road, or the coach; ... but their carriage horses -seldom are possessed of that weight and power which distinguish those -of the same kind in England.”[221] - -[Sidenote: Fox-hunting.] - -[Sidenote: Gambling.] - -Since the Virginians were excellent horsemen, it was but natural that -they should enjoy hunting. No sport was more dear than chasing the fox. -Washington’s extreme delight in riding to the hounds is well known; -he kept it up until his sixty-third year, when a slight injury to his -back made such exercise uncomfortable. Washington was a true Virginian -in his love for his dogs, to whom he gave such pretty names as Mopsey, -Truelove, Jupiter, Juno, Rover, Music, Sweetlips, Countess, Lady, and -Singer. Shooting and fishing were favourite diversions with Washington; -when he was President of the United States, the newspapers used to tell -of his great catches of blackfish and sea-bass.[222] In these tastes -his neighbours were like him. Less wholesome sports were cock-fighting, -and gambling with cards. The passion for gambling was far too strong -among the Virginians. Laws were enacted against it; gambling debts were -not recoverable; innkeepers who permitted any game of cards or dice, -except backgammon, were subject to a heavy fine besides forfeiting -their licenses.[223] - -[Sidenote: A rural entertainment.] - -An interesting newspaper notice, in the year 1737, shows that some of -the innocent open-air sports of mediæval England still survived: “We -have advice from Hanover County, that on St. Andrew’s Day there are -to be Horse Races and several other Diversions, for the entertainment -of the Gentlemen and Ladies, at the Old Field, near Captain John -Bickerton’s, in that county (if permitted by the Hon. Wm. Byrd, -Esquire, Proprietor of said land), the substance of which is as -follows, viz.: It is proposed that 20 Horses or Mares do run round a -three miles’ course for a prize of five pounds. - -“That a Hat of the value of 20s be cudgelled for, and that after the -first challenge made the Drums are to beat every Quarter of an hour for -three challenges round the Ring, and none to play with their Left hand. - -“That a violin be played for by 20 Fiddlers; no person to have the -liberty of playing unless he bring a fiddle with him. After the prize -is won they are all to play together, and each a different tune, and to -be treated by the company. - -“That 12 Boys of 12 years of age do run 112 yards for a Hat of the cost -of 12 shillings. - -“That a Flag be flying on said Day 30 feet high. - -“That a handsome entertainment be provided for the subscribers and -their wives; and such of them as are not so happy as to have wives may -treat any other lady. - -“That Drums, Trumpets, Hautboys, &c., be provided to play at said -entertainment. - -“That after dinner the Royal Health, His Honour the Governor’s, &c., -are to be drunk. - -“That a Quire of ballads be sung for by a number of Songsters, all of -them to have liquor sufficient to clear their Wind Pipes. - -“That a pair of Silver Buckles be wrestled for by a number of brisk -young men. - -“That a pair of handsome Shoes be danced for. - -“That a pair of handsome silk Stockings of one Pistole[224] value be -given to the handsomest young country maid that appears in the Field. -With many other Whimsical and Comical Diversions too numerous to -mention. - -“And as this mirth is designed to be purely innocent and void of -offence, all persons resorting there are desired to behave themselves -with decency and sobriety; the subscribers being resolved to -discountenance all immorality with the utmost rigour.”[225] - -[Sidenote: Music.] - -The part played by violins in this quaint programme reminds us that -fiddling was an accomplishment highly esteemed in the Old Dominion. As -an accompaniment for dancing it was very useful in the home parties on -the plantations. The philosophic Thomas Jefferson, as a dead shot with -the rifle, a skilful horseman, and a clever violinist, was a typical -son of Virginia. As boys learned to play the violin, and sometimes -the violoncello, girls were taught to play the virginal, which was an -ancestral form of the piano. Virginals, and afterward harpsichords, -were commonly to be found in the houses of the gentry, and not -unfrequently hautboys, flutes, and recorders.[226] The music most -often played with these instruments was probably some form of dance or -the setting of a popular ballad; but what is called “classical music” -was not unknown. Among the effects of Cuthbert Ogle, a musician at -Williamsburg, who died in 1755, we find Handel’s “Acis and Galatea” and -“Apollo’s Feast,” four books of instrumental scores of his oratorios, -and ten books of his songs; also a manuscript score of Corelli’s -sonatas, and concertos by the English composers, William Felton and -Charles Avison, now wellnigh forgotten.[227] - -[Sidenote: Other recreations.] - -After 1716 there was a theatre at Williamsburg, and during the sessions -of the assembly, when planters with their families came from far and -wide, there was much gayety. At other seasons the monotony of rural -life was varied by the recreations above described, with an occasional -picnic in the woods, or a grand barbecue in honour of some English -victory or the accession of a new king. - -[Sidenote: Wormeley’s library.] - -Some time was found for reading. The inventories of personal estates -almost always include books, in some instances few and of little -worth, in others numerous and valuable. The library of Ralph Wormeley, -of Rosegill, contained about four hundred titles. Wormeley, who had -been educated at Oriel College, Oxford, was president of the council, -secretary of state, and a trustee of William and Mary College; he died -in 1701. Among his books were Burnet’s “History of the Reformation,” a -folio history of Spain, an ecclesiastical history in Latin, Camden’s -“Britannia,” Lord Bacon’s “History of Henry VII.,” and his “Natural -History,” histories of Scotland, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, and -the West Indies, biographies of Richard III., Charles I., and George -Castriot, Plutarch’s Lives, Burnet’s “Theory of the Earth,” Willis’s -“Practice of Physick,” Heylin’s “Cosmography,” “a chirurgical old -book,” “the Chyrurgans mate,” Galen’s “Art of Physick,” treatises on -gout, pancreatic juice, pharmacy, scurvy, and many other medical works, -Coke’s Reports and his “Institutes,” collections of Virginia and New -England laws, a history of tithes, “The Office of Justice of the -Peace,” a Latin treatise on maritime law, and many other law books, -Usher’s “Body of Divinity,” Hooker’s “Ecclesiastical Polity,” Poole’s -“Annotations to the Bible,” “A Reply to the Jesuits,” Fuller’s “Holy -State” and his “Worthies,” a concordance to the Bible, Jeremy Taylor’s -“Holy Living and Dying,” “The Whole Duty of Man,” a biography of St. -Augustine, Baxter’s “Confession of Faith,” and many books of divinity, -a liberal assortment of dictionaries and grammars of English, French, -Spanish, Latin, and Greek, the essays of Montaigne and other French -books, Cæsar, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Thucydides, Josephus, Quintus -Curtius, Seneca, Terence, “Æsop’s Fables,” “Don Quixote,” “Hudibras,” -Quarles’s poems, George Herbert’s poems, Howell’s “Familiar Letters,” -Waller’s poems, the plays of Sir William Davenant, “ffifty Comodys -& tragedies in folio,” “The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft,” “An -Embersee from y^e East India Comp^a to y^e Grand Tartar,” “The Negro’s -and Indian’s Advocate,” “A Looking Glass for the Times,” and so -on.[228] Though not the library of a scholar, it indicates that its -owner was a thoughtful man and fairly well informed. - -[Sidenote: Libraries of Byrd and Lee.] - -A more remarkable library was that of William Byrd, of Westover. It -contained 3,625 volumes, classified nearly as follows: History, 700; -Classics, etc., 650; French, 550; Law, 350; Divinity, 300; Medicine, -200; Scientific, 225; Entertaining, etc., 650.[229] This must have -been one of the largest collections of books made in the colonial -period. That of the second Richard Lee, who died in 1715, contained -about 300 titles, among which we notice many more Greek and Latin -writers than in Wormeley’s, especially such names as Epictetus, -Aristotle de Anima, Diogenes Laertius, Lucian, Heliodorus, Claudian, -Arrian, and Orosius, besides such mediæval authors as Albertus Magnus -and Laurentius Valla.[230] - -[Sidenote: Schools and printing.] - -Such libraries were of course exceptional. In most planters’ houses -you would probably have found a few English classics, with perhaps -“Don Quixote” and “Gil Blas,” and an assortment of books on divinity, -manuals for magistrates, and helps in farming. Virginia was not -eminent as a literary or bookish community. There was no newspaper -until the establishment of the “Virginia Gazette” in 1736. As for -schools, the Lords Commissioners of Plantations sent over a series -of interrogatories to Sir William Berkeley in 1671, and asked him, -among other things, what provision was made for public instruction. -His reply was characteristic: “I thank God there are no free schools -nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred years; for -learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world, -and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. -God keep us from both!”[231] Lord Culpeper seems to have been much -of Berkeley’s way of thinking, for we read that, “February 21, 1682, -John Buckner [was] called before the Lord Culpeper and his council -for printing the laws of 1680 without his excellency’s license, and -he and the printer [were] ordered to enter into bond in £100 _not to -print anything_ thereafter until his majesty’s pleasure should be -known.”[232] The pleasure of Charles II. was, that nobody should use -a printing-press in Virginia, and so he instructed the next governor, -Lord Howard, in 1684. - -[Sidenote: Private free schools.] - -[Sidenote: Academies and tutors.] - -The establishment of a system of schools such as flourished in New -England was prevented by the absence of town life and the long -distances between plantations. When Berkeley said there were no free -schools in Virginia, he may have had in mind the contrast with New -England. No such schools were founded in Virginia by the assembly, -but there were instances of free schools founded by individuals; as, -for example, the Symms school in 1636, Captain Moon’s school in 1655, -Richard Russell’s in 1667, Mr. King’s in 1669, the Eaton school some -time before 1689, and Edward Moseley’s in 1721.[233] Indeed, there was -after 1646[234] a considerable amount of compulsory primary education -in Virginia, much more than has been generally supposed, since the -records of it have been buried in the parish vestry-books. In the -eighteenth century we find evidences that pains were taken to educate -coloured people.[235] It was not unusual for the plantation to have -among its numerous outbuildings a school conducted by some rustic -dignitary of the neighbourhood. In the “old field schools” little more -was taught than “the three Rs,” but these humble institutions are not -to be despised; for it was in one of them, kept by “Hobby, the sexton,” -that George Washington learned to read, write, and cipher. His father -and his elder brother Lawrence had been educated at Appleby School, -in England; George himself, after an interval with a Mr. Williams, -near Wakefield, finished his school-days at an excellent academy in -Fredericksburg, of which Rev. James Marye was master. The sons of -George Mason studied two years at an academy in Stafford County kept -by a Scotch parson named Buchan, “a pious man and profound classical -scholar.” Afterwards John Mason was sent to study mathematics with -an expert named Hunter, “a Scotchman also and quite a recluse, who -kept a small school in a retired place in Calvert County, Maryland.” -Much teaching was also done by private tutors. In the Mason household -these were three Scotchmen in succession, of whom “the two last were -especially engaged [in Scotland] to come to America (as was the -practice in those times with families who had means) by my father -to live in his house and educate the children.... The tutoress of -my sisters was a Mrs. Newman. She remained in the family for some -time.”[236] - -[Sidenote: Convicts as tutors.] - -Sometimes the schoolmaster or private tutor was an indented white -servant who had come out as a redemptioner, or even as a convict. -Among the criminals there might be persons of rank, as Sir Charles -Burton, a Lincolnshire baronet, who was transported to America in -1722 for “stealing a cornelian ring set in gold;” or scholars, like -Henry Justice, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Barrister, who in 1736 was -convicted of stealing from the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, -“a Field’s Bible with cuts, and Common-prayer, value £25, Newcastle’s -Horsemanship, value £10, several other books of great value, several -Tracts cut out of books, etc.” For this larceny, although Mr. -Justice begged hard to be allowed to stay in England for the sake of -his clients, “with several of whom he had great concerns,” he was -nevertheless sent to America for seven years, under penalty of death -if he were to return within that time.[237] From such examples we -see that, while the convict ships may not have brought many Eugene -Arams, they certainly brought men more likely to find employment in -teaching than in manual labour. Jonathan Boucher, rector at Annapolis -in 1768, declares that “not a ship arrives with either redemptioners -or convicts, in which schoolmasters are not as regularly advertised -for sale as weavers, tailors, or any other trade; with little other -difference that I can hear of, except perhaps that the former do not -usually fetch so good a price as the latter.”[238] - -[Sidenote: Virginians at Oxford.] - -Sometimes, as we have seen in the case of Augustine Washington -and his son Lawrence, the young Virginians were sent to school in -England. Oftener, perhaps, the education begun at the country school -or with private tutors was “finished” (as the phrase goes) at one of -the English universities. Oxford seems to have been the favourite -Alma Mater, doubtless for the same reason that caused Cambridge to -be chiefly represented among the founders of New England; Oxford -was ultra-royalist in sentiment, while Cambridge was deeply tinged -with Puritanism. This difference would readily establish habits and -associations among the early Virginians which would be followed.[239] - -[Sidenote: James Madison.] - -It was not in all cases necessary to go to England to obtain a thorough -education. James Madison’s tutors were the parish minister and an -excellent Scotch schoolmaster; he was graduated at Princeton College -in 1772, and never crossed the Atlantic; yet for the range, depth, -and minuteness of his knowledge of ancient and modern history and of -constitutional law, he has been rivalled by no other English-speaking -statesman save Edmund Burke. Such an instance, however, chiefly shows -how much more depends upon the individual than upon any institutions. -There are no rules by which you can explain the occurrence of a -heaven-sent genius. - -[Sidenote: Contrast with New England in respect of educational -advantages.] - -On the whole, the facilities for education, whether primary or -advanced, were very imperfect in the Old Dominion. This becomes -especially noticeable from the contrast with New England, which -inevitably suggests itself. It is no doubt customary with historical -writers to make too much of this contrast. The people of colonial New -England were not all well-educated, nor were all their country schools -better than old field schools. The farmer’s boy, who was taught for two -winter months by a man and two summer months by a woman, seldom learned -more in the district school than how to read, write, and cipher. For -Greek and Latin, if he would go to college, he had usually to obtain -the services of the minister or some other college-bred man in the -village. There was often a disposition on the part of the town meetings -to shirk the appropriation of a sum of money for school purposes, and -many Massachusetts towns were fined for such remissness.[240] This was -especially true of the early part of the eighteenth century, when the -isolated and sequestered life of two generations had lowered the high -level of education which the grandfathers had brought across the ocean. -In those dark days of New England, there might now and then be found -in rural communities men of substance who signed deeds and contracts -with their mark. - -[Sidenote: Causes of the difference.] - -After making all allowances, however, the contrast between the New -England colonies and the Old Dominion remains undeniable, and it is -full of interest. The contrast is primarily based upon the fact that -New England was settled by a migration of organized congregations, -analogous to that of the ancient Greek city-communities; whereas the -settlement of Virginia was effected by a migration of individuals and -families. These circumstances were closely connected with the Puritan -doctrine of the relations between church and state, and furthermore, -as I have elsewhere shown,[241] the Puritan theory of life made it -imperatively necessary, in New England as in Scotland, to set a high -value upon education. The compactness of New England life, which was -favoured by the agricultural system of small farms owned by independent -yeomen, made it easy to maintain efficient schools. In Virginia, on -the other hand, the agricultural conditions interposed grave obstacles -to such a result. There was no such pervasive organization as in New -England, where the different grades of school, from lowest to highest, -coöperated in sustaining each other. There were heroic friends of -education in Virginia. James Blair and the faithful scholars who -worked with him conferred a priceless boon upon the commonwealth; but -the vitality of William and Mary College often languished for lack -of sustenance that should have been afforded by lower schools, and it -was impossible for it to exercise such a widespread seminal influence -as Yale and Harvard, sending their graduates into every town and -village as ministers, lawyers, and doctors, schoolmasters and editors, -merchants and country squires. - -[Sidenote: Illustrations from history of American intellect.] - -Among the founders of New England were an extraordinary number of -clergymen noted for their learning, such as Hooker and Shepard, Cotton -and Williams, Eliot and the Mathers; together with such cultivated -laymen as Winthrop and Bradford, familiar with much of the best that -was written in the world, and to whom the pen was an easy and natural -instrument for expressing their thoughts. The character originally -impressed upon New England by such men was maintained by the powerful -influence of the colleges and schools, so that there was always more -attention devoted to scholarship and to writing than in any of the -other colonies. Communities of Europeans, thrust into a wilderness and -severed from Europe by the ocean, were naturally in danger of losing -their higher culture and lapsing into the crudeness of frontier life. -All the American colonies were deeply affected by this situation. While -there were many and great advantages in the freedom from sundry Old -World trammels, yet in some respects the influence of the wilderness -was barbarizing. It was due to the circumstances above mentioned that -the New England colonies were more successful than the others in -resisting this influence, and avoiding a breach of continuity in the -higher spiritual life of the community. This is strikingly illustrated -by the history of American literature. Among men of letters and science -born and educated in America before the Revolution, there were three -whose fame is more than national, whose names belong among the great -of all times and countries. Of these, Jonathan Edwards was a native -of Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin and Count Rumford were natives of -Massachusetts. In such men we can trace the continuity between the -intellectual life of England in the seventeenth century and that -of America in the nineteenth. In Virginia, if we except political -writers, we find no names so high as these. But there is one political -book which must not be excepted, because it is a book for all time. -“The Federalist” is one of the world’s philosophical and literary -masterpieces, and of its three authors James Madison took by far the -deepest and most important part in creating it.[242] - -[Sidenote: Virginia’s historians; Robert Beverley.] - -Among books of a second order,--books which do not rank among -classics,--there are some which deserve and have won a reputation -that is more than local. Of such books, Hutchinson’s “History of -Massachusetts Bay” is a good example. In the colonial times historical -literature was of better quality than other kinds of writing; and -Virginia produced three historical writers of decided merit. With -Robert Beverley the reader has already made some acquaintance through -the extracts cited in these pages. His “History of Virginia,” published -in London in 1705, is a little book full of interesting details -concerning the country and the life of its red and white inhabitants. -The author’s love of nature is charming, and his style so simple, -direct, and sprightly that there is not a dull page in the book. It was -written during a visit to London, where Beverley happened to see the -proof-sheets of Oldmixon’s forthcoming “British Empire in America,” -and was disgusted with the silly blunders that swarmed on every page. -He wrote his little book as an antidote, and did it so well that many -coming generations will read it with pleasure. - -[Sidenote: William Stith.] - -A book of more pretension and of decided merit is the “History of -Virginia” by Rev. William Stith, who was president of William and Mary -College from 1752 to his death in 1755. The book, which was published -at Williamsburg in 1747, was but the first volume of a work which, -had it been completed on a similar scale, would have filled six or -eight. It covers only the earliest period, ending with the downfall -of the Virginia Company in 1624; and among its merits is the good use -to which the author put the minutes of the Company’s proceedings made -at the instance of Nicholas Ferrar.[243] Stith’s work is accurate -and scholarly, and his narrative is dignified and often graphic. -His account of James I. is pithy: “He had, in truth, all the forms -of wisdom,--forever erring very learnedly, with a wise saw or Latin -sentence in his mouth; for he had been bred up under Buchanan, one of -the brightest geniuses and most accomplished scholars of that age, who -had given him Greek and Latin in great waste and profusion, but it was -not in his power to give him good sense. That is the gift of God and -nature alone, and is not to be taught; and Greek and Latin without it -only cumber and overload a a weak head, and often render the fool more -abundantly foolish. I must, therefore, confess that I have ever had -... a most contemptible opinion of this monarch; which has, perhaps, -been much heightened and increased by my long studying and conning -over the materials of this history. For he appears in his dealings -with the Company to have acted with such mean arts and fraud ... as -highly misbecome majesty.”[244] From the refined simplicity of this -straightforward style it was a sad descent to the cumbrous and stilted -Johnsonese of the next generation, which too many Americans even now -mistake for fine writing. - -[Sidenote: William Byrd.] - -Contemporary with Beverley and Stith was William Byrd, one of the most -eminent men of affairs in Old Virginia, and eminent also--probably -without knowing it--as a man of letters. His father came to Virginia -a few years before Bacon’s rebellion, and bought the famous estate -of Westover, on the James River and in Charles City County, with the -mansion, which is still in the possession of his family, and is -considered one of the finest old houses in Virginia. From his uncle -Colonel Byrd inherited a vast estate which included the present site of -Richmond. He sympathized strongly with his neighbour, Nathaniel Bacon, -and held a command under him; but after the collapse of the rebellion -he succeeded in making his peace with the raging Berkeley. He became -one of the most important men in the colony, and was commissioned -receiver-general of the royal revenues. On his death, in 1704, his son -succeeded him in this office. The son had studied law in the Middle -Temple, and for proficiency in science was made a fellow of the Royal -Society. He was for many years a member of the colonial council, and -at length its president. He lived in much splendour on his estate of -Westover, and we have seen what a library he accumulated there. A -professional man of letters he was not, and perhaps his strong literary -tastes might never have led to literary production but for sundry -interesting personal experiences which he deemed it worth while to put -on record. In 1727 he was one of the commissioners for determining the -boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. In the journeys connected -with that work he selected the sites where the towns of Richmond and -Petersburg were afterwards built; and he wrote a narrative of his -proceedings so full of keen observations on the people and times as to -make it an extremely valuable contribution to history.[245] Among early -American writers Byrd is exceptional for animation of style. There is -a quaintness of phrase about him that is quite irrepressible. After a -dry season he visits a couple of mills, and “had the grief to find them -both stand as still for the want of water as a dead woman’s tongue for -want of breath. It had rained so little for many weeks above the falls -that the Naiads had hardly water enough left to wash their faces.” -He suggests, of course with a twinkle in his eye, that the early -settlers of Virginia ought to have formed matrimonial alliances with -the Indians: “Morals and all considered, I can’t think the Indians were -much greater heathens than the first adventurers, who, had they been -good Christians, would have had the charity to take this only method of -converting the natives to Christianity. For after all that can be said, -a sprightly lover is the most prevailing missionary that can be sent -among these, or any other infidels. Besides, the poor Indians would -have had less reason to complain that the English took away their land, -if they had received it by way of portion with their daughters.... Nor -would the shade of the skin have been any reproach at this day; for if -a Moor may be washed white in three generations, surely an Indian might -have been blanched in two.”[246] With such moralizing was this amiable -writer wont to relieve the tedium of historical discourse. We shall -again have occasion to quote him in the course of our narrative. - -[Sidenote: Science; John Clayton.] - -Among other works by writers reared before the Revolution, the -well-known “Notes on Virginia,” by Thomas Jefferson, deserves high -praise as an essay in descriptive sociology. Of American poetry before -the nineteenth century, scarcely a line worth preserving came from -any quarter. In 1777 James McClurg, an eminent physician, afterward a -member of the Federal Convention, wrote his “Belles of Williamsburg,” -a specimen of pleasant society verse; but it had not such vogue as its -author’s “Essay on the Human Bile,” which was translated into several -European languages. Science throve better than poetry, and was well -represented in Virginia by John Clayton, who came thither from England -in 1705, being then in his twentieth year, and dwelt there until his -death in 1773, on the eve of the famous day which saw the mixing of -tea with ice-water in Boston harbour. Clayton was attorney-general of -Virginia, and for fifty years clerk of Gloucester County. His name has -an honourable place in the history of botany; he was member of learned -societies in nearly all the countries of Europe; and in 1739 his “Flora -of Virginia” was edited and published by Linnæus and Gronovius. - -[Sidenote: Physicians.] - -[Sidenote: Washington’s last illness.] - -In Old Virginia, as in all the other colonies, the scientific study -and practice of medicine had scarcely made a beginning. Those were -everywhere the days of “kill or cure” treatment, when there was small -hope for patients who had not enough vitality to withstand both -drugs and disease. In the light of the progress achieved since the -mighty work of Bichat (1798-1801), the two preceding centuries seem a -period of stagnation. Strong plasters, jalap, and bleeding were the -universal remedies. Mr. Bruce gives us the items of a bill rendered -by Dr. Haddon, of York, about 1660, for performing an amputation. -“They included one highly flavoured and two ordinary cordials, three -ointments for the wound, an ointment precipitate, the operation of -letting blood, a purge _per diem_, two purges electuaries, external -applications, a cordial and two astringent powders, phlebotomy, a -defensive and a large cloth.” On another occasion the same doctor -prescribed “a purging glister, a caphalick and a cordial electuary, -oil of spirits and sweet almonds, a purging and a cordial bolus, -purging pills, ursecatory, and oxymell. His charge for six visits -after dark was a hogshead of tobacco weighing 400 pounds.”[247] Of the -many thousand victims of these heroic methods, the most illustrious -was George Washington, who, but for medical treatment, might probably -have lived a dozen or fifteen years into the nineteenth century. When -Washington in full vigour found that he had caught a very bad cold he -sent for the doctors, and meanwhile had half a pint of blood taken from -him by one of his overseers. Of the three physicians in attendance, one -was his dear friend, the good Scotchman, Dr. James Craik, “who from -forty years’ experience,” said Washington, “is better qualified than -a dozen of them put together.” His colleague, Dr. Elisha Dick, said, -“Do not bleed the General; he needs all his strength.” But tradition -prevailed over common sense, and three copious bleedings followed, in -the last of which a quart of blood was taken. The third attendant, -Dr. Gustavus Brown, afterward expressed bitter regret that Dr. Dick’s -advice was not followed. Besides this wholesale bleeding, the patient -was dosed with calomel and tartar emetic and scarified with blisters -and poultices; or, as honest Tobias Lear said, in a letter written the -next day announcing the fatal result, “every medical assistance was -offered, but without the desired effect.”[248] - -[Sidenote: Virginia parsons.] - -The physician in Old Virginia was very much the same as elsewhere, but -the parson was a very different character from the grave ministers -and dominies of Boston and New York. He belonged to the class of -wine-bibbing, card-playing, fox-hunting parsons, of which there were -so many examples in the mother country after the reaction against -Puritanism had set in. The religious tone of the English church -during the first half of the eighteenth century was very low, and -it was customary to send out to Virginia and Maryland the poorest -specimens of clergymen that the mother country afforded. Men unfit for -any appointment at home were thought good enough for the colonies. -The royal governor, as vicegerent of the sovereign, was head of the -colonial church, while ecclesiastical affairs were superintended by a -commissary appointed by the Bishop of London. The first commissary, -Dr. Blair, as we have seen, was president of the college, and in his -successors those two offices were usually united. Several attempts -were made to substitute a bishop for the commissary, but the only -result of the attempts was to alienate people’s sympathies from the -church, while the conduct of the clergy was such as to destroy their -respect for it. Bishop Meade has queer stories to tell of some of -these parsons. One of them was for years the president of a jockey -club. Another fought a duel within sight of his own church. A third, -who was evidently a muscular Christian, got into a rough-and-tumble -fight with his vestrymen and floored them; and then justified himself -to his congregation next Sunday in a sermon from a text of Nehemiah, -“And I contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of them, -and plucked off their hair.” In 1711 a bequest of £100 was made to -the vestry of Christ Church parish in Middlesex, providing that the -interest should be paid to the minister for preaching four sermons each -year against “the four reigning vices,--viz.: atheism and irreligion, -swearing and cursing, fornication and adultery, and drunkenness.” -Later in the century the living was held for eighteen years, and the -sermons were preached, by a minister who was notoriously guilty of all -the vices mentioned. He used to be seen in the tavern porch, reeling -to and fro with a bowl of toddy in his hand, while he called to some -passer-by to come in and have a drink. When this exemplary man of God -was dying in delirium, his last words were halloos to the hounds. In -1726 a thoughtful and worthy minister named Lang wrote to the Bishop of -London about the scandalous behaviour of the clergy, of whom the sober -part were “slothful and negligent,” while the rest were debauched and -“bent on all manner of vices.”[249] This testimony against the clergy, -it will be observed, comes from clergymen. Yet it seems clear that the -cases cited must have been extreme ones,--cases of the sort that make -a deep impression and are long remembered. A few such instances would -suffice to bring down condemnation upon the whole establishment; and -not unjustly, for a church in which such things could for a moment be -tolerated must needs have been in a degraded condition. This state -of things afforded an excellent field for the labours of Baptist and -Presbyterian revivalist preachers, and to such good purpose did they -work that by the time of the Revolution it was found that more than -half of the people in Virginia were Dissenters. At that time the -Episcopal clergy were not unnaturally inclined to the Tory side, and -this last ounce was all that was needed to break down the establishment -and cast upon it irredeemable discredit. The downfall of the Episcopal -church in Virginia and its resurrection under more wholesome conditions -make an interesting chapter of history. - -[Sidenote: Freethinking.] - -In imputing to his tipsy parson the “vice” of atheism, Bishop Meade -warns us that he does not mean a denial of the existence of God, but -merely irreligion, or “living without God in the world.” In 1724 the -Bishop of London was officially informed that there were no “infidels” -in Virginia, negroes and Indians excepted. A few years later, “when the -first infidel book was imported, ... it produced such an excitement -that the governor and commissary communicated on the subject with the -authorities in England.” In those days freethinkers, if prudent, kept -their thoughts to themselves. All over Christendom the atmosphere was -still murky with intolerance, and men’s conceptions of the universe -were only beginning to emerge from the barbaric stage. Virginia was no -exception to the general rule. - -[Sidenote: Superstition and crime.] - -In respect also of superstition and crime the Old Dominion seems to -have differed but little from other parts of English America. Belief -in witchcraft lasted into the eighteenth century, and the statute-book -reveals an abiding dread of what rebellious slaves might do; but there -were no epidemics of savage terror, as at Salem in 1692, or in the -negro panic of 1741 in New York. Of violent crime there was surely -much less than in the England of Jack Sheppard and Jonathan Wild, but -probably more than in the colonies north of Delaware Bay; and its -perpetrators seem to have been chiefly white freedmen and “outlying -negroes.”[250] Duelling seems to have been infrequent before the -Revolution.[251] Murder, rape, arson, and violent robbery were punished -with death; while pillory, stocks, whipping-post, and ducking-stool -were kept in readiness for minor offenders. The infliction of the -death penalty in a cruel or shocking manner was not common. Negroes -were occasionally burned at the stake, as in other colonies, north -and south; and an instance is on record in which negro murderers were -beheaded and quartered after hanging.[252] No white persons were ever -burned at the stake by any of the colonies.[253] - -[Sidenote: Lawyers.] - -In the early days of Virginia there was not much practice of law except -by the county magistrates in their work of maintaining the king’s -peace. The legal profession was at first held in somewhat low repute, -being sometimes recruited by white freedmen whose careers of rascality -as attorneys in England had suddenly ended in penal servitude. But -after the middle of the seventeenth century the profession grew rapidly -in importance and improved in character. During the eighteenth century -the development in legal learning and acumen, and in weight of judicial -authority, was remarkable. The profession was graced by such eminent -names as Pendleton, Wythe, and Henry, until in John Marshall the Old -Dominion gave to the world a name second to none among the great judges -of English race and speech. - -[Sidenote: A government of laws.] - -One cause of this splendid development of legal talent was doubtless -the necessarily close connection between legal and political activity. -The Virginia planter meant that his government should be one of -laws. With his extensive estates to superintend and country interests -to look after, his position was in many respects like that of the -country squire in England. In his House of Burgesses the planter -had a parliament; and in the royal governor, who was liable to -subordinate local to imperial interests, there was an abiding source -of antagonism and distrust, requiring him to keep his faculties -perpetually alert to remember all the legal maxims by which the -liberties of England had been guarded since the days of Glanvil and -Bracton. On the whole, it was a noble type of rural gentry that the -Old Dominion had to show. Manly simplicity, love of home and family, -breezy activity, disinterested public spirit, thorough wholesomeness -and integrity,--such were the features of the society whose consummate -flower was George Washington. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Some characteristics of Maryland.] - -This chapter must not close without a brief mention of the social -features of Maryland, but a brief mention is all that is needed for -my purpose, since the portraiture just given of Leah will answer in -most respects for her younger sister Rachel. The English colonists in -Maryland were of the same excellent class as the Cavaliers who were -the strength of Virginia. Though tidewater Virginia at the beginning -of the eighteenth century contained but few people who did not belong -to the Church of England, on the other hand, in Maryland, not more -than one sixth of the white population belonged to that church, while -one twelfth were Roman Catholics, and three fourths were Puritans. But -these differences in religion did not run parallel with differences in -birth, refinement, or wealth. Naturally, from the circumstances under -which the colony was founded, some of the best human material was -always to be found among the Catholics; and they wielded an influence -disproportionately greater than their numbers. - -For the first three generations tobacco played as important a part in -Maryland as in Virginia. Nearly all the people became planters. Cheap -labour was supplied at first by indented white servants and afterwards -by negro slaves, who never came, however, to number more than from -one fourth to one third of the whole population. There was the same -isolation, the same absence of towns, the same rudeness of roads and -preference for water-ways, as in Virginia. The facilities for education -were somewhat poorer; there was no university or college, no public -schools until 1728, no newspaper until 1745. - -But early in the eighteenth century there came about an important -modification of industries, which was in large part due to the rapid -growth of Maryland’s neighbour, Pennsylvania. In the latter colony a -great deal of wheat was raised, and the export of flour became very -profitable. This wheat culture extended into Maryland, where wheat soon -became a vigorous rival of tobacco. In 1729 the town of Baltimore was -founded, and at once rose to importance as a point for exporting flour. -Moreover, as Pennsylvania exported various kinds of farm produce, -besides large quantities of valuable furs, and as she had no seacoast -and no convenient maritime outlet save Philadelphia, her export trade -soon came to exceed the capacities of that outlet, and a considerable -part of it went through Baltimore, which thus had a large and active -rural district dependent upon it, and grew so fast that by 1770 it -had become the fourth city in English America, with a population of -nearly 20,000. The growth of Annapolis was further stimulated by these -circumstances; and this development of town life, with the introduction -of a wealthy class of merchants and the continual intercommunication -with Pennsylvania, went far toward assimilating Maryland with the -middle colonies while it diminished to some extent her points of -resemblance to the Old Dominion. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -THE CAROLINA FRONTIER. - - -[Sidenote: The Spanish frontier.] - -[Sidenote: The wilderness frontier.] - -“St. Augustine, a Spanish garrison, being planted to the southward -of us about a hundred leagues, makes Carolina a frontier to all -the English settlements on the Main.” These memorable words, from -the report of the governor and council at Charleston to the lords -proprietors of Carolina in London, in the year 1708, have a deeper -historic significance than was realized by the men who wrote them. -In a twofold sense Carolina was a frontier country. It was not only -the border region where English and Spanish America marched upon each -other, but it served for some time as a kind of backwoods for Virginia. -Until recently one of the most important factors in American history -has been the existence of a perpetually advancing frontier, where -new territory has often had to be won by hard fighting against its -barbarian occupants, where the life has been at once more romantic -and more sordid than on the civilized seaboard, and where democracy -has assumed its most distinctively American features. The cessation -of these circumstances will probably be one of the foremost among -the causes which are going to make America in the twentieth century -different from America in the nineteenth. Now for the full development -of this peculiar frontier life two conditions were requisite,--first, -the struggle with the wilderness; secondly, isolation from the currents -of European thought with which the commercial seaboard was kept in -contact. These conditions were first realized in North Carolina, and -there was originated the type of backwoods life which a century later -prevailed among the settlers of Tennessee and Kentucky. That was the -one point where the backwoods may be said to have started at the -coast; and in this light we shall have to consider it. On the other -hand, South Carolina, with the Georgia colony for its buffer, is to -be considered more in the light of a frontier against the Spaniard. -We shall have furthermore to contemplate the whole Carolina coast as -preeminently the frontier upon which were wrecked the last remnants -of the piracy and buccaneering that had grown out of the mighty -Elizabethan world-struggle between England and Spain. Without some -mention of all these points, our outline sketch of the complicated -drama begun by Drake and Raleigh would be incomplete. - -[Sidenote: The grant of Carolina.] - -The region long vaguely known as Carolina, or at least a portion of -it, had formed part of Sir Walter Raleigh’s Virginia; the Spaniards -had never ceased to regard it as part of Florida. In defiance of their -claims, Jean Ribaut planted his first ill-fated Huguenot colony at -Port Royal in 1562, and built a fort which he called Charlesfort, -after Charles IX. of France. Whether the name “Carolina” was applied -to the territory at that early time is doubtful,[254] but we find -it used in England, in the time of Charles I., when the first Lord -Baltimore was entertaining a plan for a new colony south of Virginia. -The name finally served to commemorate Charles II., who in 1663 -granted the territory to eight “lords proprietors,” gentlemen who had -done him inestimable services. To the most eminent, George Monk, Duke -of Albemarle, he owed his restoration to the throne; the support of -Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, had been invaluable; the others were -Anthony Ashley Cooper, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Craven, -Lord Berkeley, and his brother, Sir William Berkeley, governor of -Virginia, Sir George Carteret, and Sir John Colleton. All these names -appear to-day on the map,--Albemarle Sound, Hyde, Craven, and Carteret -counties in North Carolina; Clarendon and Colleton counties, Berkeley -parish, and the Ashley and Cooper rivers in South Carolina, while in -Charleston we have the name of the king. - -[Sidenote: Shaftesbury and Locke.] - -These gentlemen contemplated founding a colony which should emulate the -success of Virginia. The most actively engaged in the enterprise was -the one whom we know best by his title of Shaftesbury, and it was thus -that the founding of Carolina became connected for a moment with one -of the greatest names in the history of England. A charming story is -that of the residence of John Locke in the Ashley family, as physician, -private tutor, and general adviser and guardian angel; how he once -saved his lordship’s life by most daring and skilful surgery, how he -taught Greek to the young Ashley, how he took the boy at the age of -seventeen to Haddon Hall and made a happy match for him with pretty -Lady Dorothy Manners aged twenty, how he afterward assisted at the -birth of the grandson destined to become even more famous in literature -than the grandfather in political history,--all this is pleasantly told -by the grandson. “My father was too young and inexperienced to choose a -wife for himself, and my grandfather too much in business to choose one -for him. The affair was nice; for, though my grandfather required not a -great fortune, he insisted on good blood, good person and constitution, -and, above all, good education and a character as remote as possible -from that of court or town-bred lady. All this was thrown upon Mr. -Locke, who being ... so good a judge of men, my grandfather doubted not -of his equal judgment in women. He departed from him, entrusted and -sworn, as Abraham’s head servant that ruled over all that he had, and -went into a far country (the north of England) to seek for his son a -wife, whom he as successfully found.”[255] - -[Sidenote: The Fundamental Constitutions.] - -In the summer of 1669, while the great philosopher was engaged upon -this match-making expedition, he varied the proceedings by drawing -up a constitution for Carolina, the original draft of which, a small -neatly written volume of 75 pages bound in vellum, is still preserved -among the Shaftesbury papers. This constitution diverges widely in some -respects from such a document as would have expressed Locke’s own -ideas of the right sort of government. The scheme which it set forth -was in the main Ashley’s, with such modifications as were necessary -to secure the approval of the other proprietors. It is not worth -our while to recount its complicated provisions, inasmuch as it was -never anything but a dead letter, and civil government sprouted up as -spontaneously in Carolina as if neither statesman nor philosopher had -ever given thought to the subject. One provision, however, expressed -an idea of which Locke was one of the foremost representatives, and -herein Ashley agreed with him; it was the idea of complete liberty -of conscience in matters of religion. It was provided that any seven -or more persons who could agree among themselves upon any sort of -notion about God or any plan for worshipping him might set up a church -and be guaranteed against all interference or molestation. An ideal -so noble as this was never quite realized in the history of any of -the colonies; but there can be little doubt that the publication of -Locke’s “Fundamental Constitutions” in 1670, in 1682, and 1698 had -much influence in directing toward Carolina the stream of Huguenot -emigration from France, which was an event of the first importance.[256] - -[Sidenote: The Carolina Palatinate.] - -In its general character the government created by the Fundamental -Constitutions was a palatinate modelled after that of Durham. The -difference between Carolina and Maryland consisted chiefly in the fact -that the palatinate privileges were granted to eight co-proprietors -instead of a single proprietor. Those privileges were quasi-royal, but -they were limited by giving to the popular assembly the control over -all money bills. This limitation, however, was partly offset by giving -to the higher officers regular salaries payable from quit-rents or -the sales of public lands. These salaries went far toward making such -officers independent of the legislature, and thus led to much complaint -and dissatisfaction. Before the Revolution, questions concerning the -salaried independence of high public officials had in several of the -colonies come to be one of the most burning questions of the day. - -[Sidenote: The Palatine.] - -The lords proprietors, as tenants-in-chief of the crown, were feudal -sovereigns over Carolina. They could grant estates on any terms they -pleased, and subinfeudation, which had been forbidden in England since -1290, was expressly permitted here. The eldest of the proprietors was -called the Palatine; he presided at their meetings, and his vote with -those of three associates was reckoned a majority. As the proprietors -remained in England, it was arranged that each of them should be -represented in Carolina by a deputy; and the Palatine’s deputy, -sometimes called Vice-Palatine, was to be governor of the colony. But -any one of the proprietors coming into the colony, or the oldest of -those coming, if there were more than one, was to take precedence over -everybody and become at once Vice-Palatine. - -[Sidenote: Titles of nobility.] - -By a curious provision of the charter, the lords proprietors could -grant titles of nobility, provided they were unlike those used -in England. Hence the outlandish titles, such as “landgrave” and -“cacique,” which occur in the Fundamental Constitutions. With the -titles there was combined an artificial system of social gradations -which is not worth recounting. As for the political status of the -settlers, they were guaranteed in the possession of all the rights and -privileges enjoyed by Englishmen in England. - -[Sidenote: The Albemarle colony.] - -The planting of two distinct colonies in Carolina was no part of the -original scheme, but the early centres of colonization were so far -apart and communication between them was so difficult that they could -not well be united in a single community, although more than once there -was a single governor over the whole of Carolina. Emigration from -Virginia had begun as early as 1653, when Roger Greene with a hundred -men made a small settlement in the Chowan precinct, on the north shore -of Albemarle Sound.[257] In 1662 George Durant[258] followed, and -began a settlement in the Perquimans precinct, just east of Chowan. -In 1664 Governor Berkeley, of Virginia,--himself one of the eight -lords proprietors,--severed this newly settled region from Virginia, -and appointed William Drummond as its governor. Such were the -beginnings of Albemarle, the colony which in time was to develop into -North Carolina. - -[Illustration: - - MAP OF - NORTH CAROLINA - PRECINCTS, - 1663-1729 - -THE M.-N. CO., BUFFALO, N. Y.] - -[Sidenote: The visit of New Englanders.] - -Meanwhile in 1660 a party from New England made a settlement at -the mouth of Cape Fear River; or perhaps we ought rather to call -it a visit. It lasted no longer than Thorfinn Karlsefni’s visit to -Vinland,[259] for the settlers had all departed by 1663. There is a -tradition that they were sorely harassed by the natives, in revenge -for their sending sundry Indian lads and girls aboard ship, to be -taken to Boston and “educated,” _i. e._ sold for slaves.[260] This -is not improbable. At all events, these New Englanders went off in a -mood not altogether amiable, leaving affixed to a post, at the mouth -of the river, a “scandalous writing ... the contents whereof tended -not only to the disparagement of the land ... but also to the great -discouragement of all such as should hereafter come into those parts to -settle.”[261] - -[Sidenote: The Clarendon colony.] - -But this emphatic warning did not frighten away Sir John Yeamans, who -arrived at Cape Fear early in October, 1663, and ascended the river for -more than a hundred and fifty miles. Sir John was the son of a gallant -Cavalier who had lost life and estate in the king’s service, and he -had come out to Barbadoes to repair his fortunes. His report of the -Cape Fear country was so favourable that by the end of May, 1665, we -find him there again, with several hundred settlers from Barbadoes, to -make the beginnings of the new colony of Clarendon, of which the lords -proprietors had appointed him governor. In the same year the colony of -Albemarle elected its first assembly. - -[Sidenote: The Ashley River colony.] - -[Sidenote: Founding of Charleston, 1670.] - -In 1667 William Sayle, a Puritan from Bermuda, explored the coast, and -reported the value of the Bahama Islands for offensive and defensive -purposes in case of war with Spain. These islands were accordingly -appropriated and annexed to Carolina, as the Bermudas had once been -annexed to Virginia. It was decided to make a settlement at Port Royal; -the venerable Sayle, whose years were more than three-score-and-ten, -was appointed governor; and on March 17, 1670, the first colonists -arrived on the Carolina coast. On further inspection Port Royal seemed -too much exposed to the attacks of Spaniards from St. Augustine, and -accordingly the ships pursued their way northward till they reached and -entered the spacious bay formed by the junction of two noble rivers -since known as Ashley and Cooper. They proceeded up the Ashley as far -as an easily defensible highland at Albemarle Point, where they began -building a village which they called Charles Town. Their cautiousness -was soon justified. Spain and England were then at peace, but no sooner -were the Spaniards notified of these proceedings than a warship started -from St. Augustine and came as far as Stono Inlet, where it learned the -strength of the English position and concluded to retreat.[262] The -next year Governor Sayle died, and was succeeded by Sir John Yeamans, -who came in 1672, bringing from Barbadoes the first negro slaves ever -seen in Carolina. In 1674 Yeamans was superseded by Joseph West, under -whom the first assembly was elected. - -Thus there were three small communities started on the coast of -Carolina: 1. Albemarle, on the Virginia border, constituted in 1664; 2. -Clarendon, on the Cape Fear River, in 1665; 3. The Ashley River colony, -in 1670. - -[Sidenote: First legislation in Albemarle.] - -For a moment we must follow the fortunes of Albemarle, where in 1667 -Drummond was succeeded in the governorship by Samuel Stephens. Two -years later there was passed a statute which enacted that no subject -could be sued within five years for any cause of action that might have -arisen outside of the colony; that all debts contracted outside of the -colony were _ipso facto_ outlawed; and that all new settlers should -be exempted from taxes for one year.[263] Moreover, all “transient -persons,” not intending to remain in the colony, were forbidden to -trade with the Indians. It was furthermore provided that, since there -were no clergymen in the colony to perform the ceremony of marriage, -a declaration of mutual consent, before the governor and council and -in the presence of a few acquaintances, should be deemed a binding -contract.[264] These laws were of course intended to stimulate -immigration, and the effect of the first two was soon plainly indicated -in the indignant epithet, “Rogue’s Harbour,” bestowed by Virginia -people upon the colony of Albemarle.[265] - -[Sidenote: Troubles caused by the Navigation Act.] - -[Sidenote: The trade with New England.] - -The desire of increasing the number of settlers, without regard -to their quality, induced the lords proprietors to sanction these -curiosities of legislation. But troubles, not of their own creating, -were at hand in this little forest community. In 1673 the Fundamental -Constitutions were promulgated by Governor Stephens, who soon afterward -died. Under his temporary successor, George Carteret, president of the -council, the troubles broke out, and it has been customary to ascribe -them to the attempt to enforce the Fundamental Constitutions upon an -unwilling community. It does not appear, however, that the official -promulgation of this frame of government was followed by any serious -attempts to enforce it.[266] The real source of the disturbances was -undoubtedly the Navigation Act,--that mischievous statute with which -the mother country was busily weaning from itself the affections of -its colonies all along the American seaboard. Sundry unfounded rumours -increased the bitter feeling. The king’s grant of Virginia to Arlington -and Culpeper in 1673 was part of the news of the day. It was reported -that the proprietors of Carolina were going to divide up the province -among themselves, and that Albemarle was to be the share of Sir William -Berkeley, a man especially hated by the Virginians of small means, -who were the larger part of the Albemarle population. Though these -reports were baseless, they found many believers. But the Navigation -Act and the attempts to break up the trade with Massachusetts were -very real grievances. Ships from Boston and Salem brought down to -Albemarle Sound all manner of articles needed by the planters, and -took their pay in cattle and lumber, which they carried to the West -Indies and exchanged for sugar, molasses, and rum. Often with this -cargo they returned to Albemarle and exchanged it for tobacco, which -they carried home and sent off to Europe at a good round profit, in -supreme defiance of the statutes. It was said that the new colony was -enriching Yankee merchants much faster than the lords proprietors.[267] -In truth the trade was profitable to merchants and planters alike, -and by the summer of 1676 sundry attempts to break it up had brought -the little colony into quite a rebellious frame of mind. We have -seen how Bacon looked forward to possible help from Carolina against -Sir William Berkeley. Bacon spoke of the desirableness of the people -electing their own governors.[268] New England furnished examples of -such elected governors who were in full sympathy with the people. The -men of Albemarle were likely to make trouble for governors appointed -in England to carry out an unpopular policy. - -[Sidenote: Eastchurch and Miller.] - -When Carteret resigned his position in 1676, two men, who were supposed -to represent the popular party, had lately gone over to England. One -of them, by name Eastchurch, had been speaker of the assembly; and so -anxious were the lords proprietors to have their intentions carried -out without irritating the people, that in the autumn of 1676 they -appointed him governor of Albemarle. The other was a person named -Miller, who had been illegally carried to Virginia and tried by -Governor Berkeley for making a seditious speech in Carolina. In England -he found it profitable to pose as a martyr. The proprietors made him -secretary of Albemarle, and the king’s commissioners of customs made -him collector of the revenues of that colony. Early in 1677 the new -governor and secretary sailed for America, and made a stop at the -little island of Nevis, famous in later years as the birthplace of -Alexander Hamilton. For Eastchurch it proved to be an isle of Calypso. -He fell in love with a fair Creole and staid to press his suit, while -he appointed Miller president of the council, and sent him on in that -capacity to govern Albemarle. - -[Sidenote: The Culpeper usurpation, 1677-79.] - -That little commonwealth of less than 3,000 souls had in the mean time -been enjoying the sweets of uncurbed liberty, when there was no king in -Israel, and every man did what was right in his own eyes. Miller, as -a martyr to free speech, was cordially welcomed, but as proprietary -governor and king’s collector, he found his popularity quickly waning. -He tried to suppress the trade with Massachusetts, and thus arrayed -against himself the Yankee skippers, aided by a “party within,” at -the head of which was the wealthy George Durant, the earliest settler -of Perquimans. The train was well laid for an insurrection when -a demagogue arrived with the match to fire it. This man was John -Culpeper, surveyor-general of Carolina, whose seditious conduct on the -Ashley River had lately made it necessary for him to flee northward -to escape the hangman. Culpeper’s proposal to resist the enforcement -of the odious Navigation Act brought him many followers. In December, -1677, a Yankee schooner, heavily armed and bearing a seductive cargo -of rum and molasses, appeared in Pasquotank River. Her skipper, whose -name was Gillam, had scarcely set foot on land when he was arrested by -the governor and held to bail in £1,000. The astute Yankee, with an air -of innocent surprise, meekly promised to weigh anchor at once and not -return. Hereupon a thirsty mob, maddening with the thought of losing -so much rum, beset Gillam with entreaties to stay. Governor Miller was -a man in whom bravery prevailed over prudence, and, hearing at this -moment that Durant was on the schooner, he straightway boarded her, -pistol in hand, and arrested that influential personage on a charge of -treason. This rash act was the signal for an explosion. Culpeper’s mob -arrested the governor and council, and locked them up. Then they took -possession of the public records, convened the assembly, appointed -new justices, made Culpeper governor, and, seizing upon £3,000 of -customs revenue collected by Miller for the king, they applied it to -the support of this revolutionary government. - -For two years these adventurers exercised full sway over Albemarle. -During this time Governor Eastchurch arrived from the island of Nevis, -bringing with him the fair Creole as his bride. He met with a cold -reception, and lost no time in finding shelter in Virginia, where he -drank a friendly glass with Governor Chicheley, and asked for military -aid against the usurping Culpeper. The request was granted, but before -the troops were ready the unfortunate Eastchurch succumbed to chagrin, -or perhaps to malaria, and his Creole bride was left a widow. - -[Sidenote: How Culpeper fared in London.] - -[Sidenote: Charleston moved to a new site.] - -Culpeper, however, remained in some dread of what Virginia might do. -He had issued a manifesto, accusing Miller of tyranny and peculation -and seeking to justify himself; but he thought it wise to play a still -bolder part. He went to England in the hope of persuading the lords -proprietors to sanction what he had done, and to confirm him in the -governorship. In London he was surprised at meeting the deposed Miller, -who had broken jail and arrived there before him. The twain forthwith -told their eloquent but conflicting tales of woe, and Culpeper’s tongue -proved the more persuasive with the lords proprietors. He seemed on -the point of returning in triumph to Carolina, when suddenly the -king’s officers arrested him for robbing the custom-house of £3,000. -This led to his trial for treason, in the summer of 1680, before the -King’s Bench, under the statute of Henry VIII. anent “treason committed -abroad;” the same statute under which it was sought, on a fine April -morning ninety-five years later, to arrest Samuel Adams and John -Hancock. The Earl of Shaftesbury ably defended Culpeper, and he was -acquitted but not restored to power.[269] He returned to Carolina, a -sadder if not a wiser man; and in his old capacity of surveyor, it is -said, laid out the plan of the city of Charleston on its present site. -The original Charles Town, as already mentioned, was begun at Albemarle -Point on Ashley River, in 1670. Another settlement was made two years -later at Oyster Point, on the extremity of the peninsula enclosed -between the two rivers. This new situation had greater advantages for a -seaport, and its cooler breezes were appreciated by sojourners in that -fiery climate. It grew at the expense of the older settlement, until -in 1680 it had a population of 2,500 souls, and took over the name of -Charles Town, while Albemarle Point was abandoned. So the autumn of -1680 had work at Oyster Point for a surveyor like Culpeper. - -[Sidenote: Seth Sothel.] - -[Sidenote: Banishment of Sothel.] - -The governor who succeeded this usurper in the Albemarle colony was a -new lord proprietor, by name Seth Sothel, to whom the Earl of Clarendon -had sold out his rights and interests. On his way to America, early -in 1680, Sothel was captured by Algerine pirates and carried off into -slavery. Not until 1683 did Sothel obtain his freedom and arrive at -his destination. In five years of misrule over Albemarle he proved -himself one of the dirtiest knaves that ever held office in America. -A few specimens of his conduct may be cited. On the arrival of two -ships from Barbadoes on legitimate business, Sothel seized them as -pirates and threw their captains into jail, where one of them died of -ill-treatment. The dying man made a will in which he named one of the -most respected men in the colony, Thomas Pollock, as his executor; -but Sothel refused to let the will go to probate, and seized the dead -man’s effects; the executor then threatened to carry the story of all -this to England, whereupon the governor lodged him in jail and kept him -there. George Durant called such proceedings unlawful, whereupon Sothel -straightway imprisoned him and confiscated his whole estate. If he saw -anything that pleased his fancy, be it a cow or a negro or a pewter -dish, he just took it without ceremony, and if the owner objected he -locked him up. From criminals he took tips and saved them from the -gallows. The people of Albemarle endured this tyranny until 1688,--that -year when over all English lands the sky was so black with political -thunder-clouds. One day certain leading colonists laid hands upon Seth -Sothel, and prepared to send him to England to be tried for a long -list of felonies. Then this model for governors and lords proprietors, -suddenly realizing the dismal prospect before him, with Tyburn looming -up in the distance, begged with frantic sobs and tears that he might -be tried by the assembly, and not be sent to England; for he felt -sure that the assembly would hardly dare take the responsibility of -hanging him. In this he calculated correctly; he was banished from the -colony for one year, and declared forever incapable of holding the -governorship.[270] - -[Sidenote: Troubles in the southern colony.] - -[Sidenote: The Scotch at Port Royal, 1683-86.] - -[Sidenote: A state without laws.] - -The prudence of the assembly was well considered. The lords proprietors -in England, ill informed as to the affairs of their colony, wearied -with the everlasting series of complaints, and unwilling to believe -that one of their associates could be such a scoundrel, were inclined -to scold the colonists for their treatment of Sothel. As for that -worthy, his full career was not yet run. Scenes of turbulence were -awaiting him in the little settlement between the Ashley and Cooper -rivers. Joseph West had ruled there with a strong hand from 1674 to -1683, and the colony prospered during that time, but disagreements -arose between West and the proprietors which ended in his removal. -The next seven years were a period of anarchy. After five changes of -governors in quick succession, the office was given to James Colleton, -brother of Colleton the lord proprietor, but the situation was not -improved. The troubles arose partly from the practice of kidnapping -Indians for slaves, which invited bloody reprisals; partly from the -demand that quit-rents be paid in coin, which was very scarce in -Carolina; partly from the low character of many of the settlers and -their dealings with pirates; partly from the unwillingness of the -English settlers to admit the Huguenot immigrants to a share in the -franchise; and partly from the fitful and arbitrary manner in which -the lords proprietors tried from beyond sea to cure the complicated -evils. The muddle was aggravated by Spanish hostility. In 1683 a few -Scotch families were brought by Lord Cardross to Port Royal, where -they made the beginnings of a settlement. Those were the cruel days -of Claverhouse in Scotland, and a scheme was entertained for bringing -10,000 sturdy Covenanters to Carolina; but it came to nothing. Cardross -got into difficulties with the people at Charleston, and went back -to Scotland in disgust. In 1686, in time of peace, a Spanish force -pounced upon Port Royal, murdered some of the Scotchmen, flogged others -within an inch of their lives, carried off what booty they could -find, and left the place a smoking ruin. Dire was the indignation of -the Charleston men at these “bloody insolencies.” Two stout ships -with 400 men were just ready to sail against St. Augustine, when the -newly appointed Governor Colleton arrived upon the scene and forbade -their sailing. His mandate was obeyed with growls and curses. The -lords proprietors upheld him. “No man,” as they reasonably said, “can -think that the dependencies of England can have power to make war -upon the king’s allies without his knowledge or consent.”[271] It was -an inauspicious beginning for Colleton. The old troubles continued, -along with others growing out of the Navigation Act. The wrangling -between governor and assembly grew so hot that in 1689 the proprietors -instructed Colleton to summon no more parliaments in Carolina without -express orders from them. The effect of such an order was probably not -foreseen by those well-meaning gentlemen. It was a curious feature in -the Ashley River colony that the acts of its assembly expired at the -end of twenty-three months unless renewed. This term had so nearly -elapsed when the order arrived that “in 1690 not one statute law was in -force in the colony!”[272] - -[Sidenote: Reappearance of Sothel.] - -[Sidenote: His death.] - -This heroic medicine did not cure the malady. Things grew worse in the -spring of 1690, when Colleton proclaimed martial law. The air was thick -with sedition when Sothel arrived in Charleston. As a lord proprietor -he had the right to act as governor over Colleton’s head. Several of -the leading colonists begged him to call a parliament, and forthwith -the exemplary Sothel posed as “the people’s friend.” He summoned a -parliament which banished Colleton and enacted sundry laws. A queer -spectacle it was, the victim of one popular revolution becoming the -ringleader of another, the banished playing the part of banisher! But -the lords proprietors had become aware of Sothel’s misdeeds; they -annulled the acts of his parliament, deposed him, and ordered him to -return to England to answer the charges against him. Sothel did not -relish this. His term of banishment from Albemarle had expired, and he -believed it to be a safer hiding-place than London. Where he skulked -or how he died is unknown. All we know is that his will was admitted -to probate February 5, 1694; and that his tombstone, which came from -England, was never paid for![273] - -[Sidenote: Clarendon colony abandoned.] - -Since the founding of the Ashley River colony it had fared ill with -the Clarendon colony on Cape Fear River, which under favouring -circumstances might perhaps have developed into a Middle Carolina. -There were not people enough, and there was not trade enough for -so many settlements. So Clarendon dwindled until 1690, when it was -abandoned. This left a wide interval of forest and stream between -Albemarle and the Ashley River colony, or North Carolina and South -Carolina, as they were beginning to be called. The formal separation -of Carolina into two provinces did not take place until 1729, but -the two colonies were from the outset, as we have seen, distinct and -independent growths; and by 1690 the epithets North and South were -commonly used. - -[Sidenote: Philip Ludwell.] - -Just at this time, however, the two were united under one governor. -Colonel Philip Ludwell, of Virginia, who had ably supported Berkeley -against Bacon, and had afterward married Berkeley’s widow, was Sothel’s -successor in Albemarle in 1689, and he was appointed to succeed him at -Charleston in 1691. The proprietors wished to bring all Carolina under -one government, and the Albemarle people were requested to send their -representatives to the assembly at Charleston, but distance made such a -scheme impracticable. The northern colony, however, was often governed -by a deputy appointed at Charleston. The troubles were not yet over. -Ludwell was an upright and able man, but the disagreements between the -settlers and the lords proprietors were more than he could cope with, -and in 1692 he was superseded. - -[Sidenote: John Archdale.] - -[Sidenote: Joseph Blake.] - -[Sidenote: Sir Nathaniel Johnson and the Dissenters.] - -It is not worth while to recount the names of all the men who served -as governors in the two Carolinas. In the world of history there is a -certain amount of meaningless mediocrity which a general survey like -the present may well pass by without notice. The brief administration -of John Archdale, in 1695, marks a kind of era. Archdale was a Quaker, -a man of broad intelligence and character at once strong and gentle. -He had become one of the lords proprietors, and in that capacity came -out to Carolina, where for one year he ruled the whole province with -such authority as no one had wielded before; for while he was backed -up by the proprietors, he conciliated the assemblies. In the matter of -the Indians and the quit-rents much was done, and the veto power of -the proprietors was curtailed. After a year Archdale felt able to go -home, leaving his friend Joseph Blake, a nephew of the great admiral, -as governor in Charleston. Under Blake still further progress was made -by admitting to full political rights and privileges the Huguenot -immigrants, who had come to be in some respects the most important -element in the population of South Carolina. But after Blake’s death, -in 1700, it grew stormy again. The new governor, James Moore, came -out to make money, and to that end he renewed the vile practice of -kidnapping Indians. This presently made it necessary to gather troops -and defeat the angry red men. Quarrels with the assembly were chronic. -When the war of the Spanish Succession broke out, Moore invaded -Florida, but accomplished nothing except the creation of a heavy public -debt. In 1703 he was superseded by Sir Nathaniel Johnson, a precious -bigot, who undertook to force through the assembly a law excluding from -it all Dissenters. This was effected by trickery; the act was passed by -a majority of one, in a house from which several members were absent. -After the fraud was discovered, the assembly by a large majority -voted to repeal the act, but the governor refused to sign the repeal. -The Dissenters were perhaps three fourths of the population. They -made complaint to the lords proprietors, but a majority of that body -sustained the governor. Then a successful appeal was made to the House -of Lords, and the proprietors suddenly found themselves threatened with -the loss of their charter. The result was a great victory for the South -Carolina assembly, which at its next session restored Dissenters to -their full privileges. - -[Sidenote: Unsuccessful attempt of a French and Spanish fleet upon -Charleston.] - -Like many another bigot, Governor Johnson was a good fighter. In -August, 1706, Charleston was attacked by a French and Spanish -squadron. A visitation of yellow fever, with half a dozen deaths -daily in a population of 3,000, had frightened many people away from -the town. On a broiling Saturday afternoon five columns of smoke -floating lazily up over Sullivan’s Island announced that five warships -were descried in the offing. They were French privateers with Spanish -reinforcements from Cuba and St. Augustine. When the signal was -reported to the governor at his country house, the militia were called -together from all quarters and the ships in the harbour were quickly -made ready for action. The evening air was vocal with alarm guns. But -the enemy approached with such excessive caution that Johnson had -ample time for preparation. It was not until Wednesday that the affair -matured. Then the French commander sent a flag of truce ashore and -demanded, in the name of Louis XIV., the surrender of the town and its -inhabitants; the governor, he said, might have an hour to consider his -answer. Johnson replied that he did not need a minute, and told the -Frenchman to go to the devil. The enemy then landed 150 men on the -north shore of the harbour, at Haddrell’s Beacon, but the militia soon -drove them into the water, with the loss of a dozen killed and more -than thirty prisoners. Many more were drowned in swimming to their -boats. Another detachment on the south shore was similarly discomfited. -On Thursday Colonel William Rhett, with six small craft heavily armed -and a fire-ship, bore down upon the enemy’s fleet. But instead of -waiting to fight, the French commander hastily stood out to sea. This -conduct, as well as his whole delay, may be explained by the fact that -an important part of his force had not come up. The best of the French -ships, carrying beside her marine force some 200 regular infantry, -did not arrive until Friday, when, in ignorance of the repulse of her -consorts, she entered Sewee Bay and landed her soldiers. It was rushing -into the lion’s jaws. The soldiers were promptly attacked and put to -flight with the loss of one third of their number, while at the same -time Colonel Rhett blockaded the bay and took the French ship with all -on board. Thus the ill-concerted attack ended in ignominious defeat, -with the loss of the best ship and 300 men out of 800. - -[Sidenote: Thomas Carey and the Quakers in North Carolina.] - -[Sidenote: Porter’s mission to England.] - -[Sidenote: Alliance between Porter and Carey.] - -[Sidenote: Edward Hyde.] - -[Sidenote: Carey’s rebellion.] - -After the halcyon days of Archdale there was quiet in North Carolina -until 1704, when Governor Johnson sent a deputy, Robert Daniel, to -rule there and set up the Church of England, while making it hot for -Dissenters. As nearly all the Albemarle people came within the latter -category, there was trouble at once. It was allayed for a moment by the -same proceedings in England which gave victory to the Dissenters of -South Carolina. The Quakers of Albemarle succeeded in getting Johnson -to appoint a new deputy, Thomas Carey, in whom they had confidence. -But their confidence proved to have been misplaced. A recent act of -Queen Anne’s Parliament had prescribed certain test oaths for all -public officials, without making any reservation in behalf of the -conscientious scruples of Quakers. Carey, as deputy governor of -North Carolina, undertook to administer these test oaths, and at once -disgusted the Quakers, who sent John Porter to England to plead with -the lords proprietors. This Porter, who was himself a Quaker, had a -persuasive tongue. Acts of Parliament had not usually been heeded by -the colonies; it was by no means clear that they were even intended to -apply to the colonies without some declaratory clause to that effect, -or without being supplemented by a royal order in council. The lords -proprietors virtually admitted that the Queen Anne test oath act did -not apply to the colonies, when in response to Porter’s petition they -removed Carey from office. At the same time they suspended Governor -Johnson’s authority over North Carolina. This action left that colony -without a head, and there ought to have been no delay in appointing -a new governor, but there was delay. On Porter’s return William -Glover was chosen president of the council, which made him temporary -governor. Glover belonged to the Church of England, but was believed -to be opposed to the test oaths. We can fancy, then, the wrath of the -Quakers when he insisted upon administering the oaths, precisely as -the deposed Carey had done! The remedy was an instance of political -homœopathy, or treatment with a hair of the dog that bit you. The -angry Porter at once turned to Carey and entered into an alliance with -him from which dire evils were to grow. Porter contrived to assemble -various resident deputies of the lords proprietors, and persuaded -them to depose Glover and reinstate Carey; but Glover refused to be -bound by these irregular proceedings. He continued to act as governor -and issued writs for the election of an assembly; Carey did likewise, -and anarchy reigned supreme. Several of the principal colonists fled -to Virginia for safety. In 1710, after a delay of more than three -years, the proprietors sent out Edward Hyde, a kinsman if the queen’s -grandfather, the first Earl of Clarendon, to govern North Carolina. His -commission needed the signature of the governor-in-chief at Charleston, -but that dignitary happened to die just before Hyde’s arrival, so that -further delay was entailed in completing his commission. Early in -1711, before receiving it, he issued writs for an election. Carey made -strenuous efforts to secure the election of a majority of his friends -and adherents to the Commons House of Assembly, or House of Commons, as -it came to be called. Failing in this attempt he maintained that the -election was illegal because Hyde had not received his vouchers. The -assembly retorted by summoning Carey to render an account of all the -public moneys which he had used, and presently it issued orders for his -arrest. Thus driven to bay, Carey set up a rival government and tried -to arrest Hyde, who appealed to Virginia for military aid. Virginia’s -response was prompt and effective. The discomfited Carey fled to the -wilderness between the heads of Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. After -a while he ventured into Virginia, intending to take passage there -for England; but he was arrested and sent to England to be tried for -treason. For lack of accessible evidence he seems to have been released -without trial, and thereupon he made his way to the West Indies, where -history loses sight of him. With his disappearance from North Carolina -tranquillity seemed for the moment restored; but more terrible scenes -were at hand. - -[Sidenote: Expansion of the northern colony; arrival of Graffenried.] - -[Sidenote: Improbable charges against Carey and Porter.] - -In spite of all the turmoil the little colony had received new -settlers, and had begun to expand until North Carolina was no longer -synonymous with Albemarle. In the first decade of the eighteenth -century, numbers of Huguenots settled in the neighbourhood of Bath, -where the Taw River widens into an arm of Pamlico Sound; and parties of -Swiss, with many Germans from the Rhenish Palatinate, under the lead of -Baron de Graffenried, founded the town of New Berne, where the Trent -River flows into the Neuse. The increase of population in Albemarle, -moreover, had carried the frontier from the Chowan to the Roanoke. All -this entailed some real and still more prospective displacement of -native tribes, and some kind of mild remonstrance, after the well-known -Indian fashion, was to be expected. It was believed by many persons at -the time that Carey, on the occasion of his flight to the wilderness -between the Roanoke and Taw rivers, solicited aid from the Indians, -and that his Quaker friend, John Porter, had gone as emissary to the -Tuscaroras, “promising great rewards to incite them to cut off all the -inhabitants of that part of Carolina that adhered to Mr. Hyde.”[274] -But a charge of such frightful character needs strong evidence to -make it credible, and in this case there is little but hearsay and -the vague beliefs of men hostile to Carey and Porter, in a season of -fierce political excitement. No such infernal wickedness is needed to -account for the Indian outbreak. The ordinary incidents connected with -the advance of the white man’s frontier into the red man’s country are -quite sufficient to explain it. But, without feeling it necessary to -accuse Carey and Porter of having urged the Indians to murder their -fellow-countrymen, we must still admit that the civil discord into -which they had plunged the colony had so weakened it as to offer the -watchful red men an excellent opportunity. - -[Sidenote: Carolina Indians; Algonquin tribes.] - -[Sidenote: Sioux tribes.] - -[Sidenote: Iroquois tribes.] - -[Sidenote: Muskogi tribes.] - -The Indians of North Carolina at the time which we are treating -belonged to three ethnic families. Along the coast, northward from Cape -Lookout to the Virginia line, the Corees, Pamlicos, Mattamuskeets, -Pasquotanks, and Chowanoes all belonged to the Algonquin family, and -they could muster in all about 400 warriors. The coast territory -occupied by these tribes was continuous with that which had once been -controlled by the Powhatan Confederacy to the northward. The Corees, in -Carteret Precinct, were the southernmost of these Algonquin tribes. The -Cape Fear Indians, on the coast southwest of Carteret, belonged to the -great Sioux or Dakota family. From the meridian of 77° 30´ westward to -the Blue Ridge, and from the Santee River on the south to the Potomac -on the north, the country was occupied by Sioux tribes, of which the -names most familiarly known are the Waxhaws, Catawbas, Waterees, -Saponis and Tutelos, Monacans and Manahoacs.[275] Now deep into this -Sioux country, in North Carolina, there ran a powerful wedge of alien -stock. The thick end of the wedge covered the precincts of Bath and -Craven, with part of New Hanover; and from its centre, at the mouth of -Trent River, it ran northwestward more than a hundred miles, a little -beyond the site of Raleigh, with an average width of less than thirty -miles. This wedge of population consisted of the Tuscaroras, a large -tribe of the dreaded Iroquois family, able to send forth at least 1,200 -warriors. Another tribe of Iroquois then dwelt in Bertie Precinct, -between the Chowan and Roanoke rivers. It was known as the Meherrins, -and was really the remnant of the fierce Susquehannocks, from whom -Bacon had delivered Virginia in 1676. Its fighting numbers can hardly -have been much over a hundred. Just north of the Meherrins was another -small Iroquois tribe called Nottoways. To frame our picture, although -it takes us away from the scene of action, we should add that the whole -Alpine region west of the Sioux country, from the Peaks of Otter as far -southwest as Lookout and Chickamauga mountains, belonged to the great -Iroquois tribe of Cherokees; while to the south of Santee River, from -Florida to the Mississippi River, we encounter a fourth ethnic family, -the Muskogi, represented by such tribes as Choctaws and Chickasaws, the -Creek Confederacy, the Yamassees, and others. - -[Sidenote: Algonquin-Iroquois conspiracy.] - -Between the Tuscaroras and the numerous Sioux tribes by which they -were partly surrounded there was incessant and murderous hostility. On -the other hand, there was amity and alliance, at least for the moment, -between the Tuscaroras and the Algonquin coast tribes whose lands the -palefaces were invading. The first murders of white settlers occurred -in Bertie Precinct at the hands of Meherrins, and seem to have been -isolated cases. But a general conspiracy of Iroquois and Algonquin -tribes was not long in forming, and the day before the new moon, -September 22, 1711, was appointed for a wholesale massacre. - -[Sidenote: Capture of Graffenried and Lawson.] - -[Sidenote: Lawson’s horrible death.] - -A few days before the appointed time the Baron de Graffenried started -in his pinnace from New Berne to explore the Neuse River. His only -companions were a negro servant and John Lawson, a Scotchman who for -a dozen years had been surveyor-general of the colony. Lawson was the -author of an extremely valuable and fascinating book on Carolina and -its native races,--a book which one cannot read without loving the -writer and mourning his melancholy fate.[276] No man in the colony was -better known by the Indians, who had frequently observed and carefully -noted the fact that his appearance in the woods with his surveying -instruments was apt to be followed by some fresh encroachment upon -their lands. Lawson and Graffenried had advanced but little way into -the Tuscarora wilderness when they were surrounded by a host of Indians -and taken prisoners. The Indians were very curious to learn why they -had come up the river; perhaps it might indicate that the people at New -Berne had some suspicion of the intended massacre and had sent them -forward as scouts. If any such dread beset the minds of the red men, -it was probably soon allayed; for it is clear that, had there been any -suspicion, Graffenried and Lawson would not thus have ventured out of -all reach of support. The barbarians were two or three days in making -up their minds what to do. Then they took poor Lawson, and thrust into -his skin all over, from head to foot, sharp splinters of lightwood, -almost dripping with its own turpentine, and set him afire.[277] The -negro was also put to death with fiendish torments, but Graffenried was -kept a prisoner, perhaps in order to be burned on some festal occasion. - -[Sidenote: The massacre, Sept. 22-24, 1711.] - -[Sidenote: Aid from Virginia and South Carolina.] - -[Sidenote: Barnwell defeats the Tuscaroras, Jan. 28. 1712.] - -Before the news of this dreadful affair could reach New Berne, the blow -had fallen, not only there, but also at Bath and on the Roanoke River. -Some hundreds of settlers were massacred,--at New Berne 130 within two -hours from the signal. No circumstance of horror was wanting. Men were -gashed and scorched, children torn in pieces, women impaled on stakes. -The slaughter went on for three days. A war-chief called by the white -men Handcock seems to have been the leading spirit in this concerted -attack, but as usual in Indian warfare the concert was incomplete.[278] -An outlying detachment of Tuscaroras in Bertie Precinct, whose head -war-chief was called Tom Blunt, took no part in the massacre and -remained on good terms with the whites. Perhaps Blunt’s attitude may -have been affected by nearness to Virginia and its able governor, -Alexander Spotswood, who was certainly instrumental in keeping the -Nottoways and Meherrins quiet. Through Blunt’s intervention, Spotswood -secured the release of Graffenried, after five weeks of captivity, and -it was not the fault of this valiant governor that Virginia troops did -not march against Handcock; for his House of Burgesses, after advising -such a measure, behaved like a “whimsical multitude,” and refused to -vote the necessary funds.[279] Important aid, however, was obtained -from South Carolina, which had for the moment a more complaisant -assembly, and in Charles Craven a wise and able governor. Advantage -was taken of the deadly hatred which the Sioux and Muskogi tribes bore -to the Iroquois. With a small body of white men, supported by large -numbers of Muskogi Creeks and Yamassees, and of Sioux Catawbas, Colonel -John Barnwell made a long and arduous winter march through more than -250 miles of virgin forest to the Neuse River, where he encountered -the Tuscaroras, and in an obstinate battle defeated them with the loss -of 400 warriors. Then Handcock, retiring behind a stockade, sought -and obtained terms from Barnwell; a treaty was made, and the South -Carolina forces went home. - -[Sidenote: Crushing defeat of the Tuscaroras; migration to New York.] - -They had scarcely departed when the faithless red men renewed their -bloody work, and in March the distracted colony was again obliged to -ask for succour. Summer added to the other horrors the scourge of -yellow fever, which carried off some hundreds of victims, among them -Governor Hyde. In December a force of 50 white men and 1,000 Indians -from South Carolina, under Colonel James Moore, arrived on the scene, -and in March, 1713, Handcock was driven to cover on the site of the -present town of Snow Hill, in Greene County. His palisaded fort was -stormed with great slaughter, and that was the end of the Indian -power in eastern North Carolina. Their remnant of defeated Tuscaroras -withdrew to the upper waters of the Roanoke, and thence migrated -northward to central New York, where they were admitted into the great -confederacy of their kinsmen, the Iroquois of the Long House. Thus did -the celebrated Five Nations become the Six Nations. - -[Sidenote: Charles Eden.] - -After Hyde’s death the government was ably administered by one of the -leading colonists, Thomas Pollock, as president of the council. In 1714 -Charles Eden came out as governor. Under the stress of war the colony -had begun to issue paper money, a curse from which it was destined long -to suffer. But some other evils were remedied. Liberty of conscience -was secured to Dissenters, and in the matter of test oaths the Quaker’s -affirmation was accepted as an equivalent. Eden was a very popular -governor and managed affairs with ability until his death in 1722. His -name is preserved in that of the town of Edenton, in Chowan County, -which was in his time the seat of government. - -[Sidenote: The Yamassees and the Spaniards.] - -We must now turn to South Carolina, where we have seen Governor Craven -using the Yamassee and Catawba warriors as allies to be sent against -the Tuscaroras. The year 1713, which witnessed the crushing defeat of -the Tuscaroras, was the year of the treaty of Utrecht, which ended the -long war of the Spanish Succession. Throughout that war the powerful -tribe of Yamassees had been steadfast friends of the English. From -time to time they made incursions into Florida and brought away many -a Spanish captive to be burned alive, until government checked their -cruelty by offering a ransom for Spanish prisoners delivered in safety -at Charleston; the prisoners were then sent home on payment of the -amount of their ransom by the government at St. Augustine. - -[Sidenote: Alliance of Indian tribes against the South Carolinians.] - -[Sidenote: The Indian war.] - -The Yamassee country was the last quarter from which the South -Carolinians would have expected hostilities to come. But after 1713, in -spite of treaty obligations, the St. Augustine government bent all its -energies to stirring up all the frontier tribes to a concerted attack -upon the English. Bribes in the shape of gaudy coats, steel hatchets, -and firearms were distributed among the chiefs; the solemn palavers, -the banquets of boiled dog, the exchanges of wampum belts, the puffing -of red clay pipes, the beastly orgies of fire-water, may be left to -our imagination, for we have no such minute chroniclers here as the -Jesuits of Canada. The outcome of it all was a grand conspiracy of -Yamassees, Creeks, Catawbas, and Cherokees, with other less important -tribes, comprising perhaps 7,000 or 8,000 warriors, against the colony -of South Carolina. But, as in all such plans for concerted action among -Indians, the concert was very imperfect. Hostilities began in April, -1715, with the massacre of ninety persons at Pocotaligo, and lasted -until February, 1716, by which time 400 Christians had lost their -lives; while the red men were thoroughly vanquished, and the shattered -remnant of the Yamassees sought shelter in Florida. - -[Sidenote: Robert Johnson.] - -Governor Craven, who had conducted this war with great ability and -courage, was a man of high character, and when he returned to England -in 1717 his departure was mourned. His successor, Robert Johnson, was -son of Sir Nathaniel Johnson, who had formerly been governor. The -younger Johnson, an able and popular official, was the last governor of -South Carolina under the lords proprietors. His romantic experiences in -dealing with pirates will be recounted in my next chapter. The chain -of events which brought about a political revolution in 1719 admits -of brief description. The Indian war had laden South Carolina with -debt, and it was felt that the lords proprietors ought to contribute -something toward relieving the distress of a colony which had yielded -them a princely income. But the lords proprietors did not take -this view of the case. As a means of discharging the public debt, the -assembly laid a revenue tariff upon imports, but the lords proprietors -vetoed it. The assembly proposed to raise money by selling Yamassee -lands to settlers, but the lords proprietors laid claim to the -conquered territory for their own use and behoof. Thus the situation -was fast becoming unendurable. - -[Illustration: A Map _of y^e most_ Improved Part of CAROLINA ] - -[Sidenote: The revolution of 1719 in South Carolina.] - -In December, 1718, war broke out again between Spain and England. -The Spaniards planned an expedition against Charleston, and Johnson -asked the assembly for money. They proposed to raise it by collecting -revenue under the tariff act, in disregard of the veto. Nicholas Trott, -the chief justice, declared that this would not do; the courts would -uphold delinquents who should refuse to pay. The assembly denied the -right of the proprietors to veto their acts. The members consulted -their constituents and were sustained by them. Finally the assembly -resolved itself into a revolutionary convention, deposed the lords -proprietors, and offered the governorship to Johnson as royal governor. -On his refusal to take part in such proceedings, the convention chose -for provisional royal governor Colonel James Moore, the hero of the -Tuscarora war. Johnson’s only reliance, in such an emergency, was the -militia; but the militia deserted him and went over to the convention, -and thus, in December, 1719, the popular revolution was complete. When -the news reached London, the course of the assembly was approved by the -crown, the proprietary charter was declared to be forfeited, and our -old friend Sir Francis Nicholson was sent out to South Carolina as -royal governor. - -[Sidenote: End of the proprietary government.] - -Three years later there was renewal of civil discord in North Carolina, -after the death of Governor Eden and the arrival of his successor, -George Burrington, a vulgar ruffian who had served a term in prison -for an infamous assault upon an old woman. Five years of turmoil, -with changes of governors, followed. In 1728 Parliament requested the -king to buy Carolina, and appropriated money for the purpose. The -proprietors were Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort, and his brother, -Lord Charles Somerset; Lord Craven; Lord Carteret; John Cotton; the -heirs of Sir John Colleton; James and Henry Bertie; Mary Dawson and -Elizabeth Moore. Lord Carteret would not sell his share. All the others -consented to sell for a modest sum total scarcely amounting to £50,000; -and so in 1729 the many-headed palatinate founded by Charles II. came -to an end, and in its place were the two royal provinces of North and -South Carolina. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Contrasts between the two Carolinas.] - -The careers of the two southern colonies whose beginnings we have thus -sketched were very different, and between their respective social -characteristics the contrasts were so great that it is impossible to -make general statements applicable alike to the two. In one respect the -contrast was different from that which one would observe in comparing -Virginia with New England. In New England a marked concentration -of social life in towns and villages co-existed with complete -democracy, while in Virginia the isolated life upon great plantations -was connected with an aristocratic structure of society. But between -the two Carolinas the contrast was just the reverse of this. Of all -the southern colonies, North Carolina was the one in which society -was the most scattered, and town life the least developed, while -it was also the one in which the general aspect of society was the -least aristocratic. On the other hand, in South Carolina there was a -peculiarly strong concentration of social life into a single focus -in Charleston; and in connection with this we find a type of society -in some respects more essentially aristocratic than in Virginia. We -shall find it worth our while to dwell for a moment upon some of the -immediate causes of these differences. - -[Sidenote: Effects of geographical conditions.] - -[Sidenote: Interior of North Carolina contrasted with the coast.] - -The history of North America affords an interesting illustration -of the way in which the character of a community may be determined -for good or ill by geographical circumstances. There have been -historians and philosophers unable to see anything except such physical -conditions at work in determining the course of human affairs. With -such views I have small sympathy,[280] but it would be idle to deny -that physical conditions are very important, and the study of them -is highly instructive. But for the peculiar physical conformation -of its coast, North Carolina, rather than Virginia, would doubtless -have been the first American state. It was upon Roanoke Island that -the earliest attempts were made, but Ralph Lane in 1585 already came -to the conclusion that the Chesapeake region would afford better -opportunities. First and foremost, the harbourage was spoiled by the -prevalent sand-bars. Then huge pine barrens near the coast hindered -the first efforts of the planter, and extensive malarial swamps -imperilled his life.[281] The first attempts at cultivation increased -the danger, which was of a kind that would yield only to modern methods -of drainage. It was only by the coast that the conditions were thus -forbidding. No American state has greater natural advantages than North -Carolina. For diversity of eligible soils, for salubrity of climate, -for variety of flora and fauna, she is unsurpassed; while for beauty -and grandeur of scenery she may well claim to be first among the states -east of the Rocky Mountains.[282] John Lawson describes North Carolina -with enthusiasm as “a delicious country, being placed in that girdle of -the world which affords wine, oil, fruit, grain, and silk, with other -rich commodities, besides a sweet air, moderate climate, and fertile -soil. These are the blessings, under Heaven’s protection, that spin -out the thread of life to its utmost extent, and crown our days with -the sweets of health and plenty, which, when joined with content, -render the possessors the happiest race of men upon earth.”[283] The -good Lawson, who was somewhat inclined to see things in rose-colour, -praised even the gentleness of the Indians, who (as we have seen) -returned the compliment after their manner, by roasting him alive. -But, with all this beauty and richness of the interior country, the -obstacles presented at the coast turned the first great wave of English -colonization into Virginia; and thereafter the settlement of North -Carolina was determined largely, and by no means to its advantage, by -the social conditions of the older colony. - -[Sidenote: Unkempt life.] - -In its early days North Carolina was simply a portion of Virginia’s -frontier; and to this wild frontier the shiftless people who could not -make a place for themselves in Virginia society, including many of -the “mean whites,” flocked in large numbers. In their new home they -soon acquired the reputation of being very lawless in temper, holding -it to be the chief end of man to resist all constituted authority, -and above all things to pay no taxes. In some respects, as in the -administration of justice, one might have witnessed such scenes as -continued for generations to characterize American frontier life. The -courts sat oftentimes in taverns, where the tedium of business was -relieved by glasses of grog, while the judge’s decisions were not put -on record, but were simply shouted by the crier from the inn door or -at the nearest market-place. It was not until 1703 that a clergyman -was settled in the colony, though there were Quaker meetings before -that time. As late as 1729 Colonel Byrd writes of Edenton, the seat of -government: “I believe this is the only metropolis in the Christian -or Mohammedan world where there is neither church, chapel, mosque, -synagogue, or any other place of public worship, of any sect or -religion whatsoever.” In this country “they pay no tribute, either to -God or to Cæsar.”[284] - -[Sidenote: A genre picture by Colonel Byrd.] - -According to Colonel Byrd, these people were chargeable with laziness, -but more especially the men, who let their wives work for them. The -men, he says, “make their wives rise out of their beds early in the -morning, at the same time that they lie and snore till the sun has -run one third of his course and dispersed all the unwholesome damps. -Then, after stretching and yawning for half an hour, they light their -pipes, and under the protection of a cloud of smoke venture out into -the open air; though, if it happens to be never so little cold, they -quickly return shivering into the chimney corner. When the weather is -mild, they stand leaning with both their arms upon the cornfield fence, -and gravely consider whether they had best go and take a small heat at -the hoe, but generally find reasons to put it off until another time. -Thus they loiter away their lives, like Solomon’s sluggard, with their -arms across, and at the winding up of the year scarcely have bread -to eat.”[285] Every one has met with the type of man here described. -In Massachusetts to-day you may find sporadic examples of him in -decaying mountain villages, left high and dry by the railroads that -follow the winding valleys; or now and then you may find him clustered -in some tiny hamlet of crazy shanties nestling in a secluded area of -what Mr. Ricardo would have called “the worst land under cultivation,” -and bearing some such pithy local name as “Hardscrabble” or “Satan’s -Kingdom.” Such men do not make the strength of Massachusetts, or of any -commonwealth. They did not make the strength of North Carolina, and it -should not be forgotten that Byrd’s testimony is that of an unfriendly -or at least a satirical observer. Nevertheless there is strong reason -for believing that his portrait is one for which the old Albemarle -colony could have furnished many sitters. Such people were sure to be -drawn thither by the legislation which made the colony an Alsatia for -insolvent debtors. - -[Sidenote: Industries.] - -The industries of North Carolina in the early times were purely -agricultural. There were no manufactures. The simplest and commonest -articles of daily use were imported from the northern colonies or -from England. Agriculture was conducted more wastefully and with -less intelligence than in any of the other colonies. In the northern -counties tobacco was almost exclusively cultivated. In the Cape Fear -region there were flourishing rice-fields. A great deal of excellent -timber was cut; in particular the yellow pine of North Carolina -was then, as now, famous for its hardness and durability. Tar and -turpentine were also produced in large quantities. All this furnished -the basis for a flourishing foreign commerce; but the people did -not take kindly to the sea, and the carrying trade was monopolized -by New Englanders. The fisheries, which were of considerable value, -were altogether neglected. All business or traffic about the coast was -carried on under perilous conditions; for pirates were always hovering -about, secure in the sympathy of many of the people, like the brigands -of southern Italy in recent times. - -[Sidenote: Absence of towns.] - -In the absence of manufactures, and with commerce so little developed, -there was no town life. Byrd describes Edenton as containing forty -or fifty houses, small and cheaply built: “a citizen here is -counted extravagant if he has ambition enough to aspire to a brick -chimney.”[286] As late as 1776 New Berne and Wilmington were villages -of five or six hundred inhabitants each. Not only were there no towns, -but there were very few large plantations with stately manor houses -like those of Virginia. A great part of the country was covered with -its primeval forest, in which thousands of hogs, branded with their -owners’ marks, wandered and rooted until the time came for hunting them -out and slaughtering them. Where rude clearings had been made in the -wilderness there were small, ill-kept farms. Nearly all the people were -small farmers, whose work was done chiefly by black slaves or by white -servants. The treatment of the slaves is said to have been usually -mild, as in Virginia. The white servants fared better, and the general -state of society was so low that when their time of service was -ended they had here a good chance of rising to a position of equality -with their masters. The country swarmed with ruffians of all sorts, -who fled thither from South Carolina and Virginia; life and property -were insecure, and Lynch law was not unfrequently administered. The -small planters were apt to be hard drinkers, and among their social -amusements were scrimmages, in which noses were sometimes broken and -eyes gouged out. There was a great deal of gambling. But, except at -elections and other meetings for political purposes, people saw very -little of each other. The isolation of homesteads, which prevailed over -the South, reached its maximum in North Carolina. It is not strange, -then, that the colony was a century old before it could boast of a -printing-press, or that there were no schools until shortly before the -war for Independence. A mail from Virginia came some eight or ten times -in a year, but it only reached a few towns on the coast, and down to -the time of the Revolution the interior of the country had no mails at -all. - -[Sidenote: A frontier democracy.] - -[Sidenote: Segregation and dispersal of Virginia’s poor whites.] - -[Sidenote: Spotswood’s account of the matter.] - -All these consequences clearly followed from the character of the -emigration by which North Carolina was first peopled, and that -character was determined by its geographical position as a wilderness -frontier to such a commonwealth as Virginia. In the character of -this emigration we find the reasons for the comparatively democratic -state of society. As there were so few large plantations and wealthy -planters, while nearly all the white people were small land-owners, -and as the highest class was thus so much lower in dignity than the -corresponding class in Virginia, it became just so much the easier -for the “mean whites” to rise far enough to become a part of it. -North Carolina, therefore, was not simply an Alsatia for debtors -and criminals, but it afforded a home for the better portion of -Virginia’s poor people. We can thus see how there would come about a -natural segregation of Virginia’s white freedmen into four classes: -1. The most enterprising and thrifty would succeed in maintaining -a respectable existence in Virginia; 2. A much larger class, less -thrifty and enterprising, would find it easier to make a place for -themselves in the ruder society of North Carolina; 3. A lower stratum -would consist of persons without enterprise or thrift who remained -in Virginia to recruit the ranks of “white trash;” 4. The lowest -stratum would comprise the outlaws who fled into North Carolina to -escape the hangman. Of the third class the eighteenth century seems -to have witnessed a gradual exodus from Virginia, so that in 1773 it -was possible for the traveller, John Ferdinand Smyth, to declare that -there were fewer cases of poverty in proportion to the population than -anywhere else “in the universe.” The statement of Bishop Meade in 1857, -which was quoted in the preceding chapter,[287] shows that the class -of “mean whites” had not even then become extinct in Virginia; but it -is clear that the slow but steady exodus had been such as greatly to -diminish its numbers and its importance as a social feature. Some of -these freedmen went northward into Pennsylvania,[288] but most of them -sought the western and southern frontiers, and at first the southern -frontier was a far more eligible retreat than the western. Of this -outward movement of white freedmen the governor of Virginia wrote in -1717: “The Inhabitants of our ffrontiers are composed generally of such -as have been transported hither as Servants, and being out of their -time, ... settle themselves where Land is to be taken up ... that will -produce the necessarys of Life with little Labour. It is pretty well -known what Morals such people bring with them hither, which are not -like to be much mended by their Scituation, remote from all places of -worship; they are so little concerned about Religion, that the Children -of many of the Inhabitants of those ffrontier Settlements are 20, and -some 30 years of age before they are baptized, and some not at all.... -These people, knowing the Indians to be lovers of strong liquors, make -no scruple of first making them drunk and then cheating them of their -skins; on the other hand, the Indians, being unacquainted with the -methods of obtaining reparation by Law, frequently revenged themselves -by the murder of the persons who thus treated them, or (according -to their notions of Satisfaction) of the next Englishman they could -most easily cutt off.”[289] In this description we may recognize some -features of frontier life in recent times. - -[Sidenote: The German immigration.] - -[Sidenote: The Scotch-Irish immigration.] - -We have hitherto considered only the earliest period of North Carolina -history. From about 1720 marked changes began to be visible. There -was such a change in the character of the immigration as by and by to -result in more or less displacement of population. Since the barbarous -devastation of the Rhenish Palatinate by French troops in 1688-93 there -had been much distress among those worthy Germans, and after a while -they sought to mend their fortunes by coming to America. This migration -continued for many years. Some of these Germans settled in the Mohawk -valley, where their mark was placed upon the map in such town names -as Minden, Frankfort, and Oppenheim, and where they contributed to -our Revolutionary War one of its most picturesque figures in Nicholas -Herkimer. A great many came to the Susquehanna valley in what was then -the western part of Pennsylvania, where their descendants still speak -and write that sweet old-fashioned language which we ought hardly -to call Pennsylvania _Dutch_, since it is a dialect of High German -besprinkled with English. From Pennsylvania large numbers followed -the valleys between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies and made their -way as far as South Carolina. We have already noted the arrival of -Germans, Swiss, and Huguenots on the North Carolina seaboard early in -the century. Later on, in 1745, after the suppression of the Jacobite -rebellion, there came to North Carolina a powerful reinforcement of -Scotch Highlanders, among them many of the clan Macdonald, including -the romantic Flora Macdonald, who had done so much for the young -fugitive prince. But more important and far more numerous than all the -other elements in the population were the Scotch-Irish from Ulster, -who--goaded by unwise and unjust laws--began coming in large numbers -about 1719, and have played a much greater and more extensive part in -American history than has yet been recognized. There was hardly one of -the thirteen colonies upon which these Scotch-Irish did not leave their -mark. To the story of their coming I shall revert in my concluding -chapter, where it forms the most important part of the story of the -westward advance of Virginia. For the present it may suffice to point -out that in North Carolina they had come, before the Revolutionary War, -to be the strongest element in the population of the colony. Under the -influence of these various and excellent streams of immigration, the -character of the colony was gradually but effectively altered. Industry -and thrift came to prevail in the wilderness, and various earnest -Puritanic types of religion flourished side by side on friendly terms. - -[Sidenote: Displacement and further dispersal of poor whites.] - -As society in North Carolina became more and more orderly and -civilized, the old mean white element, or at least the more intractable -part of it, was gradually pushed out to the westward. This stream that -had started from Old Virginia flowed for a while southwestward into the -South Carolina back-country. But the southerly movement was gradually -turned more and more to the westward. - -[Sidenote: “Crackers,” etc.] - -Always clinging to the half-savage frontier, these poor white people -made their way from North Carolina westward through Tennessee, and -their descendants may still be found here and there in Arkansas, -southern Missouri, and what is sometimes known as the Egyptian -extremity of Illinois. From the South Carolina back-country, through -Georgia, they were scattered here and there among the states on the -Gulf of Mexico. Taken at its worst, this type of American citizen is -portrayed in Martin Chuzzlewit’s unwelcome visitor, the redoubtable -Hannibal Chollop. Specimens of him might have been found among the -border ruffians led by the savage Quantrell in 1863 to the cruel -massacre at Lawrence, and among the desperadoes whose dark deeds -used forty years ago to give such cities as Memphis an unenviable -prominence in the pages of the “Police Gazette.” But in the average -specimens of the type one would find not criminality of disposition -so much as shiftlessness. Of the stunted, gaunt, and cadaverous -“sand-hillers” of South Carolina and Georgia, a keen observer says that -“they are incapable of applying themselves steadily to any labour, -and their habits are very much like those of the old Indians.”[290] -The “clay-eaters,” who are said to sustain life on crude whiskey -and aluminous earth, are doubtless of similar type, as well as the -“conches,” “crackers,” and “corn-crackers” of various Southern -states. All these seem to represent a degraded variety or strain of -the English race. Concerning the origin of this degraded strain, -detailed documentary evidence is not easy to get; but the facts of its -distribution furnish data for valid inferences such as the naturalist -entertains concerning the origin and migrations of some species of -animal or plant. - -There is, _first_, the importation of degraded English humanity in -large numbers to the two oldest colonies in which there is a demand -for wholesale cheap labour; _secondly_, the substitution of black -cheap labour for white; _thirdly_, the tendency of the degraded -white humanity to seek the frontier, as described by Spotswood, or -else to lodge in sequestered nooks outside of the main currents of -progress. These data are sufficient in general to explain the origin -and distribution of the “crackers,” but a word of qualification is -needed. It is not to be supposed that the ancestors of all the persons -designated as “crackers” were once white freedmen in Virginia and -Maryland; it is more probable that this class furnished a nucleus -about which various wrecks of decayed and broken-down humanity from -many quarters were gradually gathered. Nor are we bound to suppose -that every community of ignorant, semi-civilized white people in the -Southern states is descended from those white freedmen. Prolonged -isolation from the currents of thought and feeling that sway the great -world will account for almost any extent of ignorance and backwardness; -and there are few geographical situations east of the Mississippi River -more conducive to isolation than the southwestern portion of the great -Appalachian highlands. All these circumstances should be borne in mind -in dealing with what, from whatever point of view, is one of the -interesting problems of American history. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Settlers of South Carolina.] - -The settlement of South Carolina took place under different -circumstances from those of the sister colony, and the resulting state -of society was very different. In the earliest days there were many -settlers of a rough and turbulent character, which their peculiar -dealings with pirates, to be recounted in the following chapter, did -not tend to improve. But the Huguenots, in whose veins flowed some -of the sturdiest blood of France, soon came in great numbers. From -the acquaintanceship of the Berkeleys, the Ashleys, the Hydes, and -others, there came a certain number of Cavaliers; but at the end of -the seventeenth century the impulse which had carried thousands of -Cavaliers to Virginia had quite died out, and on the whole the general -complexion of South Carolina, as regarded religion and politics, was -strongly Puritan. - -[Sidenote: Churchmen and Dissenters.] - -[Sidenote: The vestries.] - -In one respect there is a resemblance by no means superficial between -the settlement of South Carolina and that of Massachusetts. Most -of the South Carolina settlers had left their homes in Europe for -reasons connected with religion; and emigrants who quit their homes -for such reasons are likely to show a higher average of intelligence -and energy than the great mass of their fellow-countrymen who stay at -home. Calvinism was the prevailing form of theology in South Carolina, -though there were some Lutherans, and perhaps one fifth of the people -may have belonged to the Church of England, which was established by -the proprietary charter, and remained the state church until 1776. -We have seen how much disturbance was caused by the attempts of the -High Churchmen early in the eighteenth century to enforce conformity -on the part of the Dissenters; but such attempts were soon abandoned -as hopeless, and a policy of toleration prevailed. Though the Church -of England was supported by public taxation, yet the clergymen were -not appointed to office, but were elected by their congregations like -the Dissenting clergymen. Their education was in general very good, -and their character lofty; and in all respects the tone of the church -in South Carolina was far higher than in Virginia. At the outbreak of -the Revolution the elected Episcopal clergy of South Carolina were -generally found on the side of the Whigs; a significant contrast to the -appointed Episcopal clergy of Virginia, whose Toryism was carried so -far as to ruin the reputation of their church. But the most interesting -feature connected with the establishment of the English Church was the -introduction of the parish system of local self-government in very much -the same form in which it existed in England. The vestries in South -Carolina discharged many of the functions which in New England were -performed by the town meeting,--the superintendence of the poor, the -maintenance of roads, the election of representatives to the Commons -House of Assembly, and the assessment of the local taxes. - -[Sidenote: The South Carolina parish.] - -In one fundamental respect the political constitution of South -Carolina was more democratic than that of Virginia. The vestrymen -were elected yearly by all the taxpayers of the parish. In this they -were analogous to the selectmen of New England. Parish government in -Virginia was in the hands of a close vestry; in South Carolina it was -administered by an open vestry. Moreover, while in Virginia the unit -of representation in the legislature was the county, in South Carolina -it was the parish. Now the South Carolina parish was of purely English -origin, not of French origin like the parishes of Louisiana. The -Louisiana parish is analogous to a county, that of South Carolina was -nearly equivalent to a township.[291] Although the colony had such a -large proportion of French settlers, and of such marked ability and -character, the development of its governmental institutions was as -thoroughly English as if no Frenchman had ever set foot upon its soil. -The approximation to the New England township is interesting. The -freemen of South Carolina, with their open vestry, possessed what the -smaller landed proprietors of Virginia in Bacon’s rebellion strove for -in vain. - -[Sidenote: Free schools.] - -In this connection it is worth while to observe that, from the first -decade of the eighteenth century, a strong interest in popular -education was felt in South Carolina. The same obstacles to schools in -the rural districts that we have already observed in Virginia prevented -the growth of anything like the public school system of New England. -But of private free schools in the colony of South Carolina there -were quite a number, and their quality was very good. The first was -established in Charleston in 1712, and it not only taught the three Rs, -along with bookkeeping, but it had classes in Greek and Latin. Private -donations were encouraged by a provision that every giver of £20 “could -nominate a scholar to be taught free for five years.” The commissioners -of the school also appointed twelve scholars. Free schools were -afterward erected by private bequests and subscriptions at Dorchester, -Beaufort, Ninety-Six, and in many other places. A noteworthy instance -was afforded by St. Thomas parish, where “James Childs bequeathed -£600 toward erecting a free school, and the parishioners, by local -subscription, increased the amount to £2,800.”[292] In such beginnings -there lay the possibilities of a more healthy development than can be -secured by the prevalent semi-socialist method of supporting schools by -public taxation;[293] but the influences of negro slavery were adverse -to any such development. - -[Sidenote: Rice and indigo.] - -The economic circumstance which chiefly determined the complexion of -society in South Carolina was the cultivation of rice and indigo. The -value of the former crop was discovered in 1693, when a ship from -Madagascar, accidentally stopping at Charleston, had on board a little -bag of rice, which was planted with very notable success. Rice was not -long in becoming the great staple of the colony. By 1740 it yielded -more than £200,000 yearly. Indigo was next in importance. Much corn was -raised, and cattle in large numbers were exported to the West Indies. -Some attention was paid to silk, flax, and hemp, tobacco, olives, and -oranges. Some cotton was raised, but that crop did not attain paramount -importance until after the invention of the gin and the development of -great factories in England. - -Rice and indigo absorbed the principal attention of the colony, as -tobacco absorbed the attention of Virginia. Manufactures did not -thrive. Every article, great or small, whether a mere luxury or an -article of prime necessity, that had to be manufactured, was imported, -and paid for with rice or indigo. This created a very prosperous trade -in Charleston. The planters did not deal directly with the shipmasters, -as in Virginia, but sold their crops to the merchants in Charleston, -whence they were shipped, sometimes in British, sometimes in New -England vessels, to all parts of the world. - -[Sidenote: Some characteristics of South Carolina slavery.] - -Now the cultivation of rice and the cultivation of indigo are both very -unhealthy occupations. The work in the swamps is deadly to white men. -But after 1713 negroes were brought to South Carolina in such great -numbers that an athletic man could be had for £40 or less. Every such -negro could raise in a single year much more indigo or rice than would -repay the cost of his purchase, so that it was actually more profitable -to work him to death than to take care of him. Assuming, then, that -human nature in South Carolina was neither better nor worse than in -other parts of the civilized world, we need not be surprised when told -that the relations between master and slave were noticeably different -from what they were in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. The -negroes of the southern colony were reputed to be more brutal and -unmanageable than those to the northward, and for this there is a -twofold explanation. In the first place, slaves newly brought from -Africa, half-savage heathen, were less tractable than African slaves -who had lived many years under kindly treatment among white people, -and far less tractable than slaves of the next generation born in -America. Such newcomers as had been tribal chiefs or elders in their -country were noted as especially insolent and insubordinate.[294] In -many respects the negro has proved quickly amenable to the softening -influences of civilized life, and to the teachings of Christianity, -however imperfectly apprehended. In the second place, the type of -Virginia slavery was old-fashioned and patriarchal, while South -Carolina slavery was of the modern and commercial type. The slaves on -a Virginia plantation were like members of a great family, while in a -South Carolina rice swamp their position was much more analogous to -that of a gang of navvies. This circumstance was closely connected -with a peculiarity of South Carolina life, in which it afforded a -striking contrast to the slave states north of it. Except in the -immediate neighbourhood of Charleston, few if any planters lived on -their estates. The reason for this was doubtless the desire to escape -the intense heat and unwholesome air of the newly tilled lowlands. -The latitude of South Carolina is that of Morocco, and it was natural -for settlers coming from the cool or chilly climates of France and -England to seek such relief as the breezes of Charleston harbour could -afford.[295] As a rule, the planters had houses in Charleston and dwelt -there the year round, making occasional visits to their plantations, -but leaving them in the meanwhile to be managed by overseers. Thus the -slaves, while set to much harder labour than in Virginia, were in the -main left subject to the uncurbed tyranny of underlings, which is apt -to be a very harsh kind of tyranny. The diminutions in their numbers, -whether due to hardship or to whatever cause, were repaired by fresh -importations from Africa, so that there was much less improvement -in their quality than under the milder patriarchal system. The dog -that is used to kicks is prone to snarl and bite, and the slaves of -South Carolina were an object of dread to their masters, all the more -so because of their overwhelming numbers. Nothing can indicate more -forcibly the social difference between the two Carolinas than the -different ratios of their black to their white population. About 1760 -the inhabitants of North Carolina were reckoned at 200,000, of whom -one fourth were slaves; those of South Carolina at 150,000, of whom -nearly or quite three fourths were slaves. In the former case the -typical picture is that of a few black men raising tobacco and corn on -the small plantation where the master lives; in the latter case it is -that of an immense gang toiling in a rice swamp under the lash of an -overseer. Care should always be taken not to exaggerate such contrasts, -but after making all allowances the nature of the difference is here, -I think, correctly indicated. - -[Sidenote: Negro insurrection of 1740.] - -In 1740, while war was going on between Spain and England, there was -a brief but startling insurrection of slaves in South Carolina. It -was suspected that Spanish emissaries were concerned in it. However -that may have been, the occasion of such a war might well seem to the -negroes to furnish a good opportunity. Under the lead of a fellow -named Cato the insurgents gathered near Stono Inlet and began an -indiscriminate massacre of men, women, children. The alarm was quickly -given and the affair was soon brought to an end, though not until too -many lives had been lost. The news arrived in Wilton while the people -were attending church. It was the custom of the planters to carry -rifles and pistols, and very little time was lost before Captain Bee -led forth a well-equipped body of militia in quest of the rebels. -They were overtaken in a large field, all in hilarious disorder, -celebrating their bloody achievement with potations of rum; in which -plight they were soon dispersed with slaughter, and their ringleaders -were summarily hanged.[296] - -[Sidenote: Cruelties.] - -The habit of carrying fire-arms to church was part of a general system -of patrol which grew out of the dread in which the planters lived. The -chief business of the patrol was to visit all the plantations within -its district at least once a fortnight and search the negro quarters -for concealed weapons or stolen goods.[297] The patrolmen also hunted -fugitives, and were authorized to flog stray negroes wherever found. -The ordinary death penalty for the black man was hanging. Burning at -the stake was not unknown, but, as I have already mentioned, there -is one instance of such an execution in Massachusetts, and there are -several in New York, so that it cannot be cited as illustrating any -peculiarity of the South Carolina type of slavery. The most hideous -instance of cruelty recorded of South Carolina is that of a slave who -for the murder of an overseer was left to starve in a cage suspended -to the bough of a tree, where insects swarmed over his naked flesh -and birds had picked his eyes out before the mercy of death overtook -him.[298] That such atrocities must have been condemned by public -opinion is shown by the act of 1740, prescribing a fine of £700 current -money for the wilful murder of a slave by his master or any other white -man; £350 for killing him in a sudden heat of passion, or by undue -correction; and £100 for inflicting mutilation or cruel punishment.[299] - -[Sidenote: Life in Charleston.] - -[Sidenote: Contrast between the two Carolinas.] - -The circumstance that most of the great planters had houses in -Charleston went along with the brisk foreign trade to make it a very -important town, according to the American standards of those days. In -1776, with its population of 15,000 souls, it ranked as the fifth city -of the United States. Charleston had a theatre, while concerts, balls, -and dinner parties gave animation to its social life. It was a general -custom with the planters to send their children to Europe for an -education, and it was said that a knowledge of the world thus acquired -gave to society in South Carolina a somewhat less provincial aspect -than it wore in other parts of English America.[300] The sharpest -contrast, however, was with its next neighbour. As South Carolina may -have been in some respects the most cosmopolitan of the colonies south -of Pennsylvania, so on the other hand North Carolina was certainly the -most sequestered and provincial. As I observed at the beginning of -this chapter, for the development of the frontier or backwoods phase -of American life two conditions were requisite: first, the struggle -with the wilderness; secondly, isolation from European influences. This -combination of conditions was not realized in the case of the first -settlers of Virginia and Maryland, of the Puritans in New England, -or the Dutch in New Netherland, or the Quakers in Pennsylvania. In -all these cases there was more or less struggle with the wilderness, -but the contact with European influences was never broken. With North -Carolina it was different; the direct trade with England was from -the outset much less than that of the other colonies. For a time -its chief seaport was Norfolk in Virginia; European ideas reached -it chiefly through slow overland journeys; and it was practically -a part of Virginia’s backwoods. On the other hand, South Carolina, -focussing all its activities in the single seaport of Charleston, was -eminently accessible to European influences. Its life was not that of -a wilderness frontier, like its northern neighbour. But its military -position, with reference to the whole Atlantic seaboard, was that of an -English march or frontier against the Spaniards in Florida and the West -Indies. - -The contrast above indicated applies only to lowland South Carolina, -the only part with which the earlier decades of the eighteenth century -are concerned. At that time the highlands of both Carolinas remained -in the possession of the Cherokees, so that they have nothing to do -with my comparison. At a later time that whole highland region became a -wilderness frontier, the scene of the civilized white man’s backwoods -life. All the way, indeed, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, along the -Appalachian chain, there was a strong similarity of conditions and of -life, in marked contrast with the divergencies along the coast region, -in stepping from Pennsylvania into Maryland, thence into Virginia, and -so on; but that life along the coast which approached most nearly to -the life of the interior wilderness was to be seen about Albemarle and -Pamlico sounds. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: The Spanish frontier.] - -The mention of Georgia serves to introduce the statement that, with -the growth of civilization on the South Carolina coast, the need for a -buffer against the Spaniards began to be more and more strongly felt. -We have seen how the vexatious Yamassee war of 1715 was brought on by -Spanish intrigues. After the overthrow of the Yamassees the troubles -did not entirely cease. For some years the Indians continued to be a -source of annoyance, and in their misdeeds the secret hand of Spain was -discernible. The multitude of slaves, too, in regions accessible to -Spanish influence, greatly increased the danger. - -[Sidenote: James Oglethorpe.] - -[Sidenote: Beginnings of Georgia.] - -In 1732 the state of affairs on the South Carolina frontier attracted -the attention of a gallant English soldier whose name deserves a -very high place among the heroes of early American history. James -Oglethorpe, an officer who in youth had served with distinction under -Prince Eugene against the Turks,[301] conceived the plan of freeing -the insolvent debtors who crowded English prisons by carrying them -over to America and establishing a colony which might serve as a -strong military outpost against the Spaniards. The scheme was an -opportune one, as the South Sea Bubble and other wild projects had -ruined hundreds of English families. The land between the Savannah -and Altamaha rivers, with the strip starting between their two main -sources and running westward to the Pacific Ocean,[302] was made over -to a board of trustees, and was named Georgia, in honour of the king, -George II. The charter created a kind of proprietary government, but -with powers less plenary and extensive than had been granted to the -proprietors of Maryland, Carolina, and Pennsylvania. Oglethorpe was -appointed governor; German Protestants and Highlanders from Scotland -were brought over in large numbers; and a few people from New England -joined in the enterprise, and founded the town of Sunbury. All laws -were to be made by the trustees, and the settlers were at first to have -no representative assembly and no voice in making the government. But -this despotic arrangement was merely temporary and provisional; it was -intended that after the lapse of one-and-twenty years the colony should -be held to have come of age, and should choose its own government. -Military drill was to be rigidly enforced. Slave-labour was absolutely -prohibited, as was also the sale of intoxicating liquors; so that Maine -cannot rightfully claim the doubtful honour of having been the first -American commonwealth to try the experiment of a “Maine Law.” Such were -the beginnings of Georgia, and in the Spanish war of 1739 it quite -justified the foresight of its founder. The valour of the Highlanders -and the admirable generalship of Oglethorpe were an efficient bulwark -for the older colonies. In 1742 the Spaniards were at last decisively -defeated at Frederica, and from that time forth until the Revolution -the frontier was more quiet. But proprietary government in Georgia -fared no better than in the Carolinas. In 1752, one year before the -coming of age, the government by trustees was abandoned. Georgia was -made a crown colony, and a representative government was introduced -simultaneously with negro slavery and Jamaica rum. - -The social condition of colonial Georgia does not present many -distinctive or striking features. In 1770 the population numbered about -50,000, of which perhaps one half were slaves. There was no town life. -Rice and indigo were the principal crops, and there was a large export -of lumber. Near Savannah there were a few extensive plantations, with -fine houses, after the Virginia pattern; but most of the estates were -small, and their owners poor. The Church of England was supported by -the government, but the clergy had little influence. The condition -of the slaves differed but slightly, if at all, from their condition -in South Carolina. There were a good many “mean whites,” and there -was, perhaps, more crime and lawlessness than in the older colonies. -The roads were mere Indian trails, and there were neither schools, -nor mails, nor any kind of literature. Colonial Georgia, in short, -with many of the characteristics of a “wild West,” stood in relation -to South Carolina somewhat as North Carolina to Virginia. It was -essentially a frontier community, though the activity of Savannah as a -seaport somewhat qualified the situation. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: Cavaliers and Puritans once more.] - -A comparative survey of Old Virginia’s neighbours shows how extremely -loose and inaccurate is the common habit of alluding to the old -Cavalier society of England as if it were characteristic of the -southern states in general. Equally loose and ignorant is the habit of -alluding to Puritanism as if it were peculiar to New England. In point -of fact the Cavalier society was reproduced nowhere save on Chesapeake -Bay. On the other hand, the English or Independent phase of Puritanism -was by no means confined to the New England colonies. Three fourths -of the people of Maryland were Puritans; English Puritanism, with the -closely kindred French Calvinism, swayed South Carolina; and in our -concluding chapter we shall see how the Scotch or Presbyterian phase -of Puritanism extended throughout the whole length of the Appalachian -region, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, and has exercised in the -southwest an influence always great and often predominant. In the South -to-day there is much more Puritanism surviving than in New England. - -But before we join in the westward progress from tidewater to the peaks -of the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky range, we must look back upon the -ocean for a moment and see how it came to be infested with buccaneers -and pirates, and what effects they wrought upon our coasts. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - -THE GOLDEN AGE OF PIRATES. - - -[Sidenote: Pompey and the pirates.] - -[Sidenote: Piracy on the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.] - -At no other time in the world’s history has the business of piracy -thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century and the first part of -the eighteenth. Its golden age may be said to have extended from about -1650 to about 1720. In ancient times the seafaring was too limited -in its area to admit of such wholesale operations as went on after -the broad Atlantic had become a highway between the Old World and the -New. No doubt those Cretan and Cilician pirates who were suppressed -by the great Pompey were terrible fellows. After the destruction of -Carthage they controlled the Mediterranean from the coast of Judæa to -the Pillars of Hercules, and captured the cargoes of Egyptian grain -till at times Rome seemed threatened with famine. Roman commanders -one after another went down before them, until at length, in the year -B. C. 67, Pompey was appointed dictator over the Mediterranean and -all its coasts for fifty miles inland. The dimensions of his task are -indicated by the fact that in the course of that year he captured 3,000 -vessels, hung or crucified 10,000 pirates, and made prisoners of 20,000 -more, whom he hustled off to hard labour in places far from the sound -of surf. Nevertheless those ancient pirates worked on a much smaller -scale than the buccaneers of America. In the Indian Ocean adjacent -stretches of the Pacific there has always been much piracy until the -recent days when French and English ships have patrolled those waters. -The fame of the Chinese and Malays as sea robbers is well established. -So too with those vile communities north of Sahara which we used to -call the Barbary States, their eminence in crime is unsurpassed. From -the fifteenth century to the first years of the nineteenth, piracy was -one of their chief sources of revenue; their ships were a terror to the -coasts of Europe, and for devilish atrocity scarcely any human annals -are so black as those of Morocco and Algiers. But as these Mussulman -pirates and those of eastern Asia were as busily at work in the -seventeenth century as at any other time, their case does not impair my -statement that the age of the buccaneers was the Golden Age of piracy. -The deeds done in American waters greatly swelled, if they did not more -than double, the volume of maritime robbery already existing. - -[Sidenote: The Vikings were not pirates in the strict sense.] - -[Sidenote: Blackstone on the crime of piracy.] - -If we look into mediæval history for examples to compare with those -already cited, we may observe that the Scandinavian Vikings, such men -as sailed with Rolf and Guthorm and Swegen Forkbeard, are sometimes -spoken of as pirates. If such a classification of them were correct, -we should be obliged to assign the Golden Age of piracy to the ninth -and tenth centuries, for surely all other slayings and plunderings -done by seafaring men shrink into insignificance beside the operations -of those mighty warriors of the North. But it is neither a just nor a -correct use of language that would count as pirates a race of men who -simply made war like all their contemporaries, only more effectively. -The warfare of the Vikings was that of barbarous heathen, but it was -not criminal unless it is a crime to be born a barbarian. The moral -difference between killing the enemy in battle and murdering your -neighbour is plain enough. If there is any word which implies thorough -and downright criminality, it is pirate. In the old English law the -pirate was declared an enemy to the human race, with whom no faith -need be kept. “As therefore,” says Blackstone, “he has renounced all -the benefits of society and government, and has reduced himself afresh -to the savage state of nature by declaring war against all mankind, -all mankind must declare war against him, and every community hath a -right by the rule of self-defence to inflict that punishment upon him -which every individual would in a state of nature have been otherwise -entitled to do for any invasion of his person or property.”[303] -Pirates taken at sea were commonly hung from the yard-arm without the -formality of a trial, and on land neither church nor shrine could serve -them as sanctuary. It was also well understood that they were not -included in the benefit of a general declaration of pardon or amnesty. - -[Sidenote: Character of piracy.] - -The pirate thus elaborately outlawed was anybody who participated in -violent robbery on the high seas, or in criminal plunder along their -coasts. The details of such crimes were apt to be full of cruelty. The -capture of a merchant ship with more or less bloodshed was usually -involved, and such bloodshed was wholesale murder. If provisions were -less than ample, the survivors were thrown overboard, or set ashore on -some lonely island and left to starve, and this often happened. Murders -from sheer wantonness were not uncommon, and the sack of a coast town -or village was attended with nameless horrors. On the whole we cannot -wonder that public opinion should have branded the skippers and crews -who did such things as the very worst of criminals. One can see that -in old trials for piracy, as in trials for witchcraft, the dread and -detestation were often so great as to outweigh the ordinary English -presumption that an accused person must have the benefit of the doubt -until proved guilty. Desire to extirpate the crime became a stronger -feeling than reluctance to punish the innocent. The slightest suspicion -of complicity with pirates brought with it extreme peril. - -[Sidenote: To call the Elizabethan sea kings “pirates” is silly and -outrageous.] - -When we thus recall what the crime of piracy really was, we cannot -fail to see how reprehensible is the language sometimes applied, by -writers who should know better, to the noble sailors who in the days -of Queen Elizabeth saved England from the Spanish Inquisition.[304] -Had it not been for the group of devoted men among whom Sir Francis -Drake was foremost, there was imminent danger three hundred years ago -that human freedom might perish from off the face of the earth. The -name of Drake is one that should never be uttered without reverence, -especially by Americans, since it is clear that but for him our -history would not have begun in the days of Elizabeth’s successor. -His character was far loftier than that of Nelson, the only other sea -warrior whose achievements have equalled his. His performances never -transgressed the bounds of legitimate warfare as it was conducted in -the sixteenth century. Among his contemporaries he was exceptionally -humane, for he would not permit the wanton destruction of life or -property. To use language which even remotely alludes to such a man -as a pirate is to show sad confusion of ideas. As for Elizabeth’s -other great captains,--such as Raleigh, Cavendish, Hawkins, Gilbert, -Grenville, Frobisher, Winter, and the Howards,--few of them rose to -the moral stature of Drake, but they were very far above the level of -freebooters. It seems ridiculous that it should be necessary to say so. -Their business was warfare, not robbery. - -[Sidenote: Features of maritime warfare out of which piracy could grow.] - -[Sidenote: Privateering.] - -It is nevertheless undeniable that naval warfare in the days of -Elizabeth stood on a lower moral plane than naval warfare in the days -of Victoria, and things were done without hesitation then that would -not be tolerated now. Wars are ugly things at best, but civilized -people have learned how to worry through them without inflicting -quite so much misery as formerly. Three centuries ago not only -were the usages more harsh than now, but the methods of conducting -maritime warfare contained a feature out of which, under favouring -circumstances, piracy afterward grew. There can be no doubt that -the seventeenth century was the golden age of pirates because it -came immediately after the age of Elizabeth. The circumstances of -the struggle of the Netherlands and England against the greatest -military power in the world made it necessary for the former to rely -largely, and the latter almost exclusively, upon naval operations. -Dutch ships on the Indian Ocean and English ships off the American -coasts effectually cut the Spaniard’s sinews of war. Now in that age -ocean navigation was still in its infancy, and the work of creating -great and permanent navies was only beginning. Government was glad to -have individuals join in the work of building and equipping ships of -war, and it was accordingly natural that individuals should expect to -reimburse themselves for the heavy risk and expense by taking a share -in the spoils of victory. In this way privateering came into existence, -and it played a much more extensive part in maritime warfare than it -now does. The navy was but incompletely nationalized. Into expeditions -that were strictly military in purpose there entered some of the -elements of a commercial speculation, and as we read them with our -modern ideas we detect the smack of buccaneering. - -[Sidenote: Fighting without declaring war.] - -To this it should be added that fighting between hostile states -occurred much more frequently than now without a formal declaration -of war. There were times in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries -when the hatred between the commercial rivals, Venice and Genoa, was so -fierce that whenever their ships happened to meet on the Mediterranean -they went to fighting at sight, yet those bloody scrimmages did not -always lead to war. In the youth of Christopher Columbus it was -seldom that Christian and Turkish ships met without bloodshed, on the -assumption that war was the normal state of things between Crescent -and Cross. So when the Dutch were contending against Philip II. the -English often helped their heroic cousins by capturing Spanish ships -long before war was declared between Philip and Elizabeth. Such laxity -of international usage made it easy to cross the line which demarcates -privateering from piracy. - -[Sidenote: Lack of protection for neutral ships.] - -It should also be remembered that the ships of neutral nations had -no such protection as now. The utmost that is now permitted the -belligerent ship is to search the neutral ship for weapons or other -materials of war bound for an enemy’s port, and to confiscate such -materials without further injury to person or property. In the -sixteenth century it was allowable to confiscate the neutral ship bound -for an enemy’s port, sell her cargo for prize money, and hold her crew -and passengers for ransom. The milder doctrine that any kind of goods -might be seized, but not the ship and her people, had been propounded -but was not yet generally accepted. - -[Sidenote: Spanish treasure.] - -All the circumstances here mentioned were favourable to the growth -of piracy. At the same time the temptations were unusually strong. -There was a vague widespread belief that America was a land abounding -in treasure, and there were facts enough to explain such a belief. -Immense quantities of gold and silver were carried across the Atlantic -in Spanish ships, to say nothing of other articles of value. This -treasure was used to support a war which threatened English liberty, -and therefore English cruisers were right in seizing it wherever they -could. But it only needed that such cruising should fall into the hands -of knaves and ruffians, and that it should be kept up after Spain and -England were really at peace, for this semi-mediæval warfare to develop -into a gigantic carnival of robbery and murder. And so it happened. - -[Sidenote: Origin of buccaneering.] - -It was toward the end of the sixteenth century, in the course of -the great Elizabethan war, that the West Indies witnessed the first -appearance of the marauders known as “Brethren of the Coast.” They were -of various nationalities, chiefly French, English, and Dutch. They -all regarded Spain as the world’s great bully that must be teased. -The Spaniards had won such a reputation for tyranny and cruelty that -public opinion was not shocked when they were made to swallow a dose or -two of their own medicine. After peace had been declared, any foreign -adventurers coming to the West Indies were liable to be molested as -intruders, and their ships sometimes had to fight in self-defence. -Wherefore the more unscrupulous rovers, expecting ill-treatment, -used not to wait for it, but when they saw a good chance for robbing -Spaniards they promptly seized it. This they called, in the witty -phrase of a French captain, _se dédommager par avance_, or recouping -one’s self beforehand. - -[Sidenote: Illicit traffic.] - -It was not all the people of Spanish America, however, that frowned -upon foreigners. Among those who came were sundry small traders of the -illicit sort. Like all semi-barbarous governments, the court of Spain -pursued a highly protectionist policy. The colonists were not allowed -to receive European goods from any but Spanish ports, and thus the -Spanish exporters were enabled to charge exorbitant prices. Many of the -colonists therefore welcomed smugglers who brought European wares to -exchange for cargoes of sugar or hides. To suppress this traffic, the -authorities at San Domingo patrolled the coasts with small cruisers -known as _guardacostas_, and when they caught the intruders they -pitched them overboard, or strung them up to the yard-arm, without -the smallest ceremony. In revenge the intruders combined into fleets -and made descents upon the coasts, burning houses, plundering towns, -and committing all manner of outrages. Thus there grew up in the West -Indies a chronic state of hostilities quite independent of Europe. It -came to be understood among the intruders that, whether their countries -were at peace or war with one another, all persons coming to the West -Indies were friends and allies against that universal enemy, the -Spaniard. Thus these rovers took the name of “Brethren of the Coast.” - -[Sidenote: Buccaneers and “flibustiers.”] - -As the consequence of more than a century of frightful misrule the -beautiful island of Hispaniola, or Hayti, had come to be in many parts -deserted. Many good havens were unguarded, and everywhere there were -immense herds of cattle and swine running wild. Some of the brethren, -mostly Frenchmen, were thus led to settle in the island and do a -thriving business in hides, tallow, smoked beef, and salted pork, which -they bartered with their sailor brethren for things smuggled from -Europe. They drove away the Spaniards who tried to disturb them, and -amid perpetual fighting the island came to be more and more French. -Presently, from 1625 to 1630, they took possession of the little -islands of St. Christopher and Nevis, and built strong fortifications -at Tortuga. About this time they began to be called “boucaniers” -or “buccaneers.” To cure meat by smoking was called by the Indians -“boucanning” it. La Rochefort says of the Caribs that they used to -eat their prisoners well boucanned. In the days before cattle came to -the New World, Americus Vespucius saw boucanned human shoulders and -thighs hanging in Indian cabins as one would hang a flitch of bacon. -The buccaneers were named for the excellent boucanned beef and pork -which they sold. For their brethren on shipboard another name was at -first used. The English word “freebooter” became in French mouths -“flibustier,” in spelling which a silent _s_ was inserted after the _u_ -by a false analogy, as so often happens. In recent times “flibustier” -has come back into English as “filibuster,” a name originally given -to such United States adventurers as William Walker, making raids upon -Spanish-American coasts in the interests of slavery. In the first use -of the epithets, if you lived on shore and smoked beef you were a -_boucanier_; but if you lived on ship and smuggled or stole wherewithal -to buy the beef you were a _flibustier_. Naturally, however, since so -many of these restless brethren passed back and forth from the one -occupation to the other, the names came to be applied indiscriminately, -and whether you called a scamp by the one or the other made no -difference. - -[Sidenote: The kind of people that became buccaneers.] - -Those “Brethren of the Coast” were recruited in every way that can be -imagined. Cutthroats and rioters, spendthrifts and debtors, thieves -and vagabonds, runaway apprentices, broken-down tradesmen, soldiers -out of a job, escaped convicts, religious cranks, youths crossed in -love, every sort of man that craved excitement or change of luck, -came to swell the numbers of the buccaneers. Graceless sons of good -families usually assumed some new name. Yet not all were ashamed of -their lawless occupation. Some gloried in it, and deemed themselves -pinks of propriety in matters pertaining to religion. One day, when -a certain sailor was behaving with unseemly levity in church while a -priest was saying mass, his captain suddenly stepped up and rebuked -him for his want of reverence, and then blew his brains out. It is -told of a Frenchman from Languedoc that his career was determined by -reading a book on the cruelties of the Spaniards in America, probably -“The Destruction of the Indies,” by Las Casas. This perusal inflamed -him with such furious hatred of Spaniards that he conceived it to -be his sacred mission to kill as many as he could. So he joined the -buccaneers, and murdered with such exemplary diligence that he came -to be known as Montbars the Exterminator. Another noted freebooter, -Raveneau de Lussan, joined the fraternity “because he was in debt, and -wished, as every honest man should do, to have wherewithal to satisfy -his creditors.”[305] - -[Sidenote: Deeds of Olonnois.] - -One of the early exploits of the brethren was performed by Pierre of -Dieppe, surnamed “the Great.” In a mere longboat, with a handful of -men, he surprised and captured the Spanish vice-admiral’s ship, heavily -freighted with treasure, set her people ashore in Hispaniola, and -took his prize to France. This exploit is said to have given quite an -impetus to buccaneering. In 1655 the buccaneers had grown so powerful -that they gave important aid to Cromwell’s troops in conquering -Jamaica. When any nation went to war with Spain, the buccaneers of that -nationality would get from the government letters of marque, which made -them privateers and entitled them to certain rights of belligerents. -Their aid was so liable to be useful in time of need that the English -and French governments connived at some of their performances. No -civilized government could countenance their cruelties. One monster, -called Olonnois, having captured a Spanish ship with a crew of ninety -men, beheaded them all with a sabre in his own hands. Four cases are -on record in which he threw the whole crew overboard, and it is said -that he sometimes tore out and devoured the bleeding hearts of his -victims, after the Indian fashion. In concert with another wretch, -Michel le Basque (whose name tells his origin), at the head of 650 -men, he captured the towns of Gibraltar and Maracaibo, in the Gulf of -Venezuela, and carried off a booty of nearly half a million crowns, -equivalent to more than two million modern dollars. Prisoners were -tortured to disclose hidden treasure. But this precious Olonnois was -soon afterward paid in his own coin: he fell into the hands of a party -of hungry Indians, who cooked and ate him. - -[Sidenote: Henry Morgan.] - -Such incidents as these in Venezuela made many Spanish towns prefer to -buy off the buccaneers, and thus a system of blackmail was established. -It was for the buccaneer to decide for himself whether he deemed it -more profitable to end all in one mad frolic of plunder and slaughter, -or to accept a round sum and leave the town for the present unharmed. -Operations on a grand scale began about 1664, under a leader named -Mansvelt, who soon died and was succeeded by Henry Morgan, the most -famous of the buccaneers and one of the vilest of the fraternity. This -Welshman is said to have been of good family and well brought up. He -made his way to Barbadoes as a redemptioner, and after serving out -his term joined the pirates. He was a man of remarkable courage and -resource. For cruelty no Apache could surpass him, and his perfidy -equalled his cruelty. He paid so little heed to the maxims of -honour among thieves that it is a wonder he should have retained his -leadership through several expeditions. - -One of Morgan’s early exploits was the capture of Puerto del Principe, -in Cuba. Then with 500 men he attacked Porto Bello, on the Isthmus of -Darien. Having taken a convent, he forced the nuns to carry scaling -ladders and plant them against the walls of the citadel, perhaps in -the hope that Spaniards would not fire upon Spanish women; but many of -the poor nuns were killed. After the garrison had surrendered, Morgan -set fire to the magazine and blew into fragments the fort with its -defenders. The scenes that followed must have won Satan’s approval. -With greed unsatisfied by the enormous booty, the monster devised -horrible tortures for the discovery of secret hoards that doubtless -existed only in his fancy. Many victims died under the infliction. - -[Sidenote: Alexander Exquemeling.] - -Soon afterward Morgan met in the Caribbean Sea a powerful French pirate -ship and invited her to join him. On the French captain’s refusal, -Morgan, with an air of supreme cordiality, invited him to come over to -dinner with all his officers. No sooner had these guests arrived than -they were seized and put in irons, while Morgan attacked their ship -and captured it. Then came a strange retribution. Morgan put some of -his own officers with 350 of his crew into the French ship; presently -the officers got drunk, and through accident or carelessness the ship -was blown up with all the English crew and the French prisoners. -This story is told by a pious and literary Dutch buccaneer, the -fraternity’s best historian, by name Alexander Exquemeling, sometimes -corrupted into Oexmelin. His well-written narrative was first published -at Amsterdam in 1678, entitled _De Americansche Zee Roovers_. It has -been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe, and ranks -among the most popular books of the last two centuries.[306] The pious -Exquemeling, in recounting the explosion of the captured ship, sees -in it a special divine judgment upon Morgan for treachery to guests, -a kind of philosophizing which is duly ridiculed by Voltaire in his -“Candide.”[307] - -[Sidenote: Maracaibo and Gibraltar.] - -The loss of 350 men and a ship better than any of his own was a serious -blow to Morgan, but it did not prevent him from capturing those unhappy -towns, Maracaibo and Gibraltar, where he shut up a crowd of prisoners -in a church and left them to die of starvation. His own escape from -capture, however, was a narrow one. Three Spanish galleons arrived at -the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela and strongly garrisoned a castle -that stood there, so that it began to look as if the day of reckoning -for Morgan had come. But he made one of his vessels into a fire-ship -and succeeded in burning two of the galleons. Then it became easy -for his little fleet to surround and capture the third, after which -a masterly series of stratagems enabled him to slip past the castle, -richer by a million dollars than when he entered the Gulf, and ready -for fresh deeds of wickedness. - -[Sidenote: Treaty of America, 1670.] - -[Sidenote: Sack of Panama.] - -[Sidenote: Morgan absconds.] - -The British government lamented these cruel aggressions upon people -whose only offence was that of having been born Spaniards, and in 1670 -a treaty was made between Spain and Great Britain for the express -purpose of putting an end to buccaneering. This interesting treaty, -which was conceived in an unusually liberal and enlightened spirit, -was called the treaty of America. As soon as the buccaneers heard of -it, they resolved to make a defiant and startling exhibition of their -power. Thirty-seven ships, carrying more than 2,000 men of various -nationalities, were collected off the friendly meat-curing coast of -Hispaniola. Morgan was put in the chief command, and it was decided -to capture Panama. On arriving at the isthmus they stormed the castle -at the mouth of the river Chagres and put the garrison to the sword. -Thus they gained an excellent base of operations. Leaving part of his -force to guard castle and fleet, Morgan at the head of 1,200 men made -the difficult journey across the isthmus in nine days. Panama was not -fortified, but a force of 2,000 infantry and 400 horse confronted the -buccaneers. In an obstinate battle, without quarter asked or given, the -Spaniards lost 600 men and gave way. The city was then at the mercy -of the victors. It contained about 7,000 houses and some handsome -churches, but Morgan set fire to it in several places, and after a -couple of days nearly all these buildings were in ashes. By the light -of those flames most hideous atrocities were to be seen,--such a -carnival of cruelty and lust as would have disgraced the Middle Ages. -After three bestial weeks the buccaneers departed with a long train of -mules laden with booty, and several hundred prisoners, most of whom -were held for ransom. Among these were many gentlewomen and children, -whom Morgan treated savagely. He kept them half dead with hunger and -thirst, and swore that if they failed to secure a ransom he would sell -them for slaves in Jamaica. Exquemeling draws a pathetic picture of -the poor ladies kneeling and imploring at Morgan’s feet while their -starving children moaned and cried; the only effect upon the ruffian -was to make him ask them how much ransom they might hope to secure if -these things were made known to their friends. When the party arrived -at Chagres, there was a division of spoil, and the rascals were amazed -to find how little there seemed to be to distribute. Morgan was accused -of loading far more than his rightful share upon his own vessels, -whereupon, not wishing to argue the matter, he made up his mind to -withdraw from the scene, “which he did,” says our chronicler, “without -calling any council or bidding any one adieu, but went secretly on -board his own ship and put out to sea without giving notice, being -followed only by three or four vessels of the whole fleet, who it is -believed went shares with him in the greatest part of the spoil.” All -that can be said for him is that most of his comrades would gladly have -done the same by him. - -[Sidenote: Scotching the snake.] - -With Morgan’s departure the pirate fleet was scattered, and plenty -of strong language was used in reference to their tricksome -commodore.[308] The arrival of a new English governor at Jamaica, with -instructions to enforce the treaty of America, led to the hanging -of quite a number of buccaneers; and a crew of 300 French pirates, -shipwrecked on the coast of Porto Rico, were slaughtered by order of -the Spanish governor. But such casualties produced little effect upon -the swarming multitude of rovers, and within half a dozen years we find -the governor of Jamaica conniving at them and sharing in their plunder. -One pirate crew brought in a Spanish ship so richly freighted that -there was £400 for every man after a round sum in hush-money had been -handed to the governor. Then the pirates burned the ship and embarked -in respectable company for England, “where,” says Exquemeling, “some of -them live in good reputation to this day.” - -[Sidenote: Morgan’s metamorphosis.] - -But what shall we say when we find the devil turning monk, when we -see the arch-pirate Morgan administering the king’s justice upon his -quondam comrades and sending them by scores to the gallows! It reads -like a scene in comic opera, how this dirty fellow, after absconding -with a lion’s share of the Panama spoil and bringing it to Jamaica, -suddenly put on airs of righteousness, wooed and won the fair daughter -of one of the most eminent personages on the island, and was appointed -a judge of the admiralty court. The finishing touch was put upon the -farce when Charles II. decorated him with knighthood. It is not clear -how he won the king’s favour, but we know that Charles was not above -taking tips. After this our capacity for amazement is so far exhausted -that we read with benumbed acquiescence how in 1682 Sir Henry Morgan -was appointed deputy-governor of Jamaica.[309] But when we find him -handing over to the tender mercies of the Spaniards a whole crew of -English buccaneers who had fallen into his clutches, we seem to -recognize the old familiar touch, and cannot repress the suspicion that -he sold them for hard cash! He remained in office three years, until -James II. ascended the throne, when the Spanish government accused him -of secret complicity with the pirates. On this charge he was removed -from office and sent to England, where he was for some years imprisoned -but never met the fate which he deserved. - -[Sidenote: Decline of buccaneering.] - -Exquemeling expresses the opinion that, after the trick which -Morgan played upon his comrades at Chagres, he must have thought it -more prudent to be on the side of government than to stay with the -buccaneers. He may also have foreseen that sooner or later the treaty -of America was likely to interfere with the business of piracy. It -is curious that, after all his caution, his downfall on a charge -brought by Spain before the British government was due to the treaty -of America. Although imperfectly enforced, that treaty seems to have -marked the turning point in the history of buccaneering. The sack of -Panama was the apogee of the golden age of pirates; the events that -followed are incidents in a gradual but not slow decline. In 1684 the -number of French buccaneers in the West Indies and on adjacent coasts -was estimated at 3,000, and of other nationalities there were perhaps -as many more; but their operations were on a smaller and tamer scale -than those of Olonnois and Morgan. - -[Sidenote: Buccaneers of the South Sea.] - -About this time the South Sea began to be the favourite field of work -for some of the most famous buccaneers. In 1680 the first party -crossed the isthmus and set sail on the Bay of Panama in a swarm of -canoes, with which on the same day they captured a Spanish vessel of -30 tons. With this ship they captured another the next day, and so -on till at the end of the week they were in possession of quite a -fleet, comprising some ships of 400 tons. They cruised as far as the -island of Juan Fernandez and beyond, capturing many ships and much -treasure, but not doing much harm ashore. One of the officers, Basil -Ringrose, an educated man, left a journal of this cruise, the original -manuscript of which is in the British Museum. Other voyages followed -until the buccaneers had visited such remote places as the Ladrone -Islands, Easter Island, the coasts of Australia, and Tierra del Fuego. -Among their commanders were men of far better type than those that -have hitherto been mentioned; such were Ambrose Cowley, Edward Davis, -the surgeon Lionel Wafer, and the celebrated William Dampier, whom we -are more wont to remember as a great navigator and explorer than as a -pirate. Cowley, Wafer, and Dampier have left charming narratives of -their adventures, in which a mixture of scientific inquisitiveness -with the love of barbaric independence is more conspicuous than mere -greed. As Henry Morgan was a pirate of the worst type, so Edward Davis, -discoverer of Easter Island, was of the best. He never would permit -acts of cruelty or wanton bloodshed, and his loyalty and kindness to -his comrades won their affection, so that his mellowing influence over -rough natures was remarkable. In 1688 he took advantage of a royal -proclamation of amnesty to quit buccaneering and go to England, where -he was afterward counted as “respectable.” - -[Sidenote: Plunder of Peruvian towns.] - -As we read the journals of those remote voyages it is easy to forget -for a moment that the business is piracy. We seem to see the staunch -ships, superbly handled by their expert sailors, blithely cleaving the -blue waters under the Southern Cross; we breathe the cool salt breeze; -we watch with interest the gray cliffs, the strange foliage, the birds -and snakes and insects which arouse the curiosity of the mariners; we -follow them to the Galapagos Islands, which first suggested to Darwin -and afterward to Wallace the theory of natural selection; we note with -pleasure their description of the uncouth natives of Australia; and -we remember Thackeray when we encounter oysters so huge that Basil -Ringrose has to cut them in quarters.[310] In the careless freedom of -life on an unknown sea with each morrow bringing its new adventures, we -forget what company we are in, till suddenly the victim ship heaves in -sight, the brief chase ends in a deadly struggle, the Spanish colours -go down before the black flag, a few bodies are buried in the depths, -and a rich spoil is divided. It is vulgar robbery and murder after -all, and there was a good deal of it in the South Sea. The coast of -Peru, where there were the richest towns, suffered the most. The Lima -Almanacs for 1685-87, comprising an official record of events for each -year immediately preceding, mention the towns of Guayaquil, Santiago -de Miraflores, and five others as plundered by the pirates. When Davis -divided his booty at Juan Fernandez, there was enough to give every -man a sum equivalent to $20,000. Very often a pirate got more gold -and silver than he could handle or carry, but it was apt to slip away -easily. Many of Davis’s company quickly lost every dollar in gambling -with their comrades. Our friend Raveneau de Lussan, who took to piracy -in order to satisfy his creditors, tells his readers that his winnings -at play, added to his share of booty, amounted to 30,000 pieces of -eight, which would now be equivalent to at least $120,000; so we may -hope that he paid his debts like an honest man. - -[Sidenote: Effects of the alliance between France and Spain.] - -The event which did more than anything else to put an end to -buccaneering was the accession of a Bourbon prince, Philip V., to -the throne of Spain in 1701. It was then that his grandfather, Louis -XIV., declared there were no longer any Pyrenees. Ever since the days -of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain and France had been enemies. Their -relations now became so friendly that all the ports of Spanish America, -whether in the West Indies or on the Pacific coast, were thrown open -to French merchants. This made trade more profitable than piracy, and -united the French and Spanish navies in protecting it. The English and -Dutch fleets also put forth redoubled efforts, and during the next -score of years the decline of the pirates was rapid. - -[Sidenote: Carolina and the Bahamas.] - -The first English settlements south of Virginia were made at the time -when buccaneering was mighty and defiant. The colony of Sir John -Yeamans, on Cape Fear River, was begun in 1665, and it was in 1670, -the very year of the treaty of America, that Governor Sayle landed -at Port Royal. The earliest settlers in Carolina, as we have seen, -were not of such good quality as those who came a few years later. -They furnished a convenient market for the pirates, who were apt to -be open-handed customers, ready to pay good prices in Spanish gold, -whether for clothes, weapons, and brandy brought from Europe, or for -timber, tar, tobacco, rice, or corn raised in America. One of the -Bahama Islands, called New Providence, had been settled by the English. -Its remarkable facilities for anchorage and its convenient situation -made it a favourite haunt of pirates, whose evil communications -corrupted the good manners of the inhabitants. Rather than lose such -customers they befriended them in every possible way, so that the -island became notorious as one of the worst nests of desperadoes in the -American waters. The malady was not long in spreading to the mainland. -The Carolina coast, with its numerous sheltered harbours and inlets, -afforded excellent lurking-places, whither one might retreat from -pursuers, and where one might leisurely repair damages and make ready -for further mischief. The pirates, therefore, long haunted that coast, -and it was rather a help than a hindrance to them when settlements -began to be made there. For now instead of a wilderness it became a -market where they could buy food, medicines, tools, or most of such -things as they needed. So long as they behaved moderately well while -ashore, it was not necessary for the Carolinians to press them with -questions as to what they did on the high seas. For at least thirty -years after the founding of Carolina, nearly all the currency in the -colony consisted of Spanish gold and silver brought in by freebooters -from the West Indies. - -[Sidenote: Effect of the Navigation Laws.] - -Nothing went so far toward making the colonists tolerate piracy as the -Navigation Laws which we have already described. We have seen how they -enabled English merchants to charge exorbitant prices for goods shipped -to America, and to pay as little as possible for American exports. The -contrast between such customers and the pirates was entirely in favour -of the latter, who could afford to be liberal both with goods and with -cash that had cost them nothing but a little fighting.[311] After the -founding of Charleston, the dealings with pirates there were made the -subject of complaint in London. In 1684 Robert Quarry, acting governor -of Carolina, a man of marked ability and good reputation, was removed -from office for complicity with pirates. This did not, however, prevent -his being appointed to other responsible positions. His successor, -Joseph Morton, actually gave permission to two buccaneer captains to -bring their Spanish prizes into the harbour. Soon afterward John Boon, -a member of the council, was expelled for holding correspondence with -freebooters. At the close of Ludwell’s administration, it was said that -Charleston fairly swarmed with pirates, against whose ill-got gold -the law was powerless. Along with such commercial reasons, the terror -of their fame conspired to protect them. Desperadoes who had sacked -Maracaibo and Panama might do likewise to Charleston or New York. It -was not only in Carolina that such fears combined with the Navigation -Laws to sustain piracy. In Pennsylvania a son of the deputy-governor -Markham was elected to the Assembly, but not allowed to take a seat -because of dealings with the freebooters. Governor Fletcher, of New -York, was deeply implicated in such proceedings, and the record of -distant New England was far from stainless. - -[Sidenote: Effect of rice culture.] - -But at the end of the seventeenth century a marked change became -visible. In South Carolina the cultivation of rice had reached such -dimensions that tonnage enough could not be found to carry the crop of -1699 across the Atlantic. The colonists were allowed to sell in foreign -markets such goods as were not wanted in England, and England took -very little rice. Most of it went to Holland, Hamburg, Bremen, Sweden, -Denmark, and Portugal. As rice was thus becoming the chief source of -income for South Carolina, people began to be sorely vexed when pirates -captured their cargoes. Besides this, the character of the population -was entirely changed by the influx of steady, law-abiding English -dissenters under Blake, and by the immigration of large numbers of -Huguenots. The pirates became unpopular, and the year 1699 witnessed -the hanging of seven of them at Charleston. As the colony yearly grew -stronger and the administration firmer, such rigours increased, and the -great gallows on Execution Dock was decorated with corpses swinging in -chains, a dozen or more at a time, until the pirates came to think of -that harbour as a place to be shunned. - -[Sidenote: North Carolina.] - -There still remained for them, however, an excellent place of refuge in -the neighbourhood. In the year 1700 Edward Randolph reported that the -population of North Carolina consisted of smugglers, runaway servants, -and pirates. There is no doubt that for the latter it furnished a -favourite hiding-place. - -[Sidenote: Swarms of pirates.] - -For some years after 1700 the vigorous measures of South Carolina -kept her own coast comparatively safe, but the snake was as yet only -scotched. Swarms of buccaneers, though far thinner than of old, were -still harboured in the West Indies, and when occasion was offered -they came out of their dens. In 1715, when South Carolina was nearly -exhausted from her great Indian war, with crops damaged and treasury -empty and military gaze turned toward the frontier and away from the -coast, the pirates swarmed there again, with numbers swelled by rovers -and bandits turned adrift by the peace of Utrecht in 1713. James Logan, -Secretary of Pennsylvania, reported in 1717 that there were 1,500 -pirates on our coasts, with their chief headquarters at Cape Fear and -New Providence, from which points they swept the sea from Newfoundland -to Brazil. For South Carolina there was ground of alarm lest wholesale -pillage of rice cargoes should bring ruin upon the colony. But that -year 1717 saw the arrival of the able governor Robert Johnson, who was -destined, after some humiliation, to suppress the nuisance of piracy. - -[Sidenote: New Providence redeemed.] - -The next year, 1718, was the beginning of the end. In midsummer -an English fleet, under Woodes Rogers, captured the island of New -Providence, expelled the freebooters, and established there a strong -company of law-abiding persons. Henceforth New Providence became a -smiter of the wicked instead of their hope and refuge. It was like -capturing a battery and turning it against the enemy. One of its -immediate effects, however, was to turn the whole remnant of the -scoundrels over to the North Carolina coast, where they took their -final stand. For a moment the mischief seemed to have increased. One -deed, in particular, is vivid in its insolence. - -[Sidenote: Blackbeard, the “Last of the Pirates.”] - -Among these corsairs one of the boldest was a fellow whose name appears -in court records as Robert Thatch, though some historians write it -Teach. He was a native of Bristol in England, and his real name seems -to have been Drummond. But the soubriquet by which he was most widely -known was “Blackbeard.” It was a name with which mothers and nurses -were wont to tame froward children. This man was a ruffian guilty of -all crimes known to the law, a desperate character who would stick at -nothing. For many years he had been a terror to the coast. In June, -1718, he appeared before Charleston harbour in command of a forty-gun -frigate, with three attendant sloops, manned in all by more than 400 -men. Eight or ten vessels, rashly venturing out, were captured by him, -one after another, and in one of them were several prominent citizens -of Charleston, including a highly respected member of the council, all -bound for London. When Blackbeard learned the quality of his prisoners, -his fertile brain conceived a brilliant scheme. His ships were in need -of sundry medicines and other provisions, whereof a list was duly made -out and entrusted to a mate named Richards and a party of sailors, who -went up to Charleston in a boat, taking along one of the prisoners with -a message to Governor Johnson. The message was briefly this, that, -if the supplies mentioned were not delivered to Blackbeard within -eight-and-forty hours, that eminent commander would forthwith send to -Governor Johnson, with his compliments, the heads of all his prisoners. - -[Sidenote: South Carolina government over-awed.] - -It was a terrible humiliation, but the pirate had calculated correctly. -Governor and council saw that he had them completely at his mercy. -They knew better than he how defenceless the town was; they knew that -his ships could batter it to pieces without effective resistance. Not -a minute must be lost, for Richards and his ruffians were strutting -airily about the streets amid fierce uproar, and, if the mob should -venture to assault them, woe to Blackbeard’s captives. The supplies -were delivered with all possible haste, and Blackbeard released the -prisoners after robbing them of everything they had, even to their -clothing, so that they went ashore nearly naked. From one of them he -took $6,000 in coin. After this exploit Blackbeard retired to North -Carolina, where it is said that he bought the connivance of Charles -Eden, the governor, who is further said to have been present at the -ceremony of the pirate’s marriage to his fourteenth wife.[312] - -[Sidenote: Epidemic of piracy; cases of Kidd and Bonnet.] - -[Sidenote: Fate of Bonnet.] - -While the arch-villain, thus befriended, was roaming the coast as -far as Philadelphia and bringing his prizes into Pamlico Sound, -another rover was making trouble for Charleston. Major Stede Bonnet, -of Barbadoes, had taken up the business of piracy scarcely two years -before. He had served with credit in the army and was now past middle -life, with a good reputation and plenty of money, when all at once -he must needs take the short road to the gallows. Some say it was -because his wife was a vixen, a droll reason for turning pirate. But -in truth there was a moral contagion in this business. The case of -William Kidd, a few years before Bonnet, is an illustration. Kidd was -an able merchant, with a reputation for integrity, when William III. -sent him with a swift and powerful ship to chase pirates; and, lo! -when with this fine accoutrement he brings down less game than he had -hoped, he thinks it will pay better to turn pirate himself. In this -new walk of life he goes on achieving eminence, until on a summer day -he rashly steps ashore in Boston, is arrested, sent to London, and -hung.[313] Evidently there was a spirit of buccaneering in the air, -as in the twelfth century there was a spirit of crusading. And even -as children once went on a crusade, so we find women climbing the -shrouds and tending the guns of pirate ships.[314] Major Bonnet soon -became distinguished in his profession, and committed depredations -all the way from Barbadoes to the coast of Maine. Late in the summer -of 1718 Governor Johnson learned that there was a pirate active in -his neighbourhood, and he sent Colonel William Rhett, with two armed -ships, to chase him. The affair ended in an obstinate fight at the -mouth of Cape Fear River, in the course of which all the ships got -aground on sand-bars. It was clear that whichever combatant should -first be set free by the rising tide would have the other at his mercy, -and we can fancy the dreadful eagerness with which every ripple was -watched. One of Rhett’s ships was first to float, and just as she was -preparing to board the pirate he surrendered. Then it was learned that -he was none other than the famous Stede Bonnet. At the last his brute -courage deserted him, and the ecstasy of terror with which he begged -for life reminds one of the captive in “Rob Roy” who was hurled into -Loch Lomond. But entreaty fell upon deaf ears. It was a gala day at -Execution Dock when Bonnet and all his crew were hung in chains. - -[Sidenote: Fate of Blackbeard.] - -A few weeks later, while Blackboard was lurking in Ocracoke Inlet, with -ship well armed and ready for some fresh errand, he was overhauled by -two stout cruisers sent after him by Governor Spotswood, of Virginia. -In a desperate and bloody fight the “Last of the Pirates” was killed. -All the survivors of his crew were hanged, and his severed head -decorated the bowsprit of the leading ship as she returned in triumph -to James River. - -Such forceful measures went on till the waters of Carolina were cleared -of the enemy, and by 1730 the fear of pirates was extinguished. For -year after year the deeds of Kidd and Blackbeard were rehearsed at -village firesides, and tales of buried treasure caused many a greedy -spade to delve in vain, until with the lapse of time the memory of all -these things grew dim and faded away. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -FROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS. - - -[Sidenote: Alexander Spotswood.] - -[Sidenote: Governor and burgesses.] - -[Sidenote: A sharp rebuke.] - -It is time for our narrative to return to Virginia, where in June, -1710, just a hundred years after the coming of Lord Delaware, there -arrived upon the scene one of the best and ablest of all the colonial -governors. Alexander Spotswood was a member of the old and honourable -Scottish family which took its name from the barony of Spottiswoode, -in Berwick. His great-great-grandfather had been archbishop of St. -Andrews and chancellor of Scotland. His great-grandfather, Sir Robert -Spottiswoode, as secretary of state, had signed the commission of -Montrose, for which he was beheaded by the Covenanters in 1646.[315] -Alexander himself had been brought up from childhood in the army, where -he had seen some hard fighting. Already at the age of eight-and-twenty -he had attained the rank of colonel, and in that year received an -ugly wound at Blenheim. Six years after that great battle he arrived -in Virginia, a tall, robust man, with gnarled and wrinkled face and -an air of dignity and power. He was greeted at Williamsburg with more -than ordinary cordiality, because he brought with him a writ confirming -the claim of the Virginians that they were as much entitled as other -Englishmen to the privilege of _habeas corpus_. Notwithstanding this -auspicious reception he had a good many wrangles with his burgesses, -chiefly over questions of taxation, and sometimes talked to them quite -plainly. On one occasion when, during the Yamassee war in Carolina, -he requested an appropriation for a force to be sent in aid of their -southern neighbours, he found the burgesses less liberal than he wished -and expected. They pleaded the poverty of the country as an excuse for -not doing more. The governor’s retort was a telling one, and might be -applied with effect to many a modern legislative body. If they felt the -poverty of the country so keenly, why did they persist in sitting there -day after day and drawing their pay, while they wasted the country’s -time in frivolities without passing laws that were much needed? for -in the last five-and-twenty days only three bills had come from them. -At the end of a stormy session he addressed them still more sharply: -“To be plain with you, the true interest of your country is not what -you have troubled your heads about. All your proceedings have been -calculated to answer the notions of the ignorant populace; and if you -can excuse yourselves to them, you matter not how you stand before God, -or any others to whom you think you owe not your elections. In fine, I -cannot but attribute these miscarriages to the people’s mistaken choice -of a set of representatives whom Heaven has not ... endowed with the -ordinary qualifications requisite to legislators; and therefore I -dissolve you!”[316] - -In spite of this stinging tongue Spotswood was greatly liked and -respected for his ability and honesty and his thoroughly good heart. -He was a man sound in every fibre, clear-sighted, shrewd, immensely -vigorous, and full of public spirit. One day we find him establishing -Indian missions; the next he is undertaking to smelt iron and grow -native wines; the next he is sending out ships to exterminate the -pirates. For his energy in establishing smelting furnaces he was -nicknamed “The Tubal Cain of Virginia.” For the making of native wines -he brought over a colony of Germans from the Rhine, and settled them in -the new county named for him Spottsylvania, hard by the Rapidan River, -where Germanna Ford still preserves a reminiscence of their coming. - -[Sidenote: The Post-office Act.] - -Some of Spotswood’s disputes with the assembly brought up questions -akin to those which agitated the country half a century later, in the -days of the Stamp Act. A recent act of Parliament had extended the -post-office system into Virginia, whereupon the burgesses declared -that Parliament had no authority to lay any tax (such as postage) upon -the people of Virginia without the consent of their representatives; -accordingly they showed their independence by exempting from postage -all merchants’ letters. But we may let Spotswood speak for himself: -“Some time last Fall the Post M’r Gen’ll of America, having thought -himself Obliged to endeavour the Settling a post through Virginia and -Maryland, in y^e same manner as they are settled in the other Northern -Plantations, pursu’t to the Act of Parliament of the 9th of Queen Anne, -gave out Commissions for that purpose, and a post was accordingly -established once a fortnight from W’msburg to Philadelphia, and for -the Conveyance of Letters bro’t hither by Sea through the several -Countys. In order to this, the Post M’r Set up printed Placards (such -as were sent in by the Post M’r Gen’ll of Great Britain) at all the -Posts, requiring the delivery of all Letters not excepted by the Act -of Parliament to be delivered to his Deputys there. No sooner was this -noised about but a great Clamour was raised against it. The people were -made to believe that the Parl’t could not Levy any Tax (for so they -call y^e Rates of Postage) here without the Consent of the General -Assembly. That, besides, all their _Laws_[317] were exempted, because -scarce any came in here but what some way or other concern’d Trade; -That tho’ M’rs should, for the reward of a penny a Letter, deliver -them, the Post M’r could Demand no Postage for the Conveyance of them, -and abundance more to the same purpose, as rediculous as Arrogant.... -Thereupon a Bill is prepared and passed both Council and Burg’s’s, -w’ch, tho’ it acknowledges the Act of Parliam’t to be in force here, -does effectually prevent its being ever put in Execution. The first -Clause of that Bill Imposes an Obligation on the Post Master to w’ch -he is no ways liable by the Act of Parliament. The second Clause -lays a Penalty of no less than £5 for every Letter he demands or -takes from a Board any Ships that stand Decreed to be excepted by the -Act of Parliament; and the last Clause appoints y^e Stages and the -time of Conveyance of all Letters under an Extravagant Penalty. As -it is impossible for the Post Master to know whether the Letters he -receives be excepted or not, and y’t, according to the Interpreters, -Our Judges of the Act of Parl’t, all Letters sent from any Merch’t, -whether the same relate to Merchandize on board or not, are within the -exception of the Law, the Post M’r must meddle w’th no Letters at all, -or run the hazard of being ruin’d. And the last Clause, besides its -Contradiction to the Act of Parliament in applying the Stages, w’ch is -expressly Bestowed to the Post Master according to the Instruction of -the Soveraign, is so great an impossibility to be complyed w’th that, -considering the difficulty of passing the many gr’t Rivers, the Post -M’r must be liable to the penalty of 20s. for every Letter he takes -into his care during the whole Season of the Winter. From whence yo’r -Lo’ps may judge how well affected the Major part of Our Assembly men -are towards y^e Collecting this Branch of the King’s Revenue, and w’ll -therefore be pleas’d to Acquitt me of any Censure of Refusing Assent to -such a Bill.”[318] - -[Sidenote: Appointment of parsons.] - -With an assembly so adroit and so stubborn, the way of the postmaster -was hard indeed. Another source of irritation was the question as -to appointing parsons. In practice they were appointed by the close -vestries, but the governor wished to appoint them himself. It also -appeared that the king’s ministers would like to send a bishop to -Virginia. On these questions the worthy Spotswood got embroiled with -eight of the councilmen as well as with the burgesses, and complained -of being rather shabbily treated: “When in Order to the Solemnizing his -Maj’ty’s Birth-day,[319] I gave a publick Entertainment at my House, -all gent’n that would come were Admitted; These Eight Counsellors would -neither come to my House nor go to the Play w’ch was Acted on that -occasion, but got together all the Turbulent and disaffected Burg’s’s, -had an Entertainment of their own in the Burg’s House and invited -all y^e Mobb to a Bonfire, where they were plentifully Supplyed with -Liquors to Drink the same healths without as their M’rs did within, -w’ch were chiefly those of the Council and their Associated Burg’s, -without taking any [more] Notice of the Gov’r, than if there had been -none upon the place.”[320] - -[Sidenote: Beginning of continental politics.] - -In such disputes between the legislatures chosen at home and the -executive officials appointed beyond sea, Virginia, like the sister -colonies in their several ways, was getting the kind of political -education that bore fruit in 1776. In Virginia the appointment of -clergymen over parishes, in Maryland the forty per poll for a church -to which only one sixth of the people belonged, in Massachusetts the -perennial question of the governor’s salary,--all these were occasions -for disputes about matters of internal administration in which -far-reaching principles were involved. Other questions, like that of -postage just mentioned, showed that gradually but surely and steadily -a continental state of things was coming on. From the Penobscot to -the Savannah there was a continuous English world, albeit a strip so -narrow that it scarcely anywhere reached inland more than a hundred -and fifty miles from the coast. The work of establishing postal -communication throughout this region seemed to require some continental -authority independent of the dozen local colonial legislatures. We see -Parliament, with the best of intentions, stepping in and exercising -such continental authority; and we see the Virginians resisting such -action, on the ground that in laying the species of tax known as -postage rates Parliament was usurping functions which belonged only -to the colonial legislatures. Thus did the year 1718 witness a slight -presage of 1765. - -[Sidenote: Beginning of the seventy years’ struggle with France.] - -Nothing did so much toward bringing the several colonies face to face -with a great continental situation as the struggle with France which -began with the expulsion of the Stuarts in 1689 and was not to be -decided until seventy years later, when Wolfe climbed the Heights of -Abraham. The destruction of the Invincible Armada, a century before -the downfall of James II., had shown that Great Britain was to belong -to the Protestant Reformers; the latter event had shown that she was -not to be won back to the Catholic Counter-Reformation which, starting -with the election of Paul IV. in 1555, had gained formidable strength -in many quarters. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, when the -colony of Virginia was founded, the France of Henry IV. was in sympathy -with England and hostile to Spain. Before the end of that century the -France of Louis XIV. had been won over to the Counter-Reformation. The -dethronement of England’s Catholic king came almost like a rejoinder to -the expulsion of a million Protestants from France. The mighty struggle -which then began was to determine whether North America should be -controlled by Protestantism and Whiggery, or by the Counter-Reformation -and the Old Régime. - -[Sidenote: The Continental Congress of 1690.] - -The first notable effect wrought in English America by the outbreak of -hostilities was the assembling of a Continental Congress at New York -in 1690, the first meeting of that sort in America. The continental -aspects of the situation were not as yet apparent save to a few -prescient minds. The infant settlements in Carolina hardly counted -for much. Virginia was too far from Canada to feel deeply interested -in the organization of resistance to the schemes of Frontenac, and so -the southernmost colony represented in the first American Congress was -Maryland. - -[Sidenote: Franklin’s plan for a Federal Union.] - -[Sidenote: Origin of the Stamp Act.] - -It was not long, however, before the continental aspects of the -situation began to grow more conspicuous. The reader will remember how, -in 1708, the government at Charleston, in an official report on the -military resources of the colony, laid stress upon the circumstance -that Carolina was a frontier to all the English settlements on the -mainland. The occasion for this emphasis was the great European war -that broke out in 1701, when Louis XIV. put his grandson, Philip of -Anjou, on the vacant throne of Spain. The alliance of Spain with France -threatened English America at both ends of the line. The destruction of -Deerfield by an expedition from Canada in 1704, and the attempt upon -Charleston by an expedition from Florida in 1706, were blows delivered -by the common enemy, Louis XIV., the persecutor of Huguenots, the -champion of the Counter-Reformation, the accomplice of the Stuarts. -From that moment we may date the first dawning consciousness of a -community of interests all the way from Massachusetts to Carolina. But -it was only a few clear-headed persons that were quick to understand -the situation. The average members of a legislature were not among -these; their thoughts were much more upon the constituencies “to -whom they owed their elections” than upon any wide or far-reaching -interests. Such of the royal governors as were honest and high-minded -men saw the situation much more clearly, since it was their business to -look at things from the imperial point of view. Especially such a man -as Spotswood, a soldier of noted ability, who had himself been scarred -in fighting the common enemy, could not fail to understand the needs -of the hour. His official letters abundantly show his disgust over the -froward and niggardly policy that refused prompt aid to hard-pressed -Carolina.[321] To sit wrangling over questions of prerogative while -firebrand and tomahawk were devouring their brethren on the frontier! -To our valiant soldier such behaviour seemed fit only for churls; -while waiting for the danger to come upon one, instead of marching -forth to attack the danger, was surely as impolitic as unchivalrous. -So, without waiting on the uncertain temper and devious arguments of -many-headed King Demos, the governor hurried his men on board ship as -fast as he could enlist and arm them, well knowing that in a “dangerous -conjuncture” the more precious minutes one loses, the more costly grow -those that are left. During half of the eighteenth century, as the -conflict with France was again and again renewed, such experiences -as those of Spotswood with his burgesses were repeated in most of -the colonies, until the royal governors became profoundly convinced -that the one thing most needed in English America was a Continental -Government that could impose taxes, according to some uniform -principle, upon the people of all the colonies for the common defence. -At the Albany Congress of 1754, when the war-clouds were blacker than -ever, Benjamin Franklin came forward with a scheme for creating such -a central government for purely federal purposes. That scheme would -have inaugurated a Federal Union, with president appointed by the -crown; it would have lodged the power of taxation, for continental -purposes, in a federal council representing the American people; and -it would have left with the several states all governmental functions -and prerogatives not explicitly granted to the central government. Had -Franklin’s plan been adopted and proved successful in its working, the -political separation between English America and English Britain would -not have occurred when it did, and possibly might not have occurred at -all. But Franklin’s plan failed of adoption just at the moment when -American politics were becoming more completely and conspicuously -continental than ever before. In the presence of a gigantic war that -extended “from the coast of Coromandel to the Great Lakes of North -America,”[322] the need for a continental government and the evils -that flowed from the want of it were felt with increasing severity; -the old difficulties which had beset honest Spotswood were renewed in -manifold ways; until, when the war was over, Parliament, with the best -of intentions but without due consideration, undertook in the Stamp Act -to provide a steady continental revenue for America. When the Americans -refused to accept Parliament as their continental legislature, and, -in alliance with Pitt and his New Whigs, won a noble victory in the -repeal of the Stamp Act, a great American question became entangled -in British politics, and a situation was thus created which enabled -the unscrupulous and half-crazy George III. to force upon America the -quarrel that parted the empire in twain. Nowhere in history is the -solidarity of events, in their causal relations, more conspicuous than -in America during the eighteenth century; and for this reason the -disputes of the royal governors with their refractory assemblies are -nearly always rich in political lessons. - -[Sidenote: The unknown West.] - -[Sidenote: Spotswood crosses the Blue Ridge, 1716.] - -Looking back from the present time at Spotswood’s administration, we -find its incidents perpetually reminding us that the colonies were -already entering upon that long period of revolution from which they -were not to emerge until the adoption of our Federal Constitution. We -never lose consciousness of the French and Indian background against -which the events are projected. Toward this vast dim background -Spotswood set his face in 1716, in his memorable expedition across the -Blue Ridge. For more than a century since the founding of Jamestown had -the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah remained unknown to Virginians. -It was still part of the strange, unmeasured wilderness that stretched -away to the remote shores which Drake had once called by the name New -Albion.[323] Some of its most savage solitudes had in Spotswood’s youth -been traversed by the mighty La Salle, and other adventurous Frenchmen -kept up explorations among freshwater seas to the northwestward, -where English and Scotch officials of the Hudson Bay Company were -beginning to come into contact with them. What was to be found between -those freshwater seas and the Gulf of Mexico no Englishman could -tell, save that it had been found to be solid land, and not a Sea of -Verrazano.[324] So much might Spotswood have gathered from reading and -from hearsay, but not through any work done by Englishmen. In the early -days, as we have seen, Captain Newport had tried to reach the mountains -and failed.[325] In 1653 it was enacted that, “whereas divers gentlemen -have a voluntarie desire to discover the Mountains and supplicated -for lycence to this Assembly, ... that order be granted unto any for -soe doing, Provided they go with a considerable partie and strength -both of men and amunition.”[326] But nothing came of this permission. -In Spotswood’s time the very outposts of English civilization had not -crept inland beyond tidewater. A strip of forest fifty miles or more -in breadth still intervened between the Virginia frontier and those -blue peaks visible against the western sky. This stalwart governor -was not the man to gaze upon mountains and rest content without going -to see what was behind them. Especially since the French were laying -claim to the interior, since they had for some time possessed the Great -Lakes, and since they had lately been busy in erecting forts at divers -remote places in the western country,[327] it was worth while for -Englishmen to take a step toward them by crossing the mountains.[328] -The expedition was extremely popular in Virginia. A party of fifty -gentlemen, with black servants, Indian guides, and packhorses, started -out toward the end of August and made quite an autumn picnic of it. One -can fancy what prime shooting it was in the virgin forest all alive -with the finest of game. To wash down so much toothsome venison and -grouse, the governor brought along several casks of native wines--red -and white Rapidan, so to speak--made by his Spottsylvania Germans; -but cognac and cherry cordial were not forgotten, and champagne-corks -popped merrily in the wilderness. Crossing the Blue Ridge at Swift Run -Gap,[329] on nearly the same latitude as Fredericksburg, the party -entered the great valley a little north of the present site of Port -Republic, and about eighty miles southwest from Harper’s Ferry. The -exploits of Stonewall Jackson in 1862 have clothed the region with -undying fame. Spotswood called the river the Euphrates, an early -instance of the vicious naming by which the map of the United States -is so abundantly disfigured, but happily the melodious native name -of Shenandoah has held its place. On the bank of that fair stream one -of the empty bottles was buried, with a paper inside declaring that -the river and all the soil it drained were the property of the King of -Great Britain. Having thus taken formal possession of the valley, the -picnickers returned to their tidewater homes. - -[Sidenote: Knights of the Golden Horseshoe.] - -A letter of Rev. Hugh Jones, who preached in Bruton Church, says that -Spotswood cut the name of George I. upon a rock at the summit of the -highest peak which the party climbed, and named it Mount George, -whereupon some of the gentlemen called the next one Mount Alexander, -in honour of the governor. “For this expedition,” says Mr. Jones, -“they were obliged to provide a great quantity of horseshoes, things -seldom used in the lower parts of the country, where there are few -stones. Upon which account the governor upon their return presented -each of his companions with a golden horseshoe, some of which I have -seen, studded with valuable stones, resembling the heads of nails, -with this inscription ... _Sic juvat transcendere montes._[330] This -he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture backwards and make -discoveries and new settlements, any gentleman being entitled to wear -this golden shoe that can prove his having drank [_sic_] his Majesty’s -health upon Mount George.”[331] In later times this incident was called -instituting the order of Knights of the Golden Horseshoe. - -[Sidenote: Spotswood’s view of the situation.] - -Spotswood’s letters to the Lords of Trade, in which he mentions this -expedition to the mountains, are testimony to the soundness of his -military foresight. In recent years, he says, the French have built -fortresses in such positions “that the Brittish Plantations are in -a manner Surrounded by their Commerce w’th the numerous Nations of -Indians seated on both sides of the Lakes; they may not only Engross -the whole Skin Trade, but may, when they please, Send out such Bodys -of Indians on the back of these Plantations as may greatly distress -his Maj’ty’s Subjects here, And should they multiply their settlem’ts -along these Lakes, so as to joyn their Dominions of Canada to their -new Colony of Louisiana, they might even possess themselves of any of -these Plantations they pleased. Nature, ’tis true, has formed a Barrier -for us by that long Chain of Mountains w’ch run from the back of South -Carolina as far as New York, and w’ch are only passable in some few -places, but even that Natural Defence may prove rather destructive to -us, if they are not possessed by us before they are known to them. To -prevent the dangers w’ch Threaten his Maj’ty’s Dominions here from -the growing power of these Neighbours, nothing seems to me of more -consequence than that now while the Nations are at peace, and while -the French are yet uncapable of possessing all that vast Tract w’ch -lies on the back of these Plantations, we should attempt to make some -Settlements on y^e Lakes, and at the same time possess our selves of -those passes of the great Mountains, w’ch are necessary to preserve a -Communication w’th such Settlements.”[332] - -He goes on to say that the purpose of his late expedition across the -Blue Ridge was to ascertain whether Lake Erie, occupying as it did a -central position in the French line of communication between Canada and -Louisiana, was easily accessible from Virginia. Information gathered -from Indians led him to believe that it was thus accessible.[333] He -therefore proposed that an English settlement should be made on the -south shore of Lake Erie, whereby the English power might be thrust -like a wedge into the centre of the French position; and he offered to -take a suitable body of men across the mountains and reconnoitre the -country for the purpose of finding a site. As for the expense of such -an enterprise, the king need not be concerned about it; for there was -enough surplus from quitrents in the colonial treasury to defray it. -One cannot read such a letter without admiring the writer’s honest -frankness, his clear insight, his prudence, and his courage. - -[Sidenote: Spotswood’s last years.] - -But with all Spotswood’s virtues and talents, and in spite of his -popularity, he fell upon the same rock upon which Andros and Nicholson -had been wrecked: he quarrelled with Dr. Blair, who tells us that “he -was so wedded to his own notions that there was no quarter for them -that went not with him.”[334] With a change of name, perhaps the same -might have been said of the worthy doctor. The quarrel seems to have -originated in the question as to the right of appointing pastors, -and it ended, as Blair’s contests always ended, in the overthrow of -his antagonist. Nobody could stand up against that doughty Scotch -parson.[335] Spotswood was removed from his governorship in 1722, but -continued to live in the Virginia which he loved. As postmaster-general -for the American colonies, he had by 1738 got the mail running -regularly from New England as far south as James River. It took a -week to carry the mail from Philadelphia to Williamsburg; for points -further south the post-rider started at irregular intervals, whenever -enough mail had accumulated to make it worth while. In 1740 Spotswood -received a major-general’s commission, and was about to sail in Admiral -Vernon’s expedition against Cartagena,[336] when he suddenly died. He -was buried on his estate of Temple Farm, near Yorktown. In later days -the surrender of Lord Cornwallis was negotiated in the house which had -sheltered the last years of this noble governor.[337] - -[Sidenote: Gooch and Dinwiddie.] - -Spotswood was succeeded by Hugh Drysdale, who died in 1726, and next -came William Gooch, another military Scotchman, quiet, modest, and -shrewd, who managed things for twenty-two years, from 1727 to 1749, -with marked ability and success. After an interval, Gooch was followed -by Robert Dinwiddie, still another Scotchman, who came in 1751 and -staid until 1758, and whose administration is the last one that calls -for mention in the present narrative. - -[Sidenote: The Scotch-Irish.] - -The period of Gooch’s government was remarkable for the development of -the westward movement prefigured in Spotswood’s expedition across the -Blue Ridge. This development occurred in a way that even far-seeing -men could not have predicted. It introduced into Virginia a new set -of people, new forms of religion, new habits of life. It affected all -the colonies south of Pennsylvania most profoundly, and did more than -anything else to determine the character of all the states afterward -founded west of the Alleghanies and south of the latitude of middle -Illinois. Until recent years, little has been written about the coming -of the so-called Scotch-Irish to America, and yet it is an event of -scarcely less importance than the exodus of English Puritans to New -England and that of English Cavaliers to Virginia. It is impossible to -understand the drift which American history, social and political, has -taken since the time of Andrew Jackson, without studying the early life -of the Scotch-Irish population of the Alleghany regions, the pioneers -of the American backwoods. I do not mean to be understood as saying -that the whole of that population at the time of our Revolutionary War -was Scotch-Irish, for there was a considerable German element in it, -besides an infusion of English moving inward from the coast. But the -Scotch-Irish element was more numerous and far more important than -all the others. A detailed account of it belongs especially with the -history of Pennsylvania, since that colony was the principal centre of -its distribution throughout the south and west; but a brief mention -of its coming is indispensable in any sketch of Old Virginia and Her -Neighbours.[338] - -[Sidenote: Colonization of Ulster by James I.] - -Who were the people called by this rather awkward compound name, -Scotch-Irish? The answer carries us back to the year 1611, when James -I. began peopling Ulster with colonists from Scotland and the north of -England. The plan was to put into Ireland a Protestant population that -might ultimately outnumber the Catholics and become the controlling -element in the country. The settlers were picked men and women of the -most excellent sort. By the middle of the seventeenth century there -were 300,000 of them in Ulster. That province had been the most -neglected part of the island, a wilderness of bogs and fens; they -transformed it into a garden. They also established manufactures of -woollens and linens which have ever since been famous throughout the -world. By the beginning of the eighteenth century their numbers had -risen to nearly a million. Their social condition was not that of -peasants; they were intelligent yeomanry and artisans. In a document -signed in 1718 by a miscellaneous group of 319 men, only 13 made their -mark, while 306 wrote their names in full. Nothing like that could have -happened at that time in any other part of the British Empire, hardly -even in New England. - -When these people began coming to America, those families that had -been longest in Ireland had dwelt there but for three generations, -and confusion of mind seems to lurk in any nomenclature which couples -them with the true Irish. The antipathy between the Scotch-Irish as -a group and the true Irish as a group is perhaps unsurpassed for -bitterness and intensity. On the other hand, since love laughs at feuds -and schisms, intermarriages between the colonists of Ulster and the -native Irish were by no means unusual, and instances occur of Murphys -and McManuses of Presbyterian faith. It was common in Ulster to allude -to Presbyterians as “Scotch,” to Roman Catholics as “Irish,” and to -members of the English church as “Protestants,” without much reference -to pedigree. From this point of view the term “Scotch-Irish” may be -defensible, provided we do not let it conceal the fact that the people -to whom it applied are for the most part Lowland Scotch Presbyterians, -very slightly hibernicized in blood. - -[Sidenote: Ulster’s grievances.] - -The flourishing manufactures in Ulster aroused the jealousy of -rival manufacturers in England, who in 1698 succeeded in obtaining -legislation which seriously damaged the Irish linen and woollen -industries and threw many workmen out of employment. About the same -time it became apparent that an epidemic fever of persecution had -seized upon the English church. The violent reaction against the -Counter-Reformation, with the fierce war against Louis XIV., had -stimulated intolerance in all directions. The same persecuting spirit -which we have above witnessed as making trouble for the Carolinas and -Maryland found also a vent in the severe disabilities inflicted in 1704 -and following years upon Presbyterians in Ireland. They were forbidden -to keep schools, marriages performed by their clergy were declared -invalid, they were not allowed to hold any office higher than that of -petty constable, and so on through a long list of silly and outrageous -enactments. For a few years this tyranny was endured in the hope that -it was but temporary. By 1719 this hope had worn away, and from that -year, until the passage of the Toleration Act for Ireland in 1782, the -people of Ulster kept flocking to America. - -[Sidenote: The migration of Ulster men to America.] - -[Sidenote: Scotch-Irish in the southwest.] - -Of all the migrations to America previous to the days of steamships, -this was by far the largest in volume. One week of 1727 landed six -ship-loads at Philadelphia. In the two years 1773 and 1774 more than -30,000 came. In 1770 one third of the population of Pennsylvania was -Scotch-Irish. Altogether, between 1730 and 1770, I think it probable -that at least half a million souls were transferred from Ulster to -the American colonies, making not less than one sixth part of our -population at the time of the Revolution. Of these, very few came to -New England; among their descendants were the soldiers John Stark and -Henry Knox, and more lately the great naturalist Asa Gray. Those who -went to Pennsylvania received grants of land in the western mountain -region. The policy of the government was to interpose them as a buffer -between the expanding colony and the Indian frontier. Once planted -in the Alleghany region, they spread rapidly and in large numbers -toward the southwest along the mountain country through the Shenandoah -Valley and into the Carolinas. At a later time they formed almost the -entire population of West Virginia, and they were the men who chiefly -built up the commonwealths of Kentucky and Tennessee. Among these -Scotch-Irish were the Breckinridges, Alexanders, Lewises, Prestons, -Campbells, Pickenses, Stuarts, McDowells, Johnstons, and Rutledges; -Richard Montgomery, Anthony Wayne, Daniel Boone, James Robertson, -George Rogers Clark, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Benton, Samuel Houston, -John Caldwell Calhoun, Stonewall Jackson. It was chiefly Scotch-Irish -troops that won the pivotal battle at King’s Mountain, that crushed the -Indians of Alabama, and overthrew Wellington’s veterans of the Spanish -peninsula in that brief but acute agony at New Orleans. When our Civil -War came these men were a great power on both sides, but the influence -of the chief mass of them was exerted on the side of the Union; it held -Kentucky and a large part of Tennessee, and broke Virginia in twain. - -[Sidenote: Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley.] - -It was about 1730 that the Scotch-Irish began to pour into the -Shenandoah Valley. “Governor Gooch was then dispensing the Valley lands -so freely and indiscriminately that one Jacob Stover, it is said, -secured many acres by giving his cattle human names as settlers; and -a young woman, by dressing in various disguises of masculine attire, -obtained several large farms.”[339] Small farms, however, came to be -the rule. The first Scotch-Irish settled along the Opequon River; -and their very oldest churches, the Tuscarora Meeting-house near -Martinsburg and the Opequon Church near Winchester, are still standing. -The Germans were not long in following them, and we see their mark on -the map in such names as Strasburg and Hamburg. - -[Sidenote: Profound effect upon Virginia.] - -This settlement of the Valley soon began to work profound modifications -in the life of Old Virginia. Hitherto it had been purely English and -predominantly Episcopal, Cavalier, and aristocratic. There was now a -rapid invasion of Scotch Presbyterianism, with small farms, few slaves, -and democratic ideas, made more democratic by life in the backwoods. -It was impossible that two societies so different in habits and ideas -should coexist side by side, sending representatives to the same -House of Burgesses, without a stubborn conflict. For two generations -there was a ferment which resulted in the separation of church and -state, complete religious toleration, the abolition of primogeniture -and entails, and many other important changes, most of which were -consummated under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson between 1776 and -1785. Without the aid of the Valley population, these beginnings of -metamorphosis in tidewater Virginia would not have been accomplished. - -[Sidenote: Frontier phase of democracy.] - -Jefferson is often called the father of modern American democracy; -in a certain sense the Shenandoah Valley and adjacent Appalachian -regions may be called its cradle. In that rude frontier society, life -assumed many new aspects, old customs were forgotten, old distinctions -abolished, social equality acquired even more importance than unchecked -individualism. The notions, sometimes crude and noxious, sometimes -just and wholesome, which characterized Jacksonian democracy, -flourished greatly on the frontier and have thence been propagated -eastward through the older communities, affecting their legislation -and their politics more or less according to frequency of contact and -intercourse. Massachusetts, relatively remote and relatively ancient, -has been perhaps least affected by this group of ideas, but all parts -of the United States have felt its influence powerfully. This phase -of democracy, which is destined to continue so long as frontier -life retains any importance, can nowhere be so well studied in its -beginnings as among the Presbyterian population of the Appalachian -region in the eighteenth century. - -[Sidenote: Lord Fairfax and George Washington.] - -The Shenandoah Valley, however, was not absolutely given up to -Scotchmen and Germans; it was not entirely without English inhabitants -from the tidewater region. Among these, one specially interesting group -arrests our attention. At the northern end of the Valley was a little -English colony gathered about Lord Fairfax’s home at Greenway Court, -a dozen miles southwest from the site of Winchester. We have seen how -Lord Culpeper, in relinquishing his proprietary claims upon Virginia, -had retained the Northern Neck. This extensive territory passed as a -dowry with Culpeper’s daughter Catharine to her husband, the fifth Lord -Fairfax;[340] and in 1745 their son, the sixth Lord Fairfax, came to -spend the rest of his days in Virginia. There was much surveying to -be done, and the lord of Greenway Court gave this work to a young man -for whom he had conceived a strong affection. The name of Fairfax’s -youthful friend was George Washington, and it is impossible to couple -these two names without being reminded of a letter written a hundred -years before, in 1646, when Charles I. had been overthrown and taken -prisoner, and Henry Washington, royalist commander at Worcester, still -held out and refused to surrender the city without authority from the -king. Thus wrote the noble commander to the great General Fairfax, -commander of the Parliament army: “It is acknowledged by your books, -and by report of your own quarter, that the king is in some of your -armies. That granted, it may be easy for you to procure his Majesty’s -commands for the disposal of this garrison. Till then I shall make good -the trust reposed in me. As for conditions, if I shall be necessitated -I shall make the best I can. The worst I know and fear not; if I had, -the profession of a soldier had not been begun nor so long continued by -your Excellency’s humble servant,--Henry Washington.”[341] - -[Sidenote: Effect of the Westward advance upon the military situation.] - -[Sidenote: The Gateway of the West.] - -[Sidenote: Advance of the French.] - -There is a ring to this letter which sounds not unlike the utterance of -that scion of the writer’s family who was destined to win independence -for the United States. It is pleasant to know that General Fairfax -obtained the order from King Charles and granted most honourable terms -to the brave Colonel Washington. In the following century a member of -the house of Fairfax, in engaging the younger Washington to survey his -frontier estates, put him into a position which led up to his wonderful -public career. For this advance of the Virginians from tidewater to -the mountains served to bring on the final struggle with France. -The wholesale Scotch-Irish immigration was fast carrying Virginia’s -frontier toward the Ohio River, and making feasible the schemes of -Spotswood in a way that no man would have thought of. Hitherto the -struggle with the house of Bourbon had been confined to Canada at one -end of the line and Carolina at the other, while the centre had not -been directly implicated. In the first American Congress, convened -by Jacob Leisler at New York in 1690 for the purpose of concerting -measures of defence against the common enemy, Virginia (as we have -seen) took no part. The seat of war was then remote, and her strength -exerted at such a distance would have been of little avail. But in the -sixty years since 1690 the white population of Virginia had increased -fourfold, and her wealth had increased still more. Looking down the -Monongahela River to the point where its union with the Alleghany makes -the Ohio, she beheld there the gateway to the Great West, and felt a -yearning to possess it; for the westward movement was giving rise to -speculations in land, and a company was forming for the exploration and -settlement of all that Ohio country. But French eyes were not blind to -the situation, and it was their king’s pawns, not the English, that -opened the game on the mighty chess-board. French troops from Canada -crossed Lake Erie, and built their first fort where the city of Erie -now stands. Then they pushed forward down the wooded valley of the -Alleghany and built a second fortress and a third. Another stride would -bring them to the gateway. Something must be done at once. - -[Sidenote: George Washington’s first appearance in history.] - -At such a crisis Governor Dinwiddie had need of the ablest man Virginia -could afford, to undertake a journey of unwonted difficulty through -the wilderness, to negotiate with Indian tribes, and to warn the -advancing Frenchmen to trespass no further upon English territory. As -the best person to entrust with this arduous enterprise, the shrewd old -Scotchman selected a lad of one-and-twenty, Lord Fairfax’s surveyor, -George Washington. History does not record a more extraordinary choice, -nor one more completely justified. - - * * * * * - -This year 1753 marks the end of the period when we can deal with the -history of Virginia by itself. The struggle against France, so long -sustained by New York and New England, acquires a truly Continental -character when Virginia comes to take part in it. Great public -questions forthwith come up for solution, some of which are not set -at rest until after that young land surveyor has become President of -the United States. With the first encounter between Frenchmen and -Englishmen in the Alleghanies, the stream of Virginia history becomes -an inseparable portion of the majestic stream in which flows the career -of our Federal Union. - - - - -INDEX. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Abbot, George, i. 68. - - Abbot, Jeffrey, i. 135,165. - - Abraham, Heights of, i. 171; ii. 376. - - Absence of towns in North Carolina, ii. 314. - - Accomac peninsula, i. 224; ii. 87. - - Act of Uniformity, i. 304. - - Adam of Bremen, i. 18. - - Adams, C. F., i. 9. - - Adams, Henry, i. 112. - - Adams, Samuel, i. 31; ii. 29, 98, 285. - - Adelmare, Julius Cæsar, i. 68. - - Adoption of captives, i. 109-111,134. - - Æsop’s crow, i. 45. - - African slaves less tractable than those born in America, ii. 327. - - Agassiz, Louis, ii. 192. - - Agnese’s map, i. 61. - - Agriculture in North Carolina, ii. 313. - - Alaric, ii. 91. - - Albany congress, ii. 381. - - Albemarle Colony, ii. 276; - Bacon looked for possible help from, ii. 281. - - Albemarle Sound, i. 265. - - Alcæus, epigram of, in Greek on title-page, English paraphrase, - ii. 28. - - Alexander VI., i. 20, 30. - - Alexander, Sir William, i. 287. - - Algerine pirates, ii. 339. - - Algonquins, i. 94; ii. 58-62, 168, 274, 291, 298. - - Allerton, Isaac, ii. 60, 69. - - Altona, ii. 139, 140. - - Alva, Duke of, i. 21. - - Amadis, Philip, i. 31. - - America, first occurrence of the name in English, i. 13. - - American Antiquarian Society, i. 2. - - Americans not subject to Parliament, view of James I., i. 218. - - Ancient British drama, i. 59. - - Andros, Sir Edmund, ii. 115, 118, 119. - - Annapolis, i. 267, 313; ii. 120, 163, 249, 269. - - Anne Arundel County, ii. 137, 313. - - Anne of Denmark, Queen of James I., i. 104. - - Anne, Queen, ii. 123, 130. - - Anti-Catholic panic, ii. 159-161. - - Anti-slavery sentiment in Virginia, ii. 191. - - Antwerp, i. 45. - - Apaches, the, i. 107. - - Appalachian region the cradle of modern democracy, ii. 396. - - Appleby School, ii. 247. - - Appomattox Indians, ii. 82. - - Arabian Nights, i. 113; ii. 202. - - Aram, Eugene, ii. 249. - - Arber, Edward, i. 82, 112. - - Archdale, John, ii. 291. - - Archer, Gabriel, i. 124, 151. - - Archer’s Hope, i. 124. - - Argall, Samuel, i. 143, 161, 168, 170, 173, 174, 182, 186, 206, 207, - 216, 261; ii. 16. - - Argall’s Gift, i. 186. - - Ark, the ship, i. 273, 290. - - Arlington, Earl of, ii. 53, 54, 110, 280. - - Armada, the Invincible, i. 8, 34, 36-40, 50; ii. 377. - - _Armenica_, i. 13. - - Arundel, Lady Anne, wife of second Lord Baltimore, i. 268, 313. - - Arundel of Wardour, Lord, i. 56. - - Ashley River Colony, ii. 278. - - Ashley, Sir Anthony, i. 68. - - Ashley, W. J., i. 48. - - _Asiento_ agreement, ii. 190. - - Assembly, - Maryland, i. 283, 313; ii. 134-138, 149-162; - Massachusetts, i. 240; - North Carolina, ii. 296; - Virginia, i. 186, 216; - its “Tragical Declaration,” i. 217, 240-251, 312, 314; ii. 20, 54, - 70, 101, 136, 186. - - Atheism, how defined by Bishop Meade, ii. 264. - - Australasian colonies, ii. 183. - - Avalon, proposed palatinate in Newfoundland, i. 260-263. - - Avison, Charles, ii. 242. - - Ayllon’s colony on James River, i. 93. - - Azov, Sea of, i. 88. - - Azores, i. 34, 148, 183. - - - Backwoods life, ii. 271, 315. - - Bacon, Lord, i. 69, 144, 198, 207, 267; ii. 64. - - Bacon, Nathaniel, the elder, ii. 64, 68, 89. - - Bacon, Nathaniel, the rebel, his pedigree, ii. 64; - his manifesto, ii. 78-80; - his death, ii. 91. - - Bacon’s assembly, ii. 100, 102. - - Bacon’s rebellion, ii. 36, 45-107; - sympathizers in Maryland, ii. 155, 156, 174. - - Baffin, William, i. 67. - - Bailiffs, i. 276. - - Baird, C. W., ii. 205. - - Bahama Islands, their military value, ii. 278. - - Balboa, i. 26. - - Ballagh, J. C., ii. 178. - - Baltimore, Lady, wife of first Lord, i. 263. - - Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert. - - Baltimore, the city, ii. 268, 269. - - Baltimore, the Irish village, i. 255. - - Bancroft, George, ii. 184. - - Barbadoes, i. 273; ii. 183, 192, 207, 277, 286. - - Barbecues, ii. 243. - - Barlow, Arthur, i. 31. - - Barns, ii. 221. - - Barnwell, John, defeats the Tuscaroras, ii. 303. - - Barrow, John, i. 26, 27. - - Bassett, J. S., ii. 274, 276, 280. - - Bates, H. W., i. 199. - - Beadell, Gabriel, i. 121. - - Beaumont, Francis, i. 54. - - Becket, Thomas, ii. 14. - - Bedford, Countess of, i. 184. - - Bedroom furniture, ii. 225. - - Bee, Captain, ii. 329. - - Beggars, i. 48. - - Behn, Mrs. Aphra, ii. 179, 180. - - Belknap, Jeremy, i. 2. - - Belles of Williamsburg, a poem, ii. 259. - - Bennett, Richard, i. 302, 311; ii. 58, 110. - - Berkeley Plantation, i. 190. - - Berkeley, Lord, i. 68; ii. 52, 55, 95, 144, 272. - - Berkeley, Sir Maurice, i. 68; ii. 55. - - Berkeley, Sir William, i. 68, 253, 303, 308, 311, 314; ii. 17, 18, - 20-22, 53-58, 62, 66-71, 76, 97, 103-107, 109, 110, 136, 137, 154, - 155, 224, 245, 272, 276, 281. - - Berkeleys, the, i. 163. - - Bermuda Hundred, i. 168, 224. - - Bermuda Islands, i. 149-151, 161, 208. - - Bermudez, Juan, i. 149. - - Berry, Sir John, ii. 92, 95. - - Bertrand, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Beverages, ii. 229. - - Beverley, Robert, clerk of assembly, ii. 80, 89, 92, 109-114. - - Beverley, Robert, the historian, ii. 21, 22, 70, 196, 208-210, 255. - - Bichat, Xavier, ii. 260. - - Billingsgate, i. 57. - - Billy, a runaway negro, ii. 197. - - Birds, ii. 214. - - Bishop, intention to appoint one in America, ii. 116. - - Blackbeard, the last of the pirates, ii. 366-369. - - Black Death, the, i. 22. - - Black-eyed Susan, i. 77. - - Blackiston, Nehemiah, ii. 161. - - Blackmail in the West Indies, ii. 350. - - Blackstone, William, ii. 128, 340. - - Blair, Francis Preston, ii. 389. - - Blair, James, i. 234; ii. 116-123, 129, 252, 262, 389. - - Blair, Mrs. James, ii. 119. - - Blake, Joseph, ii. 291, 363. - - Bland, Giles, ii. 86, 87, 104. - - Bland, John, ii. 47-51. - - Blenheim, battle of, ii. 190, 370. - - Bliss, Wm. R., ii. 251. - - Blood debt, Indian ideas of, i. 108. - - Blue Anchor tavern, i. 57. - - Blue Ridge, ii. 73, 205, 383; - crossed by Spotswood, ii. 385. - - Blunt Point, i. 209. - - Blunt, Tom, a Tuscarora chief, ii. 302. - - Bodleian Library, i. 28. - - Bohemia, i. 90. - - Bohemia Manor, ii. 141. - - Bolivia, i. 25. - - Bolling family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Bologna, i. 83. - - Bonnet, Stede, ii. 367-369. - - Boon, John, ii. 363. - - Boroughs, i. 226. - - Boston, Mass., i. 18. - - Boswell, James, ii. 334. - - Boucher, Jonathan, ii. 249. - - Boulogne, i. 36. - - Bowdoin, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Bowdoin College, i. 43. - - Boyle, Robert, ii. 124. - - Bradford, Win., ii. 253. - - Brafferton Hall, ii. 124. - - Brandt, Sebastian, i. 14. - - Braziers, ii. 225. - - Brazil, Huguenots in, i. 17. - - Breaking on the wheel, i. 165. - - Brent, F. P., ii. 92. - - Brent, Giles, i. 306; ii. 147. - - “Brethren of the Coast,” ii. 345, 348. - - Brick for building, ii. 222. - - Bright, J. F., i. 208. - - Bristol, i. 42, 56. - - Brock, R. A., ii. 205. - - Bromfield, Lady, ii. 200. - - Brooke, Baker, ii. 151. - - Brooke, Lord, ii. 12. - - Brooke, Robert, a priest, ii. 166. - - Brooke, Sir Robert, ii. 64. - - Brown, Alexander, i. 23, 30, 60, 105-112, 144, 184, 194. - - Browne, W. H., i. 261, 263, 267; ii. 61, 145. - - Browning, Louisa, ii. 172. - - Bruce, Philip, ii. 24, 52, 67, 111, 121, 184, 185-187, 192, 193, 195, - 199, 203, 207, 208, 214, 215, 218, 220, 222, 223, 230, 236, 237, - 242, 260, 327. - - Brunswick, ii. 9. - - Buccaneering, origin of, ii. 345. - - Buccaneers, i. 24; - origin of the name, ii. 347. - - Buenos Ayres, i. 25. - - Burgesses, House of, i. 186. - - Burghley, Lord, i. 36. - - Burgundy, House of, i. 45. - - Burk, John, ii. 197, 265. - - Burke, Edmund, ii. 98, 250. - - Burney, James, ii. 349. - - Burning alive, i. 154; ii. 265, 266. - - Burrington, George, ii. 303. - - Burroughs, Anne, i. 113. - - Burton, Sir Charles, a convict, ii. 248. - - Burwell, Lewis, ii. 122. - - Butler, James, ii. 180, 183, 248. - - Butler, Nathaniel, his attack upon the London Company, i. 208-213, 229; - ii. 223. - - Butterflies of the aristocracy, ii. 11, 17. - - Buzzard’s Bay, i. 55. - - Byrd, William, historian, ii. 83, 211, 240; - his library, ii. 244, 245; 256-259; - describes life in North Carolina, ii. 257, 312. - - Byrd, William, the elder, ii. 83, 208, 257. - - - Cabot, John, i. 11; ii. 140. - - Cabot, Sebastian, i. 11-14. - - Cadiz, battle of, i. 38, 54, 65. - - Cadiz harbour, attacked by Drake, i. 34. - - Cæsar, Sir Julius, i. 68. - - Calderon, i. 11. - - Caliban, i. 15. - - California, i. 34, 61. - - Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, i. 255, 261, 267. - - Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, i. 255, 266, 268, 273, 281, - 283-292, 311-313, 315-318; ii. 131, 132, 134-141, 143, 155. - - Calvert, Charles, third Lord Baltimore, ii. 138, 144, 150, 151, - 154-162. - - Calvert, Benedict, fourth Lord Baltimore, ii. 157, 168. - - Calvert, Charles, fifth Lord Baltimore, ii. 169-173. - - Calvert, Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore, ii. 172. - - Calvert, George, brother of second Lord Baltimore, i. 273. - - Calvert, Leonard, i. 273, 274, 290-293, 300, 307, 308. - - Calvert, Philip, ii. 132, 135, 138. - - Calvert, William, ii. 151. - - Cambridge, Mass., i. 43. - - Cambridge University, i. 301; ii. 248. - - Camden, W., i. 26, 54. - - Camm, John, ii. 127, 128. - - Campbell, Lord, i. 81. - - Canada, i. 62, 113, 116, 193. - - Canary Islands, i. 91. - - Candles of myrtle wax, ii. 228. - - Cannibals, i. 149, 153. - - Canning, Elizabeth, ii. 183. - - Cape Breton, i. 12. - - Cape Charles, i. 168, 225. - - Cape Clear, i. 255. - - Cape Cod, i. 91, 161; ii. 4. - - Cape Fear River, i. 62, 63. - - Cape Finisterre, i. 59. - - Cape Henry, i. 92, 94. - - Cape Lookout, i. 31. - - Capetian monarchy in France, i. 256. - - Capital offences, i. 165. - - Cardross, Lord, ii. 288. - - Carey, Thomas, ii. 294. - - Carey’s rebellion, ii. 296. - - Carlton, Thomas, i. 91. - - Carolina, i. 63, 68, 265; ii. 53; - Bacon’s watchword, ii. 86; - palatinate government of, ii. 275; - Algonquins in, ii. 298; - Spanish gold and silver in, ii. 362. - - Caroni River, i. 197. - - Carriages, ii. 239. - - Carrington, Mrs. Edward, ii. 234-236. - - Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, ii. 172. - - Carroll, Charles, the elder, ii. 170-172. - - Cartagena, i. 33. - - Carter, i. 214. - - Carteret, Sir George, ii. 144, 272. - - Cary, Sir Henry, i. 68. - - Caspian Sea, i. 74. - - Cathay and its riches, i. 7, 12. - - Catholics in Maryland, i. 270-275; ii. 150; - civil disabilities of, ii. 166-168. - - Cattle, i. 167, 230; ii. 2, 347. - - Cavalier families, ii. 25. - - Cavalier society reproduced only on Chesapeake Bay, ii. 337. - - Cavaliers in Virginia, ii. 9-29, 34-44; - in South Carolina, ii. 322. - - Cavendish, Lord, i. 207, 214, 215, 220. - - Cavendish, Sir Thomas, circumnavigation of the earth by, i. 34; - ii. 342. - - Caviar, i. 143. - - Cecil, Sir Robert, i. 40, 55, 144, 195, 225. - - Central America, i. 61. - - Cessation of tobacco crops, ii. 52, 153. - - Chamberlain, a court gossip, i. 207. - - Chain Lightning City, i. 226. - - Champlain, Samuel, i. 116. - - Chancellor of temporalities, i. 276. - - Chancery courts, i. 276. - - Chandler, Thomas, ii. 164. - - Chapman, George, i. 56. - - Channing, Edward, ii. 40, 100. - - Charatza Tragabigzanda, i. 88. - - Charcoal and its fumes, i. 141. - - Charlecote Hall, i. 69. - - Charles, old name for York River, i. 223. - - Charles I., i. 92, 195, 236, 238, 243, 251, 253, 263, 265, 288, 292, - 298, 307, 309, 312, 315; ii. 1, 7, 12, 16, 29, 272, 397. - - Charles II., i. 278, 302, 308, 309, 312; ii. 7, 20-24, 46, 53-56, 76, - 81, 101, 105, 108-113, 137, 138, 143, 144, 149, 174, 246, 272, 356. - - Charles V., the Emperor, i. 45, 46. - - Charles IX. of France, i. 265; ii. 272. - - Charles City, i. 186, 225, 228. - - Charleston, the city, founding of, ii. 278; - removed to a new situation, ii. 285; - commerce of, ii. 326; - social life in, ii. 331; - attacked by French and Spanish fleet, ii. 378. - - Charter of Massachusetts carried to New England, i. 236. - - Chastellux, Marquis de, i. 3; ii. 224. - - Cheesman, Edward, ii. 92, 93, 104. - - Cheesman, Mrs., insulted by Berkeley, ii. 93. - - Cheltenham, i. 43. - - Cherokees, the, ii. 300. - - Chesapeake Bay, i. 32, 56, 61, 112, 161, 190, 274. - - Cheseldyn, Kenelm, ii. 161. - - Chester, palatinate of, i. 257. - - Chicheley, Sir Henry, ii. 77, 80, 89, 284. - - Chickahominy, the river, i. 100, 225. - - Chickahominy, the tribe, i. 140. - - Childs, James, founder of a free school, ii. 325. - - Chili, i. 34. - - Chimneys, ii. 223. - - China, i. 41. - - Chinese pirates, ii. 339. - - Chollop, Hannibal, ii. 320. - - Chowan River, i. 265. - - Christiansen, Hendrick, i. 171. - - Christopher, the Syrian saint, i. 119. - - Church at Jamestown, i. 160, 169, 243. - - Church of England established in Maryland, ii. 162. - - Church wardens, ii. 35, 99. - - Chuzzlewit, Martin, ii. 320. - - Cintra, i. 34. - - Circumnavigation of the earth by Drake, i. 26-28. - - Claiborne, William, i. 251, 265, 286-295, 299-301, 306-308, 314-318; - ii. 80, 141. - - Clarendon Colony, ii. 277; - abandoned, ii. 290. - - Claret, American, i. 18; ii. 207. - - Clarkson, Thomas, ii. 201. - - Classical revival, ii. 224. - - Clay-eaters, ii. 320. - - Clayton, John, botanist, ii. 259. - - Clement VIII., i. 83. - - Clergymen in early New England, ii. 30, 253; - in Virginia and Maryland, ii. 261; - in South Carolina, how elected, ii. 323; - contrast with those of Virginia, ii. 323. - - Clergymen’s salaries, i. 247; ii. 36. - - Climate of South Carolina, ii. 328; - of Virginia, i. 4. - - Clobery & Co., fur traders, i. 287, 292, 299, 300. - - “Cloister and the Hearth,” the, i. 80. - - Cobham, Lord, i. 197. - - Cockatrice, the ship, i. 293. - - Code of laws in Dale’s time, i. 164. - - Codfish, ii. 207. - - Coke, Sir Edward, i. 273. - - Cold Harbor, i. 224. - - Coligny, Admiral, i. 17, 18, 30. - - Colleton, Sir John, ii. 272, 287. - - Collingwood, Edward, i. 221. - - Colonels in the South, why so common, ii. 41. - - Colonization of Ulster by James I., ii. 391. - - Columbia, S. C., i. 62. - - Columbine as a floral emblem, i. 156. - - Columbus, Christopher, his object in sailing westward, i. 7; ii. 140. - - Comanches, i. 107. - - Commons, House of, i. 244; ii. 14. - - Communal houses, i. 17. - - Communal lands, i. 94. - - Communism among the first settlers of Virginia, i. 142, 147, 159, - 166, 167. - - Communists and lager beer, i. 166; - in Bacon’s rebellion, ii. 103. - - “Complaint from Heaven,” ii. 159. - - Conch, a kind of mean white, ii. 320. - - Congregations, migration of, ii. 30, 252. - - Congress of 1690, ii. 168. - - Conspiracy of the Carolina Indians, ii. 300. - - Constables, i. 276. - - Constantine the Great, i. 22. - - Continental Congress of 1690, ii. 377. - - Convicts sent to America, ii. 177-191; - as schoolmasters, ii. 248, 249. - - Conway, Moncure, ii. 174, 214. - - Coode, John, ii. 161. - - Cook, Ebenezer, his poem “The Sot-Weed Factor,” ii. 220. - - Cooke, J. E., i. 247; ii. 11, 124. - - Cooper, A. A., Earl of Shaftesbury, ii. 272, 285. - - Copeland, Patrick, i. 233. - - Copley, Sir Lionel, ii. 117, 162. - - Cordilleras, i. 25. - - Corn crackers, a kind of mean white, ii. 320. - - Cornets and trumpets, ii. 242. - - Cornwallis, the Earl, i. 273. - - Cornwallis, Thomas, i. 273, 307. - - Coronado, expedition of, i. 61. - - Coroners, ii. 39. - - Corruption and extortion, ii. 56. - - Coruña, i. 34. - - Coryat, Thomas, introduces the use of forks into England, ii. 226. - - Cortez in Mexico, i. 101. - - Cotton crop in South Carolina, ii. 326. - - Counter-reformation, ii. 160, 379. - - Counties in Virginia, ii. 37. - - Count Palatine, meaning of the title, i. 257. - - County court, English, i. 187. - - County courts in Virginia, ii. 38. - - County lieutenants in Virginia, ii. 41. - - Coursey, Henry, ii. 151. - - Court day in Virginia, ii. 42. - - Court House in town names, ii. 38. - - Court Party, i. 182. - - Courts baron, ii. 146, 148, 282; - leet, i. 282; ii. 146-148; - quarter session, i. 276. - - Cowley, Abraham, i. 28. - - Cowley, Ambrose, a buccaneer, ii. 358. - - Crackers, a kind of mean white, ii. 320. - - Craft guilds, ii. 15; - of London, i. 179. - - Craftsmen desired in Virginia, i. 162. - - Cranfield, Sir M., i. 214. - - Craven, Lord, ii. 272, 303. - - Creeks and rivers as roadways, i. 212. - - Crèvecœur, St. John de, ii. 330. - - Crimes and punishments, ii. 265. - - Croatan, i. 39. - - Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector, i. 144, 278, 314, 316-318; - ii. 12, 46, 131, 134, 349. - - Cromwell, Richard, ii. 20, 134. - - Crown requisitions, ii. 168. - - Cruel punishments, ii. 330. - - Crusades, i. 8. - - Cuitlahuatzin, i. 101. - - Culpeper, John, and his rebellion, ii. 283. - - Culpeper, Lord, ii. 53, 54, 70, 110-113, 245, 280. - - Culpeper, the town, ii. 39. - - Cumana, i. 197. - - Curl’s Wharf, ii. 64, 65, 75. - - “Cursed be Canaan,” ii. 192. - - Custis, D. P., ii. 119. - - Cypress shingles, ii. 223. - - Cyprus, i. 83. - - - Dabney, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Dale, Sir Thomas, i. 163-171; - code of laws in Dale’s time, i. 164, 194, 223, 301. - - Dale’s Gift, i. 168, 225. - - Dampier, William, ii. 358. - - Daniel, Robert, ii. 294. - - Danvers, Sir J., i. 220. - - Dare of Virginia, i. 35, 39. - - Darien, the peak in, i. 26. - - Dartmouth, Eng., i. 53. - - Darwin, Charles, ii. 359. - - Davenant, Sir William, i. 308. - - Davis, a Maryland rebel, ii. 156. - - Davis, Edward, a buccaneer, ii. 358. - - Davis, John, i. 21, 52. - - Deane, Charles, i. 44, 112. - - Defoe, Daniel, ii. 178, 179, 187. - - Deerfield, destruction of, ii. 378. - - Delaware, i. 145. - - Delaware, Lady, i. 171. - - Delaware, Lord, i. 146-148, 152-155, 159-163, 166-177, 183, 243. - - Delaware, the colony, i. 235. - - Delaware, the river, i. 61. - - Delawares, the tribe, i. 146. - - Deliverance, the ship, i. 151. - - Delke, Roger, ii. 53. - - Demagogues, ii. 33. - - Demos, the many-headed king, ii. 381. - - Deptford, i. 27. - - Devil, the, is an Ass, a comedy, ii. 226. - - Devonshire, first Earl of, i. 207. - - Diderot, D., i. 2. - - Digges, Edward, i. 314. - - Dining-room furniture, ii. 226. - - Dinwiddie, Robert, ii. 390. - - Discovery, the ship, i. 71. - - Dismal Swamp, ii. 65, 211. - - Dissenters, i. 302; ii. 99, 165, 263, 292. - - Doeg, the tribe, ii. 58. - - Domestic industries, ii. 208. - - Dominica, the island, i. 91. - - Donne, John, i. 54, 221. - - Don Quixote, i. 53. - - Don, the river, i. 89. - - Douglas, Earl of Orkney, ii. 120. - - Dove, the ship, i. 273, 290. - - Doyle, J. A., i. 42, 117, 185; ii. 18, 176. - - Dragon, Spanish nickname for Drake, i. 33. - - Drake, Sir Francis, i. 19, 24, 26, 33, 34, 59; ii. 342, 383. - - Draper, Lyman, ii. 245. - - Drayton, Michael, i. 77-79, 232. - - Dress of planters and their wives, ii. 236; - legislation concerning, i. 246. - - Drinking horns, ii. 227. - - Drummond Lake, ii. 65. - - Drummond, Sarah, ii. 77, 94, 95. - - Drummond, William, ii. 65, 77, 87, 89, 94, 276. - - Drunkards, i. 246. - - Drysdale, Hugh, ii. 390. - - Duelling, ii. 265. - - Dunkirk, i. 36, 37. - - Durand, William, i. 311. - - Durant, George, ii. 276, 286; - and the Yankee skippers, ii. 283. - - Durham, palatinate of, its form of government, i. 257, 259, 260, - 275-279. - - Durham cathedral, i. 259. - - “Dust and Ashes,” pseudonym for Gabriel Barber, i. 234. - - Dutch commercial rivals of England, ii. 4, 46-51. - - Dutch in the East Indies, i. 10. - - Dutch Gap, i. 167. - - Dwina, the river, i. 74. - - - Eastchurch, Governor of Albemarle and his Creole bride, ii. 282-284. - - East Greenwich, manor of, i. 65. - - East India Company, Dutch, i. 51. - - East India Company, English, i. 51, 66, 184. - - “Eastward Ho,” the comedy, i. 56. - - Eden, Charles, ii. 304, 367. - - Eden, Richard, i. 14, 15. - - Eden, Sir Robert, ii. 172. - - Edenton, the town, ii. 314. - - Edgar the Peaceful, i. 260. - - Edmund Ironside, i. 260. - - Edmundson, William, ii. 57. - - Education of Indians, i. 246. - - Education in Ulster, ii. 392. - - Edward III., i. 22, 259; ii. 22. - - Edward VI., i. 14, 51. - - Edwards, Jonathan, ii. 254. - - Egypt, i. 83. - - Egyptian extremity of Illinois, ii. 320. - - El Dorado, i. 54, 116, 192. - - Eldredge family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Elizabeth City, i. 225, 228. - - Elizabeth Islands, i. 55. - - Elizabeth, Queen, i. 9, 16, 21, 23, 27-29, 31, 36, 43, 48, 50, - 53-55, 59, 146, 200; ii. 22, 192, 226. - - Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, i. 225. - - England never had a _noblesse_, or upper caste, ii. 13. - - England, population of, in Elizabeth’s time, i. 46. - - English colonies in America promised self-government by Queen - Elizabeth, i. 31. - - English methods of colonization, i. 25. - - Episcopal Church in Virginia, its downfall, ii. 263. - - Escurial, i. 37. - - Essex, the Earl of, i. 38. - - Eugene, Prince, ii. 190, 334. - - Euxine, the sea, i. 74. - - Evelin, George, i. 299, 300. - - Evelinton Manor, ii. 147. - - Exodus of Cavaliers from England to Virginia, ii. 16. - - Exodus of Puritans from Virginia, ii. 17. - - Expedition of French and Spanish ships against Charleston, ii. 293. - - Exquemeling, Alexander, ii. 352, 354-357. - - - Faculty meetings at William and Mary, ii. 124. - - Fairfax, first Lord, ii. 12. - - Fairfax, fifth Lord, ii. 397. - - Fairfax, sixth Lord, ii. 397. - - Fairfax, Sir Thomas, ii. 397. - - Falkland, Lord, i. 69; ii. 11, 29. - - Falling Creek, i. 225. - - Falstaff, ii. 230. - - Farnese, Alexander, i. 36. - - Farnese, Francesco, i. 87. - - Faust, ii. 68. - - Fayal, i. 29, 54. - - “Federalist, The,” one of the world’s masterpieces, ii. 254. - - Felton, William, ii. 242. - - Fendall, Josias, i. 318; ii. 132-138. - - Ferrar, Nicholas, the elder, i. 203. - - Ferrar, Nicholas, the younger, i. 184, 203-207, 214-216, 218, 220-222, - 231, 236; ii. 116, 255. - - Ferryland, i. 256. - - Festivities at proclamation of Charles II., ii. 21. - - Feudal lords, imperfect subordination of, i. 256. - - Fiery dragons, missiles invented by Smith, i. 84. - - Fighting without declaration of war, ii. 344. - - Filibuster, origin of the name, ii. 348. - - First supply for Virginia, i. 112, 122. - - Fitzhugh, William, ii. 208. - - Five Nations, the, ii. 58, 144, 168. - - Flanders, Moll, ii. 178. - - Flash, Sir Petronel, i. 56-59. - - Fleete, Henry, i. 291. - - Fleming family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Fletcher, Governor of New York, ii. 363. - - Fletcher, John, i. 54. - - Flibustiers, origin of the name, ii. 347. - - Flirting, prohibited by act of legislature, i. 247. - - Florence, i. 83. - - Florida, discovery of, i. 12, 60, 62, 265; - Huguenots in, i. 17, 18; - massacre of, i. 23, 194. - - Flournoy, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Flowerdieu Hundred, i. 186. - - Flower-gardens, ii. 221. - - Flutes, ii. 242. - - Folkmotes, i. 277. - - Fontaine, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Foote, W. H., ii. 203. - - Force, Peter, ii. 66. - - Ford, P. L., ii. 239, 240, 261. - - Ford, W. C., ii. 261. - - Forestallers, law against, i. 249, 250. - - Fort Duquesne, ii. 303. - - Fort James, i. 93. - - Fort Nassau, i. 254. - - Fox-Bourne, H. R., ii. 273. - - Fox, George, in Maryland, ii. 139. - - Fox-hunting, ii. 239. - - France once had a _noblesse_, or upper class, ii. 13. - - Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 254, 303; - his plan for a federal union, ii. 381. - - Fredericksburg, ii. 58, 247. - - Frederica, battle of, ii. 335. - - Free negroes, ii. 199. - - Freethinking, ii. 264. - - French colonization, i. 193. - - French posts in Mississippi valley, ii. 384. - - Frobisher, Sir Martin, i. 21, 36; ii. 342. - - Frontenac, Count de, ii. 378. - - Frontier against Spaniards, ii. 270, 271. - - Frontier life, ii. 253; - effects of in American history, ii. 270, 271. - - Frontier life in North Carolina, ii. 311. - - Froude, J. A., i. 16, 21, 35. - - Fuller, Thomas, i. 81, 158. - - Fuller, William, ii. 132, 137. - - Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, ii. 273, 274, 280. - - Fundy, Bay of, i. 63, 170. - - Funerals, ii. 237. - - Fur trade, the, i. 286, 289. - - - Galapagos Islands, ii. 359. - - Gale, Christopher, ii. 302. - - Gama, Vasco de, i. 12. - - Game, ii. 229. - - Gardiner, S. R., i. 201, 272; ii. 184. - - Garrison, W. L., ii. 192. - - Gates, Sir Thomas, i. 65, 147, 148, 150, 154, 162, 163, 171. - - Gateway of the West, ii. 399. - - Gay family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Gayangos, Pascual de, i. 87. - - Geddes, Jennie, i. 236. - - Genealogy, importance of, ii. 26; - of Washington, ii. 27. - - Genoa, ii. 344. - - Gentlemen as pioneers, i. 121. - - Genty, the Abbé, i. 4. - - Geographical conditions, influence of, ii. 309. - - Geographical knowledge, progress of, i. 41. - - George I., ii. 169. - - George III., i. 31, 130; ii. 115. - - Georgia, i. 63, 280; - a frontier colony, ii. 333; - slavery prohibited in, ii. 335; - introduced there, ii. 336; - Spaniards driven from, ii. 335; - population of, ii. 336. - - Germanna Ford, ii. 372. - - German immigration to North Carolina, ii. 318. - - Germans at Werowocomoco, i. 131, 139; - in Appalachian region, ii. 318; - in the Mohawk Valley, ii. 318; - in Shenandoah Valley, ii. 395; - on the Rapidan River, ii. 372. - - Gerrard, Thomas, ii. 134, 161. - - Gibbon, John, ii. 20. - - Gibraltar, Venezuela, sack of by Le Basque, ii. 350; - sacked by Morgan, ii. 353. - - Gift of God, the ship, i. 70. - - Gilbert, Bartholomew, i. 56, 102. - - Gilbert, Raleigh, i. 67, 70. - - Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, i. 19-23, 28; ii. 342; - shipwreck of, i. 29. - - Gillam, a Yankee skipper, ii. 283. - - Glass, attempts to manufacture, i. 123, 230. - - Glastonbury Minster, i. 260. - - Glover, William, ii. 295. - - God Speed, the ship, i. 71. - - Goddard, Anthony, i. 20. - - Godwyn, ii. 192. - - Gog, i. 41. - - Gold, all that glitters is not, i. 122. - - Gold fever in Virginia, i. 122. - - Golden Hind, the ship, i. 26-28, 59. - - Gomez, i. 26. - - Gondomar, Count, i. 195, 196, 198, 199. - - Gooch, William, ii. 390, 395. - - Goode, G. B., ii. 83. - - Goode, John, his conversation with Bacon, ii. 82-86. - - Gookin, Daniel, the elder, i. 302. - - Gookin, Daniel, the younger, i. 304. - - Gorges, Robert, i. 288. - - Gorges, Sir F., i. 56, 67. - - Gorton, Samuel, i. 289. - - Gosnold, Bartholomew, his voyage to New England in 1602, i. 55; - 71, 90, 92, 98. - - Gourgues, Dominique de, i. 20, 73. - - Government of early settlers in Virginia, i. 160. - - Government of laws, ii. 267. - - Gracchus, Tiberius, ii. 107. - - Graffenried, Baron, leads a party of Swiss and Germans to North - Carolina, ii. 297; - captured by the Tuscaroras, ii. 300-303. - - Granaries, ii. 221. - - Grant, U. S., i. 88; ii. 191. - - Gratz in Styria, i. 84. - - Gray, Asa, ii. 394. - - Gray, Samuel, ii. 195. - - Gray’s Inn, i. 175. - - Graydon, Alexander, ii. 165. - - Great circle sailing, i. 91. - - Great Wighcocomoco, naval fight at, i. 293, 299. - - Greeks, the, i. 37. - - Green Spring, ii. 55, 87, 89, 100, 224. - - Greene, Roger, ii. 276. - - Greene, S. A., ii. 160. - - Grenville, Sir Richard, i. 33-35, 36. - - Greenway Court, ii. 397. - - Grigsby, H. B., ii. 10. - - Grimm, F. M., Baron, i. 3. - - Grolier Club, ii. 174. - - _Guardacostas_, small cruisers, ii. 346. - - Guiana, i. 54. - - Gunpowder explosion at Werowocomoco, i. 141. - - Gunpowder plot, i. 67. - - Gunston Hall, ii. 224; - mode of life at, ii. 232-234. - - - _Habeas corpus_ introduced into Virginia, ii. 371. - - Haddon, Dr., his prescriptions and bills, ii. 260. - - Haddon Hall, ii. 273. - - Hakluyt, Richard, the elder, i. 41. - - Hakluyt, Richard, the younger, i. 42-52, 65, 128. - - Hale, E. E., i. 2. - - Halidon Hill, battle of, i. 260. - - Halmote in Durham, i. 277. - - Hamilton, Alexander, ii. 98, 175, 254. - - Hammond, John, i. 289. - - Hamor, Ralph, i. 165; - his “True Discourse,” i. 232. - - Hampden, John, i. 204; - ii. 12. - - Hampton, i. 132, 167, 187, 225. - - Hampton Court, i. 198. - - Hampton Roads, i. 92, 155. - - Hancock, John, ii. 285. - - Handcock, a Tuscarora chief, ii. 302-304. - - Handel, G. F., ii. 190, 242. - - Hanham, Thomas, i. 67. - - Hannibal, i. 19. - - Hanover, ii. 9. - - Hansford, Betsey, ii. 127, 128. - - Hansford, Thomas, ii. 92, 95, 104. - - “Hardscrabble,” ii. 313. - - Hardwicke, Lord, ii. 200. - - Harford, Henry, ii. 173. - - Harpsichords, ii. 242. - - Harrison, Thomas, i. 306, 311. - - Harvard College, i. 147, 234, 235. - - Harvey, Sir John, i. 251, 253, 264, 274, 287, 293-299, 303; - ii. 5, 16, 77. - - Hautboys, ii. 241. - - Hawkes, F. L., ii. 277, 281, 285, 287, 298. - - Hawkins, Sir John, i. 15-20, 24, 36, 59; - ii. 342. - - Hawkins, William, i. 15. - - Hayden, H. E., ii. 205. - - Hayti, ii. 347. - - Hedges, dying under, i. 211. - - Heidelberg, i. 258. - - Hell Gate, i. 303. - - Hendren, S. R., ii. 72. - - Hening’s Statutes, i. 230, 248-250, 295, 304; ii. 21, 71, 98-100, - 114, 116, 121, 185, 186, 194, 195-200, 202, 203, 212, 219, 240, - 245, 246, 265. - - Henrico County, i. 168; - ii. 67. - - Henricus, City of, i. 168, 186, 225, 227, 229, 234. - - Henriette Marie, Queen of Charles I., i. 266. - - Henry I., i. 256. - - Henry II., i. 256. - - Henry III., i. 258. - - Henry III. of France, ii. 226. - - Henry IV., i. 259; - ii. 229. - - Henry IV. of France, ii. 168, 377. - - Henry VI., ii. 22. - - Henry VII., i. 50. - - Henry VIII., i. 22, 47, 48, 181, 259, 285; - ii. 285. - - Henry the Navigator, i, 50. - - Henry, Patrick, i. 31; - ii. 127, 266. - - Henry, Prince of Wales, i. 92, 163, 168, 195. - - Henry, W. W., i. 112. - - Heralds’ College, i. 86. - - Herbert, George, i. 220. - - Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, i. 220. - - Herbert, William, i. 68. - - Herkimer, Nicholas, ii. 318. - - Herman, Augustine, ii. 143. - - Herman, Ephraim, ii. 143. - - Hervey, Lord, i. 66. - - Highwaymen, amateur, i. 81; - ii. 102. - - Hildreth, Richard, i. 305. - - Hill, Edward, ii. 71, 73. - - Hindustan, i. 25. - - Hinton, Sir Thomas, ii. 5. - - Hispaniola, ii. 347. - - Hobby the sexton, ii. 247. - - Hoe-cake, i. 17. - - Holinshed, i. 27. - - Holy Grail, the, i. 204. - - Holy Roman Empire, i. 258. - - Holy Staircase, i. 83. - - Hominy, i. 275. - - Hooker, Richard, i. 69, 235. - - Horse-racing, i. 232; - ii. 237-239; - prohibited at William and Mary, ii. 126. - - Horses, i. 230. - - Hospitality in Virginia and Maryland, ii. 219. - - Hotten, J. C., ii. 184, 186. - - Housekeeper’s instructions at William and Mary, ii. 124. - - Houses in Virginia, i. 211, 212. - - Howard of Effingham, Lord, governor of Virginia, ii. 113-116, - 158, 246. - - Howard of Effingham, Lord, the admiral, i. 36; - ii. 342. - - Howard, Lord Thomas, i. 38; - ii. 342. - - Hubbard’s store, an inventory of, ii. 214. - - Hudson Bay Company, ii. 53, 383. - - Hudson, Henry, i. 66. - - Hudson, the river, i. 61-63, 265. - - Hughson, S. C., ii. 362. - - Huguenots, in Florida, i. 17, 18; - in Brazil, i. 17; - massacre of, i. 18, 23, 73; - expelled from France, ii. 160; - in Virginia, ii. 204; - in Carolina, ii. 274; - in South Carolina, ii. 288, 292, 322; - in North Carolina, ii. 297. - - Humboldt, Alexander, i. 54. - - Hume, David, i. 54. - - Hundreds and boroughs, i. 227, 228. - - Hundreds in Maryland, i. 284; - in Virginia, i. 186. - - Hungary, i. 90. - - Hunt, Robert, i. 93. - - Hunter, school tutor, ii. 247. - - Hunter, William, a priest, ii. 165. - - Huntingdon School, i. 144. - - Huntingdonshire, i. 205. - - Hutchinson, Thomas, i. 240; - ii. 29; - his work in history, ii. 254. - - Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon, ii. 272, 285. - - Hyde, governor of Albemarle, ii. 296. - - - Idaho, i. 187. - - “Il Penseroso,” i. 205. - - Independence, Declaration of, ii. 108, 171. - - Indian corn, as a floral emblem, i. 156; - its importance in American history, i. 156; - cultivated in Virginia, i. 231; - raised in Maryland, i. 275; - ii. 2. - - Indian girls dancing, i. 114. - - Indian troubles in Albemarle probably not incited by Carey and - Porter, ii. 297. - - Indians in Virginia, number of, ii. 8. - - Indians of Carolina classified, ii. 298-300. - - Indians of North Carolina, i. 32; - of Virginia, i. 56, 74. - - Indians sold for slaves, ii. 277. - - Indigo, an important staple of South Carolina, ii. 326. - - Industries, domestic, ii. 208. - - Infanta Maria, i. 195, 198, 200. - - Ingle, Edward, i. 228, 306-308; ii. 41, 43. - - Ingram, David, i. 20. - - Initiative in legislation, i. 284; - ii. 151. - - Inns in Virginia, i. 211; - in Maryland, ii. 219. - - Inquisition, the Spanish, i. 20, 36, 45. - - Insolvent debtors in North Carolina, ii. 313; - Oglethorpe’s plan for relieving, ii. 334. - - Instructions for the Virginia colonists, i. 72-76. - - Insurrections of slaves, ii. 196; - in South Carolina, ii. 329. - - Ireland, i. 66. - - Isabella, Queen, i. 51. - - Isle of Wight County, i. 302. - - Isles of Demons, i. 150. - - Isolation, barbarizing effects of, ii. 253, 321, 332, 333. - - - Jack of the Feather, a chief, i. 190. - - Jackson, Andrew, ii. 391. - - Jamaica, ii. 183; conquest of, ii. 349. - - James I., i. 55, 62, 69, 104, 113, 147, 152, 218, 236-238, 255, - 256, 263; - ii. 256, 391; - censures Rolfe for marrying a princess, i. 171, 193; - tries to get on without a parliament, i. 196; - his hatred of Raleigh, i. 197; - tries to interfere with election of treasurer of Virginia Company, - i. 201-203; - quarrels with Parliament, i. 208; - attempts to corrupt Nicholas Ferrar, i. 216. - - James II., ii. 8, 144, 146, 159, 160, 334. - - James City, i. 186, 210. - - James, Duke of York. See James II. - - James River, fight in, i. 305. - - James, the Old Pretender, ii. 168. - - James, Thomas, of New Haven, i. 303. - - Jamestown, i. 39; - founding of, i. 39, 140; - famine at, i. 153, 229; - burned by Bacon, ii. 89; - ruins of, ii. 120. - - Jay, John, ii. 254. - - Jefferson, Thomas, i. 221; - ii. 25, 37, 42, 66, 98, 128, 175, 191, 201, 202, 204, 213, 224, - 242, 259, 396. - - Jeffries, Sir Herbert, ii. 92, 95. - - Jewett, C., ii. 9. - - Johnson, C., ii. 368. - - Johnson, John, ii. 146. - - Johnson, Robert, ii. 306, 365-368. - - Johnson, Samuel, ii. 180. - - Johnson, Sir Nathaniel, ii. 292. - - Johnsonese writing, ii. 256. - - Joint-stock companies, i. 51, 62, 191, 280. - - Jonah, the prophet, i. 83. - - Jones, C. C., ii. 334. - - Jones, Hugh, i. 302; ii. 188, 238, 386. - - Jones, Sir William, ii. 28. - - Jonson, Ben, i. 54, 56; ii. 226. - - Jouet, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Jowles, Henry, ii. 161. - - Joyce, P. W., i. 255. - - Justice, Henry, barrister and convict, ii. 248. - - - Kalm, Peter, ii. 164. - - Karlsefni, Thorfinn, ii. 277. - - Kawasha, patron of tobacco, i. 175. - - Kecoughtan, i. 186, 209. - - Kecoughtans, the tribe, i. 132. - - Keith, George, i. 302. - - Kemp, Richard, appointed secretary of state in Virginia, i. 295, - 298, 299. - - Kendall, George, i. 100. - - Kennebec River, i. 70. - - Kent, i. 65; palatinate of, i. 257. - - Kent Island, i. 287, 289-294, 296, 299-301, 307, 315, 318. - - Kentucky, its settlers, ii. 394, 395. - - Kidd, William, ii. 368. - - Kidnapping, ii. 177, 186; - of Indians, ii. 292. - - King Philip’s War, ii. 63. - - King, Rufus, ii. 66. - - Kinship reckoned through females, i. 95. - - Kinsman, ii. 5. - - Kirke, Colonel, ii. 200. - - Kitchens, ii. 221, 228. - - Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, ii. 386. - - Knowles, John, of Watertown, i. 303. - - Knox, Henry, ii. 394. - - Kocoum, chieftain, said to have been first husband of Pocahontas, i. - 168. - - - Labadie, Jean de, ii. 142. - - Labadists, ii. 142. - - La Belle Sauvage, name for London taverns, i. 172. - - Labrador, i. 12, 61. - - La Cosa, the pilot, i. 119. - - Lady of Barbadoes, a, ii. 192. - - Lake Erie, its strategic importance, ii. 387, 388. - - La Muce, Marquis de, ii. 204. - - Lancaster, palatinate of, i. 259. - - Land grants, ii. 176; - in New England, ii. 31; - in Virginia, ii. 23, 24, 36. - - Lane, Ralph, i. 32, 159. - - La Plata, the river, i. 25. - - Larned, J. N., ii. 201. - - La Roche, Captain, i. 83. - - La Rochefort, ii. 347. - - La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, ii. 331. - - La Salle, Robert de, ii. 383. - - Las Casas, i. 4; ii. 349. - - Latané, J. H., i. 302. - - Laud, William, Archbishop, i. 204, 298, 303; - ii. 17. - - Laudonnière, René de, i. 17. - - Lawnes’ Plantation, i. 186. - - Lawrence, Richard, ii. 65, 67, 68, 76, 87, 89, 91, 93, 203. - - Lawson, John, surveyor, ii. 277; - his history of Carolina, his charming style, captured by the - Tuscaroras, his horrible death, ii. 301; - his description of North Carolina, ii. 310. - - Lawyers in Virginia, ii. 266. - - Laydon, John, i. 113. - - Laziness, charge of, brought against Virginians, ii. 209, 210. - - Leaders of men, Virginia prolific in, ii. 44. - - Leah and Rachel, i. 289, 311, 315, 318; ii. 267. - - Lear, Tobias, ii. 261. - - Le Basque, Michel, a buccaneer, ii. 350. - - Lecky, W., ii. 190. - - Lee, Edmund, ii. 19. - - Lee, Richard, the first, ii. 19, 20. - - Lee, Richard, 2d, ii. 61, 80. - - Lee, Richard Henry, 2d, ii. 23. - - Lee, William, ii. 19, 22. - - Lees of Coton Hall, ii. 19. - - Legislation in Albemarle Colony, ii. 279. - - Legislature, first in America, i. 186. - - Legislatures, bicameral, i. 187. - - Leisler, Jacob, ii. 96, 115, 159, 399. - - Le Moine, the painter, i. 18, 30. - - Libraries in Virginia, ii. 243-245. - - Life of Virginia planters, ii. 230-234. - - Lightfoot, Philip, ii. 89. - - Lincoln, Abraham, ii. 191. - - Linen manufactures in the United States, ii. 392, 393. - - Liquors, price regulated by law, i. 249. - - Little Gidding, i. 205. - - Locke, John, i. 235; ii. 272-274. - - Logan, James, ii. 365. - - Lok, Captain, i. 16. - - Lok, Michael, i. 61, 68. - - London Company, the, i. 62-72, 80, 113, 129, 130; - second charter of the, i. 144-146, 192; - its third charter, i. 177; - its quarter sessions, i. 178; - factions form in, i. 182, 188; - its overthrow, i. 196-222; - some effects of its downfall, i. 238-240. - - Long Assembly, the, ii. 57-63, 99. - - Longfellow, H. W., ii. 227. - - Long Island Sound, i. 63. - - Lord lieutenant, i. 281. - - Lord Proprietor of Maryland, his powers, i. 270. - - Lords, House of, ii. 14. - - Lords of the manor, ii. 32. - - Lords of Trade, i. 301. - - “Lost Lady,” the, a comedy, ii. 56. - - Lotteries, i. 178. - - Louis XIV., i. 52; - ii. 117, 159, 168, 360, 377, 378. - - Lucy, Sir Thomas, i. 69. - - Ludwell, Philip, ii. 87, 89, 102, 104, 290. - - Ludwell, Thomas, ii. 52, 89, 106. - - Lunenburg, ii. 9. - - Luther, Martin, i. 8; ii. 160. - - Lyly, John, i. 53. - - - Macdonald, Flora, ii. 318. - - Mace, Samuel, i. 54. - - MacGregor, The, i. 94. - - Machiavelli, i. 82. - - McMaster, J. B., ii. 218. - - Madison, James, ii. 175, 250, 254. - - Madre de Dios, the ship, i. 54. - - Madrid, i. 194. - - Magellan, i. 26. - - Magog, i. 41. - - Maherrins, the tribe, last remnant of the Susquehannocks, ii. 299. - - Mahomet and the mountain, i. 114. - - Maine, i. 67. - - Maine Historical Society, i. 43. - - Maine Law, ii. 335. - - Makemie, Francis, ii. 206. - - Maitland, F. W., ii. 197. - - Malaria, ii. 121. - - Malay pirates, ii. 339. - - Malbone, Rodolphus, ii. 265. - - Malory, Philip, ii. 21. - - Manhattan Island, i. 253, 303; - ii. 139. - - Manners, Lady Dorothy, ii. 273. - - Manorial courts, i. 276. - - Manor, lords of, ii. 32. - - Manors in Maryland, i. 282; - ii. 146; - transformed by slavery, ii. 148. - - Mansfield, Lord, his decision that slaves landing on British soil - became free, ii. 201. - - Mansvelt, a buccaneer, ii. 350. - - Map of North Virginia, i. 55. - - Map of Virginia contrasted with that of New England, ii. 8, 9. - - Maracaibo, sack of, by Le Basque, ii. 350; - by Morgan, ii. 353. - - Marcus Aurelius, i. 82. - - Marches or border counties, i. 257. - - Market, the American, i. 46. - - Marlborough, Duke of, ii. 190. - - Marquis, meaning of the title, i. 257. - - Marseilles, i. 82. - - Marshall, John, ii. 129, 175, 266. - - Martha’s Vineyard, i. 55, 56; ii. 8. - - Martian, Nicholas, i. 288. - - Martin Brandon, i. 186; - and Flowerdieu Hundred, i. 225. - - Martin, John, i. 92, 245. - - Martin, Richard, his speech in the House of Commons, i. 181. - - Martin’s Hundred, i. 186, 209. - - Martyr, Peter, i. 15. - - Mary and John, the ship, i. 70. - - Marye, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Marye, James, ii. 247. - - Maryland, i. 63, 145; - origin of the name, i. 265; - called the Scarlet Woman, i. 295; - Puritans in, ii. 137, 150; - Quakers in, ii. 138; - Catholics in, ii. 150; - sheriffs in, ii. 153; - parsons, ii. 165; - wheat culture in, ii. 268; - social features of, ii. 267, 269; - poll tax in, ii. 376. - - Maryland Historical Society, i. 268. - - Marylanders mistaken for Spaniards, i. 292. - - Mary Tudor, i. 66. - - Masaniello, ii. 103. - - Mason, George, colonel of cavalry, ii. 59, 104, 234. - - Mason, George, statesman, ii. 59, 247; - life on his plantation, ii. 232-234. - - Mason, James Murray, ii. 234. - - Mason, John, ii. 232-234, 247. - - Masquerade of Indians, i. 114. - - “Masque of Flowers,” a play, i. 175. - - Mass celebrated for the first time in English America, i. 274. - - Massachusetts, i. 63; - ii. 12; - laws concerning immigrants, ii. 184. - - Massachusetts Bay Company, i. 236; - its first charter, i. 269. - - Massachusetts Historical Society, i. 1. - - Massacre by Indians in 1622, i. 190, 208, 302; - in 1644, i. 305; - in 1672, i. 236; - in 1676, ii. 62; - in 1711, ii. 302; - in 1715, ii. 306. - - Massacre by border ruffians at Lawrence in 1863, ii. 320. - - Massacre of Huguenots, i. 18. - - Massasoit, i. 156. - - Mather, Cotton, i. 304. - - Mathews, Samuel, i. 295, 298, 314; - ii. 20, 66, 110, 186. - - Mathews, Thomas, ii. 66, 69, 72-77, 87, 93, 94, 103, 107. - - Mattapony River, i. 139. - - Maury, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Mayflower pilgrims, the, i. 69, 156, 235, 253; - ii. 16. - - Maxwell, W., ii. 1, 66. - - McClurg, James, ii. 259. - - Meade, Bishop, ii. 22, 164, 188, 235, 262, 263, 316. - - Medina-Celi, Duke of, i. 51. - - Memphis, Tenn., ii. 320. - - Memphremagog, i. 41. - - Menefie, George, i. 297, 299. - - Menendez, i. 18, 73-77. - - Mephistopheles, i. 193; - ii. 68. - - Mercator, G., i. 89. - - Mermaid in St. John’s River, i. 261. - - Mermaid Tavern, i. 54. - - Merovingian kings, i. 257; - legislation, ii. 152. - - “Merry Wives of Windsor,” i. 70. - - Mexico, i. 41. - - Middle Plantation, the oath at, ii. 81, 97, 106; - name changed to Williamsburg, ii. 121. - - Middlesex, Earl of, i. 214. - - Middleton, member of Parliament attacks London Company’s charter, - i. 180. - - Migration from Ulster to American colonies, ii. 394. - - Miller, the martyr and revenue collector, ii. 282. - - Milton, John, i. 205, 309. - - Ministers, appointment of, ii. 99. - - Molasses, ii. 211, 219, 281. - - Moncure, a Huguenot family, ii. 205. - - Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, ii. 134, 272. - - Monroe, James, President, ii. 128. - - Montbars, the exterminator, ii. 349. - - Montague, Sergeant, i. 180. - - Montezuma, i. 101. - - Monticello, ii. 224. - - Mooney, James, ii. 299. - - Moore, J. W., ii. 280, 298. - - Moore, James, ii. 292. - - Moore, James, the younger, defeats the Tuscaroras, ii. 304. - - Moore’s house at Yorktown, ii. 390. - - More, Sir Thomas, i. 47. - - Morgan, Sir Henry, i. 24; - ii. 350; - his treachery and cruelty, ii. 351-353; - Puerto del Principe captured by, ii. 351; - Porto Bello captured by, ii. 351; - Maracaibo sacked by, ii. 353; - Gibraltar, Venezuela, sacked by, ii. 353; - Panama sacked by, ii. 354; - deserts his comrades at Chagres, ii. 355; - knighted by Charles II., ii. 356; - governor of Jamaica, ii. 356; - thrown into prison, ii. 357. - - Morgan, Lewis, i. 111. - - Moriscos expelled from Spain, i. 9. - - Morison, Francis, ii. 92. - - Morley, Lord, i. 67. - - Morocco, i. 90. - - Morris, Robert, ii. 303. - - Morton, Joseph, ii. 362. - - Mosquitoes, ii. 225. - - Mount Desert Island, i. 170, 261. - - Mount Vernon, ii. 224, 389; - mode of life at, ii. 235. - - Mulattoes, ii. 202. - - Mulberries, i. 231; - ii. 3. - - Mulberry Island, i. 155. - - Münster, Sebastian, i. 61. - - Murray family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Muscovy Company, i. 14, 51. - - Muskogi, the, in Carolina, ii. 300. - - Muster master-general, i. 282. - - Mystics at Bohemia Manor, ii. 142. - - Mytens, Daniel, i. 198, 267. - - - Nalbrits, i. 89. - - Names, local, in Carolina, ii. 272. - - Nansemond, i. 302, 311. - - Napkins and forks, ii. 226. - - Napoleon I., i. 36, 37. - - Narragansett Indians, ii. 63. - - National floral emblem for the United States, i. 156. - - Navigation Act, ii. 46; - its effect upon the price of tobacco, ii. 51, 106, 108; - effects upon tobacco, ii. 176; - effects upon Virginia commerce, ii. 218; - mischievous effects in Albemarle Colony, ii. 280; - its mischievous effects on South Carolina, ii. 289; - its effect upon piracy, ii. 362. - - Navy, the English, i. 22, 44. - - Negro panic in New York, 1741, ii. 264. - - Negro quarters, ii. 221. - - Negro slaves, ii. 177, 189-203; - treatment of, in Virginia, ii. 195-199; - cruel laws concerning, ii. 197-199; - effect of taking them to England, ii. 200, 201; - in South Carolina, ii. 279, 326-331; - in North Carolina, ii. 329. - - Negro slavery, ii. 35. - - Negro, the theory that he was not strictly human, ii. 192. - - “Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate,” ii. 192. - - Negroes as real estate, ii. 194. - - Negroes, number of, in Virginia, i. 253. - - Neill, E. D., i. 99, 105-112, 179, 180, 182, 212, 215, 245, 252, 273, - 294; ii. 58, 95, 186. - - Nelson, Thomas, i. 296. - - Netherlands, the, i. 21, 22, 45, 66, 163, 253, 267, 280. - - Neutral ships ill protected, ii. 344. - - Neville’s Cross, battle of, i. 260. - - Nevis, as an isle of Calypso, ii. 282. - - New Albion, i. 27; - ii. 383. - - New Amstel, ii. 139, 140. - - New Amsterdam, i. 253; ii. 3. - - New Berne, ii. 297, 314. - - Newcastle, Delaware, ii. 139, 145. - - New Englanders attempt a settlement at Cape Fear River, ii. 277; - in Georgia, ii. 335. - - Newfoundland fisheries, i. 13, 23, 29, 44, 154. - - New France, i. 52; - ii. 399. - - Newgate Calendar, ii. 172. - - New Hampshire, i. 63. - - New Haven Colony, i. 280. - - New Jersey, i. 63; - founding of, ii. 144. - - New Mexico, i. 25. - - Newport, Christopher, i. 53, 80, 90, 93-96, 112-114, 116-119, 122-131, - 135, 148, 154. - - Newport News, origin of the name, i. 92, 209. - - New Providence, island of, ii. 361, 365. - - New Style, i. 1. - - New Sweden, ii. 139. - - New York, i. 22, 61, 63; - ii. 211. - - Nichols, J., i. 176. - - Nicholson, Sir Francis, ii. 115-118, 120-123, 129, 130, 162, 163. - - Nicot, Jean, i. 174. - - Nicotiana, name for tobacco, i. 174. - - Noble savage, the, i. 4. - - Nonesuch, i. 152, 226. - - North Carolina, i. 39; - agriculture in, ii. 313; - white trash in, ii. 315-317; - German immigration to, ii. 318; - negro slaves in, ii. 329. - - Northern Neck reserved by Culpeper, ii. 112. - - North Virginia, old name for New England, i. 55. - - Northwest Passage, attempts to find, i. 32, 44, 73, 113, 116, 126, - 226; ii. 3. - - Norumbega, i. 28, 55. - - Notley, Thomas, ii. 156. - - Nova Scotia, i. 287. - - - Oath at Middle Plantation, ii. 81, 97, 106. - - Oath of supremacy tendered to Lord Baltimore, i. 264. - - Ocracoke Inlet, i. 32. - - Octoroons, ii. 203. - - Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 258. - - Oexmelin. See Exquemeling. - - Ogle, Cuthbert, ii. 242. - - Oglethorpe, James, ii. 334. - - Old Bailey, ii. 183. - - Old Field Schools, ii. 247. - - Oldmixon’s “British Empire,” a book full of blunders, ii. 255. - - Old Style, i. 1. - - _Olonnois_, the buccaneer, ii. 349. - - O’Neill, The, i. 94. - - Opekankano, i. 100-102, 124, 139, 140, 189, 224, 305; - ii. 72. - - Orator, an Indian, i. 137. - - Orchards, ii. 222. - - Oregon, i. 27. - - Orinoco, the river, i. 54. - - Outlying slaves, ii. 197. - - Ovid’s Metamorphoses, i. 232. - - Oxford, the university, i. 28, 42, 255, 268; - ii. 65, 204, 249, 250. - - Oysters, i. 143. - - - Pacific coast of South America, i. 25. - - Pacific Ocean, naval warfare in, i. 25. - - Page, John, ii. 195. - - Paige, Lucius, ii. 265. - - Palatinate, the Rhenish, i. 258; ii. 318. - - Palatinates, their origin and purpose, i. 256-260. - - Pamlico Sound, i. 31, 32. - - Pamunkey, Queen of, ii. 72-74, 89, 124. - - Pamunkey River, i. 101. - - Panama sacked by Morgan, ii. 354. - - Panton, Anthony, i. 295, 298, 299. - - Paper money, ii. 111; - in North Carolina, ii. 304. - - Paradise, estate of, ii. 19. - - Paraguay, i. 26. - - Pardoning power, i. 281. - - Paris matins, the, i. 21. - - Parishes in Virginia, ii. 35; - in Carolina of English origin, not French, ii. 324; - in Louisiana analogous to counties, ii. 324. - - Parke, Daniel, ii. 89, 119. - - Parker, Theodore, ii. 192. - - Parker, William, i. 67. - - Parkman, Francis, i. 111. - - Parsons, Robert, i. 83. - - Parsons, appointment of, ii. 375. - - Parsons’ cause, ii. 127, 174. - - Partition walls, ii. 223. - - Partonopeus de Blois, ii. 128. - - Pass, Simon Van, i. 172. - - Passamagnus River, i. 265. - - Patagonia, i. 26. - - Patapsco River, i. 112, 255, 287. - - Pate, a Maryland rebel, ii. 156. - - Paternal government, i. 240. - - Patience, the ship, i. 150. - - Patuxents, the tribe, i. 291. - - Paul IV., ii. 377. - - Pauperism in England, i. 48. - - Peasants, English, in the 16th century, i. 47. - - Pedigrees, value of, ii. 26. - - Peerage, the English, ii. 13, 14. - - Pelican, the ship, i. 26. - - Pelton, ii. 5. - - Pembroke, Earl of, i. 184. - - Pembroke, palatinate of, i. 259. - - Pendleton, Edmund, ii. 266. - - Penn, William, ii. 144-146, 157. - - Pennington, Admiral, i. 273. - - Pennsylvania, i. 22, 63; ii. 53; - distributing centre for Scotch-Irish immigrants, ii. 391-394. - - Pennsylvania Dutch, ii. 318. - - Pepys, Samuel, ii. 25, 55. - - Pequot War, i. 236. - - Percy, George, i. 97, 105, 131, 140, 152, 162, 164. - - Persecutions in Scotland, ii. 288. - - Persians, the, i. 37. - - Peruvian towns plundered by buccaneers, ii. 359. - - Peters, Samuel, ii. 231. - - Petersburg, ii. 82, 257. - - Pewter vessels, ii. 226. - - Phettiplace, William, i. 135. - - Philadelphia, ii. 211, 269. - - Philip II., i. 8-10, 22, 24, 34, 44; ii. 344. - - Philip III., i. 59, 76, 194, 200. - - Philip V., ii. 360, 378. - - Philip, chief of the Wampanoags, ii. 63. - - Philipse manor house, ii. 227. - - Phillips, Lee, ii. 140. - - Phillips, Sir Thomas, i. 43. - - Phillips, Wendell, ii. 191. - - Physicians in Virginia, ii. 259-261. - - Picked men, importance of, ii. 25. - - Picnics, ii. 243. - - Pierre of Dieppe, a buccaneer, ii. 349. - - Pike, L. O., ii. 182. - - Pillsbury, Parker, ii. 192. - - Pinzon, Vincent, i. 12, 149. - - Piracy, its Golden Age the 17th century, ii. 338, 339; - definition of, ii. 340. - - Pirates, i. 24; - Algerine, ii. 286, 339; - on the Carolina coast, ii. 314, 361, 369; - Chinese, ii. 339; - Malay, ii. 339. - - Pitt, William, ii. 382. - - Plantation, a typical, ii. 5; - description of a, ii. 220, 228. - - Plant cutters’ riot, ii. 111, 112. - - Plant cutting made high treason, ii. 114. - - Plymouth Colony, i. 280. - - Plymouth Company, the, i. 62-71, 145, 172. - - Plymouth, England, i. 15, 26, 56, 67, 70, 172. - - Plymouth, Mass., i. 29. - - Pocahontas, her rescue of Captain Smith, i. 102-111, 115; - her visits to Jamestown, i. 130; - reveals an Indian plot, i. 138; - her abduction by Argall, i. 168; - rescues Henry Spelman from tomahawk, i. 168; - her marriage with John Rolfe, i. 169; - takes the name of Rebekah, i. 169; - her visit to London, i. 171; - her portrait, i. 172; - her death at Gravesend, i. 173. - - Pocomoke River, skirmish in, i. 293. - - Pogram, Elijah, ii. 11. - - Poindexter, Charles, i. 112. - - Point Comfort, i. 92, 143, 145, 155, 225, 274, 288, 290. - - Pole, Reginald, i. 66. - - Poles in Virginia, i. 230. - - Political homoeopathy, ii. 295. - - Poll tax in Maryland, ii. 376. - - Pollock, Thomas, ii. 197, 286, 304. - - Polonian or Baltic Sea, i. 74. - - Pompey and the Cilician pirates, ii. 338. - - Pone, i. 275. - - Poor law of 1601, i. 48. - - Popham, Sir John, i. 60, 68, 81, 159; ii. 102. - - Popular government, ii. 97. - - Population of England in Elizabeth’s time, i. 46. - - Population of New England, i. 253; - of American colonies, ii. 169; - of Georgia, ii. 336; - of the two Carolinas, ii. 329. - - Pork, i. 161; ii. 207. - - Poropotank Creek, ii. 19. - - Porto Bello captured by Morgan, ii. 351. - - Port Royal, N. S., i. 170, 261; ii. 123. - - Port Royal, S. C., ii. 271, 278; - burned by the Spaniards, ii. 288. - - Port St. Julian, i. 26. - - Porter, John, ii. 295. - - Postage rates, ii. 376. - - Postal service in America under Spotswood, ii. 389. - - Post-office Act, ii. 373-375. - - Postlethwayt, Malachy, ii. 180, 181-186. - - Potomac, the river, i. 63, 112, 161. - - Pott, Dr. John, i. 252, 253, 263, 287, 293, 297, 298. - - Pott, Francis, i. 296. - - Potts, Richard, i. 96. - - Poultry, a street in London, i. 203. - - Powhatan, The, i. 102-114, 116, 132-139, 168, 189. - - Powhatan, the village, i. 94, 127. - - Powhatans, the tribe, i. 94-111. - - Precious metals, effect of their increased quantity after the - discovery of America, i. 9, 47. - - Presbyterians in Ulster, disabilities inflicted upon, ii. 393. - - Presley, a burgess, ii. 70, 94. - - Primary assemblies, i. 284. - - Pring, Martin, i. 56, 67. - - Priscilla, a Virginia, ii. 128. - - Prisoners of war, ii. 184. - - Privateering, ii. 343. - - Processioning of bounds, ii. 99. - - Proprietary governments, beginnings of, i. 269. - - Proprietors of Carolina sell out their interests, ii. 308. - - Prospero’s Isle, i. 150. - - Providence, a settlement in Maryland, i. 313, 315. - - Puerto del Principe sacked by Morgan, ii. 351. - - Pulpit encourages English colonization, i. 49. - - Punishments for crime, ii. 182. - - Purchas, Rev. S., i. 87, 302. - - Puritan families in New England, ii. 28. - - Puritanism widely spread in the South, ii. 337. - - Puritans in Virginia, i. 301; ii. 17; - in Maryland, i. 312-318; ii. 137, 150; - and education, ii. 252-254; - in South Carolina, ii. 322. - - Putin Bay, i. 94. - - Pym, John, i. 204, 208, 235; ii, 12. - - - Quadroons, ii. 202. - - Quaker relief acts, ii. 153; - in North Carolina, ii. 304. - - Quakers in Maryland, ii. 138; - in Albemarle Colony, ii. 294. - - Quantrell, a border ruffian, ii. 320. - - Quaritch, Bernard, ii. 1. - - Quarry, Robert, ii. 362. - - Quicksilver, Frank, i. 56. - - Quinine, i. 4. - - Quit rents, ii. 194. - - _Quo warranto_, writ of, i. 218. - - - Raccoons, i. 114. - - Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. 19, 28-32, 35-40, 52-55, 71, 126, 163, - 197-200; ii. 271, 342; - his verses just before death, i. 200; - his “History of the World,” i. 197. - - Randall, D. R., i. 303. - - Randolph, Edward, ii. 108, 364. - - Randolph, Jane, ii. 204. - - Randolph, John, of Roanoke, i. 173. - - Randolph, Peyton, i. 221. - - Rappahannock River, i. 101. - - Ratcliffe, John, i. 71, 92, 99, 100, 113, 117, 124, 151-153, 168. - - Rats, i. 143. - - Raveneau de Lussan, the buccaneer, ii. 349, 360. - - Raynal, the Abbé, i. 2. - - Receiver-general, i. 276. - - Recorder, a musical instrument, ii. 242. - - Recouping one’s self beforehand, ii. 346. - - Redemptioners, ii. 181, 182, 185; - as schoolmasters, ii. 249. - - Regal, a town in Transylvania, i. 84. - - Renaissance and Reformation, tendencies of, i. 205. - - Representative government in America established by Sir Edwin - Sandys, i. 69. - - Revolution of 1719 in South Carolina, ii. 307. - - Rhett, William, defeats the French and Spanish fleet, ii. 294; - defeats and captures the pirate Bonnet, ii. 368, 369. - - Rhode Island, i. 63, 280. - - Ribaut, Jean, i. 17; ii. 271. - - Ricahecrians, the tribe, ii. 73. - - Ricardo, David, ii. 313. - - Rice, the great staple of South Carolina, ii. 326, 363. - - Rice, John, hanged at Tyburn, ii. 200. - - Rich, H. C., ii. 241. - - Rich, Lady Isabella, i. 184. - - Rich, Robert, Lord Warwick, i. 182. - - Richard III., i. 296. - - Richmond, the city, i. 93, 189, 226; ii. 121, 211, 257. - - Ringgold, James, ii. 147. - - Ringrose, Basil, a buccaneer, ii. 358. - - Ripley, W. Z., ii. 218. - - Rivers as highways, ii. 214, 215. - - Rivers in Virginia, their effect upon society, ii. 206. - - Rivers, W. J., ii. 279, 288, 298, 302. - - Rives, W., ii. 241. - - Roanoke Island, i. 31, 33-35, 39-43, 54. - - Robber barons, ii. 45. - - Robertson, W., ii. 21. - - Robertson family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Rochambeau, Count, i. 3. - - Rogers, Woodes, captures New Providence, ii. 365. - - Rogues’ Harbour, a nickname of Albemarle Colony, ii. 280. - - Rolfe, John, i. 104; - his marriage with Pocahontas, i. 169; - makes experiments in raising tobacco, i. 176, 188. - - Rolfe, Thomas, son of Pocahontas, ancestor of many Virginia families, - i. 173. - - Ronsard, Pierre, i. 53. - - Rothenthurm, battle of, i. 88. - - Roundheads, ii. 12. - - Rousby, Christopher, ii. 157. - - Rousseau, J. J., i. 4. - - Rowland, Miss K. M., ii. 104, 206, 234, 248. - - Royal governors and their legislatures, ii. 379-381. - - Rudolph II., Emperor, i. 84. - - Rum, ii. 207, 211, 281. - - Rumford, Count, ii. 254. - - Rump Parliament, i. 316. - - Rural entertainments, ii. 240, 241. - - Russell, John, i. 121, 135, 140. - - Russia, i. 37, 66, 89. - - Rynders, Isaiah, ii. 192. - - Ryswick, Peace of, ii. 168. - - - Sabbath breaking, i. 248. - - Sack, a kind of wine, meaning of the name, ii. 230. - - St. Augustine, i. 33; ii. 270. - - St. Bartholomew, massacre of, i. 21. - - St. Bernard Archipelago, i. 149. - - St. Clement’s Island, i. 274. - - St. John’s River, i. 17. - - St. Lawrence, Gulf of, i. 170. - - St. Lawrence River, i. 41, 61, 62. - - St. Mary’s River, i. 274. - - St. Mary’s, the town, i. 291, 306, 307, 313, 315, 316; ii. 120, - 140, 161. - - St. Osyth’s Lane, i. 203. - - St. Paul’s Cathedral, i. 27. - - St. Paul’s Churchyard, i. 178. - - Salaries of governors, ii. 376. - - Salem witchcraft, ii. 264, 266. - - San Domingo, i. 33, 149. - - San Francisco, i. 27. - - San Juan de Ulua, i. 19, 26. - - Sandhillers, ii. 320. - - Salamis, battle of, i. 37. - - Sandys, George, i. 232, 252. - - Sandys, Sir Edwin, i. 69, 184-188, 190, 200-203, 214, 215, 218, - 220, 221, 233, 235, 236, 238; ii. 16. - - Sassafras, i. 123. - - Sayle, Wm., ii. 278, 361. - - Scandalous gossip, i. 247. - - Scapegraces in Virginia, i. 152, 163. - - Scapethrift, i. 57. - - Scharf, J. F., ii. 162, 167, 171. - - Schlosser, F. C., i. 84. - - Schools in New England, ii. 251-253; - in Virginia, ii. 245-250; - in South Carolina, ii. 325. - - _Scire facias_, writ of, ii. 162. - - Scotch Highlanders in North Carolina, ii. 318; - in Georgia, ii. 335. - - Scotch-Irish immigration to America, ii. 319, 390-399. - - Scotch Presbyterianism, its effects upon Virginia, ii. 395. - - Seagull, Captain, i. 57. - - Sea kings of Elizabeth’s time were not pirates, ii. 341, 343. - - Seal of Virginia, ii. 22. - - Sea Venture, the ship, i. 67, 148, 149, 152. - - Second Supply for Virginia, i. 113, 120, 123-125. - - Security, money lender, i. 56. - - Segar, Sir W., i. 86. - - Segovia, Lake of, i. 34. - - Selden, John, i. 54. - - Senecas, ii. 58-60. - - Seneschals, i. 277. - - Separatists, i. 302. - - Serfdom, i. 48. - - Setebos, i. 15. - - Severn, the English river, i. 312. - - Severn, the Maryland river, i. 313; - battle of the, i. 317. - - Seymour, Sir Edward, ii. 116, 117. - - Seymour, John, ii. 166. - - Shaftesbury, first Earl of, i. 68. - - Shakespeare, i. 11, 15, 54, 55, 66, 68, 187, 203, 232, 308; - ii. 226; - his “Tempest,” i. 150. - - Sharpe, Horatio, ii. 172. - - Sharpless, Edward, clerk of Assembly, i. 244. - - Sharplisse, Thomas, draws a prize in a lottery, i. 178. - - Shays, Daniel, ii. 106. - - Sheep-raising, i. 46. - - Shenandoah Valley, ii. 385, 386. - - Sheppard, Jack, ii. 264. - - Sheriffs, i. 282; ii. 40; - in Maryland, ii. 153. - - Sherman, W. T., ii. 191. - - Sherwood, Grace, accused of witchcraft, ii. 266. - - Sherwood, William, ii. 102, 104. - - Shippen, Margaret, ii. 142. - - Shire-motes, i. 278. - - Shirley Hundred, i. 168. - - Sibyl, the Roman, i. 7. - - Sicklemore, an alias of President Ratcliffe, i. 117-128. - - Sidney, Sir Philip, i. 18, 30, 33, 42, 53, 61, 68. - - Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania, i. 84. - - Silenus, his conversation with Kawasha, i. 175. - - Silk culture, ii. 326. - - Silk-worms, i. 231; ii. 3. - - Silver vessels, ii. 227. - - Simancas, archives of, i. 194. - - Simms, W. G., ii. 330. - - Singeing the king of Spain’s beard, i. 34. - - Sioux tribes in Carolina, ii. 299. - - Sir Galahad, i. 204. - - Six Nations, ii. 304. - - Size Lane, i. 203. - - Skottowe, B. C., i. 243. - - Slader, M., ii. 238. - - Slavery, alleged beneficence of, i. 16; - different types in Virginia and South Carolina, ii. 327; - prohibited in Georgia, ii. 335; - introduced there, ii. 336. - - Slave hunters, Spanish, i. 149. - - Slaves’ collars, ii. 200. - - Slaves, price of, ii. 194, 201. - - Slave trade, the African, i. 15; - the Portuguese, i. 15. - - Sluyter, a Labadist, ii. 143. - - Smith, John, i. 80-118, 121, 143, 147, 151, 152-156, 159, - 164-166, 172, 173; ii. 72; - fiery dragons invented by, i. 84; - Turks’ heads cut off by, i. 84; - name for Cape Ann, i. 88; - is rescued by Pocahontas, i. 102-111; - his “True Relation,” i. 102; - his “History of Virginia,” i. 103; - his map of Virginia, i. 118; - his “Rude Answer,” i. 118, 125-128; - drops into poetry, i. 121; - as a worker of miracles, i. 141; - says, “He that will not work shall not eat,” i. 142; - leaves Virginia, i. 152; - his faithful portrayal of Indians, i. 157; - nobility of his nature, i. 157; - touching tribute by one of his comrades, i. 158; - his voyage to North Virginia, i. 172; - changes the name to New England, i. 172; - his last years, i. 232. - - Smith, Robert, ii. 104. - - Smith, Thomas, captain of a ship, i. 293; - tried for piracy and hanged, i. 300. - - Smith, Sir Thomas, i. 52, 66, 146, 161, 178, 182-184, 196. - - Smith’s Hundred, i. 186. - - Smith’s name for Cape Ann, i. 88. - - Smith’s Sound, i. 67. - - Smugglers, ii. 346. - - Smyth, J. F., ii. 230, 231, 239, 316. - - Soap, i. 123, 230. - - Social features of Maryland, ii. 267-269. - - Socrates, ii. 142. - - Somers, Sir George, i. 65, 147, 148-151, 154, 155, 161. - - Sothel, Seth, ii. 285; - as the people’s friend, ii. 289. - - Soto, F. de, i. 61; ii. 91. - - Souls and tobacco, comparative claims of, ii. 117. - - Southampton, Earl of, i. 55, 56, 66, 183, 202, 203, 206-208, 220, - 221; ii. 16. - - Southampton Hundred, i. 186. - - South Carolina, i. 62; ii. 123; - back country of, ii. 320; - early settlers of, ii. 322; - Puritans in, ii. 322; - Cavaliers in, ii. 322; - clergymen in, how elected, ii. 323; - contrast with those in Virginia, ii. 323; - rice a great staple of, ii. 326; - indigo, an important staple of, ii. 326; - silk culture in, ii. 326; - cotton crop in, ii. 326; - negro slaves in, ii. 326-331; - insurrection of slaves in, ii. 329. - - Southey, Robert, i, 53. - - South Sea Bubble, ii. 334. - - Spaniards driven from Georgia, ii. 335. - - Spanish marriage, i. 195, 198, 218, 255. - - Spanish methods of colonization, i. 25, 193. - - Spanish Succession, war of, ii. 190, 398. - - Spanish treasure, i. 6-11, 23, 44, 54; ii. 345. - - Sparks, F. E., i. 282; ii. 133. - - Spelman, Henry, i. 153; - his rescue by Pocahontas, i. 168; - his “Relation about Virginia,” i. 168. - - Spelman, Sir Henry, the antiquary, i. 168. - - Spencer, Herbert, on state education, ii. 325. - - Spencer, Nicholas, ii. 61, 80, 89, 111. - - Spendall, i. 57. - - Spenser, Edmund, i. 53; ii. 22. - - Spinsters sent to Virginia, i. 188. - - Sports, old-fashioned, ii. 240, 241. - - Spotswood, Alexander, ii. 303, 370-390, 398; - on the distribution of white freedmen, ii. 321. - - Spottiswoode, Sir Robert, ii. 370. - - Spottsylvania, ii. 8. - - Stamp Act, ii. 29, 303, 373, 382. - - Stanard, W. G., ii. 238, 249. - - Stanhope. James, ii. 372. - - Stanley, H. M., i. 98. - - Star Chamber, i. 273, 289. - - Stark, John, ii. 394. - - State education, ii. 325. - - State House in Jamestown, scenes in, ii. 67, 69, 76. - - States General in France dismissed, i. 196. - - Stebbing, William, i. 53, 199, 200. - - Stephens, Samuel, ii. 279. - - Stevens, Henry, i. 43, 112, 169. - - Stillingfleet, Bishop, ii. 116. - - Stith, John, ii. 71. - - Stith, William, i. 221, 255, 256. - - Stone Age, the men of, i. 107. - - Stone, William, i. 308, 311-313, 315-318. - - Stores, country, ii. 213. - - Stourton, Erasmus, i. 261. - - Stover, Jacob, how he secured many acres, ii. 395. - - Stowe’s Chronicle, i. 178. - - Strachey, William, i. 150, 168. - - Strafford County, ii. 58. - - Strafford, Earl of, i. 204, 220, 267, 303; ii. 11. - - Stratford Hall, its library, ii. 227; - the kitchen, ii. 228, 234. - - Stuart, Lady Arabella, i. 197. - - Studley, Thomas, i. 94, 96. - - Stuyvesant, Peter, ii. 139, 140. - - Subinfeudation permitted in Carolina, ii. 275. - - Suffrage, restriction of, in Maryland, ii. 154; - in Virginia, ii. 67, 154. - - Sugar, ii. 211. - - Superstition, ii. 264. - - Supper with Indians, i. 115. - - Surry protest, ii. 52. - - Surtees, i. 276. - - Surveyor, i. 282. - - Susan Constant, the ship, i. 71. - - Susquehanna Manor, ii. 147, 158. - - Susquehanna River, i. 112, 289. - - Susquehannock envoys, slaughter of, ii. 60, 61, 68. - - Susquehannock Indians, i. 112, 274; ii. 58-62. - - Swedes in Delaware, ii. 3. - - Swift, Jonathan, ii. 116. - - Swift Run Gap, ii. 385. - - Symes, Benjamin, ii. 5, 246. - - - Tabby silk, meaning of the name, ii. 236. - - Talbot, George, ii. 147, 157, 158. - - Talbot, Lord, ii. 200. - - Talbot, Richard, Duke of Tyrconnel, ii. 160. - - Talbot, William, ii. 151. - - Tammany Society, i. 2. - - Tampico, i. 20. - - Tanais or Don River, i. 74. - - Tantalus and his grapes, i. 200. - - Tar, i. 123; ii. 313. - - Tariff logic, specimens of, ii. 51, 194. - - Tariffs, protective, ii. 45, 346. - - Taswell-Langmead, i. 243. - - Taxation without representation, ii. 115, 145. - - Taxes on slaves, ii. 194. - - Teach, Robert. See Blackbeard. - - Temple Farm, ii. 390. - - Tennessee, its settlers, ii. 394, 395. - - “Terence in English,” i. 176. - - Test oaths for public officials, ii. 294. - - Thatch, Robert. See Blackbeard. - - Theatres, ii. 243. - - Third Supply for Virginia, i. 151, 158. - - Thirlestane House, i. 43. - - Thirty Years’ War, ii. 160. - - Thompson, William, of Braintree, i. 303. - - Thomson, Sir Peter, i. 43. - - Thorpe, George, murdered by Indians, i. 234. - - Throckmorton, Elizabeth, i. 53. - - Thrusting out of Governor Harvey, i. 298. - - Tichfield, i. 221. - - Tidewater Virginia, i. 224. - - Tilden, Marmaduke, ii. 147. - - Tillotson, Archbishop, ii. 116. - - Timour, Pasha of Nalbrits, i. 89. - - Tindall, Thomas, put in the pillory, i. 264. - - Titles of nobility in Carolina, ii. 276. - - Tobacco, first recorded mention of, i. 174; - bull of Urban VIII. against, i. 174; - James I.’s Counterblast, i. 174; - its tendency to crush out other forms of industry, i. 231; - monopoly of, coveted by Charles I., i. 242, 243; - planted by the Dutch in the East Indies, ii. 47; - and liberty, ii. 174; - as currency, ii. 111; - effects of, ii. 210; - duty on, in Maryland, ii. 133; - attempts to check its cultivation, ii. 176. - - Tobacco currency, effects of, in Virginia, ii. 216; - upon crafts and trades, ii. 217; - upon planters’ accounts, ii. 218. - - Todkill, Anas, i. 116, 121, 135. - - Toleration, religious, in Maryland, i. 267, 271, 272, 309-311. - - Toleration Act, so-called, passed by Maryland Puritans, i. 316. - - Tomocomo, his attempt to take a census of England, i. 173. - - Toombs, Robert, ii. 10. - - Tories and Whigs, i. 182. - - Torture by slow fire, i. 108. - - Totapotamoy, ii. 73. - - Town meetings, ii. 32-34. - - Towns, absence of, in Virginia, ii. 211; - attempts to build, ii. 213. - - Townships in England, ii. 31-34. - - Trade between Massachusetts and Albemarle Colony, ii. 281. - - Tragabigzanda, Charatza, i. 88. - - Train-bands in New England, ii. 40. - - Treachery of Indians, i. 129, 136, 138. - - Treason committed abroad, ii. 285. - - Treat, John, ii. 183. - - Treaty of America, ii. 353, 357. - - Trent, the British steamer, ii. 234. - - Trott, Nicholas, ii. 307. - - Truman, Thomas, ii. 59, 61, 69. - - Trussel, John, ii. 186. - - Tubal Cain, the, of Virginia, ii. 372. - - Tucker, Beverley, ii. 10. - - Turkeys, first that were taken to England, i. 122. - - Turkish treasure, i. 83. - - Turks’ heads cut off by Smith, i. 84, 88. - - Turks’ Heads, the islands, i. 88. - - Turks, desire of Columbus to drive them from Europe, i. 7. - - Turpentine, ii. 313. - - Tuscarora meeting-house, ii. 395. - - Tuscaroras in North Carolina, ii. 299; - expelled from North Carolina, migrate to the Mohawk valley and add - one more to the Five Nations, ii. 304. - - Twelfth Night, i. 175. - - Tyler, John, Governor of Virginia, ii. 10. - - Tyler, John, President of U. S., ii. 25, 129. - - Tyler, L. G., i. 296; ii. 19, 23, 61, 92, 128, 247. - - Tyler, M. C., ii. 265. - - Tyler, Wat, ii. 10, 25. - - Tzekely, Moses, i. 85. - - - Union of the Colonies, schemes for, ii. 129. - - Unitarians threatened with death in Maryland Toleration Act, i. 311. - - University College of London, i. 112. - - “Unmasked Face of our Colony in Virginia,” i. 208-213. - - Urban VIII., his bull against tobacco, i. 174. - - Utie, John, i. 297, 298. - - Utrecht, treaty of, ii. 190. - - - Valentia, Lord, i. 43. - - Vallandigham, E. H., ii. 140. - - Valparaiso, i. 27. - - Van Dyck, i. 268. - - Vane, Sir Harry, ii. 12. - - Vassall’s house in Cambridge, ii. 227. - - Vegetables, ii. 2, 221. - - Venetian argosy, fight with the Breton ship, i. 83. - - Venezuela, i. 198. - - Venice, i. 84; ii. 344. - - Venus and Adonis, the poem, i. 55. - - Vera Cruz, i. 19. - - Vermont, i. 62. - - Verrazano, Sea of, i. 61; ii. 384. - - Vespucius, Americus, i. 12-14, 91, 149; ii. 347. - - Vestry, close, ii. 36, 98, 375. - - Vestry, open, ii. 99; - in South Carolina, ii. 323. - - Veto power, ii. 152. - - Vicksburg, ii. 191. - - Victoria, Queen, i. 259. - - Vikings not properly called pirates, ii. 339. - - Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, i. 197. - - Vinland, i. 18; ii. 277. - - Violins, ii. 241-242. - - Virginals, ii. 242. - - Virginia, origin of the name, i. 32; - believed to abound in precious metals, i. 58, 122; - first charter of, i. 60, 64; - extent of the colony in 1624, i. 223; - population of, i. 253; ii. 2, 4, 23, 24, 35; - prolific in leaders of men, ii. 44; - _habeas corpus_ introduced into, ii. 371. - - Virginia Historical Society, i. 112; ii. 298. - - Virginian historians, ii. 255. - - Virginians at Oxford, ii. 250. - - Volga River, i. 73. - - Voltaire, ii. 15, 352. - - - Wafer, Lionel, a buccaneer, ii. 358. - - Wahunsunakok, i. 94. - - Waldenses, the, ii. 205. - - Wales, conquest of, i. 259. - - Walker, William, ii. 348. - - Walsingham, Sir F., i. 36. - - Walton, Izaak, i. 221. - - Wampum, i. 137. - - Ward’s Plantation, i. 186. - - Warner, Augustine, ii. 100. - - Warren, William, i. 296. - - Warrasqueak Bay, i. 131, 209. - - Washington, Augustine, ii. 249. - - Washington, George, i. 70, 273, 296; ii. 175, 227; - his love for dogs, horses, hunting, and fishing, ii. 239, 240; - killed by his doctors, ii. 260, 261; - his intimacy with Lord Fairfax, ii. 397; - sent to warn the French, ii. 399. - - Washington, Henry, ii. 25, 397. - - Washington, John, ii. 25, 59, 69, 97. - - Washington, Lawrence, brother of George, ii. 247, 249, 389. - - Washington, Lawrence, brother of John, ii. 59. - - Washington, Lawrence, of Sulgrave, i. 70. - - Washington, Martha, ii. 119; - her life at home, ii. 235. - - Washington family tree, ii. 27. - - Waters, Fitz Gilbert, ii. 25, 26. - - Watson, Elkanah, ii. 215, 216. - - Wedding, the first in English America, i. 113. - - Weddings, ii. 237. - - Weeden, W. B., ii. 251. - - Weller, Tony, ii. 142. - - Weromocomoco, i. 94, 102, 112, 114, 119, 130-139, 165, 224; ii. 158. - - West, Francis, i. 131, 140, 146, 251. - - West, John, i. 297, 298. - - West, Joseph, ii. 279, 286. - - West, Penelope, i. 147. - - Westminster Abbey, i. 43. - - Westminster School, i. 42. - - Westover, i. 225; ii. 257. - - West Point, Va., i. 224. - - West Virginia, its settlers, ii. 394. - - Wetting one’s feet, i. 210. - - Weymouth, George, i. 56, 67. - - Whalley, Edward, the regicide, ii. 25. - - Wharves, private, ii. 206, 220. - - Wheat culture in Maryland, ii. 268. - - Whigs, ii. 382. - - Whigs and Tories, i. 182. - - Whitacres, a boon companion of Dr. Pott, i. 252. - - Whitaker, Alexander, the apostle, i. 167; - his “Good News from Virginia,” i. 232, 301. - - Whitburne, Richard, i. 261. - - White, Andrew, a Jesuit father, i. 273-275, 308. - - White, John, i. 35, 38, 39, 52, 54, 58, 60,113. - - White, Solomon, ii. 265. - - White Aprons, the, ii. 87. - - White Oak Swamp, i. 100. - - White servants in Virginia, ii. 10, 177-191. - - “White trash,” origin of, ii. 188,189; - in North Carolina, ii. 315-317; - dispersal of, ii. 319-321. - - Whittle family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173. - - Whitmore, W. H., ii. 10, 35, 110. - - Whitney, E. L., ii. 274, 320. - - “Widow Ranter,” the comedy, ii. 179. - - Wiffen, Richard, i. 135. - - Wilberforce, W., ii. 201. - - Wilde, Jonathan, ii. 264. - - Willard, Samuel, ii. 119. - - William and Mary College, ii. 116-129, 234, 252. - - William the Conqueror, i. 259. - - William the Silent, i. 9. - - William III., ii. 120, 160, 165. - - William III. and Mary, ii. 115, 117. - - Williams, G. W., ii. 330. - - Williams, Roger, i. 272, 313; ii. 160. - - Williamsburg, ii. 121, 210, 234, 238, 242. - - Williamson, Hugh, ii. 279, 310. - - Williamson, Sir J., ii. 102. - - Willoughboy, Sarah, her wardrobe, ii. 236. - - Willoughby, Sir Hugh, i. 14. - - Willoughby, Eng., i. 82. - - Wilmington, Del., ii, 139. - - Wilmington, N. C., ii. 314. - - Window shutters, ii. 223. - - Wines, native, ii. 372, 385. - - Wingandacoa, i. 32. - - Wingfield, E. M., i. 65, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98-100, 102, 112, 124. - - Winslow, Josiah, ii. 63. - - Winsor, Justin, i. 13, 18, 275; ii. 1, 272, 298. - - Winter, Sir William, i. 36; ii. 342. - - Winthrop, John, i. 18, 66, 234, 303, 306; ii. 98, 253. - - Witenagemote, i. 278. - - Wolfe, James, i. 171. - - Wood, Abraham, ii. 186. - - Wooden houses, ii. 222, 223. - - Woods, Leonard, i. 43. - - Woollen industries of Ulster, ii. 392, 393. - - Woollen industry, i. 44. - - Workmen needed in Virginia, i. 128. - - Worlidge, William, ii. 186. - - Wormeley, Ralph, his library, ii. 243, 244. - - Wren, Sir Christopher, ii. 123. - - Wright, William, ii. 57. - - Wyanoke, i. 225. - - Wyatt, Sir Francis, i. 241, 253. - - Wythe, George, ii. 128, 266. - - - Yale College, ii. 253. - - Yamassees, a Carolina tribe, ii. 300; - and other tribes incited by the Spaniards attack South Carolina, ii. 305, 365; - war in Carolina, ii. 371. - - Yang-tse-Kiang, the river, i. 41. - - Yeamans, Sir John, his colony at Cape Fear, ii. 277, 361. - - Yeardley, Sir George, i. 171, 176, 184, 241, 242. - - Yell of Yellville, ii. 98. - - Yellow fever, ii. 293. - - Yeomanry, in the 16th century, i. 47; ii. 204. - - York River, i. 132, 224. - - Yorktown, i. 273, 288. - - - Zuñiga, i. 59, 76, 178, 194. - - - - -WRITINGS OF JOHN FISKE - - -<f>HISTORICAL</f> - -THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA - - _With some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest. - With a Steel Portrait of Mr. Fiske, many maps, facsimiles, etc. - 2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00._ - -The book brings together a great deal of information hitherto -accessible only in special treatises, and elucidates with care and -judgment some of the most perplexing problems in the history of -discovery.--_The Speaker_ (London). - - -OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS - - _2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00._ - _Illustrated Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, $8.00, net._ - -History has rarely been invested with such interest and charm as in -these volumes.--_The Outlook_ (New York). - - -THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND - - _Or, the Puritan Theocracy in its Relations to Civil and - Religious Liberty. Crown 8vo, $2.00._ Illustrated Edition. - _Containing Portraits, Maps, Facsimiles, Contemporary Views, - Prints, and other Historic Materials. 8vo, gilt top, $4.00, net._ - -Having in the first chapters strikingly and convincingly shown that New -England’s history was the birth of centuries of travail, and having -prepared his readers to estimate at their true importance the events of -our early colonial life, Mr. Fiske is ready to take up his task as the -historian of the New England of the Puritans.--_Advertiser_ (Boston). - - -THE DUTCH AND QUAKER COLONIES IN AMERICA - - _With 8 Maps. 2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00_ - _Illustrated Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, $8.00, net._ - -The work is a lucid summary of the events of a changeful and important -time, carefully examined by a conscientious scholar, who is master of -his subject.--_Daily News_ (London). - - -NEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND - - _With Maps. Crown 8vo. $2.00._ - Illustrated edition. _Containing about 200 Illustrations. 8vo, - gilt top, $4.00, net._ - -This volume presents in broad and philosophic manner the causes and -events which marked the victory on this continent of the English -civilization over the French. - - -THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION - - _With Plans of Battles, and a Steel Portrait of Washington. - 2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00._ Illustrated Edition. - _Containing about 300 Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo, gilt top, - $8.00, net._ - -Beneath his sympathetic and illuminating touch the familiar story comes -out in fresh and vivid colors.--_New Orleans Times-Democrat._ - - -THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF AMERICAN HISTORY, 1783-1789 - - _With Map, Notes, etc. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00._ Illustrated - Edition. _Containing about 170 Illustrations. 8vo, gilt top, - $4.00, net._ - -The author combines in an unusual degree the impartiality of the -trained scholar with the fervor of the interested narrator--_The -Congregationalist_ (Boston). - - -THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - - _In Riverside Library for Young People. With Maps. 16mo, 75 - cents._ - - -THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY IN THE CIVIL WAR - - _With 20 Maps and Plans. 1 vol. crown 8vo, $2.00._ - - -A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS - - _With Topical Analysis, Suggestive Questions, and Directions for - Teachers, by F. A. Hill, and Illustrations and Maps. Crown 8vo. - $1.00 net. postpaid_ - - -<f>Religious and Philosophical</f> - -THE DESTINY OF MAN - - _Viewed in the Light of His Origin. 16mo, gilt top, $1.00._ - -Of one thing we may be sure: that none are leading us more surely or -rapidly to the full truth than men like the author of this little book, -who reverently study the works of God for the lessons which He would -teach his children.--_Christian Union_ (New York). - - -THE IDEA OF GOD - - _As Affected by Modern Knowledge. 16mo, gilt top, $1.00._ - -The vigor, the earnestness, the honesty, and the freedom from cant and -subtlety in his writings are exceedingly refreshing. He is a scholar, -a critic, and a thinker of the first order.--_Christian Register_ -(Boston). - - -THROUGH NATURE TO GOD - - _16mo, gilt top, $1.00._ - -CONTENTS.--_The Mystery of Evil; The Cosmic Roots of Love and -Self-Sacrifice; The Everlasting Reality of Religion._ - -The little volume has a reasonableness and a persuasiveness that cannot -fail to commend its arguments to all.--_Public Ledger_ (Philadelphia). - - -LIFE EVERLASTING - - _16mo, gilt top, $1.00 net. Postage 7 cents._ - -This brief work is a contribution to the evolution of the theory of -evolution on lines which are full of the deepest suggestiveness to -Christian thinkers.--_The Congregationalist._ - - -OUTLINES OF COSMIC PHILOSOPHY - - _Based on the Doctrine of Evolution, with Criticisms on the - Positive Philosophy. In 4 volumes, 8vo, $8.00._ - -You must allow me to thank you for the very great interest with which -I have at last slowly read the whole of your work.... I never in -my life read so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you -are.--CHARLES DARWIN. - - -DARWINISM, AND OTHER ESSAYS - - _Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00._ - - -MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS - - _Old Tales and Superstitions interpreted by Comparative - Mythology, Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00._ - - -THE UNSEEN WORLD - - _And Other Essays. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00._ - -EXCURSIONS OF AN EVOLUTIONIST - - _Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00._ - - -<f>Miscellaneous</f> - -A CENTURY OF SCIENCE - - _And Other Essays. Crown 8vo, $2.00._ - -Among our thoughtful essayists there are none more brilliant than Mr. -John Fiske. His pure style suits his clear thought.--_The Nation_ (New -York). - - -CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES - - _Considered with some Reference to its Origins. With Questions - on the Text by Frank A. Hill, and Bibliographical Notes by Mr. - Fiske. Crown 8vo, $1.00, net; postpaid._ - -It is most admirable, alike in plan and execution, and will do a -vast amount of good in teaching our people the principles and forms -of our civil institutions.--MOSES COIT TYLER, _Professor of American -Constitutional History and Law, Cornell University_. - - -HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY FOOTNOTES: - -[1] It is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.; and in Maxwell’s -_Virginia Historical Register_, ii. 61-78. The original, of which there -is one in the library of Harvard University, was priced by Rich, in -1832, at £1 10 s., and by Quaritch, in 1879, at £20. See Winsor, _Narr. -and Crit. Hist._ iii. 157. - -[2] The following list of Virginia counties bearing royal names, -founded between 1689 and 1765, is interesting:-- - - King and Queen, 1691, after William and Mary. - Princess Anne, 1691, the princess who was afterwards Queen Anne. - King William, 1701, William III. - Prince George, 1702, the Prince Consort. - King George, 1720, George I. - Hanover, 1720, one of the king’s foreign dominions. - Brunswick, 1720, do. do. - Caroline, 1727, the queen of George II. - Prince William, 1730, William, Duke of Cumberland. - Orange, 1734, the Prince of Orange, who in that - year married Anne, daughter of - George II. - Amelia, 1734, a daughter of George II. - Frederick, 1738, Frederick, Prince of Wales. - Augusta, 1738, after the Princess of Wales. - Louisa, 1742, a daughter of George II. - Lunenburg, 1746, one of the king’s foreign dominions. - Prince Edward, 1753, a son of Frederick, Prince of Wales. - Charlotte, 1764, the queen of George III. - Mecklenburg, 1764, her father, Duke of Mecklenburg. - - -[3] Jewett’s _History of Worcester County, Massachusetts_, ii. 30. -Charlestown was named from the river at the mouth of which it stands. - -[4] W. H. Whitmore, _The Cavalier Dismounted_, Salem, 1864. - -[5] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 53. In the same connection -we are told that Beverley Tucker apologized for putting on record a -brief account of his family, saying “at this day it is deemed arrogant -to remember one’s ancestors. But the fashion may change,” etc. - -[6] See Cooke’s _Virginia_, p. 161. - -[7] Doyle’s _Virginia_, etc. p. 283. - -[8] Written in 1771 by his great-grandson William Lee, alderman of -London, and quoted in Edmund Lee’s _Lee of Virginia_, Philadelphia, -1895, p. 49. - -[9] “The petition of John Jeffreys, of London,” in Sainsbury’s -_Calendar of State Papers_, 1574-1660, p. 430; _Lee of Virginia_, p. 61. - -[10] Compare L. G. Tyler’s remarks in _William and Mary College -Quarterly_, i. 155. - -[11] See the testimony of John Gibbon, in _Lee of Virginia_, p. 60. - -[12] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705, -p. 56; Robertson, _History of America_, iv. 230. - -[13] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 526. - -[14] The document is given in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. -158, where the bill of items quoted in the next paragraph may also be -found. Mr. Philip Malory was an officiating clergyman. - -[15] Meade’s _Old Churches_, ii. 137. - -[16] The claim to the French crown set up by Edward III. in 1328 led -to the so-called Hundred Years’ War, in the course of which Henry VI. -was crowned King of France in the church of Notre Dame at Paris in -1431. His sway there was practically ended in 1436, but the English -sovereigns continued absurdly to call themselves Kings of France until -1801. - -[17] See above, vol. i. p. 250. - -[18] See the able paper by Dr. L. G. Tyler on “The Seal of Virginia,” -_William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 81-96. - -[19] For my data regarding land grants I am much indebted to the very -learned and scholarly work of Mr. Philip Bruce, _Economic History of -Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, i. 487-571. - -[20] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, i. 41. - -[21] He is mentioned by Pepys in his _Diary_, Oct. 12, 1660: “Office -day all the morning, and from thence with Sir W. Batten and the rest -of the officers to a venison party of his at the Dolphin, where dined -withal Colonel Washington, Sir Edward Brett, and Major Norwood, very -noble company.” - -[22] Waters, _An Examination of the English Ancestry of George -Washington_, Boston, 1889. - -[23] Sir William Jones’s _Works_, ed. Lord Teignmouth, London, 1807, x. -389. - -[24] The change was somewhat gradual, _e. g._ in Massachusetts at first -the eldest son received a double portion. See _The Colonial Laws of -Massachusetts, reprinted from the edition of 1660_, ed. W. H. Whitmore, -Boston, 1889, pp. 51, 201. - -[25] See Howard, _Local Constitutional History of the United States_, -i. 122. - -[26] A few of the oldest Virginia counties, organized as such in 1634, -had arisen from the spreading and thinning of single settlements -originally intended to be cities and named accordingly. Hence the -curious names (at first sight unintelligible) of “James City County” -and “Charles City County.” - -[27] Edward Channing, “Town and County Government in the English -Colonies of North America,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, vol. ii. - -[28] For an excellent account of local government in Virginia before -the Revolution, see Howard, _Local Const. Hist. of the U. S._ i. -388-407; also Edward Ingle in _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, iii. -103-229. With regard to the county lieutenant’s honorary title, Mr. -Ingle suggests that it may help to explain the super-abundance of -military titles in the South, and he quotes from a writer in the -_London Magazine_ in 1745: “Wherever you travel in Maryland (as also -in Virginia and Carolina) your ears are astonished at the number of -colonels, majors, and captains that you hear mentioned.” - -[29] Jefferson’s _Works_, vii. 13. - -[30] _Id._ vi. 544. - -[31] Ingle, in _J. H. U. Studies_, iii. 90. - -[32] “The humble Remonstrance of John Bland, of London, Merchant, on -the behalf of the Inhabitants and Planters in Virginia and Mariland,” -reprinted in _Virginia Historical Magazine_, i. 142-155. - -[33] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, -i. 394. - -[34] Papers from the Records of Surry County, _William and Mary College -Quarterly_, iii. 123-125. - -[35] Pepys, _Diary_, Nov. 29, Dec. 3, 1664. - -[36] _Diary_, Jan. 19 and 28, 1661. - -[37] Neill, _Virginia Carolorum_, p. 341. - -[38] In describing this affair I have relied chiefly upon the -affidavits from the records of Westmoreland County, reprinted by Dr. -L. G. Tyler, in his admirable _William and Mary College Quarterly_, -ii. 39-43. The affidavits were taken by Nicholas Spencer and Richard -Lee, son of the Richard Lee mentioned in the preceding chapter. In -Browne’s _Maryland_, p. 131, an attempt is made to throw the blame -for killing the envoys upon the Virginians, but the affidavits seem -to me trustworthy and conclusive. It is not likely that there was or -is any discernible difference between human nature in Virginia and -in Maryland, and public opinion in both colonies condemned Truman’s -conduct. - -[39] “Cittenborne Parish Grievances, reprinted from Winder Papers, -Virginia State Library,” in _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 35. - -[40] “Charles City County Grievances,” _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 137. - -[41] The following abridged table shows the relationship (see _Virginia -Magazine_, ii. 125):-- - - Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, Suffolk. - | - +------------+--------------------+ - | | | -Thomas Sir Nicholas James Bacon, -Bacon. Bacon, Lord alderman of - Keeper of the London, d. 1573. - Great Seal, | - b. 1510, d. 1579. | - | | - FRANCIS BACON, Sir James Bacon, - Viscount St. Albans of Friston Hall, - and Lord Chancellor, d. 1618. - b. 1561, d. 1626. | - +--------+-----------+ - | | - Nathaniel Bacon, Rev. James Bacon, - b. 1593, d. 1644. Rector of Burgate, - | d. 1670. - | | - Thomas Bacon, | - m. Elizabeth Brooke. Nathaniel Bacon, - | of King’s Creek, - NATHANIEL BACON, b. 1620, d. 1692; - the Rebel, came to Virginia - b. 1648, d. 1676. cir. 1650, and - settled at King’s - Creek, York County. - - -[42] Drummond Lake, in the Dismal Swamp, was named for him. - -[43] For the picturesque details of this narrative I have followed -the well-known document found by Rufus King when minister to Great -Britain in 1803, and published by President Jefferson in the _Richmond -Enquirer_ in 1804; since reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. i., -Washington, 1836, and in Maxwell’s _Virginia Historical Register_, vol. -iii., Richmond, 1850. The original manuscript was written in 1705, and -addressed to Robert Harley, Queen Anne’s secretary of state, afterward -Earl of Oxford. The writer signs himself “T. M.,” and speaks of himself -as dwelling in Northumberland County and possessing a plantation also -in Stafford County, which he represented in the House of Burgesses. -From these indications it is pretty certain that he was Thomas Mathews, -son of Governor Samuel Mathews heretofore mentioned. His account of the -scenes of which he was an eye-witness is quite vivid. - -[44] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 455. - -[45] T. M. goes on to remark that “the two chief commanders ... who -slew the four Indian great men” were present among the burgesses. This -may seem to implicate Colonel Washington and Major Allerton in the -killing of the envoys; but T. M.’s recollection, thirty years after the -event, is of not much weight when contradicted by the sworn affidavits -above cited. The facts that, while Truman was impeached in Maryland, -no such action seems to have been undertaken in Virginia against -Washington and Allerton, and that, after the governor’s strong words -regarding the slaying, the friendly relations between him and these -gentlemen continued, would indicate that their skirts were clean. - -[46] Beverley (_History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705, -bk. iv. p. 3) tells us that before 1680 the council and burgesses sat -together, like the Scotch parliament, and that the separation occurred -under Lord Culpeper’s administration; and his statement is generally -repeated by historians without qualification. Yet here in 1676 we find -the two houses sitting separately, and the discussion cited shows that -it had often been so before; otherwise the sending of two councillors -to sit with the burgesses could not have been customary. Beverley’s -date of 1680 was evidently intended as the final date of separation; -not as the date before which the two houses never sat separately, but -as the date after which they never sat together. - -[47] The acts of this assembly, known as “Bacon’s Laws,” are given in -Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 341-365. - -[48] “It is still their boast that they are the descendants of -Powhatan’s warriors. A good evidence of their present laudable ambition -is an application recently made by them for a share in the privileges -of the Hampton schools. These bands of Indians are known by two names: -the larger band is called the Pamunkeys (120 souls); the smaller -goes by the name of the Mattaponies (50). They are both governed by -chiefs and councillors, together with a board of white trustees chosen -by themselves.” Hendren, “Government and Religion of the Virginia -Indians,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 591. - -[49] In 1656 a tribe called Ricahecrians, about 700 in number, from -beyond the Blue Ridge, had advanced eastward as far as the falls of the -James River, where they encountered and defeated Hill and Totapotamoy. -After this the Ricahecrians may have retraced their steps westward; we -hear no more of them on the Atlantic seaboard. - -[50] The original MS. of the manifesto is in the British State Paper -Office. It is printed in full in the _Virginia Magazine_, i. 55-61. - -[51] The original is in the _Colonial Entry Book_, lxxi. 232-240. It is -printed in G. B. Goode’s _Virginia Cousins; a Study of the Ancestry and -Posterity of John Goode, of Whitby_, Richmond, 1887, pp. 30^A-30^D. A -brief summary is given in Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 251. - -[52] Bacon’s neighbour and adherent, William Byrd, purchaser of the -Westover estate, and father of William Byrd the historian. - -[53] Bacon’s allusion is to the troubles in North Carolina which broke -out during the governorship of George Carteret and were chiefly due to -the Navigation Act. See below, p. 280; and as to Maryland, see p. 156. - -[54] One of these ladies is said to have been the wife of the elder -Nathaniel Bacon! - -[55] “A True Narrative of the Rise, Progresse, and Cessation of the -Late Rebellion in Virginia, most humbly and impartially reported by his -Majestyes Commissioners appointed to enquire into the Affairs of the -said Colony,” [Winder Papers, Virginia State Library], reprinted in -_Virginia Magazine_, iv. 117-154. - -[56] “Persons who suffered by Bacon’s Rebellion; Commissioners Report,” -[Winder Papers], reprinted in _Virginia Magazine_, v. 64-70. See, also, -the extracts from the Westmoreland County records, in _William and Mary -College Quarterly_, ii. 43. - -[57] See F. P. Brent, “Some unpublished facts relating to Bacon’s -Rebellion on the Eastern Shore of Virginia,” and Mrs. Tyler, “Thomas -Hansford, the First Native Martyr to American Liberty,” in _Virginia -Historical Society’s Collections_, vol. xi. - -[58] Some interesting information about the Cheesmans may be found in -_William and Mary College Quarterly_, vol. i. - -[59] Neill’s _Virginia Carolorum_, p. 379. - -[60] See above, p. 35. - -[61] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 290. - -[62] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 45. In the same statute it was further -enacted “that none shall be admitted to be of the vestry that doth not -take the oath of allegiance and supremacy to his Majesty and subscribe -to be conformable to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of -England.” This effectually excluded Dissenters from taking a part in -local government. - -[63] See Channing, “Town and County Government in the English Colonies -of North America,” _J. H. U. Studies_, ii. 484; Howard, _Local -Constitutional History of the United States_, i. 388-404. - -[64] “We have not had liberty to choose vestrymen wee humbly desire -that the wholle parish may have a free election.” “Surry County -Grievances,” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 172. - -[65] See _e. g._ Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 402, 411, 412, 419, 421, 443, -445, 478, 486. - -[66] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 396. - -[67] _Laws in Force in 1769_, p. 2. - -[68] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 425. - -[69] Sherwood to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, _Virginia -Magazine_, i. 171. Sherwood was a gentleman, probably educated as a -lawyer, who had been convicted of robbery in England and pardoned -through the intercession of Sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of -state. (As to gentlemen robbers, compare the reference to Sir John -Popham, above, vol. i. p. 81 of the present work.) Sherwood became -attorney-general of Virginia in 1677, and was for thirty years an -esteemed member of society. - -[70] Ludwell to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, _Virginia -Magazine_, i. 179. - -[71] In other words, they entertained communistic ideas. I have -italicised the statement, to mark its importance. - -[72] The same letter, _Virginia Magazine_, i. 183. - -[73] T. M.’s Narrative, _Virginia Historical Register_, iii. 126. It -will be remembered that Masaniello’s insurrection occurred in 1647, and -was thus fresh in men’s memories. Masaniello was twenty-four years of -age, and was murdered in his hour of apparent triumph. - -[74] “A True Narrative, etc.” _Virginia Magazine_, iv. 125. - -[75] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 433. - -[76] See Miss Rowland’s admirable _Life of George Mason_, 1725-1792, -New York, 1892, i. 17. - -[77] From the list of Surry grievances we may cite “6. That the 2 s -per hhd Imposed by ye 128^{th} act for the payment of his majestyes -officers & other publique debts thereby to ease his majestyes poore -subjects of their great taxes: wee humblely desire that an account may -be given thereof.... 10. That it has been the custome of County Courts -att the laying of the levy to withdraw into a private Roome by w^{ch} -meanes the poore people not knowing for what they paid their levy did -allways admire how their taxes could be so high. Wee most humbly pray -that for the future the County levy may be laid publickly in the Court -house.” From the Isle of Wight grievances, “21. Wee doe also desire to -know for what purpose or use the late publique leavies of 50 pounds of -tobacco and cask per poll and the 12 pound per polle is for and what -benefit wee are to have for it.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 171, 172, 389. - -[78] Isle of Wright grievances, “16. Also wee desire that evrie man may -be taxed according to the tracks [tracts] of Land they hold.” _Virginia -Magazine_, ii. 388. - -[79] “One proclamation commanded all men in the land on pain of death -to joine him, and retire into the wildernesse upon arrival of the -forces expected from England, and oppose them untill they should -propose or accept to treat of an accomodation, which we who lived -comfortably could not have undergone, so as the whole land must have -become an Aceldama if god’s exceeding mercy had not timely removed -him.” So says T. M., whose narrative is by no means unfriendly to Bacon. - -[80] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 402. - -[81] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 405; Hening’s -_Statutes_, ii. 562. - -[82] Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 261. - -[83] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 10. - -[84] Doyle’s _Virginia_, pp. 259-265; Stanard, “Robert Beverley and his -Descendants,” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 405-413; Hening’s _Statutes_, -iii. 41, 451-571. - -[85] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 66. - -[86] From time to time there had been futile attempts to take up the -matter afresh; see, for example, Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 30. - -[87] Dr. Blair held the presidency for fifty years, until his death in -1743. - -[88] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 65. - -[89] I leave this as it was first written a few years ago, and take -pleasure in adding to it the following quotation from Mr. Bruce: “That -the entire site of the town will not finally sink beneath the waves of -the river will be due to the measures of protection which the National -Government have adopted at the earnest solicitation of the _Association -for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities_. This organization is -performing a noble and sacred work in rescuing so many of the ancient -landmarks of the state from ruin, a work into which it has thrown a -zeal, energy, and intelligence entitling it to the honour and gratitude -of all who are interested in the history, not merely of Virginia, but -of America itself.” _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 562. - -[90] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 122. - -[91] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 66. - -[92] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 65. - -[93] _Id._ i. 187. - -[94] Cooke’s _Virginia_, p. 306. - -[95] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 263. - -[96] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 55, 56. - -[97] See my _American Revolution_, i. 18, 19. - -[98] This charming story is only one of many good things for which I -am indebted to President L. G. Tyler; see _William and Mary College -Quarterly_, i. 11. - -[99] _Partonopeus de Blois_, 1250, ed. Crapelet, tom. i. p. 45. “She -acts like a woman, and so does well, for under the heavens there is -nothing so daring as the woman who loves, when God wills to turn her -that way: God bless the ladies all!” - -[100] _William and Mary College Annual Catalogue_, 1894-95. - -[101] See Sparks, “Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,” _Johns -Hopkins University Studies_, vol. xiv. p. 501, a valuable contribution -to our knowledge of the subject. - -[102] See above, p. 20. - -[103] For this description of Herman I am much indebted to E. H. -Vallandigham’s paper on “The Lord of Bohemia Manor,” reprinted in Lee -Phillips, _Virginia Cartography_, Washington, 1896, pp. 37-41. - -[104] To enable him to hold real estate in Maryland, Herman received -letters of naturalization, the first ever issued in that province, and -he is supposed by some writers to have been the first foreign citizen -thus naturalized in America. - -[105] See Browne’s _Maryland_, p. 137. - -[106] Johnson, “Old Maryland Manors,” _Johns Hopkins University -Studies_, vol. i. - -[107] Johnson, _op. cit._ p. 21. - -[108] F. E. Sparks, _op. cit._ p. 65. - -[109] _Archives of Maryland: Assembly_, ii. 64. - -[110] _Archives of Maryland: Council_, ii. 18. - -[111] _MSS. Archives of Maryland, Liber R. R. and R. R. R. and Council -Books 1677-1683, of the Council Proceedings_: Maryland Historical -Society. - -[112] See Greene’s _History of Rhode Island_, ii. 490-494. - -[113] The petition and answer are given in Scharf’s _History of -Maryland_, i. 345-348. - -[114] Probably in honour of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive, -afterward Queen Anne. - -[115] Every bearskin paid 9d., elk 12d., deer or beaver 4d., raccoons -3 farthings, muskrats 4d. per dozen, etc. Scharf, i. 352. - -[116] Meade’s _Old Churches_, ii. 352. Bishop Meade adds: “My own -recollection of statements made by faithful witnesses ... accords with -the above.” - -[117] Alexander Graydon tells us that in his early days any jockeying, -fiddling, wine-bibbing clergyman, not over-scrupulous as to stealing -his sermons, was currently known as a “Maryland parson.” Graydon’s -_Memoirs_, Edinburgh, 1822, p. 102. This was in Pennsylvania, and any -sneering remark or phrase current in any of our states with reference -to its next neighbours is entitled to be taken _cum grano salis_. But -there was doubtless justification for what Graydon says. - -[118] Scharf, i. 368. - -[119] Scharf, i. 370, 383. - -[120] The following estimate of the population of the twelve colonies -in 1715 (from Chalmer’s _American Colonies_, ii. 7) may be of -interest:-- - - White. Black. Total. - Massachusetts 94,000 2,000 96,000 - Virginia 72,000 23,000 95,000 - Maryland 40,700 9,500 50,200 - Connecticut 46,000 1,500 47,500 - Pennsylvania} 43,300 2,500 45,800 - Delaware } - New York 27,000 4,000 31,000 - New Jersey. 21,000 1,500 22,500 - South Carolina 6,250 10,500 16,750 - North Carolina 7,500 3,700 11,200 - New Hampshire 9,500 150 9,650 - Rhode Island 8,500 500 9,000 - ------- ------ ------- - 375,750 58,850 434,600 - - -[121] Scharf, i. 390. - -[122] Knapp and Baldwin, _Newgate Calendar_, ii. 385-397; Pelham, -_Chronicles of Crime_, i. 213-220. - -[123] Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 192. - -[124] For runaways additional terms of from two to seven years were -sometimes prescribed. The birth of a bastard was punished by an -additional term of from one and a half to two and a half years for the -mother and a year for the father. See Ballagh, “White Servitude in the -Colony of Virginia,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 315. - -[125] “Among the rest, she often told me how the greatest part of -the inhabitants of that colony came thither in very indifferent -circumstances from England; that, generally speaking, they were of two -sorts: either, 1st, such as were brought over by masters of ships to be -sold as servants; or, 2nd, such as are transported after having been -found guilty of crimes punishable with death. When they come here ... -the planters buy them, and they work together in the field till their -time is out.... [Then] they have a certain number of acres of land -allotted them by the country, and they go to work to clear and cure the -land, and then to plant it with tobacco and corn for their own use; and -as the merchants will trust them with tools and necessaries upon the -credit of their crop before it is grown, so they again plant every year -a little more [etc.].... Hence, child, says she, many a Newgate-bird -becomes a great man, and we have ... several justices of the peace, -officers of the trained bands, and magistrates of the towns they live -in, that have been burnt in the hand.... You need not think such a -thing strange; ... some of the best men in the country are burnt in the -hand, and they are not ashamed to own it; there’s Major ----, says she, -he was an eminent pickpocket; there’s Justice B---- was a shoplifter, -... and I could name you several such as they are.” _Moll Flanders_, p. -66. - -[126] _Plays written by the late Ingenious Mrs. Behn_, London, 1724, -iv. 110-112. - -[127] Postlethwayt’s _Dictionary of Commerce_, 3d ed., London, 1766, -vol. ii. fol. 4 M, 2 _recto_, col. 1. - -[128] Boswell’s _Life of Johnson_, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 312. -Professor James Butler, in an excellent paper on “British Convicts -shipped to American Colonies,” _American Historical Review_, ii. 12-33, -suggests that Johnson’s impression may have been derived from his -long connection with the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, wherein the lists of -felons, reprieved from the gallows and sent to America were regularly -published. - -[129] Whitmore, _The Cavalier Dismounted_, p. 17. - -[130] Pike, _History of Crime in England_, ii. 447. - -[131] _American Historical Review_, ii. 25. - -[132] _Penny Cyclopædia_, xxv. 138. - -[133] _Report of Royal Historical MSS. Commission_, xiii. 605. - -[134] The only specific mention which Professor Butler has been able to -find of a criminal sent to New England is that of Elizabeth Canning, -who was sent out for seven years under penalty of death if she returned -to England during that time. She was brought to Connecticut in 1754, -married John Treat two years afterward, and died in Wethersfield in -1773. _American Historical Review_, ii. 32. - -[135] _Massachusetts Acts and Resolves_, i. 452; ii. 245. - -[136] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 609; Gardiner, _History -of the Commonwealth_, i. 464. It is commonly said that many of the -prisoners condemned for taking part in Monmouth’s rebellion, 1685, were -sent to Virginia (see Bancroft, _Hist. of U. S._ i. 471; Ballagh, _J. -H. U. Studies_, xiii. 293). But an examination of the lists shows that -nearly all were sent to Barbadoes, and probably none to Virginia. See -Hotten, _Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious -Exiles, Political Rebels_, etc., pp. 315-344. - -[137] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 50. - -[138] Mr. Bruce has well said that in the seventeenth century the white -servant was “the main pillar of the industrial fabric” of Virginia, and -“performed the most honourable work in establishing and sustaining” -that colony. “There can be no doubt, as he goes on to say, that the -work of colonization which has been performed by the people of England -surpasses, both in extent and beneficence, that of any other race -which has left an impression upon universal history, and the part the -manual labourers have taken in this work is not less memorable than the -part taken by the higher classes of the nation.” _Economic History of -Virginia_, i. 573, 582. - -[139] Neill’s Virginia Carolorum, p. 279; Hotten’s _Original Lists_, -pp. 207, 233, 254; Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 386. - -[140] In the absence of detailed specific knowledge it is unsafe to -base inferences upon the word “servant,” inasmuch as in the seventeenth -century it included not only menials but clerks and apprentices, even -articled students in a lawyer’s or doctor’s office, etc. See _William -and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 22; Bruce, _Economic History_, i. -573-575; ii. 45. - -[141] “Tour through the British Plantations,” _London Magazine_, 1755. - -[142] Hugh Jones, _Present State of Virginia_, 1724, p, 114. - -[143] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 366. - -[144] Before the Revolution this grievance had come to awaken fierce -resentment. A letter printed in 1751 exclaims: “In what can Britain -show a more sovereign contempt for us than by emptying their gaols into -our settlements, unless they would likewise empty their offal upon our -tables?... And what must we think of those merchants who for the sake -of a little paltry gain will be concerned in importing and disposing of -these abominable cargoes!”--_Virginia Gazette_, May 24, 1751. - -[145] Lecky, _History of England_, i. 127. - -[146] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, London, 1784, i. 72. In 1748 -Maryland had 98,357 free whites, 6,870 redemptioners, 1,981 convicts, -and 42,764 negroes. See Williams, _History of the Negro Race in -America_, i. 247. - -[147] See above, vol. i. p. 16. - -[148] At the famous meeting in the Tabernacle at New York, in May, -1850, when Isaiah Rynders and his ruffians made a futile attempt to -silence Garrison, one of the speakers maintained “that the blacks were -not men, but belonged to the monkey tribe.” _William Lloyd Garrison: -the Story of his Life, told by his Children_, iii. 294. Defenders of -slavery at that time got much comfort from Agassiz’s opinion that the -different races of men had distinct origins. It was perhaps even more -effective than the favourite “cursed be Canaan” argument. - -[149] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 94. About 1854 (I am not quite -sure as to the date) it was reported in Middletown, Conn., that the -“horrid infidel,” Rev. Theodore Parker, had, on a recent Sunday in the -Boston Music Hall, brought forward sundry cats and dogs and baptized -them in the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost!!! I shall never forget -the chill of horror which ran through the neighbourhood at this tale -of wanton blasphemy. In 1867 I found the belief in the story still -surviving among certain persons in Middletown with a tenacity that -no argument or explanation could shake. The origin of the ridiculous -tale was as follows: The famous abolitionist, Parker Pillsbury, made a -speech in which he quoted what the lady said to Godwyn, that “he might -as well baptize puppies as negroes.” In passing from mouth to mouth -the report of this incident underwent an astounding transformation. -First the speaker’s name was exchanged for that of another famous -abolitionist, the strong and lovely Christian saint, Theodore Parker; -and then the figure of speech was developed into an act and clothed -with circumstance. Thus from the true statement, that Parker Pillsbury -told a story in which an allusion was made to baptizing puppies, grew -the false statement that Theodore Parker actually baptized cats and -dogs. A great deal of what passes current as history has no better -foundation than this outrageous calumny. - -[150] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 96-98. - -[151] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 260. - -[152] Hening, iii. 333-335. - -[153] For many of these details concerning slavery I am indebted to -Bruce’s _Economic History of Virginia_, chap, xi.,--a book which it -would be difficult to praise too highly. - -[154] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 107. - -[155] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705, -part iv. pp. 36-39. The historian was son of Major Robert Beverley -mentioned above, on pages 109-114 of the present volume. - -[156] Burk’s _History of Virginia_, Petersburg, 1805, ii. 300. - -[157] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 537. For the loss of this slave by -emancipation his master was indemnified by a payment of £40 from the -colonial treasury. - -[158] Hening, iii. 461; vi. 111. In England in the Middle Ages such -mutilation was a common punishment for rape; sometimes, in addition, -the culprit’s eyes were put out. See Pollock and Maitland, _History of -English Law before the Time of Edward I._ ii. 489. - -[159] Hening, iii. 210. - -[160] Hening, vi. 105. - -[161] Hening, vi. 107. - -[162] Hening, v. 558. - -[163] Hening, vi. 112. - -[164] Hening, iii. 87, 88. - -[165] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 129. - -[166] Hening, iv. 133, 134. - -[167] Hening, iii. 448, act of 1705. - -[168] See Larned’s excellent _History for Ready Reference_, iv. 2921, -where the case is ably summed up. - -[169] Jefferson’s _Notes on Virginia_, 1782, Query xviii. - -[170] Hening, iii. 87, 454. - -[171] Hening, iii. 87. - -[172] Hening, ii. 170, act of 1662. - -[173] See Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 109, where we are told that -Jamestown was sorely scandalized by the loose behaviour of “thoughtful -Mr. Lawrence.” - -[174] “The gain from the African labour outweighed all fears of evil -from the intermixture.” Foote’s _Sketches of Virginia_, i. 23. - -[175] Baird, _History of the Huguenot Emigration to America_, ii. 178. - -[176] Brock, _Documents relating to the Huguenot Emigration to -Virginia_, Va. Hist. Soc. Coll. N. S. v.; cf. Hayden’s _Virginia -Genealogies_, Wilkes-Barré, 1891. - -[177] Chesapeake Bay, says Rev. Francis Makemie, is “a bay in most -respects scarce to be outdone by the universe, having so many large -and spacious rivers, branching and running on both sides; ... and -each of these rivers richly supplied, and divided into sundry smaller -rivers, spreading themselves ... to innumerable creeks and coves, -admirably carved out and contrived by the omnipotent hand of our wise -Creator, for the advantage and conveniency of its inhabitants; ... so -that I have oft, with no small admiration, compared the many rivers, -creeks, and rivulets of water ... to veins in human bodies.” _A Plain -and Friendly Perswasive_, London, 1705, p. 5. “One receives the -impression in reading of colonial Virginia that all the world lived in -country-houses, on the banks of rivers. And the Virginia world did live -very much in this way.” Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 90. - -[178] The Huguenots seem to have preferred a French wine, for one of -the first things they did (in 1704) was to “begin an essay of wine, -which they made of the wild grapes gathered in the woods; the effect of -which was noble, strong-bodied claret, of a curious flavour.” Beverley, -_History of Virginia_, London, 1705, part iv. p. 46. This has the -earmark of truth. American clarets are to this day strong-bodied, with -a curious flavour! - -[179] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 340-342. - -[180] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, ii. 501. - -[181] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 471, where we are also told that “in many -cases the wealthy planters imported from England the clothes worn by -these servants and slaves.” - -[182] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 395, 399, 403, 405. - -[183] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, book iv. pp. -58, 83. - -[184] Hening, ii. 172-176. - -[185] Hening, ii. 471-478; iii. 53-69. - -[186] There was much strong feeling and vehement writing on the subject -by those who were disgusted at the prevalent state of things: “I always -judged such as are averse to towns to be three sorts of persons: 1. -Fools, who cannot, neither will see their own interest and advantage in -having towns. 2. Knaves, who would still carry on fraudulent designs -and cheating tricks in a corner or secret trade, afraid of being -exposed at a public market. 3. Sluggards, who rather than be at labour -and at any charge in transporting their goods to market, though idle -at home, and lose double thereby rather than do it. To which I may add -a fourth, which are Sots, who may be best cured of their disease by a -pair of stocks in town.” Makemie’s _Plain and Friendly Perswasive_, -London, 1705, p. 16. - -[187] _Present State of Virginia_, 1697, p. 12. - -[188] A kind of cleaver. - -[189] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 382-383. - -[190] Conway, _Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock_, p. 116. - -[191] Though the attempts to stimulate shipbuilding met with little -success, the manufacture of barges, pinnaces, and shallops was -sustained by imperative necessity. See Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 426-439. - -[192] Elkanah Watson, _Men and Times of the Revolution_, 2d ed., New -York, 1856, chap. ii. - -[193] See Ripley’s _Financial History of Virginia_, pp. 119-124. - -[194] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 411-416. - -[195] Ripley, _Financial History of Virginia_, p. 122; cf. Bruce, _op. -cit._ ii. 368. - -[196] McMaster, _History of the People of the United States_, i. 273. - -[197] Hening, ii. 192. An old satirical writer mentions the same custom -at a Maryland inn, where, however, he did not seem in all respects to -relish his supper:-- - - So after hearty Entertainment - Of Drink and Victuals without Payment; - For Planters Tables, you must know, - Are free for all that come and go. - While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoar’d, - In Wooden Dishes grac’d the Board; - With Homine and Syder-pap, - (Which scarce a hungry dog would lap) - Well stuff’d with Fat from Bacon fry’d, - Or with _Mollossus_ dulcify’d. - Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch - As greasy as the Leather Couch - On which he sat, and straight begun - To load with Weed his _Indian_ Gun.... - His Pipe smoak’d out, with aweful Grace, - With aspect grave and solemn pace, - The reverend Sire walks to a Chest;... - From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum. - -The night had for our traveller its characteristic American nuisance:-- - - Not yet from Plagues exempted quite, - The Curst Muskitoes did me bite; - Till rising Morn and blushing Day - Drove both my Fears and Ills away; - -but the morning-meal seems to have made amends:-- - - I did to Planter’s Booth repair, - And there at Breakfast nobly Fare - On rashier broil’d of infant Bear: - I thought the Cub delicious Meat, - Which ne’er did ought but Chesnuts eat. - -Ebenezer Cook, _The Sot-Weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland_, London, -1708, pp. 5, 9. - -[198] For the description of the planter’s house and its surroundings -I am much indebted to the admirable work of Mr. Bruce, chap. xii. - -[199] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, book iv. p. 56. - -[200] One often hears it said, of some old house or church in Virginia, -that it was built of bricks imported from England; but, according to -Mr. Bruce, all bricks used in Virginia during the seventeenth century -seem to have been made there. Bricks were 8 shillings per 1,000 in -Virginia when they were 18s. 8¼d. in London, to which the ocean -freight would have had to be added. It is not strange, therefore, that -Virginia exported bricks to Bermuda. As early as the Indian massacre of -1622 some of the Indians were driven away with brickbats. See Bruce, -_Economic History_, ii. 134, 137, 142. - -[201] See above, vol. i. p. 212. - -[202] The Marquis de Chastellux, who visited Monticello in 1782, says: -“We may safely aver that Mr. Jefferson is the first American who has -consulted the fine arts to know how he should shelter himself from the -weather.” See Randall’s _Life of Jefferson_, i. 373. - -[203] _Lee of Virginia_, p. 116. - -[204] Larousse, _Dictionnaire universel_, viii. 668. - -[205] A _double entendre_, either “fork-bearer” or “gallows-bird.” - -[206] - - _Meercraft._--Have I deserved this from you two, for all - My pains at court to get you each a patent? - - _Gilthead._--For what? - - _Meercraft._--Upon my project o’ the forks. - - _Sledge._--Forks? what be they? - - _Meercraft._--The laudable use of forks, - Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy, - To the sparing o’ napkins - - Ben Jonson, _The Devil is an Ass_, act v. scene 3. - - -[207] _Lee of Virginia_, p. 116. - -[208] _Lee of Virginia_, _loc. cit._ - -[209] - - For Planters’ Cellars, you must know, - Seldom with good _October_ flow, - But Perry Quince and Apple Juice - Spout from the Tap like any Sluce. - - Cook’s _Sot-Weed Factor_, p. 22. - -[210] A minute account of the beverages and their use is given in -Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 211-231. - -[211] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, London, 1784, i. 41. - -[212] Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee, published in London, in 1781, -an absurd “History of Connecticut,” in which he started the story of -the “Blue Laws” of the New Haven Colony, which most people allude to -incorrectly as “Blue Laws of Connecticut.” These “Blue Laws” were -purely an invention of the mendacious Peters. There never were any such -laws. See my _Beginnings of New England_, p. 136. - -[213] Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 101, 102. This Mason, -author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, and member of the Federal -Convention of 1787, was great-grandson of the George Mason who figured -in Bacon’s rebellion. His son John, whose narrative I here quote, was -father of James Murray Mason, author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, -and one of the Confederacy’s commissioners taken from the British -steamer Trent by Captain Wilkes in 1861. - -[214] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 98. - -[215] A rich Oriental silk, usually watered, first made in the -_Attabiya_ quarter of Bagdad, whence its name. - -[216] Mr. Bruce gives many inventories taken from county records, of -which the following may serve as a specimen: “The wardrobe of Mrs. -Sarah Willoughby, of Lower Norfolk, consisted of a red, a blue, and -a black silk petticoat, a petticoat of India silk and of worsted -prunella, a striped linen and a calico petticoat, a black silk gown, a -scarlet waistcoat with silver lace, a white knit waistcoat, a striped -stuff jacket, a worsted prunella mantle, a sky-coloured satin bodice, -a pair of red paragon bodices, three fine and three coarse holland -aprons, seven handkerchiefs, and two hoods.” _Economic History_, ii. -194. - -[217] The following specimen of a bill of funeral expenses is given in -Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 237:-- - - lbs. tobacco. - Funeral sermon 200 - For a briefe 400 - “ 2 turkeys 80 - “ coffin 150 - 2 geese 80 - 1 hog 100 - 2 bushels of flour 90 - Dunghill fowle 100 - 20 lbs. butter 100 - Sugar and spice 50 - Dressing the dinner 100 - 6 gallon sider 60 - 6 “ rum 240 - - -[218] _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 294; cf. _William and Mary College -Quarterly_, iii. 136. - -[219] Jones’s _Present State of Virginia_, London, 1724, p. 48. - -[220] Mr. W. G. Stanard, in an admirable paper on this subject, -gives some names of famous horses then imported, “many of them -being ancestors of horses on the turf at the present day;” such as -“Aristotle, Bolton, Childers, Dabster, Dottrell, Fearnaught, Jolly -Roger, Juniper, Justice, Merry Tom, Sober John, Vampire, Whittington, -James, Sterling, Valiant, etc.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 301. - -[221] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, i. 20. - -[222] Ford, _The True George Washington_, pp. 194-198. - -[223] Hening, v. 102, 229-231; vi. 76-81. Washington was very fond of -playing at cards for small stakes, also at billiards; and he sometimes -bet moderately at horse-races. See Ford, _loc. cit._ - -[224] About four dollars. - -[225] _Virginia Gazette_, October, 1737, cited in Rives’s _Life of -Madison_, i. 87, and Lodge’s _History of the English Colonies_, pp. 84, -85. - -[226] The recorder was a member of the flute family, and its name may -be elucidated by Shakespeare’s charming lines (Pericles, act iv., -prologue):-- - - To the lute - She sang, and made the night-bird mute - That still records with moan. - -Mr. Bruce (_op. cit._ ii. 175) mentions _cornets_ as in use in Old -Virginia, but this of course means an obsolete instrument of the -hautboy family, not the modern brass cornet, which has so unhappily -superseded the noble trumpet. - - -[227] The inventory is printed in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, -iii. 251. - -[228] The full list is given in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, -iii. 170-174. - -[229] See Lyman Draper, in _Virginia Historical Register_, iv. 87-90. - -[230] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 247-249. - -[231] Hening, ii. 517. - -[232] Hening, ii. 518. - -[233] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 326, 348; _William and Mary College -Quarterly_, v. 113. Allusion has already been made, on page 5 of the -present volume, to the school founded by Benjamin Symms, or Symes. - -[234] Hening, i. 336. - -[235] President Tyler cites from the vestry-book of Petsworth Parish, -in Gloucester County, an indenture of October 30, 1716, wherein Ralph -Bevis agrees to “give George Petsworth, a molattoe boy of the age of -2 years, 3 years’ schooling, and carefully to Instruct him afterwards -that he may read well in any part of the Bible, also to Instruct and -Learn him y^e s^d molattoe boy such Lawfull way or ways that he may be -able, after his Indented time expired, to gitt his own Liveing, and -to allow him sufficient meat, Drink, washing, and apparill, until the -expiration of y^e s^d time, &c., and after y^e finishing of y^e s^d -time to pay y^e s^d George Petsworth all such allowances as y^e Law -Directs in such cases, as also to keep the afores^d Parish Dureing y^e -afores^d Indented time from all manner of Charges,” etc. _William and -Mary College Quarterly_, v. 219. - -[236] Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 97. - -[237] Butler’s “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,” -_American Historical Review_, ii. 27. - -[238] The worthy pastor even goes so far as to exclaim, with a groan, -that two thirds of the schoolmasters in Maryland were convicts working -out a term of penal servitude! Boucher’s _Thirteen Sermons_, p. 182. -But in such declamatory statements it is never safe to depend upon -numbers and figures. In the present case we may conclude that the -number of such schoolmasters was noticeable; we are not justified in -going further. - -[239] From the excellent papers by W. G. Stanard, on “Virginians at -Oxford,” _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 22, 149, I have -culled a few items which may be of interest:-- - -John Lee, _armiger_ (son of 1st Richard, see above, p, 19), educated at -Queens, B. A. 1662, burgess. - -Rowland Jones, _cler._, Merton, matric. 1663, pastor Bruton Parish. - -Ralph Wormeley, _armiger_, of Rosegill (see above, p. 243), Oriel, -matric. 1665, secretary of state, etc. - -Emanuel Jones, _cler._, Oriel, B. A. 1692, pastor Petsworth Parish. - -Bartholomew Yates, _cler._, Brasenose, B. A. 1698, Prof. Divinity W. & -M. - -Mann Page, _armiger_, St. John’s, matric. 1709, member of council. - -William Dawson, _plebs._, Queens, matric. 1720, M. A. 1728, D. D. 1747, -Prof. Moral Phil. W. & M. 1729, Pres. W. & M. 1743-52. - -Henry Fitzhugh, _gent._, Christ Church, matric. 1722, burgess. - -Christopher Robinson, _gent._, Oriel, matric. 1724, studied at Middle -Temple. - -Christopher Robinson, _gent._, Oriel, matric. 1721, M. A. 1729, Fellow -of Oriel. - -Musgrave Dawson, _plebs._, Queens, B. A. 1747, pastor Raleigh Parish. - -Lewis Burwell, _armiger_, Balliol, matric. 1765. - -[240] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, i. 282, -412, 419; ii. 861. For neglecting to “set up school” for the year, a -town would be presented by the grand jury of the county, and would -then try to make excuses. “In February, 1744, the usual routine was -repeated. The farmers were summoned ‘to know what the Town’s Mind is -for doing about a School for the insuing year.’ The school of the -previous year having cost £55 old tenor, which may have been equivalent -to 55 Spanish dollars, and it being necessary to raise this sum by a -general taxation, the Town’s Mind was for doing nothing; and not until -the following July did it consent to have a school opened.” Bliss, -_Colonial Times on Buzzard’s Bay_, p. 118. - -[241] In my _Beginnings of New England_, pp. 148-153. - -[242] Of the numbers in _The Federalist_, 51 were written by Hamilton, -29 by Madison, and 5 by Jay. But the frame of government which the -book was written to explain and defend was not at all the work of -Hamilton, whose part in the proceedings of the Federal Convention was -almost _nil_. It was very largely the work of Madison, and while _The -Federalist_ shows Hamilton’s marvellous flexibility of intelligence, it -is Madison who is master and Hamilton who is his expounder. - -[243] See above, vol. i. p. 221. - -[244] Stith, _History of Virginia_, preface, vi., vii. - -[245] Byrd’s _History of the Dividing Line_, with his _Journey to the -Land of Eden_, and _A Progress to the Mines_, remained in MS. for more -than a century. They were published at Petersburg in 1841, under the -title of _Westover Manuscripts_. A better edition, edited by T. H. -Wynne, was published in 1866 under the title of _Byrd Manuscripts_. - -[246] _Byrd MSS._ i. 5. - -[247] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 234. - -[248] See the history of the case, in Washington’s _Writings_, ed. W. -C. Ford, xiv. 255-260. According to Mr. Paul Ford, “there can scarcely -be a doubt that the treatment of his last illness by the doctors was -little short of murder.” _The True George Washington_, p. 58. The -question is suggested, if Washington had lived a dozen years longer, -would there have been a second war with England? - -[249] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 18, 361, 385. - -[250] It is difficult to obtain exact data. My impression is derived -from study of the statutes and from general reading. - -[251] It is authoritatively stated in the _Virginia Magazine_, i. 347, -that from the time of the Company down to the time of the Revolution, -“there is no record of any duel in Virginia.” In the thirteen -volumes of Hening I find no allusion to duelling; for the mention of -“challenges to fight” in such a passage as vol. vi. p. 80, clearly -refers to chance affrays with fisticuffs at the gaming table, and not -to duels. Yet in 1731 Rodolphus Malbone, for challenging Solomon White, -a magistrate, “with sword and pistol,” was bound over in £50 to keep -the peace: see _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 89. - -[252] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 128. A woman named Eve was burned in -Orange County in 1746 for petty treason, _i. e._ murdering her master. -_Id._ iii. 308. For poisoning the master’s family a man and woman were -burned at Charleston, S. C., in 1769. _Id._ iv. 341. For petty treason -a negro woman named Phillis was burned at the stake in Cambridge, -Mass., Sept. 18, 1755: see _Boston Evening Post_, Sept. 22, 1755; -Paige’s _History of Cambridge_, p. 217. For riotous murder in the city -of New York 21 negroes were executed in 1712, several of whom were -burned and one was broken on the wheel; and again in 1741, in the panic -over an imaginary plot, 13 negroes were burned at the stake: see _Acts -of Assembly, New York_, ann. 1712; _Documents relating to Colonial -History of New York_, vol. vi. ann. 1741. There may have been other -cases. These here cited were especially notable. - -[253] Prof. M. C. Tyler (_History of American Literature_, i. 90) -quotes a statement of Burk (_History of Virginia_, Petersburg, 1805, -vol. ii. appendix, p. xxx.), to the effect that in Princess Anne County -a woman was once burned for witchcraft. But Burk makes the statement on -hearsay, and I have no doubt he refers to Grace Sherwood, who between -1698 and 1708 brought divers and sundry actions for slander against -persons who had called her a witch, but could not get a verdict in -her favour! She was searched for witch marks and imprisoned. It is a -long way from this sort of thing to getting burned at the stake! Mrs. -Sherwood made her will in 1733, and it was admitted to probate in 1741. -See _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 69; ii. 58; iii. 96, 190, -242; iv. 18.--There is a widespread popular belief that the victims -of the witchcraft delusion in Salem were burned; scarcely a fortnight -passes without some allusions to this “burning” in the newspapers. Of -the twenty victims at Salem, nineteen were hanged, one was pressed to -death; not one was burned. See Upham’s _History of Witchcraft and Salem -Village_, Boston, 1867, 2 vols. - -[254] Winsor, _Narr. and Crit. Hist._ v. 286. - -[255] Fox-Bourne’s _Life of John Locke_, i. 203. - -[256] The Fundamental Constitutions are printed in Locke’s _Works_, -London, 1824, ix. 175-199. An excellent analysis of them is given by -Prof. Bassett, “The Constitutional Beginnings of North Carolina,” _J. -H. U. Studies_, xii. 97-169; see, also, Whitney, “Government of the -Colony of South Carolina,” _Id._ xiii. 1-121. - -[257] Hening, i. 380. - -[258] He is commonly called a Quaker, but the tradition is ill -supported. See Weeks, _Southern Quakers and Slavery_, p. 33. - -[259] See my _Discovery of America_, i. 167-169. - -[260] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii. 72. - -[261] Lawson, _A Description of North Carolina_, London, 1718, p. 73. - -[262] Rivers, _Early History of South Carolina_, Charleston, 1856, p. -96. - -[263] Williamson, _History of North Carolina_, Philadelphia, 1812, p. -120. - -[264] Williamson, _op. cit._ i. 121. - -[265] Moore’s _History of North Carolina_, Raleigh, 1880, i. 18. - -[266] I am glad to find this opinion corroborated by Professor Bassett -in his able paper above cited, _J. H. U. Studies_, xii. 109. - -[267] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii. 470. - -[268] See above, p. 85 of the present volume. - -[269] Dr. Hawks, in his _History of North Carolina_, ii. 463-483, gives -a detailed and very entertaining account of the Culpeper rebellion, to -which I am indebted for several particulars. - -[270] Hawks, _op. cit._ ii. 489. - -[271] Rivers, _Early History of South Carolina_, p. 145. - -[272] _Id._ p. 153. - -[273] _Records of General Court of Albemarle_, 1697; Hawks, _op. cit._ -ii. 491. - -[274] Spotswood’s _Official Letters_ (Va. Hist. Soc. Coll.), Richmond, -1882, i. 106. Several other passages in Spotswood’s letters of the -summer and autumn of 1711 express a similar belief. The opinion of -Spotswood is adopted in Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii. -522-533, who is followed by Moore, _History of North Carolina_, i. 35. -I am glad to find that my opinion of the inadequacy of the evidence is -shared by so great an authority as Professor Rivers, in Winsor, _Narr. -and Crit. Hist._ v. 298. - -[275] See the learned essay by James Mooney, _The Siouan Tribes of -the East_ (Bureau of Ethnology, Bulletin 22), Washington, 1894. Until -recent years it was not known that there were ever any Sioux in the -Atlantic region. The Catawbas, etc., were supposed to be Muskogi. - -[276] Lawson, _The History of Carolina; containing the Exact -Description and Natural History of that Country; together with the -Present State thereof. And a Journal of a Thousand Miles travelled -through several Nations of Indians, giving a particular Account of -their Customs, Manners, etc._ London, 1709, small quarto, 258 pages. - -[277] For this and other atrocities see the letter of November 2, -1711, from Major Christopher Gale to his sister, printed in Nichols’s -_Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century_, iv. -489-492. - -[278] In Professor Rivers’s version of the story there was either no -general conspiracy or only a sudden one conceived after the murder -of Lawson. He suggests that “being fearful of the consequences” of -that act, the Indians “were hurried into the design of a widespread -massacre,” etc. _Early History of South Carolina_, p. 253. It may be -so. Questions relating to concert between Indian tribes are apt to be -hard to settle. I think, however, that in this case the simultaneity of -attack at distant points is in favour of the generally accepted view of -a conspiracy arranged before Lawson’s death. - -[279] Spotswood to the Lords of Trade and to Lord Dartmouth, December -28, 1711, _Official Letters_, i. 129-138. This was one of the early -instances of the extreme difficulty of obtaining money from “whimsical” -legislatures for the common defence, which in later years led -Parliament to the attempt to cure the evil by means of the Stamp Act. -Even in what he did accomplish on the border, Spotswood had to depend -upon voluntary contributions, just as money was raised by Franklin in -1758 for the expedition against Fort Duquesne, and by Robert Morris in -the great crisis of Washington’s Trenton-Princeton campaign. - -[280] See my _Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy_, ii. 200. - -[281] Dr. Hugh Williamson, in his _History of North Carolina_, -Philadelphia, 1812, ii. 173-211, gives a very interesting account of -these malarial swamps, their geological causes, and their effects upon -the people. - -[282] For a sprightly account of the Alpine region of North Carolina -and its inhabitants, see Zeigler and Grosscup, _The Heart of the -Alleghanies_, Raleigh, 1883. - -[283] Lawson’s _History of Carolina_, London, 1718, p. 79. - -[284] _Byrd MSS._ i. 59, 65. - -[285] _Byrd MSS._ i. 56. - -[286] _Byrd MSS._ i. 59. - -[287] See above, p. 188 of the present volume. - -[288] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 146. - -[289] Spotswood to the Lords of Trade, April 5, 1717, _Official -Letters_, ii. 227. - -[290] Olmsted’s _Slave States_, p. 507. - -[291] Cf. Ramage, “Local Government and Free Schools in South -Carolina,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, vol. i. - -[292] Ramage, _op. cit._ - -[293] The remarks of Herbert Spencer on state education, in his _Social -Statics_, revised ed., London, 1892, pp. 153-184, deserve most careful -consideration by all who are interested in the welfare of their -fellow-creatures. - -[294] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 108. - -[295] Americans are apt to forget how much nearer the equator the -familiar points in this country are than familiar points in Europe. -Although every family has an atlas, many persons are surprised when -their attention is called to the facts that Great Britain is in the -latitude of Hudson Bay, that Paris and Vienna are further north than -Quebec, that Montreal is nearly opposite to Venice, Boston to Rome, -Charleston to Tripoli, etc. - -[296] Simms, _History of South Carolina_, p. 106; Williams, _History of -the Negro Race in America_, i. 299. - -[297] Whitney, “Government of the Colony of South Carolina,” _Johns -Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 95; _Statutes of South Carolina_, iii. -395-399, 456-461, 568-573. - -[298] The story is told by St. John de Crèvecœur, in his _Letters from -an American Farmer_, Philadelphia, 1793, pp. 178-180. Crèvecœur was -on his way to dine with a planter when he encountered the shocking -spectacle. He succeeded in passing a shell of water through the bars of -the cage to the lips of the poor wretch, who thanked him and begged to -be killed; but the Frenchman had no means at hand. - -[299] _Statutes of South Carolina_, vii. 410, 411. - -[300] “La plupart des riches habitans de la Caroline du Sud, ayant été -élevés en Europe, en ont apporté plus de gout, et des connaissances -plus analogues à nos mœurs, que les habitans des provinces du Nord, ce -qui doit leur donner généralement sur ceux-ci de l’avantage en société. -Les femmes semblent aussi plus animées que dans le Nord, prennent plus -de part à la conversation, sont davantage dans la société.... Elles -sont jolies, agréables, piquantes; mais ... les hommes et les femmes -vieillissent promptement dan ce climat.” La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, -_Voyage dans les États-Unis_, Paris, 1799, iv. 13. - -[301] Boswell has a characteristic anecdote of Oglethorpe, who was very -high-spirited, but extremely sensible. When a lad of nineteen or so, he -was dining one day with a certain Prince of Würtemberg and others, when -the insolent prince fillipped a few drops of wine into his face. “Here -was a nice dilemma. To have challenged him instantly might have fixed a -quarrelsome character upon the young soldier; to have taken no notice -of it might have been considered as cowardice. Oglethorpe, therefore, -keeping his eye upon the prince and smiling, ... said, ‘That’s a good -joke, but we do it much better in England,’ and threw a whole glass of -wine in the prince’s face. An old general, who sat by, said, ‘Il a bien -fait, mon prince, vous l’avez commencé,’ and thus all ended in good -humour.” _Life of Johnson_, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 180. - -[302] See the charter, in Jones’s _History of Georgia_, i. 90. - -[303] Blackstone’s _Commentaries_, bk. iv. chap. 5. - -[304] See above, vol. i. p. 24. - -[305] Burney, _History of the Buccaneers of America_, p. 52. - -[306] Exquemeling was sent to Tortuga in 1666, in one of the Dutch -West India Company’s ships, and on his arrival was sold for thirty -crowns into three years’ servitude. He says very neatly: “Je ne dis -rien de ce qui a donné lieu à mon embarquement, suivi d’un si fâcheux -esclavage, parce que cela seroit hors de propos, et ne pourroit estre -qu’ennuyeux.” He was cruelly treated. After gaining his freedom he -joined the buccaneers, apparently because there was nothing else to -do. He went home in 1674 in a Dutch ship, “remerciant Dieu de m’avoir -retiré de cette miserable vie, estant la première occasion de la -quitter que j’eusse rencontré depuis cinq années.” Oexmelin, _Histoire -des Avanturiers_, Paris, 1686, i. 13; ii. 312. The English version of -his book is entitled “History of the Bucaniers of America” (London, -1684). The Spanish version is known as “Los Piratas.” Not only do the -titles thus differ, but each translator has added more or less material -from other sources, in order to exalt the fame of the rascals of his -own nation. - -[307] “Le capitaine ... du vaisseau submergé était un pirate -hollandais; c’était celui-là¡ même qui avait volé Candide. Les -richesses immenses dont ce célérat s’était emparé furent ensevelies -avec lui dans la mer, et il n’y eut qu’un mouton de sauvé. Vous voyez, -dit Candide à Martin, que le crime est puni quelquefois; ce coquin -de patron hollandais a en le sort qui’il méritait. Oui, dit Martin; -mais fallait-il que les passagers qui était sur son vaisseau périssent -aussi? Dieu a puni ce fripon, le diable a noyé les autres.” Voltaire, -_Œuvres_, Paris, 1785. tom, xliv. p. 294. - -[308] _Histoire des avanturiers_, ii. 216. - -[309] Exquemeling says: “A l’heure que je parle il est élevé aux plus -éminentes dignitez de la Jamaique; ce qui fait assez voir qu’un homme, -tel qu’il soit, est toujours estimé & bien receu par tout, pourveu -qu’il ait de l’argent.” _Histoire des avanturiers_, ii. 214. - -[310] Ringrose’s _MS. Narrative_, British Museum, Sloane collection, -No. 3820. - -[311] See Hughson, “The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce,” _Johns -Hopkins University Studies_, xii. 241-370. - -[312] See Watson’s _Annals of Philadelphia_, ii. 222. - -[313] In Kidd’s case there were many extenuating circumstances; he was -far from being such a scoundrel as most of the pirates. - -[314] See the cases of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, in Johnson’s _History -of the Pirates_, London, 1724, 2 vols. - -[315] Burton’s _History of Scotland_, vi. 403. - -[316] In writing to James Stanhope, secretary of state, Spotswood -says: “Such is the unaccountable temper of the People that they have -generally chosen for their Representatives Persons of the meanest -Estates and Capacitys in their Countys, And as if the House of -Burgesses were resolved to copy after the patern of their Electors, -of the few Gentlemen that are among them, they have expelled two -for having the Generosity to serve their Country for nothing, w’ch -they term bribery.” _Official Letters_, ii. 129. This reminds -one of the language applied by Sherwood and Ludwell to Bacon’s -followers (see above, p. 102); and suggests the presence among the -burgesses of a considerable party which felt it necessary to contend -against aristocratizing tendencies. To establish the principle that -representatives might serve without pay would tend to disqualify poor -folk from serving in that capacity. - -[317] There is evidently a slip of the pen here; _Letters_ must have -been the word intended. - -[318] Spotswood to the Lords of Trade, June 24, 1718. _Official -Letters_, ii. 280, 281. - -[319] The 58th birthday of George I., May 28, 1718. - -[320] Spotswood, _Official Letters_, ii. 284. - -[321] His feelings find temperate expression in his letters to the -Lords of Trade and to the secretary of state, James Stanhope; _e. g._, -in October, 1712: “This Unhappy State of her Maj’t’s Subjects in my -Neighbourhood is y^e more Affecting to me because I have very little -hopes of being enabled to relieve them by our Assembly, which I have -called to meet next Week.... No arguments I have used can prevail on -these people to make their Militia more Serviceable;” and in July, -1715: “I cannot forbear regretting y^t I must always have to do w’th -y^e Representatives of y^e Vulgar People, and mostly with such members -as are of their Stamp and Understanding, for so long as half an Acre -of Land ... qualifys a man to be an Elector, the meaner sort of People -will ever carry y^e Elections, and the humour generally runs to choose -such men as are their most familiar Companions, who very eagerly seek -to be Burgesses merely for the Lucre of the Salary, and who, for fear -of not being chosen again, dare in Assembly do nothing that may be -disrelished out of the House by y^e Common People.... However, as my -general Success hitherto with this sort of Assemblys is not to be -Complained of, and as I have brought them, in some particulars, to -place greater Trust in me than ever they did in any Governor before, -and seeing their Confidence in Me has encreased with their Knowledge -of me, I have great hopes to lead even this new Assembly into measures -that may be for the hon’r and safety of these parts of his Maj’t’s -Dominions.... Y^e Assembly of No. Carolina has already faulted their -Governor for dispatching away to y^e relief of his next Neighbours -a small reinforcement of Men, they alledging that their own danger -requir’d not to weaken themselves.... None of y^e Provinces on y^e -Continent have yet sent any Assistance of Men to So. Carolina, except -this Colony alone, and No. Carolina, and by w’t I understand from -Govern’r Hunter [of New York] I am afraid they may be diverted from -it, he writing me word y^t their Indians are grown very turbulent -and ungovernable. We are not here without our dangers, too, but yet -I judg’d it best, and y^e readiest way to save ourselves, to run -immediately to check the first kindling Flames, and even to stretch a -point to succour Carolina with Arms and ammunition; and I made such -dispatch in y^e first Succours of Men I sent thither y^t they pass’d -no more than 15 days between the Day of y^e Carolina Comm’rs coming -to me and y^e day of my embarking 118 Men listed for their Service. -I have since sent another Vessel with 40 or 50 Men more; and hope in -a short time to have y^e Complem’t raised w’ch this Government has -engag’d to furnish.... I need not offer, for my justification, to wound -his Maj’t’s Ears with particular relation of the miserys his Subjects -in Carolina labour under, and of y^e Inhuman butchering and horrid -Tortures many of them have been exposed to.” So in Oct. 1715: “Such -was the Temper and Understanding [of the House of Burgesses] that they -could not be reason’d into Wholesome Laws, and such their humour and -principles y^t they would aim at no other Acts than what invaded y^e -Prerogative or thwarted the Government. So that all their considerable -Bills Stopt in the Council.... On y^e 8 of Aug’st ... they plainly -declar’d they would do nothing ... till they had an Answer from his -Maj’tie to their Address about the Quitt rents. I need not repeat to -you, S’r, what I have formerly represented of the inconveniency a -Governm’t without money is expos’d to, especially in any dangerous -Conjuncture.... The bulk of the Ellectors of Assembly Men concists of -the meaner sort of People, who ... are more easily impos’d upon by -persons who are not restrain’d by any Principles of Truth or Hon’r -from publishing amongst them the most false reports, and have front -enough to assert for truth even the grossest Absurdities. [How well -this describes the blatant demagogues who thrive and multiply in the -cesspool of politics to-day, like maggots in carrion!] ... These mobish -Candidates always outbid the Gent’n of sence and Principles, for they -stick not to vow to their Electors that no consideration whatever shall -engage them to raise money, and some of them have so little shame as -publickly to declare that if, in Assembly, anything should be propos’d -w’ch they judg’d might be disagreeable to their Constituents, they -would oppose it, tho’ they knew in their consciences y^t it would be -for y^e good of the Country.” Spotswood’s _Official Letters_, ii. 1, 2, -124, 125, 130, 132, 164. - -[322] The expression is suggested by a famous passage in Lord Macaulay, -who seems to think that it all happened in order that Frederick the -Great might keep his hold upon Silesia! - -[323] See above, vol i. p. 27. - -[324] See above, vol. i. p. 61. - -[325] See above, vol. i. p. 116. - -[326] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 381. - -[327] These were Kaskaskia and Cahokia in 1700, Detroit in 1701, Mobile -in 1702, and Vincennes in 1705; and Bienville was just about to found -New Orleans, which he did in 1718. - -[328] “I have often regretted that after so many Years as these -Countrys have been Seated, no Attempts have been made to discover -the Sources of Our Rivers, nor to Establishing Correspondence w’th -those Nations of Indians to ye Westw’d of Us, even after the certain -Knowledge of the Progress made by French in Surrounding us w’th their -Settlements.” Spotswood, _Official Letters_, iii. 295. A reconnoissance -was made in 1710, which reported that the Blue Ridge was not, as had -been supposed, impassable. _Id._ i. 40. - -[329] Fontaine’s journal of the expedition shows that the crossing was -not at Rockfish Gap, as formerly supposed. Cf. Peyton’s _History of -Augusta County_, Staunton, 1882, pp. 24, 29. - -[330] “Thus it is a pleasure to cross the mountains.” - -[331] Jones, _Present State of Virginia_, London, 1724, p. 14. - -[332] Spotswood, _Official Letters_, ii. 297. - -[333] He understood that from Swift Run Gap it was but three days’ -march to a tribe of Indians living on a river which emptied into Lake -Erie; also that from a distant peak, which was pointed out to him, Lake -Erie was distinctly visible; so he estimated the total distance as five -days’ march. The river route thus vaguely indicated was probably down -the Youghiogheny or the Monongahela to the site of Pittsburgh, then up -the Alleghany and so on to the site of Erie, distant in a straight line -about 300 miles from Swift Run Gap. Braddock in 1755 was a month in -getting over less than one fourth of the actual route. But, in spite of -the false estimate, Spotswood’s general idea was sound. - -[334] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 7. - -[335] In this respect one of his family in the days of our great Civil -War was like him. The noble statue at the entrance of Forest Park -in St. Louis stands there to remind us that it was chiefly the iron -will of Francis Preston Blair that in 1861 prevented the secessionist -government of Missouri from dragging that state over to the Southern -Confederacy. - -[336] George Washington’s elder brother, Lawrence, served in this -expedition, and named his estate Mount Vernon after the admiral. - -[337] In 1781 the mansion at Temple Farm was known as the Moore House. - -[338] In my next following work, entitled “The Dutch and Quaker -Colonies in America,” I hope to give a more detailed and specific -account of the Scotch-Irish and their important work in this country. - -[339] Conway’s Barons, p. 213; Kercheval’s _History of the Valley of -Virginia_, Winchester, 1833, p. 65. - -[340] Cf. Winsor, _Narr. and Crit. Hist._ v. 276. - -[341] Greene’s _Antiquities of Worcester_, p. 273. - - -[Transcriber’s Note: - -Obvious printer errors corrected silently. - -Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.] - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS *** - -***** This file should be named 56033-0.txt or 56033-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/0/3/56033/ - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/56033-0.zip b/old/56033-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c6dfd83..0000000 --- a/old/56033-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h.zip b/old/56033-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b877207..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h/56033-h.htm b/old/56033-h/56033-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 670dc7a..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/56033-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24152 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, Volume 2, by John Fiske.--a Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -a {text-decoration: none; -} - -a:visited { - color: gray; -} - -.antiqua { - font-family: Blackletter, Fraktur, Textur, "Olde English Mt", "Olde English", Gothic, sans-serif; -} - -.nowrap { - white-space: nowrap; -} - -small { - font-style: normal; - font-size: small; -} - -body { - padding: 4px; - margin: auto 10%} - -p { - text-align: justify; -} - -.pre { - font-size: 80%; - display: block; - unicode-bidi: embed; - font-family: monospace; - white-space: pre; -} - -.i4 { - margin-left: 2em; -} - -.small { - font-size: small; -} - -.medium { - font-size: medium; -} - -.large { - font-size: large; -} - -.x-large { - font-size: x-large; -} - -.xx-large { - font-size: xx-large; -} - -.h2 { - font-size: x-large; - text-align: center; - clear: both; - margin: 2em auto 1em auto; -} - -h1, h2 { - page-break-before: always; -} - -h1, h2, h3 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - font-weight: normal; - clear: both; - margin: 2em auto 1em auto; -} - -.author { - display: block; - text-align: right; - margin: auto 10px; -} - -hr { - display: block; - margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - border-style: inset; - border-width: 1px; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; margin: 2em 27.5%; clear: both; -} - -hr.chap { - width: 65%; margin: 2em 17.5%; clear: both; -} - -/* Sidenote left */ -.sidenote { - width: 20%; - padding: .5em; - margin: 0 1em 1em 0; - float: left; - clear: left; - font-size: small; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: dashed 1px silver } - -.index { - display: table; - margin: auto; - list-style: none; -} - -.ifrst { - font-weight: bold; - margin: 2em auto auto auto; -} - -.indx { - font-weight: bold; - margin-left: 0em; - padding-left: 3em; - text-indent: -3em; -} - -.isub1 { - margin-left: 1em; - padding-left: 3em; - text-indent: -3em; -} - -.isub2 { - margin-left: 2em; - padding-left: 3em; - text-indent: -3em; -} - -/* Tables */ -.table { - display: table; - margin: auto; -} - -#fn2 { - width: 80%; - margin: 2em auto; -} - -#fn2 td:first-child { - white-space: nowrap; -} - -#fn2 td { - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 1em; -} - -#fn120 td:first-child { - text-align: left; -} - -#fn120 td { - text-align: right; -} - -table { - margin: 2em auto; -} - -th { - padding: 5px; -} - -.toc td:first-child { - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 1em; -} - -.toc .tdr { - white-space: nowrap; - vertical-align: bottom; - text-align: right; -} - -.table2 td:first-child { - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 1em; -} - -.table2 .tdr { - padding-right: 4em; - white-space: nowrap; - vertical-align: bottom; - text-align: right; -} - -.tdr { - vertical-align: middle; - text-align: right; -} - -.bt { - border-top: 1px solid #000; -} - -/* End Tables */ - -.copy { - font-size: small; - text-align: center; -} - -.smcap { - font-style: normal; - font-variant: small-caps; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; -} - -/* Images */ -img { - border: none; - max-width: 100%} - -.figcenter { - clear: both; - display: table; - margin: 1em auto; - text-align: center -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes { - margin: 2em auto; - padding: 0; - border: 1px inset #333; - color: #333;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: small; - line-height: .1em; - text-decoration: none; - white-space: nowrap /* keeps footnote on same line as referenced text */} - -.footnote p:first-child { - text-indent: -2.5em; -} - -.footnote p { - margin: 1em; - padding-left: 2.5em; -} - -.label { - width: 2em; - display: inline-block; - text-align: right; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - color: #004200; - position: absolute; - right: 5px; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - border: 1px inset #333; - color: #333; - margin: 2em auto; - padding: 1em; -} - -/* Poetry */ - -.poem { - text-align: left; - margin: auto; - display: table; -} - -.poem .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - - .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem span.i20 {display: block; margin-left: 10em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Old Virginia and Her Neighbours - Volume 2 - -Author: John Fiske - -Release Date: November 22, 2017 [EBook #56033] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img id="frontis" src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"> -WESTWARD GROWTH<br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -OLD VIRGINIA<br /> -</p> - -<p class="copy">THE M.-N. CO., BUFFALO, N. Y. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">i</span></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1> -OLD VIRGINIA<br /> -AND HER NEIGHBOURS<br /> -<br /> -<span class="large">BY</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="x-large">JOHN FISKE</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="poem medium"><span class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Οὐ λίθοι, οὐδὲ ξύλα, οὐδὲ<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Τέχνη τεκτόνων αἱ πόλεις εἶσιν<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ἀλλ’ ὅπού ποτ’ ἂν ὦσιν ἌΝΔΡΕΣ<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Αὑτοὺς σώζειν εἰδότες,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ἐνταῦθα τείχη καὶ πόλεις.<br /></span> -</span><span class="stanza"> -<span class="author"><i>Alcæus</i><br /></span> -</span></span> -<br /> - -<img class="figcenter" src="images/colophon.jpg" alt="The Riverside Press" /><br /> -<br /> -<span class="x-large table">IN TWO VOLUMES<br /> -VOLUME II</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="large">BOSTON AND NEW YORK<br /> -HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY</span><br /> -<span class="large antiqua">The Riverside Press Cambridge</span> -</h1> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> - -<p class="copy">COPYRIGHT 1897 BY JOHN FISKE</p> - -<p class="copy">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Contents">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<h2>VOLUME II.</h2> - -<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /></p> - -<table class="toc"> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_X">CHAPTER X.</a><br /> - <a href="#THE_COMING_OF_THE_CAVALIERS">THE COMING OF THE CAVALIERS.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td class="small tdr">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Virginia_depicted">Virginia depicted by an admirer</a></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Animals">Her domestic animals, game, and song-birds</a></td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Agriculture">Her agriculture</a></td> - <td class="tdr">2, 3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Northwest_passage">Her nearness to the Northwest Passage</a></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Commercial_rivals">Her commercial rivals</a></td> - <td class="tdr">3, 4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#New_England">Not so barren a country as New England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Life_of_body_and_soul">Life of body and soul were preserved in Virginia; Mr. Benjamin Symes and his school</a></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Captain_Mathews_and_his_household">Worthy Captain Mathews and his household</a></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Rapid_growth_of_population">Rapid growth in population</a></td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Names_of_Virginia_counties">Historical lessons in names of Virginia counties</a></td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Scarcity_of_royalist_names">Scarcity of royalist names on the map of New England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">8, 9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Cavaliers_in_Virginia">As to the Cavaliers in Virginia; some popular misconceptions</a></td> - <td class="tdr">9, 10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_democratic_protests">Some democratic protests</a></td> - <td class="tdr">10, 11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sweeping_statements">Sweeping statements are inadmissible</a></td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Difference_between_Cavaliers">Difference between Cavaliers and Roundheads was political, not social</a></td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#England_has_never_had_a_noblesse">Popular misconceptions regarding the English nobility; England has never had a <i>noblesse</i>, or upper caste</a></td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Contrast_with_France">Contrast with France in this respect</a></td> - <td class="tdr">13, 14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Importance_of_the_middle_class">Importance of the middle class</a></td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Respect_for_industry_in_England">Respect for industry in England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Cavalier_exodus">The Cavalier exodus</a></td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Political_complexion_of_Virginia_before_1649">Political complexion of Virginia before 1649</a></td> - <td class="tdr">16, 17</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_great_exchange_of_1649">The great exchange of 1649</a></td> - <td class="tdr">17, 18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Moderation_shown_in_Virginia">Political moderation shown in Virginia during the Commonwealth period</a></td> - <td class="tdr">18<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Colonel_Richard_Lee">Richard Lee and his family</a></td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Election_of_Berkeley_by_the_assembly">How Berkeley was elected governor by the assembly</a></td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Lees_visit_to_Brussels">Lee’s visit to Brussels</a></td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Charles_II_proclaimed_king">How Charles II. was proclaimed king in Virginia, but not before he had been proclaimed in England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_seal_of_Virginia">The seal of Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">22, 23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Increase_in_the_size_of_land_grants">Significant increase in the size of land grants</a></td> - <td class="tdr">23, 24</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cavalier_families">Arrival of well-known Cavalier families</a></td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Ancestry_of_George_Washington">Ancestry of George Washington</a></td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_pedigrees_of_horses_dogs">If the pedigrees of horses, dogs, and fancy pigeons are important, still more so are the pedigrees of men</a></td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Value_of_genealogy">Value of genealogical study to the historian</a></td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Washington_family_tree">The Washington family tree</a></td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sir_William_Jones_paraphrased">How Sir William Jones paraphrased the epigram of Alcæus</a></td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Importance_of_the_Cavalier_element_in_Virginia">Historical importance of the Cavalier element in Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Differences_between_New_England_and_Virginia">Differences between New England and Virginia were due not to differences in social quality of the settlers, but partly to ecclesiastical and still more to economical circumstances</a></td> - <td class="tdr">29, 30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Settlement_of_New_England_by_congregations">Settlement of New England by the migration of organized congregations</a></td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Land_grants_in_Massachusetts">Land grants in Massachusetts</a></td> - <td class="tdr">31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Township_and_village">Township and village</a></td> - <td class="tdr">31, 32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Social_position_of_settlers_in_New_England">Social position of settlers in New England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_merits_of_the_town_meeting">Some merits of the town meeting</a></td> - <td class="tdr">33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Educational_value_of_the_town_meeting">Its educational value</a></td> - <td class="tdr">34</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Primogeniture_and_entail_in_Virginia">Primogeniture and entail in Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Virginia_parishes">Virginia parishes</a></td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_vestry_a_close_corporation">The vestry a close corporation; its extensive powers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_county_was_the_unit_of_representation">The county was the unit of representation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_county_was_the_unit_of_representation">The county court was virtually a close corporation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Powers_of_the_court">Powers of the county court</a></td> - <td class="tdr">39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_sheriff">The sheriff and his extensive powers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_county_lieutenant">The county lieutenant</a></td> - <td class="tdr">41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Jeffersons_opinion_of_township_government">Jefferson’s opinion of government by town meeting</a></td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Court_day">Court day</a></td> - <td class="tdr">42, 43</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Summary">Summary</a></td> - <td class="tdr">43</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Virginia_prolific_in_great_leaders">Virginia prolific in great leaders</a></td> - <td class="tdr">44<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a><br /> - <a href="#BACONS_REBELLION">BACON’S REBELLION.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Crude_mediaeval_methods_of_robbery">How the crude mediæval methods of robbery began to give place to more ingenious modern methods</a></td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Navigation_Act_of_1651">The Navigation Act of 1651</a></td> - <td class="tdr">45, 46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_second_Navigation_Act">Second Navigation Act</a></td> - <td class="tdr">46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Blands_remonstrance">John Bland’s remonstrance</a></td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_direct_consequences">Some direct consequences of the Navigation Act</a></td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_indirect_consequences">Some indirect consequences of the Navigation Act</a></td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Exposure_of_the_humbug">Bland’s exposure of the protectionist humbug</a></td> - <td class="tdr">49, 50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Blands_own_proposal">His own proposition</a></td> - <td class="tdr">50, 51</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Distress_caused_by_low_price_of_tobacco">Effect of the Navigation Act upon Virginia and Maryland; disasters caused by low price of tobacco</a></td> - <td class="tdr">51, 52</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Surry_protest_1673">The Surry protest of 1673</a></td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Arlington_Culpeper_grant">The Arlington-Culpeper grant</a></td> - <td class="tdr">53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_of_its_effects">Some of its effects</a></td> - <td class="tdr">54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Character_of_Sir_William_Berkeley">Character of Sir William Berkeley</a></td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Corruption_and_extortion">Corruption and extortion under his government</a></td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Long_Assembly">The Long Assembly, 1661-1676</a></td> - <td class="tdr">57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Berkeleys_violent_temper">Berkeley’s violent temper</a></td> - <td class="tdr">57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Beginning_of_the_Indian_war">Beginning of the Indian war</a></td> - <td class="tdr">58</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#John_Washington">Colonel John Washington</a></td> - <td class="tdr">59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_five_Susquehannock_envoys">Affair of the five Susquehannock envoys</a></td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_killing_of_the_envoys">The killing of the envoys</a></td> - <td class="tdr">61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Berkeleys_perverseness">Berkeley’s perverseness in not calling out a military force</a></td> - <td class="tdr">62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Indian_atrocities">Indian atrocities</a></td> - <td class="tdr">62, 63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Nathaniel_Bacon">Nathaniel Bacon and his family</a></td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Drummond_and_Lawrence">His friends William Drummond and Richard Lawrence</a></td> - <td class="tdr">65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacons_plantation_attackedy">Bacon’s plantation is attacked by the Indians, May, 1676</a></td> - <td class="tdr">65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#He_defeats_the_Indians">Bacon marches against the Indians and defeats them</a></td> - <td class="tdr">66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Election_of_a_new_House_of_Burgesses">Election of a new House of Burgesses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Arrest_of_Bacon">Arrest of Bacon</a></td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Thoughtful_Mr_Lawrence">He is released and goes to lodge at the house of “thoughtful Mr. Lawrence”</a></td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacons_submission">Bacon is persuaded to make his submission and apologizes to the governor</a></td> - <td class="tdr">68, 69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#In_spite_of_the_governors_unwillingness">In spite of the governor’s unwillingness, the new assembly reforms many abuses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">70, 71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_the_Queen_of_Pamunkey">How the “Queen of Pamunkey” appeared before the House of Burgesses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">72-74</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_chairmans_rudeness">The chairman’s rudeness</a></td> - <td class="tdr">74<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacons_flight">Bacon’s flight</a></td> - <td class="tdr">74</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#His_speedy_return">His speedy return</a></td> - <td class="tdr">75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_the_governor_was_intimidated">How the governor was intimidated</a></td> - <td class="tdr">76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacon_crushes_the_Susquehannocks">Bacon crushes the Susquehannocks while Berkeley flies to Accomac and proclaims him a rebel</a></td> - <td class="tdr">76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacons_march_to_Middle_Plantation">Bacon’s march to Middle Plantation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">77</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#His_manifesto">His manifesto</a></td> - <td class="tdr">78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#His_arraignment_of_Berkeley">His arraignment of Berkeley; he specifies nineteen persons as “wicked counsellors”</a></td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Oath_at_Middle_Plantation">Oath at Middle Plantation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacon_defeats_the_Appomattox_Indians">Bacon defeats the Appomattox Indians</a></td> - <td class="tdr">82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Startling_conversation_between_Bacon_and_Goode">Startling conversation between Bacon and Goode</a></td> - <td class="tdr">82-86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Perilous_situation_of_Bacon">Perilous situation of Bacon</a></td> - <td class="tdr">86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_White_Aprons_at_Jamestown">The “White Aprons” at Jamestown</a></td> - <td class="tdr">87</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacons_speech_at_Green_Spring">Bacon’s speech at Green Spring</a></td> - <td class="tdr">88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Burning_of_Jamestown">Burning of Jamestown</a></td> - <td class="tdr">89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Persons_who_suffered_at_Bacons_hands">Persons who suffered at Bacon’s hands</a></td> - <td class="tdr">89, 90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bacon_and_his_cousin">Bacon and his cousin</a></td> - <td class="tdr">90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Death_of_Bacon">Death of Bacon, Oct. 1, 1676</a></td> - <td class="tdr">91</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Collapse_of_the_rebellion">Collapse of the rebellion</a></td> - <td class="tdr">92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Arrival_of_royal_commissioners_January_1677">Arrival of royal commissioners, January, 1677</a></td> - <td class="tdr">92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Berkeleys_outrageous_conduct">Berkeley’s outrageous conduct</a></td> - <td class="tdr">93</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Execution_of_Drummond">Execution of Drummond</a></td> - <td class="tdr">94</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Death_of_Berkeley">Death of Berkeley</a></td> - <td class="tdr">95</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Significance_of_the_rebellion">Significance of the rebellion</a></td> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_far_Bacon_represented_popular_sentiment">How far Bacon represented popular sentiment in Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">97</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Political_changes_since_1660">Political changes since 1660; close vestries</a></td> - <td class="tdr">98, 99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Restriction_of_the_suffrage">Restriction of the suffrage</a></td> - <td class="tdr">100, 101</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_the_aristocrats_regarded_Bacons_followers">How the aristocrats regarded Bacon’s followers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">102, 103</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_real_state_of_the_case">The real state of the case</a></td> - <td class="tdr">104</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effect_of_hard_times">Effect of hard times</a></td> - <td class="tdr">104, 105</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Populist_aspect_of_the_rebellion">Populist aspect of the rebellion</a></td> - <td class="tdr">106</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Its_sound_aspects">Its sound aspects</a></td> - <td class="tdr">106</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_107">Bacon must ever remain a bright and attractive figure</a></td> - <td class="tdr">107</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a><br /> - <a href="#WILLIAM_AND_MARY">WILLIAM AND MARY.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_century_of_political_education">A century of political education</a></td> - <td class="tdr">108</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Robert_Beverley_1">Robert Beverley, clerk of the House of Burgesses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">109</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#His_refusal_to_give_up_the_journals">His refusal to give up the journals</a></td> - <td class="tdr">110</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Lord_Culpeper">Arrival of Lord Culpeper as governor</a></td> - <td class="tdr">110, 111<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_plant_cutters_riot_of_1682">The plant-cutters’ riot of 1682</a></td> - <td class="tdr">111, 112</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Contracting_the_currency_with_a_vengeance">Contracting the currency with a vengeance</a></td> - <td class="tdr">112</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Culpepers_removal">Culpeper is removed and Lord Howard of Effingham comes to govern in his stead</a></td> - <td class="tdr">113</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#More_trouble_for_Beverley">More trouble for Beverley</a></td> - <td class="tdr">114</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#For_stupid_audacity_James_II">For stupid audacity James II., after all, was outdone by George III.</a></td> - <td class="tdr">114, 115</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Francis_Nicholson_comes_to_govern_Virginia">Francis Nicholson comes to govern Virginia and exhibits eccentric manners</a></td> - <td class="tdr">115</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_James_Blair_founded_William_and_Mary_College">How James Blair founded William and Mary College</a></td> - <td class="tdr">116, 117</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_Sir_Edmund_Andros_came_as_Nicholsons_successor">How Sir Edmund Andros came as Nicholson’s successor and quarrelled with Dr. Blair</a></td> - <td class="tdr">118</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_young_Daniel_Parke_one_Sunday_pulled_Mrs_Blair">How young Daniel Parke one Sunday pulled Mrs. Blair out of her pew in church</a></td> - <td class="tdr">119</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Removal_of_Andros">Removal of Andros</a></td> - <td class="tdr">119</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Earl_of_Orkney_draws_a_salary">The Earl of Orkney draws a salary for governing Virginia - for the next forty years without crossing the ocean, - while the work is done by lieutenant-governors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_first_of_these_was_Nicholson">The first of these was Nicholson once more</a></td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Who_removed_the_capital_from_Jamestown">Who removed the capital from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, - and called it Williamsburg</a></td> - <td class="tdr">121</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Removal_of_Nicholson">How the blustering Nicholson, disappointed in love, behaved - so badly that he was removed from office</a></td> - <td class="tdr">122, 123</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fortunes_of_the_college">Fortunes of the college</a></td> - <td class="tdr">123</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Indian_students">Indian students</a></td> - <td class="tdr">124</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Instructions_to_the_housekeeper">Instructions to the housekeeper</a></td> - <td class="tdr">125</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Horse_racing_prohibited">Horse-racing prohibited</a></td> - <td class="tdr">126</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Other_prohibitions">Other prohibitions</a></td> - <td class="tdr">126</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_story_of_Parson_Camm">The courtship of Parson Camm; a Virginia Priscilla</a></td> - <td class="tdr">127, 128</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_interesting_facts_about_the_college">Some interesting facts about the college</a></td> - <td class="tdr">128, 129</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Nicholsons_schemes_for_a_union_of_the_colonies">Nicholson’s schemes for a union of the colonies</a></td> - <td class="tdr">129, 130</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a><br /> - <a href="#Marylands_Vicissitudes">MARYLAND’S VICISSITUDES.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Maryland_after_the_death_of_Oliver_Cromwell">Maryland after the death of Oliver Cromwell</a></td> - <td class="tdr">131</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fuller_and_Fendall">Fuller and Fendall</a></td> - <td class="tdr">132</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_duty_on_tobacco">The duty on tobacco</a></td> - <td class="tdr">133</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fendalls_plot">Fendall’s plot</a></td> - <td class="tdr">134</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Temporary_overthrow_of_Baltimores_authority">Temporary overthrow of Baltimore’s authority</a></td> - <td class="tdr">135</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Superficial_resemblance_to_the_action_of_Virginia">Superficial resemblance to the action of Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">136</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Profound_difference_in_the_situations">Profound difference in the situations</a></td> - <td class="tdr">137<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Collapse_of_Fendalls_rebellion">Collapse of Fendall’s rebellion</a></td> - <td class="tdr">138</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Quakers">Arrival of the Quakers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">138, 139</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Swedes_and_Dutch">The Swedes and Dutch on the Delaware River</a></td> - <td class="tdr">139</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Augustine_Herman">Augustine Herman</a></td> - <td class="tdr">140</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bohemia_Manor">He makes a map of Maryland and is rewarded by the grant - of Bohemia Manor</a></td> - <td class="tdr">141</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Labadists">How the Labadists took refuge in Bohemia Manor</a></td> - <td class="tdr">142, 143</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Duke_of_York_takes_possession_of_the_Delaware_settlements">How the Duke of York took possession of all the Delaware settlements</a></td> - <td class="tdr">143</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#And_granted_New_Jersey_to_Lord_Berkeley_and_Sir_George_Carteret">And granted New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret</a></td> - <td class="tdr">144</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Which_resulted_in_the_bringing_of_William_Penn_upon_the_scene">Which resulted in the bringing of William Penn upon the scene</a></td> - <td class="tdr">144</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Charter_of_Pennsylvania">Charter of Pennsylvania</a></td> - <td class="tdr">145</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Boundaries_between_Penn_and_Baltimore">Boundaries between Penn and Baltimore</a></td> - <td class="tdr">145, 146</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Old_manors_in_Maryland">Old manors in Maryland</a></td> - <td class="tdr">146</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Life_on_the_manors">Life on the manors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">147</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_court_leet">The court leet and court baron</a></td> - <td class="tdr">148</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Changes_wrought_by_slavery">Changes wrought by slavery</a></td> - <td class="tdr">148, 149</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_fierce_spirit_of_liberty">A fierce spirit of liberty combined with ingrained respect for law</a></td> - <td class="tdr">149</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cecilius_and_Charles">Cecilius Calvert and his son Charles</a></td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sources_of_discontent">Sources of discontent in Maryland</a></td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_pleasant_little_family_party">A pleasant little family party</a></td> - <td class="tdr">151</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Conflict_in_the_assembly">Conflict between the Council and the Burgesses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">151, 152</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Rights_of_the_burgesses">Burgesses claim to be a House of Commons, but the Council will not admit it</a></td> - <td class="tdr">152</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_Rev_Charles_Nichollet_was_fined_for_preaching_politics">How Rev. Charles Nichollet was fined for preaching politics</a></td> - <td class="tdr">153</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cessation_Act_of_1668">The Cessation Act of 1666</a></td> - <td class="tdr">153</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sheriffs">Acts concerning the relief of Quakers and the appointment of sheriffs</a></td> - <td class="tdr">153, 154</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Restriction_of_suffrage_1670">Restriction of suffrage in 1670</a></td> - <td class="tdr">154, 155</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Death_of_Cecilius_1675">Death of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore</a></td> - <td class="tdr">155</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Rebellion_of_Davis_and_Pate_1676">Rebellion of Davis and Pate, 1676; their execution</a></td> - <td class="tdr">156</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#George_Talbot">How George Talbot, lord of Susquehanna Manor, slew a revenue collector and was carried to Virginia for trial</a></td> - <td class="tdr">157</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_158">How his wife took him from jail, and how he was kept hidden until a pardon was secured</a></td> - <td class="tdr">158</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_Complaint_from_Heaven">“A Complaint from Heaven with a Hue and Cry”</a></td> - <td class="tdr">159</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_anti_Catholic_panic_of_1689">The anti-Catholic panic of 1689</a></td> - <td class="tdr">159</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Causes_of_the_panic">Causes of the panic</a></td> - <td class="tdr">160</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Overthrow_of_the_palatinate_1691">How John Coode overthrew the palatinate government</a></td> - <td class="tdr">161</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#But_did_not_thereby_bring_the_millennium">But did not thereby bring the millennium</a></td> - <td class="tdr">162<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Removal_of_the_capital_to_Annapolis_1694">How Nicholson removed the capital from St. Mary’s to Annapolis</a></td> - <td class="tdr">162, 163</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Unpopularity_of_the_establishment_of_the_Church_of_England">Unpopularity of the establishment of the Church of England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">163</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Episcopal_parsons">Episcopal parsons</a></td> - <td class="tdr">164</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Exemption_of_Protestant_dissenters_from_civil_disabilities">Exemption of Protestant dissenters from civil disabilities</a></td> - <td class="tdr">165</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Seymour_reprimands_the_Catholic_priests">Seymour reprimands the Catholic priests</a></td> - <td class="tdr">166</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cruel_laws_against_Catholics">Cruel laws against Catholics</a></td> - <td class="tdr">167</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Crown_requisitions">Crown requisitions</a></td> - <td class="tdr">168</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Benedict_Calvert_becomes_a_Protestant">Benedict Calvert, fourth Lord Baltimore, becomes a Protestant and the palatinate is revived</a></td> - <td class="tdr">168, 169</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Change_in_the_political_situation">Change in the political situation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">170</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Charles_Carroll">Charles Carroll entertains a plan for a migration to the Mississippi Valley</a></td> - <td class="tdr">171</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Seeds_of_revolution">How the seeds of revolution were planted in Maryland</a></td> - <td class="tdr">171</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#End_of_the_palatinate">End of the palatinate</a></td> - <td class="tdr">172, 173</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a><br /> - <a href="#Society_in_the_old_dominion">SOCIETY IN THE OLD DOMINION.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Tobacco_and_liberty">How the history of tobacco has been connected with the history of liberty</a></td> - <td class="tdr">174</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Rapid_growth_of_tobacco_culture">Rapid growth of tobacco culture in Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">175</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Attempts_to_check_it">Legislative attempts to check it</a></td> - <td class="tdr">176</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Need_for_cheap_labour">Need for cheap labour</a></td> - <td class="tdr">176</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Indentured_white_servants">Indentured white servants</a></td> - <td class="tdr">177</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Notion_that_Virginians_are_descended_from_convicts">How the notion grew up in England that Virginians were - descended from convicts; Defoe’s novels, a comedy by - Mrs. Behn, Postlethwayt’s Dictionary, and Gentleman’s - Magazine</a></td> - <td class="tdr">178-180</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Who_were_the_indentured_white_servants">Who were the indentured white servants</a></td> - <td class="tdr">181</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Redemptioners">Redemptioners</a></td> - <td class="tdr">182</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Distribution_of_convicts">Distribution of convicts</a></td> - <td class="tdr">183</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</a></td> - <td class="tdr">184</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_185">Summary</a></td> - <td class="tdr">185</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Careers_of_white_freedmen">Careers of white freedmen</a></td> - <td class="tdr">186</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Representative_Virginia_families_were_not_descended_from_white_freedmen">Representative Virginia families were not descended from white freedmen</a></td> - <td class="tdr">187</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_of_the_freedmen_became_small_proprietors">Some of the freedmen became small proprietors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">187</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_became_mean_whites">Some became “mean whites”</a></td> - <td class="tdr">188, 189</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Development_of_negro_slavery">Development of negro slavery; effect of the treaty of Utrecht</a></td> - <td class="tdr">190</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Anti_slavery_sentiment_in_Virginia">Anti-slavery sentiment in Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">191<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Theory_that_negroes_were_non_human">Theory that negroes were non-human</a></td> - <td class="tdr">192</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Baptizing_a_slave_did_not_work_his_emancipation">Baptizing a slave did not work his emancipation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">193</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Negroes_as_real_estate">Negroes as real estate</a></td> - <td class="tdr">194</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Tax_on_slaves">Tax on slaves</a></td> - <td class="tdr">194</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Treatment_of_slaves">Treatment of slaves</a></td> - <td class="tdr">195, 196</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fears_of_insurrection">Fears of insurrection</a></td> - <td class="tdr">196</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cruel_laws">Cruel laws</a></td> - <td class="tdr">197, 198</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_199">Free blacks a source of danger</a></td> - <td class="tdr">199</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Taking_slaves_to_England">Taking slaves to England; did it work their emancipation?</a></td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Lord_Mansfields_decision">Lord Mansfield’s famous decision</a></td> - <td class="tdr">201</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Jeffersons_opinion_of_slavery">Jefferson’s opinion of slavery</a></td> - <td class="tdr">201</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sexual_immoralities">Immoralities incident to the system</a></td> - <td class="tdr">202, 203</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Classes_in_Virginia_society">Classes in Virginia society</a></td> - <td class="tdr">204</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Huguenots_in_Virginia">Huguenots in Virginia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">204, 205</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Influence_of_the_rivers_upon_society">Influence of the rivers upon society</a></td> - <td class="tdr">206</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_exports_and_imports">Some exports and imports</a></td> - <td class="tdr">207</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_domestic_industries">Some domestic industries</a></td> - <td class="tdr">208</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Beverley_complains_of_his_countrymen">Beverley complains of his countrymen as lazy, but perhaps his reproachful tone is a little overdone</a></td> - <td class="tdr">210</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Absence_of_town_life">Absence of town life</a></td> - <td class="tdr">210, 211</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Futile_attempts_to_make_towns_by_legislation">Futile attempts to make towns by legislation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">212</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_country_store">The country store and its treasures</a></td> - <td class="tdr">213, 214</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Rivers_and_roads">Rivers and roads</a></td> - <td class="tdr">215</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Tobacco_as_currency">Tobacco as currency</a></td> - <td class="tdr">216</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effect_upon_crafts_and_trades">Effect upon crafts and trades</a></td> - <td class="tdr">217</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effect_upon_planters_accounts">Effect upon planters’ accounts</a></td> - <td class="tdr">218</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Universal_hospitality">Universal hospitality</a></td> - <td class="tdr">219</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Visit_to_a_plantation_the_negro_quarter">Visit to a plantation; the negro quarter</a></td> - <td class="tdr">220</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Other_appurtenances">Other appurtenances</a></td> - <td class="tdr">221</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Great_House">The Great House or Home House</a></td> - <td class="tdr">222</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Brick_and_wooden_houses">Brick and wooden houses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">222, 223</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#House_architecture">House architecture</a></td> - <td class="tdr">223, 224</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_rooms">The rooms</a></td> - <td class="tdr">224</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Bedrooms_and_their_furniture">Bedrooms and their furniture</a></td> - <td class="tdr">225</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_dinner_table">The dinner table; napkins and forks</a></td> - <td class="tdr">226</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Silver_plate">Silver plate; wainscots and tapestry</a></td> - <td class="tdr">227</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_kitchen">The kitchen</a></td> - <td class="tdr">228</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Abundance_of_food">The abundance of wholesome and delicious food</a></td> - <td class="tdr">228, 229</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Beverages_native_and_imported">The beverages, native and imported</a></td> - <td class="tdr">229, 230</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Smyths_picture_of_a_planter">Smyth’s picture of the daily life on a plantation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">230, 231</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_mode_of_life_at_Gunston">Very different picture given by John Mason; the mode of life at Gunston Hall</a></td> - <td class="tdr">232-234<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">xi</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_glimpse_of_Mount_Vernon">A glimpse of Mount Vernon</a></td> - <td class="tdr">235</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Dress_of_planters_and_their_wives">Dress of planters and their wives</a></td> - <td class="tdr">236</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Weddings_and_funerals">Weddings and funerals</a></td> - <td class="tdr">237</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Horse_racing">Horses and horse-racing</a></td> - <td class="tdr">237-239</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fox_hunting">Fox-hunting</a></td> - <td class="tdr">239</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Gambling">Gambling</a></td> - <td class="tdr">239, 240</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_rural_entertainment">A rural entertainment of the olden time</a></td> - <td class="tdr">240, 241</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Music">Music and musical instruments</a></td> - <td class="tdr">242</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Other_recreations">The theatre and other recreations</a></td> - <td class="tdr">243</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_interesting_libraries">Some interesting libraries</a></td> - <td class="tdr">243-245</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Schools_and_printing">Schools and printing</a></td> - <td class="tdr">245, 246</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Private_free_schools">Private free schools</a></td> - <td class="tdr">246</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Academies_and_tutors">Academies and tutors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">247</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Convicts_as_tutors">Convicts as tutors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">248</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Virginians_at_Oxford">Virginians at Oxford</a></td> - <td class="tdr">249</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#James_Madison">James Madison and his tutors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">250</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Contrast_with_New_England_in_respect_of_educational_advantages">Contrast with New England in respect of educational advantages</a></td> - <td class="tdr">251</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Causes_of_the_difference">Causes of the difference</a></td> - <td class="tdr">252, 253</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Illustrations_from_the_history_of_American_intellect">Illustrations from the history of American intellect</a></td> - <td class="tdr">254</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Robert_Beverley">Virginia’s historians; Robert Beverley</a></td> - <td class="tdr">255</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#William_Stith">William Stith</a></td> - <td class="tdr">255, 256</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#William_Byrd">William Byrd</a></td> - <td class="tdr">256-258</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Jeffersons_notes_on_Virginia">Jefferson’s notes on Virginia; McClurg’s Belles of Williamsburg; Clayton the botanist</a></td> - <td class="tdr">259</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Physicians">Physicians, their prescriptions and charges</a></td> - <td class="tdr">260</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Washingtons_last_illness">Washington’s last illness</a></td> - <td class="tdr">260</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_Virginia_parsons">Some Virginia parsons, their tricks and manners</a></td> - <td class="tdr">261, 263</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Freethinking">Free thinking; superstition and crime</a></td> - <td class="tdr">264</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_265">Cruel punishments</a></td> - <td class="tdr">265</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Lawyers">Lawyers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">266</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_government_of_laws">A government of laws</a></td> - <td class="tdr">267</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_characteristics_of_Maryland">Some characteristics of Maryland</a></td> - <td class="tdr">267-269</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a><br /> - <a href="#The_Carolina_frontier">THE CAROLINA FRONTIER.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_270">How South Carolina was a frontier against the Spaniards</a></td> - <td class="tdr">270</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_271">How North Carolina was a wilderness frontier</a></td> - <td class="tdr">271</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_grant_of_Carolina">The grant of Carolina to eight lords proprietors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">272</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#John_Locke_and_Lord_Shaftesbury">John Locke and Lord Shaftesbury</a></td> - <td class="tdr">272, 273</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Fundamental_Constitutions">“Fundamental Constitutions” of Carolina</a></td> - <td class="tdr">274<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Carolina_palatinate">The Carolina palatinate different from that of Maryland</a></td> - <td class="tdr">275</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Titles_of_nobility">Titles of nobility</a></td> - <td class="tdr">276</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Albemarle_colony">Albemarle colony</a></td> - <td class="tdr">276</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#New_Englanders_at_Cape_Fear">New Englanders at Cape Fear</a></td> - <td class="tdr">277</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Clarendon_colony">Sir John Yeamans and Clarendon colony</a></td> - <td class="tdr">277</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Ashley_River_colony">The Ashley River colony and the founding of Charleston</a></td> - <td class="tdr">278</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#First_legislation_in_Albemarle">First legislation in Albemarle</a></td> - <td class="tdr">279</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Troubles_caused_by_the_Navigation_Act">Troubles caused by the Navigation Act</a></td> - <td class="tdr">280</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_trade_with_New_England">The trade between Massachusetts and North Carolina</a></td> - <td class="tdr">281</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Eastchurch_and_Miller">Eastchurch and Miller</a></td> - <td class="tdr">282</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Culpepers_usurpation">Culpeper’s usurpation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">283</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#How_Culpeper_fared_in_London">How Culpeper fared in London</a></td> - <td class="tdr">284</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Charleston_moved_to_a_new_site">How Charleston was moved from Albemarle Point to Oyster Point</a></td> - <td class="tdr">285</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Seth_Sothel">Seth Sothel’s tyranny in Albemarle and his banishment</a></td> - <td class="tdr">286, 287</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Troubles_in_Ashley_River_colony">Troubles in Ashley River colony</a></td> - <td class="tdr">287</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Scotch_at_Port_Royal">The Scotch at Port Royal</a></td> - <td class="tdr">288</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_state_without_laws">A state without laws</a></td> - <td class="tdr">289</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Reappearance_of_Sothel">Reappearance of Sothel, this time as the people’s friend</a></td> - <td class="tdr">289</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#His_downfall_and_death">His downfall and death</a></td> - <td class="tdr">290</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Clarendon_colony_abandoned">Clarendon colony abandoned</a></td> - <td class="tdr">290</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Philip_Ludwell">Philip Ludwell’s administration</a></td> - <td class="tdr">290, 291</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#John_Archdale">Joseph Archdale and his beneficent rule</a></td> - <td class="tdr">291</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sir_Nathaniel_Johnson">Sir Nathaniel Johnson and the dissenters</a></td> - <td class="tdr">292</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Unsuccessful_attempt_of_a_French_and_Spanish_fleet_upon_Charleston">Unsuccessful attempt of a French and Spanish fleet upon Charleston</a></td> - <td class="tdr">293</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Thomas_Carey">Thomas Carey</a></td> - <td class="tdr">294</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Porters_mission_to_England">Porter’s mission to England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">295</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Edward_Hyde">Edward Hyde comes to govern North Carolina</a></td> - <td class="tdr">296</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Careys_rebellion">Carey’s rebellion</a></td> - <td class="tdr">296, 297</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Expansion_of_the_northern_colony">Expansion of the northern colony; arrival of Baron Graffenried with Germans and Swiss; founding of New Berne</a></td> - <td class="tdr">297</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Accusations_against_Carey_and_Porter">Accusations against Carey and Porter of inciting the Indians against the colony</a></td> - <td class="tdr">297</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_298">These accusations are highly improbable and not well supported</a></td> - <td class="tdr">298</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Carolina_Indians">Survey of Carolina Indians</a></td> - <td class="tdr">298-300</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Algonquin_tribes">Algonquin tribes</a></td> - <td class="tdr">298</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sioux_tribes">Sioux tribes; Iroquois tribes</a></td> - <td class="tdr">299</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Muskogi_tribes">Muscogi tribes</a></td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Algonquin_Iroquois_conspiracy">Algonquin-Iroquois conspiracy against the North Carolina settlements</a></td> - <td class="tdr">300<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">xiii</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Capture_of_Graffenried_and_Lawson">Capture of Lawson and Graffenried by the Tuscaroras; Lawson’s horrible death</a></td> - <td class="tdr">301</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_massacre_Sept_1711">The massacre of September, 1711</a></td> - <td class="tdr">302</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Aid_from_Virginia_and_South_Carolina">Aid from Virginia and South Carolina</a></td> - <td class="tdr">302, 303</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Barnwell_defeats_the_Tuscaroras">Barnwell defeats the Tuscaroras</a></td> - <td class="tdr">303</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Crushing_defeat_of_the_Tuscaroras">Crushing defeat of the Tuscaroras by James Moore; their migration to New York</a></td> - <td class="tdr">304</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Charles_Eden">Administration of Charles Eden</a></td> - <td class="tdr">304, 305</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Yamassees_and_the_Spaniards">Spanish intrigues with the Yamassees</a></td> - <td class="tdr">305</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Alliance_of_Indian_tribes">Alliance of Indian tribes against the South Carolinians and nine months’ warfare</a></td> - <td class="tdr">306</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Robert_Johnson">Administration of Robert Johnson</a></td> - <td class="tdr">306</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_revolution_of_1719">The revolution of 1719 in South Carolina; end of the proprietary government in both colonies</a></td> - <td class="tdr">308</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Contrasts_between_the_two_Carolinas">Contrast between the two colonies</a></td> - <td class="tdr">308, 309</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#North_Carolina_contrasted">Interior of North Carolina contrasted with the coast</a></td> - <td class="tdr">310, 311</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Unkempt_life">Unkempt life</a></td> - <td class="tdr">311</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#genre_picture_by_Colonel_Byrd">A genre picture by Colonel Byrd</a></td> - <td class="tdr">312, 313</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Industries_of_North_Carolina">Industries of North Carolina</a></td> - <td class="tdr">313</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Absence_of_towns">Absence of towns</a></td> - <td class="tdr">314, 315</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#frontier_democracy">A frontier democracy</a></td> - <td class="tdr">315</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Segregation_and_dispersal">Segregation and dispersal of Virginia poor whites</a></td> - <td class="tdr">316</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Spotswoods_account_of_the_matter">Spotswood’s account of the matter</a></td> - <td class="tdr">317</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_German_immigration">New peopling of North Carolina after 1720; the German immigration</a></td> - <td class="tdr">318</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Scotch_Highlanders_and_Scotch_Irish">Scotch Highlanders and Scotch-Irish</a></td> - <td class="tdr">318, 319</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Further_dispersal_of_poor_whites">Further dispersal of poor whites</a></td> - <td class="tdr">319, 320</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Barbarizing_effects_of_isolation">Barbarizing effects of isolation</a></td> - <td class="tdr">321</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Settlers_of_South_Carolina">The settlers of South Carolina, churchmen and dissenters</a></td> - <td class="tdr">323</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_open_vestries">The open vestries</a></td> - <td class="tdr">323</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_South_Carolina_parish">South Carolina parish, purely English in its origin, not French like the parishes of Louisiana</a></td> - <td class="tdr">324</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Free_schools">Free schools</a></td> - <td class="tdr">325</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Rice_and_indigo">Rice and indigo</a></td> - <td class="tdr">326</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Some_characteristics_of_South_Carolina_slavery">Some characteristics of South Carolina slavery</a></td> - <td class="tdr">327, 329</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Negro_insurrection_of_1740">Negro insurrection of 1740</a></td> - <td class="tdr">329</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cruelties">Cruelties connected with slavery</a></td> - <td class="tdr">330</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Life_in_Charleston">Social life in Charleston</a></td> - <td class="tdr">331</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Contrast_between_the_two_Carolinas">Contrast between the two Carolinas</a></td> - <td class="tdr">332, 333</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Spanish_frontier">The Spanish frontier and the founding of Georgia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">333</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#James_Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe and his philanthropic schemes</a></td> - <td class="tdr">334</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Beginnings_of_Georgia">Beginnings of Georgia</a></td> - <td class="tdr">335, 336</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Cavaliers_and_Puritans">Summary; Cavaliers and Puritans once more</a></td> - <td class="tdr">337<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">xiv</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a><br /> - <a href="#The_Golden_Age_of_Pirates">THE GOLDEN AGE OF PIRATES.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#At_no_other_time_in_the_world">The business of piracy has never thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century</a></td> - <td class="tdr">338</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Pompey_and_the_pirates">Pompey and the pirates</a></td> - <td class="tdr">338</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Piracy_on_the_Indian_Ocean">Chinese and Malay pirates on the Indian Ocean and Mussulman pirates on the Mediterranean Sea</a></td> - <td class="tdr">339</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Scandinavian_Vikings">The Scandinavian Vikings cannot properly be termed pirates</a></td> - <td class="tdr">339, 340</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Blackstone_on_the_crime_of_piracy">Sir William Blackstone’s remarks about piracy</a></td> - <td class="tdr">340</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Character_of_piracy">Character of piracy</a></td> - <td class="tdr">341</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#To_call_the_Elizabethan_sea_kings">To call the Elizabethan sea-kings pirates is silly and outrageous</a></td> - <td class="tdr">341, 342</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Features_of_maritime_warfare">Features of maritime warfare out of which piracy could grow</a></td> - <td class="tdr">342, 343</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Privateering">Privateering</a></td> - <td class="tdr">343</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fighting_without_declaring_war">Fighting without declaring war</a></td> - <td class="tdr">344</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Lack_of_protection_for_neutral_ships">Lack of protection for neutral ships</a></td> - <td class="tdr">344</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Origin_of_buccaneering">Origin of buccaneering; “Brethren of the Coast”</a></td> - <td class="tdr">345</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Illicit_traffic">Illicit traffic in the West Indies</a></td> - <td class="tdr">346</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Buccaneers_and_flibustiers">Buccaneers and filibusters</a></td> - <td class="tdr">347</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_kind_of_people_who_became_buccaneers">The kind of people who became buccaneers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">348</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_honest_man_who_took_to_buccaneering">The honest man who took to buccaneering to satisfy his creditors</a></td> - <td class="tdr">349</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Deeds_of_Olonnois">The deeds of Olonnois and other wretches</a></td> - <td class="tdr">349, 350</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Henry_Morgan">Henry Morgan and his evil deeds</a></td> - <td class="tdr">350, 351</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Alexander_Exquemeling">Alexander Exquemeling and his entertaining book</a></td> - <td class="tdr">352</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Maracaibo_and_Gibraltar">How Morgan captured Maracaibo and Gibraltar in Venezuela</a></td> - <td class="tdr">353</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Treaty_of_America">The treaty of America of 1670 for the suppression of buccaneering and piracy</a></td> - <td class="tdr">353</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Sack_of_Panama">Sack of Panama by Morgan and his buccaneers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">354</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Morgan_absconds">How Morgan absconded with most of the booty</a></td> - <td class="tdr">355</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Scotching_the_snake">How English and Spanish governors industriously scotched the snake</a></td> - <td class="tdr">355</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Morgans_metamorphosis">How the chief of pirates became Sir Henry Morgan, deputy-governor of Jamaica, and hanged his old comrades or sold them to the Spaniards</a></td> - <td class="tdr">356</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Morgans_Downfall">How the treaty of America caused his downfall</a></td> - <td class="tdr">357</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Decline_of_buccaneering">Decline of buccaneering</a></td> - <td class="tdr">357</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Pirates_of_the_South_Sea">Pirates of the South Sea</a></td> - <td class="tdr">358, 359<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">xv</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Plunder_of_Peruvian_towns">Plunder of Peruvian towns</a></td> - <td class="tdr">360</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effects_of_the_alliance_between_France_and_Spain">Effects of the alliance between France and Spain in 1701</a></td> - <td class="tdr">360</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Carolina_and_the_Bahamas">Pirates in the Bahama Islands and on the Carolina coast</a></td> - <td class="tdr">361</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effect_of_the_Navigation_Laws">Effect of the navigation laws in stimulating piracy</a></td> - <td class="tdr">362, 363</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effect_of_rice_culture">Effect of rice culture upon the relations between South Carolina settlers and the pirates</a></td> - <td class="tdr">363</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Wholesale_hanging_of_pirates">Wholesale hanging of pirates at Charleston</a></td> - <td class="tdr">364</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#North_Carolina">How pirates swarmed on the North Carolina coast</a></td> - <td class="tdr">365</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#New_Providence_redeemed">Until Captain Woodes Rogers captured the Island of New Providence in 1718</a></td> - <td class="tdr">365</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#last_lair_for_the_pirates">The North Carolina waters furnished the last lair for the pirates</a></td> - <td class="tdr">365</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Blackbeard_the_Last_of_the_Pirates">How Blackbeard, the last of the pirates, levied blackmail upon Charleston</a></td> - <td class="tdr">366, 367</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Epidemic_of_piracy">Epidemic character of piracy; cases of Kidd and Bonnet</a></td> - <td class="tdr">368</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Fate_of_Bonnet_and_Blackbeard">Fate of Bonnet and Blackbeard, and final suppression of piracy</a></td> - <td class="tdr">369</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#Chapter_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a><br /> - <a href="#From_tidewater_to_the_mountains">FROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS.</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Alexander_Spotswood">Family and early career of Alexander Spotswood</a></td> - <td class="tdr">370</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_371">He brings the privilege of <i>habeas corpus</i> to Virginia, but wrangles much with his burgesses</a></td> - <td class="tdr">371</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Page_372">His energy and public spirit</a></td> - <td class="tdr">372</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Post_office_Act">How the Post-Office Act was resisted by the people</a></td> - <td class="tdr">373, 375</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Appointment_of_parsons">Disputes as to power of appointing parsons</a></td> - <td class="tdr">376</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Beginning_of_continental_politics">Beginnings of continental politics in America</a></td> - <td class="tdr">376</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Beginning_of_the_seventy_years_struggle">Beginning of the seventy years’ struggle with France</a></td> - <td class="tdr">377</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Continental_Congress_of_1690">How the continental situation in America was affected by the war of the Spanish succession</a></td> - <td class="tdr">378, 379</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Different_views_of_Spotswood">Different views of Spotswood and the assembly with regard to sending aid to Carolina</a></td> - <td class="tdr">379, 380</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Origin_of_the_Stamp_Act">How the royal governors became convinced that the thing most needed in English America was a continental government that could impose taxes</a></td> - <td class="tdr">381</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Franklins_plan_for_a_Federal_Union">Franklin’s plan for a federal union</a></td> - <td class="tdr">381, 383</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Franklins_tax_plan_failure">It was the failure of the colonies to adopt Franklin’s plan that led soon afterwards to the Stamp Act</a></td> - <td class="tdr">382, 383</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_unknown_West">How Spotswood regarded the unknown West</a></td> - <td class="tdr">383</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Attempts_to_cross_the_Blue_Ridge">Attempts to cross the Blue Ridge</a></td> - <td class="tdr">384</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Blue_Ridge_crossed">How the Blue Ridge was crossed by Spotswood</a></td> - <td class="tdr">385<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">xvi</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Knights_of_the_Golden_Horseshoe">Knights of the Golden Horseshoe</a></td> - <td class="tdr">386</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Spotswoods_view_of_the_situation">Spotswood’s plan for communicating between Virginia and Lake Erie</a></td> - <td class="tdr">387, 388</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Spotswoods_last_years">Condition of the postal service in the English colonies under Spotswood’s administration</a></td> - <td class="tdr">389</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Gooch_and_Dinwiddie">Brief mention of Governors Gooch and Dinwiddie</a></td> - <td class="tdr">390</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_Scotch_Irish">Importance of the Scotch-Irish migration to America</a></td> - <td class="tdr">390, 391</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Colonization_of_Ulster">In 1611 James I. began colonizing Ulster with settlers from Scotland and England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">391</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#flourishing_manufactures_in_Ulster">In Ulster they established flourishing manufactures of woollens and linens</a></td> - <td class="tdr">392</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#excited_the_jealousy_of_rival_manufacturers">Which excited the jealousy of rival manufacturers in England</a></td> - <td class="tdr">393</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Legislation_against_the_Ulster_manufacturers">Legislation against the Ulster manufacturers</a></td> - <td class="tdr">393</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Civil_disabilities">Civil disabilities inflicted upon Presbyterians in Ulster</a></td> - <td class="tdr">393</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#The_migration_of_Ulster_men_to_America">These circumstances caused such a migration to America that by 1770 it amounted to more than half a million souls</a></td> - <td class="tdr">394</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Settlement_of_the_Shenandoah_Valley">Many Scotch-Irish settled in the Shenandoah Valley, and were closely followed by Germans</a></td> - <td class="tdr">395</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Profound_effect_upon_Virginia">This Shenandoah population exerted a most powerful democratizing influence upon the colony</a></td> - <td class="tdr">396</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Jefferson_found_in_them_his_most_powerful_supporters">Jefferson found in them his most powerful supporters</a></td> - <td class="tdr">396</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Lord_Fairfax_and_George_Washington">Lord Fairfax’s home at Greenway Court; Fairfax’s affection for Washington</a></td> - <td class="tdr">397</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Effect_of_the_Westward_advance">How the surveying of Fairfax’s frontier estates led Washington on to his public career</a></td> - <td class="tdr">398</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Virginians_from_tidewater">The advance of Virginians from tidewater to the mountains brought on the final struggle with France</a></td> - <td class="tdr">398, 399</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Advance_of_the_French">Advance of the French from Lake Erie</a></td> - <td class="tdr">399</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Washington_warning_from_encroaching_upon_English_territory">Washington goes to warn them from encroaching upon English territory</a></td> - <td class="tdr">399</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MAPS.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#frontis">Westward Growth of Old Virginia, <i>from a sketch by the author</i></a></td> - <td><i>Frontispiece</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#i_276">North Carolina Precincts in 1729, <i>after a map in Hawks’s History of North Carolina</i></a></td> - <td class="tdr">276</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#i_306">A Map of y<sup>e</sup> most Improved Part of Carolina, <i>from Winsor’s America</i>, vol. v. p. 351</a></td> - <td class="tdr">306</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 class="xx-large">OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS.</h2> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_X">CHAPTER X.<br /> - -<span id="THE_COMING_OF_THE_CAVALIERS">THE COMING OF THE CAVALIERS.</span></h2> - -<div id="Virginia_depicted" class="sidenote">Virginia -depicted.</div> - -<p>“These things that follow in this ensuing relation -are certified by divers letters from Virginia, -by men of worth and credit there, written to a -friend in England, that for his own and -others’ satisfaction was desirous to know -these particulars and the present estate of that -country. And let no man doubt of the truth of it. -There be many in England, land and seamen, that -can bear witness of it. And if this plantation be -not worth encouragement, let every true Englishman -judge.”</p> - -<div id="Animals" class="sidenote">Animals.</div> - -<p>Such is the beginning of an enthusiastic little -pamphlet, of unknown authorship, published in -London in 1649,<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> the year in which Charles I. -perished on the scaffold. It is entitled “A Perfect -Description of Virginia,” and one of its -effects, if not its purpose, must have been to -attract immigrants to that colony from the mother -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -country. In Virginia “there is nothing wanting” -to make people happy; there are “plenty, health, -and wealth.” Of English about 15,000 are settled -there, with 300 negro servants. Of kine, -oxen, bulls, and calves, there are 20,000, -and there is plenty of good butter and -cheese. There are 200 horses, 50 asses, 3,000 -sheep with good wool, 5,000 goats, and swine and -poultry innumerable. Besides these European -animals, there are many deer, with “rackoons, as -good meat as lamb,” and “passonnes” [opossums], -otters and beavers, foxes and dogs that -“bark not.” In the waters are “above thirty -sorts” of fish “very excellent good in their kinds.” -The wild turkey sometimes weighs sixty pounds, -and besides partridges, ducks, geese, and pigeons, -the woods abound in sweet songsters and “most -rare coloured parraketoes, and [we have] one bird -we call the mock-bird; for he will imitate all other -birds’ notes and cries, both day and night birds, -yea, the owls and nightingales.”</p> - -<div id="Agriculture" class="sidenote">Agriculture.</div> - -<p>The farmers have under cultivation many hundred -acres of excellent wheat; their maize, or -“Virginia corn,” yields an increase of 500 for 1, -and makes “good bread and furmity” -[porridge]; they have barley in plenty, -and six brew-houses which brew strong and well-flavoured -beer. There are fifteen kinds of fruit -that for delicacy rival the fruits of Italy; in the -gardens grow potatoes, turnips, carrots, parsnips, -onions, artichokes, asparagus, beans, and better -peas than those of England, with all manner of -herbs and “physick flowers.” The tobacco is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> -everywhere “much vented and esteemed,” but -such immense crops are raised that the price is -but three pence a pound. There is also a hope -that indigo, hemp and flax, vines and silk-worms, -can be cultivated with profit, since it is chiefly -hands that are wanted. It surely would be better -to grow silk here, where mulberry trees are so -plenty, than to fetch it as we do from Persia and -China “with great charge and expense and hazard,” -thereby enriching “heathen and Mahumetans.”</p> - -<div id="Northwest_passage" class="sidenote">Northwest passage.</div> - -<p>At the same time they are hoping soon to discover -a way to China, “for Sir Francis Drake was -on the back side of Virginia in his voyage about -the world in 37 degrees ... and now -all the question is only how broad the -land may be to that place [<i>i. e.</i> California] from -the head of James River above the falls.” By -prosecuting discovery in this direction “the planters -in Virginia shall gain the rich trade of the -East India, and so cause it to be driven through -the continent of Virginia, part by land and part -by water, and in a most gainful way and safe, and -far less expenseful and dangerous, than now it is.”</p> - -<div id="Commercial_rivals" class="sidenote">Commercial -rivals.</div> - -<p>It behooves the English, says our pamphlet, to -be more vigilant, and to pay more heed to their -colonies; for behold, “the Swedes have come and -crept into a river called Delawar, that is within -the limits of Virginia,” and they are driving “a -great and secret trade of furs.” Moreover, -“the Hollanders have stolen into -a river called Hudson’s River, in the limits also of -Virginia, ... they have built a strong fort ... -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -and drive a trade of fur there with the natives for -above £10,000 a year. These two plantations are -... on our side of Cape Cod which parts us and -New England. Thus are the English nosed in all -places, and out-traded by the Dutch. They would -not suffer the English to use them so; but they -have vigilant statesmen, and advance all they can -for a common good, and will not spare any encouragements -to their people to discover.”</p> - -<div id="New_England" class="sidenote">New -England.</div> - -<div id="Life_of_body_and_soul" class="sidenote">Health of -body and -soul.</div> - -<p>“Concerning New England,” which is but four -days’ sail from Virginia, a trade goes to and fro; -but except for the fishing, “there is not much in -that land,” which in respect of frost and -snow is as Scotland compared with England, -and so barren withal that, “except a herring -be put into the hole that you set the corn or maize -in, it will not come up.” What a pity that the -New England people, “being now about 20,000, -did not seat themselves at first to the south of -Virginia, in a warm and rich country, where their -industry would have produced sugar, indigo, ginger, -cotton, and the like commodities!” But here -in Virginia the land “produceth, with very great -increase, whatsoever is committed into the bowels -of it; ... a fat rich soil everywhere watered -with many fine springs, small rivulets, and wholesome -waters.” As to healthiness, fewer people die -in a year proportionately than in England; “since -that men are provided with all necessaries, have -plenty of victual, bread, and good beer, -... all which the Englishman loves full -dearly.” Nor is their spiritual welfare -neglected, for there are twenty churches, with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -“doctrine and orders after the church of England;” -and “the ministers’ livings are esteemed -worth at least £100 per annum; they are paid by -each planter so much tobacco per poll, and so -many bushels of corn; they live all in peace and -love.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Schools.</div> - -<div id="Captain_Mathews_and_his_household" class="sidenote">Captain -Mathews -and his -household.</div> - -<p>“I may not forget to tell you we have a free -school, with 200 acres of land, a fine house upon -it, 40 milch kine, and other accommodations; the -benefactor deserves perpetual memory; -his name, Mr. Benjamin Symes, worthy -to be chronicled; other petty schools also we -have.” Various details of orchards and vineyards, -of Mr. Kinsman’s pure perry and Mr. Pelton’s -strong metheglin, entertain us; and a pleasant -tribute is paid to “worthy Captain Mathews,” the -same who fourteen years before had assisted at the -thrusting out of Sir John Harvey. “He hath a -fine house, and all things answerable to it; he -sows yearly store of hemp and flax, and -causes it to be spun; he keeps weavers, -and hath a tan house, causes leather to -be dressed, hath eight shoemakers employed in -their trade, hath forty negro servants, brings them -up to trades in his house; he yearly sows abundance -of wheat, barley, &c., the wheat he selleth at -four shillings the bushel, kills store of beeves, and -sells them to victual the ships when they come -thither; hath abundance of kine, a brave dairy, -swine great store, and poultry; he married the -daughter of Sir Thomas Hinton, and, in a word, -keeps a good house, lives bravely, and a true lover -of Virginia; he is worthy of much honour.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span></p> - -<div id="Rapid_growth_of_population" class="sidenote">Rapid -growth of -population.</div> - -<p>It will be observed that Captain Mathews possessed, -in his forty black servants, nearly one -seventh part of the negro population. Of the conditions -under which wholesale negro slavery grew -up, I shall treat hereafter. In the third quarter -of the seventeenth century it was still in its beginnings. -Between 1650 and 1670, along with an -extraordinary growth in the total population, -we observe a marked increase in -the number of black slaves. In the latter -year Berkeley estimated the population at -32,000 free whites, 6,000 indentured white servants, -and 2,000 negroes. Large estates, cultivated -by wholesale slave labour, were coming into -existence, and a peculiar type of aristocratic or -in some respects patriarchal society was growing -up in Virginia. It was still for the most part -confined to the peninsula between the James and -York rivers and the territory to the south of the -former, from Nansemond as far as the Appomattox, -although in Gloucester likewise there was a -considerable population, and there were settlements -in Middlesex and Lancaster counties, on -opposite banks of the Rappahannock, and even as -far as Northumberland and Westmoreland on the -Potomac. In the course of the disputes over -Kent Island, settlements began upon those shores -and increased apace.</p> - -<div id="Names_of_Virginia_counties" class="sidenote">Names of -Virginia -counties.</div> - -<p>Some significant history is fossilized in the -names of Virginia counties. When they are not -the old shire names imported from England, like -those just mentioned, they are apt to be personal -names indicating the times when the counties were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> -first settled, or when they acquired a distinct existence -as counties. For a long time -such personal names were chiefly taken -from the royal household. Thus, while -Charles City County bears the name of Charles I., -bestowed upon the region before that king ascended -the throne, the portion of it south of -James River, set off in 1702 as Prince George -County, was named for George of Denmark, consort -of Queen Anne. So King William County on -the south bank of the Mattapony, and King and -Queen County on its north bank, carry us straight -to the times of William and Mary, and indicate -the position of the frontier in the days of Charles -II.; while to the west of them the names of Hanover -and the two Hanoverian princesses, Caroline -and Louisa, carry us on to the days of the first -two Georges.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> At the time with which our narrative -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> -is now concerned, all that region to the south -of Spottsylvania was unbroken wilderness. In -1670 a careful estimate was made of the number -of Indians comprised within the immediate neighbourhood -of the colony, and there were counted up -725 warriors, of whom more than 400 were on the -Appomattox and Pamunkey frontiers, and nearly -200 between the Potomac and Rappahannock.</p> - -<div id="Scarcity_of_royalist_names" class="sidenote">Scarcity of -royalist -names on -the map of -New England.</div> - -<p>The map of Virginia, in the light in which I -have here considered it, shows one remarkable -point of contrast with the map of New England. -On the coast of the latter one finds a very few -names commemorative of royalty, such as Charles -River, named by Captain John Smith, Cape Anne, -named by Charles I. when Prince of -Wales, and the Elizabeth Islands, named -by Captain Gosnold still earlier and in -the lifetime of the great Queen. But -when it comes to names given by the settlers -themselves, one cannot find in all New England a -county name taken from any English sovereign or -prince, except Dukes for the island of Martha’s -Vineyard, and that simply recalls the fact that -the island once formed a part of the proprietary -domain of James, Duke of York, and sent a delegate -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -to the first legislature that assembled at -Manhattan. Except for this one instance, we -should never know from the county names of -New England that such a thing as kingship had -ever existed. As for names of towns, there is in -Massachusetts a Lunenburg, which is said to have -received its name at the suggestion of a party of -travellers from England in the year 1726;<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> it -was afterward copied in Vermont; and by diligently -searching the map of New England we -may find half a dozen Hanovers and Brunswicks, -counting originals and copies. Between this showing -and that of Virginia, where the sequence of -royal names is full enough to preserve a rude -record of the country’s expansion, the contrast is -surely striking. The difference between the Puritan -temper and that of the Cavaliers seems to be -written ineffaceably upon the map.</p> - -<div id="The_Cavaliers_in_Virginia" class="sidenote">The Cavaliers -in Virginia: -some -popular misconceptions.</div> - -<div id="Some_democratic_protests" class="sidenote">Some democratic -protests.</div> - -<p>We are thus brought to the question as to how -far the Cavalier element predominated in the composition -of Old Virginia. It is a subject concerning -which current general statements are -apt to be loose and misleading. It has -given rise to much discussion, and, like -a good deal of what passes for historical -discussion, it has too often been conducted under -the influence of personal or sectional prejudices. -Half a century ago, in the days when the people -of the slave states and those of the free states -found it difficult to think justly or to speak kindly -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -of one another, one used often to hear sweeping -generalizations. On the one hand, it was said that -Southerners were the descendants of Cavaliers, -and therefore presumably of gentle blood, while -Northerners were descendants of Roundheads, and -therefore presumably of ignoble origin. Some -such notion may have prompted the famous remark -of Robert Toombs, in 1860: “We [<i>i. e.</i> -the Southerners] are the gentlemen of this country.” -On the other hand, it was retorted that the -people of the South were in great part descended -from indentured white servants sent from the jails -and slums of England.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> This point will receive -due attention in a future chapter. At present we -may note that descent from Cavaliers has not -always been a matter of pride with Southern -speakers and writers. There was a time when the -fierce spirit of democracy was inclined to regard -such a connection as a stigma. The father of -President Tyler “used to say that he cared naught -for any other ancestor than Wat Tyler the blacksmith, -who had asserted the rights of oppressed -humanity, and that he would have no other device -on his shield than a sledge hammer raised in the -act of striking.”<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> On the subject of -Cavaliers a well known Virginian writer, -Hugh Blair Grigsby, once grew very -warm. “The Cavalier,” said he, “was essentially a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -slave, a compound slave, a slave to the King and -a slave to the Church. I look with contempt on -the miserable figment which seeks to trace the -distinguishing points of the Virginia character to -the influence of those butterflies of the British aristocracy.”<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> -Historical questions are often treated -in this way. We grow up with a vague conception -of something in the past which we feel in duty -bound to condemn, and then if we are told that -our own forefathers were part and parcel of the -hated thing we lose our tempers. Mr. Grigsby’s -remarks are an expression of American feeling in -what may be called its Elijah Pogram period, -when the knowledge of history was too slender -and the historic sense too dull to be shocked at -the incongruity of classing such men as Strafford -and Falkland with “butterflies.” The study of -history in such a mood is not likely to be fruitful -of much beside rhetoric.</p> - -<div id="Sweeping_statements" class="sidenote">Sweeping -statements -are inadmissible.</div> - -<p>Before we proceed, a few further words are -desirable concerning the fallacies and misconceptions -which abound in the opinions cited in the -foregoing paragraph. It is impossible to make -any generalization concerning the origin of the -white people of the South as a whole, or of the -North as a whole, further than to say -that their ancestors came from Europe, -and a large majority of them from the -British islands. The facts are too complicated to -be embraced in any generalization more definitely -limited than this. When sweeping statements are -made about “the North” and “the South,” it is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -often apparent that the speaker has in mind only -Massachusetts and tidewater Virginia, making -these parts do duty for the whole. The present -book will make it clear that it is only in connection -with tidewater Virginia that the migration -of Cavaliers from England to America has -any historical significance.</p> - -<div id="Difference_between_Cavaliers" class="sidenote">Difference -between -Cavaliers -and Roundheads -was -political, not -social.</div> - -<p>It is a mistake to suppose that the contrast -between Cavaliers and Roundheads was in any -wise parallel with the contrast between high-born -people and low-born. A majority of the landed -gentry, titled and untitled, supported Charles I., -while the chief strength of the Parliament lay in -the smaller landholders and in the merchants of -the cities. But the Roundheads also included -a large and powerful minority of -the landed aristocracy, headed by the -Earls of Bedford, Warwick, Manchester, -Northumberland, Stamford, and -Essex, the Lords Fairfax and Brooke, and many -others. The leaders of the party, Pym and Hampden, -Vane and Cromwell, were of gentle blood; -and among the officers of the New Model were -such as Montagues, Pickerings, Fortescues, Sheffields, -and Sidneys. In short, the distinction between -Cavalier and Roundhead was no more a -difference in respect of lineage or social rank than -the analogous distinction between Tory and Whig. -The mere fact of a man’s having belonged to the -one party or the other raises no presumption as to -his “gentility.”</p> - -<div id="England_has_never_had_a_noblesse" class="sidenote">England has -never had a -<i>noblesse</i>, or -upper caste.</div> - -<div id="Contrast_with_France" class="sidenote">Contrast -with France.</div> - -<div id="Importance_of_the_middle_class" class="sidenote">Importance -of the middle -class.</div> - -<p>It is worth while here to correct another error -which is quite commonly entertained in the United -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -States. It is the error of supposing that in Great -Britain there are distinct orders of society, or that -there exists anything like a sharp and -well defined line between the nobility -and the commonalty. The American -reader is apt to imagine a “peerage,” the members -of which have from time immemorial constituted -a kind of caste clearly marked off from the -great body of the people, and into which it has -always been very difficult for plain people to rise. -In this crude conception the social differences -between England and America are greatly exaggerated. -In point of fact the British islands are -the one part of Europe where the existence of a -peerage has not resulted in creating a distinct -upper class of society. The difference will be -most clearly explained by contrasting England -with France. In the latter country, before the -Revolution of 1789, there was a peerage consisting -of great landholders, local rulers and magistrates, -and dignitaries of the church, just as in -England. But in France all the sons -and brothers of a peer were nobles distinguished -by a title and reckoned among the peerage, -and all were exempt from sundry important -political duties, including the payment of taxes. -Thus they constituted a real <i>noblesse</i>, or caste -apart from the people, until the Revolution at a -single blow destroyed all their privileges. At the -present day French titles of nobility are merely -courtesy titles, and through excessive multiplication -have become cheap. On the other hand, in -England, the families of peers have never been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -exempt from their share of the public burdens. -The “peerage,” or hereditary right to sit in the -House of Lords, belongs only to the head of the -family; all the other members of the family are -commoners, though some may be addressed by -courtesy titles. During the formative period of -modern political society, from the fourteenth century -onward, the sons of peers habitually competed -for seats in the House of Commons, side by side -with merchants and yeomen. This has prevented -anything like a severance between the interests -of the higher and of the lower classes in England, -and has had much to do with the peaceful and -healthy political development which has so eminently -characterized our mother country. England -has never had a <i>noblesse</i>. As the upper class has -never been sharply distinguished politically, so it -has not held itself separate socially. Families -with titles have intermarried with families that -have none, the younger branches of a peer’s family -become untitled gentry, ancient peerages lapse -while new ones are created, so that there is a -“circulation of gentle blood” that has thus far -proved eminently wholesome. More than two -thirds of the present House of Lords are the -grandsons or great-grandsons of commoners. Of -the 450 or more hereditary peerages now existing, -three date from the thirteenth century and four -from the fourteenth; of those existing in the days -of Thomas Becket not one now remains -in the same family. It has always been -easy in England for ability and character -to raise their possessor in the social scale; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -and hence the middle class has long been recognized -as the abiding element in England’s strength. -Voltaire once compared the English people to -their ale,—froth at the top and dregs at the bottom, -but sound and bright and strong in the middle. -As to the last he was surely right.</p> - -<div id="Respect_for_industry_in_England" class="sidenote">Respect paid -to industry -in England.</div> - -<p>One further point calls for mention. In mediæval -and early modern England, great respect was -paid to incorporated crafts and trades. -The influence and authority wielded by -county magnates over the rural population -was paralleled by the power exercised in the -cities by the livery companies or guilds. Since -the twelfth century, the municipal franchise in the -principal towns and cities of Great Britain has -been for the most part controlled by the various -trade and craft guilds. In the seventeenth century, -when the migrations to America were beginning, -it was customary for members of noble -families to enter these guilds as apprentices in the -crafts of the draper, the tailor, the vintner, or the -mason, etc. Many important consequences have -flowed from this. Let it suffice here to note that -this fact of the rural aristocracy keeping in touch -with the tradesmen and artisans has been one of -the safeguards of English liberty; it has been one -source of the power of the Commons, one check -upon the undue aspirations of the Crown. It -indicates a kind of public sentiment very different -from that which afterward grew up in our -southern states under the malignant influence of -slavery, which proclaimed an antagonism between -industry and gentility that is contrary to the whole -spirit of English civilization. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p> - -<div id="The_Cavalier_exodus" class="sidenote">The Cavalier -exodus.</div> - -<p>With these points clear in our minds, we may -understand the true significance of the arrival of -the Cavaliers in Virginia. The date to be remembered -in connection with that event is 1649, and -it is instructive to compare it with the exodus of -Puritans to New England. The little -settlement of the Mayflower Pilgrims -was merely a herald of the great Puritan exodus, -which really began in 1629, when Charles I. entered -upon his period of eleven years of rule -without a parliament, and continued until about -1642, when the Civil War broke out. During -those thirteen years more than 20,000 Puritans -came to New England. The great Cavalier exodus -began with the king’s execution in 1649, and -probably slackened after 1660. It must have been -a chief cause of the remarkable increase of the -white population of Virginia from 15,000 in 1649 -to 38,000 in 1670.</p> - -<div id="Political_complexion_of_Virginia_before_1649" class="sidenote">Political -complexion -of Virginia -before 1649.</div> - -<div id="The_great_exchange_of_1649" class="sidenote">The great -exchange of -1649.</div> - -<p>The period of the Commonwealth in England -thus marks an important epoch in Virginia, and -we must be on our guard against confusing what -came after with what preceded it. As -to the political complexion of Virginia -in the earliest time, it would be difficult -to make a general statement, except that there -was a widespread feeling in favour of the Company -as managed by Sandys and Southampton. This -meant that the settlers knew when they were well -governed. They did not approve of a party that -sent an Argall to fleece them, even though it were -the court party. So, too, in the thrusting out of -Sir John Harvey in 1635 we see the temper of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -the councillors and burgesses flatly opposed to -the king’s unpopular representative. But such -instances do not tell us much concerning the attitude -of the colonists upon questions of English -politics. The fortunes of the Puritan settlers in -Virginia afford a surer indication. At first, as -we have seen, when the Puritans as a body had -not yet separated from the Church, there were a -good many in Virginia; and by 1640 they probably -formed about seven per cent. of the population. -The legislation against them beginning in -1631 seems to indicate that public sentiment in -Virginia favoured the policy of Laud; while the -slackness with which such legislation was enforced -raises a suspicion that such sentiment was at first -not very strong. It seems probable that as the -country party in England came more and more -completely under the control of Puritanism, and -as Puritanism grew more and more radical in temper, -the reaction toward the royalist side grew -more and more pronounced in Virginia. If there -ever was a typical Cavalier of the more narrow-minded -sort, it was Sir William Berkeley, who at -the same time was by no means the sort of person -that one might properly call a “butterfly.” If -the eloquent Mr. Grigsby had once got into those -iron clutches, he would have sought some other -term of comparison. When Berkeley arrived in -Virginia, and for a long time afterward, he was -extremely popular. We have seen him -acting with so much energy against the -Puritans that in the course of the year -1649 not less than 1,000 of them left the colony. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -Upon the news of the king’s death, Berkeley sent -a message to England inviting royalists to come -to Virginia, and within a twelvemonth perhaps -as many as 1,000 had arrived, picked men and -women of excellent sort. Thus it curiously happened -that the same moment which saw Virginia -lose most of her Puritan population, also saw it -replaced by an equal number of devoted Cavaliers.</p> - -<div id="Moderation_shown_in_Virginia" class="sidenote">Moderation -shown in -Virginia.</div> - -<p>From this moment we may date the beginnings -of Cavalier ascendency in Virginia. But for the -next ten years that growing ascendency was qualified -by the necessity of submitting to the Puritan -government in England. In 1652 Berkeley was -obliged to retire from the governorship, -and the king’s men in Virginia found it -prudent to put some restraint upon the -expression of their feelings. But in this change, -as we have seen, there was no violence. It is probable -that there was a considerable body of colonists -“comparatively indifferent to the struggle of -parties in England, anxious only to save Virginia -from spoliation and bloodshed, and for that end -willing to throw in their lot with the side whose -success held out the speediest hopes of peace. -There is another consideration which helps to -explain the moderation of the combatants. In -England each party was exasperated by grievous -wrongs, and hence its hour of triumph was also its -hour of revenge. The struggle in Virginia was -embittered by no such recollections.”<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a></p> - -<div id="Colonel_Richard_Lee" class="sidenote">Colonel -Richard Lee.</div> - -<div id="Election_of_Berkeley_by_the_assembly" class="sidenote">Election of -Berkeley by -the assembly.</div> - -<p>A name inseparably associated with Berkeley is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -that of Colonel Richard Lee, who is described as -“a man of good stature, comely visage, an enterprising -genius, a sound head, vigorous -spirit, and generous nature,”<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> qualities -that may be recognized in many of his famous -descendants. This Richard Lee belonged to an -ancient family, the Lees of Coton Hall, in Shropshire, -whom we find from the beginning of the -thirteenth century in positions of honour and -trust. He came to Virginia about 1642, and -obtained that year an estate which he called Paradise, -near the head of Poropotank Creek, on the -York River. He was from the first a man of -much importance in the colony, serving as justice, -burgess, councillor, and secretary of state. In -1654 we find him described as “faithful and useful -to the interests of the Commonwealth,” but, as -Dr. Edmund Lee says, “it is only fair to observe -that this claim was made for him by a friend in -his absence;”<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> or perhaps it only means that he -was not one of the tribe of fanatics who love -to kick against the pricks.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> Certain it is that -Colonel Lee was no Puritan, though doubtless he -submitted loyally to the arrangement of 1652, as -so many others did. There was nothing for the -king’s men to do but possess their souls in quiet -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -until 1659, when news came of the resignation of -Richard Cromwell. “Worthy Captain Mathews,” -whom the assembly had chosen governor, died -about the same time. Accordingly, in March, -1660, the assembly resolved that, since -there was then in England no resident -sovereign generally recognized, the supreme -power in Virginia must be regarded as -lodged in the assembly, and that all writs should -issue in the name of the Grand Assembly of Virginia -until such a command should come from -England as the assembly should judge to be lawful. -Having passed this resolution, the assembly -showed its political complexion by electing Sir -William Berkeley for governor: and in the same -breath it revealed its independent spirit by providing -that he must call an assembly at least once -in two years, and oftener if need be; and that he -must not dissolve it without the consent of a -majority of the members. On these terms Berkeley -accepted office at the hands of the assembly.</p> - -<div id="Lees_visit_to_Brussels" class="sidenote">Lee’s visit to -Brussels.</div> - -<div id="Charles_II_proclaimed_king" class="sidenote">Charles II. -proclaimed -king.</div> - -<p>Before this transaction, perhaps in 1658, Colonel -Lee seems to have visited Charles II. at Brussels, -where he handed over to the still exiled prince the -old commission of Berkeley, and may -have obtained from him a new one for -future use, reinstating him as governor.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> There -is a vague tradition that on this occasion he asked -how soon Charles would be likely to be able to -protect the colony in case it should declare its -allegiance to him; and from this source may have -arisen the wild statement, recorded by Beverley -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -and promulgated by the eminent historian Robertson, -that Virginia proclaimed Charles II. as sovereign -a year or two before he was proclaimed in -England.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> The absurdity of this story was long -ago pointed out;<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> but since error has as many lives -as a cat, one may still hear it repeated. -Charles II. was proclaimed king in England -on the 8th of May, 1660, and in -Virginia on the 20th of September following.<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> In -October the royal commission for Berkeley arrived, -and the governor may thus have felt that the conditions -on which he accepted his office from the -assembly were no longer binding. Our next chapter -will show how lightly he held them.</p> - -<p>If one may judge from the public accounts of -York County in 1660, expressed in the arithmetic -of a tobacco currency, the 20th of September must -have been a joyful occasion:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p>Att the proclaiming of his sacred Maisty:</p> - -<table class="toc"> - <tr> - <td>To y<sup>e</sup> Ho<sup>ble</sup> Govn<sup>r</sup> p a barrell powd<sup>r</sup>, 112 lb.</td> - <td>.00996</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To Cap<sup>t</sup> ffox six cases of drams</td> - <td>.00900</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To Cap<sup>t</sup> ffox for his great gunnes</td> - <td>.00500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To M<sup>r</sup> Philip Malory</td> - <td>.00500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To y<sup>e</sup> trumpeters</td> - <td>.00800</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To M<sup>r</sup> Hansford 176 Gallons Syd<sup>r</sup> at 15 & 35 gall at 20, caske 264</td> - <td>.03604</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>There can be no doubt that it was an occasion -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -prolific in legend. The historian Robert Beverley, -who was born about fifteen years afterward, tells -us that Governor Berkeley’s proclamation named -Charles II. as “King of England, Scotland, -France, Ireland, and Virginia.” The document -itself, however, calls him “our most gratious soveraigne, -Charles the Second, King of England, -Scotland, ffrance, & Ireland,” and makes no mention -of Virginia.</p> - -<div id="The_seal_of_Virginia" class="sidenote">The seal of -Virginia.</div> - -<p>William Lee tells us that it was “in consequence -of this step” that the motto <i>En dat Virginia -quintam</i> was placed upon the seal of the -colony.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> Since “this step” was never taken, the -statement needs some qualification. The idea of -of designating Virginia as an additional -kingdom to those over which the English -sovereign ruled in Europe was already entertained -in 1590 by Edmund Spenser, who dedicated -his “Faëry Queene” to Elizabeth as queen of -“England, France,<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> and Ireland, and of Virginia.”<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> -As early as 1619 the London Company -adopted a coat-of-arms, upon which was the motto -<i>En dat Virginia quintum</i>, in which the unexpressed -noun is <i>regnum</i>; “Behold, Virginia gives -the fifth [kingdom].” After the restoration of -Charles II. a new seal for Virginia, adopted about -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -1663, has the same motto, the effect of which was -to rank Virginia by the side of his Majesty’s other -four dominions, England, Scotland, “France,” -and Ireland. We are told by the younger Richard -Henry Lee that in these circumstances originated -the famous epithet “Old Dominion.” In -1702, among several alterations in the seal, the -word <i>quintum</i> was changed to <i>quintam</i>, to agree -with the unexpressed noun <i>coronam</i>; “Behold, -Virginia gives the fifth [crown].” After the -legislative union of England with Scotland in -1707, another seal, adopted in 1714, substituted -<i>quartam</i> for <i>quintam</i>.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a></p> - -<div id="Increase_in_the_size_of_land_grants" class="sidenote">Increase in -the size of -land grants.</div> - -<p>Just how many members of the royalist party -came to Virginia while their young king was off -upon his travels, it would be difficult to say. But -there were unquestionably a great many. We -have already remarked upon the very rapid increase -of white population, from about 15,000 in -1649 to 38,000 in 1670. Along with this -there was a marked increase in the size -of the land grants, both the average size -and the maximum; and in this coupling of facts -there is great significance, for they show that the -increase of population was predominantly an increase -in the numbers of the upper class, of the -people who could afford to have large estates. In -these respects the year 1650 marks an abrupt -change,<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> which may best be shown by a tabular -view of the figures:— -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></p> - -<table class="table2"> - <tr> - <th>Years.</th> - <th>Largest number of acres<br />in a single grant.</th> - <th>Average number of<br />acres in a grant.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1632</td> - <td class="tdr">350</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1634</td> - <td class="tdr">5,350</td> - <td class="tdr">719</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1635</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdr">380</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1636</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdr">351</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1637</td> - <td class="tdr">5,350</td> - <td class="tdr">445</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1638</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td class="tdr">423</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1640</td> - <td class="tdr">1,300</td> - <td class="tdr">405</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1641</td> - <td class="tdr">872</td> - <td class="tdr">343</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1642</td> - <td class="tdr">3,000</td> - <td class="tdr">559</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1643</td> - <td class="tdr">4,000</td> - <td class="tdr">595</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1644</td> - <td class="tdr">670</td> - <td class="tdr">370</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1645</td> - <td class="tdr">1,090</td> - <td class="tdr">333</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1646</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td class="tdr">360</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1647</td> - <td class="tdr">650</td> - <td class="tdr">361</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1648</td> - <td class="tdr">1,800</td> - <td class="tdr">412</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1649</td> - <td class="tdr">3,500</td> - <td class="tdr">522</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1650</td> - <td class="tdr">5,350</td> - <td class="tdr">677</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1651-55</td> - <td class="tdr">10,000</td> - <td class="tdr">591</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1656-66</td> - <td class="tdr">10,000</td> - <td class="tdr">671</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1667-79</td> - <td class="tdr">20,000</td> - <td class="tdr">890</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1680-89</td> - <td class="tdr">20,000</td> - <td class="tdr">607</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Another way of showing the facts is still more -striking:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<table class="table2"> - <tr> - <th>Years.</th> - <th>Number of grants<br />exceeding 5,000 acres.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1632-50</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1651-55</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1656-66</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1667-79</td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1680-89</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div id="Cavalier_families" class="sidenote">Cavalier -families.</div> - -<div id="Ancestry_of_George_Washington" class="sidenote">Ancestry of -George -Washington.</div> - -<div id="Value_of_genealogy" class="sidenote">Value of -genealogy.</div> - -<p>The increase in the number of slaves after 1650 -is a fact of similar import with the greater size of -the estates. All the circumstances agree in showing -that there was a large influx of eminently well-to-do -people. It is well known, moreover, who -these people were. It is in the reign of Charles II. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -that the student of Virginian history begins to meet -frequently with the familiar names, such -as Randolph, Pendleton, Madison, Mason, -Monroe, Cary, Ludwell, Parke, Robinson, Marshall, -Washington, and so many others that have -become eminent. All these were Cavalier families -that came to Virginia after the downfall of Charles -I. Whether President Tyler was right in claiming -descent from the Kentish rebel of 1381 is not -clear, but there is no doubt that his first American -ancestor, who came to Virginia after the battle of -Worcester, was a gentleman and a royalist.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> Until -recently there was some uncertainty as to the pedigree -of George Washington, but the researches -of Mr. Fitz Gilbert Waters of Salem have conclusively -proved that he was descended from -the Washingtons of Sulgrave, in Northamptonshire, -a family that had for generations -worthily occupied positions of honour and -trust. In the Civil War the Washingtons were -distinguished royalists. The commander who surrendered -Worcester in 1646 to the famous Edward -Whalley was Colonel Henry Washington;<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> and -his cousin John, who came to Virginia in 1657, -was great-grandfather of George Washington. -After the fashion that prevailed a hundred years -ago, the most illustrious of Americans felt little -interest in his ancestry; but with the keener historic -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -sense and broader scientific outlook of the -present day, the importance of such matters is -better appreciated. <span id="The_pedigrees_of_horses_dogs">The pedigrees of horses, dogs</span>, -and fancy pigeons have a value that is quotable in -terms of hard cash. Far more important, for the -student of human affairs, are the pedigrees of men. -By no possible ingenuity of constitution-making or -of legislation can a society made up of ruffians -and boors be raised to the intellectual and moral -level of a society made up of well-bred merchants -and yeomen, parsons and lawyers. One -might as well expect to see a dray horse -win the Derby. It is, moreover, only when we -habitually bear in mind the threads of individual -relationship that connect one country with another, -that we get a really firm and concrete grasp of -history. Without genealogy the study of history -is comparatively lifeless. No excuse is needed, -therefore, for giving in this connection a tabulated -abridgment of the discoveries of Mr. Waters concerning -the forefathers of George Washington.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> -Beside the personal interest attaching to everything -associated with that immortal name, this -pedigree has interest and value as being in large -measure typical. It is a fair sample of good -English middle-class pedigrees, and it is typical as -regards the ancestry of leading Cavalier families -in Virginia; an inspection of many genealogies of -those who came between 1649 and 1670 yields -about the same general impression. Moreover, -this pedigree is equally typical as regards the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -F<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -ancestry of leading Puritan families in New England. -The genealogies, for example, of Winthrop, -Dudley, Saltonstall, Chauncey, or Baldwin give -the same general impression as those of Randolph, -or Cary, or Cabell, or Lee. The settlers of Virginia -and of New England were opposed to each -other in politics, but they belonged to one and the -same stratum of society, and in their personal -characteristics they were of the same excellent -quality. To quote the lines of <span id="Sir_William_Jones_paraphrased">Sir William Jones</span>, -written as a paraphrase of the Greek epigram of -Alcæus inscribed upon my title-page:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<h3 id="The_Washington_family_tree">WASHINGTON OF NORTHAMPTON AND VIRGINIA.</h3> - -<p class="table pre"> -<span class="smcap">Arms</span>.—<i>Argent, two bars and in chief three mullets Gules.</i> - - John Washington, - of Whitfield, Lancashire, time of Henry VI. - | - | - Robert Washington, - of Warton, Lancashire, 2d son. - | - | - John Washington, - of Warton, m. Margaret Kitson, sister of Sir Thomas Kitson, - alderman of London. - | - | - Lawrence Washington, - of Gray’s Inn, mayor of Northampton, obtained grant of - Sulgrave Manor, 1539, d. 1584; m. Anne Pargiter, of Gretworth. - | - +--------------------+--------------------------------+ - | | - Robert Washington, Lawrence Washington, -of Sulgrave, b. 1544; of Gray’s Inn, -m. Elizabeth Light. register of High - | Court of Chancery, - | d. 1619. - | | - | | - Lawrence Washington, Sir Lawrence Washington, - of Sulgrave and Brington, register of High Court of - d. 1616; m. Margaret Butler. Chancery, d. 1643. - | | - +--------+-----+--------------+ | - | | | | -Sir William Sir John Rev. Lawrence Lawrence Washington, -Washington, Washington, Washington, d. 1662; m. Eleanor Gyse. -d. 1643; m. Anne d. 1678. M. A., Fellow | -Villiers, of Brasenose | -half-sister of College, Oxford, | -George Villiers, Rector of Purleigh, | -Duke of d. before 1655. | -Buckingham. | | - | | | - | +-----------------+ | - | | | | -Henry Washington, John Lawrence Washington, Elizabeth Washington, -colonel in the Washington, b.1635, came to heiress, d. 1693; -royalist army, b. 1631, Virginia, 1657. m. Earl Ferrers. -governor of d. 1677; -Worcester, came to -d. 1664. Virginia, - 1657; m. - Anne Pope. - | - Lawrence Washington, - d. 1697; m. Mildred, dau. of Augustine Warner. - | - | - Augustine Washington, - b. 1694, d. 1749; m. Mary Ball. - | - | - <span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, - b. 1732, d. 1799. - <i>First President of the United States.</i> -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i4">“What constitutes a State?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not high-raised battlement or laboured mound,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Thick wall or moated gate;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned;<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Not bays and broad-armed ports,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride;<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Not starred and spangled courts<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">No:—MEN, high-minded MEN,<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i4">“Men who their duties know,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Prevent the long-aimed blow,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain:<br /></span> -<span class="i4">These constitute a State.”<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a><br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>Such men were the Cavaliers of Virginia and -the Puritans of New England.</p> - -<div id="Importance_of_the_Cavalier_element_in_Virginia" class="sidenote">Importance -of the Cavalier -element -in Virginia.</div> - -<p>There can be little doubt that these Cavaliers -were the men who made the greatness of Virginia. -To them it is due that her history represents ideas -and enshrines events which mankind will always -find interesting. It is apt to be the case that men -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -who leave their country for reasons connected with -conscience and principle, men who have -once consecrated themselves to a cause, -are picked men for ability and character. -Such men are likely to exert upon any community -which they may enter an influence immeasurably -greater than an equal number of men -taken at random. It matters little what side they -may have espoused. Very few of the causes for -which brave men have fought one another have -been wholly right or wholly wrong. Our politics -may be those of Samuel Adams, but we must -admit that the Thomas Hutchinson type of mind -and character is one which society could ill afford -to lose. Of the gallant Cavaliers who drew the -sword for King Charles, there were many who no -more approved of his crooked methods and despotic -aims than Hutchinson approved of the -Stamp Act. No better illustration could be found -than Lord Falkland, some of whose kinsmen emigrated -to Virginia and played a conspicuous part -there. A proper combination of circumstances -was all that was required to bring the children -of these royalists into active political alliance with -the children of the Cromwellians.</p> - -<div id="Differences_between_New_England_and_Virginia" class="sidenote">Differences -between -New England -and -Virginia.</div> - -<p>Both in Virginia and in New England, then, -the principal element of the migration consisted -of picked men and women of the same station in -life, and differing only in their views of -civil and ecclesiastical polity. The differences -that grew up between the relatively -aristocratic type of society in -Virginia and the relatively democratic type in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -New England were due not at all to differences -in the social quality of the settlers, but in some -degree to their differences in church politics, and -in a far greater degree to the different economic -circumstances of Virginia and New England. It -is worth our while to point out some of these contrasts -and to indicate their effect upon the local -government, the nature of which, perhaps more -than anything else, determines the character of -the community as aristocratic or democratic.</p> - -<div id="Settlement_of_New_England_by_congregations" class="sidenote">Settlement -of New England -by congregations.</div> - -<p>That extreme Puritan theory of ecclesiastical -polity, according to which each congregation was to -be a little self-governing republic, had much to do -with the way in which New England was -colonized. The settlers came in congregations, -led by their favourite ministers,—such -men, for example, as Higginson and Cotton, -Hooker and Davenport. When such men, -famous in England for their bold preaching and -imperilled thereby, decided to move to America, a -considerable number of their parishioners would -decide to accompany them, and similarly minded -members of neighbouring churches would leave -their own pastor and join in the migration. Such -a group of people, arriving on the coast of Massachusetts, -would naturally select some convenient -locality, where they might build their houses near -together and all go to the same church.</p> - -<div id="Land_grants_in_Massachusetts" class="sidenote">Land grants -in Massachusetts.</div> - -<p>This migration, therefore, was a movement, not -of individuals or of separate families, but of -church-congregations, and it continued to be so as -the settlers made their way inland and westward. -The first river towns of Connecticut were thus -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -founded by congregations coming from Dorchester, -Cambridge, and Watertown. This -kind of settlement was favoured by the -government of Massachusetts, which -made grants of land, not to individuals but to -companies of people who wished to live together -and attend the same church.</p> - -<div id="Small_farms" class="sidenote">Small farms.</div> - -<p>It was also favoured by economic circumstances. -The soil of New England was not favourable to -the cultivation of great quantities of staple articles, -such as rice or tobacco, so that there was -nothing to tempt people to undertake extensive -plantations. Most of the people lived on small -farms, each family raising but little more than -enough food for its own support; and -the small size of the farms made it possible -to have a good many in a compact neighbourhood. -It appeared also that towns could be more -easily defended against the Indians than scattered -plantations; and this doubtless helped to keep -people together, although if there had been any -strong inducement for solitary pioneers to plunge -into the great woods, as in later years so often -happened at the West, it is not likely that any -dread of the savages would have hindered them.</p> - -<div id="Township_and_village" class="sidenote">Township -and village.</div> - -<p>Thus the early settlers of New England came -to live in townships. A township would consist of -about as many farms as could be disposed within -convenient distance from the meeting-house, where -all the inhabitants, young and old, gathered every -Sunday, coming on horseback or afoot. -The meeting-house was thus centrally -situated, and near it was the town pasture or -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -“common,” with the school-house and the blockhouse, -or rude fortress for defence against the -Indians. For the latter building some commanding -position was apt to be selected, and hence we -so often find the old village streets of New England -running along elevated ridges or climbing -over beetling hilltops. Around the meeting-house -and common the dwellings gradually clustered into -a village, and after a while the tavern, store, and -town-house made their appearance.</p> - -<div id="Social_position_of_settlers_in_New_England" class="sidenote">Social position -of settlers -in New -England.</div> - -<p>Among the people who thus tilled the farms -and built up the villages of New England, the -differences in what we should call social position, -though noticeable, were not extreme. While in -England some had been esquires or country -magistrates, or “lords of the manor,”—a -phrase which does not mean a member -of the peerage, but a landed proprietor with -dependent tenants,—some had been yeomen, or -persons holding farms by some free kind of tenure; -some had been artisans or tradesmen in cities. -All had for many generations been more or less -accustomed to self-government and to public meetings -for discussing local affairs. That self-government, -especially as far as church matters were -concerned, they were stoutly bent upon maintaining -and extending. Indeed, that was what they -had crossed the ocean for. Under these circumstances -they developed a kind of government -which has remained practically unchanged down -to the present day. In the town meeting the government -is the entire adult male population. Its -merits, from a genuine democratic point of view, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -have long been recognized, but in these days of -rampant political quackery they are worth recalling -to mind, even at the cost of a brief digression.</p> - -<div id="Some_merits_of_the_town_meeting" class="sidenote">Some merits -of the town -meeting.</div> - -<div id="The_magic_fund_delusion" class="sidenote">The “magic -fund” delusion.</div> - -<p>Within its proper sphere, government by town -meeting is the form of government most effectively -under watch and control. Everything is -done in the full daylight of publicity. -The specific objects for which public -money is to be appropriated are discussed in the -presence of everybody, and any one who disapproves -of any of these objects, or of the way in -which it is proposed to obtain it, has an opportunity -to declare his opinions. Under this form -of government people are not so liable to bewildering -delusions as under other forms. I refer -especially to the delusion that “the Government” -is a sort of mysterious power, possessed -of a magic inexhaustible fund of wealth, -and able to do all manner of things for -the benefit of “the People.” Some such notion -as this, more often implied than expressed, is very -common, and it is inexpressibly dear to demagogues. -It is the prolific root from which springs -that luxuriant crop of humbug upon which political -tricksters thrive as pigs fatten upon corn. In -point of fact no such government, armed with a -magic fund of its own, has ever existed upon the -earth. No government has ever yet used any -money for public purposes which it did not first -take from its own people,—unless when it may -have plundered it from some other people in victorious -warfare. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p> - -<p>The inhabitant of a New England town is perpetually -reminded that “the Government” is “the -People.” Although he may think loosely about -the government of his state or the still more remote -government at Washington, he is kept pretty -close to the facts where local affairs are concerned, -and in this there is a political training of no small -value.</p> - -<div id="Educational_value_of_the_town_meeting" class="sidenote">Educational -value of the -town meeting.</div> - -<p>In the kind of discussion which it provokes, in -the necessity of facing argument with -argument and of keeping one’s temper -under control, the town meeting is the -best political training school in existence. Its -educational value is far higher than that of the -newspaper, which, in spite of its many merits as -a diffuser of information, is very apt to do its -best to bemuddle and sophisticate plain facts. -The period when town meetings were most important -from the wide scope of their transactions was -the period of earnest and sometimes stormy discussion -that ushered in our Revolutionary War. -In those days great principles of government were -discussed with a wealth of knowledge and stated -with masterly skill in town meeting.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Primogeniture_and_entail_in_Virginia" class="sidenote">Primogeniture -and -entail in -Virginia.</div> - -<p>In Virginia the economic circumstances were -very different from those of New England, and -the effects were seen in a different kind of local -institutions. In New England the system of small -holdings facilitated the change from primogeniture -to the Kentish custom of gavelkind, with -which many of the settlers were already familiar, -in which the property of an intestate is equally -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -divided among the children.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> In Virginia, on the -other hand, the large estates, cultivated -by servile labour, were kept together by -the combined customs of primogeniture -and entail, which lasted until they were overthrown -by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. In this circumstance, -more than in anything else, originated the -more aristocratic features in the local institutions -of Virginia. To this should be added the facts -that before the eighteenth century there was a -large servile class of whites, to which there was -nothing even remotely analogous in New England; -and that the introduction of negro slavery, -which was beginning to assume noticeable dimensions -about 1670, served to affix a stigma upon -manual labour.</p> - -<div id="Virginia_parishes" class="sidenote">Virginia -parishes.</div> - -<div id="The_vestry_a_close_corporation" class="sidenote">The vestry -a close -corporation.</div> - -<p>In view of this group of circumstances we need -not wonder that in Old Virginia there were no -town meetings. The distances between plantations -coöperated with the distinction between -classes to prevent the growth of such an institution. -The English parish, with its -churchwardens and vestry and clerk, -was reproduced in Virginia under the same name, -but with some noteworthy peculiarities. If the -whole body of ratepayers had assembled in vestry -meeting, to enact by-laws and assess taxes, the -course of development would have been like that -of the New England town meeting. But instead -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span> -of this the vestry, which exercised the chief authority -in the parish, was composed of twelve chosen -men. This was not government by a primary -assembly, it was representative government. At -first the twelve vestrymen were elected by the people -of the parish, and thus resembled the selectmen -of New England; but in 1662 “they obtained -the power of filling vacancies in -their own number,” so that they became -what is called a “close corporation,” and -the people had nothing to do with choosing them. -Strictly speaking, that was not representative government; -it was a step on the road that leads -towards oligarchical or despotic government. It -was, as we shall see, one of the steps ineffectually -opposed in Bacon’s rebellion.</p> - -<div id="Powers_of_the_vestry" class="sidenote">Powers of -the vestry.</div> - -<p>It was the vestry, thus constituted, that apportioned -the parish taxes, appointed the churchwardens, -presented the minister for induction into -office, and acted as overseers of the poor. -The minister presided in all vestry meetings. -His salary was paid in tobacco, and in 1696 -it was fixed by law at 16,000 pounds of tobacco -yearly. In many parishes the churchwardens were -the collectors of the parish taxes. The other officers, -such as the sexton and the parish clerk, were -appointed either by the minister or by the vestry.</p> - -<p>With the local government thus administered, -we see that the larger part of the people had little -directly to do. Nevertheless, in those small neighbourhoods -government could be kept in full sight -of the people, and so long as its proceedings went -on in broad daylight and were sustained by public -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -sentiment, all was well. As Jefferson said, “The -vestrymen are usually the most discreet farmers, so -distributed through the parish that every part of -it may be under the immediate eye of some one of -them. They are well acquainted with the details -and economy of private life, and they find sufficient -inducements to execute their charge well, in their -philanthropy, in the approbation of their neighbours, -and the distinction which that gives them.”<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></p> - -<div id="The_county_was_the_unit_of_representation" class="sidenote">The county -was the unit -of representation.</div> - -<p>The difference, however, between the New England -township and the Virginia parish, in respect -of self-government, was striking enough. We have -now to note a further difference. In New England, -the township was the unit of representation -in the colonial legislature; but in Virginia the -parish was not the unit of representation. The -county was that unit. In the colonial -legislature of Virginia the representatives -sat, not for parishes but for counties. -The difference is very significant. As the political -life of New England was in a manner built up out -of the political life of the towns, so the political -life of Virginia was built up out of the political -life of the counties. This was partly because the -vast plantations were not grouped about a compact -village nucleus like the small farms at the North, -and partly because there was not in Virginia that -Puritan theory of the church according to which -each congregation is a self-governing democracy. -The conditions which made the New England -town meeting were absent. The only alternative -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -was some kind of representative government, and -for this the county was a small enough area. The -county in Virginia was much smaller than in -Massachusetts or Connecticut. In a few instances -the county consisted of only a single parish; in -some cases it was divided into two parishes, but -oftener into three or more.</p> - -<div id="The_county_court_was_virtually_a_close_corporation" class="sidenote">The county -court was -virtually a -close corporation.</div> - -<p>In Virginia, as in England and in New England, -the county was an area for the administration -of justice. There were usually in -each county eight justices of the peace, -and their court was the counterpart of -the quarter sessions in England. They -were appointed by the governor, but it was customary -for them to nominate candidates for the -governor to appoint, so that practically the court -filled its own vacancies and was a close corporation, -like the parish vestry. Such an arrangement -tended to keep the general supervision and control -of things in the hands of a few families.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The county -seat or -Court -House.</div> - -<p>This county court usually met as often as once a -month in some convenient spot answering to the -shire town of England or New England. More -often than not, the place originally consisted of -the court-house and very little else, and was named -accordingly from the name of the county, as Hanover -Court House or Fairfax Court House; and -the small shire towns that have grown up in such -spots often retain these names to the present -day. Such names occur commonly -in Virginia, West Virginia, and South -Carolina, and occasionally elsewhere. Their number -has diminished from the tendency to omit the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> -phrase “Court House,” leaving the name of the -county for that of the shire town, as for example -in Culpeper, Va. In New England the process of -naming has been just the reverse; as in Hartford -County, Conn., or Worcester County, Mass., which -have taken their names from the shire towns. -Here, as in so many cases, whole chapters of history -are wrapped up in geographical names.<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a></p> - -<div id="Powers_of_the_court" class="sidenote">Powers of -the court.</div> - -<div id="The_sheriff" class="sidenote">The sheriff.</div> - -<p>The county court in Virginia had jurisdiction in -criminal actions not involving peril of life or limb, -and in civil suits where the sum at stake exceeded -twenty-five shillings. Smaller suits could be tried -by a single justice. The court also had -charge of the probate and administration -of wills. The court appointed its own clerk, who -kept the county records. It superintended the -construction and repair of bridges and highways, -and for this purpose divided the county into “precincts,” -and appointed annually for each precinct -a highway surveyor. The court also seems to -have appointed constables, one for each precinct. -The justices could themselves act as coroners, but -annually two or more coroners for each parish -were appointed by the governor. As we have seen -that the parish taxes—so much for salaries of -minister and clerk, so much for care of church -buildings, so much for the relief of the poor, etc.—were -computed and assessed by the vestry; so -the county taxes, for care of court-house and jail, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -roads and bridges, coroner’s fees, and allowances -to the representatives sent to the colonial legislature, -were computed and assessed by the county -court. The general taxes for the colony were -estimated by a committee of the legislature, as well -as the county’s share of the colony tax. The -taxes for the county, and sometimes the taxes for -the parish also, were collected by the sheriff. -They were usually paid, not in money, but in -tobacco; and the sheriff was the custodian -of this tobacco, responsible for its -proper disposal. The sheriff was thus not only -the officer for executing the judgments of the -court, but he was also county treasurer and collector, -and thus exercised powers almost as great -as those of the sheriff in England in the twelfth -century. He also presided over elections for representatives -to the legislature. It is interesting to -observe how this very important officer was chosen. -“Each year the court presented the names of three -of its members to the governor, who appointed -one, generally the senior justice, to be the sheriff -of the county for the ensuing year.”<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> Here again -we see this close corporation, the county court, -keeping the control of things within its own hands.</p> - -<div id="The_county_lieutenant" class="sidenote">The county -lieutenant.</div> - -<p>One other important county officer needs to be -mentioned. In early New England each town had -its train-band or company of militia, and the companies -in each county united to form the county -regiment. In Virginia it was just the other way. -Each county raised a certain number of troops, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -and because it was not convenient for the men to -go many miles from home in assembling for purposes -of drill, the county was subdivided into military -districts, each with its company, according to -rules laid down by the governor. The military -command in each county was vested in -the county lieutenant, an officer answering -in many respects to the lord lieutenant of the -English shire at that period. Usually he was a -member of the governor’s council, and as such -exercised sundry judicial functions. He bore the -honorary title of “colonel,” and was to some extent -regarded as the governor’s deputy; but in later -times his duties were confined entirely to military -matters.<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p> - -<p>If now we sum up the contrasts between local -government in Virginia and that in New England, -we observe:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p>1. That in New England the management of -local affairs was mostly in the hands of town -officers, the county being superadded for certain -purposes, chiefly judicial; while in Virginia the -management was chiefly in the hands of county -officers, though certain functions, chiefly ecclesiastical, -were reserved to the parish. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p> - -<p>2. That in New England the local magistrates -were almost always, with the exception of justices, -chosen by the people; while in Virginia, though -some of them were nominally appointed by the -governor, yet in practice they generally contrived -to appoint themselves,—in other words, the local -boards practically filled their own vacancies and -were self-perpetuating.</p> - -<div id="Jeffersons_opinion_of_township_government" class="sidenote">Jefferson’s -opinion of -township -government.</div> - -<p>These differences are striking and profound. -There can be no doubt that, as Thomas Jefferson -clearly saw, in the long run the interests of political -liberty are much safer under the New England -system than under the Virginia system. -Jefferson said: “Those wards, called -townships in New England, are the vital -principle of their governments, and have proved -themselves the wisest invention ever devised by -the wit of man for the perfect exercise of self-government, -and for its preservation.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> ... As Cato, -then, concluded every speech with the words <i>Carthago -delenda est</i>, so do I every opinion with the -injunction: ‘Divide the counties into wards!’”<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a></p> - -<div id="Court_day" class="sidenote">“Court day.”</div> - -<p>We must, however, avoid the mistake of making -too much of this contrast. As already hinted, in -those rural societies where people generally knew -one another, its effects were not so far-reaching as -they would be in the more complicated society of -to-day. Even though Virginia had not the town -meeting, “it had its familiar court-day,” -which “was a holiday for all the countryside, -especially in the fall and spring. From all -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -directions came in the people on horseback, in -wagons, and afoot. On the court-house green -assembled, in indiscriminate confusion, people of -all classes,—the hunter from the backwoods, the -owner of a few acres, the grand proprietor, and -the grinning, heedless negro. Old debts were settled, -and new ones made; there were auctions, -transfers of property, and, if election times were -near, stump-speaking.”<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a></p> - -<div id="Virginia_prolific_in_great_leaders" class="sidenote">Virginia prolific -in great -leaders.</div> - -<p id="Summary">For seventy years or more before the Declaration -of Independence the matters of general public -concern, about which stump speeches were -made on Virginia court-days, were very similar to -those that were discussed in Massachusetts town -meetings when representatives were to be chosen -for the legislature. Such questions generally related -to some real or alleged encroachment upon -popular liberties by the royal governor, who, being -appointed and sent from beyond sea, was apt to -have ideas and purposes of his own that conflicted -with those of the people. This perpetual antagonism -to the governor, who represented British -imperial interference with American local self-government, -was an excellent schooling in political -liberty, alike for Virginia and for Massachusetts. -When the stress of the Revolution came, these two -leading colonies cordially supported each other, -and their political characteristics were reflected in -the kind of achievements for which each was -especially distinguished. The Virginia system, -concentrating the administration of local affairs in -the hands of a few county families, was eminently -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -favourable for developing skilful and vigorous -leadership. And while in the history of -Massachusetts during the Revolution we -are chiefly impressed with the remarkable -degree in which the mass of the people -exhibited the kind of political training that nothing -in the world except the habit of parliamentary -discussion can impart; on the other hand, -Virginia at that time gave us—in Washington, -Jefferson, Henry, Mason, Madison, and Marshall, -to mention no others—such a group of leaders -as has seldom been equalled. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XI">CHAPTER XI.<br /> - -<span id="BACONS_REBELLION">BACON’S REBELLION.</span></h2> - -<div id="The_Navigation_Act_of_1651" class="sidenote">The Navigation -Act -of 1651.</div> - -<p id="Crude_mediaeval_methods_of_robbery">The rapid development of maritime commerce -in the seventeenth century soon furnished a new -occasion for human folly and greed to assert themselves -in acts of legislation. Crude mediæval -methods of robbery began to give place to the -ingenious modern methods in which men’s pockets -are picked under the specious guise of public -policy. Your mediæval baron would allow no -ship or boat to pass his Rhenish castle without -paying what he saw fit to extort for the privilege, -and at the end of his evil career he was apt to -compound with conscience and buy a ticket to -heaven by building a chapel to the Virgin. Your -modern manufacturer obtains legislative aid in -fleecing his fellow-countrymen, while he seeks popularity -by bestowing upon the public a part of his -ill-gotten gains in the shape of a new college or -a town library. This change from the more brutal -to the more subtle devices for living upon the -fruits of other men’s labour was conspicuous during -the seventeenth century, and one of -the most glaring instances of it was the -Navigation Act of 1651, which forbade -the importation of goods into England except in -English ships, or ships of the nation that produced -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -the goods. This foolish act was intended to cripple -the Dutch carrying trade, and speedily led to -a lamentable and disgraceful war between England -and Holland. In its application to America it -meant that English colonies could trade only with -England in English ships, and it was generally -greeted with indignation. Cromwell, however, did -little or nothing to enforce it in America. Charles -II.’s government was more active in the matter -and soon became detested. One of the earliest -causes of the American Revolution was thus set -in operation. The policy begun in the Navigation -Act was one of the grievances that kept Massachusetts -in a chronic quarrel with Charles II. during -the whole of his reign, and it was a source of -no less irritation in Virginia.</p> - -<div id="The_second_Navigation_Act" class="sidenote">The second -Navigation -Act.</div> - -<p>A second Navigation Act, passed at the beginning -of the reign of Charles II., prescribed that -“no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported -into or exported from any of the -king’s lands, islands, plantations, or territories -in Asia, Africa, or America, in -any other than English, Irish, or plantation built -ships, and whereof the master and at least three-fourths -of the mariners shall be Englishmen, under -forfeiture of ships and goods.” It was further -provided that “no sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo, -ginger, fustic and other dyeing woods, of the -growth or manufacture of our Asian, African, or -American colonies, shall be shipped from the said -colonies to any place but to England, Ireland, or to -some other of his Majesty’s said plantations, there -to be landed, under forfeiture of goods and ships.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span></p> - -<div id="Blands_remonstrance" class="sidenote">Bland’s remonstrance.</div> - -<p>The motive in these restrictions is obvious -enough. Their effects were ably set forth in -1677, in a memorial by John Bland, a -sagacious London merchant, whose grasp -of the principles of political economy was very remarkable -for that age.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> In order that merchants -in England might buy Virginia tobacco very -cheap, the demand for it was restricted by cutting -off the export to foreign markets. In order that -they might sell their goods to Virginia at exorbitant -prices, the Virginians were prohibited from -buying anything elsewhere. The shameless rapacity -of these merchants was such as might have -been expected under such fostering circumstances. -If the planter shipped his own tobacco to England, -the charges for freight would be put so high as to -leave him scarcely any margin of profit.</p> - -<div id="Some_direct_consequences" class="sidenote">Some direct -consequences.</div> - -<p>Such restrictions were apt to have other effects -than those contemplated. The “protected” merchants -chuckled over their sagacity in keeping -Dutchmen away from Virginia, for thus it would -become possible to make the Dutchmen -pay three or four shillings in England -for tobacco that cost a ha’penny in the -colony. But the worthy burghers of the Netherlands -took a different view of the matter. They -began planting tobacco for themselves in the East -Indies, so that it became less necessary to buy it -of the English. Another somewhat curious consequence -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -may be stated in Bland’s own words: -“Again, if the Hollanders must not trade to Virginia, -how shall the planters dispose of their -tobacco? The English will not buy it [all], for -what the Hollander carried thence was a sort of -tobacco not ... used by us in England, but -merely to transport for Holland. Will it not -then perish on the planters’ hands? which undoubtedly -is not only an apparent loss of so much -stock and commoditie to the plantations who suffer -thereby, but for want of its employment an infinite -prejudice to the commerce in general.”</p> - -<div id="Some_indirect_consequences" class="sidenote">Some indirect -consequences.</div> - -<p>There was yet another aspect of the matter. “I -demand then, in the next place, which way shall -the charge of the governments be maintained, if -the Hollanders be debarred trade in Virginia -and Maryland, or anything raised -to defray the constant and yearly levies -for the securing the inhabitants from invasions of -the Indians? How shall the forts and public -places be built and repaired, with many other -incident charges daily arising, which must be taken -care for, else all will come to destruction? for -when the Hollanders traded thither, they paid -upon every anchor of brandy (which is about 25 -gallons) 5 shillings import brought in by them, -and upon every hogshead of tobacco carried thence -10 shillings; and since they were debarred trade, -our English, as they did not, whilst the Hollander -traded there, pay anything, neither would they -when they traded not ...; so that all these -charges being taxed on the poor planters, it hath -so impoverished them that they scarce can recover -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -wherewith to cover their nakedness. As foreign -trade makes rich and prosperous any country that -hath within it any staple commodities to invite -them thither, so it makes men industrious, striving -with others to gather together into societies, and -building of towns, and nothing doth it sooner than -the concourse of shipping, as we may see before -our eyes, Dover and Deal what they are grown -into, the one by the Flanders trade, the other by -ships riding in the Downs.”</p> - -<div id="Exposure_of_the_humbug" class="sidenote">Exposure of -the humbug.</div> - -<p>But if in spite of all these arguments the Navigation -Act must stand, then, says this -acute writer, “let me on the behalf of -the said colonies of Virginia and Maryland make -these following proposals, which I hope will -appear but equitable:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p>“<i>First</i>, that the traders to Virginia and Maryland -from England shall furnish and supply the -planters and inhabitants of those colonies with all -sorts of commodities and necessaries which they -may want or desire, at as cheap rates and prices -as the Hollanders used to have when the Hollander -was admitted to trade thither.</p> - -<p>“<i>Secondly</i>, that the said traders out of England -to those colonies shall not only buy of the -planters such tobacco ... as is fit for England, -but take off all that shall be yearly made by them, -at as good rates and prices as the Hollanders used -to give for the same, by bills of exchange or -otherwise....</p> - -<p>“<i>Thirdly</i>, that if any of the inhabitants or -planters of the said colonies shall desire to ship -his tobacco or goods for England, that the traders -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -from England to Virginia and Maryland shall let -them have freight in their ships at as low and -cheap rates as they used to have when the Hollanders -and other nations traded thither.</p> - -<p>“<i>Fourthly</i>, that for maintenance of the governments, -raising of forces to withstand the invasions -of the Indians, building of forts and other public -works needful in such new discovered countries, -the traders from England to pay there in Virginia -and Maryland as much yearly as was received of -the Hollanders and strangers as did trade thither, -whereby the country may not have the whole burden -to lie on their hard and painful labour and -industry, which ought to be encouraged but not -discouraged.</p> - -<p>“Thus having proposed in my judgment what -is both just and equal, to all such as would not -have the Hollanders permitted to trade into Virginia -and Maryland, I hope if they will not agree -hereunto, it will easily appear it is their own -profits and interest they seek, not those colonies’s -nor your Majesty’s service, but in contrary the -utter ruin of all the inhabitants and planters -there; and if they perish, that vast territory -must be left desolate, to the exceeding disadvantage -of this nation and your Majesty’s honour -and revenue.”</p> - -<div id="Blands_own_proposal" class="sidenote">Bland’s own -proposal.</div> - -<p>After this keen exposure of the protectionist -humbug the author concludes by offering his own -proposal. “Let all Hollanders and other nations -whatsoever freely trade into Virginia -and Maryland, and bring thither and -carry thence whatever they please,” with only one -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> -qualification. It had been urged that, without -legislative aid, English shipping could not compete -successfully with that of other countries. Insatiableness -of commercial greed begets a fidgetty, -unreasoning dread of anything like free competition. -Just as the Frenchman puts tariff duties -upon German goods because he knows he cannot -compete with Germans in a free market, while at -the same moment the German puts tariff duties -upon French goods because he knows he cannot -compete with Frenchmen in a free market, so it -was with men’s arguments two centuries ago. It -was urged that French and Dutch ships could be -built and navigated at smaller expense than English -ships; and this point our author meets by -suggesting a differential tonnage-duty “to counterpoise -the cheapness,” only great care must be -taken not to make it prohibitory.</p> - -<div id="Distress_caused_by_low_price_of_tobacco" class="sidenote">Distress -caused by -low price -of tobacco.</div> - -<p>The principal effect of the Navigation Act upon -Virginia and Maryland was to lower the price of -tobacco while it increased the cost of -all articles imported from England. As -tobacco was the circulating medium in -these colonies, the effect was practically a depreciation -of the currency with the usual disastrous -consequences. There was an inflation of -prices, and all commodities became harder to get. -Efforts were made from time to time to contract -the currency by curtailing the tobacco crop. It -was proposed, for example, in 1662, that no tobacco -should be planted in Maryland or Virginia -for the following year. Such proposals recurred -from time to time, but it proved impossible to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -secure concerted action between the two colonies. -In 1664 the whole tobacco crop of Virginia was -worth less than £3 15s. for each person in the -colony. In 1666 so much tobacco was left on the -hands of the planters that a determined effort was -made to enforce the cessation of planting, and -after much discussion an agreement was reached -between Maryland, Virginia, and the new settlements -in Carolina, but the plan was defeated by -disapproval in Maryland which led to a veto from -Lord Baltimore. In 1667 the price of tobacco -fell to a ha’penny a pound, and Thomas Ludwell, -writing to Lord Berkeley in London, “declared -that there were but three influences restraining -the smaller landowners of Virginia from rising -in rebellion, namely, faith in the mercy of God, -loyalty to the king, and affection for the government.”<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a></p> - -<div id="The_Surry_protest_1673" class="sidenote">The Surry -protest, -1673.</div> - -<p>The discontent sometimes took the form of a -disposition to resist the collection of taxes, as in -Surry, in December, 1673, when “a company of -seditious and rude people to y<sup>e</sup> number of ffourteene -did unlawfully Assemble at y<sup>e</sup> pish church -of Lawnes Creeke, w<sup>th</sup> Intent to declare they would -not pay theire publiq taxes, & y<sup>t</sup> they -Expected diverse oth<sup>rs</sup> to meete them, -who faileing they did not put theire -wicked design in Execution.” Nevertheless these -persons assembled again, some three weeks later, in -an old field “called y<sup>e</sup> Divell’s field,” where they -passed divers lawless resolutions interspersed with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -heated harangues. In particular one Roger Delke -did say, “we will burne all before one shall Suffer,” -and when brought before the magistrates, “y<sup>e</sup> -s<sup>d</sup> Delke Acknowledged he said y<sup>e</sup> same words, & -being asked why they meet at y<sup>e</sup> church he said by -reason theire taxes were soe unjust, & they would -not pay it.”<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> The ringleaders in this affair were -fined, but Governor Berkeley remitted the fines, -provided “they acknowledged their faults and pay -the court charges.”</p> - -<div id="The_Arlington_Culpeper_grant" class="sidenote">The Arlington-Culpeper -grant, -1673.</div> - -<p>Another cause of trouble was the king’s recklessness -in rewarding public services or gratifying -favourites by extensive grants of wild land in -America. It was an easy way to pay debts, for it -cost the king nothing, and all the labour -and expense of making the grant valuable -fell upon the grantee. To many of -these grants there could, of course, be no objection. -Those that founded the Carolinas and Pennsylvania -and the Hudson Bay Company were all -proper enough. The trouble began when territory -already granted and occupied by Englishmen was -given away again. There were some complicated -and obscure instances of this in New England, -but a flagrant and exasperating case occurred in -Virginia in 1673, when Charles made a grant of -the whole country to the Earl of Arlington and -Lord Culpeper, to hold for thirty-one years at a -yearly rent of 40 shillings to be paid at Michaelmas.</p> - -<div id="Some_of_its_effects" class="sidenote">Some of its -effects.</div> - -<p>The practical effect of this grant was to convert -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span> -Virginia into something like a proprietary government, -with Arlington and Culpeper for proprietors. -It was, of course, not the intention to disturb -individuals in the possession of lands already -acquired by a valid title; but escheated lands were -to go to these proprietors instead of the -crown, and there was an opportunity for -grievous injustice, for many escheated lands were -occupied by persons who had purchased them in -good faith. The lord proprietors were to receive -the revenues of the colony, to appoint all public -officers, and to present pastors for installation. -In short, the entire control of the internal administration -of the colony was to be placed in their -hands, and against such favourites of the king an -appeal at any time was likely to be of little avail. -It is needless to add that the grant was made without -consulting the Virginians. For people who -had lavished so much loyalty upon a worthless -sovereign, this was a scurvy requital. To find its -match for ingratitude one must go to the story of -Inkle and Yarico. No sooner did the House of -Burgesses hear of it than they sent commissioners -to England to make an energetic protest. They -found the king rather surprised to hear that the -Virginians cared anything about such a trifle; he -promised to satisfy everybody, and that naturally -took some time, so that the matter was still under -discussion when things came to a blaze in Virginia.</p> - -<div id="Character_of_Sir_William_Berkeley" class="sidenote">Character of -Sir William -Berkeley.</div> - -<p>The unprincipled government of Charles II. in -England was matched in some respects by the -oppressive administration of Sir William Berkeley -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -in Virginia. We have already met this gentleman -on several occasions; it is now time to notice -him more particularly. He was son of -Sir Maurice Berkeley, who was one of -the members of the London Company -when it was first organized in 1606. Several members -of the family were interested in American -affairs. Sir William’s elder brother, Lord Berkeley -of Stratton, was a favourite of Charles II., -and one of the group of proprietors to whom that -king granted Carolina in 1663. Sir William was -an aristocrat to the ends of his fingers, a man of -velvet and gold lace, a brave soldier, a devoted -husband, a chivalrous friend, and withal as narrow -and bigoted and stubborn a creature as one could -find anywhere. He had no sympathy with common -people, nor any very clear sense of duty toward -them. When he first arrived in Virginia in -1642, at the age of thirty-four, he was considered -very gracious and affable in manners, and during -the ten years of his first governorship he seems to -have been generally popular. From 1652 to 1660 -he lived in retirement on his rural estate of Greenspring -near Jamestown, where he had an orchard -of more than 2,000 fruit trees—apples, pears, -quinces, peaches, and apricots—and a stable of -seventy fine horses. There he entertained Cavalier -guests and drank healths to King Charles until he -was once more called to Jamestown to be governor. -In 1661 he went to London and stayed for a year, -and it was afterwards thought that his visit with -his froward and hot-tempered brother<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> worked a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -change in him for the worse. Berkeley’s errand -in London was to oppose an attempt which the -old London Company was making to have its -charter restored; the people of Virginia had long -ago passed the stage at which they regretted the -overthrow of the Company. During his stay in -London, Berkeley saw one of his own plays performed -at the theatre, for this courtier and Cavalier -dabbled in literature. Of this tragi-comedy, -“The Lost Lady,” Pepys tells us in his Diary -that at first he did not care much for it, but liked -it better the next time he saw it.<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a></p> - -<div id="Corruption_and_extortion" class="sidenote">Corruption -and extortion.</div> - -<div id="The_Long_Assembly" class="sidenote">The Long -Assembly, -1661-1676.</div> - -<div id="Berkeleys_violent_temper" class="sidenote">Berkeley’s -violent -temper.</div> - -<p>After Berkeley’s return to Virginia the evils -of Charles’s misgovernment soon began to show -themselves. A swarm of place-hunters beset the -king, who carelessly gave them appointments in -Virginia, or recommended them to Berkeley for -places. Judges and sheriffs, revenue collectors -and parsons, were thus appointed -without reference to fitness, with the -natural results; the law was ill-administered, the -public money embezzled, and the church scandalized. -The custom-house charges on exported -tobacco afforded chances for extortion and blackmailing, -of which abundant advantage was taken, -and Berkeley was not the sort of man who was -quick to punish the rogues of his own party. -Enemies accused him of profiting by the maladministration -of his officials, and he himself confessed -in a rather cynical letter to Lord Arlington -that, while advancing years had taken away his -ambition, they had left him covetous. A little -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -group of wealthy planters, friends of Berkeley, -obtained places on the council, and contrived to -have everything their own way for several years. -With their aid the governor tried to do away with -the popular election of representatives. Amid the -blaze of royalist exultation over the restoration of -monarchy, the House of Burgesses elected in 1661 -contained a large majority of members -who believed in high prerogative and -divine right; and Berkeley, having thus -secured a legislature that was quite to his mind, -kept it alive for fifteen years, until 1676, simply by -the ingenious expedient of <i>adjourning</i> it from year -to year, and refusing to issue writs for a new election. -The effect of such things was to carry more -than one staunch Cavalier over into what was by no -means a Puritan but none the less a strong opposition -party. As this opposition could not find adequate -voice in the legislature, it became ready for -an explosion. As Berkeley’s old popularity ebbed -away he grew arrogant and cross, and now and -then some instance of mean vindictiveness swelled -the rising tide of hatred against him. He became -subject to fits of violent passion. The famous -Quaker preacher, William Edmundson, who visited -Virginia in 1672, called on the governor -and sought to intercede with him for the -Society of Friends, the members of which -were shamefully treated in that colony. “He was -very peevish and brittle,” says Edmundson, “and -I could fasten nothing on him, with all the soft -arguments I could use.... The next day was -the men’s meeting at William Wright’s house -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -[where I met] Major-General Bennett.... He -asked me ‘How I was treated by the governor?’ -I told him ‘he was brittle and peevish.’... He -asked me ‘if the governor called me dog, rogue, -etc.’ I said ‘No.’ ‘Then,’ said he, ‘you took him -in his best humour, those being his usual terms -when he is angry, for he is an enemy to every -appearance of good.’”<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a></p> - -<div id="Beginning_of_the_Indian_war" class="sidenote">Beginning of -the Indian -war, 1675.</div> - -<p>Such was the governor of Virginia and such the -state of things there, when to the many troubles -that were goading the people to rebellion the horrors -of the tomahawk and scalping-knife were -suddenly added. In 1672, after a fearful struggle -of twenty years’ duration, the Five Nations of -New York had completely overthrown -and nearly annihilated their kinsmen the -Susquehannocks. The defeated barbarians, -slowly retreating southward, roamed on both -sides of the Potomac, while parties of the victors, -mostly from the Seneca tribe, pursued and harassed -them. Early in the summer of 1675 some -Algonquins of the Doeg tribe, dwelling in Stafford -County, not far from the site of Fredericksburg, -got into a dispute with one of the settlers -and stole some of his pigs. The thieves were -pursued, and in the chase one or two of them were -shot. A few days afterward a herdsman was -found mortally wounded at the door of his cabin, -and said with his dying breath that it was Doegs -who had done it. Then the county lieutenant -of Stafford turned out with his militia to punish -the offenders. This officer was Colonel George -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -Mason, whose cavalry troop had gone down before -Cromwell’s resistless blows in the crowning mercy -at Worcester. He was great-grandfather of the -George Mason who sat in the Federal Convention -of 1787. One party of Colonel Mason’s men -overtook and slew eleven of the Algonquins, and -another party at some distance in the forest had -already shot fourteen red men, when a chief came -running up to Colonel Mason and told him that -these latter were friendly Susquehannocks, and -that the murderers of the herdsman were neither -Algonquins nor Susquehannocks, but Senecas. -The firing was instantly stopped, but the unfortunate -affair had evil consequences. Murders by -Indians along the Potomac became frequent. The -Susquehannocks occupied an old blockhouse on -the Maryland side of the river, and a force of -Marylanders, commanded by Major Thomas Truman, -marched out to dislodge them.</p> - -<div id="John_Washington" class="sidenote">John -Washington.</div> - -<p>At the request of the Maryland government, -Virginia sent a party to coöperate in this task. Its -commander bore a name which his great-grandson -was to make forever illustrious. -Colonel John Washington had come over from -England in 1657, with his younger brother Lawrence, -and settled in Westmoreland County. He -was now forty-four years old, a man of wealth -and influence, a leading judge, and member of the -House of Burgesses.</p> - -<div id="The_five_Susquehannock_envoys" class="sidenote">The five -Susquehannock -envoys.</div> - -<p>When the Virginia troops crossed the Potomac -they found their Maryland allies assembled before -the blockhouse, with five Susquehannocks in custody. -These Indians were envoys who had come -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -out for a parley, but had apparently taken alarm -and sought to escape, whereupon Major Truman -seized and detained them until the Virginians -should arrive. Then Colonel -Washington, with his next in command, -Major Isaac Allerton, proceeded to interrogate -the Indians, while Major Truman listened in -silence. Washington demanded satisfaction for -the murders and other outrages committed in -Virginia, but the Indians denied everything and -declared that their deadly enemies the Senecas -were the sole offenders. Washington then asked -how it happened that several canoe-loads of beef -and pork, stolen from the plantations, had been -carried into the Susquehannock fort; was it their -foes the Senecas who were thus supplying them -with food? And how did it happen that a party -of Susquehannocks just captured in Virginia were -dressed in the clothes of Englishmen lately murdered? -The falsehood was too palpable. The -guilt of the Susquehannocks was plain, and they -must either make amends or taste the rigours of -war.</p> - -<p>There can be little doubt that Colonel Washington -was right. Then, as always until after 1763, -the Long House was from end to end the steadfast -ally of the English, and nothing could be -more unlikely than that one of its tribes should -have been guilty of these murders. It is quite -clear that the Susquehannocks lied, with the -double purpose of saving themselves and bringing -down vengeance upon the Senecas. The first -murders had been committed by Algonquins, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -evidently the Susquehannocks had joined in the -work in retaliation for the unfortunate mistake -committed by Colonel Mason’s men.</p> - -<div id="The_killing_of_the_envoys" class="sidenote">The killing -of the -envoys.</div> - -<p>At the close of the conference Major Truman -called to Colonel Washington, asking if these were -not impudent rogues to deny the murders they -had done, when at that very moment the corpses -of nine of their own tribe were lying unburied at -Hurston’s plantation, where in a fight the defenders -of the place had just slain them. As the -envoys persisted in denying that these dead Indians -were Susquehannocks, Washington suggested -that they should be taken to Hurston’s -and confronted with the bodies. So Truman’s -men marched away with the five -envoys, and presently put them to death, “w<sup>ch</sup> -was occation,” says one of the Virginian witnesses, -“y<sup>t</sup> much amaized & startled us & ou<sup>r</sup> Comanders, -being a thing y<sup>t</sup> was never imagined or expected.”<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a></p> - -<p>The killing of these envoys was in violation of -a rule that holds in all warfare, whether savage or -civilized, and Truman was impeached for it in the -Maryland assembly; but owing to an obstinate -disagreement between the two houses as to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -penalty to be inflicted, he escaped without further -punishment than the loss of his seat in the council.</p> - -<div id="Berkeleys_perverseness" class="sidenote">Berkeley’s -perverseness.</div> - -<div id="Indian_atrocities" class="sidenote">Indian -atrocities.</div> - -<p>Colonel Washington’s force proved too small -to hold in check the infuriated Susquehannocks, -who seem to have entered into alliance with the -Algonquins of the country. Soon the whole border, -from the Potomac to the falls of the James, -was swarming with painted barbarians, and day -after day renewed the tale of burning homes and -slaughtered wives and children. This sort of thing -went on through the fall and winter, -driving people into frenzy, but Berkeley -would not call out a military force for -the occasion. He insisted that it was enough to -instruct the county lieutenants, each in his county, -to keep his militia in readiness. It was charged -against him that fear of losing his share in a very -lucrative fur trade made him unwilling to engage -in war with the Indians. However this may have -been, the spirit of the people had become so mutinous -that he was probably afraid to entrust himself -to the protection of a popular militia. Whatever -the motive of his conduct, its consequences -were highly disastrous. On a single day -in January, 1676, within a circle of ten -miles’ radius, thirty-six people were murdered; and -when the governor was notified, he coolly answered -that “nothing could be done until the assembly’s -regular meeting in March”!<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> Meanwhile the -work of firebrand and tomahawk went on. In -Essex County (then known as Rappahannock), -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -sixty plantations were destroyed within seventeen -days. It was thought by some persons that the -Indians were stimulated by reports of the fearful -havoc which their brethren were making in New -England, where King Philip’s war was raging. -Surely the wrath of the planters must have been -redoubled when they heard of the stalwart troop led -by Josiah Winslow into the Narragansett country, -and noted the stern vengeance it wrought there -on a December day of 1675, and contrasted these -things with what they saw before them. As the -Charles City people afterward declared with bitterness, -“we do acknowledge we were so unadvised -then ... as to believe it our duty incumbent on -us both by the laws of God and nature, and our -duty to his sacred Majesty, notwithstanding ... -Sir William Berkeley’s prohibition, ... to take -up arms ... for the just defence of ourselves, -wives, and children, and this his Majesty’s country.”<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> -At length, in March, the Long Assembly, -as people called it, which had been elected in -1661, was convened for the last time; a force of -500 men was gathered, and all things were in -readiness for a campaign, when Berkeley by proclamation -disbanded the little army, declaring that -the frontier forts, if duly prepared and equipped, -afforded all the protection the country needed. To -many people this seemed to be adding insult to -injury; for while no fortress could prevent the -skulking approach of the enemy through the tangled -wilderness, it was widely believed that the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -repairing of forts was simply a device for enabling -the governor’s friends to embezzle the money -granted for the purpose.</p> - -<div id="Nathaniel_Bacon" class="sidenote">Nathaniel -Bacon.</div> - -<div id="Drummond_and_Lawrence" class="sidenote">Drummond -and Lawrence.</div> - -<p>At this time there was a young man of eight-and-twenty -living on his plantation on -James River, hard by Curl’s Wharf. His -name was Nathaniel Bacon, son of Thomas Bacon, -of Friston Hall, Suffolk, a kinsman of the great -Lord Bacon.<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> His mother was daughter of a Suffolk -knight, Sir Robert Brooke. He had studied -law at Gray’s Inn, and after extensive travel on -the continent of Europe had come to Virginia -with his young wife shortly before the beginning -of these Indian troubles. His father’s cousin, -Nathaniel Bacon, of King’s Creek, who had dwelt -in the colony since about 1650, was a man of large -wealth and influence. The abilities and character -of the young Nathaniel were rated so high that he -already had a seat in the council. He was clearly -an impetuous youth, brave and cordial, fiery at -times, and gifted with a persuasive tongue. He -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -was in person tall and lithe, with swarthy complexion -and melancholy eyes, and a somewhat lofty -demeanour. One writer says that his discourse -was “pestilent and prevalent logical,” and that it -“tended to atheism,” which doubtless means that -he criticised things freely. Two other prominent -men were much of his way of thinking. One was -a hard-headed and canny Scotchman, -William Drummond, who had been governor -of the Albemarle colony in Carolina.<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> -The other was Richard Lawrence, an Oxford -graduate of scholarly tastes, whom an old chronicler -has labelled for posterity as “thoughtful Mr. -Lawrence.” Both Drummond and Lawrence were -wealthy men, and lived, it is said, in the two best -built and best furnished houses in Jamestown, -which, it should be remembered, had scarcely more -than a score of houses all told.</p> - -<div id="Bacons_plantation_attackedy" class="sidenote">Bacon’s -plantation -attacked, -May, 1676.</div> - -<div id="He_defeats_the_Indians" class="sidenote">He defeats -the Indians.</div> - -<p>Beside the estate where Bacon lived, he had -another one farther up, on the site still marked -by the name “Bacon Quarter Branch” in the -suburbs of Richmond. “If the redskins meddle -with me,” quoth the fiery young man, -“damn my blood but I’ll harry them, -commission or no commission!” One -May morning in 1676 news came to Curl’s Wharf -that the Indians had attacked the upper estate, -and killed Bacon’s overseer and one of his servants. -A crowd of armed planters on horseback -assembled, and offered to march under Bacon’s -lead. He made an eloquent speech, accepted the -command, and sent a courier to the governor to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> -ask for a commission. Berkeley returned an evasive -answer, whereupon Bacon sent him a polite -note, thanking him for the promised commission, -and forthwith started on his campaign. He had -not gone many miles when a proclamation from -the governor overtook him, commanding -the party to disperse. A few obeyed; -the rest kept on their way and inflicted a severe -defeat upon the Indians. Then Bacon and his -volunteers marched homeward.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a></p> - -<div id="Election_of_a_new_House_of_Burgesses" class="sidenote">Election of a -new House -of Burgesses.</div> - -<div id="Arrest_of_Bacon" class="sidenote">Arrest of Bacon.</div> - -<p>Meanwhile the indignant Berkeley had gathered -a troop of horse and taken the field in person to -arrest this refractory young man. But suddenly -came the news that the whole York peninsula -was in revolt. The governor must needs hasten -back to Jamestown, where he soon realized that if -he would avoid civil war he must dissolve -his moss-grown House of Burgesses and -issue writs for a new election. This was -done. In anticipation of such an emergency, an -act had been passed in 1670 restricting the suffrage -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -by a property qualification, which had called -forth much indignation, since previously universal -suffrage had prevailed. In this excited election -of 1676 the restriction was openly disregarded -in many places, and unqualified persons voted -illegally. Bacon offered himself as a candidate -for Henrico County and was elected by a large -majority. As he drew near to Jamestown in his -sloop with thirty followers, a war-ship lay at anchor -awaiting him, and the high sheriff -arrested him with his whole party. He -was taken into the brick State House and confronted -with the governor, who simply said, “Mr. -Bacon, have you forgot to be a gentleman?” “No, -may it please your honour,” said Bacon. “Very -well,” said Berkeley, “then I’ll take your parole.” -This was discreet in the governor, since the election -had gone so heavily against him. Bacon was -released and went to lodge in the house of Richard -Lawrence.</p> - -<div id="Thoughtful_Mr_Lawrence" class="sidenote">“Thoughtful” -Mr. -Lawrence.</div> - -<p>This “thoughtful” gentleman, the Oxford -scholar, “for wit, learning, and sobriety equalled -by few,” is said to have “kept an ordinary,” -while his house was one of the best in Jamestown. -It should be remembered that the permanent residents -in the town numbered less than a hundred,<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> -while the sessions of the assembly brought a great -influx of temporary sojourners, so that -any or every house would be made to -serve as a tavern. Some years before, -Mr. Lawrence had been “partially treated at law, -for a considerable estate on behalf of a corrupt -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -favourite” of Sir William Berkeley; a fact well -certified by the testimony of the governor’s friend, -Colonel Lee. For this reason Lawrence bore the -governor a grudge and spoke of him as a treacherous -old villain. It was believed by some people -that in the conduct of the rebellion Lawrence was -the Mephistopheles and Bacon simply the Faust -whom he prompted.</p> - -<div id="Bacons_submission" class="sidenote">Bacon’s submission.</div> - -<p>There seems to have been an understanding -that, if Bacon were to acknowledge his offence in -marching without a commission, he should be received -back to his seat in the council, and the -governor would give him a commission -to go and finish the Indian war. The -old Nathaniel Bacon, of King’s Creek, being “a -very rich politic man and childless,” and intending -to leave his estates to young Nathaniel, succeeded -in persuading him, “not without much -pains,” to accept the compromise. The old gentleman -wrote out a formal recantation, which his -young kinsman consented to read in public, and -a scene was made of it. The State House was -a two-story building in which the burgesses had -lately begun sitting apart on the second floor, -while the governor and council (in point of dignity -the “upper house”) held their session on -the first floor. On the 5th of June, 1676, the -burgesses were summoned to attend in the council -chamber while Berkeley opened parliament. In -his opening speech the governor referred to the -Indian troubles, and expressed himself with strong -emphasis on the slaying of the five envoys: “If -they had killed my grandfather and grandmother, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span> -my father and mother and all my friends, yet if -they had come to treat of peace they ought to have -gone in peace!”<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> Then, changing the subject, -the governor announced: “If there be joy in the -presence of the angels over one sinner that repenteth, -there is joy now, for we have a penitent -sinner come before us. Call Mr. Bacon.” The -young man knelt at the bar of the assembly and -read aloud the prepared paper in which he confessed -that he had acted illegally, and offered -sureties for future good behaviour. Then said the -governor impressively, and thrice repeating the -words, “God forgive you! I forgive you.” “And -all that were with him,” interposed a member of -the council. “Yea,” continued Berkeley, “and -all those that were with you.” The sheriff at -once released Bacon’s followers, and he took his -old seat in the council, while the burgesses filed -off upstairs. Our informant, the member for -Stafford, tells us that while he was on his way up -to the burgesses that afternoon, and through the -open door of the council chamber descried “Mr. -Bacon on his quondam seat,” it seemed “a marvellous -indulgence” to one who had so lately been -proscribed as a rebel. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p> - -<div id="In_spite_of_the_governors_unwillingness" class="sidenote">Governor -<i>vs.</i> -Burgesses.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Reform of -abuses.</div> - -<p>The governor’s chief dread was the free discussion -of affairs in general by a hostile assembly. -Now that the Indian imbroglio had brought these -new burgesses together, he wanted them to confine -their talk to Indian affairs and then go home, but -this was not their way of thinking. They aimed, -though feebly, at greater independence -than heretofore, and the governor’s intent -was to frustrate this aim. It was moved -by one of his partisans in the House of Burgesses -“to entreat the governor would please to assign -two of his council to sit with and assist us in our -debates, as had been usual.” At this the friends -of Bacon scowled, and the member for Stafford -ventured to suggest that such aid might not be -necessary, whereat there was an uproar. The -Berkeleyans urged that “it had been customary -and ought not to be omitted,” but a shrewd old -assemblyman named Presley replied, “’Tis true it -has been customary, but if we have any bad customs -amongst us, we are come here to mend ’em.”<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> -This happy retort was greeted with laughter, but -the Cavalier feeling of loyalty to the king’s representative -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -was still strong, and Berkeley’s friends -had their way, apparently in a tumultuous fashion. -As the member for Stafford says, the affair “was -huddled off without coming to a vote,” so that the -burgesses must “submit to be overawed and have -every carped at expression carried straight to the -governor.” Nevertheless, they went sturdily on to -their work of reform, and the acts which -they passed most clearly reveal the nature -of the evils from which the people had been suffering. -They restored universal suffrage; they -enacted that vestrymen should be elected by -popular vote, and limited their term of office to -three years; they reduced the sheriff’s term to a -single year; they declared that no person should -hold at one and the same time any two of the -offices of sheriff, surveyor, escheator, and clerk of -court; and they imposed penalties upon the delay -of public business and the taking of excessive fees. -Councillors with their families, and the families of -clergymen, had been exempted from taxation; this -odious privilege was now abolished. Sundry trade -monopolies were overthrown; two magistrates, -Edward Hill and John Stith, were disfranchised -for alleged misconduct; and provision was made -for a general inspection of public expenses and the -proper auditing of accounts.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a></p> - -<div id="How_the_Queen_of_Pamunkey" class="sidenote">An Indian -“princess.”</div> - -<p>The Indian troubles were not neglected. Arrangements -were made for raising and maintaining -an army of 1,000 men, and the aid of friendly -Indians was solicited. There was a picturesque -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -scene when the “Queen of Pamunkey” was -brought before the House of Burgesses. That interesting -squaw sachem appears to have been a -descendant of the fierce Opekankano. Her tribe -was the same that John Smith had visited on the -winter day when he held his pistol to the old warrior’s -head, with the terse mandate, “Corn or your -life!” That remnant of the Powhatan confederacy -was still flourishing in Bacon’s time, and -indeed it has survived to the present day, a mongrel -compound of Indian and negro, on two small -reservations in King William County.<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> -The “Queen of Pamunkey” in Bacon’s -time commanded about 150 warriors, and what the -assembly wanted was to secure their aid in suppressing -the hostile Indians. The dusky princess -“entered the chamber with a comportment graceful -to admiration, bringing on her right hand an -Englishman interpreter, and on the left her son, a -stripling twenty years of age, she having round -her head a plat of black and white wampum peag -three inches broad in imitation of a crown, and -was clothed in a mantle of dressed deerskins with -the hair outwards and the edge cut round six -inches deep, which made strings resembling twisted -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -fringe from the shoulders to the feet; thus with -grave courtlike gestures and a majestic air in her -face she walked up our long room to the lower -end of the table, where after a few entreaties she -sat down; the interpreter and her son standing by -her on either side as they had walked up. Our -chairman asked her what men she would lend -us for guides in the wilderness and to assist us -against our enemy Indians. She spake to the interpreter -to inform her what the chairman said -(though we believed she understood him). He -told us she bid him ask [her] son to whom the English -tongue was familiar (and who was reputed the -son of an English colonel), yet neither would he -speak to or seem to understand the chairman, but, -the interpreter told us, he referred all to his mother, -who being again urged, she, after a little musing, -with an earnest passionate countenance as if tears -were ready to gush out, and a fervent sort of expression, -made a harangue about a quarter of an -hour, often interlacing (with a high shrill voice -and vehement passion) these words, <i>Totapotamoy -chepiack!</i> i. e. <i>Totapotamoy dead!</i> Colonel Hill, -being next me, shook his head. I asked him what -was the matter. He told me all she said was too -true, to our shame, and that his father was general -in that battle where divers years before<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> Totapotamoy -her husband had led a hundred of his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -Indians in help to the English against our former -enemy Indians, and was there slain with most of his -men; for which no compensation at all had been -to that day rendered to her, wherewith she now -upbraided us.”</p> - -<div id="The_chairmans_rudeness" class="sidenote">The -chairman’s -rudeness.</div> - -<p>The candid member for Stafford calls the chairman -of the committee morose and rude -for not so much as “advancing one cold -word towards assuaging the anger and -grief” of the squaw sachem. Having once obtained -a favour and so ill requited it, the white -men in an emergency were now suppliants for -further good offices of the same sort. But disregarding -all this, the chairman imperiously demanded -to be informed how many Indians she -would now contribute. A look of angry disdain -passed over the cinnamon face; she turned her -head away and “sat mute till that same question -being pressed a third time, she, not returning her -face to the board, answered with a low slighting -voice in our own language, <i>Six!</i> but, being further -importuned, she, sitting a little while sullen, -without uttering a word between, said, <i>Twelve!</i> -... and so rose up and walked gravely away, as -not pleased with her treatment.”</p> - -<div id="Bacons_flight" class="sidenote">Bacon’s -flight.</div> - -<div id="His_speedy_return" class="sidenote">His return.</div> - -<p>Small wisdom was shown in this mean and discourteous -treatment of a useful ally, but men’s -thoughts were at once abruptly turned from such -matters. “One morning early a bruit ran about -the town, Bacon is fled! Bacon is fled!” -and for the moment Indian alliances and -legislative reforms were alike forgotten. Mr. -Lawrence’s house was searched at daybreak, but -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -his lodger had gone. Not only had the governor -withheld the expected commission, but the air -was heavy with suspicion of treachery. The elder -Bacon, of King’s Creek, who was fond of “this -uneasy cousin” without approving his conduct, -secretly informed him that his life was in danger at -Jamestown. So the young man slipped away to his -estate at Curl’s, and within a few days marched -back upon Jamestown at the head of 600 men. -Berkeley’s utmost efforts could scarcely muster -100 men, of whom we are told that not half could -be relied on. Early in the warm June afternoon -Bacon halted his troops upon the green before the -State House, and walked up toward the -building with a little guard of fusileers. -The upper windows were filled with peering burgesses, -and crowds of expectant people stood about -the green. Out from the door came the old white-haired -governor, trembling with fury, and plucking -open the rich lace upon his bosom, shouted to -Bacon, “Here I am! Shoot me! ’Fore God, a -fair mark, a fair mark—shoot!” Bacon answered -mildly, “No, may it please your honour, we have -not come to hurt a hair of your head or of any -man’s. We are come for a commission to save our -lives from the Indians, which you have so often -promised, and now we will have it before we go.”</p> - -<div id="How_the_governor_was_intimidated" class="sidenote">The governor -intimidated, -June, -1676.</div> - -<p>But we are told that after the old man had gone -in to talk with his council, Bacon fell into a rage -and swore that he would kill them all if the commission -were not granted. The fusileers presented -their pieces at the windows and yelled, “We will -have it! we will have it!” till shortly one of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span> -burgesses shook “a pacifick handkercher” and -called down, “you shall have it.” All -was soon quiet again. The assembly drew -up a memorial to the king, setting forth -the grievances of the colony and Bacon’s valuable -services; and it made out a commission for him as -general of an army to be sent against the Indians. -Next day the governor was browbeaten into signing -both these papers; but the same ship that -carried the memorial to Charles II. carried also a -private letter wherein Berkeley told his own story -in his own way. The assembly was then dissolved.</p> - -<div id="Bacon_crushes_the_Susquehannocks" class="sidenote">Bacon -crushes the -Susquehannocks.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Berkeley -flies to Accomac, -and -proclaims -Bacon a -rebel.</div> - -<div id="Bacons_march_to_Middle_Plantation" class="sidenote">Bacon’s -march to -Middle -Plantation.</div> - -<p>Bacon was a commander who could move -swiftly and strike hard. Within four -weeks the remnant of the Susquehannocks -had been pretty nearly wiped out -of existence, when he heard that the governor had -proclaimed him and his followers rebels. It was -like a cry of despair from the old man, -who felt his power and dignity gone -while this young Cromwell rode over -him rough-shod. He tried to raise the -people in Gloucester, reputed the most loyal of the -counties, but his efforts were vain. Ominous -groans and calls of “a Bacon! a Bacon!” greeted -him, until in anticipation of still worse difficulties -he fled across Chesapeake Bay to the Accomac -peninsula, launching the proclamation behind him -like a Parthian arrow. This was on July 29, and -Richard Lawrence carried the news up-stream to -Bacon, who was probably somewhere about the -North Anna River. The young leader was stung -by what he felt to be cruel injustice. “It vexed - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -him to the heart for to think that while he was -hunting Indian wolves, tigers, and foxes, which -daily destroyed our harmless sheep and lambs, -that he and those with him should be pursued -with a full cry, as a more savage or a no less -ravenous beast.” He quickly marched -back at the head of his troops to Middle -Plantation, half way between Jamestown -and York River, the site where Williamsburg was -afterward built. What had best be done was -matter of discussion between Bacon and his -friends, and the affair began to assume a more -questionable and dangerous aspect than before. -The Scotch adviser, William Drummond, was a -gentleman who did not believe in half measures. -When some friend warned him of the danger of -rebellion he was heard to reply, “I am in over -shoes; I will be over boots!” His wife was -equally bold. It was suggested one day that King -Charles might by and by have something to say -about these proceedings, whereupon Sarah Drummond -picked up a stick and broke it in two, exclaiming, -“I care no more for the power of England -than for this broken straw!” Bacon was -advised by Drummond to have Berkeley deposed -and the more placable Sir Henry Chicheley put -in his place; and as a precedent he cited the -thrusting out of Sir John Harvey, forty-one years -before. But Bacon preferred a different course of -action. First, he issued a manifesto in rejoinder -to Berkeley’s proclamation. A few ringing sentences -from it will serve as a sample of his peculiar -eloquence. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p> - -<div id="His_manifesto" class="sidenote">His manifesto.</div> - -<p>“If virtue be a sin, if piety be guilt, all the -principles of morality, goodness and justice be -perverted, we must confess that those who are -now called Rebels may be in danger of -those high imputations. Those loud and -several bulls would affright innocents, and render -the defence of our brethren and the inquiry into -our sad and heavy oppressions Treason. But if -there be (as sure there is) a just God to appeal -to, if religion and justice be a sanctuary here, if -to plead the cause of the oppressed, if sincerely to -aim at his Majesty’s honour and the public good -without any reservation or by-interest, if to stand -in the gap after so much blood of our dear -brethren bought and sold, if after the loss of a -great part of his Majesty’s colony deserted and -dispeopled freely with our lives and estates to -endeavour to save the remainders, be treason—God -Almighty judge and let guilty die. But since -we cannot in our hearts find one single spot of -rebellion or treason, or that we have in any manner -aimed at subverting the settled government or -attempting of the person of any either magistrate -or private man, notwithstanding the several reproaches -and threats of some who for sinister ends -were disaffected to us and censured our innocent -and honest designs, and since all people in all -places where we have yet been can attest our civil, -quiet, peaceable behaviour, far different from that -of rebellion [rebellious?] and tumultuous persons, -let Truth be bold and all the world know the real -foundations of pretended guilt. We appeal to -the country itself, what and of what nature their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -oppressions have been, or by what cabal and mystery -the designs of many of those whom we call -great men have been transacted and carried on. -But let us trace these men in authority and favour -to whose hands the dispensation of the country’s -wealth has been committed.”<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a></p> - -<div id="His_arraignment_of_Berkeley" class="sidenote">His arraignment -of -Berkeley.</div> - -<p>This is the prose of the seventeenth century, -which had not learned how to smite the reader’s -mind with the short incisive sentences to which -we are at the present day accustomed; but there -is no mistaking the writer’s passionate earnestness, -his straightforward honesty and dauntless -courage. As we read, we seem to see -the gleam of lightning in those melancholy -eyes, and we quite understand how -the impetuous youth was a born leader of men. -With strong words tumbling from a full heart the -manifesto goes on to “trace these men in authority,” -these “juggling parasites whose tottering -fortunes have been repaired at the public charge.” -He points out at some length the character of -the public grievances, and appeals to the king -with a formal indictment of Sir William Berkeley:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p>“For having upon specious pretences of public -works raised unjust taxes upon the commonalty -for the advancement of private favourites and -other sinister ends, but no visible effects in any -measure adequate.</p> - -<p>“For not having, during the long time of his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span> -government, in any measure advanced this hopeful -colony either by fortification, towns, or trade.</p> - -<p>“For having abused and rendered contemptible -the majesty of justice, of advancing to places of -judicature scandalous and ignorant favourites.</p> - -<p>“For having wronged his Majesty’s prerogative -and interest by assuming the monopoly of the -beaver trade.</p> - -<p>“[For] having in that unjust gain bartered and -sold his Majesty’s country and the lives of his -loyal subjects to the barbarous heathen.</p> - -<p>“For having protected, favoured, and emboldened -the Indians against his Majesty’s most loyal -subjects, never contriving, requiring or appointing -any due or proper means of satisfaction for their -many invasions, murders, and robberies committed -upon us.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">“Wicked -counsellors.”</div> - -<p>And so on through several further counts. At -the close of the indictment nineteen persons are -mentioned by name as the governor’s “wicked and -pernicious counsellors, aiders and assisters -against the commonalty in these our -cruel commotions.” Among these names -we read those of Sir Henry Chicheley, Richard -Lee, Robert Beverley, Nicholas Spencer, and the -son of our old friend William Claiborne, who had -once been such a thorn in the side of Maryland. -The manifesto ends by demanding that Berkeley -and all the persons on this list be promptly -arrested and confined at Middle Plantation until -further orders. Let no man dare aid or harbour -any one of them, under penalty of being declared -a traitor and losing his estates. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p> - -<div id="Oath_at_Middle_Plantation" class="sidenote">The oath at -Middle -Plantation.</div> - -<div id="Bacon_defeats_the_Appomattox_Indians" class="sidenote">Defeat of -the Indians.</div> - -<p>When he had launched this manifesto Bacon -called for a meeting of notables at Middle Plantation, -to concert measures for making it effective. -There on August 3, accordingly, were assembled -“most of the prime gentlemen of those parts,” -including four members of the council. The discussion -lasted all day, and was kept up by the -light of torches until midnight. There were many -who were not willing to go all lengths -with Bacon. All were willing to subscribe -an agreement not to aid Berkeley -in molesting Bacon and his men, but all were not -prepared to promise military aid to Bacon in -resisting Berkeley. Bacon insisted upon this and -even more. It was not unlikely that the king, -influenced by calumnies and misrepresentations, -might send troops to Virginia to suppress the so-called -“rebellion.” In that case all must unite in -opposing the royal forces until his Majesty should -be brought to see these matters in their true light. -Many demurred at this. It was equivalent to -armed rebellion. They would sign the first part -of the agreement, but not this. Bacon replied -that the governor had already proclaimed them -rebels, and would hang them for signing any part -of the agreement; one might as well be hanged for -a sheep as for a lamb, and as for himself he was -not going to be satisfied with half support. They -must choose between Berkeley and himself. It is -said that they might have argued all that summer -night but for a sudden Indian scare which emphasized -the need for prompt action. Then the hesitating -gentlemen came forward and signed the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -entire paper, while the whole company, and no -one more emphatically than Bacon himself, asseverated -that these proceedings in no way impaired -their allegiance. In other words, they were ready -if need be to make war on the king for his own -good. It was “We, the inhabitants of Virginia,” -that drew up this remarkable agreement, which -Charles II. was presently to read. Writs were -then made out in the king’s name for a new election -of burgesses and signed by the four councilmen. -Then Bacon crossed the James -River and defeated the Appomattox Indians -near the spot where Petersburg now stands. -After this he moved about the country, capturing -and dispersing the barbarians, until early in September -it might be said that every homestead in -the colony was safe.</p> - -<div id="Startling_conversation_between_Bacon_and_Goode" class="sidenote">Startling -conversation -between -Bacon and -Goode.</div> - -<p>In the proceedings which attended the taking of -the oath at Middle Plantation it may be plainly -seen that Bacon was in danger of alienating his -followers by pursuing too radical a policy. This -is strikingly confirmed by a document which has -only lately attracted attention, a letter -from John Goode to Sir William Berkeley, -dated January 30, 1677. This John -Goode was a veteran frontiersman of -sixty years, a man of importance in the colony. -He seems to have been a faithful adherent of -Bacon from his first march against the Indians in -May until the beginning of September, when there -occurred the conversation which, after all was -over, he reported to the governor as follows. The -affair is so important and so little known that I -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -quote the dialogue entire, with the original spelling -and punctuation:<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a><span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hon’d Sr.</span>—In obedient submission to your honours -command directed to me by Capt. Wm. Bird<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> I -have written the full substance of a discourse Nath: -Bacon, deceased, propos’d to me on or about the 2d day -of September last, both in order and words as followeth:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bacon.</span>—There is a report Sir Wm. Berkeley hath -sent to the king for 2,000 Red Coates, and I doe believe -it may be true, tell me your opinion, may not 500 Virginians -beat them, wee having the same advantages -against them the Indians have against us.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Goode.</span>—I rather conceive 500 Red Coats may either -Subject or ruine Virginia.</p> - -<p>B.—You talk strangely, are not wee acquainted with -the Country, can lay Ambussadoes, and take Trees and -putt them by, the use of their discipline, and are doubtlesse -as good or better shott than they.</p> - -<p>G.—But they can accomplish what I have sayd -without hazard or coming into such disadvantages, by -taking Opportunities of landing where there shall bee -noe opposition, firing out [our?] houses and Fences, -destroying our Stocks and preventing all Trade and -supplyes to the Country.</p> - -<p>B.—There may bee such prevention that they shall -not bee able to make any great Progresse in Mischeifes, -and the Country or Clime not agreeing with their Constitutions, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> -great mortality will happen amongst them, -in their Seasoning which will weare and weary them -out.</p> - -<p>G.—You see Sir that in a manner all the principall -Men in the Countrey dislike your manner of proceedings, -they, you may bee sure will joine with the Red -Coates.</p> - -<p>B.—But there shall none of them bee [permitted?].</p> - -<p>G.—Sir, you speake as though you design’d a totall -defection from Majestie, and our native Country.</p> - -<p>B.—Why (smiling) have not many Princes lost their -Dominions soe.</p> - -<p>G.—They have been such people as have been able -to subsist without their Prince. The poverty of Virginia -is such, that the Major part of the Inhabitants -can scarce supply their wants from hand to mouth, and -many there are besides can hardly shift, without Supply -one yeare, and you may bee sure that this people -which soe fondly follow you, when they come to feele -the miserable wants of food and rayment, will bee in -greater heate to leave you, then [than] they were to come -after you, besides here are many people in Virginia that -receive considerable benefitts, comforts, and advantages -by Parents, Friends and Correspondents in England, -and many which expect patrimonyes and Inheritances -which they will by no meanes decline.</p> - -<p>B.—For supply I know nothing: the Country will -be able to provide it selfe withall, in a little time, save -Amunition and Iron, and I believe the King of France -or States of Holland would either of them entertaine a -Trade with us.</p> - -<p>G.—Sir, our King is a great Prince, and his Amity -is infinitely more valuable to them, then [than] any -advantage they can reape by Virginia, they will not -therefore provoke his displeasure by supporting his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -Rebells here; besides I conceive that your followers do -not think themselves ingaged against the King’s Authority, -but against the Indians.</p> - -<p>B.—But I think otherwise, and am confident of it, -that it is the mind of this country, and of Mary Land, -and Carolina also, to cast off their Governor and the -Governors of Carolina have taken no notice of the People, -nor the People of them, a long time;<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> and the -people are resolv’d to own their Governour further; -And if wee cannot prevaile by Armes to make our Conditions -for Peace, or obtaine the Priviledge to elect our -own Governour, we may retire to Roanoke.</p> - -<p>And here hee fell into a discourse of seating a Plantation -in a great Island in the River, as a fitt place to -retire to for Refuge.</p> - -<p>G.—Sir, the prosecuting what you have discoursed -will unavoidably produce utter ruine and destruction to -the people and Countrey, & I dread the thoughts of -putting my hand to the promoting a designe of such miserable -consequence, therefore hope you will not expect -from me.</p> - -<p>B.—I am glad I know your mind, but this proceeds -from meer Cowardlynesse.</p> - -<p>G.—And I desire you should know my mind, for -I desire to harbour noe such thoughts, which I should -fear to impart to any man.</p> - -<p>B.—Then what should a Gentleman engaged as I -am, doe, you doe as good as tell me, I must fly or hang -for it.</p> - -<p>G.—I conceive a seasonable Submission to the -Authority you have your Commission from, acknowledging -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -such Errors and Excesse, as are yett past, there -may bee hope of remission.</p> - -<p>I perceived his cogitations were much on this discourse, -hee nominated, Carolina, for the watch word.</p> - -<p>Three days after I asked his leave to goe home, hee -sullenly Answered, you may goe, and since that time, I -thank God, I never saw or heard from him.</p> - -<div id="Perilous_situation_of_Bacon" class="sidenote">Bacon’s -perilous -situation.</div> - -<p>This interesting dialogue reveals the nature of -the situation into which Bacon had drifted. As -the days went by, he could hardly fail -to see that the king was more likely to -take Berkeley’s view of the case than his. -According to that view the deliverer of Virginia -from the Indians was a proscribed rebel who must -“fly or hang for it.” There was little hope for -Bacon in “seasonable submission.” He would, -therefore, consider it safer and better for Virginia -to hold out until the king could be induced to -take Bacon’s view of the case; or failing this, it -might still be possible to wear out the king’s troops -and achieve independence for Virginia, with the -aid of the discontented people in the neighbouring -colonies. These were the speculations of a man -whom circumstances were making desperate, and -the effect which they wrought upon John Goode -was likely to be repeated with many who had -hitherto loyally followed his fortunes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Berkeley -takes the -offensive.</div> - -<p>Thus far Bacon’s fighting had been against -Indians. His quarrel with the governor had been -confined to fulminations. Now the two men were -to come into armed collision and give Virginia a -brief taste of civil war. Bacon sent Giles Bland, -“a gentleman of an active and stirring disposition,” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> -with four armed vessels, to arrest Berkeley -in Accomac, but Colonel Philip Ludwell, -aided by treachery, succeeded in capturing -Bland with his flotilla. Bland was -put in irons, and one ship’s captain was -hanged for an example. Meanwhile Berkeley was -enlisting troops by promising as rewards the -estates of all the gentlemen who had taken the -oath at Middle Plantation. He also sought to win -over the indentured servants of gentlemen fighting -under Bacon by promising to give them the estates -of their masters. Many longshoremen also were -enrolled. Having in these ways scraped together -about 1,000 men, the governor sailed up the river -to Jamestown and took possession of the place, -from which Lawrence and Drummond fled in the -nick of time.</p> - -<div id="The_White_Aprons_at_Jamestown" class="sidenote">The white -aprons.</div> - -<p>When this news reached Bacon it found him at -West Point, with the work of subduing the red -men practically finished. Not four months had -yet elapsed since the first attack on his plantation. -It was clearly no ordinary young man that had -done that summer’s arduous work. Now he advanced -upon Jamestown, and made his headquarters -in his adversary’s comfortable mansion at -Green Spring. Sir William had thrown an earthwork -across the neck of the promontory, and -Bacon began building a parallel. It is -said that he compelled a number of ladies -in white aprons—wives of leading Berkeleyans—to -stand upon the works, and sent a message to -the governor not to fire upon these guardian angels. -“The poor gentlewomen were mightily astonished,” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -says the chronicle, “and neither were their -bands void of amazement at this subtle invention.”<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> -The incident is an ugly spot in that brief -career. One would gladly disbelieve the story, but -our contemporary authority for it seems unimpeachable, -and is friendly withal to Bacon.</p> - -<div id="Bacons_speech_at_Green_Spring" class="sidenote">Bacon’s -speech.</div> - -<p>The speech made by the young commander to -his men at Green Spring before the final assault -is a good specimen of his eloquence: -“Gentlemen and Fellow Soldiers, how I -am transported with gladness to find you thus -unanimous, bold and daring, brave and gallant. -You have the victory before the fight, the conquest -before the battle.... Your hardiness will -invite all the country along as we march to come -in and second you.... The ignoring of their -actions cannot but so much reflect upon their -spirit, as they will have no courage left to fight -you. I know you have the prayers and well -wishes of all the people in Virginia, while the -others are loaded with their curses. Come on, -my hearts of gold; he that dies in the field lies -in the bed of honour!”<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a></p> - -<div id="Burning_of_Jamestown" class="sidenote">Burning of -Jamestown.</div> - -<div id="Persons_who_suffered_at_Bacons_hands" class="sidenote">Sufferers at -Bacon’s -hands.</div> - -<p>The governor’s motley force was indeed no -match for these determined men. In the desultory -fighting that ensued about Jamestown he was -badly defeated and at last fled again to Accomac. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -Jamestown remained at Bacon’s mercy, and he -burned it to the ground, that it might no -longer “harbour the rogues.” We are -told that Lawrence and Drummond took the lead -in this work by applying the torch to their own -houses with their own hands. At Green Spring -an “oath of fidelity” was drawn up, which was -taken voluntarily by many people and forced upon -others. Bacon seems now to have shown more -severity than formerly in sending men to prison -and seizing their property. One deserter he shot, -but from bloodthirstiness he was notably free. -Among the gentlemen who suffered most at his -hands were Richard Lee and Sir Henry -Chichely, who were kept several weeks -in prison, Philip and Thomas Ludwell, -Nicholas Spencer and Daniel Parke, Robert Beverley -and Philip Lightfoot, whose estates were at -various times plundered. John Washington and -others who were denounced as “delinquents” saw -their corn and tobacco, cattle and horses, impressed -and carried away. Colonel Augustine -Warner, another great-grandfather of George -Washington, “was plundered as much as any, -and yet speaks little of his losses, though they -were very great.”<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> Among the sufferers appears -“the good Queen of Pamunkey,” who was “driven, -out into the wild woods and there almost famished, -plundered of all she had, her people taken prisoners -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -and sold; the queen was also robbed of her -rich watchcoat for which she had great value, and -offered to redeem at any rate.” The next paragraph -in the commissioners’ report is delightful: -“We could not but present her case to his Majesty, -who, though he may not at present so well -or readily provide remedies or rewards for the -other worthy sufferers, yet since a present of small -price may highly oblige and gratify this poor -Indian Queen, we humbly supplicate his Majesty -to bestow it on her.”</p> - -<div id="Bacon_and_his_cousin" class="sidenote">Bacon and -his cousin.</div> - -<p>One of the accusations against Bacon was that -to him a good Indian meant a dead Indian, so -that he did not take the trouble to discriminate -between friends and foes. But what shall we say -when we find him plundering his own kinsman, -the affectionate cousin whose timely warning -had once perhaps saved his life? -The commissioners report the losses of Nathaniel -Bacon the elder, at the hands of his “unnatural -kinsman,” as at least £1,000 sterling. The old -gentleman was “said to have been a person soe -desirous and Industrious to divert the evil consequences -of his Rebell kinsman’s proceedings, that -at the beginning hee freely proposed and promised -to invest him in a considerable part of his Estate -in present, and to leave him the Remainder in -Reversion after his and his wife’s death, offering -him other advantages upon condicion hee would -lay downe his Armes, and become a good subject to -his Majestie, that that colony might not be disturbed -or destroyed, nor his owne ffamily stained -with soe foule a Blott.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p> - -<div id="Death_of_Bacon" class="sidenote">Death of -Bacon, Oct. -1, 1676.</div> - -<p>At the burning of Jamestown the end of Bacon -and of his rebellion was not far off. “This Prosperous -Rebell, concluding now the day his owne, -marcheth with his army into Gloster County, -intending to visit all the northern part of Virginia -... and to settle affairs after his own -measures.... But before he could arrive to the -Perfection of his designes (w<sup>ch</sup> none but the eye of -omniscience could Penetrate) Providence -did that which noe other hand durst (or -at least did) doe and cut him off.” Malarious -Jamestown wreaked its own vengeance -upon its destroyer. When Bacon marched away -from it he was already ill with fever, and on the -first day of October, at the house of a friend in -Gloucester, he “surrendered up that fort he was -no longer able to keep, into the hands of the grim -and all-conquering Captain, Death.” Accusations -of poison were raised, but it is not likely that any -other poison was concerned than impure water -and marsh gases. The funeral was conducted -with extraordinary secrecy. If a sudden turn of -fortune should put Berkeley in possession of the -body, he would surely hang it on a gibbet; so -thoughtful Mr. Lawrence took measures to prevent -any such indignity. One chronicler darkly -hints that Bacon’s remains were buried in some -very secret place in the woods, but another mentions -stones laid in the coffin, which suggests that -it was sunk beneath the waves of York River, as -Soto was buried in the Mississippi and mighty -Alaric in the Busento.</p> - -<div id="Collapse_of_the_rebellion" class="sidenote">Collapse -of the -Rebellion.</div> - -<div id="Arrival_of_royal_commissioners_January_1677" class="sidenote">Arrival of -royal commissioners, -January, -1677.</div> - -<div id="Berkeleys_outrageous_conduct" class="sidenote">Outrageous -conduct of -Berkeley.</div> - -<p>A strange meteoric career was that of young -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -Bacon, begun and ended as it was in the space of -about twenty weeks. On the news of his -death the rebellion collapsed with surprising -suddenness. His followers soon -began giving in their submissions to the governor; -the few that held out were dispersed or captured. -Although it was not until January that the work -of suppression was regarded as complete, yet that -work consisted chiefly in catching fugitives. In -January an English fleet arrived, with a -regiment of troops, and a commission -for investigating the affairs of Virginia. -The commissioners were Sir John Berry, -Sir Herbert Jeffries, and Colonel Francis Morison, -three worthy and fair-minded gentlemen. They -found nothing left for soldiers to do. They had -authority for trying rebels, but in that business -Berkeley had been beforehand. Soon after Bacon’s -death one of his best officers, Colonel Thomas -Hansford, was captured by Robert Beverley, and -carried over to Accomac. He asked no favour -save that he might be “shot like a soldier and not -hanged like a dog,” but this was not granted. -Hansford has been called “the first native martyr -to American liberty.”<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> Soon afterward two captains -were hanged, and the affair of Major Edward -Cheesman seems to have occurred while Berkeley -was still at Accomac. It is the foulest incident -recorded in Berkeley’s career. When Cheesman -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -was brought before him, the governor fiercely -demanded, “Why did you engage in Bacon’s designs?” -Before the prisoner could answer, his -young wife stepped forward and said, -“It was my provocations that made my -husband join the cause; but for me he -had never done what he has done.” Then falling -on her knees before the governor, she implored -him that she might be hanged as the guilty one -instead of her husband.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> The old wretch’s answer -was an insult so atrocious that the royalist chronicler -can hardly abide it. “His Honour” must -have been beside himself with anger and could -not have meant what he said; for no woman could -have “so small an affection for her husband as to -dishonour him by her dishonesty, and yet retain -such a degree of love, that rather than he should -be hanged she will be content to submit her own -life to the sentence.” Perhaps the governor’s -thirst for vengeance was satisfied by his ruffian -speech, for Major Cheesman was not put to death, -but remanded to jail, where he died of illness.</p> - -<div id="Execution_of_Drummond" class="sidenote">Execution of -Drummond.</div> - -<p>After Berkeley had occupied the York peninsula -little work remained for him but that of the -hangman. Not all the leaders were easy to find. -Richard Lawrence, thoughtful as always, escaped -from the scene. “The last account of him,” says -T. M., “was from an uppermost plantation, whence -he and four other desperadoes, with horses, pistols, -etc., marched away in a snow ankle-deep.” -Here the scholarly rebel vanishes from our sight, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -and whether he perished in the wilderness or made -his way to some safer country, we do not know. -On a cold day in January his friend Drummond, -hiding in White Oak Swamp was found and taken -to the governor. “Aha!” cried the old man, with -a low bow, “you are very welcome. I would -rather see you just now than any other man in -Virginia. Mr. Drummond, you shall be -hanged in half an hour!” “What your -honour pleases,” said the undaunted Scotchman. -He was strung up that afternoon, but not until -his wife’s ring had been pulled from his finger, -for rapacity vied with ferocity in the governor’s -breast. Before the end of January some twenty -more had been hanged. An election was then -going on, and the newly-elected assembly called -upon Berkeley to desist from this carnival of -blood. “If we had let him alone,” said Presley, -the venerable member for Northampton, to T. M., -the member for Stafford, “he would have hanged -half the country!”</p> - -<div id="Death_of_Berkeley" class="sidenote">Death of Berkeley.</div> - -<p>The governor’s rage had carried him too far. -His conduct did not meet with the approval of the -commissioners, whose report on the disturbances is -written in a fair and impartial spirit. He treated -the commissioners with crazy rudeness. It is said -that when they had called on him at Green Spring -and were about to return to their boat on the -river, he offered them his state-coach with the -hangman for driver! whereupon they preferred to -walk to the landing-place. Fresh seeds of contention -were sown, to bear fruit in the future. -The complaints of Drummond’s widow and others -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -found their way to the throne. “As I live,” -quoth the king, “the old fool has put to death -more people in that naked country than I did -here for the murder of my father.” In the spring -the royal order for Berkeley’s removal arrived, -and on April 27 he sailed for England, apparently -expecting to return, for he left his wife at Green -Spring. Sir Herbert Jeffries, one of the commissioners, -succeeded him with a special commission -as lieutenant governor. Berkeley’s departure was -joyfully celebrated with bonfires and salutes of -cannon. He cherished hopes of justifying himself -in a personal interview with the king, but the -interview was delayed until, about the -middle of July, the old man fell sick and -died. It was believed that his death was caused -by vexation and chagrin. A few weeks afterward -the other two commissioners, Sir John Berry and -Colonel Morison, returned to England; and we -are told that one day the late governor’s brother, -Lord Berkeley, meeting Sir John Berry in the -council chamber, told him “with an angry voice -and a Berkeleyan look,” that he and Morison had -murdered his brother.<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> In October a royal order -for the relief of Sarah Drummond declared that -her husband “had been sentenced and put to -death contrary to the laws of the kingdom.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Significance_of_the_rebellion" class="sidenote">Significance of the rebellion.</div> - -<p>Thus ended the first serious and ominous tragedy -in the history of the United States, a story preserved -for us in many of its details with striking -vividness, yet concerning the innermost significance -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> -of which we would fain know more than -we do. It may fairly be pronounced the most -interesting episode in our early history, surpassing -in this regard the Leisler affair at New York, -which alone can be compared with it for -intensity of human interest. As ordinarily -told, however, the story of Bacon -presents some features that are unintelligible. It -is customary to liken the little rebellion of 1676 -to the great rebellion of 1776, and we are thus -led to contemplate Bacon and Virginia as arrayed -against Berkeley and England. In such a view -the facts are unduly simplified and strangely distorted. -If it were possible thus fully to identify -Bacon’s cause with the cause of Virginia, it would -become impossible to explain the ease with which -his followers were suppressed by Virginians, without -any aid from England. But when all the -facts are considered, we can see at once that such -a result was inevitable.</p> - -<p>Careful inspection of the relevant facts will -show us that Bacon was contending against four -things:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p>1. The Indian depredations.</p> - -<p>2. The misrule of Sir William Berkeley.</p> - -<p>3. The English navigation laws.</p> - -<p>4. The tendency toward oligarchical government -which had been rapidly growing since the -beginning of the great influx of Cavaliers in -1649.</p> - -<div id="How_far_Bacon_represented_popular_sentiment" class="sidenote">How far Bacon represented public sentiment in Virginia.</div> - -<p>Under the first three heads little need be said. -The facts have been generally recognized. It was -by Bacon’s zeal and success in suppressing the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -Indian power that he acquired public favour. As -for the peculation and extortion practised -or permitted by Berkeley, it cannot -for a moment be supposed that such men -as John Washington, Richard Lee, etc., -were inclined to tolerate or connive at it. As for -the navigation laws, it was a common remark, -after the oath at Middle Plantation, that now -Virginians might look forward hopefully to trading -with all countries. It is therefore altogether -probable that on all these grounds the public sentiment -of Virginia was overwhelmingly on the side -of Bacon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The leading families were in general opposed to him.</div> - -<p>Under the fourth head some explanation is -needed, for historians have generally overlooked -or disregarded it. One of the most conspicuous -facts in the story of Bacon’s rebellion is the fact -that a great majority of the wealthiest and most -important men in the colony were opposed -to him from first to last. The -list of those who were pillaged by his -followers is largely a list of the names -most honoured in Virginia, the great-grandfathers -of the illustrious men who were among the foremost -in winning independence for the United -States and in building up our federal government. -It is also largely a list of the names of Cavaliers -who had come from England to Virginia since -1649. The political ideas of these men were -surely not democratic. If they were devout disbelievers -in popular government, the fact is in -nowise to their discredit. Popular government is -still on its trial in the world, and the last word on -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -the subject has not yet been said. In our day the -men who do the most to throw discredit upon it -are often those who prate most loudly in its -favour; political blatherskites, like the famous -“Colonel Yell of Yellville,” whose accounts were -sadly delinquent though his heart beat with fervour -for his native land. The Cavaliers who came -to Virginia were staunch and honourable men who -believed—with John Winthrop and Edmund -Burke and Alexander Hamilton—that society is -most prosperous when a select portion of the -community governs the whole. Such a doctrine -seems to me less defensible than the democratic -views of Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson -and Herbert Spencer, but it is still entitled to all -the courtesies of debate. Two centuries ago it -was of course the prevailing doctrine.</p> - -<div id="Political_changes_since_1660" class="sidenote">Political changes since 1660; the close vestry.</div> - -<div id="Restriction_of_the_suffrage" class="sidenote">Restriction of the suffrage.</div> - -<p>In the preceding chapter I pointed out that the -period of Cavalier immigration, between 1650 and -1670, was characterized by a rapid increase in the -dimensions of landed estates and in the employment -of servile labour. The same period -witnessed a change of an eminently symptomatic -kind in local government. In -any state the local institutions are the -most vitally important part of the whole political -structure. Now, as I have already mentioned,<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> -the English parish was at an early time reproduced -in Virginia, and its authority was exercised -by a few chosen men, usually twelve, who constituted -a vestry. At first, and until after 1645,<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a> the -vestrymen were elected by the people of the parish, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -so that they were analogous to the selectmen of -New England. A vestry thus elected is called an -open vestry. Now soon after the Long Assembly -had begun its sessions in 1661, in the fall tide of -royalist reaction, we find on its records a statute -which transformed the open vestry into a close -vestry. In March, 1662, it was enacted that “in -case of the death of any vestryman, or his departure -out of the parish, ... the minister and vestry -make choice of another to supply his room.”<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> The -speedy effect of this was to dispense with the popular -election and to convert the vestry into a self-perpetuating -close corporation. When we consider -the great powers wielded by the vestry, we realize -the importance of this step. The vestry made -up the parish budget, apportioned the taxes, and -elected the churchwardens, who were in many -places the tax-collectors. By its “processioning of -the bounds of every person’s land,” the vestry -exercised control over the record of land-titles. Its -supervision of the counting of tobacco was also a -function of no mean importance. The vestry also -presented the minister for induction. All the local -government not in the hands of the vestry was -administered by the county court, which consisted -of eight justices appointed by the governor. So -that when the people lost the power of electing vestrymen -they parted with the only share they had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -in the local government.<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> Nothing was left them -except the right to vote for burgesses, -and not only was this curtailed in 1670 by -a property qualification, but it was of no -avail while the Long Assembly lasted, since during -those fifteen years there were no elections. That -political power should thus rapidly become concentrated -in the hands of the leading families was -under the circumstances but natural. That the -deprivation of suffrage was by many people felt to -be a grievance is unquestionable.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> No testimony -can outweigh that of the statute book, and two of -the notable acts of Bacon’s assembly in June, -1676, were those which restored universal suffrage -and the popular election of vestrymen, and limited -the terms of service of vestrymen to three years. -The first assembly after the rebellion, which met -at Green Spring in February, 1677, with Augustine -Warner as speaker, declared all the acts of -Bacon’s assembly null and void. Then in the -course of that year and the three years following -several of those wholesome acts were reënacted, -especially those which related to exorbitant fees -and the misuse of public money. Great pains -were taken to guard against extortion and corruption,<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> -but the provisions concerning vestrymen -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -were not reënacted. A law was passed allowing -the freeholders and housekeepers in each parish to -elect six “sober and discreet” representatives to -sit with the vestry and have equal votes with the -vestrymen in assessing the parish taxes; in case -the parish should neglect to choose such representatives, -or in case they should fail to appear at -the time appointed, the vestry was to proceed without -them.<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> This act seems to have had little -effect, and the law of 1662, which created the close -vestry, still remained law after more than a century -had passed.<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> As for the right to vote for -burgesses, the royal instructions received from -Charles II. in January, 1677, restricted it to -“ffreeholders, as being more agreeable to the -custome of England, to which you are as nigh as -you conveniently can to conforme yourselves.”<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">68</a> -According to the same instructions the assembly -was to be called together only once in two years, -“unlesse some emergent occasion shall make it -necessary;” and it was to sit “ffourteene days -... and noe longer, unlesse you find goode cause -to continue it beyond that tyme;” qualifications -which could easily be made to defeat the restriction.</p> - -<div id="How_the_aristocrats_regarded_Bacons_followers" class="sidenote">How the aristocrats regarded Bacon’s followers.</div> - -<p>The legislation of Bacon’s assembly concerning -the suffrage and the vestries proves that the people -whom he represented were not in sympathy with -the political and social changes which had been -growing up since the middle of the century. These -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -enactments were a protest against the increasing -tendency toward a more aristocratic type of society. -It was, therefore, natural that a large -majority of the aristocrats should have been opposed -to Bacon. Doubtless they sympathized -with his protests against legislative -oppression and official corruption, -but they did not approve of his levelling -schemes. Their language concerning Bacon’s followers -shows how they felt about them and toward -them. William Sherwood calls them “y<sup>e</sup> scum of -the Country.”<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> According to Philip Ludwell, -deputy secretary and member of the council, -Bacon “gathers about him a Rabble of the basest -sort of People, whose Condicion was such, as by -a chaunge could not admitt of worse, w<sup>th</sup> these he -begins to stand at Defyance ag’t the Governm’t.”<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> -Again, “Mr. Bacon had Gotten at severall places -about 500 men, whose fortune and Inclinations -being equally desperate, were ffit for y<sup>e</sup> purpose -there being not 20 in y<sup>e</sup> whole Route, but what -were Idle & will not worke, or such whose Debaucherie -or Ill Husbandry has brought in Debt -beyond hopes or thought of payment these are the -men that are sett up ffor the Good of ye Countrey; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -who for ye ease of the poore will have noe taxes -paied, though for ye most p<sup>t</sup> of them, they pay -none themselves, would have all magistracie & -Governm’nt taken away & sett up one themselves, -& to make their Good Intentions more manifest -<i>stick not to talk openly of shareing mens Estates -among themselves</i>,<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> with these (being Drawne -together) Mr. Bacon marches speedly toward the -towne, etc.”<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> Governor Berkeley’s testimony -should not be omitted; he wrote to the king in -June, “I have above thirty-five years governed -the most flourishing country the sun ever shone -over, but am now encompassed with rebellion like -waters in every respect like to that of Masaniello -except their leader.”<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> In other words, the rebels -were a mere rabble, except their leader, who was -not a humble fisherman like the Italian, but a -gentleman of high birth and breeding. According -to the careful and fair-minded commissioners, -Bacon “seduced the Vulgar and most ignorant -People (two-thirds of each county being of that -Sort) Soe that theire whole hearts and hopes were -set now upon” him.<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">74</a></p> - -<div id="The_real_state_of_the_case" class="sidenote">The real state of the case.</div> - -<p>Allowance for prejudice must of course be made -in considering the general statements of hostile -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -witnesses, such as Berkeley and Sherwood and -Philip Ludwell. It is quite clear that Bacon’s -followers were by no means all of the -baser sort. This is distinctly recognized -in a letter to the king by Thomas Ludwell -and Robert Smith, containing proposals for -reducing the rebels. In a certain event, they say, -“there will be a speedy separation of the sound -parts from the rabble.”<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> Here we have an explicit -admission that there was a “sound part.” -It will be remembered that Drummond had been -a colonial governor, and that his house and Lawrence’s -were the best in Jamestown. The officers -we have met in the story, Hansford and Bland -and Cheesman, were men of good family; and -among the foremost men in the colony we are told -that Colonel George Mason was inclined to sympathize -with the insurgents.<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> In this he was clearly -by no means alone. On the whole, however, there -can be no doubt that Bacon’s cause was to a considerable -extent the cause of the poor against the -rich, of the humble folk against the grandees.</p> - -<div id="Effect_of_hard_times" class="sidenote">Effect of hard times.</div> - -<div id="Populist_aspect_of_the_rebellion" class="sidenote">Populist aspects of the rebellion.</div> - -<div id="Its_sound_aspects" class="sidenote">Its sound aspects.</div> - -<p>When we take into account this aspect of the -case, which has never received the attention it -deserves, the whole story becomes consistent and -intelligible. The years preceding the rebellion -were such as are commonly called “hard times.” -People felt poor and saw fortunes made -by corrupt officials; the fault was with -the Navigation Act and with the debauched civil -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> -service of Charles II. and Berkeley. Besides these -troubles, which were common to all, the poorer -people felt oppressed by taxation in regard to -which they were not consulted and for which they -seemed to get no service in return.<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> The distribution -of taxation by polls, equal amounts for rich -and for poor, was resented as a cruel injustice.<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> -The subject of taxation was closely connected with -the Indian troubles, for people paid large sums for -military defence and nevertheless saw their houses -burned and their families massacred. Under these -circumstances the sudden appearance of the brave -and eloquent Bacon seemed to open the way of -salvation. The indomitable queller of Indians -could also curb the tyrant. Naturally, along with -a more respectable element, the rabble gathered -under his standard; it is always the case in revolutions -with the men who have little or nothing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> -to lose. It is likewise usual for men with much -property at stake to be conservative on -such occasions. Philip Ludwell’s statement, -that some of the rebels entertained -communistic notions, is just what one might have -expected. There is always more or less socialist -tomfoolery at such times. In some of its aspects -there is a resemblance between Bacon’s rebellion -and that of Daniel Shays in Massachusetts one -hundred and ten years later. But the Massachusetts -leader was a weak and silly creature, and his -resistance to government had nothing to justify -it, though there were palliating circumstances. -The course of Bacon, on the other hand, was in -the main a justifiable protest against misgovernment, -and until after the oath at Middle -Plantation a great deal of the sound -sentiment in Virginia must have sympathized with -him. In the unwillingness of some of the gentlemen -present to take the oath, we seem to see the -first ebbing of the tide. Evidently there began -to be, as Thomas Ludwell had predicted, “a separation -of the sound parts from the rabble;” and -this appears very distinctly in the defection of -Goode about four weeks later.</p> - -<p>In the intention of resisting the king’s troops, -which thus weakened Bacon’s position, he certainly -showed more zeal than judgment. It has -the look of the courage that comes from desperation. -Had he lived to persist in this course, the -policy most likely to strengthen him would have -been to make his foremost demand the repeal of -the Navigation Act which all Virginians detested -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -and even Berkeley disapproved. But it is not -likely that anything could have saved him from -defeat and the scaffold. Death seems to have -intervened in kindness to him and to Virginia.<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">79</a></p> - -<p>In the early history of our country Bacon must -ever remain one of the bright and attractive figures. -Our heart is always with the man who -boldly stands out against corruption and oppression. -To many persons the name of rebel seems -fraught with blame and reproach; but the career -of mankind so abounds in examples of heroic -resistance to intolerable wrongs that to any one -familiar with history the name of rebel is often a -title of honour. Bacon’s brief career was an episode -in the perennial fight against taxation without -representation, the ancient abuse of living on other -men’s labour. We cannot fail to admire his quick -incisiveness, his cool head, his determined courage; -and the spectacle of this young Cavalier taking -the lead, like Tiberius Gracchus, in a movement -for justice and liberty will always make a pleasing -picture. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XII">CHAPTER XII.<br /> - -<span id="WILLIAM_AND_MARY">WILLIAM AND MARY.</span></h2> - -<div id="A_century_of_political_education" class="sidenote">Political education.</div> - -<p>Between the breaking out of Bacon’s rebellion -in the summer of 1676 and the Declaration -of Independence, the interval was exactly a hundred -years. It was for Virginia a century of -political education. It prepared her for the great -work to come, and it brought her into -sympathy more or less effective with -other colonies that were struggling with similar -political questions, especially with Massachusetts. -It was in that same year, 1676, that Charles II. -sent Edward Randolph to Boston, to enforce the -Navigation Act and to report upon New England -affairs in general. This mission of Randolph led -to quarrels which resulted in the overthrow of the -charter and the sending of royal governors to -Massachusetts. From that time forth the legislatures -of Massachusetts and Virginia had to contend -with similar questions concerning the powers -and prerogatives of the royal governors, so that -the two colonies kept a close watch upon each -other’s proceedings, while both received a thorough -training in constitutional politics. Amid such -circumstances came into existence the necessary -conditions for the establishment of political independence -and the formation of our Federal Union. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span></p> - -<div id="Robert_Beverley_1" class="sidenote">Robert Beverley.</div> - -<div id="His_refusal_to_give_up_the_journals" class="sidenote">His refusal to give up the journals.</div> - -<p>The suppression of Bacon’s rebellion was far -from equivalent to a surrender to Charles II. or -his representatives. Questions of privilege soon -arose, and it was not long before Berkeley’s most -efficient officer came himself to be regarded almost -in the light of a rebel. Major Robert -Beverley, of Beverley in Yorkshire, an -ardent royalist, had come to Virginia in 1663. -He was elected clerk of the House of Burgesses -in 1670, and held that office for many years. No -one was more active in stamping out rebellion in -the autumn of 1677, but after the arrival of the -royal commissioners he was soon at feud with -them. As the disturbances had been quieted without -the aid of their troops, there was a disposition -to resent their coming as an interference, especially -as they seemed to lend too ready an ear to -the complaints of the malcontents. In the list of -grievances of Gloucester County we find “a complaint -against Major Robert Beverley that when -the country had (according to Order) raised 60 -armed men to be an Out-guard for the Governor—who -not finding the Governor nor their -appointed Comander they were by Beverly comanded -to goe to work, fall trees and maule and -toate railes, which many of them refusing to doe, -he presently disbanded them & sent them home at -a tyme when the countrey were infested by the -Indians, who had a little before cut off six persons -in one family, and attempted others.” Upon this -the commissioners remarked, “Wee conceive this -dealing of Beverly’s to be a notorious abuse and -Grievance, to take away the peoples armes while -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> -ther famlies were cutt off by the Indians, and -they deserve just reparation here.” But Berkeley -declared that what Beverley had done was by his -orders, and the newly elected House of Burgesses -stood by its clerk. After Berkeley had sailed for -England, in April, 1677, the commissioners called -upon the House of Burgesses to give up -its journals for their inspection, and Beverley -refused to comply with the demand. -No king in England, said the burgesses, would -venture to make such a demand of the House of -Commons. Then the commissioners seized the -journals, and the burgesses indignantly voted that -such an act was a violation of privilege. This -enraged the king, and in February, 1679, the -privy council ordered that Beverley should be -removed from office.</p> - -<div id="Lord_Culpeper" class="sidenote">Lord Culpeper.</div> - -<p>A change of governors, however, altered the situation. -After Jeffries and Chichely, who served -but a year each, came Lord Culpeper, whom -Charles II. had undertaken to make co-proprietor -of Virginia, along with the Earl of Arlington. -Culpeper was an average specimen of -the public officials of the time, fairly -agreeable and easy-going, but rapacious and utterly -unprincipled. In one respect he might be -contrasted unfavourably with all the governors -since Harvey. Such men as Bennett and Mathews -and Berkeley looked upon Virginia as home. -After his own fashion the tyrannical Berkeley had -the interest of Virginia at heart. But Culpeper -regarded the Virginians simply as people to be -fleeced. Through four years of chronic brawl he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -kept coming and going, coming to manage the -assembly and returning to consult with the king. -Charles wished to have the power of initiating -legislation taken away from the burgesses. All -laws were to be drafted by the governor and council, -and then sent to England for the royal approval, -before being submitted to the burgesses. -With such an arduous task before him, it was -wise for Culpeper to avoid giving needless offence; -and seeing the high regard in which Beverley was -held, he caused the order for his removal to be -revoked.</p> - -<div id="The_plant_cutters_riot_of_1682" class="sidenote">The Plant-cutter’s Riot, 1682.</div> - -<p>The evil effects of the Navigation Act still continued. -In 1679 the tobacco crop was so large -that a considerable surplus was left over till the -next year unsold. In 1680 the surplus was still -greater, so that there was evidently more than -enough to supply the English market for two -years. The assembly therefore proposed to order -a cessation of planting for the year 1681, -but on account of the customs revenue it -was necessary to obtain the king’s assent -to such an order. By the same token the assent -was refused, and great was the indignation in Virginia. -The price of tobacco had fallen so low -that, according to Nicholas Spencer, a whole -year’s crop would not so much as buy the clothes -which people needed.<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">80</a> The distress was like that -which was caused in the War of Independence by -the Continental currency and the rag money issued -by the several states. It was the kind of sickness -that has always come and always will come with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span> -“cheap money.” Culpeper insisted that the only -chance of relief was in exporting beef, pork, and -grain to the West Indies. A more effective measure -would have been the repeal of the Navigation -Act. In the spring of 1682, on the petition of -several counties, the assembly was convened for -the purpose of ordering a cessation of planting. -Amid great popular excitement the assembly adjourned -without taking any decisive action. Then -a fury for destroying the young plants seized upon -the people. “The growing tobacco of one plantation -was no sooner destroyed than the owner, -having been deprived either with or without his -consent of his crop, was seized with the same -frenzy and ran with the crowd as it marched to -destroy the crop of his neighbour.”<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a> The contagion -spread until ten thousand hogsheads of tobacco -had been destroyed. In Gloucester, where -the most damage was done, two hundred plantations -were laid waste. The riot was suppressed by -the militia, three ringleaders were hung, and the -rest pardoned. One, we are told, received pardon -on condition that he should build a bridge.<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a></p> - -<div id="Culpepers_removal" class="sidenote">Culpeper’s removal.</div> - -<p id="Contracting_the_currency_with_a_vengeance">This was contracting the currency with a vengeance, -but it produced the desired effect. In -1683 the purchasing power of tobacco was greatly -increased, and a feeling of contentment returned. -But the destruction of the plants served to heighten -the king’s indignation at Culpeper’s ill success -in curtailing the power of the burgesses. Culpeper -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -tried to play a double part and appear complaisant -to the assembly without offending the -king. Consequently he pleased nobody, and early -in 1684 he was removed. Shortly afterward -the king confirmed him in the possession -of the territory known as the Northern -Neck, and he relinquished all proprietary claims -upon the rest of Virginia, in exchange for a pension -of £600 yearly for twenty years.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lord Howard of Effingham.</div> - -<p>Culpeper’s successor was Lord Howard of -Effingham, an unworthy descendant of -Elizabeth’s gallant admiral. He was as -greedy and dishonest as Culpeper, without -his conciliatory temper. The difference between -the two has been aptly compared to the -difference between Charles II. and his brother. -Howard was indeed as domineering and wrong-headed -as James II., and rapacious besides. He -treated public opinion with contempt. His administration -was noted for corruption and tyranny. -No accounts were rendered of the use of public -funds, and men were arbitrarily sent to jail. -Howard went so far as to claim the right to repeal -the acts of the assembly, and over this point there -was hot contention. The subject of “plant-cutting,” -or the destruction of growing tobacco, came -up again, and the crown was enabled in one and -the same act to wreak its vengeance upon an -eminent victim and to aim a blow at the independence -of the House of Burgesses.</p> - -<div id="More_trouble_for_Beverley" class="sidenote">More trouble for Beverley.</div> - -<p>Robert Beverley, as we have seen, had incurred -the royal displeasure by refusing to hand over -to the commissioners the journals of the House of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -Burgesses. In 1682 he was strongly in favour -of a cessation of planting, and accordingly -it suited the purposes of his enemies -to point to him as the prime instigator -of the plant-cutting riots. On this accusation he -was turned out of office and several times imprisoned. -At last, just after Lord Howard’s arrival, -he was set free after asking pardon on his bended -knees and giving security for future good behaviour. -A statute passed about this time made -plant-cutting high treason, punishable with death -and confiscation.<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">83</a></p> - -<p>As soon as Beverley was set free the House of -Burgesses again chose him for its clerk. But -presently Lord Howard tried to get the burgesses -to allow him to levy a tax, and in the course of -the quarrel sundry trumped-up charges were -brought against Beverley, so that in 1686 James -II. instructed Howard to declare him incapable of -holding any office of public trust. The same -letter ordered that henceforth the clerk of the -House of Burgesses should be appointed by the -governor.<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">84</a></p> - -<div id="For_stupid_audacity_James_II" class="sidenote">For stupid audacity James II. was outdone by George III.</div> - -<p>It is worthy of note that the most despicable -and lawless of modern English kings -did not venture to deny the right of Virginians -to tax themselves by their own -representatives. Howard’s instructions -merely authorized him to “recommend” certain -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -measures to the assembly. His attempt to get -permission to levy a tax independently of the burgesses -was such a recommendation. However -arrogant and illegal in spirit, it still conceded to -the colonists the constitutional principle over -which the fatuous George III. and his rotten-borough -parliaments were to try to ride rough-shod.</p> - -<div id="Francis_Nicholson_comes_to_govern_Virginia" class="sidenote">Francis -Nicholson.</div> - -<p>By 1688 Howard concluded that it would be -pleasant and comfortable for him to live on his -governor’s salary in England and send out a -deputy-governor to deal with refractory burgesses. -When he arrived in England he found William -and Mary on the throne, but they showed no disposition -to interfere with his plans. Just the right -sort of man for deputy-governor appeared at the -right moment. Francis Nicholson had -held that position in New York under -the viceroy of united New York and New England, -Sir Edmund Andros. When that unpopular -viceroy was deposed and cast into jail in Boston, -Nicholson was deposed in New York by Jacob -Leisler, and went to England with the tale of his -woes, which King William sought to assuage by -sending him to Virginia as deputy-governor.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His -manners.</div> - -<p>Nicholson was a man of integrity and fair -ability, though highly eccentric and cantankerous. -“Laws of Virginia,” he cried one day, seizing the -attorney-general by the lapel of his silk robe, “I -know no laws of Virginia! I know my -commands are going to be obeyed here!” -At another time he told the council that they -were “mere brutes who understood not manners, -... that he would beat them into better manners -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> -and make them feel that he was governor of -Virginia.”<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">85</a></p> - -<div id="How_James_Blair_founded_William_and_Mary_College" class="sidenote">James Blair, -founder of -William -and Mary -College.</div> - -<p>In spite of his queer peppery ways, the rule of -Nicholson was a decided relief after such worthless -creatures as Culpeper and Howard. It is -chiefly memorable for the founding of the second -American college, a work which encountered such -obstacles on both sides of the ocean as only an -iron will could vanquish. Such was found in the -person of James Blair, a Scotch clergyman, -who in 1689 was appointed commissioner -of the Church in Virginia. The -need for a bishop was felt, and a little -later there was some talk of sending out the -famous Jonathan Swift in that capacity, but no -Episcopal bishopric was created in America until -after the War of Independence. Dr. Blair had a -seat in the colonial council, presided at ecclesiastical -trials, and exercised many of the powers of a -bishop. Since the old scheme of Nicholas Ferrar -and his friends for a college in Virginia had been -extinguished amid lurid scenes of Indian massacre, -nearly seventy years had elapsed<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">86</a> when Blair in -1691 revived it. He began by collecting some -£2,500 by subscription, and then went to England -to get more money and obtain a charter. He -was aided by two famous divines, Tillotson, Archbishop -of Canterbury, and Stillingfleet, Bishop of -Worcester, but from the treasury commissioner, -Sir Edward Seymour, he received a coarse rebuff, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -which shows the frankly materialistic view at that -time entertained by the British official mind regarding -England’s colonies. When Blair urged -that a college was needed for training up clergymen, -Seymour thought it was no time to be sending -money to America for such purposes; every -penny was wanted in Europe for carrying on the -necessary and righteous war against Louis XIV. -Blair could not deny that it was an eminently -righteous war, but he was not thus to be turned -from his purpose. “You must not forget,” said -he, “that people in Virginia have souls to save, -as well as people in England.” “Souls!” cried -Seymour, “damn your souls! Grow tobacco!” -In spite of this discouraging view of the case, the -good doctor persevered until he obtained from -William and Mary the charter that founded the -college ever since known by their names.</p> - -<div id="How_Sir_Edmund_Andros_came_as_Nicholsons_successor" class="sidenote">Nicholson -succeeded -by Sir -Edmund -Andros.</div> - -<p>The college was established in 1693, with Blair -for its president.<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a> Governor Nicholson, with seventeen -other persons appointed by the assembly, -formed the board of trustees. From the outset -Nicholson was warmly in sympathy with the enterprise, -but now this friend was called away for a -time. In the anti-Catholic fervour which attended -the accession of King William and Queen Mary, -the palatinate government in Maryland had been -overturned, and the new royal governor, Sir Lionel -Copley, died in 1693. Nicholson was then promoted -from deputy-governor of Virginia to be governor -of Maryland. About the same time Lord -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -Howard of Effingham resigned or was removed, -and Sir Edmund Andros was sent out -to Virginia as governor. It may seem a -strange appointment in view of the obloquy -which Andros had incurred at the -north. But in all these appointments William -III. seems to have acted upon a consistent policy -of not disturbing, except in cases of necessity, the -state of things which he found. As a rule he -retained in his service the old officials against -whom no grave charges were brought; and while -the personality of Andros was not prepossessing, -there can be no doubt as to his integrity.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Andros -quarrels -with Blair.</div> - -<p>Nicholson’s career as royal governor of Maryland -lasted until 1698, while Andros was having -a hard time in Virginia trying to enforce with -rigour the Navigation Act and to make life -miserable for Dr. Blair. His conduct -was far more moderate than it had been -in New England, but he had his full -share of trouble in Virginia. The moving cause -of his hostility to the college of William and -Mary is not distinctly assigned, but he is not -unlikely to have believed, like many a dullard of -his stripe, that education is apt to encourage a -seditious and froward spirit. He did everything -he could think of to thwart and annoy President -Blair. At the election of burgesses he predicted -that the establishment of a college would be sure -to result in a terrible increase of taxes. He tried -to persuade subscribers to withhold the payment -of their subscriptions. He sought to arouse an -absurd prejudice against Scotchmen, for which it -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span> -was rather late in the day. Finally he connived -at gross insults to the president and friends of the -college. <span id="How_young_Daniel_Parke_one_Sunday_pulled_Mrs_Blair">Among the young men to whom Andros -showed especial favour was Daniel Parke, whose -grandson, Daniel Parke Custis, is now remembered -as the first husband of Martha Washington. This -young Daniel did some things to which posterity -could hardly point with pride. He is described as -a “sparkish gentleman,” or as some would say a -slashing blade. He was an expert with the rapier -and anxious to thrust it between the ribs of people -who supported the college. His challenges were -numerous, but clergymen could not be reached in -such a way. So “he set up a claim to the pew in -church in which Mrs. Blair sat, and one Sunday,” -as we are told, “with fury and violence he pulled -her out of it in the presence of the minister and -congregation, who were greatly scandalized at this -ruffian and profane action.”</span><a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a></p> - -<div id="Removal_of_Andros" class="sidenote">Removal of -Andros.</div> - -<p>This was going too far. The stout Scotchman -had powerful friends in London; the outrage was -discussed in Lambeth Palace; and Sir Edmund -Andros, for winking at such behaviour, -was removed. He was evidently a slow-witted -official. His experiences in Boston, with -Parson Willard of the Old South, ought to have -cured him of his propensity to quarrel with aggressive -and resolute clergymen. For two or three -years after going home, Sir Edmund governed the -little channel island of Jersey, and the rest of his -days were spent in retirement, until his death in -1714. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p> - -<div id="The_Earl_of_Orkney_draws_a_salary" class="sidenote">Earl of -Orkney.</div> - -<p>The system of absentee governors, occasionally -exemplified in such cases as those of Lord Delaware -and Lord Howard, was now to be permanently -adopted. A great favourite with William -III. was George Hamilton Douglas, whose distinguished -gallantry at the battle of the Boyne -and other occasions had been rewarded -with the earldom of Orkney. In 1697 -he was appointed governor-in-chief of Virginia, -and for the next forty years he drew his annual -salary of £1,200 without ever crossing the ocean. -Henceforth the official who represented him in -Virginia was entitled lieutenant-governor, and the -first was Francis Nicholson, who was brought back -from Maryland in 1698.</p> - -<div id="The_first_of_these_was_Nicholson" class="sidenote">Return of -Nicholson.</div> - -<div id="Who_removed_the_capital_from_Jamestown" class="sidenote">Founding -of Williamsburg.</div> - -<p>One of Nicholson’s achievements in Maryland, -as we shall see in the next chapter, had been the -change of the seat of government from -St. Mary’s to Annapolis. He now proceeded -to make a similar change in Virginia. -After perishing in Bacon’s rebellion, Jamestown -was rebuilt by Lord Culpeper, but in the last -decade of the century it was again destroyed by -an accidental fire, and has never since risen from -its ashes. Of that sacred spot, the first abiding-place -of Englishmen in America, nothing now is -left but the ivy-mantled ruins of the church tower -and a few cracked and crumbling tombstones. -The site of the hamlet is more than half submerged, -and unless some kind of sea-wall is built -to protect it, the unresting tides will soon wash -everything away.<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a> Jamestown had always a bad -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span> -reputation for malaria, and after its second burning -people were not eager to restore it. Plans for -moving the government elsewhere had been considered -on more than one occasion. In 1699 the -choice fell upon the site of Middle Plantation, -half way between James and York -rivers, with its salubrious air and wholesome -water. It had already, in 1693, been selected -as the site of the new college.<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> Nicholson called -the place Williamsburg, and began building a -town there with streets so laid out as to make W -and M, the initials of the king and queen, a plan -soon abandoned as inconvenient. The town thus -founded by Nicholson remained the capital of -Virginia until 1780, when it was superseded by -Richmond.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Nicholson -and Blair.</div> - -<p>Nicholson was in full sympathy with President -Blair as regarded the college, but occasions for -disagreement between them were at hand. On the -lieutenant-governor’s arrival the wise -parson read him a lesson upon the need -for moderation in the display of his powers. The -career of his predecessor Andros, in more than -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span> -one colony, furnished abundant examples of the -need for such moderation. Blair offered him some -good advice tendered by the Bishop of London, -whereupon Nicholson exclaimed, with a big round -oath, “I know how to govern Virginia and Maryland -better than all the bishops in England. If -I had not hampered them in Maryland and kept -them under, I should never have been able to -govern them.” The doctor replied: “Sir, I do -not pretend to [speak for] Maryland, but if I -know anything of Virginia, they are a good-natured -[and] tractable people as any in the -world, and you may do anything with them by -way of civility, but you will never be able to -manage them in that way you speak of, by hampering -and keeping them under.”<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> The eccentric -governor did not profit by this advice. Of actual -tyranny there was not much in his administration, -but his blustering tongue would give utterance to -extravagant speeches whereat company would sit -“amazed and silent.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote">scolding -swain.</div> - -<div id="Removal_of_Nicholson" class="sidenote">Removal of -Nicholson.</div> - -<p>At last in a laughable way this blustering habit -proved his ruin. Not far from Williamsburg -lived Major Lewis Burwell, who had married a -cousin of the rebel Bacon and had a whole houseful -of blooming daughters. With one of these -young ladies the worshipful governor -fell madly in love, but to his unspeakable -chagrin she promptly and decisively refused -him. Poor Nicholson could not keep the matter -to himself, but raved about it in public. He suspected -that Dr. Blair’s brother was a favoured rival -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span> -and threatened the whole family with dire vengeance. -He swore that if Miss Burwell should -undertake to marry anybody but himself, he would -“cut the throats of three men: the bridegroom, the -minister, and the justice who issued the license.” -This truculent speech got reported in London, and -one of Nicholson’s friends wrote him a letter counselling -him not to be so unreasonable, but to remember -that English women were the freest in -the world, and that Virginia was not like those -heathen Turkish countries where tender ladies -were dragged into the arms of some pasha still -reeking with the blood of their nearest relatives. -But nothing could quiet the fury of a “governor -scorned;” and one day when he suspected the -minister of Hampton parish of being his rival, he -went up to him and knocked his hat off. This -sort of thing came to be too much for -Dr. Blair; a memorial was sent to Queen -Anne, and Nicholson was recalled to England in -1705. Afterwards we find him commanding the -expedition which in 1710 captured the Acadian -Port Royal from the French. He then served as -governor of the newly conquered Nova Scotia and -afterwards of South Carolina, was knighted, rose -to the rank of lieutenant-general, and died in 1728.</p> - -<div id="Fortunes_of_the_college" class="sidenote">The college.</div> - -<p>Meanwhile the college of William and Mary, in -which Nicholson felt so much interest, -was flourishing. Unfortunately its first -hall, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, was -destroyed by fire in 1705, but it was before long -replaced by another. Until 1712 the faculty consisted -of the president, a grammar master, writing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> -master, and an usher; in that year a professor of -mathematics was added. By 1729 there were six -professors. Fifty years later the departments of -law and medicine were added, and the name “College” -was replaced by “University.”<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">92</a></p> - -<div id="Indian_students" class="sidenote">Indian -students.</div> - -<p>As in the case of Harvard, it was hoped that -this college might prove effective in converting and -educating Indians. In 1723 Brafferton Hall was -built for their use, from a fund given by Robert -Boyle, the famous chemist. It is still standing -and used as a dormitory. We are told that the -“Queen of Pamunkey” sent her son to -college with a boy to wait upon him, and -likewise two chiefs’ sons, “all handsomely cloathed -after the Indian fashion;”<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">93</a> but as to any effects -wrought upon the barbarian mind by this Christian -institution of learning, there is nothing to -which we can point.</p> - -<div id="Instructions_to_the_housekeeper" class="sidenote">Instructions -to the housekeeper.</div> - -<p>The first Commencement exercises were held in -the year 1700, and it is said that not only were -Virginians and Indians present on that gala day, -but so great was the fame of it that people came -in sloops from Maryland and Pennsylvania, and -even from New York.<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">94</a> The journals of what we -may call the “faculty meetings” throw light upon -the manner of living at the college. There is a -matron, or housekeeper, who is thus carefully instructed: -“1. That you never concern -yourself with any of the Boys only when -you have a Complaint against any of -them, and then that you make it to his or their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -proper Master.—2. That there be always both -fresh and salt Meat for Dinner; and twice in the -Week, as well as on Sunday in particular, that -there be either Puddings or Pies besides; that -there be always Plenty of Victuals; that Breakfast, -Dinner, and Supper be serv’d up in the -cleanest and neatest manner possible; and for this -Reason the Society not only allow but desire you -to get a Cook; that the Boys Suppers be not as -usual made up of different Scraps, but that there -be at each Table the same Sor<sup>t</sup>: and when there is -cold fresh Meat enough, that it be often hashed -for them; that when they are sick, you yourself -see their Victuals before it be carry’d to them, -that it be clean, decent, and fit for them; that the -Person appointed to take Care of them be constantly -with them, and give their Medicine regularly. -The general Complaints of the Visitors, -and other Gentlemen throughout the whole Colony, -plainly shew the Necessity of a strict and -regular Compliance with the above Directions.... -4. That a proper Stocking-mender be procured -to live in or near the college, and as both -Masters and Boys complain of losing their Stockings, -you are desired to look over their Notes -given with their Linnen to the Wash, both at the -Delivery and Return of them.... 5. That the -Negroes be trusted with no keys; ... that fresh -Butter be look’d out for in Time, that the Boys -may not be forced to eat salt in Summer.—6. As -we all know that Negroes will not perform their -Duties without the Mistress’ constant Eye, especially -in so large a Family as the College, and as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span> -we all observe You going abroad more frequently -then even the Mistress of a private Family can do -without the affairs of her province greatly suffering, -We particularly request it of you, that your -visits for the future in Town and Country may -not be so frequent, by which Means we doubt not -but Complaints will be greatly lessened.”<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">95</a></p> - -<div id="Horse_racing_prohibited" class="sidenote">Horse-racing -prohibited.</div> - -<p>At another meeting it is ordered “y<sup>t</sup> no scholar -belonging to any school in the College, of w<sup>t</sup> Age, -Rank, or Quality, soever, do keep any -race Horse at y<sup>e</sup> College, in y<sup>e</sup> Town—or -any where in the neighbourhood—y<sup>t</sup> -they be not anyway concerned in making races, or -in backing, or abetting, those made by others, and -y<sup>t</sup> all Race Horses, kept in y<sup>e</sup> neighbourhood of -y<sup>e</sup> College & belonging to any of y<sup>e</sup> scholars, be -immediately dispatched & sent off, & never again -brought back, and all of this under Pain of y<sup>e</sup> -severest Animadversion and Punishment.”</p> - -<div id="Other_prohibitions" class="sidenote">Other -prohibitions.</div> - -<p>There is a stress in the wording of this order -which makes one suspect that the faculty had -encountered difficulty in suppressing horse-racing. -Similar orders forbid students to take -part in cock-fighting, to frequent “y<sup>e</sup> -Ordinaries,” to bet, to play at billiards, or to -bring cards or dice into the college. Punishment -is most emphatically threatened for any student -who may “presume to go out of y<sup>e</sup> Bounds of y<sup>e</sup> -College, particularly towards the mill pond” without -express leave; but why the mill pond was to -be so sedulously shunned, we are left to conjecture. -Finally, “to y<sup>e</sup> End y<sup>t</sup> no Person may pretend -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> -Ignorance of y<sup>e</sup> foregoing ... Regulations, ... it -is Ordered ... y<sup>t</sup> a clear & legible copy of y<sup>m</sup> -be posted up in every School of y<sup>e</sup> College.”<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">96</a></p> - -<div id="The_story_of_Parson_Camm" class="sidenote">The story -of Parson -Camm.</div> - -<p>One of the brightest traditions in the history of -the college is that which tells of the wooing and -wedding of Parson Camm, a gentleman -famous once, whose fame deserves to be -revived. John Camm was born in 1718 -and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. -He was a man of good scholarship and sturdy -character, an uncompromising Tory, one of the -leaders in that “Parsons’ Cause” which made -Patrick Henry famous.<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> He lived to be the -last president of William and Mary before the -Revolution. After he had attained middle age, -but while he was as yet only a preacher and professor, -and like all professors in those days at -William and Mary a bachelor, there came to him -the romance which brightened his life. Among -those who listened to his preaching was Miss Betsy -Hansford, of the family of Hansford the rebel -and martyr. A young friend, who had wooed -Miss Betsy without success, persuaded the worthy -parson to aid him with his eloquence. But it was -in vain that Mr. Camm besieged the young lady -with texts from the Bible enjoining matrimony as -a duty. She proved herself able to beat him at -his own game when she suggested that if the parson -would go home and look at 2 Samuel xii. 7, -he might be able to divine the reason of her obduracy. -When Mr. Camm proceeded to search the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> -Scriptures he found these significant words staring -him in the face: “And Nathan said to David, -<i>Thou art the man!</i>” The sequel is told in an -item of the Virginia Gazette, announcing the marriage -of Rev. John Camm and Miss Betsy Hansford.<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">98</a></p> - -<p>So, Virginia, too, had its Priscilla! In the words -of the sweet mediæval poem:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">El fait que dame, et si fait bien,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Car sos ciel n’a si france rien<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Com est dame qui violt amer,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Quant Deus la violt à ço torner:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Deus totes dames beneie.<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">99</a><br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>But this marriage was an infringement of the customs -of the college, and was rebuked in an order -that <i>hereafter</i> the marriage of a professor should -<i>ipso facto</i> vacate his office.</p> - -<div id="Some_interesting_facts_about_the_college" class="sidenote">Some interesting -facts -about the -college.</div> - -<p>The college founded by James Blair was a most -valuable centre for culture for Virginia, -and has been remarkable in many ways. -It was the first college in America to -introduce teaching by lectures, and the elective -system of study; it was the first to unite a group -of faculties into a university; it was the second in -the English world to have a chair of Municipal -Law, George Wythe coming to such a professorship -a few years after Sir William Blackstone; it -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -was the first in America to establish a chair of -History and Political Science; and it was one of -the first to pursue a thoroughly secular and unsectarian -policy. Though until lately its number -of students at any one time had never reached -one hundred and fifty, it has given to our country -fifteen senators and seventy representatives in -congress; seventeen governors of states, and -thirty-seven judges; three presidents of the United -States,—Jefferson, Monroe, and Tyler; and the -great Chief Justice Marshall.<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">100</a> It was a noble -work for America that was done by the Scotch -parson, James Blair.</p> - -<div id="Nicholsons_schemes_for_a_union_of_the_colonies" class="sidenote">Nicholson’s -schemes for -a union of -the colonies.</div> - -<p>As for Governor Nicholson, who was so deeply -interested in that work, he played a memorable -part in the history of the United States, which -deserves mention before we leave the subject of -his connection with Virginia. When he was first -transferred from the governorship of New York -to that of the Old Dominion, with his -head full of experiences gained in New -York, he proposed a grand Union of the -English colonies for mutual defence against the -encroachments of the French. King William approved -the scheme and recommended it to the -favourable consideration of the colonial assemblies. -But a desire for union was not strong in any of -these bodies, and as for Virginia, she was too -remote from the Canadian border to feel warmly -interested in it. The act of 1695, authorizing the -governor to apply £500 from the liquor excise to -the relief of New York, shows a notably generous -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> -spirit in the Virginia burgesses, but the pressure -which was to drive people into a Federal Union -was still in the hidden future. The attitude of -the several colonies so exasperated Nicholson as to -lead him to recommend that they should all be -placed under a single viceroy and taxed for the -support of a standing army. When this plan was -submitted to Queen Anne and her ministers, it -was rejected as unwise, and no British ministry -ever ventured to try any part of such a policy -until the reign of George III. Francis Nicholson -should be remembered as one of the very first to -conceive and suggest the policy that afterward -drove the colonies into their Declaration of Independence. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></p> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.<br /> - -<span id="Marylands_Vicissitudes">MARYLAND’S VICISSITUDES.</span></h2> - -<div id="Maryland_after_the_death_of_Oliver_Cromwell" class="sidenote">Virginia and -Maryland.</div> - -<p>The accession of William and Mary, which -wrought so little change in Virginia, furnished the -occasion for a revolution in the palatinate of -Maryland. To trace the causes of this revolution, -we must return to 1658, the year which -witnessed the death of Oliver Cromwell -and saw Lord Baltimore’s government firmly set -upon its feet through the favour of that mighty -potentate. The compromises which were then -adopted put an end to the conflict between Virginia -and Maryland, and from that time forth the -relations between the two colonies were nearly -always cordial. For the next century the constitutional -development of Maryland proceeded without -interference from Virginia, although on many -occasions the smaller colony was profoundly influenced -by what went on in its larger neighbour, -as well as by those currents of feeling that from -time to time pervaded the English world and -swayed both colonies alike. We shall presently -see, for example, that marked effects were wrought -in Maryland by Bacon’s rebellion, and we shall -observe what various echoes of the political situation -in England were heard in all the colonies, -from the wild scare of the Popish Plot in 1678 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> -down to the assured triumph of William III. in -1691, and even later.</p> - -<div id="Fuller_and_Fendall" class="sidenote">Fuller and -Fendall.</div> - -<p>It will be remembered that when the Puritans -of Providence, in March, 1658, gave in their -assent to the compromises by which Lord Baltimore’s -authority was securely established in Maryland, -only three years had elapsed since their -victory at the Severn had given them supreme -control over the country. While the defeated -Governor Stone languished in jail, the victorious -leader, William Fuller, exercised complete -sway and for a moment could afford -to laugh at the pretensions of Josias Fendall, the -new governor whom Baltimore appointed in 1656. -But this state of things came abruptly to an end -when it was discovered that Lord Baltimore was -upheld by Cromwell. Virginia, with her Puritan -rulers, Bennett and Claiborne and Mathews, was -thus at once detached from the support of Fuller, -so that nothing was left for him but to come to -terms. Fendall’s policy toward his late antagonists -was pacific and generous, so much so that in -the assembly of 1659 we find the names of Fuller -and other Puritan leaders enrolled among the -burgesses. Associated with Fendall, and second -to him in authority, was the secretary and receiver-general, -Philip Calvert, younger brother of -Cecilius, Lord Baltimore.</p> - -<div id="The_duty_on_tobacco" class="sidenote">The duty on -tobacco.</div> - -<p>After the fires of civil dudgeon had briskly -burned for so many years, it was not strange that -their smouldering embers should send forth a few -fitful gleams before dying. Apart from questions -of religion or of loyalty, there were difficulties in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span> -regard to taxation that can hardly have been -without their effect. There seems to have been -more or less widely diffused a feeling of uneasiness -upon which agitators could play. In 1647 the -assembly had granted to the lord proprietor a -duty of ten shillings per hogshead on all -tobacco exported from the colony. This -grant called forth remonstrances which seem to -have had their effect, as in 1649 the act was -replaced by another which granted to the proprietor -for seven years a similar duty upon all -tobacco exported on Dutch vessels if not bound to -some English port.<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> This act seemed to carry with -it the repeal of that of 1647, concerning which it -was silent; if the first act continued in force, the -second was meaningless. During the turbulence -that ensued after 1650 it is not likely that the -revenue laws were rigidly enforced. In 1659 -Baltimore directed Fendall to have the act of 1647 -explicitly repealed on condition that the assembly -should grant him two shillings per hogshead on -tobacco when shipped to British ports and ten -shillings when shipped to foreign ports. Whether -this demand was popular or not, we may gather -from dates that are more eloquent than words. -The act of 1647 was repealed by the assembly in -1660, but no grant in return was made to the proprietor -until 1671, and then it was a uniform duty -of two shillings. Unless the demand had been -unpopular it would not have been resisted for -eleven years. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p> - -<div id="Fendalls_plot" class="sidenote">Fendall’s -plot.</div> - -<p>When the assembly met on the last day of -February, 1660, to consider this and other questions, -memorable changes had occurred in England. -The death of mighty Oliver, in September, -1658, threatened the realm with anarchy; and the -prospect for a moment grew darker when in May, -1659, his gentle son Richard dropped the burden -which he had not strength to carry. For nine -months England seemed drifting without compass -or helm. When our assembly met, one notable -thing had just happened, early in February, when -George Monk, “honest old George,” entered London -at the head of his army, and assumed control of -affairs. The news of this event had not yet crossed -the ocean, and even if it had, our Marylanders -would not have understood what it portended. -To some of them it seemed as if in this -season of chaos whoever should seize -upon the government of their little world would -be likely to keep it. So Governor Fendall seems -to have thought, and with him Thomas Gerrard, a -member of the council and a Catholic, but disloyal -to Baltimore. Why should not the government -be held independently of the lord proprietor and -all fees and duties to him be avoided? In this -view of the case Fendall had two or three sympathizers -in the council, and probably a good -many in the House of Burgesses, especially among -the Puritan members, who were in number three -fourths of the whole.</p> - -<div id="Temporary_overthrow_of_Baltimores_authority" class="sidenote">Temporary -overthrow -of Baltimore’s -authority.</div> - -<p>In the course of the discussion over the tobacco -duty the burgesses sent a message to Governor -Fendall and the council, saying that they judged -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span> -themselves to be a lawful assembly without dependence -upon any other power now existing -within the province, and if anybody had any objections -to this view of the case they should like -to hear them. The upper house answered by -asking the lower house if they meant that they -were a complete assembly without the upper -house, and also that they were independent of -the lord proprietor. These questions led to a conference, -in which, among other things, Fendall -declared it to be his opinion that laws passed by -the assembly and published in the lord -proprietor’s name should at once be in -full force. Two of the council, Gerrard -and Utie, agreed with this view, while the -secretary, Philip Calvert, and all the rest, dissented. -In these proceedings the governor was -plainly in league with the lower house, and this -vote demonstrated the necessity of getting rid -of the upper house. Accordingly the burgesses -sent word to the governor and council, that they -would not acknowledge them as an upper house, -but they might come and take seats in the lower -house if they liked. Secretary Calvert observed -that in that case the governor would become president -of the joint assembly, and the speaker of the -burgesses must give place to him. A compromise -was presently reached, according to which the -governor should preside, with a casting vote, but -the right of adjourning or dissolving the assembly -should be exercised by the speaker. Hereupon -Calvert protested, and demanded that his protest -be put on record, but Fendall refused. Then Calvert -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> -and his most staunch adherent, Councillor -Brooke, requested permission to leave the room. -“You may if you please,” quoth Fendall, “we -shall not force you to go or stay.” With the departure -of these gentlemen the upper house was -virtually abolished, and now Fendall quite threw -off the mask by surrendering his commission from -Lord Baltimore and accepting a new one from -the assembly. Thus the palatinate government -was overthrown, and it only remained for Fendall -and his assembly to declare it felony for anybody -in Maryland to acknowledge Lord Baltimore’s -authority.</p> - -<div id="Superficial_resemblance_to_the_action_of_Virginia" class="sidenote">Superficial -resemblance -to the action -of Virginia.</div> - -<p>These proceedings in Maryland become perfectly -intelligible if we compare them with what -was going on at the very same moment -in Virginia. In March, 1660, the assembly -at Jamestown, in view of the fact -that there was no acknowledged supreme authority -then resident in England, declared that the supreme -power in Virginia was in the assembly, and -that all writs should issue in its name, until such -command should come from England as the assembly -should judge to be lawful. This assembly -then elected Sir William Berkeley to the governorship, -and he accepted from it provisionally his -commission.<a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">102</a></p> - -<div id="Profound_difference_in_the_situations" class="sidenote">Profound -difference in -the situations.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Fendall’s -error.</div> - -<div id="Collapse_of_Fendalls_rebellion" class="sidenote">Collapse -of the -rebellion.</div> - -<p>Now in Maryland there was a superficial resemblance -to these proceedings, in so far as the -supreme power was lodged in the assembly and -the governor accepted his commission from it. -But there was a profound difference in the two -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> -situations, and while the people of Virginia read -their own situation correctly, Fendall -and his abettors did not. The assembly -at Jamestown was predominantly Cavalier -in its composition and in full sympathy with -the expected restoration of the monarchy; and its -proceedings were promptly sanctioned by Charles -II., whose royal commission to Sir William Berkeley -came in October of the same year. On the -other hand, the assembly at St. Mary’s was predominantly -Puritan in its composition, and one of -its most influential members was that William -Fuller who five years before had defeated Lord -Baltimore’s governor in the battle of the Severn, -and executed drumhead justice upon several of -his adherents. The election had been managed -in the interest of the Puritans, as is shown by -Fuller’s county, Anne Arundel, returning seven -delegates, whereas it was only entitled to four. -The collusion between Fuller and Fendall is unmistakable. -For two years the Puritans had acquiesced -in Lord Baltimore’s rule, because they -had not dared resist Cromwell. Now if Puritanism -were to remain uppermost in England, they -might once more hope to overthrow him; -if the monarchy were to be restored, the -prospect was also good, for it did not seem likely -that Charles II. would befriend the man whom -Cromwell had befriended. Here was the fatal -error of Fendall and his people. Charles II. had -long ago recovered from his little tiff with Cecilius -for appointing a Parliamentarian governor, and as -a Romanist at heart he was more than ready to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -show favour to Catholics. Thus with rare good -fortune—defended in turn by a king and a lord -protector, and by another king, and aided at every -turn by his own consummate tact, did Cecilius -triumphantly weather all the storms. When the -news of Fendall’s treachery reached London it -found Charles II. seated firmly on the throne. -All persons were at once instructed to respect -Lord Baltimore’s authority over Maryland, and -Sir William Berkeley was ordered to bring the -force of Virginia to his aid if necessary; -Cecilius appointed his brother Philip to -the governorship; the rebellion instantly -collapsed, and its ringleaders were seized. Vengeance -was denounced against Fendall and Fuller -and all who had been concerned in the execution -of Baltimore’s men after the battle of the Severn. -Philip Calvert was instructed to hang them all, -and to proclaim martial law if necessary, but on -second thought so much severity was deemed impolitic. -Such punishments were inflicted as banishment, -confiscation, and loss of civil rights, but -nobody was put to death. Such was the end of -Fendall’s rebellion. In the course of the year -1661, Cecilius sent over his only son, Charles -Calvert, to be governor of the palatinate, while -Philip remained as chancellor; and this arrangement -continued for many years.</p> - -<div id="The_Quakers" class="sidenote">The -Quakers.</div> - -<p>Fendall’s administration had witnessed two -events of especial interest, in the arrival of Quakers -in the colony and of Dutchmen in -a part of its territory. Quakers came -from Massachusetts and Virginia, where they suffered -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> -so much ill usage, into Maryland, where they -also got into trouble, though it does not appear -that the objections against them were of a religious -nature. The peculiar notions of the Quakers often -brought them into conflict with governments on -purely civil grounds, as when they refused to be -enrolled in the militia, or to serve on juries, or -give testimony under oath. For such reasons, two -zealous Quaker preachers, Thurston and Cole, -were arrested and tried in 1658, but it does not -appear that they were treated with harshness or -that at any time there was anything like persecution -of Quakers in Maryland. When George Fox -visited the country in 1672, his followers there -were numerous and held regular meetings.</p> - -<div id="The_Swedes_and_Dutch" class="sidenote">The Swedes -and Dutch.</div> - -<div id="Augustine_Herman" class="sidenote">Augustine -Herman.</div> - -<div id="Bohemia_Manor" class="sidenote">Bohemia -Manor.</div> - -<p>With the arrival of Quakers there appeared on -the northeastern horizon a menace from the Dutch, -and incidents occurred that curiously affected the -future growth of Lord Baltimore’s princely domain. -Since 1638 parties of Swedes -had been establishing themselves on the -western bank of the Delaware River, on and about -the present sites of Newcastle and Wilmington. -This region they called New Sweden, but in 1655 -Peter Stuyvesant despatched from Manhattan a -force of Dutchmen which speedily overcame the -little colony. Stuyvesant then divided his conquest -into two provinces, which he called New -Amstel and Altona, and appointed a governor -over each. It was now Maryland’s turn to be -aroused. The governor of New Netherland had -no business to be setting up jurisdictions west -of Delaware River. That whole region was expressly -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> -included in Lord Baltimore’s charter. -Accordingly the Dutch governors of New Amstel -and Altona were politely informed that they must -either acknowledge Baltimore’s jurisdiction or -leave the country. This led to Stuyvesant’s sending -an envoy to St. Mary’s, to discuss the proprietorship -of the territory in question. The -person selected for this business was a man of no -ordinary mould, a native of Prague, with -the German name of Augustine Herman. -He came to New Amsterdam at some time before -1647, in which year he was appointed one of the -Nine Men whose business it was to advise the -governor. This Herman was a man of broad -intelligence, rare executive ability, and perfect -courage. He was by profession a land surveyor -and draughtsman, but in the course of his life he -accumulated a great fortune by trade. His portrait, -painted from life, shows us a masterful face, -clean shaven, with powerful jaw, firm-set lips, -imperious eyes, and long hair flowing upon his -shoulders over a red coat richly ruffled.<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">103</a> Such -was the man whom Stuyvesant chose to dispute -Lord Baltimore’s title to the smiling fields of -New Amstel and Altona. He well understood the -wisdom of claiming everything, and when the discovery -of North America by John Cabot was cited -against him, he boldly set up the priority of -Christopher Columbus as giving the Spaniards a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> -claim upon the whole hemisphere. To the Dutch, -he said, as victors over their wicked stepmother -Spain, her claims had naturally passed! One is -inclined to wonder if such an argument was announced -without something like a twinkle in those -piercing eyes. At all events, it was not long -before the astute ambassador abandoned his logic -and changed his allegiance. Romantic tradition -has assigned various grounds for Herman’s leaving -New Amsterdam. Whether it was because of -a quarrel with Stuyvesant, and whether the quarrel -had its source in love of woman or love of pelf, -we know not; but in 1660 Herman wrote to Lord -Baltimore, asking for the grant of a manor, and -offering to pay for it by making a map of Maryland. -The proposal was accepted. The map, -which was completed after careful surveys extending -over ten years and was engraved in London -in 1673, with a portrait of Herman attached, -is still preserved in the British Museum. For -this important service the enterprising surveyor -received an estate on the Elk River, -which by successive accretions came to -include more than 20,000 acres.<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">104</a> It is still called -by the name which Herman gave it, Bohemia -Manor. There he grew immensely rich by trade -with the Indians along the very routes which -Claiborne had hoped to monopolize, and there in -his great manor house, in spite of matrimonial -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> -infelicities like those of Socrates and the elder -Mr. Weller, he lived to a good old age and dispensed -a regal hospitality, in which the items of -rum and brandy, strong beer, sound wines, and -“best cider out of the orchard” were not forgotten. -Herman’s tomb is still to be seen hard by the -vestiges of his house and his deer park. Six of -his descendants succeeded him as lords of Bohemia -Manor, until its legal existence came to an end in -1789. The fact is not without interest that Margaret -Shippen, wife of Benedict Arnold, counted -among her ancestors the sturdy Augustine Herman.</p> - -<div id="The_Labadists" class="sidenote">The -Labadists.</div> - -<p>A noteworthy episode in the history of Bohemia -Manor is the settlement of a small sect of Mystics, -known as Labadists, from the name of -their French founder, Jean de Labadie. -Their professed aim was to restore the simplicity -of life and doctrine attributed to the primitive -Christians. Their views of spiritual things were -brightened by an inward light, their drift of -thought was toward antinomianism, they held all -goods in common, and their notions about marriage -were such as to render them liable to be -molested on civil grounds. The persistent recurrence -of such little communities, age after age, -each one ignorant of the existence of its predecessors -and supremely innocent of all knowledge of -the world, is one of the interesting freaks in religious -history. Even in the tolerant atmosphere -of Holland these Labadists led an uneasy life, and -in 1679 two of their brethren, Sluyter and Dankers, -came over to New York, to make fresh -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> -converts and find a new home. One of their first -converts was Ephraim, the weak-minded son of -Augustine Herman, and it may have been through -the son’s persuasion that the father was induced -to grant nearly 4,000 acres of his manor to the -community. A company settled there in 1683 -and were joined by persons from New York. As -often happens in such communities the affair -ended in a despotism, in which the people were -ruled with a rod of iron by Brother Sluyter and -his wife, who set themselves up as a kind of abbot -and abbess. On Sluyter’s death in 1722 the sect -seems to have come to an end, but to this day the -land is known as “the Labadie tract.”</p> - -<div id="The_Duke_of_York_takes_possession_of_the_Delaware_settlements" class="sidenote">The Duke of -York takes -possession of -the Delaware -settlements.</div> - -<p id="And_granted_New_Jersey_to_Lord_Berkeley_and_Sir_George_Carteret">Long before Augustine Herman’s death, Lord -Baltimore had granted him a second estate, called -the manor of St. Augustine, extending eastward -from Bohemia Manor to the shore of Delaware -Bay; but to the greater part of it the Herman -family never succeeded in making good their title, -for the territory passed out of Lord Baltimore’s -domain. Once more the heedlessness and bad -faith of the Stuart kings, in their grants of -American lands, was exhibited, and as Baltimore’s -patent had once encroached upon the Virginians, -so now he was encroached upon by the -Duke of York and presently by William -Penn. The province of New Netherland, -which Charles II. took from the Dutch -in 1664 and bestowed upon his brother as lord -proprietor, extended from the upper waters of the -Hudson down to Cape May at the entrance to -Delaware Bay, but did not include a square foot -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> -of land on the west shore of the bay, since all that -was expressly included in the Maryland charter. -It was not to be expected that Swedes or Dutchmen -would pay any heed to that English charter; -but it might have been supposed that Charles II. -and his brother James would have shown some -respect for a contract made by their father. Not -so, however. The little Swedish and Dutch settlements -on the west shore were at once taken in -charge by officers of the Duke of York, as if they -had belonged to his domain of New Netherland, -while the southern part of that domain was -granted by him, under the name of New Jersey, -to his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George -Carteret.</p> - -<div id="Charter_of_Pennsylvania" class="sidenote">Charter of -Pennsylvania.</div> - -<p id="Which_resulted_in_the_bringing_of_William_Penn_upon_the_scene">Nothing more of consequence occurred for several -years, in the course of which interval, in 1675, -Cecilius Calvert died and was succeeded by his -son Charles, third Lord Baltimore. Not long afterward -William Penn appeared on the scene, at first -as trustee of certain Quaker estates in New Jersey, -but presently as ruler over a princely domain of -his own. The Quakers had been ill treated in -many of the colonies; why not found a colony in -which they should be the leaders? The suggestion -offered to Charles II. an easy way of paying an -old debt of £16,000 owed by the crown to the -estate of the late Admiral Penn, and accordingly -William was made lord proprietor of a -spacious country lying west of the Delaware -River and between Maryland to the -south and the Five Nations to the north. His -charter created a government very similar to Lord -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span> -Baltimore’s but far less independent, for laws -passed in Pennsylvania must be sent to England -for the royal assent, and the British government, -which fifty years before had expressly renounced -the right to lay taxes upon Marylanders, now -expressly asserted the right to lay taxes upon -Pennsylvanians. This change marks the growth -of the imperial and anti-feudal sentiment in England, -the feeling that privileges like those accorded -to the Calverts were too extensive to be enjoyed -by subjects.</p> - -<div id="Boundaries_between_Penn_and_Baltimore" class="sidenote">Boundaries -between -Penn and -Baltimore.</div> - -<p>According to Lord Baltimore’s charter his northern -boundary was the fortieth parallel -of latitude, which runs a little north of -the site of Philadelphia. The latitude -was marked by a fort erected on the Susquehanna -River, and when the crown lawyers consulted with -Baltimore’s attorneys, they were informed that all -questions of encroachment would be avoided if the -line were to be run just north of this fort, so as to -leave it on the Maryland side.<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">105</a> Penn made no -objection to this, but when the charter was drawn -up no allusion was made to the Susquehanna fort. -Penn’s southern boundary was made to begin -twelve miles north of Newcastle, thence to curve -northwestward to the fortieth parallel and follow -that parallel. Measurement soon showed that such -a boundary would give Penn’s province inadequate -access to the sea. His position as a royal favourite -enabled him to push the whole line twenty miles -to the south. Even then he was disappointed in -not gaining the head of Chesapeake Bay, and, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> -being bent upon securing somewhere a bit of seacoast, -he persuaded the Duke of York to give him -the land on the west shore of Delaware Bay which -the Dutch had once taken from the Swedes. By -further enlargement the area of this grant became -that of the present state of Delaware, the whole of -which was thus, in spite of vehement protest, carved -out of the original Maryland. In such matters there -was not much profit in contending against princes.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Old_manors_in_Maryland" class="sidenote">Old manors -in Maryland.</div> - -<p>In the course of this narrative we have had -occasion to mention the grants of Bohemia and -other manors. In order that we should understand -the course of Maryland history before and -after the Revolution of 1689, some description of -the manorial system is desirable. One of -the most interesting features in the early -history of English America is the way in which -different phases of English institutions were reproduced -in the different colonies. As the ancient -English town meeting reached a high development -in New England, as the system of close vestries -was very thoroughly worked out in Virginia, so -the old English manor was best preserved in -Maryland. In 1636 Lord Baltimore issued instructions -that every grant of 2,000 acres or more -should be erected into a manor, with court baron -and court leet. “The manor was the land on -which the lord and his tenants lived, and bound -up with the land were also the rights of government -which the lord possessed over the tenants, -and they over one another.”<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">106</a> Such manors were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -scattered all over tidewater Maryland. Mr. Johnson, -in his excellent essay on the subject, cites at -random the names of “George Evelin, lord of the -manor of Evelinton, in St. Mary’s county; Marmaduke -Tilden, lord of Great Oak Manor, and -Major James Ringgold, lord of the manor on -Eastern Neck, both in Kent; Giles Brent, lord of -Kent Fort, on Kent Island; George Talbot, lord -of Susquehanna Manor, in Cecil county,” and he -mentions a sale, in 1767, of “twenty-seven manors, -embracing 100,000 acres.”</p> - -<div id="Life_on_the_manors" class="sidenote">Life in the -manors.</div> - -<p>In the life upon these manors there was a kind -of patriarchal completeness; each was a -little world in itself. There was the -great house with its generous dining-hall, its -panelled wainscoat, and its family portraits; there -was the chapel, with the graves of the lord’s family -beneath its pavement and the graves of common -folk out in the churchyard; there were the smoke-houses, -and the cabins of negro slaves; and here -and there one might come upon the dwellings of -white freehold tenants, with ample land about -them held on leases of one-and-twenty years. In -establishing these manors, Lord Baltimore had an -eye to the military defence of his colony. It was -enacted in 1641 that the grant of a manor should -be the reward for every settler who should bring -with him from England twenty able-bodied men, -each armed with a musket, a sword and belt, a -bandelier and flask, ten pounds of powder, and -forty pounds of bullets and shot.</p> - -<div id="The_court_leet" class="sidenote">The court -leet.</div> - -<p>These manors were little self-governing communities. -The court leet was like a town meeting. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> -All freemen could take part in it. It enacted -by-laws, elected constables, bailiffs, and -other local officers, set up stocks and -pillory, and sentenced offenders to stand there, -for judicial and legislative functions were united -in this court leet. It empanelled its jury, and -with the steward of the manor presiding as judge, -it visited with fine or imprisonment the thief, the -vagrant, the poacher, the fraudulent dealer.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The court -baron.</div> - -<p>Side by side with the court leet was the court -baron, an equally free institution in which all the -freehold tenants sat as judges determining -questions of law and of fact. This -court decided all disputes between the lord and -his tenants concerning such matters as rents, or -trespass, or escheats. Here actions for debt were -tried, and transfers of land were made with the -ancient formalities.</p> - -<div id="Changes_wrought_by_slavery" class="sidenote">Changes -wrought by -slavery.</div> - -<p>These admirable manorial institutions were -brought to Maryland in precisely the same shape -in which they had long existed in England. They -were well adapted for preserving liberty and -securing order in rural communities before the -days of denser population and more rapid communication. -In our progress away from those -earlier times we have gained vastly, but it is by -no means sure that we have not also lost something. -In the decadence of the Maryland manors -there was clearly an element of loss, for that -decadence was chiefly brought about by -the growth of negro slavery, which made -it more profitable for the lord of the -manor to cultivate the whole of it himself, instead -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -of leasing the whole or parts of it to tenants. -Slavery also affixed a stigma upon free labour and -drove it off the field, very much as a debased -currency invariably drives out a sound currency. -From these causes the class of freehold tenants -gradually disappeared, “the feudal society of the -manor” was transformed into “the patriarchal -society of the plantation,”<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">107</a> and the arbitrary fiat -of a master was substituted for the argued judgments -of the court leet.</p> - -<div id="A_fierce_spirit_of_liberty" class="sidenote">A fierce -spirit of -liberty.</div> - -<p>Among the people of Lord Baltimore’s colony, -as among English-speaking people in general, one -might observe a fierce spirit of political -liberty coupled with engrained respect -for law and a disposition to achieve results -by argument rather than by violence. Such -a temper leads to interminable parliamentary discussion, -and in the reign of Charles II. the tongues -of the Maryland assembly were seldom quiet. As -compared with the stormy period before 1660, the -later career of Cecilius and that of his son Charles -down to the Revolution of 1689 seem peaceful, -and there are writers who would persuade us that -when the catastrophe arrived, it came quite unheralded, -like lightning from a cloudless sky. A -perusal of the transactions in the Maryland -assembly, however, shows that the happy period -was not so serene as we have been told, but there -were fleecy specks on the horizon, with now and -then a faint growl of distant thunder.</p> - -<div id="Cecilius_and_Charles" class="sidenote">Cecilius and -Charles.</div> - -<p>That the proprietary government had many -devoted friends is not to be denied, and it is clear -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> -that some of the opposition to it was merely -factious. There is no doubt as to the lofty personal -qualities of the second Lord Baltimore, his -courage and sagacity, his disinterested public -spirit, his devotion to the noble ideal -which he had inherited. As for Charles, -the third lord, he seems to have been a paler -reflection of his father, like him for good intentions, -but far inferior in force. The period of -eight-and-twenty years which we are considering, -from 1661 to 1689, is divided exactly in the -middle by the death of Cecilius in 1675. Before -that date we have Charles administering the affairs -of Maryland subject to the approval of his father -in London; after that date Charles is supreme.</p> - -<div id="Sources_of_discontent" class="sidenote">Sources of -discontent.</div> - -<div id="A_pleasant_little_family_party" class="sidenote">The family -party</div> - -<p>Now the circumstances were such that father -and son would have had to be more than human -to carry on the government without serious opposition. -In the first place, they were Catholics, -ruling a population in which about one -twelfth part were Catholics, while one -sixth belonged to the Church of England, and -three fourths were dissenting Puritans. To most -of the people the enforced toleration of Papists -must have seemed like keeping on terms of polite -familiarity with the devil. In the second place, -the proprietor was apt to appoint his own relatives -and trusted friends to the highest offices, and such -persons were usually Catholics. As these high -officers composed the council, or upper house of -the assembly, the proprietor had a permanent -and irreversible majority in that body. When -we read the minutes of a council composed of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span> -Governor Charles Calvert, his uncle Philip, his -cousin William, Mr. Baker Brooke, who had married -cousin William’s sister, Mr. William Talbot, -who was another cousin, and Mr. Henry Coursey, -who was uncle Philip’s bosom friend, we -seem to be assisting at a pleasant little -family party. Again, when the governor marries -a widow, and each of his five stepchildren marries, -and we are told that “every one who became -related to the family soon obtained an office,”<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">108</a> we -begin to realize that there was coming to be quite -a clan to be supported from the revenues of a -small province. Nepotism may not be the blackest -of crimes, but it is pretty certain to breed trouble.</p> - -<div id="Conflict_in_the_assembly" class="sidenote">Conflict in -the assembly.</div> - -<p>The governing power opposed to this family -party was the House of Burgesses, or lower house -of assembly. Those freeholding tenants and small -proprietors who had brought with them from England -their time-honoured habits of self-government -in court leet and court baron, represented the -democratic element in the constitution of -Maryland, as the upper house represented -the oligarchical element. The -history of the period we are considering is the -history of a constitutional struggle between the -two houses. We have seen that it was not a part -of the proprietor’s original scheme that the assembly -should take an initiative in legislation, and -that on this ground he refused his assent to the -first group of laws sent to him in 1635 for his -signature. Apparently it was his idea that his -burgesses should simply comment on acts passed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> -by their betters, as on old Merovingian fields of -March the magnates legislated while the listening -warriors clashed their shields in token of approval. -If such was the first notion of Cecilius he promptly -relinquished it and gracefully conceded the claim -of the assembly to take the initiative in legislation. -But the veto power, without any limitation -of time, was a prerogative which he would not -give up. At any moment he could use this veto -power to repeal a law, and this was felt by the -colonists to be a grievance. On such constitutional -matters, when we read of antagonism between the -proprietor and the assembly, it is the burgesses -that we are to understand as in opposition, since -the council was almost sure to uphold the proprietor.</p> - -<div id="Rights_of_the_burgesses" class="sidenote">Rights of -the burgesses.</div> - -<p id="How_Rev_Charles_Nichollet_was_fined_for_preaching_politics">One point upon which the upper house always -insisted was that the burgesses were not a house -of commons with inherent rights of legislation, -but that they owed their existence to the charter, -with powers that must be limited as strictly as -possible. But this point the burgesses -would never concede. They were Englishmen, -with the rights and privileges -of Englishmen, and it was an inherent right in -English representatives to make laws for their -constituents; accordingly they insisted that they -were, to all intents and purposes, a house of -commons for Maryland.<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> On one occasion a clergyman, -Charles Nichollet, preached a sermon, in -which he warned the burgesses not to forget that -they had no real liberty unless they could pass -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -laws that were agreeable to their conscience; as -a house of commons they must keep their hand -upon the purse strings and consider if the taxes -were not too heavy. The family party of the -upper house called such talk seditious, and the -parson was roundly fined for preaching politics.</p> - -<div id="Cessation_Act_of_1668" class="sidenote">Cessation -Act of 1668.</div> - -<p>But it would be grossly unfair to the proprietor -to overlook the fact that on some important occasions -he took sides with the representatives of the -people against his own little family party. As an -instance may be cited the act of 1666 -concerning the “Cessation of Tobacco.” -As the fees of public officials were paid in tobacco, -a large crop was liable to diminish their -value, and accordingly the upper house wished -to contract the currency by an act stopping all -planting of tobacco for one year. The lower -house objected to this, but after a long dispute -was induced to give consent, provided Virginia -should pass a similar act. The speaker, however, -wrote to Cecilius urging him to veto the act, and -he did so.<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">110</a></p> - -<div id="Sheriffs" class="sidenote">Sheriffs.</div> - -<p>The occasions of difference between the two -houses were many and various. One concerned -the relief of Quakers. In Rhode Island, New -Jersey, and Jamaica, they were allowed to make -affirmations instead of taking oaths. When the -Quakers of Maryland petitioned for a similar relief, -the burgesses granted it, but the council -refused to concur. A more important -matter was the appointment of sheriffs. -In addition to the ordinary functions of the sheriff, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> -with which we are familiar in more modern times, -these officers collected all taxes, superintended all -elections, and made out the returns. These were -formidable powers, for a dishonest or intriguing -sheriff might alter the composition of the House -of Burgesses. Sheriffs were appointed by the -governor, and were in no way responsible to the -county courts. The burgesses tried to establish a -check upon them by enacting that the county court -should recommend three persons out of whom the -governor should choose one, and that the sheriff -thus selected should serve for one year; but the -upper house declared that such an act infringed -the proprietor’s prerogative. No check upon the -sheriffs, therefore, was left to the people except -the regulating of their fees, and upon this point -the burgesses were stiff.</p> - -<div id="Restriction_of_suffrage_1670" class="sidenote">Restriction -of suffrage, -1670.</div> - -<p>In 1669 the disputes between the houses were -more stormy than usual, and in the election of the -next year the suffrage was restricted to freemen -owning plantations of fifty acres or more, or possessed -of personal property to the amount -of £50 sterling. This restriction was -not accomplished by legislation; it must -have been a sheer assertion of prerogative, either -by Cecilius or by Charles acting on his own responsibility. -All that is positively known is that -the sheriffs were instructed to that effect in their -writs. It is worthy of note that a similar restriction -of suffrage had just occurred in Virginia. -Perhaps Charles Calvert was imprudently taking -a lesson from Berkeley. But still worse, in summoning -to the assembly the members who had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -been elected, he omitted a few names, presumably -those of persons whose opposition was likely to -prove inconvenient. When the burgesses demanded -the reason for this omission, Charles made -a shuffling explanation which they saw fit to accept -for the moment, and thus a precedent was -created of which he was not slow to avail himself, -and from which endless bickering ensued. For -the present a house of burgesses was obtained -which was much to the governor’s liking; accordingly, -instead of allowing its term to expire at the -end of a year, he simply adjourned it, and thus -kept it alive until 1676,—another lesson learned -from Berkeley.</p> - -<div id="Death_of_Cecilius_1675" class="sidenote">Death of -Cecilius, -1675.</div> - -<div id="Rebellion_of_Davis_and_Pate_1676" class="sidenote">Rebellion of -Davis and -Pate, 1676.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Execution -of Davis -and Pate.</div> - -<p>It was this comparatively submissive assembly -that in 1671 passed the act which for eleven years -had been resisted, granting to the proprietor a -royalty of two shillings on every hogshead of tobacco -exported. In return for this grant, -however, the lower house obtained some -concessions. With the death of Cecilius, -in 1675, the situation was certainly changed for the -worse. Now for the first time the people of Maryland -had their lord proprietor dwelling among -them and not in England; but Charles was narrower -and less public-spirited than his father, his -measures were more arbitrary, and the feeling that -the country was governed in the interests of a -small coterie of Papists rapidly increased. In -1676 Maryland seemed on the point of following -Virginia into rebellion. Lord Baltimore went to -England in the spring, and by midsummer it had -become evident that Bacon had able sympathizers -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> -in Maryland. A set of manuscript archives, recently -recovered from long oblivion,<a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">111</a> make it probable -that but for Bacon’s sudden death in October -and the collapse of the movement in Virginia, -there would have been bloodshed in the sister colony. -In August a seditious paper was circulated, -alleging grievances similar to those of Virginia, -and threatening the proprietor’s government. -Two gentlemen named Davis and -Pate, with others, gathered an armed -force in Calvert county with the design of intimidating -the governor and council, and extorting -from them sundry concessions. When the governor, -Thomas Notley, ordered them to disband, -promising that their demands should be duly considered -at the next assembly, they refused on the -ground that the assembly had been tampered -with and no longer represented the people. As -Notley afterward wrote to Lord Baltimore, never -was there a people “more replete with malignancy -and frenzy than our people were about August -last, and they wanted but a monstrous head to -their monstrous body.” But this incipient Davis -and Pate rebellion derived its strength from the -Bacon rebellion, and the collapse of the -one extinguished the other. Davis and -Pate were hanged, at which Notley tells -us the people were “terrified,” and so peace was -preserved.</p> - -<div id="George_Talbot" class="sidenote">George -Talbot.</div> - -<p>An episode which occurred before the final catastrophe -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span> -throws some light upon the relations of -parties at the time. An Irish kinsman of Lord -Baltimore’s, by name George Talbot, obtained -in 1680 an extensive grant of land -on the Susquehanna River, where he lived in feudal -style, with a force of Irish retainers at his -beck and call, hunting venison, drinking strong -waters, browbeating Indians, and picking quarrels -with William Penn’s newly arrived followers. In -1684 Lord Baltimore went again to England, leaving -his son, Benedict Calvert, in the governorship; -and as Benedict was a mere boy, there was a little -regency of which George Talbot was the head. -Now the exemption of Maryland from king’s -taxes did not extend to custom-house duties. -These were collected by crown officers and paid -into the royal treasury; and the collectors were -apt to behave themselves, as in all ages and countries, -like enemies of the human race. Between -them and the proprietary government there was -deep-seated antipathy. They accused Lord Baltimore -of hindering them in their work, and this -complaint led the king to pounce upon him with a -claim for £2,500 alleged to have been lost to the -revenue through his interferences. One of these -collectors, Christopher Rousby, was especially overbearing, -and some called him a rascal. Late in -1684 a small ship of the royal navy was lying at -St. Mary’s, and one day, while Rousby was in the -cabin drinking toddies with the captain, Talbot -came on board, and a quarrel ensued, in the course -of which Talbot drew a dagger and plunged it into -Rousby’s heart. The captain refused to allow -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -Talbot to go ashore to be tried by a council of his -relatives; he carried him to Virginia and handed -him over to the governor, Lord Howard of Effingham. -Talbot was imprisoned not far from the -site where once had stood the red man’s village, -Werowocomoco, where he was in imminent danger -of the gallows, or perhaps of having to pay his whole -fortune as a bribe to the greedy Howard. But Talbot’s -brave wife, with two trusty followers, sailed -down the whole length of Chesapeake Bay and up -York River in a boat. On a dark winter’s night -they succeeded in freeing Talbot from his jail, and -returning as they came, carried him off exulting to -Susquehanna Manor. For the sake of appearances -his friends in the Maryland council thought it -necessary to proclaim the hue and cry after him, -and there is a local tradition that he was for -a while obliged to hide in a cave, where a couple -of his trained hawks kept him alive by fetching -him game—canvas-back ducks, perhaps, and terrapin—from -the river! It is not likely, however, -that the search for him was zealous or thorough. -For some time he staid unmolested in his manor -house, but presently deemed it prudent to go and -surrender himself. The council refused to bring -him to trial in any court held in the king’s name, -until a royal order came from England to send -him over there for trial, but before this was done -Lord Baltimore interceded with James II. and -secured a pardon.</p> - -<div id="A_Complaint_from_Heaven" class="sidenote">A “Complaint -from -Heaven.”</div> - -<p>The general effect of this Talbot affair was to -weaken the palatinate government by making it -appear lukewarm in its allegiance and remiss in its -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> -duties to the crown. The custom-house became a -subject of hot discussion, and the charges of defrauding -the royal revenue were reiterated with -effect. Some time before this, a remarkable pamphlet -had appeared with the title, “Complaint -from Heaven with a Huy and -Crye and a petition out of Virginia and -Maryland.” It was evidently written by some -Puritan friend of Fendall’s. After a bitter denunciation -of the palatinate administration some -measures of relief were suggested, one of which was -that the king should assume the government of -Maryland and appoint the governors. The time was -now at hand when this suggestion was to bear fruit.</p> - -<div id="The_anti_Catholic_panic_of_1689" class="sidenote">The anti-Catholic -panic.</div> - -<p>The forced abdication of James II. in 1688, with -his flight to France, was the occasion of -an anti-Catholic panic throughout the -greater part of English America. It was -as certain as anything future could be that the -antagonism between Louis XIV. and William of -Orange would at once break out in a great war, in -which French armies from Canada would invade -the English colonies. There was a widespread -fear that Papists in these colonies would turn -traitors and assist the enemy. It was in this scare -that Leisler’s rebellion in New York originated, -although there too a conflict between democracy -and oligarchy was concerned, somewhat as in Maryland. -Everywhere the ordinary dread of Papists -became more acute. It was soon after this time -that the clause of an act depriving Roman Catholics -of the franchise found its way into the Rhode -Island statutes, the only instance in which that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span> -commonwealth ever allowed itself to depart from -the noble principles of Roger Williams.<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">112</a></p> - -<div id="Causes_of_the_panic" class="sidenote">Causes of -the panic.</div> - -<p>While there were absurdities in this anti-Catholic -panic, it contained an element that was not -unreasonable. Throughout the century the Papist -counter-reformation had made alarming progress. -In France, the strongest nation in the -world, it had just scored a final victory -in the expulsion of the Huguenots. In Germany -the Thirty Years’ War had left Protestantism -weaker than it had been at the death of Martin -Luther. England had barely escaped from having -a Papist dynasty settled upon her; nor was it -yet sure that she had escaped. A caprice of fortune -might drive King William out as suddenly -as he had come. Ireland still held out for the -Stuarts, and there in May, 1689, James II. landed -with French troops, in the hope of winning back -his crown. The officer who held Ireland for -James was Richard Talbot, Duke of Tyrconnel, a -distant relative and intimate friend of Lord Baltimore. -Under these circumstances a panic was -natural. There were absurd rumours of a plot -between Catholics and Indians to massacre Protestants. -More reasonable was the jealous eagerness -with which men watched the council to see -what it would do about proclaiming William and -Mary. Lord Baltimore was prompt in sending -from London directions to the council to proclaim -them; whatever his political leanings might have -been, he could in prudence hardly do less. But -the messenger died on the voyage, and a second -messenger was too late. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Coode’s -<i>coup d’état</i>, -1689.</div> - -<div id="Overthrow_of_the_palatinate_1691" class="sidenote">Overthrow -of the palatinate, -1691.</div> - -<p>Meanwhile, in April, 1689, there was formed -“An Association in arms for the defense of the -Protestant Religion, and for asserting the right of -King William and Queen Mary to the Province of -Maryland and all the English Dominions.” The -president of this association was John -Coode, who had married a daughter of -that Thomas Gerrard who took a part -in Fendall’s rebellion. Another leader, who had -married another daughter of Gerrard, was Nehemiah -Blackiston, collector of customs, who had -been foremost in accusing the Calverts of obstructing -his work. Others were Kenelm Cheseldyn, -speaker of the house, and Henry Jowles, colonel -of the militia. As the weeks passed by, and news -of the proclaiming of William and Mary by one -colony after another arrived, and still the council -took no action in the matter, people grew impatient -and the association kept winning recruits. -At last, toward the end of July, Coode appeared -before St. Mary’s at the head of 700 armed men. -No resistance was offered. The council fled to a -fort on the Patuxent River, where they were -besieged and in a few days surrendered. Coode -detained all outward-bound ships until he had -prepared an account of these proceedings to -send to King William in the name of the Protestant -inhabitants of Maryland. Like the insurrection -in Boston, three months earlier, which -overthrew Sir Edmund Andros, this bold stroke -wore the aspect of a rising against the deposed -king in favour of the king actually reigning. -William was asked to undertake the government -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -of Maryland, and the whole affair met with his approval. -He issued a <i>scire facias</i> against -the Baltimore charter, and before a decision -had been reached in the court of -chancery he sent out Sir Lionel Copley in 1691, to -be royal governor of Maryland. In such wise was -the palatinate overturned.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Oppressive -enactments.</div> - -<div id="Removal_of_the_capital_to_Annapolis_1694" class="sidenote">Removal of -the capital -to Annapolis, -1694.</div> - -<p id="But_did_not_thereby_bring_the_millennium">If any party in Maryland expected the millennium -to follow this revolution, they were disappointed. -Taxes were straightway levied -for the support of the Church of England, -the further immigration of Catholics was -prohibited under heavy penalties, and the public -celebration of the mass was strictly forbidden -within the limits of the colony. When Governor -Nicholson arrived upon the scene, in 1694, he -summoned his first assembly to meet at the Anne -Arundel town formerly known as Providence; -and in the course of that session it was -decided to move the seat of government -thither from St. Mary’s. The purpose -was to deal a blow at the old capital, the social -and political centre of Catholicism in Maryland. -Bitter indignation was felt at St. Mary’s, and a -petition signed by the mayor and other municipal -officers, with a number of the freemen, was sent -to the assembly, praying that the change might be -reconsidered. The House of Burgesses returned -an answer, brutal and vulgar in tone, which shows -the wellnigh incredible virulence of political passion -in those days.<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> The blow was final, so far as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -St. Mary’s was concerned. Her civic life had -evidently depended upon the presence of the government. -At one time, with its fifty or sixty -houses, the little city founded by Leonard Calvert -was much larger than Jamestown; but after the -removal it dwindled till little was left save a memory. -The name of the new capital on the Severn -was doubtless felt to be cumbrous, for it was presently -changed to Annapolis,<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">114</a> the first of a set of -queer hybrid compounds with which the map of -the United States is besprinkled. Nicholson wished -to crown the work of founding a new capital by -establishing a school or college there, and accordingly -in 1696 King William School was founded. -For many years the income for supporting this -and other free schools was derived from an export -duty on furs.<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">115</a></p> - -<div id="Unpopularity_of_the_establishment_of_the_Church_of_England" class="sidenote">Unpopularity -of the -establishment -of the -Episcopal -church.</div> - -<div id="Episcopal_parsons" class="sidenote">Episcopal -parsons.</div> - -<p>The change of the capital was perhaps bewailed -only by the Catholics and others who were most -strongly attached to the proprietary government. -But the change in ecclesiastical policy -disgusted everybody. Taxation for the -support of the Episcopal church, of which -only a small part of the population were -members, was as unpopular with Puritans as with -Papists. The Puritans, who had worked so zealously -to undermine the proprietary government, -had not bargained for such a result as this. The -manner in which the church revenue was raised -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> -was also extremely irritating. The rate was forty -pounds of tobacco per poll, so that rich and poor -paid alike. A more inequitable and odious measure -could hardly have been devised. The statute, -however, with the dullness that usually characterizes -the work of legislative bodies, forgot to specify -the quality of tobacco in which the rates should be -paid. Naturally, therefore, they were paid in the -vilest unmarketable stuff that could be found, and -the Episcopal clergymen found it hard to keep the -wolf from the door. There was thus no -inducement for competent ministers to -come to Maryland, and those that were sent from -England were of the poorest sort which the English -Church in that period of its degradation could -provide. Dr. Thomas Chandler, of New Jersey, -who visited the eastern shore of Maryland in 1753, -wrote to the Bishop of London as follows: “The -general character of the clergy ... is wretchedly -bad.... It would really, my lord, make the -ears of a sober heathen tingle to hear the stories -that were told me by many serious persons of -several clergymen in the neighbourhood of the -parish where I visited; but I still hope that some -abatement may be fairly made on account of the -prejudices of those who related them.”<a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">116</a> The -Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited Maryland -about the same time, tells us that it was a -common trick with a parson, when performing the -marriage service for a poor couple, to halt midway -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -and refuse to go on till a good round fee had been -handed over to him.<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">117</a> On such occasions it may -be presumed that the tobacco was of unimpeachable -quality.</p> - -<div id="Exemption_of_Protestant_dissenters_from_civil_disabilities" class="sidenote">Exemption -of Protestant -Dissenters -from civil -disabilities.</div> - -<p>The last decade of the seventeenth century was -a period of ceaseless wrangling over church matters. -Almost every year saw some new -act passed from which its opponents -succeeded in causing the assent of the -crown to be withheld. The government -of William III. was not ill-disposed toward a -policy of toleration, except toward Papists. Accordingly, -although the act of 1692 remained -substantially in force until the American Revolution, -it was so qualified in 1702 as to exempt -Quakers and other Protestant Dissenters from -civil disabilities, and to allow them the free exercise -of public worship in their own churches or -meeting-houses. They were not exempted, however, -from the poll tax for the maintenance of the -Episcopal church.</p> - -<div id="Seymour_reprimands_the_Catholic_priests" class="sidenote">Seymour’s -reprimand -to the Catholic -priests.</div> - -<p>For the Catholics there was neither exemption -nor privilege; they were shamefully insulted and -vexed. In the autumn of 1704 two priests were -summoned before the council: the one, William -Hunter, was accused of consecrating a chapel, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -which he answered with a plea that was in part -denial and in part “confession and -avoidance;” the other, Robert Brooke, -acknowledged the truth of the charge that -he had said mass at the chapel of St. Mary’s. The -request of these gentlemen for legal counsel was -refused. As the complaint against them was a first -complaint, they were let off with a reprimand, -which the newly installed governor, John Seymour, -thus politely administered: “It is the unhappy -temper of you and all your tribe to grow insolent -upon civility and never know how to use it, and yet -of all people you have the least reason for considering -that, if the necessary laws that are made -were let loose, they are sufficient to crush you, and -which (if your arrogant principles have not -blinded you) you must need to dread. You might, -methinks, be content to live quietly as you may, -and let the exercise of your superstitious vanities -be confined to yourselves, without proclaiming -them at public times and in public places, unless -you expect by your gaudy shows and serpentine -policy to amuse the multitude and beguile the -unthinking, ... an act of deceit well known to -be amongst you. But, gentlemen, be not deceived.... -In plain and few words, if you intend to live -here, let me hear no more of these things; for if -I do, and they are made good against you, be -assured I’ll chastise you.... I’ll remove the evil -by sending you where you may be dealt with as -you deserve.... Pray take notice that I am an -English Protestant gentleman, and can never -equivocate.” After this fulmination the governor -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> -ordered the sheriff of St. Mary’s county to lock -up the Catholic chapel and “keep the key -thereof;” and for all these proceedings the House -of Burgesses declared themselves “cheerfully -thankful” to his excellency, whom they found -“so generously bent to protect her majesty’s Protestant -subjects here against insolence and growth -of Popery.”<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">118</a></p> - -<div id="Cruel_laws_against_Catholics" class="sidenote">Cruel laws -against -Catholics.</div> - -<p>From 1704 to 1718 several ferocious acts were -passed against Catholics. A reward of £100 was -offered to any informer who should “apprehend -and take” a priest and convict -him of saying mass, or performing any -of a priest’s duties; and the penalty for the priest -so convicted was perpetual imprisonment. Any -Catholic found guilty of keeping a school, or -taking youth to educate, was to spend the rest of -his life in prison. Any person sending his child -abroad to be educated as a Catholic was to be -fined £100. No Catholic could become a purchaser -of real estate. Certain impossible test -oaths were to be administered to every Papist -youth within six months after his attaining majority, -and if he should refuse to take them he was -to be declared incapable of inheriting land, and -his nearest kin of Protestant faith could supplant -him. The children of a Protestant father might -be forcibly taken away from their widowed mother -and placed in charge of Protestant guardians. -When extra taxes were levied for emergencies, -Catholics were assessed at double rates.<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">119</a></p> - -<div id="Crown_requisitions" class="sidenote">Crown -requisitions.</div> - -<p>These atrocities of the statute book were a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -symptom of the inflammatory effect wrought upon -the English mind by the gigantic war against -Louis XIV., and immediately afterward by the -wild attempt of the so-called James III. to seize -the crown of Great Britain. From the accession -of William and Mary to the end of the reign of -Anne, war against France was perpetual except -for the breathing spell after the Peace of Ryswick. -This state of things brought a fresh burden upon -Maryland. War between France and Great Britain -meant war between the Algonquin -tribes and the English colonies aided by -the Five Nations. The new situation was heralded -in the Congress which met at New York in 1690, -at Leisler’s invitation, when Maryland was called -upon to contribute men and money toward the -invasion of Canada. With the advent of the -royal government came royal requisitions for military -purposes; and although this new burden was -due to the new continental situation rather than to -the change in the provincial government, it was -one thing the more to make Marylanders look -back with regret to the days of the proprietary -rule.</p> - -<div id="Benedict_Calvert_becomes_a_Protestant" class="sidenote">Benedict -Calvert -becomes a -Protestant.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Revival of -the palatinate, -1715.</div> - -<p>For four-and-twenty years after 1691 the third -Lord Baltimore lived in England in the full -enjoyment of his private rights and revenues, -though deprived of his government. His -son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, was a -prince who took secular views of public -policy, like the great Henry of Navarre. He preferred -his palatinate to his church, and abjured -the Catholic faith, much to the wrath and disgust -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -of his aged father, who at once withdrew his -annual allowance of £450. Benedict was obliged -to apply to the crown for a pension, which was -granted by Anne and continued by George I. -until on February 20, 1715, the situation was completely -changed by the father’s death. On the -petition of Benedict, fourth Lord Baltimore, the -proprietary government of Maryland was -revived in his behalf. But Benedict survived -his father only six weeks, and on -April 5 his son Charles Calvert became fifth Lord -Baltimore. As Charles was a lad of sixteen, whose -Romanist faith had been forsworn with his father’s, -he was forthwith proclaimed Lord Proprietor of -Maryland, and royal governors no more vexed -that colony.</p> - -<div id="Change_in_the_political_situation" class="sidenote">Change in -the political -situation.</div> - -<p>Despite all troubles it had thriven under their -administration. The population had doubled within -less than twenty years, and on Charles’s accession -it was reckoned at 40,700 whites and 9,500 -negroes.<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">120</a> Oppressive statutes had not prevented -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> -the Catholics from increasing in numbers and the -influence which ability and character always wield. -They were preëminently the picked men of the -colony. Entire suppression of their forms of -worship had been recognized as impracticable. An -act of 1704 had allowed priests to perform religious -services in Roman Catholic families, though -not in public. From this permission advantage -was taken to build chapels as part of private -mansions, so that the family with their guests -might worship God after their manner, relying -upon the principle that an Englishman’s -house is his castle. By some of these -people it was hoped that the restoration -of the palatinate would revive their political rights -and privileges. But this renewal of the palatinate -was far from restoring the old state of things. -The position of the fifth Lord Baltimore was very -different from that of the second and third. They -were Catholic princes, and were steadily supported -by two Catholic kings of England. The new -proprietor was a Protestant, dependent upon the -favour of a Protestant king. The features of the -old palatinate government, therefore, which lend -the chief interest to its history, were never restored. -Catholic citizens remained disfranchised, -and continued to be taxed for the support of a -church which they disapproved.</p> - -<div id="Charles_Carroll" class="sidenote">Charles -Carroll.</div> - -<p>An interesting project was entertained about -this time, by Charles Carroll and other -Catholic gentlemen, of leading a migration -to the Mississippi valley, thus transferring -their allegiance from Great Britain to France. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -Mr. Carroll, a descendant of the famous Irish sept -of O’Carrolls, and one of the foremost citizens of -Maryland, had long been agent and receiver of -rents for the third Lord Baltimore. The scheme -which he was now contemplating might have led -to curious results, but it was soon abandoned. A -grant of territory by the Arkansas River was -sought from the French government,<a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">121</a> but it proved -impossible to agree upon terms, and that region -remained a wilderness until several questions of -world-wide importance had been settled.</p> - -<div id="Seeds_of_revolution" class="sidenote">Seeds of -revolution.</div> - -<p>Though the accession of the fifth Lord Baltimore -did not reinstate the Catholics in their civil -rights, it nevertheless did much to mitigate the -operation of the oppressive statutes against them. -An early symptom of Charles’s temper was shown -by his reappointment of Carroll as his agent. He -went on to do such justice to Catholics as was in -his power, and under his mild and equitable rule -the fierceness of political passion was much abated. -The proprietary government retained its popularity -until it came to an end with the Declaration -of Independence. But the interval of crown government -from 1691 to 1715 had for the first time -made the connection with Great Britain -seem oppressive, and had planted the -seeds of future sympathy with the revolutionary -party in Massachusetts and Virginia. As the long -struggle with France increased in dimensions, the -political questions at issue in the several colonies -became more and more continental in character. -All were more or less assimilated one to another, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -and thus the way toward federation was prepared. -Thus the discussions in Maryland came more and -more to deal with the rights of the colonial legislature -and British interference with them. At the -same time Maryland had a grievance of her own -in the poll tax for maintaining a foreign and hated -church. In 1772 an assault upon that tax was the -occasion of one of the most remarkable legal controversies -in American annals; and the leader in -that assault, Charles Carroll’s grandson and namesake, -Charles Carroll of Carrollton, soon afterward -signed his name to the Declaration of Independence.</p> - -<div id="End_of_the_palatinate" class="sidenote">End of the -palatinate.</div> - -<p>In 1751, after a tranquil reign, only two years -of which were spent in Maryland, Charles Calvert -died in London, and was succeeded by his son -Frederick, sixth and last Lord Baltimore. -After a series of Antonines, at -last came the Commodus. Frederick was a miserable -debauchee, unworthy scion of a noble race. -For Maryland he cared nothing except to spend -its revenues in riotous living in London. One -adventure of his, for which he was tried and -acquitted on a mere technicality, fills one of the -most loathsome chapters of the Newgate Calendar.<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">122</a> -But this villain was represented in Maryland by -two excellent governors, Horatio Sharpe from -1753 to 1768, and then Sir Robert Eden, who had -married Frederick’s younger sister. Eden remained -in authority until June 24, 1776, when he -embarked for England with the good wishes of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -people. The wretched Frederick died in 1771, -without legitimate children, and the barony of -Baltimore became extinct. By the will of Charles, -the fifth baron, the proprietorship of Maryland -was now vested in Frederick’s elder sister, Louisa, -wife of John Browning. But Frederick had also -left a will, in which he devised the province to an -illegitimate son, called Henry Harford. This -young man laid claim to the proprietorship, but -before the chancery suit was ended the Palatinate -of Maryland had become one of the thirteen -United States. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.<br /> - -<span id="Society_in_the_old_dominion">SOCIETY IN THE OLD DOMINION.</span></h2> - -<div id="Tobacco_and_liberty" class="sidenote">Tobacco and -liberty.</div> - -<p>A learned son of Old Virginia, who is fond of -wrapping up a bookful of meaning in a single -pithy sentence, has declared that “a true history -of tobacco would be the history of English and -American liberty.” This remark occurs near the -beginning of Mr. Moncure Conway’s dainty volume -printed for the Grolier Club, entitled “Barons -of the Potomack and the Rappahannock.” When -construed liberally, as all such sweeping statements -need to be, it contains a kernel of truth. It was -tobacco that planted an English nation -in Virginia, and made a corporation in -London so rich and powerful as to become a formidable -seminary of sedition: it was the desire to -monopolize the tobacco trade that induced Charles -I. to recognize the House of Burgesses; discontent -with the Navigation Act and its effect upon -the tobacco trade was potent among the causes of -Bacon’s Rebellion; and so on down to the eve of -Independence, when Patrick Henry won his first -triumph in the famous Parson’s Cause, in which -the price of tobacco furnished the bone of contention, -the Indian weed has been strangely implicated -with the history of political freedom.</p> - -<p>Furthermore, when we reflect upon the splendid -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -part played by Virginia in winning American independence -and bringing into existence the political -framework of our Federal Republic; when we -recollect that of the five founders of this nation -who were foremost in constructive work—Washington, -Hamilton, Madison, Jefferson, and Marshall—four -were Virginians,—it becomes interesting -to go back and study the social features of the community -in which such leaders of men were produced. -The economic basis of that community -was the cultivation of tobacco on large plantations, -and from that single economic circumstance resulted -most of the social features which we have -now to pass in review.</p> - -<div id="Rapid_growth_of_tobacco_culture" class="sidenote">Rapid -growth of -tobacco -culture.</div> - -<div id="Attempts_to_check_it" class="sidenote">Attempts to -check it.</div> - -<p>We have seen in a previous chapter how important -was the cultivation of tobacco in setting the -infant colony at Jamestown upon its feet in 1614 -and the following years. In the rapid development -of the colony during the reign of Charles I. -other kinds of agriculture thrived, there were good -crops of wheat, and Indian corn was exported. -But tobacco culture increased rapidly -and steadily until in the latter part of -the century it nearly extinguished all -other kinds of activity, except the raising of -domestic animals and vegetables needed for food. -Long before this result was reached, the tendency -was deplored by the colonists themselves. To use -a modern political phrase, it was “viewed with -alarm.” This is quite intelligible. “We know -now that tobacco, though not strictly a necessary -of life, is one of those articles whose consumption -may be looked on as certain and permanent. In -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -the seventeenth century, men could hardly be -blamed if they regarded the use of tobacco as a -precarious fashion.”<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">123</a> It was also felt that in case -of war it would be dangerous for Virginia to be -forced to rely upon importing the manufactured -necessaries of life. Moreover, the absorption of -the colony’s industry in the production of a single -staple made it especially easy for the home government -to depress that industry by stupid legislation, -as in the reign of Charles II., when the -Navigation Act so seriously diminished the purchasing -power of tobacco. For these various -reasons many attempts were made to -check the cultivation of the Indian weed. -The legislation of the seventeenth century was full -of instances. It was attempted to establish rival -industries and to produce silk, cotton, and iron; -laws were made forbidding any planter to raise -more than 2,000 plants in one year’s crop, and so -on. All such attempts proved futile; in spite of -everything that could be done, tobacco drove all -competitors from the field.</p> - -<div id="Need_for_cheap_labour" class="sidenote">Need for -cheap -labour.</div> - -<div id="Indentured_white_servants" class="sidenote">Indented -white -servants.</div> - -<p>This tobacco was generally cultivated upon -large estates. The policy of making extensive -grants of land as an inducement to settlers was -begun at an early date, and all that was needed to -develop the system was an abundance of -cheap labour. English yeomanry, such -as came to New England, was too intelligent -and enterprising to furnish the right sort. -English yeomanry, coming to Virginia, came to -own estates for itself, not to work them for others. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> -It soon became necessary to have recourse to servile -labour. We have seen negro slaves first -brought into the colony from Africa in 1619, but -their numbers increased very slowly, and it was only -toward the end of the century that they began to -be numerous. In the early period the demand for -servile labour was supplied from other sources. -Convicted criminals were sent over in great numbers -from the mother country, as in later times -they were sent to Botany Bay. On their arrival -they were indented as servants for a term -of years. Kidnapping was also at that -time in England an extensive and lucrative -business. Young boys and girls, usually but -not always of the lowest class of society, were -seized by press-gangs on the streets of London and -Bristol and other English seaports, hurried on -board ship, and carried over to Virginia to work -on the plantations or as house servants. These -poor wretches were not, indeed, sold into hopeless -slavery, but they passed into a state of servitude -which might be prolonged indefinitely by avaricious -or cruel masters. The period of their indenture -was short,—usually not more than four years; -but the ordinary penalty for serious offences, -such as were very likely to be committed, was a -lengthening of the time during which they were -to serve. Among such offences the most serious -were insubordination or attempts to escape, while -of a more venial character were thievery, or unchaste -conduct,<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> or attempts to make money on -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -their own account. Their lives were in theory protected -by law, but where an indented servant came -to his death from prolonged ill-usage, or from excessive -punishment, or even from sudden violence, -it was not easy to get a verdict against the master. -In those days of frequent flogging, the lash was -inflicted upon the indented servant with scarcely -less compunction than upon the purchased slave; -and in general the condition of the former seems -to have been nearly as miserable as that of the -latter, save that the servitude of the negro was perpetual, -while that of the white man was pretty sure -to come to an end. For him, Pandora’s box had -not quite spilled out the last of its contents.</p> - -<div id="Notion_that_Virginians_are_descended_from_convicts" class="sidenote">Notion that -Virginians -are descended -from -convicts.</div> - -<p>In England the notion presently grew up that -the aristocracy of Virginia was recruited from -the ranks of these kidnapped paupers -and convicts. This impression may have -originated in statements, based upon real -but misconstrued facts, such as we find -in Defoe’s widely read stories, “Moll Flanders”<a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">125</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> -and “Colonel Jack.” So, too, in Mrs. Aphra -Behn’s comedy, “The Widow Ranter, or, The History -of Bacon in Virginia,” one of the personages, -named Hazard, sails to Virginia, and on arriving -at Jamestown suddenly meets an old acquaintance, -named Friendly, whereupon the following conversation -ensues:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p><i>Hazard.</i> This unexpected happiness o’erjoys me. -Who could have imagined to have found thee in Virginia?...</p> - -<p><i>Friendly.</i> My uncle dying here left me a considerable -plantation.... But prithee what chance (fortunate -to me) drove thee to this part of the New World?</p> - -<p><i>Hazard.</i> Why, ’faith, ill company and that common -vice of the town, gaming.... I had rather starve -abroad than live pitied and despised at home.</p> - -<p><i>Friendly.</i> Would [the new governor] were landed; -we hear he is a noble gentleman.</p> - -<p><i>Hazard.</i> He has all the qualities of a gallant man. -Besides, he is nobly born.</p> - -<p><i>Friendly.</i> This country wants nothing but to be -peopled with a well-born race to make it one of the best -colonies in the world; but for want of a governor we -are ruled by a council, some of whom have been perhaps -transported criminals, who having acquired great -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span> -estates are now become Your Honour and Right Worshipful, -and possess all places of authority.<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">126</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Malachy -Postlethwayt.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Dr. Johnson.</div> - -<p>It is not only in novels and plays, however, that -we encounter such statements. Malachy Postlethwayt, -author of several valuable and -scholarly treatises on commerce, tells us: -“Even your transported felons, sent to -Virginia instead of Tyburn, thousands of them, -if we are not misinformed, have, by turning their -hands to industry and improvement, and (which -is best of all) to honesty, become rich, substantial -planters and merchants, settled large families, and -been famous in the country; nay, we have seen -many of them made magistrates, officers of militia, -captains of good ships, and masters of good -estates.”<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">127</a> Either from the study of Postlethwayt, -or perhaps simply from reading “Moll Flanders,” -we may suppose that Dr. Johnson got -the notion to which he gave vent in 1769 -when quite out of patience because the ministry -seemed ready to make some concessions to the -Americans. “Why, they are a race of convicts,” -cried the irate doctor, “and ought to be thankful -for anything we allow them short of hanging!”<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -Thus we witness the progress of generalization: -first it is some Virginians that are jail-birds, or -offspring of jail-birds, then it is all Virginians, -finally it is all Americans. A few years ago, in -the time of our Civil War, one used to find this -grotesque notion still surviving in occasional polite -statements of European newspapers, informing -their readers that the citizens of the United States -are the “offspring of the vagabonds and felons of -Europe.”<a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">129</a></p> - -<div id="Who_were_the_indentured_white_servants" class="sidenote">The real -question.</div> - -<p>The statement of the worthy Postlethwayt seems -based partly on observation, partly on information, -and has unquestionably been the source -of inferences much more sweeping than -facts will sustain. In order to arrive at clear -views of the subject, we must distinguish between -two questions:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p>1. What sort of people, on the whole, were the -indented white servants in Virginia?</p> - -<p>2. How far did they ever succeed, as freedmen, -in attaining to high social position in the colony?</p> - -<div id="Redemptioners" class="sidenote">Redemptioners.</div> - -<p>In answering the first question, a mere reference -to “felons” and “convicts” will carry us -but little way. A considerable proportion of the -indented white servants were poor but honest persons -who sold themselves into slavery for a brief -term to defray the cost of the voyage from England. -The ship-owner received from the planter -the passage-money in the shape of tobacco, and -in exchange he handed over the passenger to be -the planter’s servant until the debt was wiped out. -Indented servants of this class were known as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -“redemptioners,” and many of them were eminently -industrious and of excellent character. -Such redemptioners came in large -numbers to Virginia, Maryland, and the middle -colonies, and much more rarely to New England, -where the demand for any kind of servile labour -was but small.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Punishments -for crime.</div> - -<p>Again, among the transported convicts were -many who had been sentenced to death for what -would now be considered trivial offences; the poor -woman who stole a joint of meat to relieve her -starving children was not necessarily a hardened -criminal, yet if the price of the joint were more -than a shilling she incurred the death -penalty. For counterfeiting a lottery -ticket, or for personating the holder of a stock and -receiving the dividends due upon it, the punishment -was the same as for wilful murder.<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">130</a> The -favourite remedy prescribed in law was the gallows, -as in medicine the lancet. Yet many judges -and officers of state were conscious of the excessive -severity of the system, and welcomed the device -of sending the less hardened offenders out of the -kingdom instead of putting them to death. There -is reason for believing that murderers, burglars, -and highwaymen continued to be summarily sent -to Tyburn, while for offences of a lighter sort and -in cases with extenuating circumstances the death -penalty was often commuted to transportation. As -a rule it was not the worst sort of offenders who -were sent to the colonies.</p> - -<div id="Distribution_of_convicts" class="sidenote">Number and -distribution -of convicts.</div> - -<p>The practice of sending rogues beyond sea began -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> -soon after the founding of Virginia, and continued -until it was cut short in America by the War of -Independence; thereafter the Australasian colonies -were made a receptacle for them until the practice -came to an end soon after the middle of the nineteenth -century. It has been estimated -that between 1717 and 1775 not less -than 10,000 “involuntary emigrants” -were sent from the Old Bailey alone;<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">131</a> and possibly -the total number sent to America from the -British islands in the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries may have been as high as 50,000.<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">132</a> In -the lists of such offenders their particular destinations -are apt to be very loosely and carelessly -indicated; the name Virginia, for example, is often -used so vaguely as to include the West Indies.<a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">133</a> -The destinations most commonly specified are Virginia, -Maryland, Barbadoes, and Jamaica, but it -is certain that all English colonies outside of New -England received considerable numbers of convicts. -Very few were brought to New England, -because the demand for such labour was less than -elsewhere, and therefore the prisoners would not -fetch so high a price.<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">134</a> Stringent laws were made -against bringing in such people. In 1700 Massachusetts -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> -enacted that every master of a ship arriving -with passengers must hand to the custom-house -officer a written certificate of the “name, character, -and circumstances” of each passenger, under -penalty of a fine of £5 for every name omitted; -and the custom-house officer was obliged to deliver -to the town clerk the full list of names with the -accompanying certificates.<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">135</a> The existence of this -wholesome statute indicates that undesirable persons -had been brought into the colony; and the -reënactment of it in 1722, with the fine raised -from £5 to £100, is clear proof that the nuisance -was not yet abated. Nevertheless, partly because -of such vigilant measures of prevention, but much -more because of the economic reason above alleged, -the four New England colonies received but few -convicts.</p> - -<div id="Prisoners_of_war" class="sidenote">Prisoners of -war.</div> - -<p>A very different class of transported persons -consisted of those who were not criminals at all, -but merely political offenders, or even prisoners of -war. For example, of the Scotch prisoners -taken at Dunbar in 1650, Cromwell -sent about 150 to Boston. The next year orders -were issued for sending 1,610 of the Worcester -captives to Virginia, but very few of them seem -to have arrived there.<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">136</a> In 1652 a party of 272 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> -men captured at Worcester were landed in Boston, -but so small was the demand for their labour that -they were soon exported southward,—perhaps to -the West Indies in exchange for sugar or rum. -After the restoration of the monarchy so many -non-conformists were sold into servitude in Virginia -as to lead to an insurrection in 1663, followed -by legislation designed to keep all convicts -out of the colony.<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">137</a> On the whole, the number of -political offenders brought to those colonies that -have since become the United States was certainly -much smaller than the number of criminal convicts, -while the latter were in all probability much -less numerous than the redemptioners. During -the seventeenth century the demand for wholesale -servile white labour was much greater in Virginia -and Maryland than elsewhere, and there are many -indications that they received more convicts and -redemptioners than the other colonies. In the -eighteenth century, however, the middle colonies, -especially Pennsylvania, probably received at least -as large a share.</p> - -<div id="Careers_of_white_freedmen" class="sidenote">Careers -of white -freedmen.</div> - -<div id="Representative_Virginia_families_were_not_descended_from_white_freedmen" class="sidenote">Representative -Virginia -families -are not -descended -from white -freedmen.</div> - -<p>Our survey shows that in the class of indented -white servants there was a wide range of gradation, -from thrifty redemptioners<a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> and gallant -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -rebels at the one extreme down to ruffians and -pickpockets at the other. Bearing this -in mind, we come to our second question, -How far did white freedmen succeed in -attaining to high social position in such a colony -as Virginia? There is no doubt that, as Postlethwayt -declares, some of the best of them did -work their way up to the ownership of plantations. -In the seventeenth century they were occasionally -elected to the House of Burgesses. The composition -of that assembly for 1654 affords an interesting -example. One of the two members for -Warwick was the worthy Samuel Mathews, soon -to be elected governor; and one of the four members -for Charles City was Major Abraham Wood, -who, as a child of ten years, had been brought -from England in 1620, and had been a servant of -Mathews. John Trussel, the member for Northumberland, -and William Worlidge, one of the -two members for Elizabeth City, had been servants -brought over in 1622, aged respectively -nineteen and eighteen.<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">139</a> Whether these lads had -been offenders against the law does not appear, -nor do we know whether the child had come with -parents not mentioned, or as the victim of kidnappers. -We only know that all three were servants,<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">140</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> -and, if the word is to be understood in the ordinary -sense, it was much to their credit that they -rose to be burgesses. Cases of ordinary indented -servants thus rising were certainly exceptional in -the seventeenth century, and still more so in the -eighteenth. Nothing can be more certain -than that the representative families of -Virginia were not descended from convicts, -or from indented servants of any -sort. Although family records were -until of late less carefully preserved than in New -England, yet the registered facts abundantly prove -that the leading families had precisely the same -sort of origin as the leading families in New England. -For the most part they were either country -squires, or prosperous yeomen, or craftsmen from -the numerous urban guilds; and alike in Virginia -and in New England there was a similar proportion -of persons connected with English families -ennobled or otherwise eminent for public service.</p> - -<div id="Some_of_the_freedmen_became_small_proprietors" class="sidenote">Some white -freedmen -became -small proprietors.</div> - -<p>As for the white freedmen, those of the better -sort often acquired small estates, while some became -overseers of white servants and black slaves. -The kind of life which they led is described -in Defoe’s “Colonel Jack” with -that great writer’s customary minuteness -of information. The class of small proprietors -always remained in Virginia, and included -many other persons beside freedmen. With the -increasing tendency toward the predominance of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> -great estates in tidewater Virginia, there was a -tendency for the smaller proprietors to move westward -into the Piedmont region or southward into -North Carolina, as will appear in the next chapter.</p> - -<div id="Some_became_mean_whites" class="sidenote">Some became -“mean -whites.”</div> - -<p>While it was true that “the convicts ... -sometimes prove very worthy creatures and entirely -forsake their former follies,”<a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">141</a> it was also -true that many of them “have been and are the -poorest, idlest, and worst of mankind, the refuse -of Great Britain and Ireland, and the outcast of -the people.”<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">142</a> These degraded freedmen -were apt to be irreclaimable vagabonds. -According to Bishop Meade, they gave -the vestrymen a great deal of trouble. “The -number of illegitimate children born of them and -thrown upon the parish led to much action on the -part of the vestries and the legislature. The lower -order of persons in Virginia in a great measure -sprang from those apprenticed servants and from -poor exiled culprits. It is not wonderful that -there should have been much debasement of character -among the poorest population, and that the -negroes of the first families should always have -considered themselves a more respectable class. -To this day [1857] there are many who look upon -poor white folks (for so they call them) as much -beneath themselves; and, in truth, they are so in -many respects.”<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">143</a> Indeed, the fact that manual -labour was a badge of servitude, while the white -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -freedmen of degraded type were by nature and experience -unfitted to perform any work of a higher -sort, was of itself enough to keep them from doing -any work at all, unless driven by impending starvation. -As manual labour came to be more and -more entirely relegated to men of black and brown -skins, this wretched position of the mean whites -grew worse and worse. The negro slave might -take a certain sort of pride in belonging to the -grand establishment of a powerful or wealthy master, -and from this point of view society might be -said to have a place for him, even though he possessed -no legal rights. There was no such haven of -security for the mean whites. If the negro was like -a Sudra, they were simply Pariahs. Crimes against -person and property were usually committed by -persons of this class. They were loungers in taverns -and at horse-races, earning a precarious livelihood, -or violent death by gambling and thieving; -or else they withdrew from the haunts of civilization -to lead half-savage lives in the backwoods. -In these people we may recognize a strain of the -English race which has not yet on American soil -become extinct or absorbed. There can be little -doubt that the white freedmen of degraded type -were the progenitors of a considerable portion of -what is often called the “white trash” of the -South. Originating in Virginia and Maryland, -the greater part of it seems to have been gradually -sifted out by migration to wilder regions westward -and southward, much to the relief of those colonies. -As to the probable manner of its distribution, -something will be said in the next chapter. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span></p> - -<div id="Development_of_negro_slavery" class="sidenote">Development -of negro -slavery; -treaty of -Utrecht.</div> - -<div id="Anti_slavery_sentiment_in_Virginia" class="sidenote">Anti-slavery -sentiment in -Virginia.</div> - -<p>Long before the end of the seventeenth century, -Virginia and Maryland had begun to protest -against the policy of sending criminals from England,<a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">144</a> -and as negro slaves became more numerous -white servitude was greatly diminished. The rapid -increase of negroes began toward the end of the -century, and an immense impetus was -given it by the <i>asiento</i> clause of the -treaty of Utrecht in 1713. By way of -indemnifying herself for the cost of the -War of the Spanish Succession, victorious England -bade Spain and France keep their hands off -from Africa, while she monopolized for herself the -slave-trade. We are reminded by Mr. Lecky that -this was the one clause in the treaty that seemed -to give the most general satisfaction; and while an -eminent prelate affixed his name to the treaty and -a magnificent <i>Te Deum</i> by Handel was sung in the -churches, it occurred to nobody to denounce as unchristian -a national scheme for kidnapping thousands -of black men and selling them into slavery.<a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">145</a> -Before 1713 the part which English ships had -taken in the slave-trade was comparatively small; -and it is curious now to look back and think how -Marlborough and Eugene at Blenheim were unconsciously -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -cutting out work for Grant and Sherman -at Vicksburg. In 1700 there were probably -60,000 Englishmen and 6,000 negroes in Virginia; -by 1750 there were probably 250,000 whites and -250,000 blacks, while during that same half century -the peopling of the Carolinas was rapidly -going on.<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">146</a> This portentous increase of the slave -population presently began to awaken serious alarm -in Virginia. Attempts were made to restrict the -importation of negroes, and at the time of the -Revolutionary War the humanitarian spirit of the -eighteenth century showed itself in the rise of a -party in favour of emancipation. In 1784 Thomas -Jefferson announced the principle upon which -Abraham Lincoln was elected to the presidency -in 1860, the prohibition of slavery in the national -domain; Jefferson attempted to embody this principle -in an ordinance for establishing -territorial government west of the Alleghanies. -In 1787 George Mason denounced -the “infernal traffic” in flesh and blood -with phrases quite like those which his grandchildren -were to resent when they fell from the -lips of Wendell Phillips. The life of the anti-slavery -party in Virginia was short. After the -abolition of the African slave-trade in 1808 had -increased the demand for Virginia-bred slaves in -the states farther south, the very idea of emancipation -faded out of memory. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span></p> - -<div id="Theory_that_negroes_were_non_human" class="sidenote">Theory that -negroes -were non-human.</div> - -<p>I have already remarked upon the approval with -which negro slavery was by many people regarded -in the days of Queen Elizabeth. To bring black -heathen within the pale of Christian civilization -was deemed a meritorious business.<a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">147</a> But there -were people who took a lower and coarser view -of the matter. They denied that the negro was -strictly human; it was therefore useless -to try to make him a Christian, but it was -right to make him a beast of burden, like -asses and oxen.<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">148</a> This point of view was illustrated -in the remark made by a lady of Barbadoes, -noted for her exemplary piety, to Godwyn, the able -author of “The Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate;” -she told him that “he might as well baptize puppies -as negroes.”<a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">149</a> This line of thought was pursued -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -to all sorts of grotesque conclusions. Some -held that mulattoes were made half human by the -infusion of white blood, and might accordingly be -baptized. Others deemed it poor economy to baptize -the slave, since it would be incumbent on the -master to feed Christians better than heathen, and -so flog them less. And there were yet others who -had heard the doctrine that Christians ought not -to be held in bondage, and feared lest baptism -should be judged equivalent to emancipation.<a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">150</a> -This notion was at first so prevalent in Virginia -that in 1667 it was enacted: <span id="Baptizing_a_slave_did_not_work_his_emancipation">“Whereas some</span> -doubts have risen whether children that are slaves -by birth, and by the charity and piety of their -owners made partakers of the blessed sacrament -of baptisme, should by vertue of their baptisme be -made ffree; It is enacted and declared by this -grand assembly and the authority thereof, that the -conferringe of baptisme doth not alter the condition -of the person as to his bondage or ffreedom; that -diverse masters, ffreed from this doubt, may more -carefully endeavour the propagation of christianity -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> -by permitting children, though, slaves, or those of -greater growth if capable, to be admitted to that -sacrament.”<a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">151</a></p> - -<div id="Negroes_as_real_estate" class="sidenote">Negroes as -real estate.</div> - -<p>During the seventeenth century the slave was -regarded as personal property, but a curious statute -of 1705 declared him to be for most purposes -a kind of real estate. He could be -sold, however, without the registry of a deed; he -could be recovered by an action of trover; and he -was not reckoned a part of the property qualification -which entitled his master to the political privileges -of a freeholder.<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">152</a></p> - -<div id="Tax_on_slaves" class="sidenote">Taxes on -slaves.</div> - -<p>In the system of taxation white servants and -negro slaves played an important part. The primary -tax upon all landholders was the -quit-rent of a shilling for every fifty -acres, payable at Michaelmas. This quit-rent was -at first collected in the name of the Company, but -after 1624 in the King’s name; and the proceeds -were devoted to various public uses. It was always -an unpopular tax, inasmuch as there was no feasible -way (as now-a-days with our blessed tariffs) -of making dullards believe that “the foreigner -paid it,” and there were frequent complaints of -delinquency. Another tax was the duty of two -shillings upon every hogshead of tobacco exported. -A third was the tax upon slaves and servants. At -the close of the seventeenth century adult negroes -were valued at from £25 to £40, and children at -£10 or £12; there seems to have been little if -any difference between the prices of men and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -women.<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> The taxation of slave property was equitable, -inasmuch as it bore most heavily upon those -best able to pay.</p> - -<div id="Treatment_of_slaves" class="sidenote">Treatment -of slaves.</div> - -<p>It is generally admitted that the treatment of -slaves by their masters was mild and humane. -There were instances of cruelty, of course. Cruelty -forever lurks as a hideous possibility in the mildest -system of slavery; it is part of its innermost -essence. In every community there -are brutes unfit to have the custody of their fellow-creatures. -Such a ruffian was the Rev. Samuel -Gray, who had his runaway black boy tied to a -tree and flogged to death. Separation of families -also occurred, though much less frequently than -in later times. But cases of cruelty were on the -whole rare. The cultivation of tobacco was not -such a drain upon human life as the cultivation -of sugar in the West Indies, or the raising of -indigo and rice in South Carolina. It created -a kind of patriarchal society in which the master -felt a genuine interest in the welfare of his slaves. -“The solicitude exhibited by John Page of York -was not uncommon: in his will he instructed his -heirs to provide for the old age of all the negroes -who descended to them from him, with as much -care in point of food, clothing, and other necessaries -as if they were still capable of the most profitable -labour.”<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">154</a> The historian, Robert Beverley, -writing in 1705, tells us that “the male servants -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -and the slaves of both sexes are employed together -in tilling and manuring the ground, in sowing and -planting corn, tobacco, etc. Some distinction indeed -is made between them in their clothes and -food; but the work of both is no other than what -the overseers, the freemen, and the planters themselves -do.... And I can assure you with a great -deal of truth that generally their slaves are not -worked near so hard, nor so many hours in a day, -as the husbandmen and day-labourers in England.” -As for cruelty, he exclaims, with honest -fervour, “no people more abhor the thoughts of -such usage than the Virginians, nor take more -precaution to prevent it.”<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">155</a></p> - -<div id="Fears_of_insurrection" class="sidenote">Fears of insurrection.</div> - -<div id="Cruel_laws" class="sidenote">Cruel laws.</div> - -<p>Nevertheless, a state of enforced servitude is -something which human nature does not willingly -endure. A slave-holding community must provide -for catching runaways and suppressing or preventing -insurrections. It is one of the remarkable -facts in American history that there have been so -few insurrections of negroes. There have been, -however, occasional instances and symptoms which -have kept slave-owners in dread and -given rise to harsh legislation. In 1687 -a conspiracy among the blacks on the Northern -Neck was detected just in time to prevent the explosion.<a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">156</a> -In 1710 a similar plot in Surry County -was betrayed by one of the conspirators, whom the -assembly proceeded to reward by giving him his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -freedom with permission to remain in the colony.<a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">157</a> -The fears engendered by such discoveries are -revealed in the statute book. Slaves were not -allowed to be absent from their plantations without -a ticket-of-leave signed by their master. The -negro who could not show such a passport must -receive twenty lashes, and was liable to be treated -as a fugitive or “outlying” slave. Such runaways -were formally outlawed; a proclamation issued by -two justices of the peace was read on the next -Sunday by the parish clerk from the door -of every church in the county, after which -anybody might seize the fugitive and bring him -home, or kill him if he made any resistance. In -the latter event the master was indemnified from -the public funds. At the discretion of the county -court, such mutilation might be inflicted upon the -outlying negro as to protect white women against -the horrible crime which then as now he was prone -to commit.<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">158</a> In 1701 we find an act of the assembly -directed against “one negro man named Billy,” who -“has severall years unlawfully absented himselfe -from his masters services, lying out and lurking in -obscure places, ... devouring and destroying stocks -and crops, robing the houses of and committing -and threatening other injuryes to severall of his -majestye’s good and leige people.” It was enacted -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -that whosoever should bring in the said Billy alive -or dead should receive a thousand pounds of tobacco -in reward, and if dead, his master’s loss -should be repaired with four thousand pounds. -Anybody who should aid or harbour Billy was to -be adjudged guilty of felony.<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">159</a> No penalty was -attached to the murder of a slave by his master; -but if he were killed by any one else, the master -could recover his value, just as in case of damage -done to a dog or a horse. Slaves were not allowed -to have fire-arms or other weapons in their possession; -“and whereas many negroes, under pretence -of practising physic, have prepared and exhibited -poisonous medicines, by which many persons have -been murdered, and others have languished under -long and tedious indispositions, and it will be difficult -to detect such pernicious and dangerous practices -if they should be permitted to exhibit any -sort of medicine,” it was enacted that any slave -who should prepare or administer any medicine -whatsoever, save with the full knowledge and consent -of the master or mistress, should suffer death.<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">160</a> -The testimony of a slave could not be received in -court except when one of his own race was on trial -for life; then, if he should be found to testify -falsely, he was to stand for an hour with one ear -nailed to the pillory, and then be released by -slicing off the ear; the same process was then -repeated with the other ear, after which the ceremony -was finished at the whipping-post with nine-and-thirty -lashes on the bare back, “well laid -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> -on.”<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">161</a> Stealing a slave from a plantation was a -capital offence.<a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">162</a> No master was allowed to emancipate -one of his slaves, except for meritorious -services, in which case he must obtain a license -from the governor and council. If a slave were -set free without such a license, the church-wardens -could forthwith arrest him and sell him at auction, -appropriating the proceeds for the parish funds, -and thereby lightening the taxes.<a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">163</a> When a license -was granted, the master received the usual indemnity, -and by an act of 1699 the freedman was -required to quit the colony within six months;<a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">164</a> -for obviously the presence of a large number of -free blacks in the same community with their -enslaved brethren was a source of danger. They -were apt, moreover, to become receivers of stolen -goods, and their shiftless habits made them paupers.<a id="FNanchor_165" href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">165</a> -Nevertheless there were some free negroes -in the colony, and at one time they even appear to -have had the privilege of voting, for an act of 1723 -deprived them of it; but no free negroes, whether -men or women, were exempt from taxation.<a id="FNanchor_166" href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">166</a></p> - -<div id="Taking_slaves_to_England" class="sidenote">Taking -slaves to -England.</div> - -<div id="Lord_Mansfields_decision" class="sidenote">Lord Mansfield’s -decision.</div> - -<p>Since gentlemen from the North American colonies -and from the West Indies not unfrequently -visited England, and sometimes remained there -for months or years, it was quite natural that they -should take with them household slaves to whose -personal attendance they were accustomed. In -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span> -course of time the question thus arose whether -the arrival of a slave upon the free soil -of England worked his emancipation. -According to Virginia law it did not.<a id="FNanchor_167" href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">167</a> -The opinion expressed in 1729 by Lord Talbot, -the attorney-general, and supported by Lord Hardwicke, -agreed with the Virginia theory. These -eminent lawyers held that mere arrival in England -was not enough to free a slave without some specific -act of emancipation, but Chief Justice Holt -expressed a contrary opinion. Meanwhile masters -kept carrying negroes to London until in 1764 the -“Gentleman’s Magazine” asserted (surely with -wild exaggeration) that no less than 20,000 were -domiciled there. Escape was so easy for them -that their owners felt obliged to put collars on -them, duly inscribed with name and address. In -1685 the “London Gazette” advertised Colonel -Kirke’s runaway black boy, upon whose silver collar -the colonel’s arms and cipher were engraved; -in 1728 the “Daily Journal” informs us that a -stray negro has on his collar the inscription, “My -Lady Bromfield’s black in Lincoln’s Inn Fields;” -and in the “London Advertiser,” 1756, a goldsmith -in Westminster announces that he makes “silver -padlocks for Blacks’ or Dogs’ collars.” Colonel -Kirke and Lady Bromfield were not American visitors, -but residents in London, and there is evidence, -not abundant but sufficient, that negroes were now -and then bought and sold there for household service. -When the forger John Rice was hanged at -Tyburn in 1763, his effects were sold at auction, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> -and a black boy brought £32. A similar sale -at Richmond in 1771 was mentioned in terms -of severe condemnation by the “Stamford Mercury.”<a id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">168</a> -However the English people may have -sanctioned the establishment of slavery beyond -sea, they were not disposed to tolerate it at home; -and in the sixty years withal since the treaty of -Utrecht, the public conscience had grown tender -on the subject. The days of Clarkson and Wilberforce -were at hand. A cry was raised -by the press, a test case was brought -before the King’s Bench, and in 1772 -Lord Mansfield pronounced the immortal decision -that “as soon as a slave sets foot on the soil of the -British islands he becomes free.”</p> - -<div id="Jeffersons_opinion_of_slavery" class="sidenote">Jefferson on -slavery.</div> - -<p>It is not long after this that we find Thomas -Jefferson—himself the kindest of masters, and -familiar with slavery in its mild Virginia form—thus -writing about it: “The whole commerce -between master and slave is a perpetual -exercise of the most boisterous passions, the -most unremitting despotism on the one part, and -degrading submissions on the other. Our children -see this, and learn to imitate it.... The man -must be a prodigy who can retain his manners and -morals undepraved by such circumstances.... -With the morals of the people their industry also -is destroyed. For in a warm climate no man will -labour for himself who can make another labour -for him. This is so true that of the proprietors -of slaves a very small proportion, indeed, are ever -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -seen to labour. And can the liberties of the nation -be thought secure when we have removed -their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of -the people that these liberties are of the gift of -God? that they are not to be violated but with -his wrath? Indeed, I tremble for my country -when I reflect that God is just.”<a id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">169</a></p> - -<div id="Sexual_immoralities" class="sidenote">Sexual immoralities.</div> - -<p>In no respect was the system of slavery more -reprehensible than in the illicit sexual -relations that grew out of it. The extent -of the evil may be realized when we simply -reflect that the numerous race of mulattoes and -quadroons did not originate from wedlock. In -1691 it was enacted that any white man or woman, -whether bond or free, intermarrying with a negro, -mulatto, or Indian, should be banished for life. -In 1705 the penalty was changed to fine and imprisonment, -and for any minister who should dare -to perform the ceremony there was prescribed a -fine nearly equal to his whole year’s salary.<a id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">170</a> Yet -the “abominable mixture and spurious issue,” -against which these statutes were aimed, went on, -unsanctioned by law and unblessed by the church. -Usually mulattoes were the children of negresses -by white fathers, but it was not always so. Some -of the wretched women from English jails seem to -have had fancies as unaccountable as those of the -frail sultanas of the Arabian Nights. In such cases -the white mother, if free, was fined £15, or in default -thereof was sold into servitude for five years; if -she were a bondwoman, the church-wardens waited -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span> -for her term of service to expire, and then sold -her for five years; her child was bound to service -until thirty years of age.<a id="FNanchor_171" href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">171</a> The case of the bastards -of negresses was very simply disposed of by -enacting that the legal status of children was the -same as that of their mother.<a id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">172</a> This made them -all slaves, from the prognathous and platyrrhine -creature with woolly hair to the handsome and -stately octoroon, and secured their labour to the -master. At first the illicit relations between masters -and their female slaves were frowned at, and -in some instances visited with church discipline or -punished by fines.<a id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">173</a> But public opinion seems to -have lost its sensitiveness in the presence of a -custom which lasted until slavery was abolished.<a id="FNanchor_174" href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">174</a> -With the signal advance in refinement which the -nineteenth century ushered in, there is reason to -believe that in many a southern home there were -earnest hearts that deplored the dreadful evil, and -welcomed at last the downfall of the system that -sustained it.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Classes_in_Virginia_society" class="sidenote">Classes in -Virginia -society.</div> - -<p>Some writers divide Old Virginia society into -four classes,—the great planters, the -small planters, the white servants and -freedmen, and the negro slaves. The -division is sound, provided we remember that between -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -the two upper classes no hard and fast line -can be drawn. Already in England the classes of -rural gentry and yeomen shaded into one another; -in Virginia both alike became land-holders and -slave-owners, they mingled together in society, -and their families intermarried. A typical instance -is that of the parents of Thomas Jefferson. -His paternal ancestors were yeomanry who in -Virginia developed into country squires. The -first Jefferson in Virginia was a member of the -first House of Burgesses in 1619; Thomas’s father, -who was also a burgess and county lieutenant, -owned about thirty slaves. Thomas’s mother, -Jane Randolph, whose grandfather migrated to -Virginia in 1674, belonged to a family that had -been eminent in England since the thirteenth century, -including among its members a baron of the -exchequer, a number of knights, a foreign ambassador, -a head of one of the colleges at Oxford, etc.</p> - -<div id="Huguenots_in_Virginia" class="sidenote">Huguenots -in tidewater -Virginia.</div> - -<p>There can be no doubt that the white blood of -tidewater Virginia was English almost without -admixture until the end of the seventeenth -century, and of the very slight -admixture nearly all was from the British -islands. There was a desultory sprinkling -of Protestant Frenchmen, Walloons, and Dutch, -scarcely appreciable in the mass of the population. -But after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in -1685, Virginia received a small part of the Huguenot -exodus from France. The largest company, -more than seven hundred in number, led by the -Breton nobleman, Olivier, Marquis de la Muce, -arrived in the year 1700, and settled in various -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -places, more particularly at Monacan Town in -Henrico County. A part of this company were -Waldenses from Piedmont, who had taken refuge -in Switzerland, and thence made their way through -Alsace and the Low Countries to England.<a id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">175</a> Other -parties came from time to time, adding to Virginia -many estimable citizens whom France could -ill afford to lose. Among the Huguenot names in -Virginia, the reader will recognize Maury, Flournoy, -Jouet, Moncure, Fontaine, Marye, Bertrand, -and others.<a id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">176</a> Dabneys (<i>D’Aubigné</i>) and Bowdoins -(<i>Baudouin</i>) came to Virginia as well as to -Boston. Such was the principal foreign admixture -while Virginia was still tidewater Virginia, -before the crossing of the Blue Ridge. The advent -of Germans and Scotch-Irish will be treated -in a future chapter.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Influence_of_the_rivers_upon_society" class="sidenote">Influence of -the rivers -upon -society.</div> - -<div id="Some_exports_and_imports" class="sidenote">Some exports -and -imports.</div> - -<p>Having thus considered the composition of society -in its different strata, as connected with -wholesale tobacco culture, let us observe one of -the most conspicuous results of this industry -as influenced by the physical geography of the -country. One might suppose that the necessity -for exporting the enormous crops of tobacco would -have called into existence a large class of thriving -merchants, who would naturally congregate at -points favourable for shipping, and thus give rise -to towns. In most countries that is what would -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span> -have happened. But the manner in which the -Virginia planter disposed of his crops was peculiar. -Most of the large plantations -lay on or near the wide and deep rivers -of that tidewater country;<a id="FNanchor_177" href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">177</a> and each -planter would have his own wharf, from which -his own slaves might load the tobacco on to the -vessels that were to carry it to England. If -the plantation lay at some distance from a navigable -river, the tobacco was conveyed to the nearest -creek and tied down upon a raft of canoes, and so -floated and paddled down stream until some head -of navigation was reached, where a warehouse was -ready to receive it. The vessels which carried -away this tobacco usually paid for it in all sorts -of manufactured articles that might be needed -upon the plantations. Every manufactured article -that required skill or nicety of workmanship was -brought from England, in ships of which the owners, -masters, and crews were for the most part -either natives of the British islands or of New -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span> -England. Such a ship would unload upon the -planter’s wharf some part of its motley cargo -of mahogany tables, chairs covered with russia -leather, wines in great variety from the Azores -and Madeira,<a id="FNanchor_178" href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">178</a> brandy, Gloucester cheeses, linens -and cottons, silks and dimity, quilts and featherbeds, -carpets, shoes, axes and hoes, hammers -and nails, rope and canvas, painters’ white lead -and colours, saddles, demijohns, mirrors, books,—pretty -much everything.<a id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">179</a> If she came from a -New England port she was likely to bring salted -cod and mackerel, with fragrant rum, -either out of the distilleries at Newport -and Boston,<a id="FNanchor_180" href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">180</a> or imported from Antigua -or Jamaica. Sometimes the rum came from Barbadoes, -along with sugar and molasses, and occasionally -ginger and lime-juice, in return for which -the ship often carried away some of the planter’s -live hogs or packed pork, as well as butter, and -corn, and tanned leather. The landing of rum -was sometimes private and confidential, for there -were duties on it which lent a charm to evasion.</p> - -<div id="Some_domestic_industries" class="sidenote">Some -domestic -industries.</div> - -<p>It would be too much to say that there was no -manufacturing done in colonial Virginia. There -were probably few if any plantations where the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> -spinning-wheel and hand-loom were not busy. -Female slaves and white servants wove -coarse cloth and made it up into suits of -clothes<a id="FNanchor_181" href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">181</a> for people of their sort, and -doubtless for some of the small planters. Such -artisans as blacksmiths, carpenters, and coopers, -shipwrights, tailors, tanners, and shoemakers were -often to be found among the indentured servants. -Boys of this class were sometimes upon their arrival -made apprentices in these crafts. Occasionally -negro slaves became more or less skilled as workmen, -especially as coopers and joiners. There -must always have been some demand for the -labour of white freedmen acquainted with any of -the mechanical arts, and in fact instances of free -labourers in these departments are found. There -can be no doubt, however, that the style of work -thus attained was apt to be unsatisfactory; for we -find such planters as Colonel Byrd and Colonel -Fitzhugh, late in the seventeenth century, sending -to England for skilled workmen, and offering to -pay very high wages, on the ground that it was -wasting money to employ such workmen as were -to be had in the colony.<a id="FNanchor_182" href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">182</a></p> - -<div id="Beverley_complains_of_his_countrymen" class="sidenote">Beverley’s -complaint -against his -countrymen.</div> - -<p>The historian Beverley, who sometimes indulged -himself (like the late Matthew Arnold) in upbraiding -his fellow-countrymen for their own good, -says of the Virginians in 1705: “They have their -Cloathing of all sorts from <i>England</i>, as Linnen, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> -Woollen, Silk, Hats, and Leather. Yet Flax and -Hemp grow no where in the World, -better than there; their Sheep yield a -mighty Increase, and bear good Fleeces, -but they shear them only to cool them. The Mulberry-Tree, -whose Leaf is the proper Food of the -Silk-worm, grows there like a Weed, and Silk-worms -have been observ’d to thrive extreamly, and -without any hazard. The very Furrs that their -Hats are made of, perhaps go first from thence; -and most of their Hides lie and rot, or are made -use of, only for covering dry Goods, in a leaky -House. Indeed some few Hides with much adoe -are tann’d, and made into Servants Shoes; but at -so careless a rate, that the Planters don’t care -to buy them, if they can get others; and sometimes -perhaps a better manager than ordinary, -will vouchsafe to make a pair of Breeches of a -Deer-Skin. Nay, they are such abominable Ill-husbands, -that tho’ their Country be over-run -with Wood, yet they have all their Wooden Ware -from <i>England</i>; their Cabinets, Chairs, Tables, -Stools, Chests, Boxes, Cart-wheels, and all other -things, even so much as their Bowls, and Birchen -Brooms, to the Eternal Reproach of their Laziness.... -Thus they depend altogether upon the -Liberality of Nature, without endeavoring to improve -its Gifts, by Art or Industry. They spunge -upon the Blessings of a warm Sun, and a fruitful -Soil, and almost grutch the Pains of gathering in -the Bounties of the Earth. I should be asham’d -to publish this slothful Indolence of my Countrymen, -but that I hope it will rouse them out of their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span> -Lethargy, and excite them to make the most of all -those happy Advantages which Nature has given -them; and if it does this, I am sure they will have -the Goodness to forgive me.”<a id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">183</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote">True state of -the case.</div> - -<p>It was not, however, as Mr. Bruce reminds us, -from any “inherent repugnance” that Englishmen -in Virginia did not take kindly to manufactures, -and perhaps the good Beverley’s reproachful tone -is a trifle overdone. When the planter could get -sharp knives, well-made boots, and fine blankets -at his own wharf, simply by handing over to the -skipper a few hogsheads of tobacco, he -was not greatly to be blamed for preferring -them to such dull knives, clumsy boots, and -coarse blankets as could be made by the workmen -within reach. Many inconveniences, however, -grew out of the absence of local means for supplying -local needs, and I have little doubt that sundry -trades and crafts could have been made to flourish -much better than they did, had it not been for the -baneful effects of a tobacco currency, which we -shall presently have to consider.</p> - -<div id="Absence_of_town_life" class="sidenote">Absence of -town life.</div> - -<p>The most conspicuous result of the absorption -of all activities in tobacco-planting, and the absence -of developed arts and trades, was the non-existence -of town life. At the beginning -of the eighteenth century there was -hardly so much as a village in Virginia, unless we -make an exception in honour of Williamsburg, the -new seat of government and of the college. By -the middle of the century Williamsburg contained -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> -about 200 houses, chiefly wooden, and its streets -were unpaved. Richmond, founded in 1737, had -a population of 3,761 in the census of 1790. The -growth of Norfolk, founded in 1705, was exceptional. -The trade with the West Indies, for -sugar, molasses, and rum, tended to become concentrated -there, and the proximity of North Carolina -made it a mart for lumber at a time when -Virginia forests in the lower tidewater region had -been largely cleared away. Colonel Byrd in 1728 -says of the Norfolk people: “They have a pretty -deal of lumber from the borderers on the Dismal, -who make bold with the king’s land thereabouts, -without the least ceremony.” Besides boards and -shingles, they sent beef and pork to the West -Indies, and it was not unusual to see a score of -sloops and brigantines riding in the noble harbour. -Under these favourable circumstances the -population of Norfolk had come by 1776 to be -about 6,000. At that time Philadelphia had -some 35,000 inhabitants, and New York 25,000, -though the population of their two states taken -together scarcely equalled that of Virginia.</p> - -<div id="Futile_attempts_to_make_towns_by_legislation" class="sidenote">Futile attempts -to -make towns -by legislation.</div> - -<p>The lack of urban life was deplored by the -legislators at Jamestown and Williamsburg, and -assiduous efforts were made to correct the evil; -but neither bounties nor orders to build were of -avail. To make towns on paper was as -easy as to make a promissory note, but -nobody would go and settle in the towns. -Most of the county seats consisted simply -of the court-house, flanked by the jail, the dismal -country inn, and the nondescript country “store,” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -where the roving peddler sometimes replenished -his pack on his route through the plantations. -Among the legislative acts designed to encourage -the building of towns, three were especially important. -The act of 1662 ordered that thirty-two -brick houses should be erected at Jamestown, and -forbade the building or repairing of wooden houses -there; all tobacco grown in the three counties of -James City, Charles City, and Surry was to be -sent to Jamestown and stored there for shipping, -and the penalty for disobedience of this order was -a fine of 1,000 lbs. of tobacco; every ship, moreover, -ascending the river above Mulberry Island, -must land its cargo at Jamestown and nowhere -else, under penalty of forfeiting the cargo. Half -of these fines was to be paid to the town, the other -half to the informer.<a id="FNanchor_184" href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">184</a> The statute of 1680, commonly -known as the Cohabitation Act, undertook -in somewhat similar fashion to establish a town in -every county; and the attempt was renewed on a -larger scale in 1691.<a id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">185</a> But all these acts were -either disregarded or suspended. When the Surry -planter could effect an exchange at his own wharf, -without incidental expense or risk, it was useless -to command him to load his crop on shallops and -send it to Jamestown, with a charge for freight, a -chance of capsizing, and warehouse dues at the -end of the journey. The skipper withal had no -wish to be saddled with port dues, or to be hindered -from stopping and trading wherever a customer -hove in sight. So skipper and planter had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span> -their way, and towns refused to grow.<a id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">186</a> When -Thomas Jefferson entered William and Mary College -in 1760, a lad of seventeen years, he had -never seen so many as a dozen houses grouped -together.</p> - -<div id="The_country_store" class="sidenote">The country -store.</div> - -<p>The country store was an important institution -in Old Virginia. Under some conditions it would -have formed a nucleus around which a -town would have been developed, but in -Virginia the store seems to have been regarded as -a kind of rival against which the town could not -compete.<a id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">187</a> It furnished a number of petty centres -which did away with the need for larger centres. -The store was apt to be an appendage to a plantation, -unless its size became such as to reverse the -relationship, after the manner of Dundreary’s dog. -It might be a room in a planter’s house, or it -might be a detached barn like building on the -estate. Mr. Bruce tells us that to enumerate its -contents would be to mention pretty much every -article for which Virginians had any use. For -example, the inventory of the Hubbard store in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -York County, taken in 1667, “contained lockram, -canvas, dowlas, Scotch cloth, blue linen, oznaburg, -cotton, holland, serge, kersey, and flannel in bales, -full suits for adults and youths, bodices, bonnets, -and laces for women, shoes, ... gloves, hose, -cloaks, cravats, handkerchiefs, hats, and other -articles of dress, ... hammers, hatchets, chisels, -augers, locks, staples, nails, sickles, bellows, froes,<a id="FNanchor_188" href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">188</a> -saws, axes, files, bed-cords, dishes, knives, flesh-forks, -porringers, sauce-pans, frying-pans, gridirons, -tongs, shovels, hoes, iron posts, tables, -physic, wool-cards, gimlets, compasses, needles, -stirrups, looking-glasses, candlesticks, candles, -funnels, 25 pounds of raisins, 100 gallons of -brandy, 20 gallons of wine, and 10 gallons of aqua -vitæ. The contents of the Hubbard store were -valued at £614 sterling, a sum which represented -about $15,000 in our present currency.”<a id="FNanchor_189" href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">189</a> One -can imagine how dazzling to youthful eyes must -have been the miscellaneous variety of desirable -things. Not only were the manufactured articles -pretty sure to have come from England, but everything -else, to be salable, must be labelled English, -“insomuch that fanciers used to sell the songsters -unknown to England, if they sang particularly -well, as <i>English mocking-birds</i>.”<a id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">190</a></p> - -<div id="Rivers_and_roads" class="sidenote">Roads</div> - -<p>We have seen how the rivers and creeks were -used as highways of traffic; for a long time they -were the only highways, and the sloop or the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -canoe was the only kind of vehicle, public or private, -in which it was possible to get about with -ease and safety.<a id="FNanchor_191" href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">191</a> Until after the middle of the -eighteenth century there were but few roads save -bridle-paths, and such as there were became -impassable in rainy weather. There -were also but few bridges, and these were very -likely to be unsound, while the ferry-boats were apt -to be leaky. It was often necessary for the traveller -to swim across the stream, with a fair chance -of getting drowned, and more than a fair chance -of losing his horse. The course of the bridle-path -often became so obscure that it was necessary to -blaze the trees. It was not uncommon for people to -lose their way and find themselves obliged to stay -overnight in the woods, perhaps with the howls of -the wolf and panther sounding in their ears. The -highway robber was even a more uncomfortable customer -to meet than such beasts of prey; and in -those days, when banking was in its infancy and -travellers used to carry gold coins sewed under the -lining of their waistcoats, the highwayman enjoyed -opportunities which in this age of railways and -check-books are denied him. Nevertheless crime -was far less common than in England or France, -and travelling was much safer than one might suppose. -This was true of the whole colonial period. -In 1777 a young Rhode Island merchant, Elkanah -Watson, armed with a sabre and pair of pistols, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span> -journeyed from Providence to Charleston in South -Carolina, with several hundred pounds sterling in -gold quilted into his coat. In seventy days he -accomplished the distance of 1,243 miles, partly -on horseback and partly in a sulky, without encountering -any more serious mishaps than being -arrested for a British spy in Pennsylvania, and -meeting a large bear in North Carolina; and he -has left us a narrative of his journey, which is as -full of instruction as of interest.<a id="FNanchor_192" href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">192</a></p> - -<div id="Tobacco_as_currency" class="sidenote">Tobacco as -currency.</div> - -<p>The traveller in Old Virginia, however, was not -likely to carry large sums of money concealed on -his person, for he dealt in a circulating medium -too bulky for that. In the course of this book we -have had frequent occasions to observe that the -Virginian’s current money was tobacco. -The prices of all articles of merchandise -were quoted in pounds of tobacco. In tobacco -taxes were assessed and all wages and salaries -were paid. This use of tobacco as a circulating -medium and as a standard of values was begun in -the earliest days of the colony, when coin was -scarce, and the structure of society was simple -enough to permit a temporary return toward the -primitive practice of barter. Under such circumstances -tobacco was obviously the article most -sure to be used as money. It was exchangeable -for whatever anybody wanted in the shape of service -or merchandise, and it was easily procured -from the bountiful earth. But as time went on -this ease of attainment made it an extremely -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span> -vicious currency. In the course of our narrative -we have encountered some of the disastrous financial -and social results that flowed from the use of -so cheap a substitute for money. Many reasons -have been alleged for the scarcity of coin throughout -the whole colonial period in Virginia;<a id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">193</a> but -assuredly the chief reason was the fact that tobacco -was currency. The bad money drove away -the good money, as it always does. There are -indications that there was always a small stock -of coin in the colony, but it was hoarded or sent to -other colonies or to England in the settlement of -trade balances. Yet it was not easy to demonetize -tobacco without a radical revolution in the industrial -system and in the commercial relations of the -colony.</p> - -<div id="Effect_upon_crafts_and_trades" class="sidenote">Effect upon -crafts and -trades.</div> - -<p>The nature of the currency evidently had much -to do with the ill success of the attempts to encourage -manufactures. The carpenter or -shoemaker, after doing his work, must -wait for his pay until the year’s crop of -tobacco was gathered and cured. Meanwhile he -had nothing to live on unless he raised it for -himself; he might either plant grain and rear -cattle, or else grow tobacco wherewith to buy -things. But the time consumed in these agricultural -operations was time taken from his handicraft. -The evil was attacked by legislation. “In -1633 brickmakers, carpenters, joiners, sawyers, -and turners were expressly forbidden to take part -in any form of tillage.” In 1662 tradesmen and -artisans were exempted from all taxes except -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -church-rates, on condition that they should abstain -from all interest, direct or indirect, in the growing -of tobacco. But the evil was not cured.<a id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">194</a></p> - -<div id="Effect_upon_planters_accounts" class="sidenote">Effect upon -planters’ accounts.</div> - -<p>Further disaster came from the fact that tobacco -was a highly speculative crop. The fluctuations in -its value were liable to be great and sudden, -and they affected the price of every -article that was bought and sold throughout -the colony. No one could estimate from one -year to another, with any approach to accuracy, -what the purchasing power of his income was going -to be. The inevitable results of this were extravagance -in living and chronic debt. The planter -was drawn into a situation from which it was -almost impossible to extricate himself. “The -system of keeping open accounts in London was -calculated to encourage extravagance; and these -accounts were habitually overdrawn. Many of -the merchants even made it a rule to encourage -this indebtedness, so as to assure the continuance -of their customers. It gave them a certain advantage -in all their dealings with the planters.”<a id="FNanchor_195" href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">195</a> -They charged nearly twice as much for their goods -sent to Norfolk or Williamsburg as for the same -goods sent to New York.<a id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">196</a> In all this they were -aided by the Navigation Act.</p> - -<div id="Universal_hospitality" class="sidenote">Hospitality.</div> - -<p>Extravagance in living was further stimulated -by the regal hospitality for which the great planters -early became famous. Although the life upon -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> -their estates was much more busy than some writers -seem to suppose, yet the drudgery of -business did not consume all their time; -and in their rural isolation, with none of the diversions -of town life, the entertainment of guests by -the month together was regarded both as a duty -and as a privilege; and the example set by the -large plantations was followed by the smaller. -Even the keeper of an inn, if he wished to make a -charge for food and shelter, must notify the guest -upon his arrival, for a statute of 1663 declared that -in the absence of such preliminary understanding -not a penny could be recovered from the guest, however -long he might have staid in the house.<a id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">197</a> As a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -rule, no person whose company was at all desirable -was allowed to stop at an inn, for the neighbours -vied with one another in offering hospitality. -Every planter kept open house, and provided for -his visitors with unstinted hand.</p> - -<div id="Visit_to_a_plantation_the_negro_quarter" class="sidenote">Visit to a -plantation; -the negro -quarter.</div> - -<p>Let us put ourselves into the position of one of -these visitors, and get some glimpses of life upon -the old plantation. Our host we may -suppose to be a vestryman, justice of the -peace, and burgess, dwelling upon a -plantation of five or six thousand acres, with his -next neighbours at a distance of two or three -miles.<a id="FNanchor_198" href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">198</a> The space is in great part cleared for the -planting of vast fields of tobacco, but here and -there are extensive stretches of woodland and -coppice, with noble forest trees and luxuriant -undergrowth, much rougher and wilder than an -English park. The cabins for slaves present -the appearance of a hamlet. These are wooden -structures of the humblest sort, built of logs or -undressed planks, and afflicted with chronic dilapidation. -An inventory of 1697 shows us that the -cabin might contain a bed and a few chairs, two -or three pots and kettles, “a pair of pot-racks, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> -pot-hook, a frying-pan, and a beer barrel;” and -advertisements for runaways describe Cuffy and -Pompey as clad in red cotton, with canvas drawers, -waistcoat, and wide-brimmed black hat. Their -victuals, of “hog and hominy” with potatoes and -green vegetables, were wholesome and palatable. -If there were white servants on the estate, they -were commonly but not necessarily somewhat -better housed and clothed.</p> - -<div id="Other_appurtenances" class="sidenote">Other appurtenances.</div> - -<div id="The_Great_House" class="sidenote">The Great House.</div> - -<p>Leaving the negro quarters, with their grinning -mammies and swarms of woolly pickaninnies, one -would presently come upon other outbuildings; -the ample barns for tobacco -and granaries for corn, the stable, the cattle-pens, -a hen-coop and a dove-cot, a dairy, and in some -cases a malt-house, or perhaps, as we have seen, a -country store. There were brick ovens for curing -hams and bacon; and the kitchen likewise stood -apart from the mansion, which was thus free from -kitchen odours and from undue heating in summer -time. There was a vegetable garden, with -“all the culinary plants that grow in England, and -in far greater perfection,” besides “roots, herbs, -vine-fruits, and salad-flowers peculiar to themselves,” -and excellent for a relish with meat.<a id="FNanchor_199" href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">199</a> -Nearer to the house, among redolent flower-beds -gay with varied colours, some vine-clad arbour -afforded shelter from the sun. A short walk -across the mown space shaded by large trees, -called, as in New England, the yard, would bring -us to the mansion, very commonly known as the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -Great House. From this epithet no sure inference -can be drawn as to the size of the building, -for it simply served to contrast it -with its dependent cabins and outhouses. It was -often called the Home House. It was apt to -stand upon a rising ground, and from its porch -you might look down at the blue river and the -little wharf, known as “the landing,” with pinnaces -moored hard by and canoes lying lazily on -the bank or suddenly darting out upon the water. -Turning away from the river, the eye would rest -upon an orchard bearing fruits in great variety, -and a pasture devoted to horses of some special -breed.</p> - -<div id="Brick_and_wooden_houses" class="sidenote">Brick and wooden houses.</div> - -<p>The planter’s mansion might be built of wood -or brick, but was comparatively seldom of stone. -In tidewater Virginia, good stone for -building purposes was not readily found, -but there was an abundance of red clay -from which excellent and durable brick could be -made. A number of brick houses were built in -the seventeenth century, but wood was much more -commonly used, since the work of clearing away -the forests furnished great quantities of timber of -the finest quality. Among the many articles that -were imported from England, bricks are not to be -reckoned.<a id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">200</a> Brickmaking went on from the earliest -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> -days of the colony, and much of this work was -done by white servants and freedmen. In course -of time there came to be many brick houses, and -chimneys were regularly of this material. For -roofs the strong and durable cypress shingle was -the material most commonly used. Partition walls, -covered first with a tenacious clay and then white-washed, -were very firm and solid. The glass windows, -for protection against storms of a violence -to which Englishmen had not been accustomed, -had stout wooden shutters outside, which gave the -house somewhat the look of a stronghold.</p> - -<div id="House_architecture" class="sidenote">House architecture.</div> - -<p>During the seventeenth century not much architectural -beauty was attained. To any criticisms -on this score the planters would have replied, as -the early settlers did to Captain Butler, that their -houses were for use and not for ornament.<a id="FNanchor_201" href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">201</a> During -the eighteenth century some progress was -made in this respect, but for the architectural -effect of the mansions not much is -to be said, though they were often highly picturesque. -The earliest type, the house of greater -width than depth, with an outside chimney at each -end, is familiar to every one, at least in pictures. -It was as characteristic of Old Virginia as the -house of huge central chimney and small entryway -with transverse staircase was characteristic -of early New England. Both are slightly modified -types of the smaller English manor houses of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> -the Tudor period. A more picturesque style, and -somewhat more stately, is that of Gunston Hall, -the homestead of the Mason family; while scarcely -less attractive, and still more capacious, is that of -Stratford Hall, the home of the Lees. The well-known -Mount Vernon shows a further departure -from English models; while in Monticello both -the name and the house present symptoms of the -beginning of that so-called classical revival when -children were baptized Cyrus and Marcellus, and -dwelt in the shade of porticoes that simulated -those of Greek temples.<a id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">202</a></p> - -<div id="The_rooms" class="sidenote">The rooms.</div> - -<div id="Bedrooms_and_their_furniture" class="sidenote">Bedrooms and their furniture.</div> - -<p>The differentiation of rooms for specific uses -had by no means proceeded so far as in modern -houses. One mediæval English feature -which was retained was the predominance -of the Hall, or Great Room, used for meals -and for general purposes. Along with the hall, -there might be as few as five or six rooms, or as -many as eighteen or twenty, upstairs and down. -Stratford Hall, built about 1725-30, contained -eighteen large rooms, exclusive of the central hall,<a id="FNanchor_203" href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">203</a> -whereas Governor Berkeley’s house at Green -Spring, built three quarters of a century earlier, -had but six rooms altogether. Beside the central -hall, there might be a hall parlour, equivalent to -reception room and family sitting-room combined, -and in this there might be chests and a bed; the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -others were simply bedrooms. Beds were such as -we are still familiar with; their ticking -might be stuffed with feathers or hair or -straw, but leathers were much more commonly -used than now, as they are now more commonly -used in chilly England than in the fiery -summers and hot-house winters of America. With -sheets, blankets, and counterpane, pillows, curtains, -and valances, the bed was dressed as at -present, save that curtains are now departing -along with the brass warming-pans, bequests from -higher latitudes. Already the Virginia bed often -had a protection for which England could have no -use, the mosquito net. For such members of the -household as were lazily inclined in the daytime -there was a couch, which might be plainly covered -with calico, or more expensively with russia leather -or embroidered stuffs. The chairs might be upholstered -likewise, or be seated with cane, wicker, -or rushwork. In every bedroom was a chest for -storing clothes not in immediate use. There were -also the ewer and basin, and the case of drawers -with looking-glass. If one of the big chimneys -was accessible, there was a fireplace for wooden -logs, supported on andirons of iron or brass, and -guarded by iron or tin fenders; otherwise there -was an open brazier, such as we see to-day in -Italy. Floors were usually ill-made in those days, -and woollen carpets faithfully accumulated dirt; -so that the sunbeam straggling through the dimity -or printed calico window-curtains would often gild -long dusty rays.</p> - -<div id="The_dinner_table" class="sidenote">The dinner-table.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Napkins and forks.</div> - -<div id="Silver_plate" class="sidenote">Silver plate.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Wainscots -and tapestry.</div> - -<p>In the Hall, or Great Room, the principal feature -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -was the long dining-table of walnut or oak or -cedar, flanked either by benches or by chairs. For -daily use it was covered with a cloth -of unbleached linen, known as holland, -while on extra occasions a damask cloth was -used. Napkins were abundant, and often of a -fine fabric delicately embroidered. Forks, on the -other hand, were in the earlier days scarce. Before -the seventeenth century, forks were nowhere -in general use, save in Italy. Queen Elizabeth -ate with her fingers. A satirical pamphlet, aimed -at certain luxurious favourites of Henry III. of -France, derides them for conveying bits of meat to -their mouths on a little pronged implement, -rather than do it in the natural -way.<a id="FNanchor_204" href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">204</a> Forks are nowhere mentioned in Shakespeare. -In 1608, while travelling in Italy, one -Thomas Coryat took a liking to them and introduced -the fashion into England, for which he -was jocosely nicknamed <i>Furcifer</i>.<a id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">205</a> Naturally the -use of forks narrowed the functions of napkins.<a id="FNanchor_206" href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">206</a> -Spoons were in much more common use, and, in -the New World as in the Old, were of iron or -pewter in the poor man’s house, and of silver in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> -the rich man’s. The dishes and plates were of -earthenware or pewter, but in the eighteenth century -the use of chinaware increased. Pewter cups -and mugs were everywhere to be seen, and now -and then a drinking-horn. Well-to-do planters -had silver tankards, sometimes marked -with the family arms, as well as silver -salt-cellars, candlesticks, and snuffers. A cupboard -with glass doors, or light drapery, displayed the -store of cups and dishes; while about the walls -sometimes hung family portraits, and more rarely -paintings of other sorts. This central hall retained -many marks of its mediæval miscellaneousness -of use; capacious linen-chests, guns and -pistols, powder-horns, swords, saddles, bridles, and -riding-whips, in picturesque and cosy confusion. -In the eighteenth century a luxurious elegance was -developed quite similar to that of the “colonial -mansions” at the North, such as the Philipse -manor house on the Hudson River, or Colonel -Vassall’s house in Cambridge, where Washington -dwelt for a few months, and Longfellow for many -years. Panelled wainscots of oak and carved oaken -chimney-pieces were common; the walls -were hung with tapestry; and artistic -cabinets, screens, and clocks adorned the -spacious room. In the Lee homestead at Stratford -the hall added to its other functions that of -library. The ceiling was very high and vaulted, -and parts of the panelled walls had bookshelves -set into them.<a id="FNanchor_207" href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">207</a> Such rooms were warmed by huge -logs of hickory or oak, burning in open fireplaces. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -They were lighted by candles, which might be -made of beef tallow or deer suet, but the favourite -material was a wax obtained by boiling the berries -of a myrtle that grew profusely in marshy land. -It was extremely cheap and burned with a pleasant -fragrance, giving a brilliant light.</p> - -<div id="The_kitchen" class="sidenote">The kitchen.</div> - -<p>The central object in the kitchen was, of course, -the fireplace, which was sometimes very large. -At Stratford it was “twelve feet wide, -six high, and five deep, evidently capable -of roasting a fair-sized ox.”<a id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">208</a> In the days when -pains were taken not to spoil good meat with bad -cooking, your haunch of venison, saddle of mutton, -or stuffed turkey was not baked to insipidity in -an oven meant for better uses, but was carefully -turned about on an iron spit, catching rich aroma -from the caressing flame, while the basting was -judiciously poured from ladles, and dripping-pans -caught the savoury juices. Then there was the -great copper boiler imbedded in brick and heated -from underneath; there were the kettles and sauce-pans, -the swinging iron pot, the gridirons and frying-pans, -and the wooden trays for carrying the -cooked dishes to the dining-hall.</p> - -<div id="Abundance_of_food" class="sidenote">Abundance of food.</div> - -<p>The settlers in the strange wilderness of the -Powhatans had once had their Starving Time, but -it would be hard to point to any part of -the earth more bountifully supplied with -wholesome and delicious food than civilized Old -Virginia. Venison, beef, and dairy products were -excellent and cheap. Mutton was less common, -and was highly prized. The pork in its various -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -forms was pronounced equal to that of Yorkshire -or Westphalia. Succulent vegetables and toothsome -fruits were grown in bewildering variety. -Good Henry of Navarre’s peasant, had he lived in -this favoured country, might have had every day -a fowl in his pot; while, as for game and fish, the -fame of Chesapeake Bay is world-wide for its canvas-backs, -mallards, and red-heads, its terrapin, its -soles, bass, and shad, and, last not least, its oysters. -The various cakes which the cooks of the Old -Dominion could make from their maize and other -grains have also won celebrity.</p> - -<div id="Beverages_native_and_imported" class="sidenote">Beverages, native and imported.</div> - -<p>To wash down these native viands the Virginian -had divers drinks, whereof all the best were imported. -Englishmen could not in a moment leave -off beer-drinking, but the generous, full-bodied -and delicate-flavoured ale of the mother country -has never been successfully imitated on -this side of the Atlantic, and indeed -seems hardly adapted to our sweltering -summers. Concerning the beer brewed in Old -Virginia opinions varied; but since barley soon -ceased to be cultivated, and attempts were made -to supply its place with maize or pumpkins or persimmons, -we need not greatly regret that we were -not there to be regaled with it. Cider, with its -kindred beverages, was abundant,<a id="FNanchor_209" href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">209</a> and doubtless -of much better quality. Apple-jack and peach -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> -brandy were distilled. Other beverages were imported, -most commonly sack, of which Falstaff was -so fond; the name was applied to such dry (Spanish -<i>seco</i>) and strong wines as sherry and madeira. -In the cellars of wealthy planters were often found -choice brands of red wine from Bordeaux and white -wine from the Rhineland. Cognacs were also imported, -and of rum we have already spoken. Evidently -our friends, the planters, had sturdy tipplers -among them.<a id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">210</a> Fortunately for them, the manufacture -of coarse whiskey from maize and rye had -not yet come into vogue, while of the less harmful -peaty “mountain dew” from Ireland or Scotland -we hear nothing.</p> - -<div id="Smyths_picture_of_a_planter" class="sidenote">Smyth’s picture of a planter.</div> - -<p>Of the daily life of a rich planter we have a -graphic account from John Ferdinand Smyth, a -British soldier who travelled through Virginia and -other colonies, and sojourned for some years in -Maryland, about the middle of the eighteenth century. -I cite the description, because so much has -been made of it: “The gentleman of fortune rises -about nine o’clock; he may perhaps make an excursion -to walk as far as his stable to see -his horses, which is seldom more than -fifty yards from his house; he returns to -breakfast between nine and ten, which is generally -tea or coffee, bread-and-butter, and very thin slices -of venison, ham, or hung beef. He then lies down -on a pallet on the floor, in the coolest room in the -house, in his shirt and trousers only, with a negro -at his head and another at his feet, to fan him -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -and keep off the flies; between twelve and one he -takes a draught of bombo, or toddy, a liquor composed -of water, sugar, rum, and nutmeg, which is -made weak and kept cool; he dines between two -and three, and at every table, whatever else there -may be, a ham and greens, or cabbage, is always a -standing dish. At dinner he drinks cider, toddy, -punch, port, claret, and madeira, which is generally -excellent here; having drank [<i>sic</i>] some few -glasses of wine after dinner, he returns to his pallet, -with his two blacks to fan him, and continues -to drink toddy, or sangaree, all the afternoon; he -does not always drink tea. Between nine and ten -in the evening he eats a light supper of milk and -fruit, or wine, sugar, and fruit, etc., and almost -immediately retires to bed for the night. This is -his general way of living in his family, when he -has no company. No doubt many differ from it, -some in one respect, some in another; but more -follow it than do not.”<a id="FNanchor_211" href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">211</a></p> - -<p>This extract seems to show that Rev. Samuel -Peters was not the only writer who liked to entertain -his trustful British friends with queer tales -about their American cousins.<a id="FNanchor_212" href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">212</a> No doubt Mr. -Smyth wrote it with his tongue in his cheek; but -if he meant what he said, we must remember that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> -the besetting sin of travellers is hasty generalization. -We will take Mr. Smyth’s word for it that -one or more gentlemen were in the habit of passing -their days in the way he describes, and we may -freely admit that a good many gentlemen might -thus make shift to keep alive through some furious -attack of the weather fiend in August; but his -concluding statement, that this way of living was -customary, is not to be taken seriously. An extract -from the manuscript recollections of General -John Mason, son of the illustrious George Mason, -gives a different picture:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<div id="The_mode_of_life_at_Gunston" class="sidenote">The mode of life at Gunston.</div> - -<p>“It was very much the practice with gentlemen -of landed and slave estates ... so to organize -them as to have considerable resources within -themselves; to employ and pay but few tradesmen, -and to buy little or none of the coarse stuffs -and materials used by them.... Thus -my father had among his slaves carpenters, -coopers, sawyers, blacksmiths, tanners, -curriers, shoemakers, spinners, weavers, and -knitters, and even a distiller. His woods furnished -timber and plank for the carpenters and -coopers, and charcoal for the blacksmith; his cattle -killed for his own consumption and for sale -supplied skins for the tanners, curriers, and shoemakers; -and his sheep gave wool and his fields -produced cotton and flax for the weavers and spinners, -and his orchards fruit for the distiller. His -carpenters and sawyers built and kept in repair -all the dwelling-houses, barns, stables, ploughs, -harrows, gates, etc., on the plantations, and the -outhouses at the house. His coopers made the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> -hogsheads the tobacco was prized in, and the tight -casks to hold the cider and other liquors. The -tanners and curriers, with the proper vats, etc., -tanned and dressed the skins as well for upper as -for lower leather to the full amount of the consumption -of the estate, and the shoemakers made -them into shoes for the negroes. A professed -shoemaker was hired for three or four months in -the year to come and make up the shoes for the -white part of the family. The blacksmiths did -all the ironwork required by the establishment, -as making and repairing ploughs, harrows, teeth, -chains, bolts, etc. The spinners, weavers, and -knitters made all the coarse cloths and stockings -used by the negroes, and some of finer texture -worn by the white family, nearly all worn by the -children of it. The distiller made every fall a -good deal of apple, peach, and persimmon brandy. -The art of distilling from grain was not then -among us, and but few public distilleries. All -these operations were carried on at the home -house, and their results distributed as occasion -required to the different plantations. Moreover, -all the beeves and hogs for consumption or sale -were driven up and slaughtered there at the proper -seasons, and whatever was to be preserved was -salted and packed away for after distribution.</p> - -<p>“My father kept no steward or clerk about him. -He kept his own books and superintended, with -the assistance of a trusty slave or two, and occasionally -of some of his sons, all the operations at -or about the home house above described.... To -carry on these operations to the extent required, it -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> -will be seen that a considerable force was necessary, -besides the house servants, who for such a -household, a large family and entertaining a great -deal of company, must be numerous; and such a -force was constantly kept there, independently of -any of the plantations, and besides occasional drafts -from them of labour for particular occasions. As -I had during my youth constant intercourse with -all these people, I remember them all, and their -several employments as if it was yesterday.”<a id="FNanchor_213" href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">213</a></p> - -<p>Now when we consider that Colonel Mason had -some 500 persons on his estate, and was known to -have sent from his private wharf as many as 23,000 -bushels of wheat in a single shipment, it is clear -that no gentleman who spent the day lolling on a -couch and sipping toddy could have superintended -the details of business which his son describes. -George Mason was, no doubt, a fair specimen of -his class, and their existence was clearly not an -idle one. With the public interests of parish, -county, and commonwealth to look after besides, -they surely earned the leisure hours that were -spent in social entertainments or in field sports.</p> - -<div id="A_glimpse_of_Mount_Vernon" class="sidenote">A glimpse -of Mount -Vernon.</div> - -<p>A glimpse of the life of a planter’s wife, which -Bishop Meade declares to be typical, is given in a -letter from Mrs. Edward Carrington to her sister, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span> -about 1798. Colonel Carrington and his wife -were visiting at Mount Vernon. After -telling how Washington and the Colonel -sat up together until midnight, absorbed -in reminiscences of bivouac and hard-fought field, -she comes to Mrs. Washington, who alluded to -her days of public pomp and fashion as “her lost -days.” Then Mrs. Carrington continues: “Let -us repair to the old lady’s [Mrs. Washington’s] -room, which is precisely in the style of our good -old aunt’s,—that is to say, nicely fixed for all -sorts of work. On one side sits the chambermaid, -with her knitting; on the other, a little coloured -pet, learning to sew. An old, decent woman is -there, with her table and shears, cutting out the -negroes’ winter clothes, while the good old lady -directs them all, incessantly knitting herself. She -points out to me several pairs of nice coloured -stockings and gloves she had just finished, and -presents me with a pair half done, which she begs -I will finish and wear for her sake.” At this -domestic picture Bishop Meade exclaims: “If -the wife of General Washington, having her own -and his wealth at command, should thus choose to -live, how much more the wives and mothers of -Virginia with moderate fortunes and numerous -children! How often have I seen, added to the -above-mentioned scenes of the chamber, the instruction -of several sons and daughters going on, -the churn, the reel, and other domestic operations -all in progress at the same time, and the mistress, -too, lying on a sick-bed!”<a id="FNanchor_214" href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">214</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span></p> - -<div id="Dress_of_planters_and_their_wives" class="sidenote">Dress of -planters and -their wives.</div> - -<p>Although Mrs. Carrington may have finished -and worn the pair of knit gloves, yet most articles -of dress for well-to-do men and women were imported. -London fashions were strictly followed. -In the time of Bacon’s rebellion, your -host would have appeared, perhaps, in a -coat and breeches of olive plush or dark -red broadcloth, with embroidered waistcoat, shirt -of blue holland, long silk stockings, silver buttons -and shoe-buckles, lace ruffles about neck and -wrists, and his head encumbered with a flowing -wig; while the lady of the house might have worn -a crimson satin bodice trimmed with point lace, a -black tabby<a id="FNanchor_215" href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">215</a> petticoat and silk hose, with shoes of -fine leather gallooned; her lace headdress would -be secured with a gold bodkin, and she would be apt -to wear earrings, a pearl necklace, and finger-rings -with rubies or diamonds, and to carry a -fan.<a id="FNanchor_216" href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">216</a></p> - -<div id="Weddings_and_funerals" class="sidenote">Weddings -and funerals.</div> - -<div id="Horse_racing" class="sidenote">Horse-racing.</div> - -<p>The ordinary chances for the ladies to exhibit -their garments of flowered tabby, and beaux their -new plush suits, were furnished by the Sunday -services at the parish church, and by the frequent -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -gatherings of friends at home. Weddings, of -course, were high times, as everywhere -and always; and the gloom of funerals -was relieved by feasting the guests, who -were likely to have come long distances over -which they must return.<a id="FNanchor_217" href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">217</a> These journeys, like -the journeys to church and to the court-house, -might be made in boats; on land they were made -on horseback. Carriages were very rare in the -seventeenth century, but became much more common -before the Revolution. In their fondness for -horses the Virginians were true children of England. -In the stables of wealthy planters were to -be found specimens of the finest breeds, and the -interest in racing was universal. Common folk, -however, were not allowed to take part in -the sport, except as lookers-on. One of -the earliest references to horse-racing is an order -of the county court of York in 1674: “James -Bullocke, a Taylor, haveing made a race for his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -mare to runn w’th a horse belonging to Mr. Mathew -Slader for twoe thousand pounds of tobacco and -caske, it being contrary to Law for a Labourer to -make a race, being a sport only for Gentlemen, is -fined for the same one hundred pounds of tobacco -and caske.”<a id="FNanchor_218" href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">218</a> Half a century later, Hugh Jones -tells us that the Virginians “are such lovers of -riding that almost every ordinary person keeps a -horse; and I have known some spend the morning -in ranging several miles in the woods to find and -catch their horses only to ride two or three miles -to church, to the court-house, or to a horse-race.”<a id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">219</a> -After 1740 there was a systematic breeding from -imported English thoroughbreds.<a id="FNanchor_220" href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">220</a> Thirty years -later, we are told that “there are races at Williamsburg -twice a year; that is, every spring and -fall, or autumn. Adjoining to the town is a very -excellent course for either two, three, or four mile -heats. Their purses are generally raised by subscription, -and are gained by the horse that wins -two four-mile heats out of three; they amount to -an hundred pounds each for the first day’s running, -and fifty pounds each every day after, the -races commonly continuing for a week. There -are also matches and sweepstakes very often for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span> -considerable sums. Besides ... there are races -established annually almost at every town and considerable -place in Virginia; and frequent matches -on which large sums of money depend.... Very -capital horses are started here, such as would -make no despicable figure at Newmarket; nor -is their speed, bottom, or blood inferior to their -appearance.... Indeed, nothing can be more -elegant and beautiful than the horses here, either -for the turf, the field, the road, or the coach; ... -but their carriage horses seldom are possessed of -that weight and power which distinguish those -of the same kind in England.”<a id="FNanchor_221" href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">221</a></p> - -<div id="Fox_hunting" class="sidenote">Fox-hunting.</div> - -<div id="Gambling" class="sidenote">Gambling.</div> - -<p>Since the Virginians were excellent horsemen, it -was but natural that they should enjoy hunting. -No sport was more dear than chasing the -fox. Washington’s extreme delight in -riding to the hounds is well known; he kept it -up until his sixty-third year, when a slight injury -to his back made such exercise uncomfortable. -Washington was a true Virginian in his love for -his dogs, to whom he gave such pretty names as -Mopsey, Truelove, Jupiter, Juno, Rover, Music, -Sweetlips, Countess, Lady, and Singer. Shooting -and fishing were favourite diversions with -Washington; when he was President of the United -States, the newspapers used to tell of his great -catches of blackfish and sea-bass.<a id="FNanchor_222" href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">222</a> In -these tastes his neighbours were like him. -Less wholesome sports were cock-fighting, and -gambling with cards. The passion for gambling -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> -was far too strong among the Virginians. Laws -were enacted against it; gambling debts were not -recoverable; innkeepers who permitted any game -of cards or dice, except backgammon, were subject -to a heavy fine besides forfeiting their licenses.<a id="FNanchor_223" href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">223</a></p> - -<div id="A_rural_entertainment" class="sidenote">A rural -entertainment.</div> - -<p>An interesting newspaper notice, in the year -1737, shows that some of the innocent open-air -sports of mediæval England still survived: -“We have advice from Hanover -County, that on St. Andrew’s Day -there are to be Horse Races and several other -Diversions, for the entertainment of the Gentlemen -and Ladies, at the Old Field, near Captain -John Bickerton’s, in that county (if permitted by -the Hon. Wm. Byrd, Esquire, Proprietor of said -land), the substance of which is as follows, viz.: -It is proposed that 20 Horses or Mares do run -round a three miles’ course for a prize of five -pounds.</p> - -<p>“That a Hat of the value of 20s be cudgelled -for, and that after the first challenge made the -Drums are to beat every Quarter of an hour for -three challenges round the Ring, and none to play -with their Left hand.</p> - -<p>“That a violin be played for by 20 Fiddlers; -no person to have the liberty of playing unless -he bring a fiddle with him. After the prize is -won they are all to play together, and each a different -tune, and to be treated by the company.</p> - -<p>“That 12 Boys of 12 years of age do run 112 -yards for a Hat of the cost of 12 shillings. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span></p> - -<p>“That a Flag be flying on said Day 30 feet -high.</p> - -<p>“That a handsome entertainment be provided -for the subscribers and their wives; and such of -them as are not so happy as to have wives may -treat any other lady.</p> - -<p>“That Drums, Trumpets, Hautboys, &c., be -provided to play at said entertainment.</p> - -<p>“That after dinner the Royal Health, His Honour -the Governor’s, &c., are to be drunk.</p> - -<p>“That a Quire of ballads be sung for by a number -of Songsters, all of them to have liquor sufficient -to clear their Wind Pipes.</p> - -<p>“That a pair of Silver Buckles be wrestled for -by a number of brisk young men.</p> - -<p>“That a pair of handsome Shoes be danced for.</p> - -<p>“That a pair of handsome silk Stockings of one -Pistole<a id="FNanchor_224" href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">224</a> value be given to the handsomest young -country maid that appears in the Field. With -many other Whimsical and Comical Diversions -too numerous to mention.</p> - -<p>“And as this mirth is designed to be purely -innocent and void of offence, all persons resorting -there are desired to behave themselves with decency -and sobriety; the subscribers being resolved -to discountenance all immorality with the utmost -rigour.”<a id="FNanchor_225" href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">225</a></p> - -<div id="Music" class="sidenote">Music.</div> - -<p>The part played by violins in this quaint programme -reminds us that fiddling was an accomplishment -highly esteemed in the Old Dominion. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span> -As an accompaniment for dancing it was very -useful in the home parties on the plantations. -The philosophic Thomas Jefferson, -as a dead shot with the rifle, a skilful -horseman, and a clever violinist, was a typical -son of Virginia. As boys learned to play the -violin, and sometimes the violoncello, girls were -taught to play the virginal, which was an ancestral -form of the piano. Virginals, and afterward -harpsichords, were commonly to be found in the -houses of the gentry, and not unfrequently hautboys, -flutes, and recorders.<a id="FNanchor_226" href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">226</a> The music most often -played with these instruments was probably some -form of dance or the setting of a popular ballad; -but what is called “classical music” was not unknown. -Among the effects of Cuthbert Ogle, a -musician at Williamsburg, who died in 1755, we -find Handel’s “Acis and Galatea” and “Apollo’s -Feast,” four books of instrumental scores of his -oratorios, and ten books of his songs; also a manuscript -score of Corelli’s sonatas, and concertos -by the English composers, William Felton and -Charles Avison, now wellnigh forgotten.<a id="FNanchor_227" href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">227</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span></p> - -<div id="Other_recreations" class="sidenote">Other recreations.</div> - -<p>After 1716 there was a theatre at Williamsburg, -and during the sessions of the assembly, -when planters with their families came -from far and wide, there was much -gayety. At other seasons the monotony of rural -life was varied by the recreations above described, -with an occasional picnic in the woods, or a grand -barbecue in honour of some English victory or the -accession of a new king.</p> - -<div id="Some_interesting_libraries" class="sidenote">Wormeley’s -library.</div> - -<p>Some time was found for reading. The inventories -of personal estates almost always include -books, in some instances few and of little worth, -in others numerous and valuable. The -library of Ralph Wormeley, of Rosegill, -contained about four hundred titles. Wormeley, -who had been educated at Oriel College, Oxford, -was president of the council, secretary of state, -and a trustee of William and Mary College; he -died in 1701. Among his books were Burnet’s -“History of the Reformation,” a folio history of -Spain, an ecclesiastical history in Latin, Camden’s -“Britannia,” Lord Bacon’s “History of Henry -VII.,” and his “Natural History,” histories of -Scotland, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, and the -West Indies, biographies of Richard III., Charles -I., and George Castriot, Plutarch’s Lives, Burnet’s -“Theory of the Earth,” Willis’s “Practice of -Physick,” Heylin’s “Cosmography,” “a chirurgical -old book,” “the Chyrurgans mate,” Galen’s -“Art of Physick,” treatises on gout, pancreatic -juice, pharmacy, scurvy, and many other medical -works, Coke’s Reports and his “Institutes,” collections -of Virginia and New England laws, a history -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span> -of tithes, “The Office of Justice of the Peace,” a -Latin treatise on maritime law, and many other -law books, Usher’s “Body of Divinity,” Hooker’s -“Ecclesiastical Polity,” Poole’s “Annotations to -the Bible,” “A Reply to the Jesuits,” Fuller’s -“Holy State” and his “Worthies,” a concordance -to the Bible, Jeremy Taylor’s “Holy Living and -Dying,” “The Whole Duty of Man,” a biography -of St. Augustine, Baxter’s “Confession of Faith,” -and many books of divinity, a liberal assortment -of dictionaries and grammars of English, -French, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, the essays -of Montaigne and other French books, Cæsar, -Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Thucydides, Josephus, -Quintus Curtius, Seneca, Terence, “Æsop’s -Fables,” “Don Quixote,” “Hudibras,” Quarles’s -poems, George Herbert’s poems, Howell’s “Familiar -Letters,” Waller’s poems, the plays of Sir -William Davenant, “ffifty Comodys & tragedies -in folio,” “The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft,” -“An Embersee from y<sup>e</sup> East India Comp<sup>a</sup> -to y<sup>e</sup> Grand Tartar,” “The Negro’s and Indian’s -Advocate,” “A Looking Glass for the Times,” -and so on.<a id="FNanchor_228" href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">228</a> Though not the library of a scholar, -it indicates that its owner was a thoughtful man -and fairly well informed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Libraries of -Byrd and -Lee.</div> - -<p>A more remarkable library was that of William -Byrd, of Westover. It contained 3,625 -volumes, classified nearly as follows: History, -700; Classics, etc., 650; French, -550; Law, 350; Divinity, 300; Medicine, 200; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> -Scientific, 225; Entertaining, etc., 650.<a id="FNanchor_229" href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">229</a> This -must have been one of the largest collections of -books made in the colonial period. That of the -second Richard Lee, who died in 1715, contained -about 300 titles, among which we notice many -more Greek and Latin writers than in Wormeley’s, -especially such names as Epictetus, Aristotle de -Anima, Diogenes Laertius, Lucian, Heliodorus, -Claudian, Arrian, and Orosius, besides such mediæval -authors as Albertus Magnus and Laurentius -Valla.<a id="FNanchor_230" href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">230</a></p> - -<div id="Schools_and_printing" class="sidenote">Schools and -printing.</div> - -<p>Such libraries were of course exceptional. In -most planters’ houses you would probably have -found a few English classics, with perhaps “Don -Quixote” and “Gil Blas,” and an assortment of -books on divinity, manuals for magistrates, and -helps in farming. Virginia was not eminent as a -literary or bookish community. There was no newspaper -until the establishment of the “Virginia -Gazette” in 1736. As for schools, the Lords Commissioners -of Plantations sent over a -series of interrogatories to Sir William -Berkeley in 1671, and asked him, among other -things, what provision was made for public instruction. -His reply was characteristic: “I thank God -there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope -we shall not have these hundred years; for learning -has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into -the world, and printing has divulged them, and -libels against the best government. God keep us -from both!”<a id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">231</a> Lord Culpeper seems to have been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span> -much of Berkeley’s way of thinking, for we read -that, “February 21, 1682, John Buckner [was] -called before the Lord Culpeper and his council for -printing the laws of 1680 without his excellency’s -license, and he and the printer [were] ordered to -enter into bond in £100 <i>not to print anything</i> -thereafter until his majesty’s pleasure should be -known.”<a id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">232</a> The pleasure of Charles II. was, that -nobody should use a printing-press in Virginia, -and so he instructed the next governor, Lord -Howard, in 1684.</p> - -<div id="Private_free_schools" class="sidenote">Private free -schools.</div> - -<div id="Academies_and_tutors" class="sidenote">Academies -and tutors.</div> - -<p>The establishment of a system of schools such -as flourished in New England was prevented by -the absence of town life and the long distances between -plantations. When Berkeley said there -were no free schools in Virginia, he may have had -in mind the contrast with New England. No -such schools were founded in Virginia by the -assembly, but there were instances of -free schools founded by individuals; as, -for example, the Symms school in 1636, Captain -Moon’s school in 1655, Richard Russell’s in 1667, -Mr. King’s in 1669, the Eaton school some time -before 1689, and Edward Moseley’s in 1721.<a id="FNanchor_233" href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">233</a> -Indeed, there was after 1646<a id="FNanchor_234" href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">234</a> a considerable -amount of compulsory primary education in Virginia, -much more than has been generally supposed, -since the records of it have been buried in the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span> -parish vestry-books. In the eighteenth century we -find evidences that pains were taken to educate coloured -people.<a id="FNanchor_235" href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">235</a> It was not unusual for the plantation -to have among its numerous outbuildings a -school conducted by some rustic dignitary of the -neighbourhood. In the “old field schools” little -more was taught than “the three Rs,” but these -humble institutions are not to be despised; for it -was in one of them, kept by “Hobby, the sexton,” -that George Washington learned to read, write, -and cipher. His father and his elder brother -Lawrence had been educated at Appleby -School, in England; George himself, -after an interval with a Mr. Williams, near Wakefield, -finished his school-days at an excellent academy -in Fredericksburg, of which Rev. James Marye -was master. The sons of George Mason studied -two years at an academy in Stafford County kept -by a Scotch parson named Buchan, “a pious man -and profound classical scholar.” Afterwards John -Mason was sent to study mathematics with an expert -named Hunter, “a Scotchman also and quite a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span> -recluse, who kept a small school in a retired place -in Calvert County, Maryland.” Much teaching -was also done by private tutors. In the Mason -household these were three Scotchmen in succession, -of whom “the two last were especially engaged -[in Scotland] to come to America (as was -the practice in those times with families who had -means) by my father to live in his house and educate -the children.... The tutoress of my sisters -was a Mrs. Newman. She remained in the family -for some time.”<a id="FNanchor_236" href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">236</a></p> - -<div id="Convicts_as_tutors" class="sidenote">Convicts as -tutors.</div> - -<p>Sometimes the schoolmaster or private tutor was -an indented white servant who had come out as a -redemptioner, or even as a convict. Among the -criminals there might be persons of rank, -as Sir Charles Burton, a Lincolnshire -baronet, who was transported to America in 1722 -for “stealing a cornelian ring set in gold;” or -scholars, like Henry Justice, Esq., of the Middle -Temple, Barrister, who in 1736 was convicted of -stealing from the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, -“a Field’s Bible with cuts, and Common-prayer, -value £25, Newcastle’s Horsemanship, -value £10, several other books of great value, -several Tracts cut out of books, etc.” For this -larceny, although Mr. Justice begged hard to be -allowed to stay in England for the sake of his -clients, “with several of whom he had great concerns,” -he was nevertheless sent to America for -seven years, under penalty of death if he were to return -within that time.<a id="FNanchor_237" href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">237</a> From such examples we see -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span> -that, while the convict ships may not have brought -many Eugene Arams, they certainly brought men -more likely to find employment in teaching than in -manual labour. Jonathan Boucher, rector at Annapolis -in 1768, declares that “not a ship arrives -with either redemptioners or convicts, in which -schoolmasters are not as regularly advertised for -sale as weavers, tailors, or any other trade; with -little other difference that I can hear of, except -perhaps that the former do not usually fetch so -good a price as the latter.”<a id="FNanchor_238" href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">238</a></p> - -<div id="Virginians_at_Oxford" class="sidenote">Virginians -at Oxford.</div> - -<p>Sometimes, as we have seen in the case of Augustine -Washington and his son Lawrence, the -young Virginians were sent to school in -England. Oftener, perhaps, the education -begun at the country school or with private -tutors was “finished” (as the phrase goes) at one -of the English universities. Oxford seems to have -been the favourite Alma Mater, doubtless for the -same reason that caused Cambridge to be chiefly -represented among the founders of New England; -Oxford was ultra-royalist in sentiment, while Cambridge -was deeply tinged with Puritanism. This -difference would readily establish habits and associations -among the early Virginians which would -be followed.<a id="FNanchor_239" href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">239</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span></p> - -<div id="James_Madison" class="sidenote">James Madison.</div> - -<p>It was not in all cases necessary to go to England -to obtain a thorough education. James Madison’s -tutors were the parish minister and -an excellent Scotch schoolmaster; he was -graduated at Princeton College in 1772, and never -crossed the Atlantic; yet for the range, depth, and -minuteness of his knowledge of ancient and modern -history and of constitutional law, he has been -rivalled by no other English-speaking statesman -save Edmund Burke. Such an instance, however, -chiefly shows how much more depends upon the -individual than upon any institutions. There are -no rules by which you can explain the occurrence -of a heaven-sent genius.</p> - -<div id="Contrast_with_New_England_in_respect_of_educational_advantages" class="sidenote">Contrast -with New -England in -respect of -educational -advantages.</div> - -<p>On the whole, the facilities for education, whether -primary or advanced, were very imperfect in the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span> -Old Dominion. This becomes especially noticeable -from the contrast with New England, -which inevitably suggests itself. It is no -doubt customary with historical writers -to make too much of this contrast. The -people of colonial New England were not all well-educated, -nor were all their country schools better -than old field schools. The farmer’s boy, who was -taught for two winter months by a man and two -summer months by a woman, seldom learned more -in the district school than how to read, write, and -cipher. For Greek and Latin, if he would go to -college, he had usually to obtain the services of the -minister or some other college-bred man in the village. -There was often a disposition on the part of -the town meetings to shirk the appropriation of a -sum of money for school purposes, and many Massachusetts -towns were fined for such remissness.<a id="FNanchor_240" href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">240</a> -This was especially true of the early part of the -eighteenth century, when the isolated and sequestered -life of two generations had lowered the high -level of education which the grandfathers had -brought across the ocean. In those dark days of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span> -New England, there might now and then be found -in rural communities men of substance who signed -deeds and contracts with their mark.</p> - -<div id="Causes_of_the_difference" class="sidenote">Causes of -the difference.</div> - -<p>After making all allowances, however, the contrast -between the New England colonies and the -Old Dominion remains undeniable, and it is full of -interest. The contrast is primarily based upon the -fact that New England was settled by -a migration of organized congregations, -analogous to that of the ancient Greek -city-communities; whereas the settlement of Virginia -was effected by a migration of individuals -and families. These circumstances were closely -connected with the Puritan doctrine of the relations -between church and state, and furthermore, -as I have elsewhere shown,<a id="FNanchor_241" href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">241</a> the Puritan theory of -life made it imperatively necessary, in New England -as in Scotland, to set a high value upon -education. The compactness of New England life, -which was favoured by the agricultural system of -small farms owned by independent yeomen, made -it easy to maintain efficient schools. In Virginia, -on the other hand, the agricultural conditions interposed -grave obstacles to such a result. There -was no such pervasive organization as in New England, -where the different grades of school, from -lowest to highest, coöperated in sustaining each -other. There were heroic friends of education in -Virginia. James Blair and the faithful scholars -who worked with him conferred a priceless boon -upon the commonwealth; but the vitality of William -and Mary College often languished for lack -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span> -of sustenance that should have been afforded by -lower schools, and it was impossible for it to exercise -such a widespread seminal influence as Yale -and Harvard, sending their graduates into every -town and village as ministers, lawyers, and doctors, -schoolmasters and editors, merchants and -country squires.</p> - -<div id="Illustrations_from_the_history_of_American_intellect" class="sidenote">Illustrations -from -history of -American -intellect.</div> - -<p>Among the founders of New England were an -extraordinary number of clergymen noted for their -learning, such as Hooker and Shepard, Cotton and -Williams, Eliot and the Mathers; together with -such cultivated laymen as Winthrop and Bradford, -familiar with much of the best that was written in -the world, and to whom the pen was an easy and -natural instrument for expressing their thoughts. -The character originally impressed upon New England -by such men was maintained by the powerful -influence of the colleges and schools, so that there -was always more attention devoted to scholarship -and to writing than in any of the other colonies. -Communities of Europeans, thrust into a wilderness -and severed from Europe by the ocean, were -naturally in danger of losing their higher culture -and lapsing into the crudeness of frontier life. -All the American colonies were deeply affected by -this situation. While there were many and great -advantages in the freedom from sundry Old World -trammels, yet in some respects the influence of the -wilderness was barbarizing. It was due to the -circumstances above mentioned that the New England -colonies were more successful than the others -in resisting this influence, and avoiding a breach of -continuity in the higher spiritual life of the community. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span> -This is strikingly illustrated by the history -of American literature. Among men -of letters and science born and educated -in America before the Revolution, there -were three whose fame is more than national, -whose names belong among the great of all -times and countries. Of these, Jonathan Edwards -was a native of Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin -and Count Rumford were natives of Massachusetts. -In such men we can trace the continuity -between the intellectual life of England in the -seventeenth century and that of America in the -nineteenth. In Virginia, if we except political -writers, we find no names so high as these. But -there is one political book which must not be excepted, -because it is a book for all time. “The -Federalist” is one of the world’s philosophical -and literary masterpieces, and of its three authors -James Madison took by far the deepest and most -important part in creating it.<a id="FNanchor_242" href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">242</a></p> - -<div id="Robert_Beverley" class="sidenote">Virginia’s -historians; -Robert -Beverley.</div> - -<p>Among books of a second order,—books which -do not rank among classics,—there are some which -deserve and have won a reputation that is more -than local. Of such books, Hutchinson’s “History -of Massachusetts Bay” is a good example. In -the colonial times historical literature was of better -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span> -quality than other kinds of writing; and Virginia -produced three historical writers of decided merit. -With Robert Beverley the reader has already -made some acquaintance through -the extracts cited in these pages. His -“History of Virginia,” published in London in -1705, is a little book full of interesting details -concerning the country and the life of its red and -white inhabitants. The author’s love of nature -is charming, and his style so simple, direct, and -sprightly that there is not a dull page in the book. -It was written during a visit to London, where -Beverley happened to see the proof-sheets of Oldmixon’s -forthcoming “British Empire in America,” -and was disgusted with the silly blunders that -swarmed on every page. He wrote his little book -as an antidote, and did it so well that many coming -generations will read it with pleasure.</p> - -<div id="William_Stith" class="sidenote">William -Stith.</div> - -<p>A book of more pretension and of decided merit -is the “History of Virginia” by Rev. William -Stith, who was president of William and -Mary College from 1752 to his death in -1755. The book, which was published at Williamsburg -in 1747, was but the first volume of a work -which, had it been completed on a similar scale, -would have filled six or eight. It covers only the -earliest period, ending with the downfall of the Virginia -Company in 1624; and among its merits is -the good use to which the author put the minutes of -the Company’s proceedings made at the instance -of Nicholas Ferrar.<a id="FNanchor_243" href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">243</a> Stith’s work is accurate and -scholarly, and his narrative is dignified and often -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span> -graphic. His account of James I. is pithy: “He -had, in truth, all the forms of wisdom,—forever -erring very learnedly, with a wise saw or Latin -sentence in his mouth; for he had been bred up -under Buchanan, one of the brightest geniuses -and most accomplished scholars of that age, who -had given him Greek and Latin in great waste -and profusion, but it was not in his power to give -him good sense. That is the gift of God and -nature alone, and is not to be taught; and Greek -and Latin without it only cumber and overload a -a weak head, and often render the fool more -abundantly foolish. I must, therefore, confess that -I have ever had ... a most contemptible opinion -of this monarch; which has, perhaps, been much -heightened and increased by my long studying and -conning over the materials of this history. For he -appears in his dealings with the Company to have -acted with such mean arts and fraud ... as highly -misbecome majesty.”<a id="FNanchor_244" href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">244</a> From the refined simplicity -of this straightforward style it was a sad descent -to the cumbrous and stilted Johnsonese of -the next generation, which too many Americans -even now mistake for fine writing.</p> - -<div id="William_Byrd" class="sidenote">William -Byrd.</div> - -<p>Contemporary with Beverley and Stith was -William Byrd, one of the most eminent men of -affairs in Old Virginia, and eminent also—probably -without knowing it—as a -man of letters. His father came to Virginia a -few years before Bacon’s rebellion, and bought the -famous estate of Westover, on the James River -and in Charles City County, with the mansion, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span> -which is still in the possession of his family, and -is considered one of the finest old houses in Virginia. -From his uncle Colonel Byrd inherited a -vast estate which included the present site of Richmond. -He sympathized strongly with his neighbour, -Nathaniel Bacon, and held a command under -him; but after the collapse of the rebellion he -succeeded in making his peace with the raging -Berkeley. He became one of the most important -men in the colony, and was commissioned receiver-general -of the royal revenues. On his death, in -1704, his son succeeded him in this office. The -son had studied law in the Middle Temple, and -for proficiency in science was made a fellow of the -Royal Society. He was for many years a member -of the colonial council, and at length its president. -He lived in much splendour on his estate of Westover, -and we have seen what a library he accumulated -there. A professional man of letters he -was not, and perhaps his strong literary tastes -might never have led to literary production but -for sundry interesting personal experiences which -he deemed it worth while to put on record. In 1727 -he was one of the commissioners for determining -the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. -In the journeys connected with that work -he selected the sites where the towns of Richmond -and Petersburg were afterwards built; and he -wrote a narrative of his proceedings so full of -keen observations on the people and times as to -make it an extremely valuable contribution to history.<a id="FNanchor_245" href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">245</a> -Among early American writers Byrd is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> -exceptional for animation of style. There is a -quaintness of phrase about him that is quite irrepressible. -After a dry season he visits a couple -of mills, and “had the grief to find them both -stand as still for the want of water as a dead -woman’s tongue for want of breath. It had rained -so little for many weeks above the falls that the -Naiads had hardly water enough left to wash their -faces.” He suggests, of course with a twinkle in -his eye, that the early settlers of Virginia ought -to have formed matrimonial alliances with the -Indians: “Morals and all considered, I can’t -think the Indians were much greater heathens -than the first adventurers, who, had they been -good Christians, would have had the charity to -take this only method of converting the natives -to Christianity. For after all that can be said, a -sprightly lover is the most prevailing missionary -that can be sent among these, or any other infidels. -Besides, the poor Indians would have had less reason -to complain that the English took away their -land, if they had received it by way of portion -with their daughters.... Nor would the shade of -the skin have been any reproach at this day; for -if a Moor may be washed white in three generations, -surely an Indian might have been blanched -in two.”<a id="FNanchor_246" href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">246</a> With such moralizing was this amiable -writer wont to relieve the tedium of historical discourse. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> -We shall again have occasion to quote -him in the course of our narrative.</p> - -<div id="Jeffersons_notes_on_Virginia" class="sidenote">Science; -John Clayton.</div> - -<p>Among other works by writers reared before the -Revolution, the well-known “Notes on Virginia,” -by Thomas Jefferson, deserves high praise as an -essay in descriptive sociology. Of American poetry -before the nineteenth century, scarcely a line worth -preserving came from any quarter. In 1777 James -McClurg, an eminent physician, afterward a member -of the Federal Convention, wrote his “Belles -of Williamsburg,” a specimen of pleasant society -verse; but it had not such vogue as its author’s -“Essay on the Human Bile,” which was translated -into several European languages. Science throve -better than poetry, and was well represented -in Virginia by John Clayton, who -came thither from England in 1705, -being then in his twentieth year, and dwelt there -until his death in 1773, on the eve of the famous -day which saw the mixing of tea with ice-water in -Boston harbour. Clayton was attorney-general of -Virginia, and for fifty years clerk of Gloucester -County. His name has an honourable place in the -history of botany; he was member of learned societies -in nearly all the countries of Europe; and -in 1739 his “Flora of Virginia” was edited and -published by Linnæus and Gronovius.</p> - -<div id="Physicians" class="sidenote">Physicians.</div> - -<div id="Washingtons_last_illness" class="sidenote">Washington’s -last -illness.</div> - -<p>In Old Virginia, as in all the other colonies, -the scientific study and practice of medicine had -scarcely made a beginning. Those were -everywhere the days of “kill or cure” -treatment, when there was small hope for patients -who had not enough vitality to withstand both -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> -drugs and disease. In the light of the progress -achieved since the mighty work of Bichat (1798-1801), -the two preceding centuries seem a period -of stagnation. Strong plasters, jalap, and bleeding -were the universal remedies. Mr. Bruce gives us -the items of a bill rendered by Dr. Haddon, of -York, about 1660, for performing an amputation. -“They included one highly flavoured and two ordinary -cordials, three ointments for the wound, an -ointment precipitate, the operation of letting blood, -a purge <i>per diem</i>, two purges electuaries, external -applications, a cordial and two astringent powders, -phlebotomy, a defensive and a large cloth.” On -another occasion the same doctor prescribed “a -purging glister, a caphalick and a cordial electuary, -oil of spirits and sweet almonds, a purging and a -cordial bolus, purging pills, ursecatory, and oxymell. -His charge for six visits after dark was a -hogshead of tobacco weighing 400 pounds.”<a id="FNanchor_247" href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">247</a> Of -the many thousand victims of these heroic methods, -the most illustrious was George Washington, who, -but for medical treatment, might probably have -lived a dozen or fifteen years into the nineteenth -century. When Washington in full vigour -found that he had caught a very bad -cold he sent for the doctors, and meanwhile -had half a pint of blood taken from him by -one of his overseers. Of the three physicians in -attendance, one was his dear friend, the good -Scotchman, Dr. James Craik, “who from forty -years’ experience,” said Washington, “is better -qualified than a dozen of them put together.” His -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span> -colleague, Dr. Elisha Dick, said, “Do not bleed -the General; he needs all his strength.” But tradition -prevailed over common sense, and three -copious bleedings followed, in the last of which a -quart of blood was taken. The third attendant, -Dr. Gustavus Brown, afterward expressed bitter -regret that Dr. Dick’s advice was not followed. -Besides this wholesale bleeding, the patient was -dosed with calomel and tartar emetic and scarified -with blisters and poultices; or, as honest Tobias -Lear said, in a letter written the next day announcing -the fatal result, “every medical assistance -was offered, but without the desired effect.”<a id="FNanchor_248" href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">248</a></p> - -<div id="Some_Virginia_parsons" class="sidenote">Virginia -parsons.</div> - -<p>The physician in Old Virginia was very much -the same as elsewhere, but the parson was a very -different character from the grave ministers and -dominies of Boston and New York. He belonged -to the class of wine-bibbing, card-playing, fox-hunting -parsons, of which there were so many examples -in the mother country after the reaction -against Puritanism had set in. The religious -tone of the English church during -the first half of the eighteenth century was very -low, and it was customary to send out to Virginia -and Maryland the poorest specimens of clergymen -that the mother country afforded. Men unfit -for any appointment at home were thought good -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span> -enough for the colonies. The royal governor, -as vicegerent of the sovereign, was head of the -colonial church, while ecclesiastical affairs were -superintended by a commissary appointed by the -Bishop of London. The first commissary, Dr. -Blair, as we have seen, was president of the college, -and in his successors those two offices were -usually united. Several attempts were made to -substitute a bishop for the commissary, but the -only result of the attempts was to alienate people’s -sympathies from the church, while the conduct of -the clergy was such as to destroy their respect for -it. Bishop Meade has queer stories to tell of some -of these parsons. One of them was for years the -president of a jockey club. Another fought a duel -within sight of his own church. A third, who was -evidently a muscular Christian, got into a rough-and-tumble -fight with his vestrymen and floored -them; and then justified himself to his congregation -next Sunday in a sermon from a text of -Nehemiah, “And I contended with them, and -cursed them, and smote certain of them, and -plucked off their hair.” In 1711 a bequest of -£100 was made to the vestry of Christ Church -parish in Middlesex, providing that the interest -should be paid to the minister for preaching four -sermons each year against “the four reigning -vices,—viz.: atheism and irreligion, swearing and -cursing, fornication and adultery, and drunkenness.” -Later in the century the living was held -for eighteen years, and the sermons were preached, -by a minister who was notoriously guilty of all the -vices mentioned. He used to be seen in the tavern -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span> -porch, reeling to and fro with a bowl of toddy in -his hand, while he called to some passer-by to -come in and have a drink. When this exemplary -man of God was dying in delirium, his last words -were halloos to the hounds. In 1726 a thoughtful -and worthy minister named Lang wrote to the -Bishop of London about the scandalous behaviour -of the clergy, of whom the sober part were “slothful -and negligent,” while the rest were debauched -and “bent on all manner of vices.”<a id="FNanchor_249" href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">249</a> This testimony -against the clergy, it will be observed, comes -from clergymen. Yet it seems clear that the cases -cited must have been extreme ones,—cases of the -sort that make a deep impression and are long -remembered. A few such instances would suffice -to bring down condemnation upon the whole establishment; -and not unjustly, for a church in -which such things could for a moment be tolerated -must needs have been in a degraded condition. -This state of things afforded an excellent field for -the labours of Baptist and Presbyterian revivalist -preachers, and to such good purpose did they work -that by the time of the Revolution it was found -that more than half of the people in Virginia were -Dissenters. At that time the Episcopal clergy -were not unnaturally inclined to the Tory side, and -this last ounce was all that was needed to break -down the establishment and cast upon it irredeemable -discredit. The downfall of the Episcopal -church in Virginia and its resurrection under more -wholesome conditions make an interesting chapter -of history. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span></p> - -<div id="Freethinking" class="sidenote">Freethinking.</div> - -<p>In imputing to his tipsy parson the “vice” of -atheism, Bishop Meade warns us that he does not -mean a denial of the existence of God, but merely -irreligion, or “living without God in the world.” -In 1724 the Bishop of London was officially informed -that there were no “infidels” in Virginia, -negroes and Indians excepted. A few years later, -“when the first infidel book was imported, ... it -produced such an excitement that the governor -and commissary communicated on the subject with -the authorities in England.” In those -days freethinkers, if prudent, kept their -thoughts to themselves. All over Christendom the -atmosphere was still murky with intolerance, and -men’s conceptions of the universe were only beginning -to emerge from the barbaric stage. Virginia -was no exception to the general rule.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Superstition -and crime.</div> - -<p>In respect also of superstition and crime the Old -Dominion seems to have differed but little from -other parts of English America. Belief -in witchcraft lasted into the eighteenth -century, and the statute-book reveals an abiding -dread of what rebellious slaves might do; but there -were no epidemics of savage terror, as at Salem in -1692, or in the negro panic of 1741 in New York. -Of violent crime there was surely much less than -in the England of Jack Sheppard and Jonathan -Wild, but probably more than in the colonies north -of Delaware Bay; and its perpetrators seem to -have been chiefly white freedmen and “outlying -negroes.”<a id="FNanchor_250" href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">250</a> Duelling seems to have been infrequent -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span> -before the Revolution.<a id="FNanchor_251" href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">251</a> Murder, rape, arson, -and violent robbery were punished with death; -while pillory, stocks, whipping-post, and ducking-stool -were kept in readiness for minor offenders. -The infliction of the death penalty in a cruel or -shocking manner was not common. Negroes were -occasionally burned at the stake, as in other colonies, -north and south; and an instance is on record -in which negro murderers were beheaded and quartered -after hanging.<a id="FNanchor_252" href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">252</a> No white persons were ever -burned at the stake by any of the colonies.<a id="FNanchor_253" href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">253</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span></p> - -<div id="Lawyers" class="sidenote">Lawyers.</div> - -<p>In the early days of Virginia there was not -much practice of law except by the county magistrates -in their work of maintaining the -king’s peace. The legal profession was -at first held in somewhat low repute, being sometimes -recruited by white freedmen whose careers of -rascality as attorneys in England had suddenly -ended in penal servitude. But after the middle of -the seventeenth century the profession grew rapidly -in importance and improved in character. During -the eighteenth century the development in legal -learning and acumen, and in weight of judicial -authority, was remarkable. The profession was -graced by such eminent names as Pendleton, -Wythe, and Henry, until in John Marshall the -Old Dominion gave to the world a name second to -none among the great judges of English race and -speech.</p> - -<div id="A_government_of_laws" class="sidenote">A government -of -laws.</div> - -<p>One cause of this splendid development of legal -talent was doubtless the necessarily close connection -between legal and political activity. The Virginia -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span> -planter meant that his government should be -one of laws. With his extensive estates -to superintend and country interests -to look after, his position was in many -respects like that of the country squire in England. -In his House of Burgesses the planter had a parliament; -and in the royal governor, who was liable -to subordinate local to imperial interests, there -was an abiding source of antagonism and distrust, -requiring him to keep his faculties perpetually -alert to remember all the legal maxims by which -the liberties of England had been guarded since -the days of Glanvil and Bracton. On the whole, -it was a noble type of rural gentry that the Old -Dominion had to show. Manly simplicity, love -of home and family, breezy activity, disinterested -public spirit, thorough wholesomeness and integrity,—such -were the features of the society whose -consummate flower was George Washington.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Some_characteristics_of_Maryland" class="sidenote">Some characteristics -of -Maryland.</div> - -<p>This chapter must not close without a brief mention -of the social features of Maryland, but a brief -mention is all that is needed for my purpose, since -the portraiture just given of Leah will answer in -most respects for her younger sister Rachel. The -English colonists in Maryland were of the same -excellent class as the Cavaliers who were the -strength of Virginia. Though tidewater Virginia -at the beginning of the eighteenth century contained -but few people who did not belong -to the Church of England, on the -other hand, in Maryland, not more than -one sixth of the white population belonged to that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span> -church, while one twelfth were Roman Catholics, -and three fourths were Puritans. But these differences -in religion did not run parallel with differences -in birth, refinement, or wealth. Naturally, -from the circumstances under which the colony -was founded, some of the best human material -was always to be found among the Catholics; and -they wielded an influence disproportionately greater -than their numbers.</p> - -<p>For the first three generations tobacco played as -important a part in Maryland as in Virginia. -Nearly all the people became planters. Cheap -labour was supplied at first by indented white -servants and afterwards by negro slaves, who never -came, however, to number more than from one -fourth to one third of the whole population. There -was the same isolation, the same absence of towns, -the same rudeness of roads and preference for -water-ways, as in Virginia. The facilities for education -were somewhat poorer; there was no university -or college, no public schools until 1728, no -newspaper until 1745.</p> - -<p>But early in the eighteenth century there came -about an important modification of industries, which -was in large part due to the rapid growth of Maryland’s -neighbour, Pennsylvania. In the latter -colony a great deal of wheat was raised, and the -export of flour became very profitable. This wheat -culture extended into Maryland, where wheat soon -became a vigorous rival of tobacco. In 1729 the -town of Baltimore was founded, and at once rose to -importance as a point for exporting flour. Moreover, -as Pennsylvania exported various kinds of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span> -farm produce, besides large quantities of valuable -furs, and as she had no seacoast and no convenient -maritime outlet save Philadelphia, her export trade -soon came to exceed the capacities of that outlet, -and a considerable part of it went through Baltimore, -which thus had a large and active rural district -dependent upon it, and grew so fast that by -1770 it had become the fourth city in English -America, with a population of nearly 20,000. The -growth of Annapolis was further stimulated by -these circumstances; and this development of town -life, with the introduction of a wealthy class of -merchants and the continual intercommunication -with Pennsylvania, went far toward assimilating -Maryland with the middle colonies while it diminished -to some extent her points of resemblance to -the Old Dominion. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XV">CHAPTER XV.<br /> - -<span id="The_Carolina_frontier">THE CAROLINA FRONTIER.</span></h2> - -<div class="sidenote">The Spanish -frontier.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The wilderness -frontier.</div> - -<p>“St. Augustine, a Spanish garrison, being -planted to the southward of us about a hundred -leagues, makes Carolina a frontier to all the English -settlements on the Main.” These memorable -words, from the report of the governor -and council at Charleston to the lords -proprietors of Carolina in London, in the year -1708, have a deeper historic significance than was -realized by the men who wrote them. In a twofold -sense Carolina was a frontier country. It was -not only the border region where English and -Spanish America marched upon each other, but it -served for some time as a kind of backwoods for -Virginia. Until recently one of the most important -factors in American history has been the existence -of a perpetually advancing frontier, where -new territory has often had to be won by hard -fighting against its barbarian occupants, where -the life has been at once more romantic and more -sordid than on the civilized seaboard, and where -democracy has assumed its most distinctively -American features. The cessation of these circumstances -will probably be one of the foremost -among the causes which are going to make America -in the twentieth century different from America in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span> -the nineteenth. Now for the full development of -this peculiar frontier life two conditions were requisite,—first, -the struggle with the wilderness; -secondly, isolation from the currents of European -thought with which the commercial seaboard was -kept in contact. These conditions were -first realized in North Carolina, and there -was originated the type of backwoods life -which a century later prevailed among the settlers -of Tennessee and Kentucky. That was the one -point where the backwoods may be said to have -started at the coast; and in this light we shall -have to consider it. On the other hand, South -Carolina, with the Georgia colony for its buffer, is -to be considered more in the light of a frontier -against the Spaniard. We shall have furthermore -to contemplate the whole Carolina coast as preeminently -the frontier upon which were wrecked -the last remnants of the piracy and buccaneering -that had grown out of the mighty Elizabethan -world-struggle between England and Spain. Without -some mention of all these points, our outline -sketch of the complicated drama begun by Drake -and Raleigh would be incomplete.</p> - -<div id="The_grant_of_Carolina" class="sidenote">The grant of -Carolina.</div> - -<p>The region long vaguely known as Carolina, or -at least a portion of it, had formed part of Sir -Walter Raleigh’s Virginia; the Spaniards had -never ceased to regard it as part of Florida. In -defiance of their claims, Jean Ribaut planted his -first ill-fated Huguenot colony at Port Royal in -1562, and built a fort which he called Charlesfort, -after Charles IX. of France. Whether the name -“Carolina” was applied to the territory at that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span> -early time is doubtful,<a id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">254</a> but we find it used in England, -in the time of Charles I., when the first Lord -Baltimore was entertaining a plan for a new colony -south of Virginia. The name finally served to -commemorate Charles II., who in 1663 granted -the territory to eight “lords proprietors,” gentlemen -who had done him inestimable services. -To the most eminent, George -Monk, Duke of Albemarle, he owed his restoration -to the throne; the support of Edward Hyde, Earl -of Clarendon, had been invaluable; the others -were Anthony Ashley Cooper, afterwards Earl of -Shaftesbury, Lord Craven, Lord Berkeley, and his -brother, Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, -Sir George Carteret, and Sir John Colleton. -All these names appear to-day on the map,—Albemarle -Sound, Hyde, Craven, and Carteret counties -in North Carolina; Clarendon and Colleton counties, -Berkeley parish, and the Ashley and Cooper -rivers in South Carolina, while in Charleston we -have the name of the king.</p> - -<div id="John_Locke_and_Lord_Shaftesbury" class="sidenote">Shaftesbury -and Locke.</div> - -<p>These gentlemen contemplated founding a colony -which should emulate the success of Virginia. -The most actively engaged in the enterprise was -the one whom we know best by his title of Shaftesbury, -and it was thus that the founding of Carolina -became connected for a moment with one of the -greatest names in the history of England. -A charming story is that of the residence -of John Locke in the Ashley family, as physician, -private tutor, and general adviser and guardian -angel; how he once saved his lordship’s life by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span> -most daring and skilful surgery, how he taught -Greek to the young Ashley, how he took the boy -at the age of seventeen to Haddon Hall and made -a happy match for him with pretty Lady Dorothy -Manners aged twenty, how he afterward assisted -at the birth of the grandson destined to become -even more famous in literature than the grandfather -in political history,—all this is pleasantly -told by the grandson. “My father was too young -and inexperienced to choose a wife for himself, and -my grandfather too much in business to choose -one for him. The affair was nice; for, though my -grandfather required not a great fortune, he insisted -on good blood, good person and constitution, -and, above all, good education and a character as -remote as possible from that of court or town-bred -lady. All this was thrown upon Mr. Locke, who -being ... so good a judge of men, my grandfather -doubted not of his equal judgment in -women. He departed from him, entrusted and -sworn, as Abraham’s head servant that ruled over -all that he had, and went into a far country (the -north of England) to seek for his son a wife, whom -he as successfully found.”<a id="FNanchor_255" href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">255</a></p> - -<div id="The_Fundamental_Constitutions" class="sidenote">The Fundamental -Constitutions.</div> - -<p>In the summer of 1669, while the great philosopher -was engaged upon this match-making expedition, -he varied the proceedings by drawing up -a constitution for Carolina, the original draft of -which, a small neatly written volume of 75 pages -bound in vellum, is still preserved among the -Shaftesbury papers. This constitution diverges -widely in some respects from such a document as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span> -would have expressed Locke’s own ideas of the -right sort of government. The scheme -which it set forth was in the main Ashley’s, -with such modifications as were -necessary to secure the approval of the other proprietors. -It is not worth our while to recount its -complicated provisions, inasmuch as it was never -anything but a dead letter, and civil government -sprouted up as spontaneously in Carolina as if -neither statesman nor philosopher had ever given -thought to the subject. One provision, however, -expressed an idea of which Locke was one of the -foremost representatives, and herein Ashley agreed -with him; it was the idea of complete liberty of -conscience in matters of religion. It was provided -that any seven or more persons who could agree -among themselves upon any sort of notion about -God or any plan for worshipping him might set up -a church and be guaranteed against all interference -or molestation. An ideal so noble as this was -never quite realized in the history of any of the -colonies; but there can be little doubt that the -publication of Locke’s “Fundamental Constitutions” -in 1670, in 1682, and 1698 had much influence -in directing toward Carolina the stream of -Huguenot emigration from France, which was an -event of the first importance.<a id="FNanchor_256" href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">256</a></p> - -<div id="The_Carolina_palatinate" class="sidenote">The Carolina -Palatinate.</div> - -<p>In its general character the government created -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span> -by the Fundamental Constitutions was a palatinate -modelled after that of Durham. The -difference between Carolina and Maryland -consisted chiefly in the fact that the -palatinate privileges were granted to eight co-proprietors -instead of a single proprietor. Those -privileges were quasi-royal, but they were limited -by giving to the popular assembly the control over -all money bills. This limitation, however, was -partly offset by giving to the higher officers regular -salaries payable from quit-rents or the sales -of public lands. These salaries went far toward -making such officers independent of the legislature, -and thus led to much complaint and dissatisfaction. -Before the Revolution, questions concerning -the salaried independence of high public officials -had in several of the colonies come to be one of -the most burning questions of the day.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Palatine.</div> - -<p>The lords proprietors, as tenants-in-chief of the -crown, were feudal sovereigns over Carolina. They -could grant estates on any terms they pleased, and -subinfeudation, which had been forbidden in England -since 1290, was expressly permitted here. -The eldest of the proprietors was called -the Palatine; he presided at their meetings, -and his vote with those of three associates -was reckoned a majority. As the proprietors remained -in England, it was arranged that each of -them should be represented in Carolina by a deputy; -and the Palatine’s deputy, sometimes called -Vice-Palatine, was to be governor of the colony. -But any one of the proprietors coming into the -colony, or the oldest of those coming, if there were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span> -more than one, was to take precedence over everybody -and become at once Vice-Palatine.</p> - -<div id="Titles_of_nobility" class="sidenote">Titles of -nobility.</div> - -<p>By a curious provision of the charter, the lords -proprietors could grant titles of nobility, provided -they were unlike those used in England. -Hence the outlandish titles, such as -“landgrave” and “cacique,” which occur in the -Fundamental Constitutions. With the titles there -was combined an artificial system of social gradations -which is not worth recounting. As for the -political status of the settlers, they were guaranteed -in the possession of all the rights and privileges -enjoyed by Englishmen in England.</p> - -<div id="Albemarle_colony" class="sidenote">The Albemarle -colony.</div> - -<p>The planting of two distinct colonies in Carolina -was no part of the original scheme, but the early -centres of colonization were so far apart and communication -between them was so difficult that they -could not well be united in a single community, -although more than once there was a single governor -over the whole of Carolina. Emigration -from Virginia had begun as early as 1653, when -Roger Greene with a hundred men made a small -settlement in the Chowan precinct, on the north -shore of Albemarle Sound.<a id="FNanchor_257" href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">257</a> In 1662 -George Durant<a id="FNanchor_258" href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">258</a> followed, and began a -settlement in the Perquimans precinct, -just east of Chowan. In 1664 Governor Berkeley, -of Virginia,—himself one of the eight lords proprietors,—severed -this newly settled region from -Virginia, and appointed William Drummond as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span> -its governor. Such were the beginnings of Albemarle, -the colony which in time was to develop -into North Carolina.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img id="i_276" src="images/i_276.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">MAP OF -NORTH CAROLINA -PRECINCTS, -1663-1729</p> - -<p class="copy">THE M.-N. CO., BUFFALO, N. Y.</p> -</div> - -<div id="New_Englanders_at_Cape_Fear" class="sidenote">The visit of -New Englanders.</div> - -<p>Meanwhile in 1660 a party from New England -made a settlement at the mouth of Cape Fear -River; or perhaps we ought rather to call it a -visit. It lasted no longer than Thorfinn Karlsefni’s -visit to Vinland,<a id="FNanchor_259" href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">259</a> for the settlers had all -departed by 1663. There is a tradition that they -were sorely harassed by the natives, in revenge for -their sending sundry Indian lads and girls aboard -ship, to be taken to Boston and “educated,” <i>i. e.</i> -sold for slaves.<a id="FNanchor_260" href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">260</a> This is not improbable. -At all events, these New Englanders went -off in a mood not altogether amiable, -leaving affixed to a post, at the mouth of the river, -a “scandalous writing ... the contents whereof -tended not only to the disparagement of the land -... but also to the great discouragement of all -such as should hereafter come into those parts to -settle.”<a id="FNanchor_261" href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">261</a></p> - -<div id="The_Clarendon_colony" class="sidenote">The Clarendon -colony.</div> - -<p>But this emphatic warning did not frighten -away Sir John Yeamans, who arrived at Cape Fear -early in October, 1663, and ascended the river for -more than a hundred and fifty miles. Sir John -was the son of a gallant Cavalier who had lost life -and estate in the king’s service, and he had come -out to Barbadoes to repair his fortunes. -His report of the Cape Fear country was -so favourable that by the end of May, 1665, we -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span> -find him there again, with several hundred settlers -from Barbadoes, to make the beginnings of the -new colony of Clarendon, of which the lords proprietors -had appointed him governor. In the same -year the colony of Albemarle elected its first assembly.</p> - -<div id="The_Ashley_River_colony" class="sidenote">The Ashley -River -colony.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Founding of -Charleston, -1670.</div> - -<p>In 1667 William Sayle, a Puritan from Bermuda, -explored the coast, and reported the value -of the Bahama Islands for offensive and defensive -purposes in case of war with Spain. These islands -were accordingly appropriated and annexed to -Carolina, as the Bermudas had once been annexed -to Virginia. It was decided to make a -settlement at Port Royal; the venerable -Sayle, whose years were more than three-score-and-ten, -was appointed governor; and on -March 17, 1670, the first colonists arrived on the -Carolina coast. On further inspection Port Royal -seemed too much exposed to the attacks of Spaniards -from St. Augustine, and accordingly the -ships pursued their way northward till they reached -and entered the spacious bay formed by the junction -of two noble rivers since known as Ashley -and Cooper. They proceeded up the Ashley as -far as an easily defensible highland at Albemarle -Point, where they began building a village which -they called Charles Town. Their cautiousness -was soon justified. Spain and -England were then at peace, but no -sooner were the Spaniards notified of these proceedings -than a warship started from St. Augustine -and came as far as Stono Inlet, where it -learned the strength of the English position and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span> -concluded to retreat.<a id="FNanchor_262" href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">262</a> The next year Governor -Sayle died, and was succeeded by Sir John Yeamans, -who came in 1672, bringing from Barbadoes -the first negro slaves ever seen in Carolina. In -1674 Yeamans was superseded by Joseph West, -under whom the first assembly was elected.</p> - -<p>Thus there were three small communities started -on the coast of Carolina: 1. Albemarle, on the -Virginia border, constituted in 1664; 2. Clarendon, -on the Cape Fear River, in 1665; 3. The -Ashley River colony, in 1670.</p> - -<div id="First_legislation_in_Albemarle" class="sidenote">First legislation -in -Albemarle.</div> - -<p>For a moment we must follow the fortunes of -Albemarle, where in 1667 Drummond was succeeded -in the governorship by Samuel Stephens. -Two years later there was passed a statute which -enacted that no subject could be sued -within five years for any cause of action -that might have arisen outside of the -colony; that all debts contracted outside of the -colony were <i>ipso facto</i> outlawed; and that all -new settlers should be exempted from taxes for -one year.<a id="FNanchor_263" href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">263</a> Moreover, all “transient persons,” -not intending to remain in the colony, were forbidden -to trade with the Indians. It was furthermore -provided that, since there were no clergymen -in the colony to perform the ceremony of marriage, -a declaration of mutual consent, before the -governor and council and in the presence of a few -acquaintances, should be deemed a binding contract.<a id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">264</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span> -These laws were of course intended to -stimulate immigration, and the effect of the first -two was soon plainly indicated in the indignant -epithet, “Rogue’s Harbour,” bestowed by Virginia -people upon the colony of Albemarle.<a id="FNanchor_265" href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">265</a></p> - -<div id="Troubles_caused_by_the_Navigation_Act" class="sidenote">Troubles -caused by -the Navigation -Act.</div> - -<div id="The_trade_with_New_England" class="sidenote">The trade -with New -England.</div> - -<p>The desire of increasing the number of settlers, -without regard to their quality, induced the lords -proprietors to sanction these curiosities of legislation. -But troubles, not of their own creating, -were at hand in this little forest community. -In 1673 the Fundamental Constitutions were -promulgated by Governor Stephens, who soon -afterward died. Under his temporary successor, -George Carteret, president of the council, -the troubles broke out, and it has -been customary to ascribe them to the -attempt to enforce the Fundamental Constitutions -upon an unwilling community. It does not appear, -however, that the official promulgation of -this frame of government was followed by any -serious attempts to enforce it.<a id="FNanchor_266" href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">266</a> The real source of -the disturbances was undoubtedly the Navigation -Act,—that mischievous statute with which the -mother country was busily weaning from itself the -affections of its colonies all along the American -seaboard. Sundry unfounded rumours increased -the bitter feeling. The king’s grant of Virginia -to Arlington and Culpeper in 1673 was part of -the news of the day. It was reported that the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span> -proprietors of Carolina were going to divide up -the province among themselves, and that Albemarle -was to be the share of Sir William Berkeley, -a man especially hated by the Virginians of small -means, who were the larger part of the Albemarle -population. Though these reports were -baseless, they found many believers. But the -Navigation Act and the attempts to break up the -trade with Massachusetts were very real -grievances. Ships from Boston and Salem -brought down to Albemarle Sound -all manner of articles needed by the planters, and -took their pay in cattle and lumber, which they -carried to the West Indies and exchanged for -sugar, molasses, and rum. Often with this cargo -they returned to Albemarle and exchanged it for -tobacco, which they carried home and sent off -to Europe at a good round profit, in supreme defiance -of the statutes. It was said that the new -colony was enriching Yankee merchants much -faster than the lords proprietors.<a id="FNanchor_267" href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">267</a> In truth the -trade was profitable to merchants and planters -alike, and by the summer of 1676 sundry attempts -to break it up had brought the little colony -into quite a rebellious frame of mind. We have -seen how Bacon looked forward to possible help -from Carolina against Sir William Berkeley. -Bacon spoke of the desirableness of the people -electing their own governors.<a id="FNanchor_268" href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">268</a> New England furnished -examples of such elected governors who -were in full sympathy with the people. The men -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span> -of Albemarle were likely to make trouble for -governors appointed in England to carry out an -unpopular policy.</p> - -<div id="Eastchurch_and_Miller" class="sidenote">Eastchurch -and Miller.</div> - -<p>When Carteret resigned his position in 1676, -two men, who were supposed to represent the popular -party, had lately gone over to England. One -of them, by name Eastchurch, had been -speaker of the assembly; and so anxious -were the lords proprietors to have their intentions -carried out without irritating the people, that in -the autumn of 1676 they appointed him governor -of Albemarle. The other was a person named -Miller, who had been illegally carried to Virginia -and tried by Governor Berkeley for making a -seditious speech in Carolina. In England he -found it profitable to pose as a martyr. The proprietors -made him secretary of Albemarle, and -the king’s commissioners of customs made him -collector of the revenues of that colony. Early -in 1677 the new governor and secretary sailed for -America, and made a stop at the little island of -Nevis, famous in later years as the birthplace of -Alexander Hamilton. For Eastchurch it proved -to be an isle of Calypso. He fell in love with -a fair Creole and staid to press his suit, while -he appointed Miller president of the council, and -sent him on in that capacity to govern Albemarle.</p> - -<div id="Culpepers_usurpation" class="sidenote">The Culpeper -usurpation, -1677-79.</div> - -<p>That little commonwealth of less than 3,000 -souls had in the mean time been enjoying the -sweets of uncurbed liberty, when there was no -king in Israel, and every man did what was right -in his own eyes. Miller, as a martyr to free -speech, was cordially welcomed, but as proprietary -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span> -governor and king’s collector, he found his popularity -quickly waning. He tried to suppress the -trade with Massachusetts, and thus arrayed against -himself the Yankee skippers, aided by a “party -within,” at the head of which was the wealthy -George Durant, the earliest settler of Perquimans. -The train was well laid for an insurrection when -a demagogue arrived with the match to fire it. -This man was John Culpeper, surveyor-general of -Carolina, whose seditious conduct on the Ashley -River had lately made it necessary for him to flee -northward to escape the hangman. Culpeper’s -proposal to resist the enforcement of the odious -Navigation Act brought him many followers. In -December, 1677, a Yankee schooner, -heavily armed and bearing a seductive -cargo of rum and molasses, appeared in -Pasquotank River. Her skipper, whose name was -Gillam, had scarcely set foot on land when he -was arrested by the governor and held to bail in -£1,000. The astute Yankee, with an air of innocent -surprise, meekly promised to weigh anchor at -once and not return. Hereupon a thirsty mob, -maddening with the thought of losing so much -rum, beset Gillam with entreaties to stay. Governor -Miller was a man in whom bravery prevailed -over prudence, and, hearing at this moment -that Durant was on the schooner, he straightway -boarded her, pistol in hand, and arrested that influential -personage on a charge of treason. This -rash act was the signal for an explosion. Culpeper’s -mob arrested the governor and council, -and locked them up. Then they took possession -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span> -of the public records, convened the assembly, -appointed new justices, made Culpeper governor, -and, seizing upon £3,000 of customs revenue collected -by Miller for the king, they applied it to -the support of this revolutionary government.</p> - -<p>For two years these adventurers exercised full -sway over Albemarle. During this time Governor -Eastchurch arrived from the island of Nevis, -bringing with him the fair Creole as his bride. -He met with a cold reception, and lost no time -in finding shelter in Virginia, where he drank a -friendly glass with Governor Chicheley, and asked -for military aid against the usurping Culpeper. -The request was granted, but before the troops -were ready the unfortunate Eastchurch succumbed -to chagrin, or perhaps to malaria, and his Creole -bride was left a widow.</p> - -<div id="How_Culpeper_fared_in_London" class="sidenote">How Culpeper -fared -in London.</div> - -<div id="Charleston_moved_to_a_new_site" class="sidenote">Charleston -moved to a -new site.</div> - -<p>Culpeper, however, remained in some dread of -what Virginia might do. He had issued a manifesto, -accusing Miller of tyranny and peculation -and seeking to justify himself; but he thought it -wise to play a still bolder part. He went to England -in the hope of persuading the lords -proprietors to sanction what he had -done, and to confirm him in the governorship. -In London he was surprised at meeting -the deposed Miller, who had broken jail and -arrived there before him. The twain forthwith -told their eloquent but conflicting tales of woe, -and Culpeper’s tongue proved the more persuasive -with the lords proprietors. He seemed on the -point of returning in triumph to Carolina, when -suddenly the king’s officers arrested him for robbing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span> -the custom-house of £3,000. This led to his -trial for treason, in the summer of 1680, before the -King’s Bench, under the statute of Henry VIII. -anent “treason committed abroad;” the same -statute under which it was sought, on a fine April -morning ninety-five years later, to arrest Samuel -Adams and John Hancock. The Earl of Shaftesbury -ably defended Culpeper, and he was acquitted -but not restored to power.<a id="FNanchor_269" href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">269</a> He returned -to Carolina, a sadder if not a wiser man; and in -his old capacity of surveyor, it is said, laid out -the plan of the city of Charleston on its present -site. The original Charles Town, as already mentioned, -was begun at Albemarle Point on Ashley -River, in 1670. Another settlement was made -two years later at Oyster Point, on the -extremity of the peninsula enclosed -between the two rivers. This new situation -had greater advantages for a seaport, and -its cooler breezes were appreciated by sojourners -in that fiery climate. It grew at the expense of -the older settlement, until in 1680 it had a population -of 2,500 souls, and took over the name of -Charles Town, while Albemarle Point was abandoned. -So the autumn of 1680 had work at -Oyster Point for a surveyor like Culpeper.</p> - -<div id="Seth_Sothel" class="sidenote">Seth Sothel.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Banishment -of Sothel.</div> - -<p>The governor who succeeded this usurper in the -Albemarle colony was a new lord proprietor, -by name Seth Sothel, to whom -the Earl of Clarendon had sold out his rights and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span> -interests. On his way to America, early in 1680, -Sothel was captured by Algerine pirates and carried -off into slavery. Not until 1683 did Sothel -obtain his freedom and arrive at his destination. -In five years of misrule over Albemarle he proved -himself one of the dirtiest knaves that ever held -office in America. A few specimens of his conduct -may be cited. On the arrival of two ships -from Barbadoes on legitimate business, Sothel -seized them as pirates and threw their captains -into jail, where one of them died of ill-treatment. -The dying man made a will in which he named one -of the most respected men in the colony, Thomas -Pollock, as his executor; but Sothel refused to let -the will go to probate, and seized the dead man’s -effects; the executor then threatened to carry the -story of all this to England, whereupon the governor -lodged him in jail and kept him there. -George Durant called such proceedings unlawful, -whereupon Sothel straightway imprisoned him and -confiscated his whole estate. If he saw anything -that pleased his fancy, be it a cow or a negro or a -pewter dish, he just took it without ceremony, and -if the owner objected he locked him up. From -criminals he took tips and saved them from the -gallows. The people of Albemarle endured this -tyranny until 1688,—that year when over all -English lands the sky was so black with political -thunder-clouds. One day certain leading colonists -laid hands upon Seth Sothel, and prepared to send -him to England to be tried for a long list of felonies. -Then this model for governors and lords -proprietors, suddenly realizing the dismal prospect -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span> -before him, with Tyburn looming up in the distance, -begged with frantic sobs and tears that he -might be tried by the assembly, and not be sent -to England; for he felt sure that the assembly -would hardly dare take the responsibility -of hanging him. In this he calculated -correctly; he was banished from the colony -for one year, and declared forever incapable of -holding the governorship.<a id="FNanchor_270" href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">270</a></p> - -<div id="Troubles_in_Ashley_River_colony" class="sidenote">Troubles in -the southern -colony.</div> - -<div id="The_Scotch_at_Port_Royal" class="sidenote">The Scotch -at Port Royal, -1683-86.</div> - -<div id="A_state_without_laws" class="sidenote">A state -without -laws.</div> - -<p>The prudence of the assembly was well considered. -The lords proprietors in England, ill informed -as to the affairs of their colony, wearied -with the everlasting series of complaints, and unwilling -to believe that one of their associates could -be such a scoundrel, were inclined to scold the -colonists for their treatment of Sothel. As for -that worthy, his full career was not yet run. Scenes -of turbulence were awaiting him in the -little settlement between the Ashley and -Cooper rivers. Joseph West had ruled -there with a strong hand from 1674 to 1683, and -the colony prospered during that time, but disagreements -arose between West and the proprietors -which ended in his removal. The next seven -years were a period of anarchy. After five changes -of governors in quick succession, the office was -given to James Colleton, brother of Colleton the -lord proprietor, but the situation was not improved. -The troubles arose partly from the practice of kidnapping -Indians for slaves, which invited bloody -reprisals; partly from the demand that quit-rents -be paid in coin, which was very scarce in Carolina; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span> -partly from the low character of many of the settlers -and their dealings with pirates; partly from -the unwillingness of the English settlers to admit -the Huguenot immigrants to a share in the franchise; -and partly from the fitful and arbitrary -manner in which the lords proprietors tried from -beyond sea to cure the complicated evils. The -muddle was aggravated by Spanish hostility. In -1683 a few Scotch families were brought by Lord -Cardross to Port Royal, where they made the beginnings -of a settlement. Those were the -cruel days of Claverhouse in Scotland, -and a scheme was entertained for bringing -10,000 sturdy Covenanters to Carolina; but -it came to nothing. Cardross got into difficulties -with the people at Charleston, and went back to -Scotland in disgust. In 1686, in time of peace, a -Spanish force pounced upon Port Royal, murdered -some of the Scotchmen, flogged others within an -inch of their lives, carried off what booty they -could find, and left the place a smoking ruin. Dire -was the indignation of the Charleston men at these -“bloody insolencies.” Two stout ships with 400 -men were just ready to sail against St. Augustine, -when the newly appointed Governor Colleton arrived -upon the scene and forbade their sailing. -His mandate was obeyed with growls and curses. -The lords proprietors upheld him. “No man,” as -they reasonably said, “can think that the dependencies -of England can have power to make war -upon the king’s allies without his knowledge or -consent.”<a id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">271</a> It was an inauspicious beginning for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span> -Colleton. The old troubles continued, along with -others growing out of the Navigation Act. The -wrangling between governor and assembly grew so -hot that in 1689 the proprietors instructed Colleton -to summon no more parliaments in Carolina without -express orders from them. The effect of such -an order was probably not foreseen by those well-meaning -gentlemen. It was a curious feature in -the Ashley River colony that the acts of -its assembly expired at the end of twenty-three -months unless renewed. This term -had so nearly elapsed when the order arrived that -“in 1690 not one statute law was in force in the -colony!”<a id="FNanchor_272" href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">272</a></p> - -<div id="Reappearance_of_Sothel" class="sidenote"> -Reappearance of Sothel.</div> - -<div id="His_downfall_and_death" class="sidenote">His death.</div> - -<p>This heroic medicine did not cure the malady. -Things grew worse in the spring of 1690, when -Colleton proclaimed martial law. The air was thick -with sedition when Sothel arrived in Charleston. -As a lord proprietor he had the right to act as governor -over Colleton’s head. Several of the leading -colonists begged him to call a parliament, and forthwith -the exemplary Sothel posed as “the people’s -friend.” He summoned a parliament -which banished Colleton and enacted -sundry laws. A queer spectacle it was, -the victim of one popular revolution becoming the -ringleader of another, the banished playing the -part of banisher! But the lords proprietors had -become aware of Sothel’s misdeeds; they annulled -the acts of his parliament, deposed him, and ordered -him to return to England to answer the charges -against him. Sothel did not relish this. His term -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span> -of banishment from Albemarle had expired, and -he believed it to be a safer hiding-place -than London. Where he skulked or -how he died is unknown. All we know is that -his will was admitted to probate February 5, 1694; -and that his tombstone, which came from England, -was never paid for!<a id="FNanchor_273" href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">273</a></p> - -<div id="Clarendon_colony_abandoned" class="sidenote">Clarendon colony abandoned.</div> - -<p>Since the founding of the Ashley River colony -it had fared ill with the Clarendon colony on -Cape Fear River, which under favouring circumstances -might perhaps have developed into a Middle -Carolina. There were not people enough, and -there was not trade enough for so many -settlements. So Clarendon dwindled until -1690, when it was abandoned. This -left a wide interval of forest and stream between -Albemarle and the Ashley River colony, or North -Carolina and South Carolina, as they were beginning -to be called. The formal separation of Carolina -into two provinces did not take place until -1729, but the two colonies were from the outset, as -we have seen, distinct and independent growths; -and by 1690 the epithets North and South were -commonly used.</p> - -<div id="Philip_Ludwell" class="sidenote">Philip Ludwell.</div> - -<p>Just at this time, however, the two were united -under one governor. Colonel Philip Ludwell, of -Virginia, who had ably supported Berkeley -against Bacon, and had afterward -married Berkeley’s widow, was Sothel’s successor -in Albemarle in 1689, and he was appointed to -succeed him at Charleston in 1691. The proprietors -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span> -wished to bring all Carolina under one government, -and the Albemarle people were requested -to send their representatives to the assembly at -Charleston, but distance made such a scheme impracticable. -The northern colony, however, was -often governed by a deputy appointed at Charleston. -The troubles were not yet over. Ludwell -was an upright and able man, but the disagreements -between the settlers and the lords proprietors -were more than he could cope with, and in -1692 he was superseded.</p> - -<div id="John_Archdale" class="sidenote">John Archdale.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Joseph Blake.</div> - -<div id="Sir_Nathaniel_Johnson" class="sidenote">Sir Nathaniel Johnson and the -Dissenters.</div> - -<p>It is not worth while to recount the names of all -the men who served as governors in the two Carolinas. -In the world of history there is a certain -amount of meaningless mediocrity which a general -survey like the present may well pass -by without notice. The brief administration -of John Archdale, in 1695, marks a kind -of era. Archdale was a Quaker, a man of broad -intelligence and character at once strong and -gentle. He had become one of the lords proprietors, -and in that capacity came out to Carolina, -where for one year he ruled the whole province -with such authority as no one had wielded before; -for while he was backed up by the proprietors, he -conciliated the assemblies. In the matter of the -Indians and the quit-rents much was done, and the -veto power of the proprietors was curtailed. After -a year Archdale felt able to go home, leaving his -friend Joseph Blake, a nephew of the -great admiral, as governor in Charleston. -Under Blake still further progress was made by -admitting to full political rights and privileges the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span> -Huguenot immigrants, who had come to be in some -respects the most important element in the population -of South Carolina. But after Blake’s death, -in 1700, it grew stormy again. The new governor, -James Moore, came out to make money, and to -that end he renewed the vile practice of kidnapping -Indians. This presently made it necessary -to gather troops and defeat the angry red men. -Quarrels with the assembly were chronic. When -the war of the Spanish Succession broke out, -Moore invaded Florida, but accomplished nothing -except the creation of a heavy public debt. In -1703 he was superseded by Sir Nathaniel -Johnson, a precious bigot, who undertook -to force through the assembly a law excluding -from it all Dissenters. This was effected -by trickery; the act was passed by a majority of -one, in a house from which several members were -absent. After the fraud was discovered, the assembly -by a large majority voted to repeal the act, -but the governor refused to sign the repeal. The -Dissenters were perhaps three fourths of the population. -They made complaint to the lords proprietors, -but a majority of that body sustained the -governor. Then a successful appeal was made to -the House of Lords, and the proprietors suddenly -found themselves threatened with the loss of their -charter. The result was a great victory for the -South Carolina assembly, which at its next session -restored Dissenters to their full privileges.</p> - -<div id="Unsuccessful_attempt_of_a_French_and_Spanish_fleet_upon_Charleston" class="sidenote">Unsuccessful attempt of a French and -Spanish fleet upon Charleston.</div> - -<p>Like many another bigot, Governor Johnson -was a good fighter. In August, 1706, Charleston -was attacked by a French and Spanish squadron. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span> -A visitation of yellow fever, with half a dozen -deaths daily in a population of 3,000, -had frightened many people away from -the town. On a broiling Saturday afternoon -five columns of smoke floating -lazily up over Sullivan’s Island announced that -five warships were descried in the offing. They -were French privateers with Spanish reinforcements -from Cuba and St. Augustine. When the -signal was reported to the governor at his country -house, the militia were called together from all -quarters and the ships in the harbour were quickly -made ready for action. The evening air was vocal -with alarm guns. But the enemy approached with -such excessive caution that Johnson had ample -time for preparation. It was not until Wednesday -that the affair matured. Then the French commander -sent a flag of truce ashore and demanded, -in the name of Louis XIV., the surrender of the -town and its inhabitants; the governor, he said, -might have an hour to consider his answer. Johnson -replied that he did not need a minute, and told -the Frenchman to go to the devil. The enemy -then landed 150 men on the north shore of the -harbour, at Haddrell’s Beacon, but the militia soon -drove them into the water, with the loss of a dozen -killed and more than thirty prisoners. Many more -were drowned in swimming to their boats. Another -detachment on the south shore was similarly -discomfited. On Thursday Colonel William Rhett, -with six small craft heavily armed and a fire-ship, -bore down upon the enemy’s fleet. But instead of -waiting to fight, the French commander hastily -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span> -stood out to sea. This conduct, as well as his -whole delay, may be explained by the fact that -an important part of his force had not come up. -The best of the French ships, carrying beside her -marine force some 200 regular infantry, did not -arrive until Friday, when, in ignorance of the -repulse of her consorts, she entered Sewee Bay -and landed her soldiers. It was rushing into the -lion’s jaws. The soldiers were promptly attacked -and put to flight with the loss of one third of their -number, while at the same time Colonel Rhett -blockaded the bay and took the French ship with -all on board. Thus the ill-concerted attack ended -in ignominious defeat, with the loss of the best -ship and 300 men out of 800.</p> - -<div id="Thomas_Carey" class="sidenote">Thomas Carey and the Quakers in -North Carolina.</div> - -<div id="Porters_mission_to_England" class="sidenote">Porter’s mission to England.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Alliance between Porter and Carey.</div> - -<div id="Edward_Hyde" class="sidenote">Edward Hyde.</div> - -<div id="Careys_rebellion" class="sidenote">Carey’s rebellion.</div> - -<p>After the halcyon days of Archdale there was -quiet in North Carolina until 1704, when Governor -Johnson sent a deputy, Robert Daniel, to -rule there and set up the Church of England, -while making it hot for Dissenters. As nearly all -the Albemarle people came within the latter category, -there was trouble at once. It was allayed -for a moment by the same proceedings in England -which gave victory to the Dissenters of South Carolina. -The Quakers of Albemarle succeeded -in getting Johnson to appoint a -new deputy, Thomas Carey, in whom -they had confidence. But their confidence -proved to have been misplaced. A recent -act of Queen Anne’s Parliament had prescribed -certain test oaths for all public officials, without -making any reservation in behalf of the conscientious -scruples of Quakers. Carey, as deputy -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span> -governor of North Carolina, undertook to administer -these test oaths, and at once disgusted the -Quakers, who sent John Porter to England to -plead with the lords proprietors. This -Porter, who was himself a Quaker, had a -persuasive tongue. Acts of Parliament -had not usually been heeded by the colonies; it -was by no means clear that they were even intended -to apply to the colonies without some -declaratory clause to that effect, or without being -supplemented by a royal order in council. The -lords proprietors virtually admitted that the Queen -Anne test oath act did not apply to the colonies, -when in response to Porter’s petition they removed -Carey from office. At the same time they suspended -Governor Johnson’s authority over North -Carolina. This action left that colony without a -head, and there ought to have been no delay in -appointing a new governor, but there was delay. -On Porter’s return William Glover was chosen -president of the council, which made him temporary -governor. Glover belonged to the Church -of England, but was believed to be opposed to -the test oaths. We can fancy, then, the wrath -of the Quakers when he insisted upon administering -the oaths, precisely as the deposed Carey -had done! The remedy was an instance of political -homœopathy, or treatment with a hair of -the dog that bit you. The angry Porter -at once turned to Carey and entered -into an alliance with him from which -dire evils were to grow. Porter contrived to assemble -various resident deputies of the lords proprietors, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span> -and persuaded them to depose Glover -and reinstate Carey; but Glover refused to be -bound by these irregular proceedings. He continued -to act as governor and issued writs for the -election of an assembly; Carey did likewise, and -anarchy reigned supreme. Several of the principal -colonists fled to Virginia for safety. In 1710, -after a delay of more than three years, the proprietors -sent out Edward Hyde, a kinsman -if the queen’s grandfather, the first Earl -of Clarendon, to govern North Carolina. His commission -needed the signature of the governor-in-chief -at Charleston, but that dignitary happened -to die just before Hyde’s arrival, so that further -delay was entailed in completing his commission. -Early in 1711, before receiving it, he issued writs -for an election. Carey made strenuous efforts to -secure the election of a majority of his friends and -adherents to the Commons House of Assembly, or -House of Commons, as it came to be called. Failing -in this attempt he maintained that the election -was illegal because Hyde had not received his -vouchers. The assembly retorted by summoning -Carey to render an account of all the public -moneys which he had used, and presently it issued -orders for his arrest. Thus driven to bay, Carey -set up a rival government and tried to -arrest Hyde, who appealed to Virginia -for military aid. Virginia’s response was prompt -and effective. The discomfited Carey fled to the -wilderness between the heads of Albemarle and -Pamlico sounds. After a while he ventured into -Virginia, intending to take passage there for England; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span> -but he was arrested and sent to England to -be tried for treason. For lack of accessible evidence -he seems to have been released without trial, -and thereupon he made his way to the West Indies, -where history loses sight of him. With his disappearance -from North Carolina tranquillity seemed -for the moment restored; but more terrible scenes -were at hand.</p> - -<div id="Expansion_of_the_northern_colony" class="sidenote">Expansion of the northern colony; arrival -of Graffenried.</div> - -<div id="Accusations_against_Carey_and_Porter" class="sidenote">Improbable charges against Carey and -Porter.</div> - -<p>In spite of all the turmoil the little colony -had received new settlers, and had begun to expand -until North Carolina was no longer synonymous -with Albemarle. In the first decade of the -eighteenth century, numbers of Huguenots settled -in the neighbourhood of Bath, where the Taw -River widens into an arm of Pamlico -Sound; and parties of Swiss, with many -Germans from the Rhenish Palatinate, -under the lead of Baron de Graffenried, -founded the town of New Berne, where the Trent -River flows into the Neuse. The increase of -population in Albemarle, moreover, had carried -the frontier from the Chowan to the Roanoke. -All this entailed some real and still more prospective -displacement of native tribes, and some -kind of mild remonstrance, after the well-known -Indian fashion, was to be expected. It was believed -by many persons at the time that Carey, on -the occasion of his flight to the wilderness -between the Roanoke and Taw -rivers, solicited aid from the Indians, -and that his Quaker friend, John Porter, -had gone as emissary to the Tuscaroras, “promising -great rewards to incite them to cut off all -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span> -the inhabitants of that part of Carolina that -adhered to Mr. Hyde.”<a id="FNanchor_274" href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">274</a> But a charge of such -frightful character needs strong evidence to make -it credible, and in this case there is little but -hearsay and the vague beliefs of men hostile to -Carey and Porter, in a season of fierce political -excitement. No such infernal wickedness is -needed to account for the Indian outbreak. The -ordinary incidents connected with the advance of -the white man’s frontier into the red man’s country -are quite sufficient to explain it. But, without -feeling it necessary to accuse Carey and Porter of -having urged the Indians to murder their fellow-countrymen, -we must still admit that the civil -discord into which they had plunged the colony -had so weakened it as to offer the watchful red -men an excellent opportunity.</p> - -<div id="Carolina_Indians" class="sidenote">Carolina Indians; -<span id="Algonquin_tribes">Algonquin tribes.</span></div> - -<div id="Sioux_tribes" class="sidenote">Sioux tribes.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Iroquois tribes.</div> - -<div id="Muskogi_tribes" class="sidenote">Muskogi tribes.</div> - -<p>The Indians of North Carolina at the time -which we are treating belonged to three ethnic -families. Along the coast, northward -from Cape Lookout to the Virginia -line, the Corees, Pamlicos, Mattamuskeets, -Pasquotanks, and Chowanoes all belonged -to the Algonquin family, and they could muster -in all about 400 warriors. The coast territory -occupied by these tribes was continuous with that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span> -which had once been controlled by the Powhatan -Confederacy to the northward. The Corees, in -Carteret Precinct, were the southernmost of these -Algonquin tribes. The Cape Fear Indians, on the -coast southwest of Carteret, belonged to the great -Sioux or Dakota family. From the meridian of -77° 30´ westward to the Blue Ridge, and from the -Santee River on the south to the Potomac on -the north, the country was occupied by -Sioux tribes, of which the names most -familiarly known are the Waxhaws, Catawbas, -Waterees, Saponis and Tutelos, Monacans and -Manahoacs.<a id="FNanchor_275" href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">275</a> Now deep into this Sioux country, -in North Carolina, there ran a powerful wedge of -alien stock. The thick end of the wedge covered -the precincts of Bath and Craven, with part -of New Hanover; and from its centre, at the -mouth of Trent River, it ran northwestward more -than a hundred miles, a little beyond the site of -Raleigh, with an average width of less than thirty -miles. This wedge of population consisted -of the Tuscaroras, a large tribe -of the dreaded Iroquois family, able to send forth -at least 1,200 warriors. Another tribe of Iroquois -then dwelt in Bertie Precinct, between the -Chowan and Roanoke rivers. It was known as -the Meherrins, and was really the remnant of the -fierce Susquehannocks, from whom Bacon had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span> -delivered Virginia in 1676. Its fighting numbers -can hardly have been much over a hundred. Just -north of the Meherrins was another small Iroquois -tribe called Nottoways. To frame our picture, -although it takes us away from the scene of action, -we should add that the whole Alpine region west -of the Sioux country, from the Peaks of Otter as -far southwest as Lookout and Chickamauga mountains, -belonged to the great Iroquois tribe of -Cherokees; while to the south of Santee River, -from Florida to the Mississippi River, -we encounter a fourth ethnic family, the -Muskogi, represented by such tribes as Choctaws -and Chickasaws, the Creek Confederacy, the Yamassees, -and others.</p> - -<div id="Algonquin_Iroquois_conspiracy" class="sidenote">Algonquin-Iroquois conspiracy.</div> - -<p>Between the Tuscaroras and the numerous Sioux -tribes by which they were partly surrounded there -was incessant and murderous hostility. On the -other hand, there was amity and alliance, at least -for the moment, between the Tuscaroras and the -Algonquin coast tribes whose lands the palefaces -were invading. The first murders of white settlers -occurred in Bertie Precinct at the hands of Meherrins, -and seem to have been isolated -cases. But a general conspiracy of Iroquois -and Algonquin tribes was not long -in forming, and the day before the new moon, -September 22, 1711, was appointed for a wholesale -massacre.</p> - -<div id="Capture_of_Graffenried_and_Lawson" class="sidenote">Capture of Graffenried and Lawson.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Lawson’s horrible death.</div> - -<p>A few days before the appointed time the Baron -de Graffenried started in his pinnace from New -Berne to explore the Neuse River. His only companions -were a negro servant and John Lawson, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span> -Scotchman who for a dozen years had been surveyor-general -of the colony. Lawson was the author -of an extremely valuable and fascinating book -on Carolina and its native races,—a book which -one cannot read without loving the writer and -mourning his melancholy fate.<a id="FNanchor_276" href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">276</a> No man -in the colony was better known by the Indians, -who had frequently observed and -carefully noted the fact that his appearance in the -woods with his surveying instruments was apt to be -followed by some fresh encroachment upon their -lands. Lawson and Graffenried had advanced but -little way into the Tuscarora wilderness when they -were surrounded by a host of Indians and taken -prisoners. The Indians were very curious to learn -why they had come up the river; perhaps it might -indicate that the people at New Berne had some -suspicion of the intended massacre and had sent -them forward as scouts. If any such dread beset -the minds of the red men, it was probably soon -allayed; for it is clear that, had there been any -suspicion, Graffenried and Lawson would not thus -have ventured out of all reach of support. The -barbarians were two or three days in making up -their minds what to do. Then they took -poor Lawson, and thrust into his skin -all over, from head to foot, sharp splinters -of lightwood, almost dripping with its own turpentine, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span> -and set him afire.<a id="FNanchor_277" href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">277</a> The negro was also put -to death with fiendish torments, but Graffenried -was kept a prisoner, perhaps in order to be burned -on some festal occasion.</p> - -<div id="The_massacre_Sept_1711" class="sidenote">The massacre, Sept. 22-24, 1711.</div> - -<div id="Aid_from_Virginia_and_South_Carolina" class="sidenote">Aid from Virginia and South Carolina.</div> - -<div id="Barnwell_defeats_the_Tuscaroras" class="sidenote">Barnwell defeats the Tuscaroras, Jan. 28. -1712.</div> - -<p>Before the news of this dreadful affair could -reach New Berne, the blow had fallen, not only -there, but also at Bath and on the Roanoke River. -Some hundreds of settlers were massacred,—at -New Berne 130 within two hours from the signal. -No circumstance of horror was wanting. Men -were gashed and scorched, children torn in pieces, -women impaled on stakes. The slaughter -went on for three days. A war-chief -called by the white men Handcock seems -to have been the leading spirit in this concerted -attack, but as usual in Indian warfare the concert -was incomplete.<a id="FNanchor_278" href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">278</a> An outlying detachment of Tuscaroras -in Bertie Precinct, whose head war-chief -was called Tom Blunt, took no part in -the massacre and remained on good terms -with the whites. Perhaps Blunt’s attitude -may have been affected by nearness to Virginia -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span> -and its able governor, Alexander Spotswood, -who was certainly instrumental in keeping the Nottoways -and Meherrins quiet. Through Blunt’s -intervention, Spotswood secured the release of -Graffenried, after five weeks of captivity, and it -was not the fault of this valiant governor that Virginia -troops did not march against Handcock; for -his House of Burgesses, after advising such a -measure, behaved like a “whimsical multitude,” -and refused to vote the necessary funds.<a id="FNanchor_279" href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">279</a> Important -aid, however, was obtained from South Carolina, -which had for the moment a more complaisant -assembly, and in Charles Craven a wise and able -governor. Advantage was taken of the deadly -hatred which the Sioux and Muskogi tribes bore -to the Iroquois. With a small body of white men, -supported by large numbers of Muskogi Creeks -and Yamassees, and of Sioux Catawbas, Colonel -John Barnwell made a long and arduous winter -march through more than 250 miles of -virgin forest to the Neuse River, where -he encountered the Tuscaroras, and in an -obstinate battle defeated them with the loss of 400 -warriors. Then Handcock, retiring behind a stockade, -sought and obtained terms from Barnwell; a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span> -treaty was made, and the South Carolina forces -went home.</p> - -<div id="Crushing_defeat_of_the_Tuscaroras" class="sidenote">Crushing defeat -of the -Tuscaroras; -migration to -New York.</div> - -<p>They had scarcely departed when the faithless -red men renewed their bloody work, and in March -the distracted colony was again obliged to ask for -succour. Summer added to the other horrors the -scourge of yellow fever, which carried off some -hundreds of victims, among them Governor Hyde. -In December a force of 50 white men and 1,000 -Indians from South Carolina, under Colonel James -Moore, arrived on the scene, and in March, 1713, -Handcock was driven to cover on the site of the -present town of Snow Hill, in Greene County. -His palisaded fort was stormed with great -slaughter, and that was the end of the -Indian power in eastern North Carolina. -Their remnant of defeated Tuscaroras -withdrew to the upper waters of the Roanoke, and -thence migrated northward to central New York, -where they were admitted into the great confederacy -of their kinsmen, the Iroquois of the Long -House. Thus did the celebrated Five Nations -become the Six Nations.</p> - -<div id="Charles_Eden" class="sidenote">Charles -Eden.</div> - -<p>After Hyde’s death the government was ably -administered by one of the leading colonists, -Thomas Pollock, as president of the council. In -1714 Charles Eden came out as governor. Under -the stress of war the colony had begun to issue -paper money, a curse from which it was destined -long to suffer. But some other evils were remedied. -Liberty of conscience was secured -to Dissenters, and in the matter of test -oaths the Quaker’s affirmation was accepted as an -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span> -equivalent. Eden was a very popular governor -and managed affairs with ability until his death in -1722. His name is preserved in that of the town -of Edenton, in Chowan County, which was in his -time the seat of government.</p> - -<div id="Yamassees_and_the_Spaniards" class="sidenote">The Yamassees and the Spaniards.</div> - -<p>We must now turn to South Carolina, where we -have seen Governor Craven using the Yamassee -and Catawba warriors as allies to be sent against -the Tuscaroras. The year 1713, which witnessed -the crushing defeat of the Tuscaroras, was the year -of the treaty of Utrecht, which ended the long war -of the Spanish Succession. Throughout that war -the powerful tribe of Yamassees had been steadfast -friends of the English. From time -to time they made incursions into Florida -and brought away many a Spanish captive -to be burned alive, until government checked -their cruelty by offering a ransom for Spanish -prisoners delivered in safety at Charleston; the -prisoners were then sent home on payment of the -amount of their ransom by the government at St. -Augustine.</p> - -<div id="Alliance_of_Indian_tribes" class="sidenote">Alliance of Indian tribes against the South -Carolinians.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The Indian war.</div> - -<p>The Yamassee country was the last quarter from -which the South Carolinians would have expected -hostilities to come. But after 1713, in spite of -treaty obligations, the St. Augustine government -bent all its energies to stirring up all the frontier -tribes to a concerted attack upon the English. -Bribes in the shape of gaudy coats, steel hatchets, -and firearms were distributed among the chiefs; -the solemn palavers, the banquets of boiled dog, -the exchanges of wampum belts, the puffing of red -clay pipes, the beastly orgies of fire-water, may be -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span> -left to our imagination, for we have no such minute -chroniclers here as the Jesuits of -Canada. The outcome of it all was a -grand conspiracy of Yamassees, Creeks, -Catawbas, and Cherokees, with other less -important tribes, comprising perhaps 7,000 or -8,000 warriors, against the colony of South Carolina. -But, as in all such plans for concerted -action among Indians, the concert was very imperfect. -Hostilities began in April, 1715, -with the massacre of ninety persons at -Pocotaligo, and lasted until February, 1716, by -which time 400 Christians had lost their lives; -while the red men were thoroughly vanquished, -and the shattered remnant of the Yamassees sought -shelter in Florida.</p> - -<div id="Robert_Johnson" class="sidenote">Robert -Johnson.</div> - -<p>Governor Craven, who had conducted this war -with great ability and courage, was a man of high -character, and when he returned to England in -1717 his departure was mourned. His successor, -Robert Johnson, was son of Sir Nathaniel Johnson, -who had formerly been governor. The younger -Johnson, an able and popular official, was -the last governor of South Carolina under -the lords proprietors. His romantic experiences -in dealing with pirates will be recounted in my -next chapter. The chain of events which brought -about a political revolution in 1719 admits of brief -description. The Indian war had laden South -Carolina with debt, and it was felt that the lords -proprietors ought to contribute something toward -relieving the distress of a colony which had yielded -them a princely income. But the lords proprietors -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span> -did not take this view of the case. As a means of -discharging the public debt, the assembly laid a -revenue tariff upon imports, but the lords proprietors -vetoed it. The assembly proposed to raise -money by selling Yamassee lands to settlers, but -the lords proprietors laid claim to the conquered -territory for their own use and behoof. Thus the -situation was fast becoming unendurable.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img id="i_306" src="images/i_306.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A Map <i>of y<sup>e</sup> most</i> Improved -Part of <span class="smcap">Carolina</span></p> -</div> - -<div id="The_revolution_of_1719" class="sidenote">The revolution of 1719 in South -Carolina.</div> - -<p>In December, 1718, war broke out again between -Spain and England. The Spaniards planned an -expedition against Charleston, and Johnson -asked the assembly for money. They -proposed to raise it by collecting revenue -under the tariff act, in disregard of the veto. -Nicholas Trott, the chief justice, declared that this -would not do; the courts would uphold delinquents -who should refuse to pay. The assembly denied -the right of the proprietors to veto their acts. The -members consulted their constituents and were sustained -by them. Finally the assembly resolved -itself into a revolutionary convention, deposed the -lords proprietors, and offered the governorship to -Johnson as royal governor. On his refusal to take -part in such proceedings, the convention chose for -provisional royal governor Colonel James Moore, -the hero of the Tuscarora war. Johnson’s only reliance, -in such an emergency, was the militia; but -the militia deserted him and went over to the convention, -and thus, in December, 1719, the popular -revolution was complete. When the news reached -London, the course of the assembly was approved -by the crown, the proprietary charter was declared -to be forfeited, and our old friend Sir Francis -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span> -Nicholson was sent out to South Carolina as royal -governor.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">End of the -proprietary -government.</div> - -<p>Three years later there was renewal of civil discord -in North Carolina, after the death of Governor -Eden and the arrival of his successor, George Burrington, -a vulgar ruffian who had served a term in -prison for an infamous assault upon an old woman. -Five years of turmoil, with changes of governors, -followed. In 1728 Parliament requested the king -to buy Carolina, and appropriated money for the -purpose. The proprietors were Henry -Somerset, Duke of Beaufort, and his -brother, Lord Charles Somerset; Lord -Craven; Lord Carteret; John Cotton; the heirs -of Sir John Colleton; James and Henry Bertie; -Mary Dawson and Elizabeth Moore. Lord Carteret -would not sell his share. All the others -consented to sell for a modest sum total scarcely -amounting to £50,000; and so in 1729 the many-headed -palatinate founded by Charles II. came to -an end, and in its place were the two royal provinces -of North and South Carolina.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Contrasts_between_the_two_Carolinas" class="sidenote">Contrasts -between the -two Carolinas.</div> - -<p>The careers of the two southern colonies whose -beginnings we have thus sketched were very different, -and between their respective social characteristics -the contrasts were so great that -it is impossible to make general statements -applicable alike to the two. In -one respect the contrast was different from that -which one would observe in comparing Virginia -with New England. In New England a marked -concentration of social life in towns and villages -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span> -co-existed with complete democracy, while in -Virginia the isolated life upon great plantations -was connected with an aristocratic structure -of society. But between the two Carolinas the -contrast was just the reverse of this. Of all the -southern colonies, North Carolina was the one in -which society was the most scattered, and town -life the least developed, while it was also the one -in which the general aspect of society was the -least aristocratic. On the other hand, in South -Carolina there was a peculiarly strong concentration -of social life into a single focus in Charleston; -and in connection with this we find a type of -society in some respects more essentially aristocratic -than in Virginia. We shall find it worth -our while to dwell for a moment upon some of the -immediate causes of these differences.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Effects of geographical conditions.</div> - -<div id="North_Carolina_contrasted" class="sidenote">Interior of North Carolina contrasted with -the coast.</div> - -<p>The history of North America affords an interesting -illustration of the way in which the character -of a community may be determined for good -or ill by geographical circumstances. There have -been historians and philosophers unable -to see anything except such physical -conditions at work in determining the -course of human affairs. With such views I -have small sympathy,<a id="FNanchor_280" href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">280</a> but it would be idle to deny -that physical conditions are very important, and -the study of them is highly instructive. But for -the peculiar physical conformation of its coast, -North Carolina, rather than Virginia, would -doubtless have been the first American state. It -was upon Roanoke Island that the earliest attempts -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">310</span> -were made, but Ralph Lane in 1585 -already came to the conclusion that the Chesapeake -region would afford better opportunities. -First and foremost, the harbourage was spoiled by -the prevalent sand-bars. Then huge pine barrens -near the coast hindered the first efforts of the -planter, and extensive malarial swamps imperilled -his life.<a id="FNanchor_281" href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">281</a> The first attempts at cultivation increased -the danger, which was of a kind -that would yield only to modern methods -of drainage. It was only by the -coast that the conditions were thus forbidding. -No American state has greater natural -advantages than North Carolina. For diversity of -eligible soils, for salubrity of climate, for variety -of flora and fauna, she is unsurpassed; while for -beauty and grandeur of scenery she may well claim -to be first among the states east of the Rocky -Mountains.<a id="FNanchor_282" href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">282</a> John Lawson describes North Carolina -with enthusiasm as “a delicious country, being -placed in that girdle of the world which affords -wine, oil, fruit, grain, and silk, with other rich commodities, -besides a sweet air, moderate climate, and -fertile soil. These are the blessings, under Heaven’s -protection, that spin out the thread of life to its -utmost extent, and crown our days with the sweets -of health and plenty, which, when joined with content, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">311</span> -render the possessors the happiest race of men -upon earth.”<a id="FNanchor_283" href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">283</a> The good Lawson, who was somewhat -inclined to see things in rose-colour, praised -even the gentleness of the Indians, who (as we -have seen) returned the compliment after their -manner, by roasting him alive. But, with all this -beauty and richness of the interior country, the -obstacles presented at the coast turned the first -great wave of English colonization into Virginia; -and thereafter the settlement of North Carolina was -determined largely, and by no means to its advantage, -by the social conditions of the older colony.</p> - -<div id="Unkempt_life" class="sidenote">Unkempt -life.</div> - -<p>In its early days North Carolina was simply a -portion of Virginia’s frontier; and to this wild -frontier the shiftless people who could not make a -place for themselves in Virginia society, including -many of the “mean whites,” flocked in large numbers. -In their new home they soon acquired the -reputation of being very lawless in temper, holding -it to be the chief end of man to resist all -constituted authority, and above all things to pay -no taxes. In some respects, as in the administration -of justice, one might have witnessed such -scenes as continued for generations to characterize -American frontier life. The courts sat -oftentimes in taverns, where the tedium -of business was relieved by glasses of grog, while -the judge’s decisions were not put on record, but -were simply shouted by the crier from the inn -door or at the nearest market-place. It was not -until 1703 that a clergyman was settled in the -colony, though there were Quaker meetings before -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">312</span> -that time. As late as 1729 Colonel Byrd writes -of Edenton, the seat of government: “I believe -this is the only metropolis in the Christian or Mohammedan -world where there is neither church, -chapel, mosque, synagogue, or any other place of -public worship, of any sect or religion whatsoever.” -In this country “they pay no tribute, either to -God or to Cæsar.”<a id="FNanchor_284" href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">284</a></p> - -<div id="genre_picture_by_Colonel_Byrd" class="sidenote">A genre -picture by -Colonel -Byrd.</div> - -<p>According to Colonel Byrd, these people were -chargeable with laziness, but more especially the -men, who let their wives work for them. The men, -he says, “make their wives rise out of -their beds early in the morning, at the -same time that they lie and snore till the -sun has run one third of his course and dispersed -all the unwholesome damps. Then, after stretching -and yawning for half an hour, they light their -pipes, and under the protection of a cloud of smoke -venture out into the open air; though, if it happens -to be never so little cold, they quickly return -shivering into the chimney corner. When the -weather is mild, they stand leaning with both their -arms upon the cornfield fence, and gravely consider -whether they had best go and take a small -heat at the hoe, but generally find reasons to put -it off until another time. Thus they loiter away -their lives, like Solomon’s sluggard, with their -arms across, and at the winding up of the year -scarcely have bread to eat.”<a id="FNanchor_285" href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">285</a> Every one has met -with the type of man here described. In Massachusetts -to-day you may find sporadic examples of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">313</span> -him in decaying mountain villages, left high and -dry by the railroads that follow the winding valleys; -or now and then you may find him clustered -in some tiny hamlet of crazy shanties nestling in a -secluded area of what Mr. Ricardo would have -called “the worst land under cultivation,” and bearing -some such pithy local name as “Hardscrabble” -or “Satan’s Kingdom.” Such men do not make -the strength of Massachusetts, or of any commonwealth. -They did not make the strength of North -Carolina, and it should not be forgotten that Byrd’s -testimony is that of an unfriendly or at least a -satirical observer. Nevertheless there is strong -reason for believing that his portrait is one for -which the old Albemarle colony could have furnished -many sitters. Such people were sure to be -drawn thither by the legislation which made the -colony an Alsatia for insolvent debtors.</p> - -<div id="Industries_of_North_Carolina" class="sidenote">Industries.</div> - -<p>The industries of North Carolina in the early -times were purely agricultural. There were no -manufactures. The simplest and commonest articles -of daily use were imported from the northern -colonies or from England. Agriculture was conducted -more wastefully and with less intelligence -than in any of the other colonies. In the northern -counties tobacco was almost exclusively cultivated. -In the Cape Fear region there were flourishing rice-fields. -A great deal of excellent timber was cut; -in particular the yellow pine of North Carolina -was then, as now, famous for its hardness and -durability. Tar and turpentine were also -produced in large quantities. All this -furnished the basis for a flourishing foreign commerce; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">314</span> -but the people did not take kindly to the -sea, and the carrying trade was monopolized by -New Englanders. The fisheries, which were of -considerable value, were altogether neglected. All -business or traffic about the coast was carried on -under perilous conditions; for pirates were always -hovering about, secure in the sympathy of many of -the people, like the brigands of southern Italy in -recent times.</p> - -<div id="Absence_of_towns" class="sidenote">Absence of towns.</div> - -<p>In the absence of manufactures, and with commerce -so little developed, there was no town life. -Byrd describes Edenton as containing forty or fifty -houses, small and cheaply built: “a citizen here is -counted extravagant if he has ambition enough to -aspire to a brick chimney.”<a id="FNanchor_286" href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">286</a> As late as 1776 New -Berne and Wilmington were villages of five or six -hundred inhabitants each. Not only were there no -towns, but there were very few large plantations -with stately manor houses like those of -Virginia. A great part of the country -was covered with its primeval forest, in which -thousands of hogs, branded with their owners’ -marks, wandered and rooted until the time came -for hunting them out and slaughtering them. -Where rude clearings had been made in the wilderness -there were small, ill-kept farms. Nearly -all the people were small farmers, whose work -was done chiefly by black slaves or by white servants. -The treatment of the slaves is said to -have been usually mild, as in Virginia. The white -servants fared better, and the general state of society -was so low that when their time of service -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">315</span> -was ended they had here a good chance of rising -to a position of equality with their masters. The -country swarmed with ruffians of all sorts, who -fled thither from South Carolina and Virginia; -life and property were insecure, and Lynch law -was not unfrequently administered. The small -planters were apt to be hard drinkers, and among -their social amusements were scrimmages, in which -noses were sometimes broken and eyes gouged out. -There was a great deal of gambling. But, except -at elections and other meetings for political purposes, -people saw very little of each other. The -isolation of homesteads, which prevailed over the -South, reached its maximum in North Carolina. -It is not strange, then, that the colony was a century -old before it could boast of a printing-press, -or that there were no schools until shortly before -the war for Independence. A mail from Virginia -came some eight or ten times in a year, but it only -reached a few towns on the coast, and down to the -time of the Revolution the interior of the country -had no mails at all.</p> - -<div id="frontier_democracy" class="sidenote">A frontier -democracy.</div> - -<div id="Segregation_and_dispersal" class="sidenote">Segregation and dispersal -of -Virginia’s -poor whites.</div> - -<div id="Spotswoods_account_of_the_matter" class="sidenote">Spotswood’s -account of -the matter.</div> - -<p>All these consequences clearly followed from the -character of the emigration by which North Carolina -was first peopled, and that character was -determined by its geographical position as a wilderness -frontier to such a commonwealth as Virginia. -In the character of this emigration we find the -reasons for the comparatively democratic state -of society. As there were so few large -plantations and wealthy planters, while -nearly all the white people were small land-owners, -and as the highest class was thus so much lower in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">316</span> -dignity than the corresponding class in Virginia, it -became just so much the easier for the “mean -whites” to rise far enough to become a part of it. -North Carolina, therefore, was not simply an Alsatia -for debtors and criminals, but it afforded a home -for the better portion of Virginia’s poor people. -We can thus see how there would come about a -natural segregation of Virginia’s white freedmen -into four classes: 1. The most enterprising and -thrifty would succeed in maintaining a respectable -existence in Virginia; 2. A much larger class, less -thrifty and enterprising, would find it easier to -make a place for themselves in the ruder society -of North Carolina; 3. A lower stratum -would consist of persons without enterprise -or thrift who remained in Virginia -to recruit the ranks of “white trash;” -4. The lowest stratum would comprise the outlaws -who fled into North Carolina to escape the hangman. -Of the third class the eighteenth century -seems to have witnessed a gradual exodus from -Virginia, so that in 1773 it was possible for the -traveller, John Ferdinand Smyth, to declare that -there were fewer cases of poverty in proportion to -the population than anywhere else “in the universe.” -The statement of Bishop Meade in 1857, -which was quoted in the preceding chapter,<a id="FNanchor_287" href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">287</a> shows -that the class of “mean whites” had not even then -become extinct in Virginia; but it is clear that the -slow but steady exodus had been such as greatly to -diminish its numbers and its importance as a social -feature. Some of these freedmen went northward -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">317</span> -into Pennsylvania,<a id="FNanchor_288" href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">288</a> but most of them sought the -western and southern frontiers, and at first the -southern frontier was a far more eligible retreat -than the western. Of this outward movement of -white freedmen the governor of Virginia wrote in -1717: “The Inhabitants of our ffrontiers are composed -generally of such as have been transported -hither as Servants, and being out of their time, -... settle themselves where Land is to be taken -up ... that will produce the necessarys of Life -with little Labour. It is pretty well known what -Morals such people bring with them hither, which -are not like to be much mended by their Scituation, -remote from all places of worship; they -are so little concerned about Religion, -that the Children of many of the Inhabitants -of those ffrontier Settlements are 20, and -some 30 years of age before they are baptized, and -some not at all.... These people, knowing the -Indians to be lovers of strong liquors, make no -scruple of first making them drunk and then cheating -them of their skins; on the other hand, the -Indians, being unacquainted with the methods of -obtaining reparation by Law, frequently revenged -themselves by the murder of the persons who thus -treated them, or (according to their notions of Satisfaction) -of the next Englishman they could most -easily cutt off.”<a id="FNanchor_289" href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">289</a> In this description we may recognize -some features of frontier life in recent -times. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">318</span></p> - -<div id="The_German_immigration" class="sidenote">The German immigration.</div> - -<div id="Scotch_Highlanders_and_Scotch_Irish" class="sidenote">The Scotch-Irish immigration.</div> - -<p>We have hitherto considered only the earliest -period of North Carolina history. From about -1720 marked changes began to be visible. There -was such a change in the character of the immigration -as by and by to result in more or less displacement -of population. Since the barbarous -devastation of the Rhenish Palatinate by French -troops in 1688-93 there had been much distress -among those worthy Germans, and after a while -they sought to mend their fortunes by coming to -America. This migration continued for -many years. Some of these Germans -settled in the Mohawk valley, where their -mark was placed upon the map in such town names -as Minden, Frankfort, and Oppenheim, and where -they contributed to our Revolutionary War one of -its most picturesque figures in Nicholas Herkimer. -A great many came to the Susquehanna valley in -what was then the western part of Pennsylvania, -where their descendants still speak and write that -sweet old-fashioned language which we ought hardly -to call Pennsylvania <i>Dutch</i>, since it is a dialect of -High German besprinkled with English. From -Pennsylvania large numbers followed the valleys -between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies and -made their way as far as South Carolina. We -have already noted the arrival of Germans, Swiss, -and Huguenots on the North Carolina seaboard -early in the century. Later on, in 1745, after the -suppression of the Jacobite rebellion, there came -to North Carolina a powerful reinforcement of -Scotch Highlanders, among them many of the clan -Macdonald, including the romantic Flora Macdonald, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">319</span> -who had done so much for the young fugitive -prince. But more important and far more -numerous than all the other elements in the population -were the Scotch-Irish from Ulster, who—goaded -by unwise and unjust laws—began coming -in large numbers about 1719, and have played a -much greater and more extensive part in American -history than has yet been recognized. There was -hardly one of the thirteen colonies upon which -these Scotch-Irish did not leave their -mark. To the story of their coming I -shall revert in my concluding chapter, -where it forms the most important part of the -story of the westward advance of Virginia. For -the present it may suffice to point out that in North -Carolina they had come, before the Revolutionary -War, to be the strongest element in the population -of the colony. Under the influence of these various -and excellent streams of immigration, the character -of the colony was gradually but effectively -altered. Industry and thrift came to prevail in -the wilderness, and various earnest Puritanic types -of religion flourished side by side on friendly -terms.</p> - -<div id="Further_dispersal_of_poor_whites" class="sidenote">Displacement -and -further dispersal -of -poor whites.</div> - -<p>As society in North Carolina became more and -more orderly and civilized, the old mean white element, -or at least the more intractable part of it, was -gradually pushed out to the westward. -This stream that had started from Old -Virginia flowed for a while southwestward -into the South Carolina back-country. -But the southerly movement was gradually turned -more and more to the westward. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">320</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">“Crackers,” -etc.</div> - -<p>Always clinging to the half-savage frontier, these -poor white people made their way from North -Carolina westward through Tennessee, and their -descendants may still be found here and there in -Arkansas, southern Missouri, and what is sometimes -known as the Egyptian extremity of Illinois. -From the South Carolina back-country, through -Georgia, they were scattered here and there among -the states on the Gulf of Mexico. Taken at its -worst, this type of American citizen is portrayed -in Martin Chuzzlewit’s unwelcome visitor, the redoubtable -Hannibal Chollop. Specimens of him -might have been found among the border ruffians -led by the savage Quantrell in 1863 to the cruel -massacre at Lawrence, and among the desperadoes -whose dark deeds used forty years ago to give such -cities as Memphis an unenviable prominence in the -pages of the “Police Gazette.” But in the average -specimens of the type one would find not -criminality of disposition so much as shiftlessness. -Of the stunted, gaunt, and cadaverous “sand-hillers” -of South Carolina and Georgia, a keen -observer says that “they are incapable -of applying themselves steadily to any -labour, and their habits are very much like those -of the old Indians.”<a id="FNanchor_290" href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">290</a> The “clay-eaters,” who are -said to sustain life on crude whiskey and aluminous -earth, are doubtless of similar type, as well -as the “conches,” “crackers,” and “corn-crackers” -of various Southern states. All these seem -to represent a degraded variety or strain of the -English race. Concerning the origin of this degraded -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">321</span> -strain, detailed documentary evidence is -not easy to get; but the facts of its distribution -furnish data for valid inferences such as the naturalist -entertains concerning the origin and migrations -of some species of animal or plant.</p> - -<p id="Barbarizing_effects_of_isolation">There is, <i>first</i>, the importation of degraded English -humanity in large numbers to the two oldest -colonies in which there is a demand for wholesale -cheap labour; <i>secondly</i>, the substitution of black -cheap labour for white; <i>thirdly</i>, the tendency of -the degraded white humanity to seek the frontier, -as described by Spotswood, or else to lodge in -sequestered nooks outside of the main currents of -progress. These data are sufficient in general to -explain the origin and distribution of the “crackers,” -but a word of qualification is needed. It is -not to be supposed that the ancestors of all the -persons designated as “crackers” were once white -freedmen in Virginia and Maryland; it is more -probable that this class furnished a nucleus about -which various wrecks of decayed and broken-down -humanity from many quarters were gradually -gathered. Nor are we bound to suppose that -every community of ignorant, semi-civilized white -people in the Southern states is descended from -those white freedmen. Prolonged isolation from -the currents of thought and feeling that sway the -great world will account for almost any extent of -ignorance and backwardness; and there are few -geographical situations east of the Mississippi River -more conducive to isolation than the southwestern -portion of the great Appalachian highlands. All -these circumstances should be borne in mind in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">322</span> -dealing with what, from whatever point of view, is -one of the interesting problems of American history.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Settlers_of_South_Carolina" class="sidenote">Settlers of -South Carolina.</div> - -<p>The settlement of South Carolina took place -under different circumstances from those of the -sister colony, and the resulting state of -society was very different. In the earliest -days there were many settlers of a rough -and turbulent character, which their peculiar dealings -with pirates, to be recounted in the following -chapter, did not tend to improve. But the Huguenots, -in whose veins flowed some of the sturdiest -blood of France, soon came in great numbers. -From the acquaintanceship of the Berkeleys, the -Ashleys, the Hydes, and others, there came a certain -number of Cavaliers; but at the end of the -seventeenth century the impulse which had carried -thousands of Cavaliers to Virginia had quite died -out, and on the whole the general complexion of -South Carolina, as regarded religion and politics, -was strongly Puritan.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Churchmen -and Dissenters.</div> - -<div id="The_open_vestries" class="sidenote">The vestries.</div> - -<p>In one respect there is a resemblance by no -means superficial between the settlement of South -Carolina and that of Massachusetts. Most of the -South Carolina settlers had left their homes in -Europe for reasons connected with religion; and -emigrants who quit their homes for such reasons -are likely to show a higher average of intelligence -and energy than the great mass of their fellow-countrymen -who stay at home. Calvinism was -the prevailing form of theology in South Carolina, -though there were some Lutherans, and perhaps -one fifth of the people may have belonged to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">323</span> -Church of England, which was established by the -proprietary charter, and remained the -state church until 1776. We have seen -how much disturbance was caused by the -attempts of the High Churchmen early in the -eighteenth century to enforce conformity on the -part of the Dissenters; but such attempts were -soon abandoned as hopeless, and a policy of toleration -prevailed. Though the Church of England -was supported by public taxation, yet the clergymen -were not appointed to office, but were elected -by their congregations like the Dissenting clergymen. -Their education was in general very good, -and their character lofty; and in all respects the -tone of the church in South Carolina was far -higher than in Virginia. At the outbreak of the -Revolution the elected Episcopal clergy of South -Carolina were generally found on the side of the -Whigs; a significant contrast to the appointed -Episcopal clergy of Virginia, whose Toryism was -carried so far as to ruin the reputation of their -church. But the most interesting feature connected -with the establishment of the English -Church was the introduction of the parish system -of local self-government in very much the same -form in which it existed in England. The vestries -in South Carolina discharged many of the functions -which in New England were performed -by the town meeting,—the superintendence -of the poor, the maintenance of roads, the -election of representatives to the Commons House -of Assembly, and the assessment of the local taxes.</p> - -<div id="The_South_Carolina_parish" class="sidenote">The South -Carolina -parish.</div> - -<p>In one fundamental respect the political constitution -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">324</span> -of South Carolina was more democratic -than that of Virginia. The vestrymen -were elected yearly by all the taxpayers -of the parish. In this they were analogous -to the selectmen of New England. Parish -government in Virginia was in the hands of a close -vestry; in South Carolina it was administered by -an open vestry. Moreover, while in Virginia the -unit of representation in the legislature was the -county, in South Carolina it was the parish. Now -the South Carolina parish was of purely English -origin, not of French origin like the parishes of -Louisiana. The Louisiana parish is analogous -to a county, that of South Carolina was nearly -equivalent to a township.<a id="FNanchor_291" href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">291</a> Although the colony -had such a large proportion of French settlers, and -of such marked ability and character, the development -of its governmental institutions was as thoroughly -English as if no Frenchman had ever set -foot upon its soil. The approximation to the New -England township is interesting. The freemen of -South Carolina, with their open vestry, possessed -what the smaller landed proprietors of Virginia in -Bacon’s rebellion strove for in vain.</p> - -<div id="Free_schools" class="sidenote">Free schools.</div> - -<p>In this connection it is worth while to observe -that, from the first decade of the eighteenth century, -a strong interest in popular education was felt -in South Carolina. The same obstacles to schools -in the rural districts that we have already observed -in Virginia prevented the growth of anything like -the public school system of New England. But -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">325</span> -of private free schools in the colony of South -Carolina there were quite a number, and -their quality was very good. The first -was established in Charleston in 1712, and it not -only taught the three Rs, along with bookkeeping, -but it had classes in Greek and Latin. Private -donations were encouraged by a provision that -every giver of £20 “could nominate a scholar to -be taught free for five years.” The commissioners -of the school also appointed twelve scholars. -Free schools were afterward erected by private -bequests and subscriptions at Dorchester, Beaufort, -Ninety-Six, and in many other places. A -noteworthy instance was afforded by St. Thomas -parish, where “James Childs bequeathed £600 -toward erecting a free school, and the parishioners, -by local subscription, increased the amount to -£2,800.”<a id="FNanchor_292" href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">292</a> In such beginnings there lay the possibilities -of a more healthy development than can be -secured by the prevalent semi-socialist method of -supporting schools by public taxation;<a id="FNanchor_293" href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">293</a> but the -influences of negro slavery were adverse to any -such development.</p> - -<div id="Rice_and_indigo" class="sidenote">Rice and indigo.</div> - -<p>The economic circumstance which chiefly determined -the complexion of society in South Carolina -was the cultivation of rice and indigo. The value -of the former crop was discovered in 1693, when -a ship from Madagascar, accidentally stopping at -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">326</span> -Charleston, had on board a little bag of rice, which -was planted with very notable success. Rice was -not long in becoming the great staple of -the colony. By 1740 it yielded more -than £200,000 yearly. Indigo was next in importance. -Much corn was raised, and cattle in large -numbers were exported to the West Indies. Some -attention was paid to silk, flax, and hemp, tobacco, -olives, and oranges. Some cotton was raised, but -that crop did not attain paramount importance -until after the invention of the gin and the development -of great factories in England.</p> - -<p>Rice and indigo absorbed the principal attention -of the colony, as tobacco absorbed the attention of -Virginia. Manufactures did not thrive. Every -article, great or small, whether a mere luxury or -an article of prime necessity, that had to be manufactured, -was imported, and paid for with rice or -indigo. This created a very prosperous trade in -Charleston. The planters did not deal directly -with the shipmasters, as in Virginia, but sold their -crops to the merchants in Charleston, whence they -were shipped, sometimes in British, sometimes in -New England vessels, to all parts of the world.</p> - -<div id="Some_characteristics_of_South_Carolina_slavery" class="sidenote">Some characteristics -of -South Carolina -slavery.</div> - -<p>Now the cultivation of rice and the cultivation -of indigo are both very unhealthy occupations. -The work in the swamps is deadly to white men. -But after 1713 negroes were brought to South -Carolina in such great numbers that an athletic -man could be had for £40 or less. Every such -negro could raise in a single year much more -indigo or rice than would repay the cost of his -purchase, so that it was actually more profitable to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">327</span> -work him to death than to take care of him. Assuming, -then, that human nature in South Carolina -was neither better nor worse than in other parts of -the civilized world, we need not be surprised when -told that the relations between master and slave -were noticeably different from what they were in -Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. The -negroes of the southern colony were reputed to be -more brutal and unmanageable than those to the -northward, and for this there is a twofold explanation. -In the first place, slaves newly brought -from Africa, half-savage heathen, were less tractable -than African slaves who had lived many years -under kindly treatment among white people, and -far less tractable than slaves of the next generation -born in America. Such newcomers -as had been tribal chiefs or elders in their -country were noted as especially -insolent and insubordinate.<a id="FNanchor_294" href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">294</a> In many respects the -negro has proved quickly amenable to the softening -influences of civilized life, and to the teachings -of Christianity, however imperfectly apprehended. -In the second place, the type of Virginia slavery -was old-fashioned and patriarchal, while South -Carolina slavery was of the modern and commercial -type. The slaves on a Virginia plantation -were like members of a great family, while in a -South Carolina rice swamp their position was -much more analogous to that of a gang of navvies. -This circumstance was closely connected with a peculiarity -of South Carolina life, in which it afforded -a striking contrast to the slave states north of it. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">328</span> -Except in the immediate neighbourhood of Charleston, -few if any planters lived on their estates. -The reason for this was doubtless the desire to -escape the intense heat and unwholesome air of -the newly tilled lowlands. The latitude of South -Carolina is that of Morocco, and it was natural for -settlers coming from the cool or chilly climates of -France and England to seek such relief as the -breezes of Charleston harbour could afford.<a id="FNanchor_295" href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">295</a> As -a rule, the planters had houses in Charleston and -dwelt there the year round, making occasional -visits to their plantations, but leaving them in the -meanwhile to be managed by overseers. Thus the -slaves, while set to much harder labour than in -Virginia, were in the main left subject to the uncurbed -tyranny of underlings, which is apt to be -a very harsh kind of tyranny. The diminutions -in their numbers, whether due to hardship or to -whatever cause, were repaired by fresh importations -from Africa, so that there was much less improvement -in their quality than under the milder -patriarchal system. The dog that is used to kicks -is prone to snarl and bite, and the slaves of South -Carolina were an object of dread to their masters, -all the more so because of their overwhelming -numbers. Nothing can indicate more forcibly the -social difference between the two Carolinas than -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">329</span> -the different ratios of their black to their white -population. About 1760 the inhabitants of North -Carolina were reckoned at 200,000, of whom one -fourth were slaves; those of South Carolina at -150,000, of whom nearly or quite three fourths -were slaves. In the former case the typical picture -is that of a few black men raising tobacco -and corn on the small plantation where the master -lives; in the latter case it is that of an immense -gang toiling in a rice swamp under the lash of an -overseer. Care should always be taken not to exaggerate -such contrasts, but after making all allowances -the nature of the difference is here, I think, -correctly indicated.</p> - -<div id="Negro_insurrection_of_1740" class="sidenote">Negro insurrection of 1740.</div> - -<p>In 1740, while war was going on between Spain -and England, there was a brief but startling insurrection -of slaves in South Carolina. It was -suspected that Spanish emissaries were concerned -in it. However that may have been, the occasion -of such a war might well seem to the negroes to -furnish a good opportunity. Under the -lead of a fellow named Cato the insurgents -gathered near Stono Inlet and began -an indiscriminate massacre of men, women, -children. The alarm was quickly given and the -affair was soon brought to an end, though not -until too many lives had been lost. The news -arrived in Wilton while the people were attending -church. It was the custom of the planters to -carry rifles and pistols, and very little time was -lost before Captain Bee led forth a well-equipped -body of militia in quest of the rebels. They were -overtaken in a large field, all in hilarious disorder, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">330</span> -celebrating their bloody achievement with potations -of rum; in which plight they were soon dispersed -with slaughter, and their ringleaders were -summarily hanged.<a id="FNanchor_296" href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">296</a></p> - -<div id="Cruelties" class="sidenote">Cruelties.</div> - -<p>The habit of carrying fire-arms to church was -part of a general system of patrol which grew out -of the dread in which the planters lived. The -chief business of the patrol was to visit all the -plantations within its district at least once a fortnight -and search the negro quarters for concealed -weapons or stolen goods.<a id="FNanchor_297" href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">297</a> The patrolmen also -hunted fugitives, and were authorized to flog stray -negroes wherever found. The ordinary death penalty -for the black man was hanging. Burning at -the stake was not unknown, but, as I -have already mentioned, there is one instance -of such an execution in Massachusetts, and -there are several in New York, so that it cannot -be cited as illustrating any peculiarity of the South -Carolina type of slavery. The most hideous instance -of cruelty recorded of South Carolina is -that of a slave who for the murder of an overseer -was left to starve in a cage suspended to the bough -of a tree, where insects swarmed over his naked -flesh and birds had picked his eyes out before the -mercy of death overtook him.<a id="FNanchor_298" href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">298</a> That such atrocities -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">331</span> -must have been condemned by public opinion -is shown by the act of 1740, prescribing a fine of -£700 current money for the wilful murder of a -slave by his master or any other white man; £350 -for killing him in a sudden heat of passion, or by -undue correction; and £100 for inflicting mutilation -or cruel punishment.<a id="FNanchor_299" href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">299</a></p> - -<div id="Life_in_Charleston" class="sidenote">Life in Charleston.</div> - -<div id="Contrast_between_the_two_Carolinas" class="sidenote">Contrast between -the -two Carolinas.</div> - -<p>The circumstance that most of the great planters -had houses in Charleston went along with the brisk -foreign trade to make it a very important town, -according to the American standards of those -days. In 1776, with its population of 15,000 souls, -it ranked as the fifth city of the United States. -Charleston had a theatre, while concerts, -balls, and dinner parties gave animation -to its social life. It was a general custom with -the planters to send their children to Europe for -an education, and it was said that a knowledge of -the world thus acquired gave to society in South -Carolina a somewhat less provincial aspect than -it wore in other parts of English America.<a id="FNanchor_300" href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">300</a> The -sharpest contrast, however, was with its next neighbour. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">332</span> -As South Carolina may have been in some -respects the most cosmopolitan of the colonies -south of Pennsylvania, so on the other hand North -Carolina was certainly the most sequestered and -provincial. As I observed at the beginning of -this chapter, for the development of the frontier -or backwoods phase of American life -two conditions were requisite: first, the -struggle with the wilderness; secondly, -isolation from European influences. This combination -of conditions was not realized in the -case of the first settlers of Virginia and Maryland, -of the Puritans in New England, or the Dutch in -New Netherland, or the Quakers in Pennsylvania. -In all these cases there was more or less struggle -with the wilderness, but the contact with European -influences was never broken. With North -Carolina it was different; the direct trade with -England was from the outset much less than that -of the other colonies. For a time its chief seaport -was Norfolk in Virginia; European ideas -reached it chiefly through slow overland journeys; -and it was practically a part of Virginia’s backwoods. -On the other hand, South Carolina, focussing -all its activities in the single seaport -of Charleston, was eminently accessible to European -influences. Its life was not that of a wilderness -frontier, like its northern neighbour. But -its military position, with reference to the whole -Atlantic seaboard, was that of an English march -or frontier against the Spaniards in Florida and -the West Indies.</p> - -<p>The contrast above indicated applies only to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">333</span> -lowland South Carolina, the only part with which -the earlier decades of the eighteenth century are -concerned. At that time the highlands of both -Carolinas remained in the possession of the Cherokees, -so that they have nothing to do with my -comparison. At a later time that whole highland -region became a wilderness frontier, the scene of -the civilized white man’s backwoods life. All the -way, indeed, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, along -the Appalachian chain, there was a strong similarity -of conditions and of life, in marked contrast -with the divergencies along the coast region, in -stepping from Pennsylvania into Maryland, thence -into Virginia, and so on; but that life along the -coast which approached most nearly to the life of -the interior wilderness was to be seen about Albemarle -and Pamlico sounds.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="The_Spanish_frontier" class="sidenote">The Spanish frontier.</div> - -<p>The mention of Georgia serves to introduce the -statement that, with the growth of civilization on -the South Carolina coast, the need for a buffer -against the Spaniards began to be more and more -strongly felt. We have seen how the vexatious -Yamassee war of 1715 was brought on -by Spanish intrigues. After the overthrow -of the Yamassees the troubles did not entirely -cease. For some years the Indians continued to -be a source of annoyance, and in their misdeeds -the secret hand of Spain was discernible. The -multitude of slaves, too, in regions accessible to -Spanish influence, greatly increased the danger.</p> - -<div id="James_Oglethorpe" class="sidenote">James Oglethorpe.</div> - -<div id="Beginnings_of_Georgia" class="sidenote">Beginnings -of Georgia.</div> - -<p>In 1732 the state of affairs on the South Carolina -frontier attracted the attention of a gallant -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">334</span> -English soldier whose name deserves a very high -place among the heroes of early American history. -James Oglethorpe, an officer who -in youth had served with distinction -under Prince Eugene against the Turks,<a id="FNanchor_301" href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">301</a> conceived -the plan of freeing the insolvent debtors -who crowded English prisons by carrying them -over to America and establishing a colony which -might serve as a strong military outpost against -the Spaniards. The scheme was an opportune -one, as the South Sea Bubble and other wild -projects had ruined hundreds of English families. -The land between the Savannah and Altamaha -rivers, with the strip starting between their two -main sources and running westward to the Pacific -Ocean,<a id="FNanchor_302" href="#Footnote_302" class="fnanchor">302</a> was made over to a board of trustees, -and was named Georgia, in honour of the king, -George II. The charter created a kind of proprietary -government, but with powers less plenary -and extensive than had been granted to the proprietors -of Maryland, Carolina, and Pennsylvania. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">335</span> -Oglethorpe was appointed governor; German -Protestants and Highlanders from Scotland were -brought over in large numbers; and a few people -from New England joined in the enterprise, and -founded the town of Sunbury. All laws were to -be made by the trustees, and the settlers were at -first to have no representative assembly and no -voice in making the government. But this despotic -arrangement was merely temporary and provisional; -it was intended that after the lapse of -one-and-twenty years the colony should be held -to have come of age, and should choose its own -government. Military drill was to be rigidly -enforced. Slave-labour was absolutely prohibited, -as was also the sale of intoxicating liquors; so -that Maine cannot rightfully claim the doubtful -honour of having been the first American commonwealth -to try the experiment of a “Maine -Law.” Such were the beginnings of Georgia, -and in the Spanish war of 1739 it quite -justified the foresight of its founder. -The valour of the Highlanders and the admirable -generalship of Oglethorpe were an efficient bulwark -for the older colonies. In 1742 the Spaniards -were at last decisively defeated at Frederica, -and from that time forth until the Revolution the -frontier was more quiet. But proprietary government -in Georgia fared no better than in the Carolinas. -In 1752, one year before the coming of -age, the government by trustees was abandoned. -Georgia was made a crown colony, and a representative -government was introduced simultaneously -with negro slavery and Jamaica rum. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">336</span></p> - -<p>The social condition of colonial Georgia does -not present many distinctive or striking features. -In 1770 the population numbered about 50,000, -of which perhaps one half were slaves. There was -no town life. Rice and indigo were the principal -crops, and there was a large export of lumber. -Near Savannah there were a few extensive plantations, -with fine houses, after the Virginia pattern; -but most of the estates were small, and their owners -poor. The Church of England was supported -by the government, but the clergy had little -influence. The condition of the slaves differed -but slightly, if at all, from their condition in -South Carolina. There were a good many “mean -whites,” and there was, perhaps, more crime and -lawlessness than in the older colonies. The roads -were mere Indian trails, and there were neither -schools, nor mails, nor any kind of literature. -Colonial Georgia, in short, with many of the -characteristics of a “wild West,” stood in relation -to South Carolina somewhat as North Carolina -to Virginia. It was essentially a frontier -community, though the activity of Savannah as a -seaport somewhat qualified the situation.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div id="Cavaliers_and_Puritans" class="sidenote">Cavaliers and Puritans -once more.</div> - -<p>A comparative survey of Old Virginia’s neighbours -shows how extremely loose and inaccurate -is the common habit of alluding to the old Cavalier -society of England as if it were characteristic of -the southern states in general. Equally loose and ignorant -is the habit of alluding to Puritanism -as if it were peculiar to New England. -In point of fact the Cavalier society was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">337</span> -reproduced nowhere save on Chesapeake Bay. -On the other hand, the English or Independent -phase of Puritanism was by no means confined to -the New England colonies. Three fourths of the -people of Maryland were Puritans; English Puritanism, -with the closely kindred French Calvinism, -swayed South Carolina; and in our concluding -chapter we shall see how the Scotch or Presbyterian -phase of Puritanism extended throughout -the whole length of the Appalachian region, from -Pennsylvania to Georgia, and has exercised in the -southwest an influence always great and often -predominant. In the South to-day there is much -more Puritanism surviving than in New England.</p> - -<p>But before we join in the westward progress -from tidewater to the peaks of the Blue Ridge -and the Great Smoky range, we must look back -upon the ocean for a moment and see how it came -to be infested with buccaneers and pirates, and -what effects they wrought upon our coasts. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">338</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.<br /> - -<span id="The_Golden_Age_of_Pirates">THE GOLDEN AGE OF PIRATES.</span></h2> - -<div id="Pompey_and_the_pirates" class="sidenote">Pompey and the pirates.</div> - -<div id="Piracy_on_the_Indian_Ocean" class="sidenote">Piracy on the Indian Ocean and -Mediterranean Sea.</div> - -<p id="At_no_other_time_in_the_world">At no other time in the world’s history has -the business of piracy thriven so greatly as in -the seventeenth century and the first part of the -eighteenth. Its golden age may be said to have -extended from about 1650 to about 1720. In -ancient times the seafaring was too limited in its -area to admit of such wholesale operations as went -on after the broad Atlantic had become a highway -between the Old World and the New. No doubt -those Cretan and Cilician pirates who were suppressed -by the great Pompey were terrible -fellows. After the destruction of -Carthage they controlled the Mediterranean from -the coast of Judæa to the Pillars of Hercules, and -captured the cargoes of Egyptian grain till at times -Rome seemed threatened with famine. Roman -commanders one after another went down before -them, until at length, in the year <small>B. C.</small> 67, Pompey -was appointed dictator over the Mediterranean -and all its coasts for fifty miles inland. The -dimensions of his task are indicated by the fact -that in the course of that year he captured 3,000 -vessels, hung or crucified 10,000 pirates, and made -prisoners of 20,000 more, whom he hustled off to -hard labour in places far from the sound of surf. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">339</span> -Nevertheless those ancient pirates worked on a -much smaller scale than the buccaneers -of America. In the Indian Ocean -adjacent stretches of the Pacific there -has always been much piracy until the -recent days when French and English ships have -patrolled those waters. The fame of the Chinese -and Malays as sea robbers is well established. So -too with those vile communities north of Sahara -which we used to call the Barbary States, their -eminence in crime is unsurpassed. From the -fifteenth century to the first years of the nineteenth, -piracy was one of their chief sources of -revenue; their ships were a terror to the coasts of -Europe, and for devilish atrocity scarcely any -human annals are so black as those of Morocco -and Algiers. But as these Mussulman pirates -and those of eastern Asia were as busily at work -in the seventeenth century as at any other time, -their case does not impair my statement that the -age of the buccaneers was the Golden Age of -piracy. The deeds done in American waters -greatly swelled, if they did not more than double, -the volume of maritime robbery already existing.</p> - -<div id="The_Scandinavian_Vikings" class="sidenote">The Vikings -were not -pirates in -the strict -sense.</div> - -<div id="Blackstone_on_the_crime_of_piracy" class="sidenote">Blackstone -on the -crime of -piracy.</div> - -<p>If we look into mediæval history for examples -to compare with those already cited, we may -observe that the Scandinavian Vikings, -such men as sailed with Rolf and Guthorm -and Swegen Forkbeard, are sometimes -spoken of as pirates. If such a -classification of them were correct, we should be -obliged to assign the Golden Age of piracy to the -ninth and tenth centuries, for surely all other -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">340</span> -slayings and plunderings done by seafaring men -shrink into insignificance beside the operations of -those mighty warriors of the North. But it is -neither a just nor a correct use of language that -would count as pirates a race of men who simply -made war like all their contemporaries, only more -effectively. The warfare of the Vikings was that -of barbarous heathen, but it was not criminal -unless it is a crime to be born a barbarian. The -moral difference between killing the enemy in -battle and murdering your neighbour is plain -enough. If there is any word which implies -thorough and downright criminality, it is pirate. -In the old English law the pirate was declared an -enemy to the human race, with whom no faith -need be kept. “As therefore,” says -Blackstone, “he has renounced all the -benefits of society and government, and -has reduced himself afresh to the savage state of -nature by declaring war against all mankind, all -mankind must declare war against him, and every -community hath a right by the rule of self-defence -to inflict that punishment upon him which every -individual would in a state of nature have been -otherwise entitled to do for any invasion of his -person or property.”<a id="FNanchor_303" href="#Footnote_303" class="fnanchor">303</a> Pirates taken at sea were -commonly hung from the yard-arm without the -formality of a trial, and on land neither church -nor shrine could serve them as sanctuary. It was -also well understood that they were not included -in the benefit of a general declaration of pardon -or amnesty. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">341</span></p> - -<div id="Character_of_piracy" class="sidenote">Character of -piracy.</div> - -<p>The pirate thus elaborately outlawed was anybody -who participated in violent robbery on the -high seas, or in criminal plunder along -their coasts. The details of such crimes -were apt to be full of cruelty. The capture of a -merchant ship with more or less bloodshed was -usually involved, and such bloodshed was wholesale -murder. If provisions were less than ample, -the survivors were thrown overboard, or set ashore -on some lonely island and left to starve, and this -often happened. Murders from sheer wantonness -were not uncommon, and the sack of a coast town -or village was attended with nameless horrors. -On the whole we cannot wonder that public opinion -should have branded the skippers and crews -who did such things as the very worst of criminals. -One can see that in old trials for piracy, as -in trials for witchcraft, the dread and detestation -were often so great as to outweigh the ordinary -English presumption that an accused person must -have the benefit of the doubt until proved guilty. -Desire to extirpate the crime became a stronger -feeling than reluctance to punish the innocent. -The slightest suspicion of complicity with pirates -brought with it extreme peril.</p> - -<div id="To_call_the_Elizabethan_sea_kings" class="sidenote">To call the -Elizabethan -sea kings -“pirates” -is silly and -outrageous.</div> - -<p>When we thus recall what the crime of piracy -really was, we cannot fail to see how reprehensible -is the language sometimes applied, by -writers who should know better, to the -noble sailors who in the days of Queen -Elizabeth saved England from the Spanish -Inquisition.<a id="FNanchor_304" href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">304</a> Had it not been for the group -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">342</span> -of devoted men among whom Sir Francis Drake -was foremost, there was imminent danger three -hundred years ago that human freedom might -perish from off the face of the earth. The name -of Drake is one that should never be uttered -without reverence, especially by Americans, since -it is clear that but for him our history would not -have begun in the days of Elizabeth’s successor. -His character was far loftier than that of Nelson, -the only other sea warrior whose achievements -have equalled his. His performances never transgressed -the bounds of legitimate warfare as it was -conducted in the sixteenth century. Among his -contemporaries he was exceptionally humane, for -he would not permit the wanton destruction of -life or property. To use language which even -remotely alludes to such a man as a pirate is to -show sad confusion of ideas. As for Elizabeth’s -other great captains,—such as Raleigh, Cavendish, -Hawkins, Gilbert, Grenville, Frobisher, Winter, -and the Howards,—few of them rose to the moral -stature of Drake, but they were very far above the -level of freebooters. It seems ridiculous that it -should be necessary to say so. Their business was -warfare, not robbery.</p> - -<div id="Features_of_maritime_warfare" class="sidenote">Features of -maritime -warfare out -of which -piracy could -grow.</div> - -<div id="Privateering" class="sidenote">Privateering.</div> - -<p>It is nevertheless undeniable that naval warfare -in the days of Elizabeth stood on a lower moral -plane than naval warfare in the days of -Victoria, and things were done without -hesitation then that would not be tolerated -now. Wars are ugly things at best, -but civilized people have learned how to worry -through them without inflicting quite so much -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">343</span> -misery as formerly. Three centuries ago not only -were the usages more harsh than now, but the -methods of conducting maritime warfare contained -a feature out of which, under favouring circumstances, -piracy afterward grew. There can be no -doubt that the seventeenth century was the golden -age of pirates because it came immediately after -the age of Elizabeth. The circumstances of the -struggle of the Netherlands and England against -the greatest military power in the world made it -necessary for the former to rely largely, and the -latter almost exclusively, upon naval operations. -Dutch ships on the Indian Ocean and English -ships off the American coasts effectually cut the -Spaniard’s sinews of war. Now in that age ocean -navigation was still in its infancy, and the work -of creating great and permanent navies was only -beginning. Government was glad to have individuals -join in the work of building and equipping -ships of war, and it was accordingly natural that -individuals should expect to reimburse themselves -for the heavy risk and expense by taking -a share in the spoils of victory. In this -way privateering came into existence, and it played -a much more extensive part in maritime warfare -than it now does. The navy was but incompletely -nationalized. Into expeditions that were -strictly military in purpose there entered some of -the elements of a commercial speculation, and as -we read them with our modern ideas we detect the -smack of buccaneering.</p> - -<div id="Fighting_without_declaring_war" class="sidenote">Fighting -without declaring -war.</div> - -<p>To this it should be added that fighting between -hostile states occurred much more frequently than -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">344</span> -now without a formal declaration of war. There -were times in the thirteenth and fourteenth -centuries when the hatred between -the commercial rivals, Venice and Genoa, -was so fierce that whenever their ships happened -to meet on the Mediterranean they went to fighting -at sight, yet those bloody scrimmages did not -always lead to war. In the youth of Christopher -Columbus it was seldom that Christian and Turkish -ships met without bloodshed, on the assumption -that war was the normal state of things between -Crescent and Cross. So when the Dutch were -contending against Philip II. the English often -helped their heroic cousins by capturing Spanish -ships long before war was declared between Philip -and Elizabeth. Such laxity of international usage -made it easy to cross the line which demarcates -privateering from piracy.</p> - -<div id="Lack_of_protection_for_neutral_ships" class="sidenote">Lack of protection -for -neutral -ships.</div> - -<p>It should also be remembered that the ships of -neutral nations had no such protection as now. -The utmost that is now permitted the -belligerent ship is to search the neutral -ship for weapons or other materials of -war bound for an enemy’s port, and to confiscate -such materials without further injury to person or -property. In the sixteenth century it was allowable -to confiscate the neutral ship bound for an -enemy’s port, sell her cargo for prize money, and -hold her crew and passengers for ransom. The -milder doctrine that any kind of goods might be -seized, but not the ship and her people, had been -propounded but was not yet generally accepted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Spanish -treasure.</div> - -<p>All the circumstances here mentioned were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">345</span> -favourable to the growth of piracy. At the same -time the temptations were unusually strong. There -was a vague widespread belief that America was -a land abounding in treasure, and there -were facts enough to explain such a belief. -Immense quantities of gold and silver were -carried across the Atlantic in Spanish ships, to say -nothing of other articles of value. This treasure -was used to support a war which threatened English -liberty, and therefore English cruisers were -right in seizing it wherever they could. But it -only needed that such cruising should fall into the -hands of knaves and ruffians, and that it should -be kept up after Spain and England were really -at peace, for this semi-mediæval warfare to develop -into a gigantic carnival of robbery and murder. -And so it happened.</p> - -<div id="Origin_of_buccaneering" class="sidenote">Origin of -buccaneering.</div> - -<p>It was toward the end of the sixteenth century, -in the course of the great Elizabethan war, that -the West Indies witnessed the first appearance of -the marauders known as “Brethren of the Coast.” -They were of various nationalities, chiefly -French, English, and Dutch. They all -regarded Spain as the world’s great bully -that must be teased. The Spaniards had won -such a reputation for tyranny and cruelty that -public opinion was not shocked when they were -made to swallow a dose or two of their own medicine. -After peace had been declared, any foreign -adventurers coming to the West Indies were liable -to be molested as intruders, and their ships sometimes -had to fight in self-defence. Wherefore the -more unscrupulous rovers, expecting ill-treatment, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">346</span> -used not to wait for it, but when they saw a good -chance for robbing Spaniards they promptly seized -it. This they called, in the witty phrase of a -French captain, <i>se dédommager par avance</i>, or -recouping one’s self beforehand.</p> - -<div id="Illicit_traffic" class="sidenote">Illicit -traffic.</div> - -<p>It was not all the people of Spanish America, -however, that frowned upon foreigners. Among -those who came were sundry small traders of the -illicit sort. Like all semi-barbarous governments, -the court of Spain pursued a highly protectionist -policy. The colonists were not allowed to receive -European goods from any but Spanish ports, and -thus the Spanish exporters were enabled to charge -exorbitant prices. Many of the colonists therefore -welcomed smugglers who brought -European wares to exchange for cargoes -of sugar or hides. To suppress this traffic, the -authorities at San Domingo patrolled the coasts -with small cruisers known as <i>guardacostas</i>, and -when they caught the intruders they pitched them -overboard, or strung them up to the yard-arm, -without the smallest ceremony. In revenge the -intruders combined into fleets and made descents -upon the coasts, burning houses, plundering towns, -and committing all manner of outrages. Thus -there grew up in the West Indies a chronic state -of hostilities quite independent of Europe. It -came to be understood among the intruders that, -whether their countries were at peace or war with -one another, all persons coming to the West Indies -were friends and allies against that universal -enemy, the Spaniard. Thus these rovers took the -name of “Brethren of the Coast.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">347</span></p> - -<div id="Buccaneers_and_flibustiers" class="sidenote">Buccaneers -and “flibustiers.”</div> - -<p>As the consequence of more than a century of -frightful misrule the beautiful island of Hispaniola, -or Hayti, had come to be in many parts deserted. -Many good havens were unguarded, and everywhere -there were immense herds of cattle and -swine running wild. Some of the brethren, mostly -Frenchmen, were thus led to settle in the island -and do a thriving business in hides, tallow, smoked -beef, and salted pork, which they bartered with -their sailor brethren for things smuggled -from Europe. They drove away the -Spaniards who tried to disturb them, and -amid perpetual fighting the island came to be more -and more French. Presently, from 1625 to 1630, -they took possession of the little islands of St. -Christopher and Nevis, and built strong fortifications -at Tortuga. About this time they began to -be called “boucaniers” or “buccaneers.” To cure -meat by smoking was called by the Indians “boucanning” -it. La Rochefort says of the Caribs that -they used to eat their prisoners well boucanned. In -the days before cattle came to the New World, -Americus Vespucius saw boucanned human shoulders -and thighs hanging in Indian cabins as one -would hang a flitch of bacon. The buccaneers -were named for the excellent boucanned beef and -pork which they sold. For their brethren on -shipboard another name was at first used. The -English word “freebooter” became in French -mouths “flibustier,” in spelling which a silent <i>s</i> -was inserted after the <i>u</i> by a false analogy, as so -often happens. In recent times “flibustier” has -come back into English as “filibuster,” a name -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">348</span> -originally given to such United States adventurers -as William Walker, making raids upon Spanish-American -coasts in the interests of slavery. In -the first use of the epithets, if you lived on shore -and smoked beef you were a <i>boucanier</i>; but if you -lived on ship and smuggled or stole wherewithal -to buy the beef you were a <i>flibustier</i>. Naturally, -however, since so many of these restless brethren -passed back and forth from the one occupation to -the other, the names came to be applied indiscriminately, -and whether you called a scamp by -the one or the other made no difference.</p> - -<div id="The_kind_of_people_who_became_buccaneers" class="sidenote">The kind of -people that -became buccaneers.</div> - -<p id="The_honest_man_who_took_to_buccaneering">Those “Brethren of the Coast” were recruited -in every way that can be imagined. Cutthroats -and rioters, spendthrifts and debtors, -thieves and vagabonds, runaway apprentices, -broken-down tradesmen, soldiers -out of a job, escaped convicts, religious -cranks, youths crossed in love, every sort of man -that craved excitement or change of luck, came to -swell the numbers of the buccaneers. Graceless -sons of good families usually assumed some new -name. Yet not all were ashamed of their lawless -occupation. Some gloried in it, and deemed themselves -pinks of propriety in matters pertaining to -religion. One day, when a certain sailor was behaving -with unseemly levity in church while a priest -was saying mass, his captain suddenly stepped up -and rebuked him for his want of reverence, and -then blew his brains out. It is told of a Frenchman -from Languedoc that his career was determined -by reading a book on the cruelties of the -Spaniards in America, probably “The Destruction -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">349</span> -of the Indies,” by Las Casas. This perusal inflamed -him with such furious hatred of Spaniards -that he conceived it to be his sacred mission to -kill as many as he could. So he joined the buccaneers, -and murdered with such exemplary diligence -that he came to be known as Montbars the Exterminator. -Another noted freebooter, Raveneau -de Lussan, joined the fraternity “because he was -in debt, and wished, as every honest man should -do, to have wherewithal to satisfy his creditors.”<a id="FNanchor_305" href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">305</a></p> - -<div id="Deeds_of_Olonnois" class="sidenote">Deeds of -Olonnois.</div> - -<p>One of the early exploits of the brethren was -performed by Pierre of Dieppe, surnamed “the -Great.” In a mere longboat, with a handful of -men, he surprised and captured the Spanish vice-admiral’s -ship, heavily freighted with treasure, set -her people ashore in Hispaniola, and took his prize -to France. This exploit is said to have given -quite an impetus to buccaneering. In 1655 the -buccaneers had grown so powerful that they gave -important aid to Cromwell’s troops in conquering -Jamaica. When any nation went to war with -Spain, the buccaneers of that nationality would -get from the government letters of marque, which -made them privateers and entitled them to certain -rights of belligerents. Their aid was so liable to -be useful in time of need that the English and -French governments connived at some of their -performances. No civilized government could -countenance their cruelties. One monster, called -Olonnois, having captured a Spanish ship -with a crew of ninety men, beheaded -them all with a sabre in his own hands. Four -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">350</span> -cases are on record in which he threw the whole -crew overboard, and it is said that he sometimes -tore out and devoured the bleeding hearts of his -victims, after the Indian fashion. In concert with -another wretch, Michel le Basque (whose name -tells his origin), at the head of 650 men, he captured -the towns of Gibraltar and Maracaibo, in -the Gulf of Venezuela, and carried off a booty of -nearly half a million crowns, equivalent to more -than two million modern dollars. Prisoners were -tortured to disclose hidden treasure. But this -precious Olonnois was soon afterward paid in his -own coin: he fell into the hands of a party of -hungry Indians, who cooked and ate him.</p> - -<div id="Henry_Morgan" class="sidenote">Henry -Morgan.</div> - -<p>Such incidents as these in Venezuela made many -Spanish towns prefer to buy off the buccaneers, -and thus a system of blackmail was established. -It was for the buccaneer to decide for himself -whether he deemed it more profitable to end all in -one mad frolic of plunder and slaughter, or to -accept a round sum and leave the town for the -present unharmed. Operations on a grand scale -began about 1664, under a leader named Mansvelt, -who soon died and was succeeded -by Henry Morgan, the most famous of -the buccaneers and one of the vilest of the fraternity. -This Welshman is said to have been of -good family and well brought up. He made his -way to Barbadoes as a redemptioner, and after -serving out his term joined the pirates. He was -a man of remarkable courage and resource. For -cruelty no Apache could surpass him, and his perfidy -equalled his cruelty. He paid so little heed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">351</span> -to the maxims of honour among thieves that it is -a wonder he should have retained his leadership -through several expeditions.</p> - -<p>One of Morgan’s early exploits was the capture -of Puerto del Principe, in Cuba. Then with 500 -men he attacked Porto Bello, on the Isthmus of -Darien. Having taken a convent, he forced the -nuns to carry scaling ladders and plant them -against the walls of the citadel, perhaps in the -hope that Spaniards would not fire upon Spanish -women; but many of the poor nuns were killed. -After the garrison had surrendered, Morgan set -fire to the magazine and blew into fragments the -fort with its defenders. The scenes that followed -must have won Satan’s approval. With greed -unsatisfied by the enormous booty, the monster -devised horrible tortures for the discovery of secret -hoards that doubtless existed only in his fancy. -Many victims died under the infliction.</p> - -<div id="Alexander_Exquemeling" class="sidenote">Alexander -Exquemeling.</div> - -<p>Soon afterward Morgan met in the Caribbean -Sea a powerful French pirate ship and invited her -to join him. On the French captain’s refusal, -Morgan, with an air of supreme cordiality, invited -him to come over to dinner with all his officers. -No sooner had these guests arrived than they were -seized and put in irons, while Morgan attacked -their ship and captured it. Then came a strange -retribution. Morgan put some of his own officers -with 350 of his crew into the French ship; presently -the officers got drunk, and through accident -or carelessness the ship was blown up with all -the English crew and the French prisoners. This -story is told by a pious and literary Dutch buccaneer, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">352</span> -the fraternity’s best historian, by name Alexander -Exquemeling, sometimes corrupted -into Oexmelin. His well-written narrative -was first published at Amsterdam in -1678, entitled <i>De Americansche Zee Roovers</i>. It -has been translated into nearly all the languages -of Europe, and ranks among the most popular -books of the last two centuries.<a id="FNanchor_306" href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">306</a> The pious Exquemeling, -in recounting the explosion of the captured -ship, sees in it a special divine judgment -upon Morgan for treachery to guests, a kind of -philosophizing which is duly ridiculed by Voltaire -in his “Candide.”<a id="FNanchor_307" href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">307</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">353</span></p> - -<div id="Maracaibo_and_Gibraltar" class="sidenote">Maracaibo -and Gibraltar.</div> - -<p>The loss of 350 men and a ship better than any -of his own was a serious blow to Morgan, but it -did not prevent him from capturing those -unhappy towns, Maracaibo and Gibraltar, -where he shut up a crowd of prisoners -in a church and left them to die of starvation. -His own escape from capture, however, was a -narrow one. Three Spanish galleons arrived at -the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela and strongly -garrisoned a castle that stood there, so that it -began to look as if the day of reckoning for -Morgan had come. But he made one of his vessels -into a fire-ship and succeeded in burning two of -the galleons. Then it became easy for his little -fleet to surround and capture the third, after -which a masterly series of stratagems enabled him -to slip past the castle, richer by a million dollars -than when he entered the Gulf, and ready for -fresh deeds of wickedness.</p> - -<div id="Treaty_of_America" class="sidenote">Treaty of America, 1670.</div> - -<div id="Sack_of_Panama" class="sidenote">Sack of -Panama.</div> - -<div id="Morgan_absconds" class="sidenote">Morgan absconds.</div> - -<p>The British government lamented these cruel -aggressions upon people whose only offence was -that of having been born Spaniards, and in 1670 -a treaty was made between Spain and Great Britain -for the express purpose of putting an end to -buccaneering. This interesting treaty, which was -conceived in an unusually liberal and enlightened -spirit, was called the treaty of America. -As soon as the buccaneers heard of it, -they resolved to make a defiant and -startling exhibition of their power. Thirty-seven -ships, carrying more than 2,000 men of various -nationalities, were collected off the friendly meat-curing -coast of Hispaniola. Morgan was put in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">354</span> -the chief command, and it was decided to capture -Panama. On arriving at the isthmus they stormed -the castle at the mouth of the river Chagres and -put the garrison to the sword. Thus they gained -an excellent base of operations. Leaving part -of his force to guard castle and fleet, Morgan at -the head of 1,200 men made the difficult journey -across the isthmus in nine days. Panama was not -fortified, but a force of 2,000 infantry and 400 -horse confronted the buccaneers. In an obstinate -battle, without quarter asked or given, the Spaniards -lost 600 men and gave way. The city was -then at the mercy of the victors. It contained -about 7,000 houses and some handsome -churches, but Morgan set fire to it in -several places, and after a couple of days nearly -all these buildings were in ashes. By the light of -those flames most hideous atrocities were to be seen,—such -a carnival of cruelty and lust as would have -disgraced the Middle Ages. After three bestial -weeks the buccaneers departed with a long train -of mules laden with booty, and several hundred -prisoners, most of whom were held for ransom. -Among these were many gentlewomen and children, -whom Morgan treated savagely. He kept -them half dead with hunger and thirst, and swore -that if they failed to secure a ransom he would sell -them for slaves in Jamaica. Exquemeling draws -a pathetic picture of the poor ladies kneeling and -imploring at Morgan’s feet while their starving -children moaned and cried; the only effect upon -the ruffian was to make him ask them how much -ransom they might hope to secure if these things -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">355</span> -were made known to their friends. When the -party arrived at Chagres, there was a division of -spoil, and the rascals were amazed to find how -little there seemed to be to distribute. Morgan -was accused of loading far more than his rightful -share upon his own vessels, whereupon, not wishing -to argue the matter, he made up his -mind to withdraw from the scene, “which -he did,” says our chronicler, “without calling any -council or bidding any one adieu, but went -secretly on board his own ship and put out to sea -without giving notice, being followed only by -three or four vessels of the whole fleet, who it is -believed went shares with him in the greatest part -of the spoil.” All that can be said for him is -that most of his comrades would gladly have done -the same by him.</p> - -<div id="Scotching_the_snake" class="sidenote">Scotching the snake.</div> - -<p>With Morgan’s departure the pirate fleet was -scattered, and plenty of strong language was used -in reference to their tricksome commodore.<a id="FNanchor_308" href="#Footnote_308" class="fnanchor">308</a> The -arrival of a new English governor at Jamaica, -with instructions to enforce the treaty of America, -led to the hanging of quite a number of buccaneers; -and a crew of 300 French pirates, -shipwrecked on the coast of Porto Rico, were -slaughtered by order of the Spanish governor. -But such casualties produced little effect upon the -swarming multitude of rovers, and within half a -dozen years we find the governor of Jamaica conniving -at them and sharing in their plunder. -One pirate crew brought in a -Spanish ship so richly freighted that there was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">356</span> -£400 for every man after a round sum in hush-money -had been handed to the governor. Then -the pirates burned the ship and embarked in -respectable company for England, “where,” says -Exquemeling, “some of them live in good reputation -to this day.”</p> - -<div id="Morgans_metamorphosis" class="sidenote">Morgan’s metamorphosis.</div> - -<p>But what shall we say when we find the devil -turning monk, when we see the arch-pirate Morgan -administering the king’s justice upon his -quondam comrades and sending them by scores to -the gallows! It reads like a scene in comic opera, -how this dirty fellow, after absconding with a -lion’s share of the Panama spoil and bringing it -to Jamaica, suddenly put on airs of righteousness, -wooed and won the fair daughter of one of the -most eminent personages on the island, and was -appointed a judge of the admiralty court. -The finishing touch was put upon the -farce when Charles II. decorated him with -knighthood. It is not clear how he won the king’s -favour, but we know that Charles was not above -taking tips. After this our capacity for amazement -is so far exhausted that we read with benumbed -acquiescence how in 1682 Sir Henry Morgan -was appointed deputy-governor of Jamaica.<a id="FNanchor_309" href="#Footnote_309" class="fnanchor">309</a> But -when we find him handing over to the tender -mercies of the Spaniards a whole crew of English -buccaneers who had fallen into his clutches, we -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">357</span> -seem to recognize the old familiar touch, and -cannot repress the suspicion that he sold them for -hard cash! He remained in office three years, -until James II. ascended the throne, when the -Spanish government accused him of secret complicity -with the pirates. On this charge he was -removed from office and sent to England, where -he was for some years imprisoned but never met -the fate which he deserved.</p> - -<div id="Decline_of_buccaneering" class="sidenote">Decline of -buccaneering.</div> - -<p id="Morgans_Downfall">Exquemeling expresses the opinion that, after -the trick which Morgan played upon his comrades -at Chagres, he must have thought it more prudent -to be on the side of government than to stay -with the buccaneers. He may also have foreseen -that sooner or later the treaty of America was -likely to interfere with the business of piracy. It -is curious that, after all his caution, his downfall -on a charge brought by Spain before the British -government was due to the treaty of America. -Although imperfectly enforced, that treaty seems -to have marked the turning point in the -history of buccaneering. The sack of -Panama was the apogee of the golden -age of pirates; the events that followed are incidents -in a gradual but not slow decline. In 1684 -the number of French buccaneers in the West -Indies and on adjacent coasts was estimated at -3,000, and of other nationalities there were perhaps -as many more; but their operations were on -a smaller and tamer scale than those of Olonnois -and Morgan.</p> - -<div id="Pirates_of_the_South_Sea" class="sidenote">Buccaneers -of the South -Sea.</div> - -<p>About this time the South Sea began to be the -favourite field of work for some of the most famous -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">358</span> -buccaneers. In 1680 the first party crossed the -isthmus and set sail on the Bay of Panama in a -swarm of canoes, with which on the same day -they captured a Spanish vessel of 30 tons. With -this ship they captured another the next day, -and so on till at the end of the week they were in -possession of quite a fleet, comprising -some ships of 400 tons. They cruised as -far as the island of Juan Fernandez and -beyond, capturing many ships and much treasure, -but not doing much harm ashore. One of the -officers, Basil Ringrose, an educated man, left a -journal of this cruise, the original manuscript of -which is in the British Museum. Other voyages -followed until the buccaneers had visited such -remote places as the Ladrone Islands, Easter -Island, the coasts of Australia, and Tierra del -Fuego. Among their commanders were men of -far better type than those that have hitherto been -mentioned; such were Ambrose Cowley, Edward -Davis, the surgeon Lionel Wafer, and the celebrated -William Dampier, whom we are more wont -to remember as a great navigator and explorer -than as a pirate. Cowley, Wafer, and Dampier -have left charming narratives of their adventures, -in which a mixture of scientific inquisitiveness -with the love of barbaric independence is more -conspicuous than mere greed. As Henry Morgan -was a pirate of the worst type, so Edward Davis, -discoverer of Easter Island, was of the best. He -never would permit acts of cruelty or wanton -bloodshed, and his loyalty and kindness to his -comrades won their affection, so that his mellowing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">359</span> -influence over rough natures was remarkable. -In 1688 he took advantage of a royal proclamation -of amnesty to quit buccaneering and go -to England, where he was afterward counted as -“respectable.”</p> - -<div id="Plunder_of_Peruvian_towns" class="sidenote">Plunder of -Peruvian -towns.</div> - -<p>As we read the journals of those remote voyages -it is easy to forget for a moment that the business -is piracy. We seem to see the staunch ships, -superbly handled by their expert sailors, blithely -cleaving the blue waters under the Southern Cross; -we breathe the cool salt breeze; we watch with -interest the gray cliffs, the strange foliage, the -birds and snakes and insects which arouse the -curiosity of the mariners; we follow them to the -Galapagos Islands, which first suggested to Darwin -and afterward to Wallace the theory of -natural selection; we note with pleasure their -description of the uncouth natives of Australia; -and we remember Thackeray when we encounter -oysters so huge that Basil Ringrose has to cut -them in quarters.<a id="FNanchor_310" href="#Footnote_310" class="fnanchor">310</a> In the careless freedom of life -on an unknown sea with each morrow bringing its -new adventures, we forget what company we are -in, till suddenly the victim ship heaves in sight, -the brief chase ends in a deadly struggle, the -Spanish colours go down before the black flag, a -few bodies are buried in the depths, and a rich -spoil is divided. It is vulgar robbery and -murder after all, and there was a good -deal of it in the South Sea. The coast -of Peru, where there were the richest towns, suffered -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">360</span> -the most. The Lima Almanacs for 1685-87, -comprising an official record of events for each -year immediately preceding, mention the towns of -Guayaquil, Santiago de Miraflores, and five others -as plundered by the pirates. When Davis divided -his booty at Juan Fernandez, there was enough -to give every man a sum equivalent to $20,000. -Very often a pirate got more gold and silver than -he could handle or carry, but it was apt to slip -away easily. Many of Davis’s company quickly -lost every dollar in gambling with their comrades. -Our friend Raveneau de Lussan, who took -to piracy in order to satisfy his creditors, tells -his readers that his winnings at play, added to -his share of booty, amounted to 30,000 pieces of -eight, which would now be equivalent to at least -$120,000; so we may hope that he paid his debts -like an honest man.</p> - -<div id="Effects_of_the_alliance_between_France_and_Spain" class="sidenote">Effects of -the alliance -between -France and -Spain.</div> - -<p>The event which did more than anything else to -put an end to buccaneering was the accession of a -Bourbon prince, Philip V., to the throne -of Spain in 1701. It was then that his -grandfather, Louis XIV., declared there -were no longer any Pyrenees. Ever since -the days of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain and -France had been enemies. Their relations now -became so friendly that all the ports of Spanish -America, whether in the West Indies or on the -Pacific coast, were thrown open to French merchants. -This made trade more profitable than -piracy, and united the French and Spanish navies -in protecting it. The English and Dutch fleets -also put forth redoubled efforts, and during the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">361</span> -next score of years the decline of the pirates was -rapid.</p> - -<div id="Carolina_and_the_Bahamas" class="sidenote">Carolina -and the -Bahamas.</div> - -<p>The first English settlements south of Virginia -were made at the time when buccaneering was -mighty and defiant. The colony of Sir -John Yeamans, on Cape Fear River, was -begun in 1665, and it was in 1670, the -very year of the treaty of America, that Governor -Sayle landed at Port Royal. The earliest settlers -in Carolina, as we have seen, were not of -such good quality as those who came a few years -later. They furnished a convenient market for -the pirates, who were apt to be open-handed customers, -ready to pay good prices in Spanish gold, -whether for clothes, weapons, and brandy brought -from Europe, or for timber, tar, tobacco, rice, or -corn raised in America. One of the Bahama -Islands, called New Providence, had been settled -by the English. Its remarkable facilities for -anchorage and its convenient situation made it a -favourite haunt of pirates, whose evil communications -corrupted the good manners of the inhabitants. -Rather than lose such customers they -befriended them in every possible way, so that -the island became notorious as one of the worst -nests of desperadoes in the American waters. The -malady was not long in spreading to the mainland. -The Carolina coast, with its numerous -sheltered harbours and inlets, afforded excellent -lurking-places, whither one might retreat from -pursuers, and where one might leisurely repair -damages and make ready for further mischief. -The pirates, therefore, long haunted that coast, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">362</span> -and it was rather a help than a hindrance to them -when settlements began to be made there. For -now instead of a wilderness it became a market -where they could buy food, medicines, tools, or -most of such things as they needed. So long as -they behaved moderately well while ashore, it was -not necessary for the Carolinians to press them -with questions as to what they did on the high -seas. For at least thirty years after the founding -of Carolina, nearly all the currency in the colony -consisted of Spanish gold and silver brought in by -freebooters from the West Indies.</p> - -<div id="Effect_of_the_Navigation_Laws" class="sidenote">Effect of the -Navigation -Laws.</div> - -<p>Nothing went so far toward making the colonists -tolerate piracy as the Navigation Laws which -we have already described. We have -seen how they enabled English merchants -to charge exorbitant prices for -goods shipped to America, and to pay as little as -possible for American exports. The contrast between -such customers and the pirates was entirely -in favour of the latter, who could afford to be -liberal both with goods and with cash that had -cost them nothing but a little fighting.<a id="FNanchor_311" href="#Footnote_311" class="fnanchor">311</a> After the -founding of Charleston, the dealings with pirates -there were made the subject of complaint in London. -In 1684 Robert Quarry, acting governor -of Carolina, a man of marked ability and good -reputation, was removed from office for complicity -with pirates. This did not, however, prevent his -being appointed to other responsible positions. -His successor, Joseph Morton, actually gave permission -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">363</span> -to two buccaneer captains to bring their -Spanish prizes into the harbour. Soon afterward -John Boon, a member of the council, was expelled -for holding correspondence with freebooters. -At the close of Ludwell’s administration, it was -said that Charleston fairly swarmed with pirates, -against whose ill-got gold the law was powerless. -Along with such commercial reasons, the terror of -their fame conspired to protect them. Desperadoes -who had sacked Maracaibo and Panama might do -likewise to Charleston or New York. It was not -only in Carolina that such fears combined with -the Navigation Laws to sustain piracy. In Pennsylvania -a son of the deputy-governor Markham -was elected to the Assembly, but not allowed to -take a seat because of dealings with the freebooters. -Governor Fletcher, of New York, was deeply -implicated in such proceedings, and the record of -distant New England was far from stainless.</p> - -<div id="Effect_of_rice_culture" class="sidenote">Effect of -rice culture.</div> - -<p id="Wholesale_hanging_of_pirates">But at the end of the seventeenth century a -marked change became visible. In South Carolina -the cultivation of rice had reached -such dimensions that tonnage enough -could not be found to carry the crop of 1699 -across the Atlantic. The colonists were allowed -to sell in foreign markets such goods as were not -wanted in England, and England took very little -rice. Most of it went to Holland, Hamburg, -Bremen, Sweden, Denmark, and Portugal. As -rice was thus becoming the chief source of income -for South Carolina, people began to be sorely -vexed when pirates captured their cargoes. Besides -this, the character of the population was entirely -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">364</span> -changed by the influx of steady, law-abiding English -dissenters under Blake, and by the immigration -of large numbers of Huguenots. The pirates -became unpopular, and the year 1699 witnessed -the hanging of seven of them at Charleston. As -the colony yearly grew stronger and the administration -firmer, such rigours increased, and the -great gallows on Execution Dock was decorated -with corpses swinging in chains, a dozen or more -at a time, until the pirates came to think of that -harbour as a place to be shunned.</p> - -<div id="North_Carolina" class="sidenote">North -Carolina.</div> - -<p>There still remained for them, however, an -excellent place of refuge in the neighbourhood. -In the year 1700 Edward Randolph reported -that the population of North -Carolina consisted of smugglers, runaway servants, -and pirates. There is no doubt that for -the latter it furnished a favourite hiding-place.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Swarms of pirates.</div> - -<p>For some years after 1700 the vigorous measures -of South Carolina kept her own coast comparatively -safe, but the snake was as yet -only scotched. Swarms of buccaneers, -though far thinner than of old, were still harboured -in the West Indies, and when occasion was -offered they came out of their dens. In 1715, -when South Carolina was nearly exhausted from -her great Indian war, with crops damaged and -treasury empty and military gaze turned toward -the frontier and away from the coast, the pirates -swarmed there again, with numbers swelled by -rovers and bandits turned adrift by the peace of -Utrecht in 1713. James Logan, Secretary of -Pennsylvania, reported in 1717 that there were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">365</span> -1,500 pirates on our coasts, with their chief headquarters -at Cape Fear and New Providence, from -which points they swept the sea from Newfoundland -to Brazil. For South Carolina there was -ground of alarm lest wholesale pillage of rice -cargoes should bring ruin upon the colony. But -that year 1717 saw the arrival of the able governor -Robert Johnson, who was destined, after -some humiliation, to suppress the nuisance of -piracy.</p> - -<div id="New_Providence_redeemed" class="sidenote">New Providence redeemed.</div> - -<p id="last_lair_for_the_pirates">The next year, 1718, was the beginning of -the end. In midsummer an English fleet, under -Woodes Rogers, captured the island of -New Providence, expelled the freebooters, -and established there a strong company -of law-abiding persons. Henceforth New -Providence became a smiter of the wicked instead -of their hope and refuge. It was like capturing a -battery and turning it against the enemy. One -of its immediate effects, however, was to turn the -whole remnant of the scoundrels over to the North -Carolina coast, where they took their final stand. -For a moment the mischief seemed to have increased. -One deed, in particular, is vivid in its -insolence.</p> - -<div id="Blackbeard_the_Last_of_the_Pirates" class="sidenote">Blackbeard, -the “Last of -the Pirates.”</div> - -<p>Among these corsairs one of the boldest was a -fellow whose name appears in court records as -Robert Thatch, though some historians -write it Teach. He was a native of -Bristol in England, and his real name -seems to have been Drummond. But the soubriquet -by which he was most widely known was -“Blackbeard.” It was a name with which mothers -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">366</span> -and nurses were wont to tame froward children. -This man was a ruffian guilty of all crimes known -to the law, a desperate character who would stick -at nothing. For many years he had been a terror -to the coast. In June, 1718, he appeared before -Charleston harbour in command of a forty-gun -frigate, with three attendant sloops, manned in -all by more than 400 men. Eight or ten vessels, -rashly venturing out, were captured by him, one -after another, and in one of them were several -prominent citizens of Charleston, including a -highly respected member of the council, all bound -for London. When Blackbeard learned the quality -of his prisoners, his fertile brain conceived -a brilliant scheme. His ships were in need of -sundry medicines and other provisions, whereof a -list was duly made out and entrusted to a mate -named Richards and a party of sailors, who went -up to Charleston in a boat, taking along one of -the prisoners with a message to Governor Johnson. -The message was briefly this, that, if the -supplies mentioned were not delivered to Blackbeard -within eight-and-forty hours, that eminent -commander would forthwith send to Governor -Johnson, with his compliments, the heads of all -his prisoners.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">South Carolina -government -over-awed.</div> - -<p>It was a terrible humiliation, but the pirate had -calculated correctly. Governor and council saw -that he had them completely at his mercy. -They knew better than he how defenceless -the town was; they knew that his -ships could batter it to pieces without effective -resistance. Not a minute must be lost, for Richards -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">367</span> -and his ruffians were strutting airily about the -streets amid fierce uproar, and, if the mob should -venture to assault them, woe to Blackbeard’s captives. -The supplies were delivered with all possible -haste, and Blackbeard released the prisoners -after robbing them of everything they had, even -to their clothing, so that they went ashore nearly -naked. From one of them he took $6,000 in coin. -After this exploit Blackbeard retired to North -Carolina, where it is said that he bought the connivance -of Charles Eden, the governor, who is -further said to have been present at the ceremony -of the pirate’s marriage to his fourteenth wife.<a id="FNanchor_312" href="#Footnote_312" class="fnanchor">312</a></p> - -<div id="Epidemic_of_piracy" class="sidenote">Epidemic of -piracy; -cases of -Kidd and -Bonnet.</div> - -<div id="Fate_of_Bonnet_and_Blackbeard" class="sidenote">Fate of -Bonnet.</div> - -<p>While the arch-villain, thus befriended, was -roaming the coast as far as Philadelphia and -bringing his prizes into Pamlico Sound, another -rover was making trouble for Charleston. -Major Stede Bonnet, of Barbadoes, had -taken up the business of piracy scarcely -two years before. He had served with -credit in the army and was now past middle life, -with a good reputation and plenty of money, when -all at once he must needs take the short road to -the gallows. Some say it was because his wife was -a vixen, a droll reason for turning pirate. But -in truth there was a moral contagion in this -business. The case of William Kidd, a few years -before Bonnet, is an illustration. Kidd was an -able merchant, with a reputation for integrity, -when William III. sent him with a swift and -powerful ship to chase pirates; and, lo! when -with this fine accoutrement he brings down less -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">368</span> -game than he had hoped, he thinks it will pay -better to turn pirate himself. In this new walk -of life he goes on achieving eminence, until on a -summer day he rashly steps ashore in Boston, is -arrested, sent to London, and hung.<a id="FNanchor_313" href="#Footnote_313" class="fnanchor">313</a> Evidently -there was a spirit of buccaneering in the air, as in -the twelfth century there was a spirit of crusading. -And even as children once went on a crusade, so we -find women climbing the shrouds and tending the -guns of pirate ships.<a id="FNanchor_314" href="#Footnote_314" class="fnanchor">314</a> Major Bonnet soon became -distinguished in his profession, and committed -depredations all the way from Barbadoes to the -coast of Maine. Late in the summer of 1718 -Governor Johnson learned that there was a pirate -active in his neighbourhood, and he sent Colonel -William Rhett, with two armed ships, to chase -him. The affair ended in an obstinate fight at -the mouth of Cape Fear River, in the course of -which all the ships got aground on sand-bars. It -was clear that whichever combatant should first be -set free by the rising tide would have the other at -his mercy, and we can fancy the dreadful eagerness -with which every ripple was watched. One -of Rhett’s ships was first to float, and just as she -was preparing to board the pirate he -surrendered. Then it was learned that -he was none other than the famous Stede Bonnet. -At the last his brute courage deserted him, and -the ecstasy of terror with which he begged for life -reminds one of the captive in “Rob Roy” who -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">369</span> -was hurled into Loch Lomond. But entreaty fell -upon deaf ears. It was a gala day at Execution -Dock when Bonnet and all his crew were hung in -chains.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fate of -Blackbeard.</div> - -<p>A few weeks later, while Blackboard was lurking -in Ocracoke Inlet, with ship well armed and -ready for some fresh errand, he was overhauled -by two stout cruisers sent after -him by Governor Spotswood, of Virginia. In a -desperate and bloody fight the “Last of the -Pirates” was killed. All the survivors of his -crew were hanged, and his severed head decorated -the bowsprit of the leading ship as she returned -in triumph to James River.</p> - -<p>Such forceful measures went on till the waters -of Carolina were cleared of the enemy, and by -1730 the fear of pirates was extinguished. For -year after year the deeds of Kidd and Blackbeard -were rehearsed at village firesides, and tales of -buried treasure caused many a greedy spade to -delve in vain, until with the lapse of time the -memory of all these things grew dim and faded -away. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">370</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Chapter_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.<br /> - -<span id="From_tidewater_to_the_mountains">FROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS.</span></h2> - -<div id="Alexander_Spotswood" class="sidenote">Alexander -Spotswood.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Governor -and burgesses.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">A sharp -rebuke.</div> - -<p>It is time for our narrative to return to Virginia, -where in June, 1710, just a hundred years -after the coming of Lord Delaware, there arrived -upon the scene one of the best and ablest of all -the colonial governors. Alexander Spotswood was -a member of the old and honourable -Scottish family which took its name -from the barony of Spottiswoode, in Berwick. -His great-great-grandfather had been archbishop -of St. Andrews and chancellor of Scotland. His -great-grandfather, Sir Robert Spottiswoode, as -secretary of state, had signed the commission of -Montrose, for which he was beheaded by the Covenanters -in 1646.<a id="FNanchor_315" href="#Footnote_315" class="fnanchor">315</a> Alexander himself had been -brought up from childhood in the army, where he -had seen some hard fighting. Already at the age -of eight-and-twenty he had attained the rank of -colonel, and in that year received an ugly wound -at Blenheim. Six years after that great battle -he arrived in Virginia, a tall, robust man, with -gnarled and wrinkled face and an air of dignity -and power. He was greeted at Williamsburg -with more than ordinary cordiality, because he -brought with him a writ confirming the claim of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">371</span> -the Virginians that they were as much entitled as -other Englishmen to the privilege of <i>habeas corpus</i>. -Notwithstanding this auspicious reception -he had a good many wrangles with his -burgesses, chiefly over questions of taxation, -and sometimes talked to them -quite plainly. On one occasion when, during the -Yamassee war in Carolina, he requested an appropriation -for a force to be sent in aid of their -southern neighbours, he found the burgesses less -liberal than he wished and expected. They -pleaded the poverty of the country as an excuse -for not doing more. The governor’s retort was a -telling one, and might be applied with effect to -many a modern legislative body. If they felt the -poverty of the country so keenly, why did they persist -in sitting there day after day and drawing -their pay, while they wasted the country’s time in -frivolities without passing laws that were much -needed? for in the last five-and-twenty days only -three bills had come from them. At the end of -a stormy session he addressed them still more -sharply: “To be plain with you, the true interest -of your country is not what you have -troubled your heads about. All your proceedings -have been calculated to answer the notions -of the ignorant populace; and if you can excuse -yourselves to them, you matter not how you stand -before God, or any others to whom you think you -owe not your elections. In fine, I cannot but -attribute these miscarriages to the people’s mistaken -choice of a set of representatives whom -Heaven has not ... endowed with the ordinary -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">372</span> -qualifications requisite to legislators; and therefore -I dissolve you!”<a id="FNanchor_316" href="#Footnote_316" class="fnanchor">316</a></p> - -<p>In spite of this stinging tongue Spotswood was -greatly liked and respected for his ability and -honesty and his thoroughly good heart. He was -a man sound in every fibre, clear-sighted, shrewd, -immensely vigorous, and full of public spirit. -One day we find him establishing Indian missions; -the next he is undertaking to smelt iron -and grow native wines; the next he is sending out -ships to exterminate the pirates. For his energy -in establishing smelting furnaces he was nicknamed -“The Tubal Cain of Virginia.” For the -making of native wines he brought over a colony -of Germans from the Rhine, and settled them in -the new county named for him Spottsylvania, hard -by the Rapidan River, where Germanna Ford still -preserves a reminiscence of their coming.</p> - -<div id="The_Post_office_Act" class="sidenote">The Post-office -Act.</div> - -<p>Some of Spotswood’s disputes with the assembly -brought up questions akin to those which -agitated the country half a century later, in the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">373</span> -days of the Stamp Act. A recent act of Parliament -had extended the post-office system -into Virginia, whereupon the burgesses -declared that Parliament had no authority to lay -any tax (such as postage) upon the people of -Virginia without the consent of their representatives; -accordingly they showed their independence -by exempting from postage all merchants’ -letters. But we may let Spotswood speak for -himself: “Some time last Fall the Post M’r -Gen’ll of America, having thought himself -Obliged to endeavour the Settling a post through -Virginia and Maryland, in y<sup>e</sup> same manner as -they are settled in the other Northern Plantations, -pursu’t to the Act of Parliament of the 9th -of Queen Anne, gave out Commissions for that -purpose, and a post was accordingly established -once a fortnight from W’msburg to Philadelphia, -and for the Conveyance of Letters bro’t hither by -Sea through the several Countys. In order to this, -the Post M’r Set up printed Placards (such as were -sent in by the Post M’r Gen’ll of Great Britain) -at all the Posts, requiring the delivery of all Letters -not excepted by the Act of Parliament to be -delivered to his Deputys there. No sooner was -this noised about but a great Clamour was raised -against it. The people were made to believe that -the Parl’t could not Levy any Tax (for so they -call y<sup>e</sup> Rates of Postage) here without the Consent -of the General Assembly. That, besides, all -their <i>Laws</i><a id="FNanchor_317" href="#Footnote_317" class="fnanchor">317</a> were exempted, because scarce any -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">374</span> -came in here but what some way or other concern’d -Trade; That tho’ M’rs should, for the -reward of a penny a Letter, deliver them, the -Post M’r could Demand no Postage for the Conveyance -of them, and abundance more to the same -purpose, as rediculous as Arrogant.... Thereupon -a Bill is prepared and passed both Council -and Burg’s’s, w’ch, tho’ it acknowledges the Act -of Parliam’t to be in force here, does effectually -prevent its being ever put in Execution. The -first Clause of that Bill Imposes an Obligation on -the Post Master to w’ch he is no ways liable by -the Act of Parliament. The second Clause lays -a Penalty of no less than £5 for every Letter he -demands or takes from a Board any Ships that -stand Decreed to be excepted by the Act of Parliament; -and the last Clause appoints y<sup>e</sup> Stages -and the time of Conveyance of all Letters under -an Extravagant Penalty. As it is impossible for -the Post Master to know whether the Letters he -receives be excepted or not, and y’t, according to -the Interpreters, Our Judges of the Act of Parl’t, -all Letters sent from any Merch’t, whether the -same relate to Merchandize on board or not, are -within the exception of the Law, the Post M’r -must meddle w’th no Letters at all, or run the -hazard of being ruin’d. And the last Clause, -besides its Contradiction to the Act of Parliament -in applying the Stages, w’ch is expressly -Bestowed to the Post Master according to the -Instruction of the Soveraign, is so great an impossibility -to be complyed w’th that, considering the -difficulty of passing the many gr’t Rivers, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">375</span> -Post M’r must be liable to the penalty of 20s. for -every Letter he takes into his care during the -whole Season of the Winter. From whence yo’r -Lo’ps may judge how well affected the Major part -of Our Assembly men are towards y<sup>e</sup> Collecting -this Branch of the King’s Revenue, and w’ll therefore -be pleas’d to Acquitt me of any Censure of -Refusing Assent to such a Bill.”<a id="FNanchor_318" href="#Footnote_318" class="fnanchor">318</a></p> - -<div id="Appointment_of_parsons" class="sidenote">Appointment -of -parsons.</div> - -<p>With an assembly so adroit and so stubborn, the -way of the postmaster was hard indeed. Another -source of irritation was the question as -to appointing parsons. In practice they -were appointed by the close vestries, but -the governor wished to appoint them himself. It -also appeared that the king’s ministers would like -to send a bishop to Virginia. On these questions -the worthy Spotswood got embroiled with eight -of the councilmen as well as with the burgesses, -and complained of being rather shabbily treated: -“When in Order to the Solemnizing his Maj’ty’s -Birth-day,<a id="FNanchor_319" href="#Footnote_319" class="fnanchor">319</a> I gave a publick Entertainment at my -House, all gent’n that would come were Admitted; -These Eight Counsellors would neither come to -my House nor go to the Play w’ch was Acted on -that occasion, but got together all the Turbulent -and disaffected Burg’s’s, had an Entertainment of -their own in the Burg’s House and invited all y<sup>e</sup> -Mobb to a Bonfire, where they were plentifully -Supplyed with Liquors to Drink the same healths -without as their M’rs did within, w’ch were chiefly -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">376</span> -those of the Council and their Associated Burg’s, -without taking any [more] Notice of the Gov’r, -than if there had been none upon the place.”<a id="FNanchor_320" href="#Footnote_320" class="fnanchor">320</a></p> - -<div id="Beginning_of_continental_politics" class="sidenote">Beginning of -continental -politics.</div> - -<p>In such disputes between the legislatures chosen -at home and the executive officials appointed beyond -sea, Virginia, like the sister colonies in their -several ways, was getting the kind of political education -that bore fruit in 1776. In Virginia the -appointment of clergymen over parishes, in Maryland -the forty per poll for a church to which only -one sixth of the people belonged, in Massachusetts -the perennial question of the governor’s salary,—all -these were occasions for disputes -about matters of internal administration -in which far-reaching principles were involved. -Other questions, like that of postage just -mentioned, showed that gradually but surely and -steadily a continental state of things was coming -on. From the Penobscot to the Savannah there -was a continuous English world, albeit a strip so -narrow that it scarcely anywhere reached inland -more than a hundred and fifty miles from the coast. -The work of establishing postal communication -throughout this region seemed to require some -continental authority independent of the dozen -local colonial legislatures. We see Parliament, -with the best of intentions, stepping in and exercising -such continental authority; and we see the -Virginians resisting such action, on the ground -that in laying the species of tax known as postage -rates Parliament was usurping functions which -belonged only to the colonial legislatures. Thus -did the year 1718 witness a slight presage of 1765. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">377</span></p> - -<div id="Beginning_of_the_seventy_years_struggle" class="sidenote">Beginning of -the seventy -years’ struggle -with -France.</div> - -<p>Nothing did so much toward bringing the several -colonies face to face with a great continental -situation as the struggle with France which began -with the expulsion of the Stuarts in 1689 -and was not to be decided until seventy -years later, when Wolfe climbed the -Heights of Abraham. The destruction -of the Invincible Armada, a century before the -downfall of James II., had shown that Great -Britain was to belong to the Protestant Reformers; -the latter event had shown that she was not -to be won back to the Catholic Counter-Reformation -which, starting with the election of Paul IV. -in 1555, had gained formidable strength in many -quarters. At the beginning of the seventeenth -century, when the colony of Virginia was founded, -the France of Henry IV. was in sympathy with -England and hostile to Spain. Before the end of -that century the France of Louis XIV. had been -won over to the Counter-Reformation. The dethronement -of England’s Catholic king came -almost like a rejoinder to the expulsion of a million -Protestants from France. The mighty struggle -which then began was to determine whether North -America should be controlled by Protestantism and -Whiggery, or by the Counter-Reformation and the -Old Régime.</p> - -<div id="The_Continental_Congress_of_1690" class="sidenote">The Continental -Congress of -1690.</div> - -<p>The first notable effect wrought in English -America by the outbreak of hostilities -was the assembling of a Continental Congress -at New York in 1690, the first meeting -of that sort in America. The continental -aspects of the situation were not as yet apparent -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">378</span> -save to a few prescient minds. The infant settlements -in Carolina hardly counted for much. -Virginia was too far from Canada to feel deeply -interested in the organization of resistance to the -schemes of Frontenac, and so the southernmost -colony represented in the first American Congress -was Maryland.</p> - -<div id="Franklins_plan_for_a_Federal_Union" class="sidenote">Franklin’s -plan for a -Federal -Union.</div> - -<div id="Origin_of_the_Stamp_Act" class="sidenote">Origin of -the Stamp -Act.</div> - -<p id="Different_views_of_Spotswood">It was not long, however, before the continental -aspects of the situation began to grow more conspicuous. -The reader will remember how, in 1708, -the government at Charleston, in an official report -on the military resources of the colony, laid stress -upon the circumstance that Carolina was a frontier -to all the English settlements on the mainland. -The occasion for this emphasis was the great European -war that broke out in 1701, when Louis -XIV. put his grandson, Philip of Anjou, on the -vacant throne of Spain. The alliance of Spain -with France threatened English America at both -ends of the line. The destruction of Deerfield -by an expedition from Canada in 1704, and the -attempt upon Charleston by an expedition from -Florida in 1706, were blows delivered by the common -enemy, Louis XIV., the persecutor of Huguenots, -the champion of the Counter-Reformation, -the accomplice of the Stuarts. From that moment -we may date the first dawning consciousness of a -community of interests all the way from Massachusetts -to Carolina. But it was only a few clear-headed -persons that were quick to understand the -situation. The average members of a legislature -were not among these; their thoughts were much -more upon the constituencies “to whom they owed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">379</span> -their elections” than upon any wide or far-reaching -interests. Such of the royal governors as were -honest and high-minded men saw the situation -much more clearly, since it was their business to -look at things from the imperial point of view. -Especially such a man as Spotswood, a soldier of -noted ability, who had himself been scarred in -fighting the common enemy, could not fail to understand -the needs of the hour. His official letters -abundantly show his disgust over the froward and -niggardly policy that refused prompt aid to hard-pressed -Carolina.<a id="FNanchor_321" href="#Footnote_321" class="fnanchor">321</a> To sit wrangling over questions -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">380</span> -of prerogative while firebrand and tomahawk were -devouring their brethren on the frontier! To our -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">381</span> -valiant soldier such behaviour seemed fit only for -churls; while waiting for the danger to come upon -one, instead of marching forth to attack the danger, -was surely as impolitic as unchivalrous. So, without -waiting on the uncertain temper and devious -arguments of many-headed King Demos, the governor -hurried his men on board ship as fast as -he could enlist and arm them, well knowing that -in a “dangerous conjuncture” the more precious -minutes one loses, the more costly grow those that -are left. During half of the eighteenth century, -as the conflict with France was again and again -renewed, such experiences as those of Spotswood -with his burgesses were repeated in most of the -colonies, until the royal governors became profoundly -convinced that the one thing most needed -in English America was a Continental Government -that could impose taxes, according to some uniform -principle, upon the people of all the colonies for -the common defence. At the Albany Congress of -1754, when the war-clouds were blacker -than ever, Benjamin Franklin came forward -with a scheme for creating such a -central government for purely federal purposes. -That scheme would have inaugurated a Federal -Union, with president appointed by the crown; it -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">382</span> -would have lodged the power of taxation, for continental -purposes, in a federal council representing -the American people; and it would have left with -the several states all governmental functions and -prerogatives not explicitly granted to the central -government. <span id="Franklins_tax_plan_failure">Had Franklin’s plan been adopted -and proved successful in its working, the political -separation between English America and English -Britain would not have occurred when it did, and -possibly might not have occurred at all.</span> But -Franklin’s plan failed of adoption just at the moment -when American politics were becoming more -completely and conspicuously continental than ever -before. In the presence of a gigantic war that -extended “from the coast of Coromandel to the -Great Lakes of North America,”<a id="FNanchor_322" href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">322</a> the need for a -continental government and the evils that flowed -from the want of it were felt with increasing -severity; the old difficulties which had beset honest -Spotswood were renewed in manifold ways; until, -when the war was over, Parliament, with the best -of intentions but without due consideration, undertook -in the Stamp Act to provide a -steady continental revenue for America. -When the Americans refused to accept -Parliament as their continental legislature, and, in -alliance with Pitt and his New Whigs, won a noble -victory in the repeal of the Stamp Act, a great -American question became entangled in British -politics, and a situation was thus created which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">383</span> -enabled the unscrupulous and half-crazy George -III. to force upon America the quarrel that parted -the empire in twain. Nowhere in history is the -solidarity of events, in their causal relations, more -conspicuous than in America during the eighteenth -century; and for this reason the disputes of the -royal governors with their refractory assemblies -are nearly always rich in political lessons.</p> - -<div id="The_unknown_West" class="sidenote">The unknown -West.</div> - -<div id="Attempts_to_cross_the_Blue_Ridge" class="sidenote">Spotswood -crosses the -Blue Ridge, -1716.</div> - -<p>Looking back from the present time at Spotswood’s -administration, we find its incidents perpetually -reminding us that the colonies were already -entering upon that long period of revolution from -which they were not to emerge until the adoption -of our Federal Constitution. We never lose consciousness -of the French and Indian background -against which the events are projected. Toward -this vast dim background Spotswood set his face -in 1716, in his memorable expedition across the -Blue Ridge. For more than a century since the -founding of Jamestown had the beautiful -valley of the Shenandoah remained -unknown to Virginians. It was still -part of the strange, unmeasured wilderness that -stretched away to the remote shores which Drake -had once called by the name New Albion.<a id="FNanchor_323" href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">323</a> Some -of its most savage solitudes had in Spotswood’s -youth been traversed by the mighty La Salle, and -other adventurous Frenchmen kept up explorations -among freshwater seas to the northwestward, -where English and Scotch officials of the Hudson -Bay Company were beginning to come into contact -with them. What was to be found between those -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">384</span> -freshwater seas and the Gulf of Mexico no Englishman -could tell, save that it had been found to -be solid land, and not a Sea of Verrazano.<a id="FNanchor_324" href="#Footnote_324" class="fnanchor">324</a> So -much might Spotswood have gathered from reading -and from hearsay, but not through any work -done by Englishmen. In the early days, as we -have seen, Captain Newport had tried to reach the -mountains and failed.<a id="FNanchor_325" href="#Footnote_325" class="fnanchor">325</a> In 1653 it was enacted -that, “whereas divers gentlemen have a voluntarie -desire to discover the Mountains and supplicated -for lycence to this Assembly, ... that order be -granted unto any for soe doing, Provided they go -with a considerable partie and strength both of -men and amunition.”<a id="FNanchor_326" href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">326</a> But nothing came of this -permission. In Spotswood’s time the very outposts -of English civilization had not crept inland -beyond tidewater. A strip of forest fifty miles or -more in breadth still intervened between the Virginia -frontier and those blue peaks visible against -the western sky. This stalwart governor was not -the man to gaze upon mountains and rest content -without going to see what was behind them. Especially -since the French were laying claim to the -interior, since they had for some time possessed the -Great Lakes, and since they had lately been busy -in erecting forts at divers remote places in the -western country,<a id="FNanchor_327" href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">327</a> it was worth while for Englishmen -to take a step toward them by crossing the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">385</span> -mountains.<a id="FNanchor_328" href="#Footnote_328" class="fnanchor">328</a> The expedition was extremely popular -in Virginia. <span id="Blue_Ridge_crossed">A party of fifty gentlemen, -with black servants, Indian guides, -and packhorses, started out toward the -end of August and made quite an autumn picnic of -it.</span> One can fancy what prime shooting it was in -the virgin forest all alive with the finest of game. -To wash down so much toothsome venison and -grouse, the governor brought along several casks -of native wines—red and white Rapidan, so to -speak—made by his Spottsylvania Germans; but -cognac and cherry cordial were not forgotten, and -champagne-corks popped merrily in the wilderness. -Crossing the Blue Ridge at Swift Run Gap,<a id="FNanchor_329" href="#Footnote_329" class="fnanchor">329</a> on -nearly the same latitude as Fredericksburg, the -party entered the great valley a little north of the -present site of Port Republic, and about eighty -miles southwest from Harper’s Ferry. The exploits -of Stonewall Jackson in 1862 have clothed -the region with undying fame. Spotswood called -the river the Euphrates, an early instance of the -vicious naming by which the map of the United -States is so abundantly disfigured, but happily the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_386">386</span> -melodious native name of Shenandoah has held its -place. On the bank of that fair stream one of the -empty bottles was buried, with a paper inside declaring -that the river and all the soil it drained -were the property of the King of Great Britain. -Having thus taken formal possession of the valley, -the picnickers returned to their tidewater -homes.</p> - -<div id="Knights_of_the_Golden_Horseshoe" class="sidenote">Knights of -the Golden -Horseshoe.</div> - -<p>A letter of Rev. Hugh Jones, who preached in -Bruton Church, says that Spotswood cut the name -of George I. upon a rock at the summit of the -highest peak which the party climbed, and named -it Mount George, whereupon some of the gentlemen -called the next one Mount Alexander, in -honour of the governor. “For this expedition,” -says Mr. Jones, “they were obliged to provide a -great quantity of horseshoes, things seldom used in -the lower parts of the country, where there are few -stones. Upon which account the governor -upon their return presented each -of his companions with a golden horseshoe, -some of which I have seen, studded with valuable -stones, resembling the heads of nails, with this -inscription ... <i>Sic juvat transcendere montes.</i><a id="FNanchor_330" href="#Footnote_330" class="fnanchor">330</a> -This he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture -backwards and make discoveries and new settlements, -any gentleman being entitled to wear this -golden shoe that can prove his having drank [<i>sic</i>] -his Majesty’s health upon Mount George.”<a id="FNanchor_331" href="#Footnote_331" class="fnanchor">331</a> In -later times this incident was called instituting the -order of Knights of the Golden Horseshoe. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">387</span></p> - -<div id="Spotswoods_view_of_the_situation" class="sidenote">Spotswood’s -view of the -situation.</div> - -<p>Spotswood’s letters to the Lords of Trade, in -which he mentions this expedition to the mountains, -are testimony to the soundness of his military -foresight. In recent years, he says, the -French have built fortresses in such positions -“that the Brittish Plantations -are in a manner Surrounded by their -Commerce w’th the numerous Nations of Indians -seated on both sides of the Lakes; they may not -only Engross the whole Skin Trade, but may, -when they please, Send out such Bodys of Indians -on the back of these Plantations as may greatly -distress his Maj’ty’s Subjects here, And should -they multiply their settlem’ts along these Lakes, -so as to joyn their Dominions of Canada to their -new Colony of Louisiana, they might even possess -themselves of any of these Plantations they -pleased. Nature, ’tis true, has formed a Barrier -for us by that long Chain of Mountains w’ch run -from the back of South Carolina as far as New -York, and w’ch are only passable in some few -places, but even that Natural Defence may prove -rather destructive to us, if they are not possessed -by us before they are known to them. To prevent -the dangers w’ch Threaten his Maj’ty’s Dominions -here from the growing power of these Neighbours, -nothing seems to me of more consequence than -that now while the Nations are at peace, and while -the French are yet uncapable of possessing all -that vast Tract w’ch lies on the back of these -Plantations, we should attempt to make some Settlements -on y<sup>e</sup> Lakes, and at the same time possess -our selves of those passes of the great Mountains, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">388</span> -w’ch are necessary to preserve a Communication -w’th such Settlements.”<a id="FNanchor_332" href="#Footnote_332" class="fnanchor">332</a></p> - -<p>He goes on to say that the purpose of his late -expedition across the Blue Ridge was to ascertain -whether Lake Erie, occupying as it did a central -position in the French line of communication between -Canada and Louisiana, was easily accessible -from Virginia. Information gathered from Indians -led him to believe that it was thus accessible.<a id="FNanchor_333" href="#Footnote_333" class="fnanchor">333</a> -He therefore proposed that an English -settlement should be made on the south shore of -Lake Erie, whereby the English power might be -thrust like a wedge into the centre of the French -position; and he offered to take a suitable body -of men across the mountains and reconnoitre the -country for the purpose of finding a site. As for -the expense of such an enterprise, the king need -not be concerned about it; for there was enough -surplus from quitrents in the colonial treasury to -defray it. One cannot read such a letter without -admiring the writer’s honest frankness, his clear -insight, his prudence, and his courage.</p> - -<div id="Spotswoods_last_years" class="sidenote">Spotswood’s -last years.</div> - -<p>But with all Spotswood’s virtues and talents, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">389</span> -and in spite of his popularity, he fell upon the -same rock upon which Andros and Nicholson had -been wrecked: he quarrelled with Dr. Blair, who -tells us that “he was so wedded to his own notions -that there was no quarter for them that went not -with him.”<a id="FNanchor_334" href="#Footnote_334" class="fnanchor">334</a> With a change of name, perhaps the -same might have been said of the worthy doctor. -The quarrel seems to have originated in the question -as to the right of appointing pastors, and -it ended, as Blair’s contests always ended, in the -overthrow of his antagonist. Nobody could stand -up against that doughty Scotch parson.<a id="FNanchor_335" href="#Footnote_335" class="fnanchor">335</a> Spotswood -was removed from his governorship in 1722, -but continued to live in the Virginia which he -loved. As postmaster-general for the American -colonies, he had by 1738 got the mail running -regularly from New England as far south as James -River. It took a week to carry the mail -from Philadelphia to Williamsburg; for -points further south the post-rider started at irregular -intervals, whenever enough mail had accumulated -to make it worth while. In 1740 Spotswood -received a major-general’s commission, and was -about to sail in Admiral Vernon’s expedition -against Cartagena,<a id="FNanchor_336" href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">336</a> when he suddenly died. He -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">390</span> -was buried on his estate of Temple Farm, near -Yorktown. In later days the surrender of Lord -Cornwallis was negotiated in the house which had -sheltered the last years of this noble governor.<a id="FNanchor_337" href="#Footnote_337" class="fnanchor">337</a></p> - -<div id="Gooch_and_Dinwiddie" class="sidenote">Gooch and Dinwiddie.</div> - -<p>Spotswood was succeeded by Hugh Drysdale, -who died in 1726, and next came William Gooch, -another military Scotchman, quiet, modest, and -shrewd, who managed things for twenty-two -years, from 1727 to 1749, with -marked ability and success. After an interval, -Gooch was followed by Robert Dinwiddie, still -another Scotchman, who came in 1751 and staid -until 1758, and whose administration is the last -one that calls for mention in the present narrative.</p> - -<div id="The_Scotch_Irish" class="sidenote">The Scotch-Irish.</div> - -<p>The period of Gooch’s government was remarkable -for the development of the westward movement -prefigured in Spotswood’s expedition across -the Blue Ridge. This development occurred in a -way that even far-seeing men could not -have predicted. It introduced into Virginia -a new set of people, new forms of religion, -new habits of life. It affected all the colonies -south of Pennsylvania most profoundly, and did -more than anything else to determine the character -of all the states afterward founded west of the -Alleghanies and south of the latitude of middle -Illinois. Until recent years, little has been written -about the coming of the so-called Scotch-Irish to -America, and yet it is an event of scarcely less -importance than the exodus of English Puritans to -New England and that of English Cavaliers to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">391</span> -Virginia. It is impossible to understand the drift -which American history, social and political, has -taken since the time of Andrew Jackson, without -studying the early life of the Scotch-Irish population -of the Alleghany regions, the pioneers of the -American backwoods. I do not mean to be understood -as saying that the whole of that population -at the time of our Revolutionary War was Scotch-Irish, -for there was a considerable German element -in it, besides an infusion of English moving inward -from the coast. But the Scotch-Irish element was -more numerous and far more important than all -the others. A detailed account of it belongs especially -with the history of Pennsylvania, since that -colony was the principal centre of its distribution -throughout the south and west; but a brief mention -of its coming is indispensable in any sketch of -Old Virginia and Her Neighbours.<a id="FNanchor_338" href="#Footnote_338" class="fnanchor">338</a></p> - -<div id="Colonization_of_Ulster" class="sidenote">Colonization of Ulster by James I.</div> - -<p id="flourishing_manufactures_in_Ulster">Who were the people called by this rather awkward -compound name, Scotch-Irish? The answer -carries us back to the year 1611, when James I. -began peopling Ulster with colonists from Scotland -and the north of England. The plan was to put -into Ireland a Protestant population that -might ultimately outnumber the Catholics -and become the controlling element in the -country. The settlers were picked men and women -of the most excellent sort. By the middle of the -seventeenth century there were 300,000 of them in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">392</span> -Ulster. That province had been the most neglected -part of the island, a wilderness of bogs and -fens; they transformed it into a garden. They -also established manufactures of woollens and -linens which have ever since been famous throughout -the world. By the beginning of the eighteenth -century their numbers had risen to nearly a million. -Their social condition was not that of peasants; -they were intelligent yeomanry and artisans. -In a document signed in 1718 by a miscellaneous -group of 319 men, only 13 made their mark, while -306 wrote their names in full. Nothing like that -could have happened at that time in any other -part of the British Empire, hardly even in New -England.</p> - -<p>When these people began coming to America, -those families that had been longest in Ireland -had dwelt there but for three generations, and -confusion of mind seems to lurk in any nomenclature -which couples them with the true Irish. The -antipathy between the Scotch-Irish as a group and -the true Irish as a group is perhaps unsurpassed -for bitterness and intensity. On the other hand, -since love laughs at feuds and schisms, intermarriages -between the colonists of Ulster and the -native Irish were by no means unusual, and instances -occur of Murphys and McManuses of -Presbyterian faith. It was common in Ulster to -allude to Presbyterians as “Scotch,” to Roman -Catholics as “Irish,” and to members of the English -church as “Protestants,” without much reference -to pedigree. From this point of view the -term “Scotch-Irish” may be defensible, provided -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">393</span> -we do not let it conceal the fact that the people to -whom it applied are for the most part Lowland -Scotch Presbyterians, very slightly hibernicized in -blood.</p> - -<div id="Civil_disabilities" class="sidenote">Ulster’s grievances.</div> - -<p id="Legislation_against_the_Ulster_manufacturers">The flourishing manufactures in Ulster aroused -the jealousy of rival manufacturers in England, -who in 1698 succeeded in obtaining legislation -which seriously damaged the Irish linen and woollen -industries and threw many workmen out of -employment. About the same time it -became apparent that an epidemic fever -of persecution had seized upon the English church. -The violent reaction against the Counter-Reformation, -with the fierce war against Louis XIV., had -stimulated intolerance in all directions. The same -persecuting spirit which we have above witnessed -as making trouble for the Carolinas and Maryland -found also a vent in the severe disabilities inflicted -in 1704 and following years upon Presbyterians in -Ireland. They were forbidden to keep schools, -marriages performed by their clergy were declared -invalid, they were not allowed to hold any office -higher than that of petty constable, and so on -through a long list of silly and outrageous enactments. -For a few years this tyranny was endured -in the hope that it was but temporary. By 1719 -this hope had worn away, and from that year, -until the passage of the Toleration Act for Ireland -in 1782, the people of Ulster kept flocking to -America.</p> - -<div id="The_migration_of_Ulster_men_to_America" class="sidenote">The migration of Ulster men to America.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Scotch-Irish in the southwest.</div> - -<p id="excited_the_jealousy_of_rival_manufacturers">Of all the migrations to America previous to the -days of steamships, this was by far the largest in -volume. One week of 1727 landed six ship-loads -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">394</span> -at Philadelphia. In the two years 1773 and 1774 -more than 30,000 came. In 1770 one -third of the population of Pennsylvania -was Scotch-Irish. Altogether, between -1730 and 1770, I think it probable that at least -half a million souls were transferred from Ulster -to the American colonies, making not less than one -sixth part of our population at the time of the -Revolution. Of these, very few came to New England; -among their descendants were the soldiers -John Stark and Henry Knox, and more lately the -great naturalist Asa Gray. Those who went to -Pennsylvania received grants of land in the western -mountain region. The policy of the government -was to interpose them as a buffer between the -expanding colony and the Indian frontier. Once -planted in the Alleghany region, they spread rapidly -and in large numbers toward the southwest -along the mountain country through the Shenandoah -Valley and into the Carolinas. At a later -time they formed almost the entire population of -West Virginia, and they were the men who chiefly -built up the commonwealths of Kentucky and Tennessee. -Among these Scotch-Irish were -the Breckinridges, Alexanders, Lewises, -Prestons, Campbells, Pickenses, Stuarts, -McDowells, Johnstons, and Rutledges; Richard -Montgomery, Anthony Wayne, Daniel Boone, -James Robertson, George Rogers Clark, Andrew -Jackson, Thomas Benton, Samuel Houston, John -Caldwell Calhoun, Stonewall Jackson. It was -chiefly Scotch-Irish troops that won the pivotal -battle at King’s Mountain, that crushed the Indians -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">395</span> -of Alabama, and overthrew Wellington’s -veterans of the Spanish peninsula in that brief -but acute agony at New Orleans. When our Civil -War came these men were a great power on both -sides, but the influence of the chief mass of them -was exerted on the side of the Union; it held Kentucky -and a large part of Tennessee, and broke -Virginia in twain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley.</div> - -<p id="Settlement_of_the_Shenandoah_Valley">It was about 1730 that the Scotch-Irish began -to pour into the Shenandoah Valley. “Governor -Gooch was then dispensing the Valley -lands so freely and indiscriminately that -one Jacob Stover, it is said, secured -many acres by giving his cattle human names as -settlers; and a young woman, by dressing in various -disguises of masculine attire, obtained several -large farms.”<a id="FNanchor_339" href="#Footnote_339" class="fnanchor">339</a> Small farms, however, came to be -the rule. The first Scotch-Irish settled along the -Opequon River; and their very oldest churches, -the Tuscarora Meeting-house near Martinsburg -and the Opequon Church near Winchester, are -still standing. The Germans were not long in following -them, and we see their mark on the map in -such names as Strasburg and Hamburg.</p> - -<div id="Profound_effect_upon_Virginia" class="sidenote">Profound effect -upon -Virginia.</div> - -<p>This settlement of the Valley soon began to work -profound modifications in the life of Old Virginia. -Hitherto it had been purely English and -predominantly Episcopal, Cavalier, and -aristocratic. There was now a rapid invasion -of Scotch Presbyterianism, with small farms, -few slaves, and democratic ideas, made more democratic -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">396</span> -by life in the backwoods. It was impossible -that two societies so different in habits and -ideas should coexist side by side, sending representatives -to the same House of Burgesses, without -a stubborn conflict. For two generations there -was a ferment which resulted in the separation of -church and state, complete religious toleration, the -abolition of primogeniture and entails, and many -other important changes, most of which were consummated -under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson -between 1776 and 1785. Without the aid of -the Valley population, these beginnings of metamorphosis -in tidewater Virginia would not have -been accomplished.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Frontier -phase of democracy.</div> - -<p id="Jefferson_found_in_them_his_most_powerful_supporters">Jefferson is often called the father of modern -American democracy; in a certain sense the Shenandoah -Valley and adjacent Appalachian -regions may be called its cradle. In that -rude frontier society, life assumed many -new aspects, old customs were forgotten, old distinctions -abolished, social equality acquired even -more importance than unchecked individualism. -The notions, sometimes crude and noxious, sometimes -just and wholesome, which characterized -Jacksonian democracy, flourished greatly on the -frontier and have thence been propagated eastward -through the older communities, affecting their -legislation and their politics more or less according -to frequency of contact and intercourse. Massachusetts, -relatively remote and relatively ancient, -has been perhaps least affected by this group of -ideas, but all parts of the United States have felt -its influence powerfully. This phase of democracy, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">397</span> -which is destined to continue so long as frontier -life retains any importance, can nowhere be so well -studied in its beginnings as among the Presbyterian -population of the Appalachian region in the -eighteenth century.</p> - -<div id="Lord_Fairfax_and_George_Washington" class="sidenote">Lord Fairfax and George Washington.</div> - -<p>The Shenandoah Valley, however, was not absolutely -given up to Scotchmen and Germans; it was -not entirely without English inhabitants -from the tidewater region. Among these, -one specially interesting group arrests our -attention. At the northern end of the Valley was -a little English colony gathered about Lord Fairfax’s -home at Greenway Court, a dozen miles -southwest from the site of Winchester. We have -seen how Lord Culpeper, in relinquishing his proprietary -claims upon Virginia, had retained the -Northern Neck. This extensive territory passed -as a dowry with Culpeper’s daughter Catharine to -her husband, the fifth Lord Fairfax;<a id="FNanchor_340" href="#Footnote_340" class="fnanchor">340</a> and in 1745 -their son, the sixth Lord Fairfax, came to spend -the rest of his days in Virginia. There was much -surveying to be done, and the lord of Greenway -Court gave this work to a young man for whom he -had conceived a strong affection. The name of -Fairfax’s youthful friend was George Washington, -and it is impossible to couple these two names without -being reminded of a letter written a hundred -years before, in 1646, when Charles I. had been -overthrown and taken prisoner, and Henry Washington, -royalist commander at Worcester, still held -out and refused to surrender the city without authority -from the king. Thus wrote the noble commander -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">398</span> -to the great General Fairfax, commander -of the Parliament army: “It is acknowledged by -your books, and by report of your own quarter, -that the king is in some of your armies. That -granted, it may be easy for you to procure his Majesty’s -commands for the disposal of this garrison. -Till then I shall make good the trust reposed in me. -As for conditions, if I shall be necessitated I shall -make the best I can. The worst I know and fear -not; if I had, the profession of a soldier had not -been begun nor so long continued by your Excellency’s -humble servant,—Henry Washington.”<a id="FNanchor_341" href="#Footnote_341" class="fnanchor">341</a></p> - -<div id="Effect_of_the_Westward_advance" class="sidenote">Effect of the Westward advance upon the -military situation.</div> - -<div id="Virginians_from_tidewater" class="sidenote">The Gateway of the West.</div> - -<div id="Advance_of_the_French" class="sidenote">Advance of the French.</div> - -<p>There is a ring to this letter which sounds not -unlike the utterance of that scion of the writer’s -family who was destined to win independence -for the United States. It is pleasant -to know that General Fairfax obtained -the order from King Charles and -granted most honourable terms to the brave Colonel -Washington. In the following century a member -of the house of Fairfax, in engaging the younger -Washington to survey his frontier estates, put him -into a position which led up to his wonderful -public career. For this advance of the Virginians -from tidewater to the mountains served to bring -on the final struggle with France. The wholesale -Scotch-Irish immigration was fast carrying Virginia’s -frontier toward the Ohio River, and making -feasible the schemes of Spotswood in a way -that no man would have thought of. Hitherto the -struggle with the house of Bourbon had been confined -to Canada at one end of the line and Carolina -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">399</span> -at the other, while the centre had not been -directly implicated. In the first American Congress, -convened by Jacob Leisler at New York in -1690 for the purpose of concerting measures of -defence against the common enemy, Virginia (as -we have seen) took no part. The seat of war was -then remote, and her strength exerted at such a -distance would have been of little avail. But in -the sixty years since 1690 the white population of -Virginia had increased fourfold, and her wealth -had increased still more. Looking down -the Monongahela River to the point -where its union with the Alleghany makes the -Ohio, she beheld there the gateway to the Great -West, and felt a yearning to possess it; for the -westward movement was giving rise to speculations -in land, and a company was forming for the exploration -and settlement of all that Ohio country. -But French eyes were not blind to the situation, -and it was their king’s pawns, not the English, -that opened the game on the mighty chess-board. -French troops from Canada crossed Lake -Erie, and built their first fort where the -city of Erie now stands. Then they pushed forward -down the wooded valley of the Alleghany -and built a second fortress and a third. Another -stride would bring them to the gateway. Something -must be done at once.</p> - -<div id="Washington_warning_from_encroaching_upon_English_territory" class="sidenote">George -Washington’s -first -appearance -in history.</div> - -<p>At such a crisis Governor Dinwiddie had need -of the ablest man Virginia could afford, -to undertake a journey of unwonted difficulty -through the wilderness, to negotiate -with Indian tribes, and to warn the advancing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">400</span> -Frenchmen to trespass no further upon English -territory. As the best person to entrust with -this arduous enterprise, the shrewd old Scotchman -selected a lad of one-and-twenty, Lord Fairfax’s -surveyor, George Washington. History does -not record a more extraordinary choice, nor one -more completely justified.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>This year 1753 marks the end of the period when -we can deal with the history of Virginia by itself. -The struggle against France, so long sustained by -New York and New England, acquires a truly -Continental character when Virginia comes to take -part in it. Great public questions forthwith come -up for solution, some of which are not set at -rest until after that young land surveyor has -become President of the United States. With -the first encounter between Frenchmen and Englishmen -in the Alleghanies, the stream of Virginia -history becomes an inseparable portion of -the majestic stream in which flows the career of -our Federal Union. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">401</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">402</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="INDEX">INDEX.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">403</span></h2> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2>INDEX.</h2> - -<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Abbot, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Abbot, Jeffrey, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Abraham, Heights of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Absence of towns in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Accomac peninsula, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Act of Uniformity, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adam of Bremen, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adams, C. F., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adams, Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adams, Samuel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adelmare, Julius Cæsar, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Adoption of captives, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_109">109-111</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Æsop’s crow, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">African slaves less tractable than those born in America, ii. <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Agassiz, Louis, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Agnese’s map, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Agriculture in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alaric, ii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Albany congress, ii. <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Albemarle Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bacon looked for possible help from, ii. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Albemarle Sound, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alcæus, epigram of, in Greek on title-page, English paraphrase, ii. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alexander VI., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alexander, Sir William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Algerine pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Algonquins, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_58">58-62</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Allerton, Isaac, ii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Altona, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alva, Duke of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Amadis, Philip, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">America, first occurrence of the name in English, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">American Antiquarian Society, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Americans not subject to Parliament, view of James I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ancient British drama, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Andros, Sir Edmund, ii. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Annapolis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anne Arundel County, ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anne of Denmark, Queen of James I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anne, Queen, ii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anti-Catholic panic, ii. <a href="#Page_159">159-161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anti-slavery sentiment in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Antwerp, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Apaches, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Appalachian region the cradle of modern democracy, ii. <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Appleby School, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Appomattox Indians, ii. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Arabian Nights, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Aram, Eugene, ii. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Arber, Edward, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Archdale, John, ii. <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Archer, Gabriel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Archer’s Hope, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Argall, Samuel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Argall’s Gift, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ark, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Arlington, Earl of, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Armada, the Invincible, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36-40</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Armenica</i>, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Arundel, Lady Anne, wife of second Lord Baltimore, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Arundel of Wardour, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ashley River Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ashley, Sir Anthony, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ashley, W. J., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Asiento</i> agreement, ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Assembly,</li> -<li class="isub1">Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_134">134-138</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149-162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Massachusetts, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">its “Tragical Declaration,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_240">240-251</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Atheism, how defined by Bishop Meade, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Australasian colonies, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Avalon, proposed palatinate in Newfoundland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260-263</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Avison, Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ayllon’s colony on James River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Azov, Sea of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Azores, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Backwoods life, ii. <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacon, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacon, Nathaniel, the elder, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacon, Nathaniel, the rebel, his pedigree, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his manifesto, ii. <a href="#Page_78">78-80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his death, ii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacon’s assembly, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacon’s rebellion, ii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45-107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sympathizers in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">404</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Baffin, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bailiffs, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baird, C. W., ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bahama Islands, their military value, ii. <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Balboa, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ballagh, J. C., ii. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore, Lady, wife of first Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore, the city, ii. <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore, the Irish village, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bancroft, George, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barbadoes, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barbecues, ii. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barlow, Arthur, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barns, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barnwell, John, defeats the Tuscaroras, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bassett, J. S., ii. <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bates, H. W., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beadell, Gabriel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beaumont, Francis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Becket, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford, Countess of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bedroom furniture, ii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bee, Captain, ii. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beggars, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Behn, Mrs. Aphra, ii. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Belknap, Jeremy, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Belles of Williamsburg, a poem, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bennett, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Plantation, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley, Sir Maurice, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley, Sir William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20-22</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53-58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66-71</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103-107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeleys, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bermuda Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bermuda Islands, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149-151</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bermudez, Juan, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Berry, Sir John, ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bertrand, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beverages, ii. <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beverley, Robert, clerk of assembly, ii. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109-114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beverley, Robert, the historian, ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208-210</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bichat, Xavier, ii. <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Billingsgate, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Billy, a runaway negro, ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Birds, ii. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bishop, intention to appoint one in America, ii. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blackbeard, the last of the pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_366">366-369</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Black Death, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Black-eyed Susan, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blackiston, Nehemiah, ii. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blackmail in the West Indies, ii. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blackstone, William, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blair, Francis Preston, ii. <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blair, James, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_116">116-123</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blair, Mrs. James, ii. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blake, Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bland, Giles, ii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bland, John, ii. <a href="#Page_47">47-51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blenheim, battle of, ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bliss, Wm. R., ii. <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blood debt, Indian ideas of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Anchor tavern, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Ridge, ii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">crossed by Spotswood, ii. <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blunt Point, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Blunt, Tom, a Tuscarora chief, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bodleian Library, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bohemia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bohemia Manor, ii. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bolivia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bolling family descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bologna, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bonnet, Stede, ii. <a href="#Page_367">367-369</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boon, John, ii. <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boroughs, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boston, Mass., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boswell, James, ii. <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boucher, Jonathan, ii. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boulogne, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowdoin, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowdoin College, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boyle, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bradford, Win., ii. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brafferton Hall, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brandt, Sebastian, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Braziers, ii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brazil, Huguenots in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Breaking on the wheel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brent, F. P., ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brent, Giles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Brethren of the Coast,” ii. <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brick for building, ii. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bright, J. F., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bristol, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brock, R. A., ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bromfield, Lady, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brooke, Baker, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brooke, Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brooke, Robert, a priest, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brooke, Sir Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brown, Alexander, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_105">105-112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Browne, W. H., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Browning, Louisa, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bruce, Philip, ii. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185-187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Buccaneering, origin of, ii. <a href="#Page_345">345</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_405">405</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Buccaneers, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">origin of the name, ii. <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Buenos Ayres, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burgesses, House of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burghley, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burgundy, House of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burk, John, ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burke, Edmund, ii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burney, James, ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burning alive, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burrington, George, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burroughs, Anne, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burton, Sir Charles, a convict, ii. <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Burwell, Lewis, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Butler, James, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Butler, Nathaniel, his attack upon the London Company, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208-213</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Butterflies of the aristocracy, ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Buzzard’s Bay, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Byrd, William, historian, ii. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his library, ii. <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; <a href="#Page_256">256-259</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">describes life in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Byrd, William, the elder, ii. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cabot, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cabot, Sebastian, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_11">11-14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cadiz, battle of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cadiz harbour, attacked by Drake, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cæsar, Sir Julius, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calderon, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Caliban, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">California, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_283">283-292</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311-313</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_315">315-318</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134-141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Charles, third Lord Baltimore, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154-162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Benedict, fourth Lord Baltimore, ii. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Charles, fifth Lord Baltimore, ii. <a href="#Page_169">169-173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, George, brother of second Lord Baltimore, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Leonard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_290">290-293</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, Philip, ii. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calvert, William, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cambridge, Mass., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cambridge University, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Camden, W., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Camm, John, ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Campbell, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Canada, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Canary Islands, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Candles of myrtle wax, ii. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cannibals, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Canning, Elizabeth, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Breton, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Charles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Clear, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Cod, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Fear River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Finisterre, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Lookout, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Capetian monarchy in France, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Capital offences, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cardross, Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carey, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carey’s rebellion, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carlton, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carolina, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bacon’s watchword, ii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">palatinate government of, ii. <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Algonquins in, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Spanish gold and silver in, ii. <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Caroni River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carriages, ii. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carrington, Mrs. Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_234">234-236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carroll, Charles, the elder, ii. <a href="#Page_170">170-172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cartagena, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carteret, Sir George, ii. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cary, Sir Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Caspian Sea, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cathay and its riches, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Catholics in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_270">270-275</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">civil disabilities of, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166-168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cattle, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cavalier families, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cavalier society reproduced only on Chesapeake Bay, ii. <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cavaliers in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9-29</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34-44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cavendish, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cavendish, Sir Thomas, circumnavigation of the earth by, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Caviar, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cecil, Sir Robert, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Central America, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cessation of tobacco crops, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chamberlain, a court gossip, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chain Lightning City, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Champlain, Samuel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chancellor of temporalities, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chancery courts, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chandler, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chapman, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Channing, Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charatza Tragabigzanda, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charcoal and its fumes, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charlecote Hall, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles, old name for York River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles II., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20-24</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53-56</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">406</span></li> -<li class="isub1"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108-113</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles V., the Emperor, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles IX. of France, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles City, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charleston, the city, founding of, ii. <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">removed to a new situation, ii. <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commerce of, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">social life in, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked by French and Spanish fleet, ii. <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charter of Massachusetts carried to New England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chastellux, Marquis de, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cheesman, Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cheesman, Mrs., insulted by Berkeley, ii. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cheltenham, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cherokees, the, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chesapeake Bay, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cheseldyn, Kenelm, ii. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chester, palatinate of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chicheley, Sir Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chickahominy, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chickahominy, the tribe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Childs, James, founder of a free school, ii. <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chili, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chimneys, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">China, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chinese pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chollop, Hannibal, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chowan River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Christiansen, Hendrick, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Christopher, the Syrian saint, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Church at Jamestown, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Church of England established in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Church wardens, ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Chuzzlewit, Martin, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cintra, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Circumnavigation of the earth by Drake, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26-28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Claiborne, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_286">286-295</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299-301</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_306">306-308</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_314">314-318</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clarendon Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abandoned, ii. <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Claret, American, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clarkson, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Classical revival, ii. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clay-eaters, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clayton, John, botanist, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clement VIII., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clergymen in early New England, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia and Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, how elected, ii. <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">contrast with those of Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clergymen’s salaries, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Climate of South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clobery & Co., fur traders, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Cloister and the Hearth,” the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cobham, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cockatrice, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Code of laws in Dale’s time, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Codfish, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coke, Sir Edward, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cold Harbor, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coligny, Admiral, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Colleton, Sir John, ii. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Collingwood, Edward, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Colonels in the South, why so common, ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Colonization of Ulster by James I., ii. <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Columbia, S. C., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Columbine as a floral emblem, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Columbus, Christopher, his object in sailing westward, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Comanches, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Commons, House of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Communal houses, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Communal lands, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Communism among the first settlers of Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Communists and lager beer, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Bacon’s rebellion, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Complaint from Heaven,” ii. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Conch, a kind of mean white, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Congregations, migration of, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Congress of 1690, ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Conspiracy of the Carolina Indians, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Constables, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Constantine the Great, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Continental Congress of 1690, ii. <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Convicts sent to America, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177-191</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">as schoolmasters, ii. <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Conway, Moncure, ii. <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coode, John, ii. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cook, Ebenezer, his poem “The Sot-Weed Factor,” ii. <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cooke, J. E., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cooper, A. A., Earl of Shaftesbury, ii. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Copeland, Patrick, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Copley, Sir Lionel, ii. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cordilleras, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Corn crackers, a kind of mean white, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cornets and trumpets, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cornwallis, the Earl, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cornwallis, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coronado, expedition of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coroners, ii. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Corruption and extortion, ii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coruña, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coryat, Thomas, introduces the use of forks into England, ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cortez in Mexico, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cotton crop in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Counter-reformation, ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Counties in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Count Palatine, meaning of the title, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_407">407</span></li> - -<li class="indx">County court, English, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">County courts in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">County lieutenants in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Coursey, Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Court day in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Court House in town names, ii. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Court Party, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Courts baron, ii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">leet, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_146">146-148</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">quarter session, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cowley, Abraham, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cowley, Ambrose, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crackers, a kind of mean white, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Craft guilds, ii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of London, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Craftsmen desired in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cranfield, Sir M., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Craven, Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Creeks and rivers as roadways, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crèvecœur, St. John de, ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crimes and punishments, ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Croatan, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_316">316-318</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell, Richard, ii. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crown requisitions, ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cruel punishments, ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crusades, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cuitlahuatzin, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Culpeper, John, and his rebellion, ii. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Culpeper, Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110-113</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Culpeper, the town, ii. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cumana, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Curl’s Wharf, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Cursed be Canaan,” ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Custis, D. P., ii. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cypress shingles, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cyprus, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dabney, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dale, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_163">163-171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">code of laws in Dale’s time, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dale’s Gift, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dampier, William, ii. <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Daniel, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Danvers, Sir J., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dare of Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Darien, the peak in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dartmouth, Eng., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Darwin, Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Davenant, Sir William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Davis, a Maryland rebel, ii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Davis, Edward, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Davis, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Deane, Charles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Defoe, Daniel, ii. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Deerfield, destruction of, ii. <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, Lady, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_146">146-148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152-155</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159-163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166-177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, the colony, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delawares, the tribe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Deliverance, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delke, Roger, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Demagogues, ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Demos, the many-headed king, ii. <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Deptford, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Devil, the, is an Ass, a comedy, ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire, first Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Diderot, D., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Digges, Edward, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dining-room furniture, ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dinwiddie, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Discovery, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dismal Swamp, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dissenters, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Doeg, the tribe, ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Domestic industries, ii. <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dominica, the island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Donne, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Don Quixote, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Don, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Douglas, Earl of Orkney, ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dove, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Doyle, J. A., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dragon, Spanish nickname for Drake, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drake, Sir Francis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Draper, Lyman, ii. <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drayton, Michael, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_77">77-79</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dress of planters and their wives, ii. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">legislation concerning, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drinking horns, ii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drummond Lake, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drummond, Sarah, ii. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drummond, William, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drunkards, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Drysdale, Hugh, ii. <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Duelling, ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dunkirk, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Durand, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Durant, George, ii. <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">and the Yankee skippers, ii. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Durham, palatinate of, its form of government, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_275">275-279</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Durham cathedral, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Dust and Ashes,” pseudonym for Gabriel Barber, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dutch commercial rivals of England, ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46-51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dutch in the East Indies, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dutch Gap, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dwina, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Eastchurch, Governor of Albemarle and his Creole bride, ii. <a href="#Page_282">282-284</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">East Greenwich, manor of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">East India Company, Dutch, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">East India Company, English, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Eastward Ho,” the comedy, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eden, Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">408</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Eden, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eden, Sir Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edenton, the town, ii. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edgar the Peaceful, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edmund Ironside, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edmundson, William, ii. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Education of Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Education in Ulster, ii. <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edward III., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edward VI., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edwards, Jonathan, ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Egypt, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Egyptian extremity of Illinois, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">El Dorado, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eldredge family, descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elizabeth City, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elizabeth Islands, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elizabeth, Queen, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27-29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53-55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">England never had a <i>noblesse</i>, or upper caste, ii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">England, population of, in Elizabeth’s time, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">English colonies in America promised self-government by Queen Elizabeth, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">English methods of colonization, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Episcopal Church in Virginia, its downfall, ii. <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Escurial, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Essex, the Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eugene, Prince, ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Euxine, the sea, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Evelin, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Evelinton Manor, ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Exodus of Cavaliers from England to Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Exodus of Puritans from Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Expedition of French and Spanish ships against Charleston, ii. <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Exquemeling, Alexander, ii. <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354-357</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Faculty meetings at William and Mary, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fairfax, first Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fairfax, fifth Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fairfax, sixth Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fairfax, Sir Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Falkland, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Falling Creek, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Falstaff, ii. <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Farnese, Alexander, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Farnese, Francesco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Faust, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fayal, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Federalist, The,” one of the world’s masterpieces, ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Felton, William, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fendall, Josias, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_132">132-138</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ferrar, Nicholas, the elder, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ferrar, Nicholas, the younger, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203-207</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214-216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220-222</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ferryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Festivities at proclamation of Charles II., ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Feudal lords, imperfect subordination of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fiery dragons, missiles invented by Smith, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fighting without declaration of war, ii. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Filibuster, origin of the name, ii. <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">First supply for Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fitzhugh, William, ii. <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Five Nations, the, ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flanders, Moll, ii. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flash, Sir Petronel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56-59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fleete, Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fleming family, descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fletcher, Governor of New York, ii. <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fletcher, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flibustiers, origin of the name, ii. <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flirting, prohibited by act of legislature, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Florence, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Florida, discovery of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Huguenots in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isub2">massacre of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flournoy, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flowerdieu Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flower-gardens, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Flutes, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Folkmotes, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fontaine, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Foote, W. H., ii. <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Force, Peter, ii. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ford, P. L., ii. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ford, W. C., ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Forestallers, law against, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fort Duquesne, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fort James, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fort Nassau, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fox-Bourne, H. R., ii. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fox, George, in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fox-hunting, ii. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">France once had a <i>noblesse</i>, or upper class, ii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Franklin, Benjamin, ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his plan for a federal union, ii. <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fredericksburg, ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frederica, battle of, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Free negroes, ii. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Freethinking, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">French colonization, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">French posts in Mississippi valley, ii. <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frobisher, Sir Martin, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frontenac, Count de, ii. <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frontier against Spaniards, ii. <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frontier life, ii. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">effects of in American history, ii. <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_409">409</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Frontier life in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Froude, J. A., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fuller, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fuller, William, ii. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fundy, Bay of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Funerals, ii. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fur trade, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Galapagos Islands, ii. <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gale, Christopher, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gama, Vasco de, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Game, ii. <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gardiner, S. R., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Garrison, W. L., ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gates, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gateway of the West, ii. <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gay family, descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gayangos, Pascual de, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Geddes, Jennie, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Genealogy, importance of, ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Washington, ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Genoa, ii. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gentlemen as pioneers, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Genty, the Abbé, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Geographical conditions, influence of, ii. <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Geographical knowledge, progress of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">George I., ii. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">George III., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Georgia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">a frontier colony, ii. <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">slavery prohibited in, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">introduced there, ii. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Spaniards driven from, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">population of, ii. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Germanna Ford, ii. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">German immigration to North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Germans at Werowocomoco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Appalachian region, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the Mohawk Valley, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Shenandoah Valley, ii. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the Rapidan River, ii. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gerrard, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gibbon, John, ii. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gibraltar, Venezuela, sack of by Le Basque, ii. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sacked by Morgan, ii. <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gift of God, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gilbert, Bartholomew, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gilbert, Raleigh, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_19">19-23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">shipwreck of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gillam, a Yankee skipper, ii. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glass, attempts to manufacture, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glastonbury Minster, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Glover, William, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">God Speed, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Goddard, Anthony, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Godwyn, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gog, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gold, all that glitters is not, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gold fever in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Hind, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26-28</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gomez, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gondomar, Count, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gooch, William, ii. <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Goode, G. B., ii. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Goode, John, his conversation with Bacon, ii. <a href="#Page_82">82-86</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gookin, Daniel, the elder, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gookin, Daniel, the younger, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gorges, Robert, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gorges, Sir F., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gorton, Samuel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gosnold, Bartholomew, his voyage to New England in 1602, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>; <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gourgues, Dominique de, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Government of early settlers in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Government of laws, ii. <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gracchus, Tiberius, ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Graffenried, Baron, leads a party of Swiss and Germans to North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captured by the Tuscaroras, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300-303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Granaries, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grant, U. S., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gratz in Styria, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gray, Asa, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gray, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gray’s Inn, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Graydon, Alexander, ii. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Great circle sailing, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Great Wighcocomoco, naval fight at, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Greeks, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Green Spring, ii. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Greene, Roger, ii. <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Greene, S. A., ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grenville, Sir Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33-35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Greenway Court, ii. <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grigsby, H. B., ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grimm, F. M., Baron, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Grolier Club, ii. <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Guardacostas</i>, small cruisers, ii. <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Guiana, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gunpowder explosion at Werowocomoco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gunpowder plot, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gunston Hall, ii. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mode of life at, ii. <a href="#Page_232">232-234</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i>Habeas corpus</i> introduced into Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haddon, Dr., his prescriptions and bills, ii. <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haddon Hall, ii. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hakluyt, Richard, the elder, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hakluyt, Richard, the younger, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_42">42-52</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hale, E. E., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Halidon Hill, battle of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Halmote in Durham, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">410</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Hamilton, Alexander, ii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hammond, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hamor, Ralph, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “True Discourse,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hampden, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hampton, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hampton Court, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hampton Roads, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hancock, John, ii. <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Handcock, a Tuscarora chief, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302-304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Handel, G. F., ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hanham, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hannibal, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hansford, Betsey, ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hansford, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Hardscrabble,” ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hardwicke, Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harford, Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harpsichords, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harrison, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harvard College, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harvey, Sir John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_293">293-299</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hautboys, ii. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hawkes, F. L., ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hawkins, Sir John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15-20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hawkins, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hayden, H. E., ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hayti, ii. <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hedges, dying under, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heidelberg, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hell Gate, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hendren, S. R., ii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hening’s Statutes, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_248">248-250</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98-100</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195-200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henrico County, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henricus, City of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henriette Marie, Queen of Charles I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry II., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry III., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry III. of France, ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry IV., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry IV. of France, ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry VI., ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry VII., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry VIII., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_285">285</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry the Navigator, i, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry, Patrick, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry, Prince of Wales, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry, W. W., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heralds’ College, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Herbert, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Herbert, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Herkimer, Nicholas, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Herman, Augustine, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Herman, Ephraim, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hervey, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Highwaymen, amateur, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hildreth, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hill, Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hindustan, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hinton, Sir Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hispaniola, ii. <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hobby the sexton, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hoe-cake, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holinshed, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Grail, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Roman Empire, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Staircase, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hominy, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hooker, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Horse-racing, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_237">237-239</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prohibited at William and Mary, ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Horses, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hospitality in Virginia and Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hotten, J. C., ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Housekeeper’s instructions at William and Mary, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Houses in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Howard of Effingham, Lord, governor of Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_113">113-116</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Howard of Effingham, Lord, the admiral, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Howard, Lord Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hubbard’s store, an inventory of, ii. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson Bay Company, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson, Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61-63</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hughson, S. C., ii. <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Huguenots, in Florida, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Brazil, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">massacre of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expelled from France, ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Humboldt, Alexander, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hume, David, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hundreds and boroughs, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hundreds in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hungary, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hunt, Robert, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hunter, school tutor, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hunter, William, a priest, ii. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Huntingdon School, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Huntingdonshire, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hutchinson, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his work in history, ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon, ii. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hyde, governor of Albemarle, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Idaho, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Il Penseroso,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Independence, Declaration of, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indian corn, as a floral emblem, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">411</span></li> -<li class="isub1">its importance in American history, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cultivated in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">raised in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indian girls dancing, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indian troubles in Albemarle probably not incited by Carey and Porter, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indians in Virginia, number of, ii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indians of Carolina classified, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298-300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indians of North Carolina, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indians sold for slaves, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Indigo, an important staple of South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Industries, domestic, ii. <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Infanta Maria, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ingle, Edward, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_306">306-308</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ingram, David, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Initiative in legislation, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Inns in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Inquisition, the Spanish, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Insolvent debtors in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Oglethorpe’s plan for relieving, ii. <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Instructions for the Virginia colonists, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_72">72-76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Insurrections of slaves, ii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ireland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Isabella, Queen, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Wight County, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Isles of Demons, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Isolation, barbarizing effects of, ii. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Jack of the Feather, a chief, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jackson, Andrew, ii. <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jamaica, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>; conquest of, ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236-238</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">censures Rolfe for marrying a princess, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tries to get on without a parliament, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his hatred of Raleigh, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tries to interfere with election of treasurer of Virginia Company, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_201">201-203</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">quarrels with Parliament, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attempts to corrupt Nicholas Ferrar, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James II., ii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James City, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James, Duke of York. See James II.</li> - -<li class="indx">James River, fight in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James, the Old Pretender, ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">James, Thomas, of New Haven, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jamestown, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founding of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">famine at, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">burned by Bacon, ii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ruins of, ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jay, John, ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jefferson, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jeffries, Sir Herbert, ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jewett, C., ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson, C., ii. <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson, John, ii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365-368</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson, Sir Nathaniel, ii. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Johnsonese writing, ii. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Joint-stock companies, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jonah, the prophet, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jones, C. C., ii. <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jones, Hugh, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jones, Sir William, ii. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jonson, Ben, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jouet, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jowles, Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Joyce, P. W., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Justice, Henry, barrister and convict, ii. <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kalm, Peter, ii. <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Karlsefni, Thorfinn, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kawasha, patron of tobacco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kecoughtan, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kecoughtans, the tribe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Keith, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kemp, Richard, appointed secretary of state in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kendall, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kennebec River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kent, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>; palatinate of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kent Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289-294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299-301</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kentucky, its settlers, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kidd, William, ii. <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kidnapping, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Indians, ii. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">King Philip’s War, ii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">King, Rufus, ii. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kinship reckoned through females, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kinsman, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kirke, Colonel, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kitchens, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, ii. <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Knowles, John, of Watertown, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Knox, Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kocoum, chieftain, said to have been first husband of Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Labadie, Jean de, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Labadists, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Belle Sauvage, name for London taverns, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Labrador, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Cosa, the pilot, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lady of Barbadoes, a, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Erie, its strategic importance, ii. <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Muce, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lancaster, palatinate of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">412</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Land grants, ii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in New England, ii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lane, Ralph, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Plata, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Larned, J. N., ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Roche, Captain, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Rochefort, ii. <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">La Salle, Robert de, ii. <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Las Casas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Latané, J. H., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Laud, William, Archbishop, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Laudonnière, René de, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lawnes’ Plantation, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lawrence, Richard, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lawson, John, surveyor, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his history of Carolina, his charming style, captured by the Tuscaroras, his horrible death, ii. <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his description of North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lawyers in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Laydon, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Laziness, charge of, brought against Virginians, ii. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leaders of men, Virginia prolific in, ii. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leah and Rachel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lear, Tobias, ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Le Basque, Michel, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lecky, W., ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lee, Edmund, ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lee, Richard, the first, ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lee, Richard, 2d, ii. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lee, Richard Henry, 2d, ii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lee, William, ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lees of Coton Hall, ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Legislation in Albemarle Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Legislature, first in America, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Legislatures, bicameral, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leisler, Jacob, ii. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Le Moine, the painter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Libraries in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_243">243-245</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Life of Virginia planters, ii. <a href="#Page_230">230-234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lightfoot, Philip, ii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln, Abraham, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Linen manufactures in the United States, ii. <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Liquors, price regulated by law, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Little Gidding, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Locke, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_272">272-274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Logan, James, ii. <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lok, Captain, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lok, Michael, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">London Company, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62-72</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">second charter of the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_144">144-146</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its third charter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its quarter sessions, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">factions form in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its overthrow, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_196">196-222</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">some effects of its downfall, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_238">238-240</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Long Assembly, the, ii. <a href="#Page_57">57-63</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Longfellow, H. W., ii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Long Island Sound, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lord lieutenant, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lord Proprietor of Maryland, his powers, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lords, House of, ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lords of the manor, ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lords of Trade, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Lost Lady,” the, a comedy, ii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lotteries, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Louis XIV., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lucy, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ludwell, Philip, ii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ludwell, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lunenburg, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Luther, Martin, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lyly, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Macdonald, Flora, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mace, Samuel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">MacGregor, The, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Machiavelli, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">McMaster, J. B., ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Madison, James, ii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Madre de Dios, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Madrid, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Magellan, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Magog, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maherrins, the tribe, last remnant of the Susquehannocks, ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mahomet and the mountain, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maine, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maine Historical Society, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maine Law, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Makemie, Francis, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maitland, F. W., ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Malaria, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Malay pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Malbone, Rodolphus, ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Malory, Philip, ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manhattan Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manners, Lady Dorothy, ii. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manorial courts, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manor, lords of, ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Manors in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">transformed by slavery, ii. <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mansfield, Lord, his decision that slaves landing on British soil became free, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mansvelt, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Map of North Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Map of Virginia contrasted with that of New England, ii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maracaibo, sack of, by Le Basque, ii. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">by Morgan, ii. <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marcus Aurelius, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marches or border counties, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Market, the American, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough, Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marquis, meaning of the title, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marseilles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">413</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Marshall, John, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martha’s Vineyard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martian, Nicholas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martin Brandon, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">and Flowerdieu Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martin, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martin, Richard, his speech in the House of Commons, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martin’s Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martyr, Peter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mary and John, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marye, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marye, James, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">origin of the name, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">called the Scarlet Woman, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Puritans in, ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Quakers in, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Catholics in, ii. <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sheriffs in, ii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">parsons, ii. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">wheat culture in, ii. <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">social features of, ii. <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">poll tax in, ii. <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maryland Historical Society, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marylanders mistaken for Spaniards, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mary Tudor, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Masaniello, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mason, George, colonel of cavalry, ii. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mason, George, statesman, ii. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">life on his plantation, ii. <a href="#Page_232">232-234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mason, James Murray, ii. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mason, John, ii. <a href="#Page_232">232-234</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Masquerade of Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Masque of Flowers,” a play, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mass celebrated for the first time in English America, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massachusetts, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">laws concerning immigrants, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massachusetts Bay Company, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its first charter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massachusetts Historical Society, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massacre by Indians in 1622, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in 1644, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in 1672, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in 1676, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in 1711, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in 1715, ii. <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massacre by border ruffians at Lawrence in 1863, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massacre of Huguenots, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massasoit, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mather, Cotton, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mathews, Samuel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mathews, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72-77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mattapony River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maury, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mayflower pilgrims, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maxwell, W., ii. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">McClurg, James, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Meade, Bishop, ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Medina-Celi, Duke of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Memphis, Tenn., ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Memphremagog, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Menefie, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Menendez, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_73">73-77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mephistopheles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mercator, G., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mermaid in St. John’s River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mermaid Tavern, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Merovingian kings, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">legislation, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Merry Wives of Windsor,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mexico, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Middle Plantation, the oath at, ii. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">name changed to Williamsburg, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Middlesex, Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Middleton, member of Parliament attacks London Company’s charter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Migration from Ulster to American colonies, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Miller, the martyr and revenue collector, ii. <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Milton, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ministers, appointment of, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Molasses, ii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moncure, a Huguenot family, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, ii. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Monroe, James, President, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Montbars, the exterminator, ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Montague, Sergeant, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Montezuma, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Monticello, ii. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mooney, James, ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moore, J. W., ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moore, James, ii. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moore, James, the younger, defeats the Tuscaroras, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moore’s house at Yorktown, ii. <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">More, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morgan, Sir Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his treachery and cruelty, ii. <a href="#Page_351">351-353</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Puerto del Principe captured by, ii. <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Porto Bello captured by, ii. <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Maracaibo sacked by, ii. <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Gibraltar, Venezuela, sacked by, ii. <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Panama sacked by, ii. <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">deserts his comrades at Chagres, ii. <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">knighted by Charles II., ii. <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">governor of Jamaica, ii. <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">thrown into prison, ii. <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morgan, Lewis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moriscos expelled from Spain, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morison, Francis, ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morley, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morocco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morris, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morton, Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mosquitoes, ii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mount Desert Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mount Vernon, ii. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mode of life at, ii. <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mulattoes, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mulberries, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mulberry Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Münster, Sebastian, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">414</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Murray family descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Muscovy Company, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Muskogi, the, in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Muster master-general, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mystics at Bohemia Manor, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mytens, Daniel, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Nalbrits, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Names, local, in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nansemond, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Napkins and forks, ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Napoleon I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Narragansett Indians, ii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">National floral emblem for the United States, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Navigation Act, ii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its effect upon the price of tobacco, ii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">effects upon tobacco, ii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">effects upon Virginia commerce, ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mischievous effects in Albemarle Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its mischievous effects on South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its effect upon piracy, ii. <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Navy, the English, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negro panic in New York, 1741, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negro quarters, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negro slaves, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189-203</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treatment of, in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_195">195-199</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cruel laws concerning, ii. <a href="#Page_197">197-199</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">effect of taking them to England, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326-331</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negro slavery, ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negro, the theory that he was not strictly human, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate,” ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negroes as real estate, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Negroes, number of, in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Neill, E. D., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_105">105-112</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nelson, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Netherlands, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Neutral ships ill protected, ii. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Neville’s Cross, battle of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nevis, as an isle of Calypso, ii. <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Albion, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Amstel, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Amsterdam, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Berne, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newcastle, Delaware, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Englanders attempt a settlement at Cape Fear River, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Georgia, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newfoundland fisheries, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New France, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newgate Calendar, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Hampshire, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Haven Colony, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Jersey, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founding of, ii. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Mexico, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newport, Christopher, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_93">93-96</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112-114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116-119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122-131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newport News, origin of the name, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Providence, island of, ii. <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Style, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New Sweden, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">New York, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nichols, J., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nicholson, Sir Francis, ii. <a href="#Page_115">115-118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120-123</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nicot, Jean, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nicotiana, name for tobacco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Noble savage, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nonesuch, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">North Carolina, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">agriculture in, ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">white trash in, ii. <a href="#Page_315">315-317</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">German immigration to, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">negro slaves in, ii. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Northern Neck reserved by Culpeper, ii. <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">North Virginia, old name for New England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Northwest Passage, attempts to find, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Norumbega, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Notley, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nova Scotia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Oath at Middle Plantation, ii. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oath of supremacy tendered to Lord Baltimore, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ocracoke Inlet, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Octoroons, ii. <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oexmelin. See Exquemeling.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ogle, Cuthbert, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oglethorpe, James, ii. <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bailey, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Old Field Schools, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oldmixon’s “British Empire,” a book full of blunders, ii. <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Old Style, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Olonnois</i>, the buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">O’Neill, The, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Opekankano, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_100">100-102</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Orator, an Indian, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Orchards, ii. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oregon, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Orinoco, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Outlying slaves, ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ovid’s Metamorphoses, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford, the university, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oysters, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pacific coast of South America, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pacific Ocean, naval warfare in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Page, John, ii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">415</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Paige, Lucius, ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Palatinate, the Rhenish, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Palatinates, their origin and purpose, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256-260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pamlico Sound, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pamunkey, Queen of, ii. <a href="#Page_72">72-74</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pamunkey River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Panama sacked by Morgan, ii. <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Panton, Anthony, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paper money, ii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paradise, estate of, ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paraguay, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pardoning power, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paris matins, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parishes in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Carolina of English origin, not French, ii. <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Louisiana analogous to counties, ii. <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parke, Daniel, ii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parker, Theodore, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parker, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parkman, Francis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parsons, Robert, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parsons, appointment of, ii. <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Parsons’ cause, ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Partition walls, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Partonopeus de Blois, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pass, Simon Van, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Passamagnus River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patagonia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patapsco River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pate, a Maryland rebel, ii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paternal government, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patience, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Patuxents, the tribe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paul IV., ii. <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pauperism in England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Peasants, English, in the 16th century, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pedigrees, value of, ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Peerage, the English, ii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pelican, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pelton, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pembroke, Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pembroke, palatinate of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pendleton, Edmund, ii. <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Penn, William, ii. <a href="#Page_144">144-146</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pennington, Admiral, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pennsylvania, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">distributing centre for Scotch-Irish immigrants, ii. <a href="#Page_391">391-394</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pennsylvania Dutch, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pepys, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pequot War, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Percy, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Persecutions in Scotland, ii. <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Persians, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Peruvian towns plundered by buccaneers, ii. <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Peters, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Petersburg, ii. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pewter vessels, ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Phettiplace, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philadelphia, ii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philip II., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_8">8-10</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philip III., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philip V., ii. <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philip, chief of the Wampanoags, ii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philipse manor house, ii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Phillips, Lee, ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Phillips, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Phillips, Wendell, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Physicians in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259-261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Picked men, importance of, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Picnics, ii. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pierre of Dieppe, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pike, L. O., ii. <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pillsbury, Parker, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pinzon, Vincent, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Piracy, its Golden Age the 17th century, ii. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">definition of, ii. <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pirates, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Algerine, ii. <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the Carolina coast, ii. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chinese, ii. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Malay, ii. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pitt, William, ii. <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plantation, a typical, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description of a, ii. <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plant cutters’ riot, ii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plant cutting made high treason, ii. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth Colony, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth Company, the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62-71</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth, England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth, Mass., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pocahontas, her rescue of Captain Smith, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_102">102-111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her visits to Jamestown, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reveals an Indian plot, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her abduction by Argall, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rescues Henry Spelman from tomahawk, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her marriage with John Rolfe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">takes the name of Rebekah, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her visit to London, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her portrait, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her death at Gravesend, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pocomoke River, skirmish in, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pogram, Elijah, ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poindexter, Charles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Point Comfort, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pole, Reginald, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poles in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Political homoeopathy, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poll tax in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pollock, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Polonian or Baltic Sea, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pompey and the Cilician pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pone, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poor law of 1601, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Popham, Sir John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Popular government, ii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">416</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Population of England in Elizabeth’s time, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Population of New England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of American colonies, ii. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Georgia, ii. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of the two Carolinas, ii. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pork, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poropotank Creek, ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Porto Bello captured by Morgan, ii. <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Port Royal, N. S., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Port Royal, S. C., ii. <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">burned by the Spaniards, ii. <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Port St. Julian, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Porter, John, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Postage rates, ii. <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Postal service in America under Spotswood, ii. <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Post-office Act, ii. <a href="#Page_373">373-375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Postlethwayt, Malachy, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181-186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Potomac, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pott, Dr. John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pott, Francis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Potts, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Poultry, a street in London, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Powhatan, The, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_102">102-114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132-139</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Powhatan, the village, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Powhatans, the tribe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94-111</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Precious metals, effect of their increased quantity after the discovery of America, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Presbyterians in Ulster, disabilities inflicted upon, ii. <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Presley, a burgess, ii. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Primary assemblies, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pring, Martin, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Priscilla, a Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prisoners of war, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Privateering, ii. <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Processioning of bounds, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Proprietary governments, beginnings of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Proprietors of Carolina sell out their interests, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prospero’s Isle, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Providence, a settlement in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Puerto del Principe sacked by Morgan, ii. <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pulpit encourages English colonization, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Punishments for crime, ii. <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Purchas, Rev. S., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Puritan families in New England, ii. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Puritanism widely spread in the South, ii. <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Puritans in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_312">312-318</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">and education, ii. <a href="#Page_252">252-254</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Putin Bay, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pym, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>; ii, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Quadroons, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quaker relief acts, ii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quakers in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Albemarle Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quantrell, a border ruffian, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quaritch, Bernard, ii. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quarry, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quicksilver, Frank, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quinine, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quit rents, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Quo warranto</i>, writ of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Raccoons, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_28">28-32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35-40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52-55</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197-200</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his verses just before death, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “History of the World,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Randall, D. R., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Randolph, Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Randolph, Jane, ii. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Randolph, John, of Roanoke, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Randolph, Peyton, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rappahannock River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ratcliffe, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_151">151-153</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rats, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Raveneau de Lussan, the buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Raynal, the Abbé, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Receiver-general, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Recorder, a musical instrument, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Recouping one’s self beforehand, ii. <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Redemptioners, ii. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">as schoolmasters, ii. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Regal, a town in Transylvania, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Renaissance and Reformation, tendencies of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Representative government in America established by Sir Edwin Sandys, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Revolution of 1719 in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rhett, William, defeats the French and Spanish fleet, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeats and captures the pirate Bonnet, ii. <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rhode Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ribaut, Jean, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ricahecrians, the tribe, ii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ricardo, David, ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rice, the great staple of South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rice, John, hanged at Tyburn, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rich, H. C., ii. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rich, Lady Isabella, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rich, Robert, Lord Warwick, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Richard III., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Richmond, the city, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ringgold, James, ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ringrose, Basil, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ripley, W. Z., ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_417">417</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Rivers as highways, ii. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rivers in Virginia, their effect upon society, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rivers, W. J., ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rives, W., ii. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Roanoke Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33-35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39-43</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Robber barons, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Robertson, W., ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Robertson family, descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rochambeau, Count, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rogers, Woodes, captures New Providence, ii. <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rogues’ Harbour, a nickname of Albemarle Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rolfe, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his marriage with Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">makes experiments in raising tobacco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rolfe, Thomas, son of Pocahontas, ancestor of many Virginia families, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ronsard, Pierre, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rothenthurm, battle of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Roundheads, ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rousby, Christopher, ii. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rousseau, J. J., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rowland, Miss K. M., ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Royal governors and their legislatures, ii. <a href="#Page_379">379-381</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rudolph II., Emperor, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rum, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rumford, Count, ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rump Parliament, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rural entertainments, ii. <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Russell, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Russia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Rynders, Isaiah, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ryswick, Peace of, ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sabbath breaking, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sack, a kind of wine, meaning of the name, ii. <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Augustine, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew, massacre of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bernard Archipelago, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Clement’s Island, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. John’s River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Lawrence, Gulf of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Lawrence River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary’s River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary’s, the town, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Osyth’s Lane, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Paul’s Cathedral, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">St. Paul’s Churchyard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Salaries of governors, ii. <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Salem witchcraft, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">San Domingo, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">San Francisco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">San Juan de Ulua, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sandhillers, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Salamis, battle of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sandys, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sandys, Sir Edwin, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184-188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200-203</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sassafras, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sayle, Wm., ii. <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scandalous gossip, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scapegraces in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scapethrift, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scharf, J. F., ii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Schlosser, F. C., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Schools in New England, ii. <a href="#Page_251">251-253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_245">245-250</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Scire facias</i>, writ of, ii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scotch Highlanders in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Georgia, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scotch-Irish immigration to America, ii. <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390-399</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Scotch Presbyterianism, its effects upon Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seagull, Captain, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sea kings of Elizabeth’s time were not pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seal of Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sea Venture, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Second Supply for Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_123">123-125</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Security, money lender, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Segar, Sir W., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Segovia, Lake of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Selden, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Senecas, ii. <a href="#Page_58">58-60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seneschals, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Separatists, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Serfdom, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Setebos, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Severn, the English river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Severn, the Maryland river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">battle of the, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seymour, Sir Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Seymour, John, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shaftesbury, first Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shakespeare, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “Tempest,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sharpe, Horatio, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sharpless, Edward, clerk of Assembly, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sharplisse, Thomas, draws a prize in a lottery, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shays, Daniel, ii. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sheep-raising, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shenandoah Valley, ii. <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sheppard, Jack, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sheriffs, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sherman, W. T., ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sherwood, Grace, accused of witchcraft, ii. <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sherwood, William, ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shippen, Margaret, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shire-motes, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shirley Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sibyl, the Roman, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sicklemore, an alias of President Ratcliffe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_117">117-128</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">418</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Sidney, Sir Philip, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Silenus, his conversation with Kawasha, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Silk culture, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Silk-worms, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Silver vessels, ii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Simancas, archives of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Simms, W. G., ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Singeing the king of Spain’s beard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sioux tribes in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sir Galahad, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Six Nations, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Size Lane, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Skottowe, B. C., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slader, M., ii. <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slavery, alleged beneficence of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">different types in Virginia and South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prohibited in Georgia, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">introduced there, ii. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slave hunters, Spanish, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slaves’ collars, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slaves, price of, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slave trade, the African, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Portuguese, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sluyter, a Labadist, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_80">80-118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152-156</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fiery dragons invented by, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Turks’ heads cut off by, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">name for Cape Ann, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">is rescued by Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_102">102-111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “True Relation,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “History of Virginia,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his map of Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_118">118</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “Rude Answer,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_125">125-128</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">drops into poetry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">as a worker of miracles, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">says, “He that will not work shall not eat,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">leaves Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his faithful portrayal of Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">nobility of his nature, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">touching tribute by one of his comrades, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his voyage to North Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">changes the name to New England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his last years, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith, Thomas, captain of a ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tried for piracy and hanged, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182-184</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith’s Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith’s name for Cape Ann, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smith’s Sound, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smugglers, ii. <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Smyth, J. F., ii. <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Soap, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Social features of Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_267">267-269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Socrates, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Somers, Sir George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_148">148-151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sothel, Seth, ii. <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">as the people’s friend, ii. <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Soto, F. de, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Souls and tobacco, comparative claims of, ii. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton, Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_206">206-208</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Hundred, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">South Carolina, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">back country of, ii. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">early settlers of, ii. <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Puritans in, ii. <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cavaliers in, ii. <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">clergymen in, how elected, ii. <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">contrast with those in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rice a great staple of, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">indigo, an important staple of, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">silk culture in, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cotton crop in, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">negro slaves in, ii. <a href="#Page_326">326-331</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">insurrection of slaves in, ii. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Southey, Robert, i, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">South Sea Bubble, ii. <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spaniards driven from Georgia, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish marriage, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish methods of colonization, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish Succession, war of, ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish treasure, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_6">6-11</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sparks, F. E., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spelman, Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his rescue by Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “Relation about Virginia,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spelman, Sir Henry, the antiquary, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spencer, Herbert, on state education, ii. <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spencer, Nicholas, ii. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spendall, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spenser, Edmund, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spinsters sent to Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sports, old-fashioned, ii. <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spotswood, Alexander, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370-390</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the distribution of white freedmen, ii. <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spottiswoode, Sir Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Spottsylvania, ii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stamp Act, ii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stanard, W. G., ii. <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope. James, ii. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stanley, H. M., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Star Chamber, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stark, John, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">State education, ii. <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">State House in Jamestown, scenes in, ii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">States General in France dismissed, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stebbing, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stephens, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stevens, Henry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">419</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Stillingfleet, Bishop, ii. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stith, John, ii. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stith, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stone Age, the men of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stone, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311-313</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315-318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stores, country, ii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stourton, Erasmus, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stover, Jacob, how he secured many acres, ii. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stowe’s Chronicle, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Strachey, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Strafford County, ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Strafford, Earl of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stratford Hall, its library, ii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the kitchen, ii. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stuart, Lady Arabella, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Studley, Thomas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stuyvesant, Peter, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Subinfeudation permitted in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Suffrage, restriction of, in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sugar, ii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Superstition, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Supper with Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Surry protest, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Surtees, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Surveyor, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Susan Constant, the ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Susquehanna Manor, ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Susquehanna River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Susquehannock envoys, slaughter of, ii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Susquehannock Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_58">58-62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Swedes in Delaware, ii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Swift, Jonathan, ii. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Swift Run Gap, ii. <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Symes, Benjamin, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tabby silk, meaning of the name, ii. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Talbot, George, ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Talbot, Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Talbot, Richard, Duke of Tyrconnel, ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Talbot, William, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tammany Society, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tampico, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tanais or Don River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tantalus and his grapes, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tar, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tariff logic, specimens of, ii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tariffs, protective, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taswell-Langmead, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taxation without representation, ii. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taxes on slaves, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Teach, Robert. See Blackbeard.</li> - -<li class="indx">Temple Farm, ii. <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tennessee, its settlers, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Terence in English,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Test oaths for public officials, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thatch, Robert. See Blackbeard.</li> - -<li class="indx">Theatres, ii. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Third Supply for Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thirlestane House, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thirty Years’ War, ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thompson, William, of Braintree, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thomson, Sir Peter, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thorpe, George, murdered by Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Throckmorton, Elizabeth, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thrusting out of Governor Harvey, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tichfield, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tidewater Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tilden, Marmaduke, ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tillotson, Archbishop, ii. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Timour, Pasha of Nalbrits, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tindall, Thomas, put in the pillory, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Titles of nobility in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tobacco, first recorded mention of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">bull of Urban VIII. against, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">James I.’s Counterblast, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">its tendency to crush out other forms of industry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">monopoly of, coveted by Charles I., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">planted by the Dutch in the East Indies, ii. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">and liberty, ii. <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">as currency, ii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">effects of, ii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">duty on, in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attempts to check its cultivation, ii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tobacco currency, effects of, in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">upon crafts and trades, ii. <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">upon planters’ accounts, ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Todkill, Anas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Toleration, religious, in Maryland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_309">309-311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Toleration Act, so-called, passed by Maryland Puritans, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tomocomo, his attempt to take a census of England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Toombs, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tories and Whigs, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Torture by slow fire, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Totapotamoy, ii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Town meetings, ii. <a href="#Page_32">32-34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Towns, absence of, in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attempts to build, ii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Townships in England, ii. <a href="#Page_31">31-34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trade between Massachusetts and Albemarle Colony, ii. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tragabigzanda, Charatza, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Train-bands in New England, ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Treachery of Indians, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Treason committed abroad, ii. <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Treat, John, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Treaty of America, ii. <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trent, the British steamer, ii. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trott, Nicholas, ii. <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Truman, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trussel, John, ii. <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tubal Cain, the, of Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tucker, Beverley, ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">420</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Turkeys, first that were taken to England, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Turkish treasure, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Turks’ heads cut off by Smith, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Turks’ Heads, the islands, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Turks, desire of Columbus to drive them from Europe, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Turpentine, ii. <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tuscarora meeting-house, ii. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tuscaroras in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expelled from North Carolina, migrate to the Mohawk valley and add one more to the Five Nations, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Twelfth Night, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tyler, John, Governor of Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tyler, John, President of U. S., ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tyler, L. G., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tyler, M. C., ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tyler, Wat, ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tzekely, Moses, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Union of the Colonies, schemes for, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Unitarians threatened with death in Maryland Toleration Act, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">University College of London, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Unmasked Face of our Colony in Virginia,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_208">208-213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Urban VIII., his bull against tobacco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Utie, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Utrecht, treaty of, ii. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Valentia, Lord, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vallandigham, E. H., ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Valparaiso, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Van Dyck, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vane, Sir Harry, ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vassall’s house in Cambridge, ii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vegetables, ii. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Venetian argosy, fight with the Breton ship, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Venezuela, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Venice, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Venus and Adonis, the poem, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vera Cruz, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vermont, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Verrazano, Sea of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vespucius, Americus, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_12">12-14</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vestry, close, ii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vestry, open, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Veto power, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vicksburg, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria, Queen, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vikings not properly called pirates, ii. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vinland, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Violins, ii. <a href="#Page_241">241-242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Virginals, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Virginia, origin of the name, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">believed to abound in precious metals, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">first charter of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">extent of the colony in 1624, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">population of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prolific in leaders of men, ii. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>habeas corpus</i> introduced into, ii. <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Virginia Historical Society, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Virginian historians, ii. <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Virginians at Oxford, ii. <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Volga River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Voltaire, ii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Wafer, Lionel, a buccaneer, ii. <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wahunsunakok, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Waldenses, the, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wales, conquest of, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walker, William, ii. <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walsingham, Sir F., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Walton, Izaak, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wampum, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ward’s Plantation, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Warner, Augustine, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Warren, William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Warrasqueak Bay, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, Augustine, ii. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his love for dogs, horses, hunting, and fishing, ii. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">killed by his doctors, ii. <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his intimacy with Lord Fairfax, ii. <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent to warn the French, ii. <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, John, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, Lawrence, brother of George, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, Lawrence, brother of John, ii. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, Lawrence, of Sulgrave, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington, Martha, ii. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">her life at home, ii. <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Washington family tree, ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Waters, Fitz Gilbert, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Watson, Elkanah, ii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wedding, the first in English America, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Weddings, ii. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Weeden, W. B., ii. <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Weller, Tony, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Weromocomoco, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_130">130-139</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">West, Francis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">West, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">West, Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">West, Penelope, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Westminster Abbey, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Westminster School, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Westover, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">West Point, Va., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_421">421</span></li> - -<li class="indx">West Virginia, its settlers, ii. <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wetting one’s feet, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Weymouth, George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whalley, Edward, the regicide, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wharves, private, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wheat culture in Maryland, ii. <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whigs, ii. <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whigs and Tories, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whitacres, a boon companion of Dr. Pott, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whitaker, Alexander, the apostle, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his “Good News from Virginia,” i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whitburne, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White, Andrew, a Jesuit father, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273-275</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White, Solomon, ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White Aprons, the, ii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White Oak Swamp, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">White servants in Virginia, ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177-191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“White trash,” origin of, ii. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in North Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_315">315-317</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">dispersal of, ii. <a href="#Page_319">319-321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whittle family descended from Pocahontas, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whitmore, W. H., ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Whitney, E. L., ii. <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Widow Ranter,” the comedy, ii. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wiffen, Richard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wilberforce, W., ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wilde, Jonathan, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Willard, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">William and Mary College, ii. <a href="#Page_116">116-129</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">William the Conqueror, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">William the Silent, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">William III., ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">William III. and Mary, ii. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Williams, G. W., ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Williams, Roger, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Williamsburg, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Williamson, Hugh, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Williamson, Sir J., ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Willoughboy, Sarah, her wardrobe, ii. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Willoughby, Sir Hugh, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Willoughby, Eng., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wilmington, Del., ii, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wilmington, N. C., ii. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Window shutters, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wines, native, ii. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wingandacoa, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wingfield, E. M., i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_98">98-100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winslow, Josiah, ii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winsor, Justin, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winter, Sir William, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winthrop, John, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Witenagemote, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wolfe, James, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wood, Abraham, ii. <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wooden houses, ii. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Woods, Leonard, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Woollen industries of Ulster, ii. <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Woollen industry, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Workmen needed in Virginia, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Worlidge, William, ii. <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wormeley, Ralph, his library, ii. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wren, Sir Christopher, ii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wright, William, ii. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wyanoke, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wyatt, Sir Francis, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wythe, George, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Yale College, ii. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yamassees, a Carolina tribe, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">and other tribes incited by the Spaniards attack South Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">war in Carolina, ii. <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yang-tse-Kiang, the river, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yeamans, Sir John, his colony at Cape Fear, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yeardley, Sir George, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yell of Yellville, ii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yellow fever, ii. <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yeomanry, in the 16th century, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>; ii. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">York River, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yorktown, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Zuñiga, i. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56003/56003-h/56003-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">422</span></li></ul> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">423</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 class="xx-large" id="WRITINGS_OF_JOHN_FISKE">WRITINGS OF JOHN FISKE<br /> - -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> - -<span class="antiqua">HISTORICAL</span></h2> - -<p class="h2">THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>With some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest. -With a Steel Portrait of Mr. Fiske, many maps, facsimiles, -etc. 2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>The book brings together a great deal of information hitherto -accessible only in special treatises, and elucidates with care and -judgment some of the most perplexing problems in the history -of discovery.—<i>The Speaker</i> (London).</p> - -<p class="h2">OLD VIRGINIA AND HER -NEIGHBOURS</p> - -<p class="caption"> -<i>2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00.</i><br /> -<i>Illustrated Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, $8.00, net.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p>History has rarely been invested with such interest and charm -as in these volumes.—<i>The Outlook</i> (New York).</p> - -<p class="h2">THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW -ENGLAND</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Or, the Puritan Theocracy in its Relations to Civil and Religious -Liberty. Crown 8vo, $2.00.</i> Illustrated Edition. <i>Containing -Portraits, Maps, Facsimiles, Contemporary Views, -Prints, and other Historic Materials. 8vo, gilt top, $4.00, net.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>Having in the first chapters strikingly and convincingly shown -that New England’s history was the birth of centuries of travail, -and having prepared his readers to estimate at their true importance -the events of our early colonial life, Mr. Fiske is ready to -take up his task as the historian of the New England of the Puritans.—<i>Advertiser</i> -(Boston).</p> - -<p class="h2">THE DUTCH AND QUAKER -COLONIES IN AMERICA</p> - -<p class="caption"> -<i>With 8 Maps. 2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00</i><br /> -<i>Illustrated Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, $8.00, net.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p>The work is a lucid summary of the events of a changeful and -important time, carefully examined by a conscientious scholar, -who is master of his subject.—<i>Daily News</i> (London). -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">424</span></p> - -<p class="h2">NEW FRANCE AND NEW -ENGLAND</p> - -<p class="caption"> -<i>With Maps. Crown 8vo. $2.00.</i><br /> -Illustrated edition. <i>Containing about 200 Illustrations. 8vo,<br /> -gilt top, $4.00, net.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p>This volume presents in broad and philosophic manner the -causes and events which marked the victory on this continent of -the English civilization over the French.</p> - -<p class="h2">THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>With Plans of Battles, and a Steel Portrait of Washington. -2 vols. crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00.</i> Illustrated Edition. <i>Containing -about 300 Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo, gilt top, $8.00, net.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>Beneath his sympathetic and illuminating touch the familiar -story comes out in fresh and vivid colors.—<i>New Orleans Times-Democrat.</i></p> - -<p class="h2">THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF -AMERICAN HISTORY, 1783-1789</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>With Map, Notes, etc. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00.</i> Illustrated -Edition. <i>Containing about 170 Illustrations. 8vo, gilt top, -$4.00, net.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>The author combines in an unusual degree the impartiality of -the trained scholar with the fervor of the interested narrator—<i>The -Congregationalist</i> (Boston).</p> - -<p class="h2">THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>In Riverside Library for Young People. With Maps. 16mo, -75 cents.</i></p> - -<p class="h2">THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY IN -THE CIVIL WAR</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>With 20 Maps and Plans. 1 vol. crown 8vo, $2.00.</i></p> - -<p class="h2">A HISTORY OF THE UNITED -STATES FOR SCHOOLS</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>With Topical Analysis, Suggestive Questions, and Directions -for Teachers, by F. A. Hill, and Illustrations and Maps. -Crown 8vo. $1.00 net. postpaid</i></p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">425</span></p> - -<p class="h2 antiqua">Religious and Philosophical<br /> - -THE DESTINY OF MAN</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Viewed in the Light of His Origin. 16mo, gilt top, $1.00.</i></p> - -<p>Of one thing we may be sure: that none are leading us more -surely or rapidly to the full truth than men like the author of -this little book, who reverently study the works of God for the -lessons which He would teach his children.—<i>Christian Union</i> -(New York).</p> - -<p class="h2">THE IDEA OF GOD</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>As Affected by Modern Knowledge. 16mo, gilt top, $1.00.</i></p> - -<p>The vigor, the earnestness, the honesty, and the freedom from -cant and subtlety in his writings are exceedingly refreshing. He -is a scholar, a critic, and a thinker of the first order.—<i>Christian -Register</i> (Boston).</p> - -<p class="h2">THROUGH NATURE TO GOD</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>16mo, gilt top, $1.00.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Contents.</span>—<i>The Mystery of Evil; The Cosmic Roots of Love -and Self-Sacrifice; The Everlasting Reality of Religion.</i></p> - -<p>The little volume has a reasonableness and a persuasiveness -that cannot fail to commend its arguments to all.—<i>Public Ledger</i> -(Philadelphia).</p> - -<p class="h2">LIFE EVERLASTING</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>16mo, gilt top, $1.00 net. Postage 7 cents.</i></p> - -<p>This brief work is a contribution to the evolution of the -theory of evolution on lines which are full of the deepest suggestiveness -to Christian thinkers.—<i>The Congregationalist.</i></p> - -<p class="h2">OUTLINES OF COSMIC -PHILOSOPHY</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Based on the Doctrine of Evolution, with Criticisms on the -Positive Philosophy. In 4 volumes, 8vo, $8.00.</i></p> - -<p>You must allow me to thank you for the very great interest -with which I have at last slowly read the whole of your work.... -I never in my life read so lucid an expositor (and therefore -thinker) as you are.—<span class="smcap">Charles Darwin.</span> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">426</span></p> - -<p class="h2">DARWINISM, AND OTHER -ESSAYS</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00.</i></p> - -<h2>MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS</h2> - -<p class="caption"><i>Old Tales and Superstitions interpreted by Comparative -Mythology, Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00.</i></p> - -<p class="h2">THE UNSEEN WORLD</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>And Other Essays. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00.</i></p> - -<p class="h2">EXCURSIONS OF AN -EVOLUTIONIST</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00.</i></p> - -<p class="h2"><span class="antiqua">Miscellaneous</span><br /> - -A CENTURY OF SCIENCE</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="caption"><i>And Other Essays. Crown 8vo, $2.00.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>Among our thoughtful essayists there are none more brilliant -than Mr. John Fiske. His pure style suits his clear thought.—<i>The -Nation</i> (New York).</p> - -<p class="h2">CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN THE -UNITED STATES</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Considered with some Reference to its Origins. With Questions -on the Text by Frank A. Hill, and Bibliographical Notes -by Mr. Fiske. Crown 8vo, $1.00, net; postpaid.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>It is most admirable, alike in plan and execution, and will do -a vast amount of good in teaching our people the principles and -forms of our civil institutions.—<span class="smcap">Moses Coit Tyler</span>, <i>Professor -of American Constitutional History and Law, Cornell University</i>.</p> - -<p class="copy">HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> -It is reprinted in Force’s <i>Tracts</i>, vol. ii.; and in Maxwell’s -<i>Virginia Historical Register</i>, ii. 61-78. The original, of which -there is one in the library of Harvard University, was priced by -Rich, in 1832, at £1 10 s., and by Quaritch, in 1879, at £20. See -Winsor, <i>Narr. and Crit. Hist.</i> iii. 157.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> -The following list of Virginia counties bearing royal names, -founded between 1689 and 1765, is interesting:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<table id="fn2" summary="Footnote 2"> - <tr> - <td>King and Queen,</td> - <td>1691,</td> - <td>after</td> - <td>William and Mary.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Princess Anne,</td> - <td>1691,</td> - <td /> - <td>the princess who was afterwards Queen Anne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>King William,</td> - <td>1701,</td> - <td /> - <td>William III.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Prince George,</td> - <td>1702,</td> - <td /> - <td>the Prince Consort.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>King George,</td> - <td>1720,</td> - <td /> - <td>George I.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hanover,</td> - <td>1720,</td> - <td /> - <td>one of the king’s foreign dominions.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Brunswick,</td> - <td>1720,</td> - <td /> - <td><span class="i4">do.</span><span class="i4">do.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Caroline,</td> - <td>1727,</td> - <td /> - <td>the queen of George II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Prince William,</td> - <td>1730,</td> - <td /> - <td>William, Duke of Cumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orange,</td> - <td>1734,</td> - <td /> - <td>the Prince of Orange, who in that year married Anne, daughter of George II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Amelia,</td> - <td>1734,</td> - <td /> - <td>a daughter of George II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frederick,</td> - <td>1738,</td> - <td /> - <td>Frederick, Prince of Wales.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Augusta,</td> - <td>1738,</td> - <td /> - <td>the Princess of Wales.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisa,</td> - <td>1742,</td> - <td /> - <td>a daughter of George II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lunenburg,</td> - <td>1746,</td> - <td /> - <td>one of the king’s foreign dominions.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Prince Edward,</td> - <td>1753,</td> - <td /> - <td>a son of Frederick, Prince of Wales.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Charlotte,</td> - <td>1764,</td> - <td /> - <td>the queen of George III.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mecklenburg,</td> - <td>1764,</td> - <td /> - <td>her father, Duke of Mecklenburg.</td> - </tr></table> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> -Jewett’s <i>History of Worcester County, Massachusetts</i>, ii. 30. -Charlestown was named from the river at the mouth of which it -stands.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> -W. H. Whitmore, <i>The Cavalier Dismounted</i>, Salem, 1864.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 53. In the same connection -we are told that Beverley Tucker apologized for putting -on record a brief account of his family, saying “at this day it is -deemed arrogant to remember one’s ancestors. But the fashion -may change,” etc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> -See Cooke’s <i>Virginia</i>, p. 161.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> -Doyle’s <i>Virginia</i>, etc. p. 283.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> -Written in 1771 by his great-grandson William Lee, alderman -of London, and quoted in Edmund Lee’s <i>Lee of Virginia</i>, -Philadelphia, 1895, p. 49.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> -“The petition of John Jeffreys, of London,” in Sainsbury’s -<i>Calendar of State Papers</i>, 1574-1660, p. 430; <i>Lee of Virginia</i>, -p. 61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> -Compare L. G. Tyler’s remarks in <i>William and Mary College -Quarterly</i>, i. 155.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> -See the testimony of John Gibbon, in <i>Lee of Virginia</i>, p. 60.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a> -Beverley, <i>History and Present State of Virginia</i>, London, -1705, p. 56; Robertson, <i>History of America</i>, iv. 230.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, i. 526.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a> -The document is given in <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, -i. 158, where the bill of items quoted in the next paragraph -may also be found. Mr. Philip Malory was an officiating clergyman.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a> -Meade’s <i>Old Churches</i>, ii. 137.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">16</a> -The claim to the French crown set up by Edward III. in -1328 led to the so-called Hundred Years’ War, in the course of -which Henry VI. was crowned King of France in the church of -Notre Dame at Paris in 1431. His sway there was practically -ended in 1436, but the English sovereigns continued absurdly to -call themselves Kings of France until 1801.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 250.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a> -See the able paper by Dr. L. G. Tyler on “The Seal of Virginia,” -<i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, iii. 81-96.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a> -For my data regarding land grants I am much indebted -to the very learned and scholarly work of Mr. Philip Bruce, <i>Economic -History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century</i>, i. 487-571.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a> -<i>Letters and Times of the Tylers</i>, i. 41.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a> -He is mentioned by Pepys in his <i>Diary</i>, Oct. 12, 1660: -“Office day all the morning, and from thence with Sir W. Batten -and the rest of the officers to a venison party of his at the Dolphin, -where dined withal Colonel Washington, Sir Edward Brett, -and Major Norwood, very noble company.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a> -Waters, <i>An Examination of the English Ancestry of George -Washington</i>, Boston, 1889.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a> -Sir William Jones’s <i>Works</i>, ed. Lord Teignmouth, London, -1807, x. 389.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a> -The change was somewhat gradual, <i>e. g.</i> in Massachusetts at -first the eldest son received a double portion. See <i>The Colonial -Laws of Massachusetts, reprinted from the edition of 1660</i>, ed. W. -H. Whitmore, Boston, 1889, pp. 51, 201.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a> -See Howard, <i>Local Constitutional History of the United -States</i>, i. 122.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a> -A few of the oldest Virginia counties, organized as such in -1634, had arisen from the spreading and thinning of single settlements -originally intended to be cities and named accordingly. -Hence the curious names (at first sight unintelligible) of “James -City County” and “Charles City County.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a> -Edward Channing, “Town and County Government in the -English Colonies of North America,” <i>Johns Hopkins Univ. -Studies</i>, vol. ii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a> -For an excellent account of local government in Virginia -before the Revolution, see Howard, <i>Local Const. Hist. of the U. -S.</i> i. 388-407; also Edward Ingle in <i>Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies</i>, -iii. 103-229. With regard to the county lieutenant’s honorary -title, Mr. Ingle suggests that it may help to explain the super-abundance -of military titles in the South, and he quotes from a -writer in the <i>London Magazine</i> in 1745: “Wherever you travel -in Maryland (as also in Virginia and Carolina) your ears are astonished -at the number of colonels, majors, and captains that -you hear mentioned.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a> -Jefferson’s <i>Works</i>, vii. 13.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a> -<i>Id.</i> vi. 544.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a> -Ingle, in <i>J. H. U. Studies</i>, iii. 90.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a> - “The humble Remonstrance of John Bland, of London, Merchant, -on the behalf of the Inhabitants and Planters in Virginia -and Mariland,” reprinted in <i>Virginia Historical Magazine</i>, i. 142-155.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century</i>, -i. 394.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a> -Papers from the Records of Surry County, <i>William and -Mary College Quarterly</i>, iii. 123-125.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a> -Pepys, <i>Diary</i>, Nov. 29, Dec. 3, 1664.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a> - <i>Diary</i>, Jan. 19 and 28, 1661.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a> -Neill, <i>Virginia Carolorum</i>, p. 341.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">38</a> -In describing this affair I have relied chiefly upon the affidavits -from the records of Westmoreland County, reprinted by -Dr. L. G. Tyler, in his admirable <i>William and Mary College -Quarterly</i>, ii. 39-43. The affidavits were taken by Nicholas -Spencer and Richard Lee, son of the Richard Lee mentioned in -the preceding chapter. In Browne’s <i>Maryland</i>, p. 131, an attempt -is made to throw the blame for killing the envoys upon the -Virginians, but the affidavits seem to me trustworthy and conclusive. -It is not likely that there was or is any discernible difference -between human nature in Virginia and in Maryland, -and public opinion in both colonies condemned Truman’s conduct.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">39</a> - “Cittenborne Parish Grievances, reprinted from Winder -Papers, Virginia State Library,” in <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, iii. 35.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">40</a> -“Charles City County Grievances,” <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, iii. -137.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">41</a> -The following abridged table shows the relationship (see -<i>Virginia Magazine</i>, ii. 125):<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<p class="pre"> - - Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, Suffolk. - | - +------------+--------------------+ - | | | -Thomas Sir Nicholas James Bacon, -Bacon. Bacon, Lord alderman of - Keeper of the London, d. 1573. - Great Seal, | - b. 1510, d. 1579. | - | | - <span class="smcap">Francis Bacon</span>, Sir James Bacon, - Viscount St. Albans of Friston Hall, - and Lord Chancellor, d. 1618. - b. 1561, d. 1626. | - +-------+----------+ - | | - Nathaniel Bacon, Rev. James Bacon, - b. 1593, d. 1644. Rector of Burgate, - | d. 1670. - | | - Thomas Bacon, | - m. Elizabeth Brooke. Nathaniel Bacon, - | of King’s Creek, - <span class="smcap">Nathaniel Bacon</span>, b. 1620, d. 1692; - the Rebel, came to Virginia - b. 1648, d. 1676. cir. 1650, and - settled at King’s - Creek, York County. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">42</a> -Drummond Lake, in the Dismal Swamp, was named for him.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">43</a> -For the picturesque details of this narrative I have followed -the well-known document found by Rufus King when minister -to Great Britain in 1803, and published by President Jefferson in -the <i>Richmond Enquirer</i> in 1804; since reprinted in Force’s <i>Tracts</i>, -vol. i., Washington, 1836, and in Maxwell’s <i>Virginia Historical -Register</i>, vol. iii., Richmond, 1850. The original manuscript was -written in 1705, and addressed to Robert Harley, Queen Anne’s -secretary of state, afterward Earl of Oxford. The writer -signs himself “T. M.,” and speaks of himself as dwelling in -Northumberland County and possessing a plantation also in Stafford -County, which he represented in the House of Burgesses. -From these indications it is pretty certain that he was Thomas -Mathews, son of Governor Samuel Mathews heretofore mentioned. -His account of the scenes of which he was an eye-witness -is quite vivid.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">44</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History</i>, ii. 455.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">45</a> -T. M. goes on to remark that “the two chief commanders -... who slew the four Indian great men” were present among -the burgesses. This may seem to implicate Colonel Washington -and Major Allerton in the killing of the envoys; but T. M.’s -recollection, thirty years after the event, is of not much weight -when contradicted by the sworn affidavits above cited. The facts -that, while Truman was impeached in Maryland, no such action -seems to have been undertaken in Virginia against Washington -and Allerton, and that, after the governor’s strong words regarding -the slaying, the friendly relations between him and these -gentlemen continued, would indicate that their skirts were clean.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">46</a> -Beverley (<i>History and Present State of Virginia</i>, London, -1705, bk. iv. p. 3) tells us that before 1680 the council and burgesses -sat together, like the Scotch parliament, and that the -separation occurred under Lord Culpeper’s administration; and -his statement is generally repeated by historians without qualification. -Yet here in 1676 we find the two houses sitting separately, -and the discussion cited shows that it had often been so -before; otherwise the sending of two councillors to sit with the -burgesses could not have been customary. Beverley’s date of -1680 was evidently intended as the final date of separation; not -as the date before which the two houses never sat separately, but -as the date after which they never sat together.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">47</a> -The acts of this assembly, known as “Bacon’s Laws,” are -given in Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 341-365.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">48</a> - “It is still their boast that they are the descendants of Powhatan’s -warriors. A good evidence of their present laudable -ambition is an application recently made by them for a share in -the privileges of the Hampton schools. These bands of Indians -are known by two names: the larger band is called the Pamunkeys -(120 souls); the smaller goes by the name of the Mattaponies -(50). They are both governed by chiefs and councillors, together -with a board of white trustees chosen by themselves.” Hendren, -“Government and Religion of the Virginia Indians,” <i>Johns Hopkins -Univ. Studies</i>, xiii. 591.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">49</a> -In 1656 a tribe called Ricahecrians, about 700 in number, -from beyond the Blue Ridge, had advanced eastward as far -as the falls of the James River, where they encountered and -defeated Hill and Totapotamoy. After this the Ricahecrians -may have retraced their steps westward; we hear no more of -them on the Atlantic seaboard.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">50</a> -The original MS. of the manifesto is in the British State -Paper Office. It is printed in full in the <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, i. -55-61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">51</a> -The original is in the <i>Colonial Entry Book</i>, lxxi. 232-240. -It is printed in G. B. Goode’s <i>Virginia Cousins; a Study of the -Ancestry and Posterity of John Goode, of Whitby</i>, Richmond, -1887, pp. 30<sup>A</sup>-30<sup>D</sup>. A brief summary is given in Doyle’s <i>Virginia</i>, -p. 251.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">52</a> -Bacon’s neighbour and adherent, William Byrd, purchaser -of the Westover estate, and father of William Byrd the historian.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">53</a> -Bacon’s allusion is to the troubles in North Carolina which -broke out during the governorship of George Carteret and were -chiefly due to the Navigation Act. See below, p. 280; and as to -Maryland, see p. 156.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">54</a> -One of these ladies is said to have been the wife of the elder -Nathaniel Bacon!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">55</a> - “A True Narrative of the Rise, Progresse, and Cessation of -the Late Rebellion in Virginia, most humbly and impartially -reported by his Majestyes Commissioners appointed to enquire -into the Affairs of the said Colony,” [Winder Papers, Virginia -State Library], reprinted in <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, iv. 117-154.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">56</a> - “Persons who suffered by Bacon’s Rebellion; Commissioners -Report,” [Winder Papers], reprinted in <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, v. -64-70. See, also, the extracts from the Westmoreland County -records, in <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, ii. 43.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">57</a> -See F. P. Brent, “Some unpublished facts relating to Bacon’s -Rebellion on the Eastern Shore of Virginia,” and Mrs. Tyler, -“Thomas Hansford, the First Native Martyr to American Liberty,” -in <i>Virginia Historical Society’s Collections</i>, vol. xi.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">58</a> -Some interesting information about the Cheesmans may be -found in <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, vol. i.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">59</a> -Neill’s <i>Virginia Carolorum</i>, p. 379.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">60</a> -See above, p. 35.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">61</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, i. 290.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">62</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 45. In the same statute it was further -enacted “that none shall be admitted to be of the vestry that -doth not take the oath of allegiance and supremacy to his Majesty -and subscribe to be conformable to the doctrine and discipline -of the Church of England.” This effectually excluded -Dissenters from taking a part in local government.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">63</a> -See Channing, “Town and County Government in the English -Colonies of North America,” <i>J. H. U. Studies</i>, ii. 484; -Howard, <i>Local Constitutional History of the United States</i>, i. -388-404.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">64</a> - “We have not had liberty to choose vestrymen wee humbly -desire that the wholle parish may have a free election.” “Surry -County Grievances,” <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, ii. 172.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">65</a> -See <i>e. g.</i> Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 402, 411, 412, 419, 421, 443, -445, 478, 486.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">66</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 396.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">67</a> - <i>Laws in Force in 1769</i>, p. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">68</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 425.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">69</a> -Sherwood to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, <i>Virginia -Magazine</i>, i. 171. Sherwood was a gentleman, probably educated -as a lawyer, who had been convicted of robbery in England and -pardoned through the intercession of Sir Joseph Williamson, -secretary of state. (As to gentlemen robbers, compare the reference -to Sir John Popham, above, vol. i. p. 81 of the present -work.) Sherwood became attorney-general of Virginia in 1677, -and was for thirty years an esteemed member of society.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">70</a> -Ludwell to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, <i>Virginia -Magazine</i>, i. 179.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">71</a> -In other words, they entertained communistic ideas. I have -italicised the statement, to mark its importance.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">72</a> -The same letter, <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, i. 183.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">73</a> -T. M.’s Narrative, <i>Virginia Historical Register</i>, iii. 126. It -will be remembered that Masaniello’s insurrection occurred in -1647, and was thus fresh in men’s memories. Masaniello was -twenty-four years of age, and was murdered in his hour of -apparent triumph.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">74</a> - “A True Narrative, etc.” <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, iv. 125.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">75</a> - <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, i. 433.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">76</a> -See Miss Rowland’s admirable <i>Life of George Mason</i>, 1725-1792, -New York, 1892, i. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">77</a> -From the list of Surry grievances we may cite “6. That the -2 s per hhd Imposed by ye 128<sup>th</sup> act for the payment of his -majestyes officers & other publique debts thereby to ease his -majestyes poore subjects of their great taxes: wee humblely -desire that an account may be given thereof.... 10. That it -has been the custome of County Courts att the laying of the levy -to withdraw into a private Roome by w<sup>ch</sup> meanes the poore people -not knowing for what they paid their levy did allways admire -how their taxes could be so high. Wee most humbly pray that -for the future the County levy may be laid publickly in the -Court house.” From the Isle of Wight grievances, “21. Wee -doe also desire to know for what purpose or use the late publique -leavies of 50 pounds of tobacco and cask per poll and the 12 -pound per polle is for and what benefit wee are to have for it.” -<i>Virginia Magazine</i>, ii. 171, 172, 389.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">78</a> -Isle of Wright grievances, “16. Also wee desire that evrie -man may be taxed according to the tracks [tracts] of Land they -hold.” <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, ii. 388.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">79</a> - “One proclamation commanded all men in the land on pain -of death to joine him, and retire into the wildernesse upon arrival -of the forces expected from England, and oppose them untill -they should propose or accept to treat of an accomodation, which -we who lived comfortably could not have undergone, so as the -whole land must have become an Aceldama if god’s exceeding -mercy had not timely removed him.” So says T. M., whose -narrative is by no means unfriendly to Bacon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">80</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, i. 402.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">81</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, i. 405; Hening’s -<i>Statutes</i>, ii. 562.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">82</a> -Doyle’s <i>Virginia</i>, p. 261.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">83</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, iii. 10.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">84</a> -Doyle’s <i>Virginia</i>, pp. 259-265; Stanard, “Robert Beverley -and his Descendants,” <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, ii. 405-413; Hening’s -<i>Statutes</i>, iii. 41, 451-571.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">85</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 66.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">86</a> -From time to time there had been futile attempts to take up -the matter afresh; see, for example, Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 30.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">87</a> -Dr. Blair held the presidency for fifty years, until his death -in 1743.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">88</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">89</a> -I leave this as it was first written a few years ago, and take -pleasure in adding to it the following quotation from Mr. Bruce: -“That the entire site of the town will not finally sink beneath -the waves of the river will be due to the measures of protection -which the National Government have adopted at the earnest -solicitation of the <i>Association for the Preservation of Virginia -Antiquities</i>. This organization is performing a noble and sacred -work in rescuing so many of the ancient landmarks of the state -from ruin, a work into which it has thrown a zeal, energy, and -intelligence entitling it to the honour and gratitude of all who -are interested in the history, not merely of Virginia, but of -America itself.” <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, ii. 562.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">90</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, iii. 122.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">91</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 66.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">92</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, ii. 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">93</a> - <i>Id.</i> i. 187.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">94</a> -Cooke’s <i>Virginia</i>, p. 306.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">95</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, iii. 263.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">96</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, ii. 55, 56.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">97</a> -See my <i>American Revolution</i>, i. 18, 19.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">98</a> -This charming story is only one of many good things for -which I am indebted to President L. G. Tyler; see <i>William and -Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 11.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">99</a> - <i>Partonopeus de Blois</i>, 1250, ed. Crapelet, tom. i. p. 45. “She -acts like a woman, and so does well, for under the heavens there -is nothing so daring as the woman who loves, when God wills to -turn her that way: God bless the ladies all!”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">100</a> - <i>William and Mary College Annual Catalogue</i>, 1894-95.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">101</a> -See Sparks, “Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,” -<i>Johns Hopkins University Studies</i>, vol. xiv. p. 501, a valuable -contribution to our knowledge of the subject.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">102</a> -See above, p. 20.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">103</a> -For this description of Herman I am much indebted to E. -H. Vallandigham’s paper on “The Lord of Bohemia Manor,” -reprinted in Lee Phillips, <i>Virginia Cartography</i>, Washington, -1896, pp. 37-41.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">104</a> -To enable him to hold real estate in Maryland, Herman -received letters of naturalization, the first ever issued in that -province, and he is supposed by some writers to have been the -first foreign citizen thus naturalized in America.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">105</a> -See Browne’s <i>Maryland</i>, p. 137.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">106</a> -Johnson, “Old Maryland Manors,” <i>Johns Hopkins University -Studies</i>, vol. i.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">107</a> -Johnson, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 21.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">108</a> -F. E. Sparks, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">109</a> - <i>Archives of Maryland: Assembly</i>, ii. 64.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">110</a> - <i>Archives of Maryland: Council</i>, ii. 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">111</a> - <i>MSS. Archives of Maryland, Liber R. R. and R. R. R. and -Council Books 1677-1683, of the Council Proceedings</i>: Maryland -Historical Society.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">112</a> -See Greene’s <i>History of Rhode Island</i>, ii. 490-494.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">113</a> -The petition and answer are given in Scharf’s <i>History of -Maryland</i>, i. 345-348.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">114</a> -Probably in honour of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive, -afterward Queen Anne.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">115</a> -Every bearskin paid 9d., elk 12d., deer or beaver 4d., raccoons -3 farthings, muskrats 4d. per dozen, etc. Scharf, i. 352.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">116</a> -Meade’s <i>Old Churches</i>, ii. 352. Bishop Meade adds: “My -own recollection of statements made by faithful witnesses ... -accords with the above.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">117</a> -Alexander Graydon tells us that in his early days any jockeying, -fiddling, wine-bibbing clergyman, not over-scrupulous as to -stealing his sermons, was currently known as a “Maryland parson.” -Graydon’s <i>Memoirs</i>, Edinburgh, 1822, p. 102. This was in -Pennsylvania, and any sneering remark or phrase current in any -of our states with reference to its next neighbours is entitled to be -taken <i>cum grano salis</i>. But there was doubtless justification for -what Graydon says.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">118</a> -Scharf, i. 368.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">119</a> -Scharf, i. 370, 383.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">120</a> -The following estimate of the population of the twelve -colonies in 1715 (from Chalmer’s <i>American Colonies</i>, ii. 7) may -be of interest:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<table id="fn120"> - <tr> - <th /> - <th /> - <th>White.</th> - <th>Black.</th> - <th>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Massachusetts</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">94,000</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdr">96,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Virginia</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">72,000</td> - <td class="tdr">23,000</td> - <td class="tdr">95,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maryland</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">40,700</td> - <td class="tdr">9,500</td> - <td class="tdr">50,200</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Connecticut</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">46,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdr">47,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pennsylvania</td> - <td>}</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">43,300</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">2,500</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">45,800</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Delaware</td> - <td>}</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New York</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">27,000</td> - <td class="tdr">4,000</td> - <td class="tdr">31,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Jersey.</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">21,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td class="tdr">22,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South Carolina</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">6,250</td> - <td class="tdr">10,500</td> - <td class="tdr">16,750</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Carolina</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">7,500</td> - <td class="tdr">3,700</td> - <td class="tdr">11,200</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>New Hampshire</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">9,500</td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - <td class="tdr">9,650</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rhode Island</td> - <td /> - <td class="tdr">8,500</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdr">9,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td /> - <td class="tdr bt">375,750</td> - <td class="tdr bt">58,850</td> - <td class="tdr bt">434,600</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">121</a> -Scharf, i. 390.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">122</a> -Knapp and Baldwin, <i>Newgate Calendar</i>, ii. 385-397; Pelham, -<i>Chronicles of Crime</i>, i. 213-220.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">123</a> -Doyle’s <i>Virginia</i>, p. 192.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">124</a> -For runaways additional terms of from two to seven years -were sometimes prescribed. The birth of a bastard was punished -by an additional term of from one and a half to two and a -half years for the mother and a year for the father. See Ballagh, -“White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia,” <i>Johns Hopkins -Univ. Studies</i>, xiii. 315.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">125</a> - “Among the rest, she often told me how the greatest part of -the inhabitants of that colony came thither in very indifferent -circumstances from England; that, generally speaking, they were -of two sorts: either, 1st, such as were brought over by masters of -ships to be sold as servants; or, 2nd, such as are transported -after having been found guilty of crimes punishable with death. -When they come here ... the planters buy them, and they work -together in the field till their time is out.... [Then] they have -a certain number of acres of land allotted them by the country, -and they go to work to clear and cure the land, and then to plant -it with tobacco and corn for their own use; and as the merchants -will trust them with tools and necessaries upon the credit of their -crop before it is grown, so they again plant every year a little -more [etc.].... Hence, child, says she, many a Newgate-bird -becomes a great man, and we have ... several justices of the -peace, officers of the trained bands, and magistrates of the towns -they live in, that have been burnt in the hand.... You need -not think such a thing strange; ... some of the best men in the -country are burnt in the hand, and they are not ashamed to own -it; there’s Major ——, says she, he was an eminent pickpocket; -there’s Justice B—— was a shoplifter, ... and I could name -you several such as they are.” <i>Moll Flanders</i>, p. 66.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">126</a> -<i>Plays written by the late Ingenious Mrs. Behn</i>, London, 1724, -iv. 110-112.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">127</a> -Postlethwayt’s <i>Dictionary of Commerce</i>, 3d ed., London, 1766, -vol. ii. fol. 4 M, 2 <i>recto</i>, col. 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">128</a> -Boswell’s <i>Life of Johnson</i>, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 312. Professor -James Butler, in an excellent paper on “British Convicts -shipped to American Colonies,” <i>American Historical Review</i>, ii. -12-33, suggests that Johnson’s impression may have been derived -from his long connection with the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, wherein -the lists of felons, reprieved from the gallows and sent to America -were regularly published.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">129</a> -Whitmore, <i>The Cavalier Dismounted</i>, p. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">130</a> -Pike, <i>History of Crime in England</i>, ii. 447.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">131</a> -<i>American Historical Review</i>, ii. 25.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">132</a> -<i>Penny Cyclopædia</i>, xxv. 138.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">133</a> -<i>Report of Royal Historical MSS. Commission</i>, xiii. 605.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">134</a> -The only specific mention which Professor Butler has been -able to find of a criminal sent to New England is that of Elizabeth -Canning, who was sent out for seven years under penalty of -death if she returned to England during that time. She was -brought to Connecticut in 1754, married John Treat two years -afterward, and died in Wethersfield in 1773. <i>American Historical -Review</i>, ii. 32.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">135</a> -<i>Massachusetts Acts and Resolves</i>, i. 452; ii. 245.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">136</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, i. 609; Gardiner, <i>History -of the Commonwealth</i>, i. 464. It is commonly said that many -of the prisoners condemned for taking part in Monmouth’s rebellion, -1685, were sent to Virginia (see Bancroft, <i>Hist. of U. S.</i> -i. 471; Ballagh, <i>J. H. U. Studies</i>, xiii. 293). But an examination -of the lists shows that nearly all were sent to Barbadoes, and -probably none to Virginia. See Hotten, <i>Original Lists of Persons -of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political Rebels</i>, etc., -pp. 315-344.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">137</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">138</a> -Mr. Bruce has well said that in the seventeenth century the -white servant was “the main pillar of the industrial fabric” of -Virginia, and “performed the most honourable work in establishing -and sustaining” that colony. “There can be no doubt, as he -goes on to say, that the work of colonization which has been performed -by the people of England surpasses, both in extent and -beneficence, that of any other race which has left an impression -upon universal history, and the part the manual labourers have -taken in this work is not less memorable than the part taken by -the higher classes of the nation.” <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, -i. 573, 582.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">139</a> -Neill’s Virginia Carolorum, p. 279; Hotten’s <i>Original Lists</i>, -pp. 207, 233, 254; Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, i. 386.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">140</a> -In the absence of detailed specific knowledge it is unsafe to -base inferences upon the word “servant,” inasmuch as in the -seventeenth century it included not only menials but clerks and -apprentices, even articled students in a lawyer’s or doctor’s office, -etc. See <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 22; Bruce, -<i>Economic History</i>, i. 573-575; ii. 45.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">141</a> -“Tour through the British Plantations,” <i>London Magazine</i>, -1755.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">142</a> -Hugh Jones, <i>Present State of Virginia</i>, 1724, p, 114.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">143</a> -Meade’s <i>Old Churches</i>, i. 366.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">144</a> -Before the Revolution this grievance had come to awaken -fierce resentment. A letter printed in 1751 exclaims: “In what -can Britain show a more sovereign contempt for us than by -emptying their gaols into our settlements, unless they would likewise -empty their offal upon our tables?... And what must we -think of those merchants who for the sake of a little paltry gain -will be concerned in importing and disposing of these abominable -cargoes!”—<i>Virginia Gazette</i>, May 24, 1751.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">145</a> -Lecky, <i>History of England</i>, i. 127.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">146</a> -Smyth’s <i>Tour in the United States</i>, London, 1784, i. 72. In -1748 Maryland had 98,357 free whites, 6,870 redemptioners, 1,981 -convicts, and 42,764 negroes. See Williams, <i>History of the Negro -Race in America</i>, i. 247.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">147</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">148</a> -At the famous meeting in the Tabernacle at New York, in -May, 1850, when Isaiah Rynders and his ruffians made a futile -attempt to silence Garrison, one of the speakers maintained “that -the blacks were not men, but belonged to the monkey tribe.” -<i>William Lloyd Garrison: the Story of his Life, told by his Children</i>, -iii. 294. Defenders of slavery at that time got much comfort -from Agassiz’s opinion that the different races of men had -distinct origins. It was perhaps even more effective than the -favourite “cursed be Canaan” argument.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">149</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History</i>, ii. 94. About 1854 (I am not quite -sure as to the date) it was reported in Middletown, Conn., that the -“horrid infidel,” Rev. Theodore Parker, had, on a recent Sunday -in the Boston Music Hall, brought forward sundry cats and -dogs and baptized them in the name of Father, Son, and Holy -Ghost!!! I shall never forget the chill of horror which ran through -the neighbourhood at this tale of wanton blasphemy. In 1867 I -found the belief in the story still surviving among certain persons -in Middletown with a tenacity that no argument or explanation -could shake. The origin of the ridiculous tale was as follows: -The famous abolitionist, Parker Pillsbury, made a speech in which -he quoted what the lady said to Godwyn, that “he might as well -baptize puppies as negroes.” In passing from mouth to mouth -the report of this incident underwent an astounding transformation. -First the speaker’s name was exchanged for that of another -famous abolitionist, the strong and lovely Christian saint, -Theodore Parker; and then the figure of speech was developed -into an act and clothed with circumstance. Thus from the true -statement, that Parker Pillsbury told a story in which an allusion -was made to baptizing puppies, grew the false statement that -Theodore Parker actually baptized cats and dogs. A great deal -of what passes current as history has no better foundation than this -outrageous calumny.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">150</a> -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 96-98.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">151</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, ii. 260.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">152</a> -Hening, iii. 333-335.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">153</a> -For many of these details concerning slavery I am indebted -to Bruce’s <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, chap, xi.,—a book -which it would be difficult to praise too highly.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">154</a> -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 107.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">155</a> -Beverley, <i>History and Present State of Virginia</i>, London, 1705, -part iv. pp. 36-39. The historian was son of Major Robert Beverley -mentioned above, on pages 109-114 of the present volume.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">156</a> -Burk’s <i>History of Virginia</i>, Petersburg, 1805, ii. 300.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">157</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, iii. 537. For the loss of this slave by emancipation -his master was indemnified by a payment of £40 from -the colonial treasury.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">158</a> -Hening, iii. 461; vi. 111. In England in the Middle Ages -such mutilation was a common punishment for rape; sometimes, -in addition, the culprit’s eyes were put out. See Pollock and Maitland, -<i>History of English Law before the Time of Edward I.</i> ii. 489.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">159</a> -Hening, iii. 210.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">160</a> -Hening, vi. 105.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">161</a> -Hening, vi. 107.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">162</a> -Hening, v. 558.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">163</a> -Hening, vi. 112.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">164</a> -Hening, iii. 87, 88.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165" class="label">165</a> -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 129.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166" class="label">166</a> -Hening, iv. 133, 134.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167" class="label">167</a> -Hening, iii. 448, act of 1705.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">168</a> -See Larned’s excellent <i>History for Ready Reference</i>, iv. 2921, -where the case is ably summed up.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">169</a> -Jefferson’s <i>Notes on Virginia</i>, 1782, Query xviii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170" class="label">170</a> -Hening, iii. 87, 454.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171" class="label">171</a> -Hening, iii. 87.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172" class="label">172</a> -Hening, ii. 170, act of 1662.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">173</a> -See Bruce, <i>Economic History</i>, ii. 109, where we are told that -Jamestown was sorely scandalized by the loose behaviour of -“thoughtful Mr. Lawrence.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174" class="label">174</a> - “The gain from the African labour outweighed all fears of -evil from the intermixture.” Foote’s <i>Sketches of Virginia</i>, i. 23.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175" class="label">175</a> -Baird, <i>History of the Huguenot Emigration to America</i>, ii. 178.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176" class="label">176</a> -Brock, <i>Documents relating to the Huguenot Emigration to Virginia</i>, -Va. Hist. Soc. Coll. N. S. v.; cf. Hayden’s <i>Virginia Genealogies</i>, -Wilkes-Barré, 1891.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177" class="label">177</a> -Chesapeake Bay, says Rev. Francis Makemie, is “a bay in -most respects scarce to be outdone by the universe, having so -many large and spacious rivers, branching and running on both -sides; ... and each of these rivers richly supplied, and divided -into sundry smaller rivers, spreading themselves ... to innumerable -creeks and coves, admirably carved out and contrived by the -omnipotent hand of our wise Creator, for the advantage and conveniency -of its inhabitants; ... so that I have oft, with no small -admiration, compared the many rivers, creeks, and rivulets of -water ... to veins in human bodies.” <i>A Plain and Friendly -Perswasive</i>, London, 1705, p. 5. “One receives the impression -in reading of colonial Virginia that all the world lived in country-houses, -on the banks of rivers. And the Virginia world did live -very much in this way.” Miss Rowland’s <i>Life of George Mason</i>, -i. 90.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178" class="label">178</a> -The Huguenots seem to have preferred a French wine, for -one of the first things they did (in 1704) was to “begin an essay -of wine, which they made of the wild grapes gathered in the -woods; the effect of which was noble, strong-bodied claret, of a -curious flavour.” Beverley, <i>History of Virginia</i>, London, 1705, -part iv. p. 46. This has the earmark of truth. American clarets -are to this day strong-bodied, with a curious flavour!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_179" href="#FNanchor_179" class="label">179</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, ii. 340-342.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_180" href="#FNanchor_180" class="label">180</a> -Weeden, <i>Economic and Social History of New England</i>, ii. -501.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_181" href="#FNanchor_181" class="label">181</a> -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 471, where we are also told that “in many -cases the wealthy planters imported from England the clothes -worn by these servants and slaves.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182" class="label">182</a> -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 395, 399, 403, 405.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">183</a> -Beverley, <i>History and Present State of Virginia</i>, book iv. pp. -58, 83.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184" class="label">184</a> -Hening, ii. 172-176.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185" class="label">185</a> -Hening, ii. 471-478; iii. 53-69.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186" class="label">186</a> -There was much strong feeling and vehement writing on the -subject by those who were disgusted at the prevalent state of -things: “I always judged such as are averse to towns to be three -sorts of persons: 1. Fools, who cannot, neither will see their own -interest and advantage in having towns. 2. Knaves, who would -still carry on fraudulent designs and cheating tricks in a corner -or secret trade, afraid of being exposed at a public market. 3. -Sluggards, who rather than be at labour and at any charge in -transporting their goods to market, though idle at home, and -lose double thereby rather than do it. To which I may add a -fourth, which are Sots, who may be best cured of their disease -by a pair of stocks in town.” Makemie’s <i>Plain and Friendly -Perswasive</i>, London, 1705, p. 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_187" href="#FNanchor_187" class="label">187</a> - <i>Present State of Virginia</i>, 1697, p. 12.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">188</a> -A kind of cleaver.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189" class="label">189</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History</i>, ii. 382-383.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190" class="label">190</a> -Conway, <i>Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock</i>, -p. 116.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191" class="label">191</a> -Though the attempts to stimulate shipbuilding met with -little success, the manufacture of barges, pinnaces, and shallops -was sustained by imperative necessity. See Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. -426-439.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192" class="label">192</a> -Elkanah Watson, <i>Men and Times of the Revolution</i>, 2d ed., -New York, 1856, chap. ii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193" class="label">193</a> -See Ripley’s <i>Financial History of Virginia</i>, pp. 119-124.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194" class="label">194</a> -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 411-416.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195" class="label">195</a> -Ripley, <i>Financial History of Virginia</i>, p. 122; cf. Bruce, <i>op. -cit.</i> ii. 368.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196" class="label">196</a> -McMaster, <i>History of the People of the United States</i>, i. 273.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">197</a> -Hening, ii. 192. An old satirical writer mentions the same -custom at a Maryland inn, where, however, he did not seem in all -respects to relish his supper:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">So after hearty Entertainment<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of Drink and Victuals without Payment;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For Planters Tables, you must know,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are free for all that come and go.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoar’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In Wooden Dishes grac’d the Board;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With Homine and Syder-pap,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">(Which scarce a hungry dog would lap)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Well stuff’d with Fat from Bacon fry’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or with <i>Mollossus</i> dulcify’d.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As greasy as the Leather Couch<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On which he sat, and straight begun<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To load with Weed his <i>Indian</i> Gun....<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Pipe smoak’d out, with aweful Grace,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With aspect grave and solemn pace,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The reverend Sire walks to a Chest;...<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>The night had for our traveller its characteristic American -nuisance:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Not yet from Plagues exempted quite,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Curst Muskitoes did me bite;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till rising Morn and blushing Day<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Drove both my Fears and Ills away;<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>but the morning-meal seems to have made amends:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">I did to Planter’s Booth repair,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And there at Breakfast nobly Fare<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On rashier broil’d of infant Bear:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I thought the Cub delicious Meat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which ne’er did ought but Chesnuts eat.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>Ebenezer Cook, <i>The Sot-Weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland</i>, -London, 1708, pp. 5, 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">198</a> -For the description of the planter’s house and its surroundings -I am much indebted to the admirable work of Mr. Bruce, -chap. xii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199" class="label">199</a> -Beverley, <i>History and Present State of Virginia</i>, book iv. -p. 56.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200" class="label">200</a> -One often hears it said, of some old house or church in Virginia, -that it was built of bricks imported from England; but, -according to Mr. Bruce, all bricks used in Virginia during the -seventeenth century seem to have been made there. Bricks were -8 shillings per 1,000 in Virginia when they were 18s. 8¼d. in London, -to which the ocean freight would have had to be added. It -is not strange, therefore, that Virginia exported bricks to Bermuda. -As early as the Indian massacre of 1622 some of the -Indians were driven away with brickbats. See Bruce, <i>Economic -History</i>, ii. 134, 137, 142.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201" class="label">201</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 212.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202" class="label">202</a> -The Marquis de Chastellux, who visited Monticello in 1782, -says: “We may safely aver that Mr. Jefferson is the first American -who has consulted the fine arts to know how he should shelter -himself from the weather.” See Randall’s <i>Life of Jefferson</i>, -i. 373.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203" class="label">203</a> - <i>Lee of Virginia</i>, p. 116.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204" class="label">204</a> -Larousse, <i>Dictionnaire universel</i>, viii. 668.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">205</a> -A <i>double entendre</i>, either “fork-bearer” or “gallows-bird.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">206</a> - -<i>Meercraft.</i>—Have I deserved this from you two, for all<br /> -My pains at court to get you each a patent?</p> - -<p><i>Gilthead.</i>—For what?</p> - -<p><i>Meercraft.</i>—Upon my project o’ the forks.</p> - -<p><i>Sledge.</i>—Forks? what be they?</p> - -<p><i>Meercraft.</i>—The laudable use of forks,<br /> -Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy,<br /> -To the sparing o’ napkins</p> -<p class="author">Ben Jonson, <i>The Devil is an Ass</i>, act v. scene 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">207</a> - <i>Lee of Virginia</i>, p. 116.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208" class="label">208</a> - <i>Lee of Virginia</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209" class="label">209</a></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">For Planters’ Cellars, you must know,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Seldom with good <i>October</i> flow,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But Perry Quince and Apple Juice<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Spout from the Tap like any Sluce.<br /></span> -<span class="author">Cook’s <i>Sot-Weed Factor</i>, p. 22.<br /></span> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">210</a> -A minute account of the beverages and their use is given in -Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 211-231.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">211</a> -Smyth’s <i>Tour in the United States</i>, London, 1784, i. 41.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_212" href="#FNanchor_212" class="label">212</a> -Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee, published in London, in 1781, -an absurd “History of Connecticut,” in which he started the -story of the “Blue Laws” of the New Haven Colony, which -most people allude to incorrectly as “Blue Laws of Connecticut.” -These “Blue Laws” were purely an invention of the mendacious -Peters. There never were any such laws. See my <i>Beginnings of -New England</i>, p. 136.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213" class="label">213</a> -Miss Rowland’s <i>Life of George Mason</i>, i. 101, 102. This -Mason, author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, and member of the -Federal Convention of 1787, was great-grandson of the George -Mason who figured in Bacon’s rebellion. His son John, whose -narrative I here quote, was father of James Murray Mason, author -of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, and one of the Confederacy’s -commissioners taken from the British steamer Trent by -Captain Wilkes in 1861.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214" class="label">214</a> -Meade’s <i>Old Churches</i>, i. 98.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_215" href="#FNanchor_215" class="label">215</a> -A rich Oriental silk, usually watered, first made in the <i>Attabiya</i> -quarter of Bagdad, whence its name.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_216" href="#FNanchor_216" class="label">216</a> -Mr. Bruce gives many inventories taken from county records, -of which the following may serve as a specimen: “The wardrobe -of Mrs. Sarah Willoughby, of Lower Norfolk, consisted of -a red, a blue, and a black silk petticoat, a petticoat of India silk -and of worsted prunella, a striped linen and a calico petticoat, a -black silk gown, a scarlet waistcoat with silver lace, a white knit -waistcoat, a striped stuff jacket, a worsted prunella mantle, a -sky-coloured satin bodice, a pair of red paragon bodices, three -fine and three coarse holland aprons, seven handkerchiefs, and -two hoods.” <i>Economic History</i>, ii. 194.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217" class="label">217</a> -The following specimen of a bill of funeral expenses is given -in Bruce, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 237:<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<table class="toc"> - <tr> - <th /> - <th>lbs. tobacco.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Funeral sermon</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>For a briefe</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">“ 2 turkeys</span></td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">“ coffin</span></td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2 geese</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>1 hog</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2 bushels of flour</td> - <td class="tdr">90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dunghill fowle</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>20 lbs. butter</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sugar and spice</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dressing the dinner</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6 gallon sider</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6<span class="i4">“</span><span class="i4">rum</span></td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218" class="label">218</a> -<i>Virginia Magazine</i>, ii. 294; cf. <i>William and Mary College -Quarterly</i>, iii. 136.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219" class="label">219</a> -Jones’s <i>Present State of Virginia</i>, London, 1724, p. 48.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220" class="label">220</a> -Mr. W. G. Stanard, in an admirable paper on this subject, gives -some names of famous horses then imported, “many of them -being ancestors of horses on the turf at the present day;” such -as “Aristotle, Bolton, Childers, Dabster, Dottrell, Fearnaught, -Jolly Roger, Juniper, Justice, Merry Tom, Sober John, Vampire, -Whittington, James, Sterling, Valiant, etc.” <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, -ii. 301.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221" class="label">221</a> -Smyth’s <i>Tour in the United States</i>, i. 20.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222" class="label">222</a> -Ford, <i>The True George Washington</i>, pp. 194-198.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223" class="label">223</a> -Hening, v. 102, 229-231; vi. 76-81. Washington was very -fond of playing at cards for small stakes, also at billiards; and -he sometimes bet moderately at horse-races. See Ford, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224" class="label">224</a> -About four dollars.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225" class="label">225</a> -<i>Virginia Gazette</i>, October, 1737, cited in Rives’s <i>Life of Madison</i>, -i. 87, and Lodge’s <i>History of the English Colonies</i>, pp. 84, 85.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_226" href="#FNanchor_226" class="label">226</a> -The recorder was a member of the flute family, and its name -may be elucidated by Shakespeare’s charming lines (Pericles, act -iv., prologue):<span class="nowrap">—</span></p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i20">To the lute<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She sang, and made the night-bird mute<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That still records with moan.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>Mr. Bruce (<i>op. cit.</i> ii. 175) mentions <i>cornets</i> as in use in Old Virginia, -but this of course means an obsolete instrument of the -hautboy family, not the modern brass cornet, which has so unhappily -superseded the noble trumpet.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_227" href="#FNanchor_227" class="label">227</a> -The inventory is printed in <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, -iii. 251.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_228" href="#FNanchor_228" class="label">228</a> -The full list is given in <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, -iii. 170-174.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_229" href="#FNanchor_229" class="label">229</a> -See Lyman Draper, in <i>Virginia Historical Register</i>, iv. 87-90.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_230" href="#FNanchor_230" class="label">230</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, iii. 247-249.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_231" href="#FNanchor_231" class="label">231</a> -Hening, ii. 517.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_232" href="#FNanchor_232" class="label">232</a> -Hening, ii. 518.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_233" href="#FNanchor_233" class="label">233</a> - <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, i. 326, 348; <i>William and Mary College -Quarterly</i>, v. 113. Allusion has already been made, on page 5 of -the present volume, to the school founded by Benjamin Symms, -or Symes.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_234" href="#FNanchor_234" class="label">234</a> -Hening, i. 336.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_235" href="#FNanchor_235" class="label">235</a> -President Tyler cites from the vestry-book of Petsworth -Parish, in Gloucester County, an indenture of October 30, 1716, -wherein Ralph Bevis agrees to “give George Petsworth, a molattoe -boy of the age of 2 years, 3 years’ schooling, and carefully to -Instruct him afterwards that he may read well in any part of the -Bible, also to Instruct and Learn him y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> molattoe boy such -Lawfull way or ways that he may be able, after his Indented -time expired, to gitt his own Liveing, and to allow him sufficient -meat, Drink, washing, and apparill, until the expiration of y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> -time, &c., and after y<sup>e</sup> finishing of y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> time to pay y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> George -Petsworth all such allowances as y<sup>e</sup> Law Directs in such cases, as -also to keep the afores<sup>d</sup> Parish Dureing y<sup>e</sup> afores<sup>d</sup> Indented time -from all manner of Charges,” etc. <i>William and Mary College -Quarterly</i>, v. 219.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_236" href="#FNanchor_236" class="label">236</a> -Miss Rowland’s <i>Life of George Mason</i>, i. 97.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_237" href="#FNanchor_237" class="label">237</a> -Butler’s “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,” -<i>American Historical Review</i>, ii. 27.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_238" href="#FNanchor_238" class="label">238</a> -The worthy pastor even goes so far as to exclaim, with a -groan, that two thirds of the schoolmasters in Maryland were -convicts working out a term of penal servitude! Boucher’s <i>Thirteen -Sermons</i>, p. 182. But in such declamatory statements it is -never safe to depend upon numbers and figures. In the present -case we may conclude that the number of such schoolmasters was -noticeable; we are not justified in going further.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_239" href="#FNanchor_239" class="label">239</a> -From the excellent papers by W. G. Stanard, on “Virginians -at Oxford,” <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, ii. 22, 149, I -have culled a few items which may be of interest:— -</p> -<p> -John Lee, <i>armiger</i> (son of 1st Richard, see above, p, 19), educated -at Queens, B. A. 1662, burgess. -</p> -<p> -Rowland Jones, <i>cler.</i>, Merton, matric. 1663, pastor Bruton Parish. -</p> -<p> -Ralph Wormeley, <i>armiger</i>, of Rosegill (see above, p. 243), Oriel, -matric. 1665, secretary of state, etc. -</p> -<p> -Emanuel Jones, <i>cler.</i>, Oriel, B. A. 1692, pastor Petsworth Parish. -</p> -<p> -Bartholomew Yates, <i>cler.</i>, Brasenose, B. A. 1698, Prof. Divinity -W. & M. -</p> -<p> -Mann Page, <i>armiger</i>, St. John’s, matric. 1709, member of council. -</p> -<p> -William Dawson, <i>plebs.</i>, Queens, matric. 1720, M. A. 1728, D. D. -1747, Prof. Moral Phil. W. & M. 1729, Pres. W. & M. 1743-52. -</p> -<p> -Henry Fitzhugh, <i>gent.</i>, Christ Church, matric. 1722, burgess. -</p> -<p> -Christopher Robinson, <i>gent.</i>, Oriel, matric. 1724, studied at Middle -Temple. -</p> -<p> -Christopher Robinson, <i>gent.</i>, Oriel, matric. 1721, M. A. 1729, Fellow -of Oriel. -</p> -<p> -Musgrave Dawson, <i>plebs.</i>, Queens, B. A. 1747, pastor Raleigh -Parish. -</p> -<p> -Lewis Burwell, <i>armiger</i>, Balliol, matric. 1765.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_240" href="#FNanchor_240" class="label">240</a> -Weeden, <i>Economic and Social History of New England</i>, i. 282, -412, 419; ii. 861. For neglecting to “set up school” for the -year, a town would be presented by the grand jury of the county, -and would then try to make excuses. “In February, 1744, the -usual routine was repeated. The farmers were summoned ‘to -know what the Town’s Mind is for doing about a School for the -insuing year.’ The school of the previous year having cost £55 -old tenor, which may have been equivalent to 55 Spanish dollars, -and it being necessary to raise this sum by a general taxation, the -Town’s Mind was for doing nothing; and not until the following -July did it consent to have a school opened.” Bliss, <i>Colonial -Times on Buzzard’s Bay</i>, p. 118.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_241" href="#FNanchor_241" class="label">241</a> -In my <i>Beginnings of New England</i>, pp. 148-153.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_242" href="#FNanchor_242" class="label">242</a> -Of the numbers in <i>The Federalist</i>, 51 were written by Hamilton, -29 by Madison, and 5 by Jay. But the frame of government -which the book was written to explain and defend was not at all -the work of Hamilton, whose part in the proceedings of the Federal -Convention was almost <i>nil</i>. It was very largely the work of -Madison, and while <i>The Federalist</i> shows Hamilton’s marvellous -flexibility of intelligence, it is Madison who is master and Hamilton -who is his expounder.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_243" href="#FNanchor_243" class="label">243</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 221.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_244" href="#FNanchor_244" class="label">244</a> -Stith, <i>History of Virginia</i>, preface, vi., vii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_245" href="#FNanchor_245" class="label">245</a> -Byrd’s <i>History of the Dividing Line</i>, with his <i>Journey to the -Land of Eden</i>, and <i>A Progress to the Mines</i>, remained in MS. for -more than a century. They were published at Petersburg in -1841, under the title of <i>Westover Manuscripts</i>. A better edition, -edited by T. H. Wynne, was published in 1866 under the title of -<i>Byrd Manuscripts</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_246" href="#FNanchor_246" class="label">246</a> - <i>Byrd MSS.</i> i. 5.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_247" href="#FNanchor_247" class="label">247</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History</i>, ii. 234.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_248" href="#FNanchor_248" class="label">248</a> -See the history of the case, in Washington’s <i>Writings</i>, ed. -W. C. Ford, xiv. 255-260. According to Mr. Paul Ford, “there -can scarcely be a doubt that the treatment of his last illness by -the doctors was little short of murder.” <i>The True George Washington</i>, -p. 58. The question is suggested, if Washington had lived -a dozen years longer, would there have been a second war with -England?</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_249" href="#FNanchor_249" class="label">249</a> -Meade’s <i>Old Churches</i>, i. 18, 361, 385.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_250" href="#FNanchor_250" class="label">250</a> -It is difficult to obtain exact data. My impression is derived -from study of the statutes and from general reading.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251" class="label">251</a> -It is authoritatively stated in the <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, i. 347, -that from the time of the Company down to the time of the -Revolution, “there is no record of any duel in Virginia.” In the -thirteen volumes of Hening I find no allusion to duelling; for -the mention of “challenges to fight” in such a passage as vol. vi. -p. 80, clearly refers to chance affrays with fisticuffs at the gaming -table, and not to duels. Yet in 1731 Rodolphus Malbone, for -challenging Solomon White, a magistrate, “with sword and pistol,” -was bound over in £50 to keep the peace: see <i>Virginia -Magazine</i>, iii. 89.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_252" href="#FNanchor_252" class="label">252</a> - <i>Virginia Magazine</i>, i. 128. A woman named Eve was burned -in Orange County in 1746 for petty treason, <i>i. e.</i> murdering her -master. <i>Id.</i> iii. 308. For poisoning the master’s family a man -and woman were burned at Charleston, S. C., in 1769. <i>Id.</i> iv. 341. -For petty treason a negro woman named Phillis was burned at -the stake in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 18, 1755: see <i>Boston Evening -Post</i>, Sept. 22, 1755; Paige’s <i>History of Cambridge</i>, p. 217. -For riotous murder in the city of New York 21 negroes were executed -in 1712, several of whom were burned and one was broken -on the wheel; and again in 1741, in the panic over an imaginary -plot, 13 negroes were burned at the stake: see <i>Acts of Assembly, -New York</i>, ann. 1712; <i>Documents relating to Colonial History of -New York</i>, vol. vi. ann. 1741. There may have been other cases. -These here cited were especially notable.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_253" href="#FNanchor_253" class="label">253</a> -Prof. M. C. Tyler (<i>History of American Literature</i>, i. 90) -quotes a statement of Burk (<i>History of Virginia</i>, Petersburg, -1805, vol. ii. appendix, p. xxx.), to the effect that in Princess Anne -County a woman was once burned for witchcraft. But Burk -makes the statement on hearsay, and I have no doubt he refers to -Grace Sherwood, who between 1698 and 1708 brought divers and -sundry actions for slander against persons who had called her -a witch, but could not get a verdict in her favour! She was -searched for witch marks and imprisoned. It is a long way from -this sort of thing to getting burned at the stake! Mrs. Sherwood -made her will in 1733, and it was admitted to probate in 1741. -See <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 69; ii. 58; iii. 96, 190, -242; iv. 18.—There is a widespread popular belief that the victims -of the witchcraft delusion in Salem were burned; scarcely -a fortnight passes without some allusions to this “burning” in the -newspapers. Of the twenty victims at Salem, nineteen were -hanged, one was pressed to death; not one was burned. See -Upham’s <i>History of Witchcraft and Salem Village</i>, Boston, 1867, -2 vols.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_254" href="#FNanchor_254" class="label">254</a> -Winsor, <i>Narr. and Crit. Hist.</i> v. 286.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_255" href="#FNanchor_255" class="label">255</a> -Fox-Bourne’s <i>Life of John Locke</i>, i. 203.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_256" href="#FNanchor_256" class="label">256</a> -The Fundamental Constitutions are printed in Locke’s <i>Works</i>, -London, 1824, ix. 175-199. An excellent analysis of them is -given by Prof. Bassett, “The Constitutional Beginnings of North -Carolina,” <i>J. H. U. Studies</i>, xii. 97-169; see, also, Whitney, -“Government of the Colony of South Carolina,” <i>Id.</i> xiii. 1-121.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_257" href="#FNanchor_257" class="label">257</a> -Hening, i. 380.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_258" href="#FNanchor_258" class="label">258</a> -He is commonly called a Quaker, but the tradition is ill -supported. See Weeks, <i>Southern Quakers and Slavery</i>, p. 33.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_259" href="#FNanchor_259" class="label">259</a> -See my <i>Discovery of America</i>, i. 167-169.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_260" href="#FNanchor_260" class="label">260</a> -Hawks, <i>History of North Carolina</i>, ii. 72.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_261" href="#FNanchor_261" class="label">261</a> -Lawson, <i>A Description of North Carolina</i>, London, 1718, p. 73.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_262" href="#FNanchor_262" class="label">262</a> -Rivers, <i>Early History of South Carolina</i>, Charleston, 1856, -p. 96.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_263" href="#FNanchor_263" class="label">263</a> -Williamson, <i>History of North Carolina</i>, Philadelphia, 1812, -p. 120.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_264" href="#FNanchor_264" class="label">264</a> -Williamson, <i>op. cit.</i> i. 121.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_265" href="#FNanchor_265" class="label">265</a> -Moore’s <i>History of North Carolina</i>, Raleigh, 1880, i. 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_266" href="#FNanchor_266" class="label">266</a> -I am glad to find this opinion corroborated by Professor Bassett -in his able paper above cited, <i>J. H. U. Studies</i>, xii. 109.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_267" href="#FNanchor_267" class="label">267</a> -Hawks, <i>History of North Carolina</i>, ii. 470.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_268" href="#FNanchor_268" class="label">268</a> -See above, p. 85 of the present volume.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_269" href="#FNanchor_269" class="label">269</a> -Dr. Hawks, in his <i>History of North Carolina</i>, ii. 463-483, -gives a detailed and very entertaining account of the Culpeper -rebellion, to which I am indebted for several particulars.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_270" href="#FNanchor_270" class="label">270</a> -Hawks, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. 489.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_271" href="#FNanchor_271" class="label">271</a> -Rivers, <i>Early History of South Carolina</i>, p. 145.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_272" href="#FNanchor_272" class="label">272</a> - <i>Id.</i> p. 153.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_273" href="#FNanchor_273" class="label">273</a> - <i>Records of General Court of Albemarle</i>, 1697; Hawks, <i>op. cit.</i> -ii. 491.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_274" href="#FNanchor_274" class="label">274</a> -Spotswood’s <i>Official Letters</i> (Va. Hist. Soc. Coll.), Richmond, -1882, i. 106. Several other passages in Spotswood’s letters of -the summer and autumn of 1711 express a similar belief. The -opinion of Spotswood is adopted in Hawks, <i>History of North -Carolina</i>, ii. 522-533, who is followed by Moore, <i>History of North -Carolina</i>, i. 35. I am glad to find that my opinion of the inadequacy -of the evidence is shared by so great an authority as Professor -Rivers, in Winsor, <i>Narr. and Crit. Hist.</i> v. 298.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_275" href="#FNanchor_275" class="label">275</a> -See the learned essay by James Mooney, <i>The Siouan Tribes -of the East</i> (Bureau of Ethnology, Bulletin 22), Washington, -1894. Until recent years it was not known that there were ever -any Sioux in the Atlantic region. The Catawbas, etc., were supposed -to be Muskogi.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_276" href="#FNanchor_276" class="label">276</a> -Lawson, <i>The History of Carolina; containing the Exact Description -and Natural History of that Country; together with the -Present State thereof. And a Journal of a Thousand Miles travelled -through several Nations of Indians, giving a particular Account of -their Customs, Manners, etc.</i> London, 1709, small quarto, 258 -pages.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_277" href="#FNanchor_277" class="label">277</a> -For this and other atrocities see the letter of November 2, -1711, from Major Christopher Gale to his sister, printed in -Nichols’s <i>Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth -Century</i>, iv. 489-492.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_278" href="#FNanchor_278" class="label">278</a> -In Professor Rivers’s version of the story there was either no -general conspiracy or only a sudden one conceived after the murder -of Lawson. He suggests that “being fearful of the consequences” -of that act, the Indians “were hurried into the design of -a widespread massacre,” etc. <i>Early History of South Carolina</i>, -p. 253. It may be so. Questions relating to concert between Indian -tribes are apt to be hard to settle. I think, however, that in -this case the simultaneity of attack at distant points is in favour -of the generally accepted view of a conspiracy arranged before -Lawson’s death.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_279" href="#FNanchor_279" class="label">279</a> -Spotswood to the Lords of Trade and to Lord Dartmouth, -December 28, 1711, <i>Official Letters</i>, i. 129-138. This was one of -the early instances of the extreme difficulty of obtaining money -from “whimsical” legislatures for the common defence, which in -later years led Parliament to the attempt to cure the evil by -means of the Stamp Act. Even in what he did accomplish on the -border, Spotswood had to depend upon voluntary contributions, -just as money was raised by Franklin in 1758 for the expedition -against Fort Duquesne, and by Robert Morris in the great crisis -of Washington’s Trenton-Princeton campaign.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_280" href="#FNanchor_280" class="label">280</a> -See my <i>Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy</i>, ii. 200.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_281" href="#FNanchor_281" class="label">281</a> -Dr. Hugh Williamson, in his <i>History of North Carolina</i>, Philadelphia, -1812, ii. 173-211, gives a very interesting account of -these malarial swamps, their geological causes, and their effects -upon the people.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_282" href="#FNanchor_282" class="label">282</a> -For a sprightly account of the Alpine region of North Carolina -and its inhabitants, see Zeigler and Grosscup, <i>The Heart of -the Alleghanies</i>, Raleigh, 1883.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_283" href="#FNanchor_283" class="label">283</a> -Lawson’s <i>History of Carolina</i>, London, 1718, p. 79.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_284" href="#FNanchor_284" class="label">284</a> - <i>Byrd MSS.</i> i. 59, 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_285" href="#FNanchor_285" class="label">285</a> - <i>Byrd MSS.</i> i. 56.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_286" href="#FNanchor_286" class="label">286</a> - <i>Byrd MSS.</i> i. 59.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_287" href="#FNanchor_287" class="label">287</a> -See above, p. 188 of the present volume.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_288" href="#FNanchor_288" class="label">288</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, ii. 146.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_289" href="#FNanchor_289" class="label">289</a> -Spotswood to the Lords of Trade, April 5, 1717, <i>Official -Letters</i>, ii. 227.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_290" href="#FNanchor_290" class="label">290</a> -Olmsted’s <i>Slave States</i>, p. 507.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_291" href="#FNanchor_291" class="label">291</a> -Cf. Ramage, “Local Government and Free Schools in South -Carolina,” <i>Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies</i>, vol. i.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_292" href="#FNanchor_292" class="label">292</a> -Ramage, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_293" href="#FNanchor_293" class="label">293</a> -The remarks of Herbert Spencer on state education, in his -<i>Social Statics</i>, revised ed., London, 1892, pp. 153-184, deserve -most careful consideration by all who are interested in the welfare -of their fellow-creatures.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_294" href="#FNanchor_294" class="label">294</a> -Bruce, <i>Economic History of Virginia</i>, ii. 108.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_295" href="#FNanchor_295" class="label">295</a> -Americans are apt to forget how much nearer the equator -the familiar points in this country are than familiar points in -Europe. Although every family has an atlas, many persons are -surprised when their attention is called to the facts that Great -Britain is in the latitude of Hudson Bay, that Paris and Vienna -are further north than Quebec, that Montreal is nearly opposite -to Venice, Boston to Rome, Charleston to Tripoli, etc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_296" href="#FNanchor_296" class="label">296</a> -Simms, <i>History of South Carolina</i>, p. 106; Williams, <i>History -of the Negro Race in America</i>, i. 299.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_297" href="#FNanchor_297" class="label">297</a> -Whitney, “Government of the Colony of South Carolina,” -<i>Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies</i>, xiii. 95; <i>Statutes of South Carolina</i>, -iii. 395-399, 456-461, 568-573.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_298" href="#FNanchor_298" class="label">298</a> -The story is told by St. John de Crèvecœur, in his <i>Letters from -an American Farmer</i>, Philadelphia, 1793, pp. 178-180. Crèvecœur -was on his way to dine with a planter when he encountered the -shocking spectacle. He succeeded in passing a shell of water -through the bars of the cage to the lips of the poor wretch, who -thanked him and begged to be killed; but the Frenchman had no -means at hand.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_299" href="#FNanchor_299" class="label">299</a> - <i>Statutes of South Carolina</i>, vii. 410, 411.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_300" href="#FNanchor_300" class="label">300</a> - “La plupart des riches habitans de la Caroline du Sud, ayant -été élevés en Europe, en ont apporté plus de gout, et des connaissances -plus analogues à nos mœurs, que les habitans des -provinces du Nord, ce qui doit leur donner généralement sur -ceux-ci de l’avantage en société. Les femmes semblent aussi plus -animées que dans le Nord, prennent plus de part à la conversation, -sont davantage dans la société.... Elles sont jolies, agréables, -piquantes; mais ... les hommes et les femmes vieillissent -promptement dan ce climat.” La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, -<i>Voyage dans les États-Unis</i>, Paris, 1799, iv. 13.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_301" href="#FNanchor_301" class="label">301</a> -Boswell has a characteristic anecdote of Oglethorpe, who -was very high-spirited, but extremely sensible. When a lad of -nineteen or so, he was dining one day with a certain Prince of -Würtemberg and others, when the insolent prince fillipped a few -drops of wine into his face. “Here was a nice dilemma. To -have challenged him instantly might have fixed a quarrelsome -character upon the young soldier; to have taken no notice of it -might have been considered as cowardice. Oglethorpe, therefore, -keeping his eye upon the prince and smiling, ... said, ‘That’s -a good joke, but we do it much better in England,’ and threw a -whole glass of wine in the prince’s face. An old general, who -sat by, said, ‘Il a bien fait, mon prince, vous l’avez commencé,’ -and thus all ended in good humour.” <i>Life of Johnson</i>, ed. Birkbeck -Hill, ii. 180.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_302" href="#FNanchor_302" class="label">302</a> -See the charter, in Jones’s <i>History of Georgia</i>, i. 90.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_303" href="#FNanchor_303" class="label">303</a> -Blackstone’s <i>Commentaries</i>, bk. iv. chap. 5.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_304" href="#FNanchor_304" class="label">304</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 24.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_305" href="#FNanchor_305" class="label">305</a> -Burney, <i>History of the Buccaneers of America</i>, p. 52.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_306" href="#FNanchor_306" class="label">306</a> -Exquemeling was sent to Tortuga in 1666, in one of the -Dutch West India Company’s ships, and on his arrival was sold -for thirty crowns into three years’ servitude. He says very -neatly: “Je ne dis rien de ce qui a donné lieu à mon embarquement, -suivi d’un si fâcheux esclavage, parce que cela seroit -hors de propos, et ne pourroit estre qu’ennuyeux.” He was -cruelly treated. After gaining his freedom he joined the buccaneers, -apparently because there was nothing else to do. He -went home in 1674 in a Dutch ship, “remerciant Dieu de -m’avoir retiré de cette miserable vie, estant la première occasion -de la quitter que j’eusse rencontré depuis cinq années.” Oexmelin, -<i>Histoire des Avanturiers</i>, Paris, 1686, i. 13; ii. 312. The -English version of his book is entitled “History of the Bucaniers -of America” (London, 1684). The Spanish version is known -as “Los Piratas.” Not only do the titles thus differ, but each -translator has added more or less material from other sources, in -order to exalt the fame of the rascals of his own nation.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_307" href="#FNanchor_307" class="label">307</a> - “Le capitaine ... du vaisseau submergé était un pirate -hollandais; c’était celui-là¡ même qui avait volé Candide. Les richesses -immenses dont ce célérat s’était emparé furent ensevelies -avec lui dans la mer, et il n’y eut qu’un mouton de sauvé. -Vous voyez, dit Candide à Martin, que le crime est puni quelquefois; -ce coquin de patron hollandais a en le sort qui’il méritait. -Oui, dit Martin; mais fallait-il que les passagers qui était sur son -vaisseau périssent aussi? Dieu a puni ce fripon, le diable a noyé -les autres.” Voltaire, <i>Œuvres</i>, Paris, 1785. tom, xliv. p. 294.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_308" href="#FNanchor_308" class="label">308</a> - <i>Histoire des avanturiers</i>, ii. 216.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_309" href="#FNanchor_309" class="label">309</a> -Exquemeling says: “A l’heure que je parle il est élevé -aux plus éminentes dignitez de la Jamaique; ce qui fait assez -voir qu’un homme, tel qu’il soit, est toujours estimé & bien -receu par tout, pourveu qu’il ait de l’argent.” <i>Histoire des -avanturiers</i>, ii. 214.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_310" href="#FNanchor_310" class="label">310</a> -Ringrose’s <i>MS. Narrative</i>, British Museum, Sloane collection, -No. 3820.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_311" href="#FNanchor_311" class="label">311</a> -See Hughson, “The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce,” -<i>Johns Hopkins University Studies</i>, xii. 241-370.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_312" href="#FNanchor_312" class="label">312</a> -See Watson’s <i>Annals of Philadelphia</i>, ii. 222.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_313" href="#FNanchor_313" class="label">313</a> -In Kidd’s case there were many extenuating circumstances; -he was far from being such a scoundrel as most of the pirates.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_314" href="#FNanchor_314" class="label">314</a> -See the cases of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, in Johnson’s -<i>History of the Pirates</i>, London, 1724, 2 vols.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_315" href="#FNanchor_315" class="label">315</a> -Burton’s <i>History of Scotland</i>, vi. 403.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_316" href="#FNanchor_316" class="label">316</a> -In writing to James Stanhope, secretary of state, Spotswood -says: “Such is the unaccountable temper of the People that they -have generally chosen for their Representatives Persons of the -meanest Estates and Capacitys in their Countys, And as if the -House of Burgesses were resolved to copy after the patern of -their Electors, of the few Gentlemen that are among them, they -have expelled two for having the Generosity to serve their Country -for nothing, w’ch they term bribery.” <i>Official Letters</i>, ii. -129. This reminds one of the language applied by Sherwood -and Ludwell to Bacon’s followers (see above, p. 102); and suggests -the presence among the burgesses of a considerable party -which felt it necessary to contend against aristocratizing tendencies. -To establish the principle that representatives might serve -without pay would tend to disqualify poor folk from serving in -that capacity.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_317" href="#FNanchor_317" class="label">317</a> -There is evidently a slip of the pen here; <i>Letters</i> must have -been the word intended.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_318" href="#FNanchor_318" class="label">318</a> -Spotswood to the Lords of Trade, June 24, 1718. <i>Official -Letters</i>, ii. 280, 281.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_319" href="#FNanchor_319" class="label">319</a> -The 58th birthday of George I., May 28, 1718.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_320" href="#FNanchor_320" class="label">320</a> -Spotswood, <i>Official Letters</i>, ii. 284.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_321" href="#FNanchor_321" class="label">321</a> -His feelings find temperate expression in his letters to the -Lords of Trade and to the secretary of state, James Stanhope; -<i>e. g.</i>, in October, 1712: “This Unhappy State of her Maj’t’s Subjects -in my Neighbourhood is y<sup>e</sup> more Affecting to me because I -have very little hopes of being enabled to relieve them by our -Assembly, which I have called to meet next Week.... No -arguments I have used can prevail on these people to make their -Militia more Serviceable;” and in July, 1715: “I cannot forbear -regretting y<sup>t</sup> I must always have to do w’th y<sup>e</sup> Representatives -of y<sup>e</sup> Vulgar People, and mostly with such members as are of -their Stamp and Understanding, for so long as half an Acre of -Land ... qualifys a man to be an Elector, the meaner sort of -People will ever carry y<sup>e</sup> Elections, and the humour generally -runs to choose such men as are their most familiar Companions, -who very eagerly seek to be Burgesses merely for the Lucre of -the Salary, and who, for fear of not being chosen again, dare in -Assembly do nothing that may be disrelished out of the House -by y<sup>e</sup> Common People.... However, as my general Success -hitherto with this sort of Assemblys is not to be Complained of, -and as I have brought them, in some particulars, to place greater -Trust in me than ever they did in any Governor before, and seeing -their Confidence in Me has encreased with their Knowledge of me, -I have great hopes to lead even this new Assembly into measures -that may be for the hon’r and safety of these parts of his Maj’t’s -Dominions.... Y<sup>e</sup> Assembly of No. Carolina has already faulted -their Governor for dispatching away to y<sup>e</sup> relief of his next -Neighbours a small reinforcement of Men, they alledging that -their own danger requir’d not to weaken themselves.... None -of y<sup>e</sup> Provinces on y<sup>e</sup> Continent have yet sent any Assistance of -Men to So. Carolina, except this Colony alone, and No. Carolina, -and by w’t I understand from Govern’r Hunter [of New York] I -am afraid they may be diverted from it, he writing me word -y<sup>t</sup> their Indians are grown very turbulent and ungovernable. We -are not here without our dangers, too, but yet I judg’d it best, -and y<sup>e</sup> readiest way to save ourselves, to run immediately to check -the first kindling Flames, and even to stretch a point to succour -Carolina with Arms and ammunition; and I made such dispatch -in y<sup>e</sup> first Succours of Men I sent thither y<sup>t</sup> they pass’d no more -than 15 days between the Day of y<sup>e</sup> Carolina Comm’rs coming to -me and y<sup>e</sup> day of my embarking 118 Men listed for their Service. -I have since sent another Vessel with 40 or 50 Men more; and -hope in a short time to have y<sup>e</sup> Complem’t raised w’ch this Government -has engag’d to furnish.... I need not offer, for my -justification, to wound his Maj’t’s Ears with particular relation of -the miserys his Subjects in Carolina labour under, and of y<sup>e</sup> Inhuman -butchering and horrid Tortures many of them have been -exposed to.” So in Oct. 1715: “Such was the Temper and Understanding -[of the House of Burgesses] that they could not be -reason’d into Wholesome Laws, and such their humour and principles -y<sup>t</sup> they would aim at no other Acts than what invaded -y<sup>e</sup> Prerogative or thwarted the Government. So that all their -considerable Bills Stopt in the Council.... On y<sup>e</sup> 8 of Aug’st ... they -plainly declar’d they would do nothing ... till they -had an Answer from his Maj’tie to their Address about the Quitt -rents. I need not repeat to you, S’r, what I have formerly represented -of the inconveniency a Governm’t without money is expos’d -to, especially in any dangerous Conjuncture.... The bulk of -the Ellectors of Assembly Men concists of the meaner sort of -People, who ... are more easily impos’d upon by persons who -are not restrain’d by any Principles of Truth or Hon’r from publishing -amongst them the most false reports, and have front enough -to assert for truth even the grossest Absurdities. [How well this -describes the blatant demagogues who thrive and multiply in the -cesspool of politics to-day, like maggots in carrion!] ... These -mobish Candidates always outbid the Gent’n of sence and Principles, -for they stick not to vow to their Electors that no consideration -whatever shall engage them to raise money, and some -of them have so little shame as publickly to declare that if, in -Assembly, anything should be propos’d w’ch they judg’d might -be disagreeable to their Constituents, they would oppose it, tho’ -they knew in their consciences y<sup>t</sup> it would be for y<sup>e</sup> good of the -Country.” Spotswood’s <i>Official Letters</i>, ii. 1, 2, 124, 125, 130, 132, -164.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_322" href="#FNanchor_322" class="label">322</a> -The expression is suggested by a famous passage in Lord -Macaulay, who seems to think that it all happened in order that -Frederick the Great might keep his hold upon Silesia!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_323" href="#FNanchor_323" class="label">323</a> -See above, vol i. p. 27.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_324" href="#FNanchor_324" class="label">324</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_325" href="#FNanchor_325" class="label">325</a> -See above, vol. i. p. 116.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_326" href="#FNanchor_326" class="label">326</a> -Hening’s <i>Statutes</i>, i. 381.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_327" href="#FNanchor_327" class="label">327</a> -These were Kaskaskia and Cahokia in 1700, Detroit in 1701, -Mobile in 1702, and Vincennes in 1705; and Bienville was just -about to found New Orleans, which he did in 1718.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_328" href="#FNanchor_328" class="label">328</a> - “I have often regretted that after so many Years as these -Countrys have been Seated, no Attempts have been made to discover -the Sources of Our Rivers, nor to Establishing Correspondence -w’th those Nations of Indians to ye Westw’d of Us, even -after the certain Knowledge of the Progress made by French in -Surrounding us w’th their Settlements.” Spotswood, <i>Official -Letters</i>, iii. 295. A reconnoissance was made in 1710, which reported -that the Blue Ridge was not, as had been supposed, impassable. -<i>Id.</i> i. 40.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_329" href="#FNanchor_329" class="label">329</a> -Fontaine’s journal of the expedition shows that the crossing -was not at Rockfish Gap, as formerly supposed. Cf. Peyton’s -<i>History of Augusta County</i>, Staunton, 1882, pp. 24, 29.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_330" href="#FNanchor_330" class="label">330</a> - “Thus it is a pleasure to cross the mountains.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_331" href="#FNanchor_331" class="label">331</a> -Jones, <i>Present State of Virginia</i>, London, 1724, p. 14.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_332" href="#FNanchor_332" class="label">332</a> -Spotswood, <i>Official Letters</i>, ii. 297.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_333" href="#FNanchor_333" class="label">333</a> -He understood that from Swift Run Gap it was but three -days’ march to a tribe of Indians living on a river which emptied -into Lake Erie; also that from a distant peak, which was pointed -out to him, Lake Erie was distinctly visible; so he estimated the -total distance as five days’ march. The river route thus vaguely -indicated was probably down the Youghiogheny or the Monongahela -to the site of Pittsburgh, then up the Alleghany and so on -to the site of Erie, distant in a straight line about 300 miles from -Swift Run Gap. Braddock in 1755 was a month in getting over -less than one fourth of the actual route. But, in spite of the -false estimate, Spotswood’s general idea was sound.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_334" href="#FNanchor_334" class="label">334</a> - <i>William and Mary College Quarterly</i>, i. 7.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_335" href="#FNanchor_335" class="label">335</a> -In this respect one of his family in the days of our great -Civil War was like him. The noble statue at the entrance of -Forest Park in St. Louis stands there to remind us that it was -chiefly the iron will of Francis Preston Blair that in 1861 prevented -the secessionist government of Missouri from dragging -that state over to the Southern Confederacy.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_336" href="#FNanchor_336" class="label">336</a> -George Washington’s elder brother, Lawrence, served in this -expedition, and named his estate Mount Vernon after the admiral.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_337" href="#FNanchor_337" class="label">337</a> -In 1781 the mansion at Temple Farm was known as the -Moore House.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_338" href="#FNanchor_338" class="label">338</a> -In my next following work, entitled “The Dutch and Quaker -Colonies in America,” I hope to give a more detailed and specific -account of the Scotch-Irish and their important work in this -country.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_339" href="#FNanchor_339" class="label">339</a> -Conway’s Barons, p. 213; Kercheval’s <i>History of the Valley -of Virginia</i>, Winchester, 1833, p. 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_340" href="#FNanchor_340" class="label">340</a> -Cf. Winsor, <i>Narr. and Crit. Hist.</i> v. 276.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_341" href="#FNanchor_341" class="label">341</a> -Greene’s <i>Antiquities of Worcester</i>, p. 273.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber’s Note:</h3> - -<p>Obvious printer errors corrected silently.</p> - -<p>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS *** - -***** This file should be named 56033-h.htm or 56033-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/0/3/56033/ - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/56033-h/images/colophon.jpg b/old/56033-h/images/colophon.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6961e5c..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/images/colophon.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/56033-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2449955..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h/images/frontis.jpg b/old/56033-h/images/frontis.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 12a9796..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/images/frontis.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h/images/hr.jpg b/old/56033-h/images/hr.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dcee969..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/images/hr.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h/images/i_276.jpg b/old/56033-h/images/i_276.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7d72bc7..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/images/i_276.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/56033-h/images/i_306.jpg b/old/56033-h/images/i_306.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1092ba8..0000000 --- a/old/56033-h/images/i_306.jpg +++ /dev/null |
