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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9eb5ece --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55957 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55957) diff --git a/old/55957-0.txt b/old/55957-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2aa2a9a..0000000 --- a/old/55957-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3023 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Study of Army Camp Life during American -Revolution, by Mary Hazel Snuff - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Study of Army Camp Life during American Revolution - -Author: Mary Hazel Snuff - -Release Date: November 13, 2017 [EBook #55957] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY CAMP LIFE DURING AMERICAN REVOL. *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note - - Footnote 194: Missing reference page number. - - Footnotes have been placed at end of their respective chapter. - - Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been repaired. - - - - - A STUDY OF ARMY CAMP LIFE DURING AMERICAN REVOLUTION - - BY - MARY HAZEL SNUFF - B. S. North-Western College, 1917. - - THESIS - Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the - Degree of - MASTER OF ARTS - IN HISTORY - IN - THE GRADUATE SCHOOL - OF THE - UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - 1918 - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - Page - - INTRODUCTION 1 - - Chapter I - HOUSING CONDITIONS 4 - - Chapter II - FOOD AND CLOTHING 15 - - Chapter III - HEALTH AND SANITATION 27 - - Chapter IV - RECREATION IN CAMP 37 - - Chapter V - RELIGION IN THE CAMP 46 - - Chapter VI - CAMP DUTIES AND DISCIPLINE 54 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY 64 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -The object of this study is to produce a picture of the private soldier -of the American Revolution as he lived, ate, was punished, played, -and worshiped in the army camp. Drawing that picture not only from -the standpoint of the continental congress, the body which made the -rules and regulations for governing the army, or from the officer's -view point as they issued orders from headquarters rather just a -study of the soldier himself in the camp conditions and his reaction -to them. It was easy for congress to determine the rations or for -the commander-in-chief to issue orders about housing conditions and -sanitation, but the opportunities for obeying those orders were not -always the best. It is just that fact, not what was intended, but what -happened, that is to be discussed. - -The soldier in camp is an aspect of the Revolutionary War which has -been taken up only in a very general way by writers of that period of -history, except perhaps the conditions at Valley Forge, for at least -their terrible side is quite generally known. Charles Knowles Bolton -has studied the private soldier under Washington[1], but has emphasized -other phases of the soldier's life than those taken up in this study. - -The material has been gathered mostly from letters, journals, orderly -books, and diaries of the officers and privates, written while in camp. -The difficulty confronted has been to get the diaries of the private -soldier. They have either not been published or if they have been -published they have been edited in such a way as to make them useless -for a study of social conditions in camp, the emphasis having been -placed on the military operations and tactics rather than the every day -incidents in the soldier's life. - -The soldier has been studied after he went into camp. Little has been -said about the conditions which led to the war or the conditions as -they were before the struggle began except as they are used to explain -existing facts. It has been the plan in most of the chapters to give a -brief resume of the plans made by congress or the commander-in-chief -for the working out of that particular part of the organization, then -to describe the conditions as they really were. - -There has been no attempt made, for it would be an almost impossible -task, to give a picture of the life in all the camps but rather the -more representative phases have been described or conditions in general -have been discussed. - -The first phase of camp life considered is that of the housing -conditions, the difficulties encountered, the description of the huts, -the method of construction, and the furnishing. This is followed in the -second chapter with a study of the food and clothing, the supply and -scarcity of those necessities. The third chapter will have to do with -the health and sanitation of the soldier while encamped, the hospital -system, the number sick, the diseases most prevalent and the means -of prevention. The soldier's leisure time will be the subject of the -fourth chapter, the sort of recreation he had been in the habit of at -home and the ways he found of amusing himself in camp conditions. The -soldier's religion forms the subject matter of the fifth chapter, the -influence of the minister before the war, his place in the army, the -religious exercises in camp and their effect upon the individual and -the war in general. The last chapter will in a way be a recapitulation -of all that has gone before by drawing a picture of a day with a -soldier in camp emphasizing the discipline and duties of camp life. - -[Footnote 1: Bolton, _The Private Soldier Under Washington_.] - - - - -Chapter I - -HOUSING CONDITIONS - - -The war was on, the Lexington and Concord fray was over, Paul Revere -had made his memorable ride, and the young patriots with enthusiasm -at white heat were swarming from village and countryside leaving -their work and homes. Where they were going they did not know, they -were going to fight with little thought of where they were to live -or what they were to eat and wear. There was a continental congress -but it had little authority and the fact was that very few members -of that mushroom growth army even felt that they were fighting for a -confederation for in their minds they were for the various states, -and it was to the various states they looked for support and it was -to those states that the honors were to go. It was not until the -day before the battle of Bunker Hill that congress had appointed a -commander-in-chief and it was almost a month later when Washington took -command in Boston. There was an army of sixteen thousand men mostly -from the New England States strengthened by about three thousand from -the more southern states during the next month[2]. It was more nearly a -mob than an army. There was no directing force, no one to superintend -the building of barracks, no one to distribute food or to take charge -of the supplies. - -The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts on hearing of Washington's -appointment ordered on June 26, 1775 "the President's (of the college) -house in Cambridge, excepting one room, reserved for the President -for his own use, be taken, cleared, prepared, and furnished for the -reception of General Washington and General Lee"[3]. It seems as though -the General only occupied that house for a short time and then moved to -what was called the "Craige House" for on July 8, 1775, the committee -of safety directed that the house of John Vassel, a refugee loyalist, -should be put in condition for the reception of the commander-in-chief -and later that his welfare should be looked after, by providing him -with a steward, a housekeeper, and such articles of furniture as he -might ask for.[4] - -Such were the headquarters of the first camp of the Revolution but -the story of the privates' quarters is quite a different thing. The -troops were not quartered at one place, they were scattered about the -surrounding territory some at Roxbury, some at Winter Hill, others at -Prospect Hill and Sewall's Farm and at various small towns along the -coast.[5] Some of them were living in houses and churches, others were -occupying barns[6] and still others were constructing their own places -of shelter using sail cloth, logs, stones, mud, sod, rails or anything -else which would lend itself to the purpose.[7] A good description of -this motley host is given us by Rev. Wm. Emerson of Concord, "the sight -is very diverting to walk among the camps. They are as different -in their form as the owners are in their dress and every tent is a -portraiture of the temper and taste of the persons who encamp in it. -Some are made of boards, some of sail cloth, again others are made of -stone and turf brick or brush. Some are thrown up in a hurry, others -curiously wrought with doors and windows done with wreaths and withes -in the manner of a basket".[8] Washington wrote from Cambridge to -congress on July 10, 1775 about a month after taking command and said, -"we labor under great Disadvantages for want of tents for tho' they -have been help'd out by a collection of now useless sails from the Sea -Port Towns, the number is yet far short of our Necessities"[9]. - -When tents were used for shelter at Cambridge or at other places it was -very seldom that any thing more than "Mother Earth" served as floors -and sometimes that was so wet and miry that the soldiers during the -rainy seasons were forced to raise the ground with "Rushes, Barks, and -Flags in the dry"[10] and at other times the tents were taken down -during the day for the ground to dry and then put up again at night. - -It would be difficult to get any where more frank reactions to housing -conditions than those which were given by Dr. Waldo[11] in a poem -written while in camp describing the general conditions but particularly -the tents and huts. The part quoted below describes a stormy day and the -hardships endured when the army was encamped in tents. - - "Though huts in Winter shelter give, - Yet the thin tents in which we live, - Through a long summer's hard campaign, - Are slender coverts from the rain, - And oft no friendly barn is nigh - Or friendlier house to keep us dry. - - * * * * * - - Move tents and baggage to some height, - And on wet cloths, wet blankets lie - Till welcome sunshine makes them dry. - Others despising storm and rain - Still in the flat and vale remain, - There sleep in water muck and mire, - Or drizzling stand before a fire - Composed of stately piles of wood, - Yet oft extinguished with the flood."[12] - -As the weather grew colder and the men were still in tents it was the -practice to build chimneys[13] on the tents or rather in front of the -tents. They were built on the outside and concealed the entrance which -served the double purpose of keeping out the wind and also keeping in -as much heat as possible.[14] - -The tents were supposed to house about six men and no more than -fourteen tents were allowed to a company of about seventy two.[15] The -tent was the most common mode of housing. It was used whenever it was -possible to get material except when the army went into winter quarters -then the log huts were built. The tents were usually formed in two -ranks in regular lines[16] and often the seasons advanced so rapidly -that the snow would be four feet deep around each tent[17], it even -being February before the huts were finished in some instances[18]. - -The furnishings of the tents were very meagre, one person even -remarking that they were greatly favored in having a supply of straw -for beds. The straw was placed on the ground and five or six soldiers -would crowd together on it hoping to keep warm[19], sometimes each -had a blanket and sometimes there was one blanket for three or four. -The sentry was instructed to keep the fire burning in the chimney -outside[20] which added a little to the comfort. - -When the army went into winter quarters the soldiers were a little more -comfortable. Morristown and Valley Forge were the two representative -winter quarters. The location of these permanent camps was usually -chosen because of the ease with which building materials could be -obtained or because there was easy access to food supplies. - -As orders came to go into winter camp the men were divided into -companies of twelve. Each group was to build its own hut and lucky -was the group which happened to get the most carpenters, for General -Washington offered a prize of twelve dollars to the group in each -regiment which finished its hut first and did the best work.[21] - -While the men were busy cutting the logs and bringing them in, the -superintendent appointed from the field officers marked out the -location of the huts. They were usually in two or three lines with -regular streets and avenues between them, altogether forming a compact -little village.[22] The space in front of the huts was cleared and -used for a parade ground by the various regiments.[23] Whenever it was -possible the huts were built on an elevation, the health of the army -being the object considered.[24] - -The only tools the soldier had to work with were his axe and saw. He -had no nails and no iron of any sort, just the trunks of trees to cut -into the desired lengths and a little mud and straw.[25] Each hut was -fourteen by sixteen feet, with log sides six and one-half feet high. -The logs were notched on the ends and fitted together in a dovetailing -fashion. The spaces between the logs being made airtight with clay and -straw. The roof was a single sharp slope that would shed the snow and -rain easily, made of timbers and covered with hewn slabs and straw. -There might be boards for the floor, but often there was not even -a board to use for that purpose and just dirt served instead. Each -hut inhabited by privates had one window and one door, the officers -quarters usually had two windows. The windows and doors were formed by -sawing out a portion of the logs the proper size and putting the part -sawed out on wooden hinges or sometimes in the case of windows the hole -was covered with oiled paper to let in light. The door was in one end -and at the opposite end a chimney was built, built in a manner similar -to the hut itself except that it was made of the smaller timbers and -that both the inner and outer sides were covered with a clay plaster to -protect the wood from the fire.[26] The huts were in one room usually, -except the officers and theirs were divided into two apartments with a -kitchen in the rear. Each such hut was occupied by three or four under -officers, the generals had either their own private hut or else lived -in a private house near the camp.[27] - -In the same poem as mentioned above written by Dr. Waldo is a -description of the building and furnishing of a hut which warrants -repeating. - - My humble hut demands a right - To have its matter, birth and site - Described first! of ponderous logs - Whose bulk disdains the winds or fogs - The sides and ends are fitly raised - And by dove-tail each corner's brac'd; - - Athwart the roof, young saplings lie - Which fire and smoke has now made dry— - Next straw wraps o'er the tender pale, - Next earth, then splints o'erlay the whole; - Although it leaks when showers are o'er - It did not leak two hours before, - Two chimneys placed at opposite angles - Keep smoke from causing oaths and wrangles, - - * * * * * - - Our floors of sturdy timbers made, - Clean'd from the oak and level laid; - Those cracks where zephyrs oft would play - Are tightly closed with plastic clay; - Three windows, placed all in sight, - Through oiled paper give us light; - One door on wooden hinges hung, - Lets in the friend, or sickly throng; - By wedge and beetles splitting force - The oaken planks are made though coarse. - By which is formed a strong partition - That keep us in a snug condition; - Divides the kitchen from the hall, - Though both are equal and both are small, - Yet there the cook prepares the board, - Here serves it up as to a lord, - -The above description no doubt applies in general to any of the -winter quarters. Often the camp was better situated for obtaining the -necessary supplies and, too, after the soldiers had built one such town -of huts the next would be better because of their experience. The camp -at Morristown was better than the one at Valley Forge.[28] The quarters -were large and huts were built to be used for social affairs such as -dances and lodge meetings. - -When the army was only stationed at a place for a short time as for -instance when they were encamped near the enemy planning an attack and -did not care to build the more permanent quarters, which took more time -to complete, and when living in tents was not practicable, they built -what the French called baroques, which could be thrown up in a day or -two.[29] These temporary quarters consisted of a wall of stone heaped -up, the spaces between filled with mud, and a few planks formed the -roof. A chimney was built at one end and the only opening was a small -door at the side of the chimney.[30] - -When the army was on the march the soldiers carried their tents with -them if it was possible but a great many circumstances arose which made -that impossible. Then they had a hut of brush or sod or even just sky -to cover and protect them[31]. At other times they slept in barns or -churches,[32] or where ever they could find a place. - -As might be expected the furnishings of the huts were of a very meagre -sort. There were beds of straw usually on the floor or else raised from -the floor to get away from the dampness.[33] Each man was supposed -to have with him his own blanket and cooking utensils, but it often -happened that there was but a kettle or two for the whole company.[34] -Since the actual necessities were so meagre, there surely were no -unnecessary articles. There were none of those things which would tend -to make the camp quarters the least bit like home. One man describes -the difficulty of finding a place to write and ends by saying that the -railing in a near by church was the best place.[35] The only light they -had was furnished by candles which were a part of every man's rations -and the tallow from the cattle killed for camp use was made into candles. - -The men crouched together in those huts and the poor ventilation -coupled with the fact that the only means of heating was an open -fire place which sent about as much smoke into the room as it did -out through the chimney produced a condition which was almost -unbearable.[36] - -From this study it would seem as if there were at least three classes -of barracks, the tents used when practicable, the huts for winter -quarters, the barroques for temporary housing, and if one wanted to -mention a fourth, it would be just any place where ever a soldier might -lie down. - -When the housing situation is looked at from one angle the view is of -the worst possible, but when on the other hand one realizes that each -time the troops went into camp the whole process had to be gone through -with from the cutting of the logs to the moving into the huts and -beside that they had no tools, the whole thing seems wonderful. - -[Footnote 2: Van Tyne, _The American Revolution_, p. 44.] - -[Footnote 3: _Mass. Hist. Soc. Pro._ Vol. XII, p. 257, footnote, and -Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 3.] - -[Footnote 4: _Mass. Hist. Soc. Pro._ Vol. XII, p. 257, footnote, and -Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 3.] - -[Footnote 5: Ford, _Writings of Washington_. Vol. III, p.11.] - -[Footnote 6: Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 17, 1775.) p. 126] - -[Footnote 7: Force, _American Archives_, Ser. 5, Vol. III, Col. 593.] - -[Footnote 8: Quoted in Trevelyon, _American Revolution_, Vol. I, p. -324.] - -[Footnote 9: Ford, _Writings of Washington_. Vol. III, p. 11.] - -[Footnote 10: Trumbell, _Journal_. (Sept. 19, 1775), p. 146] - -[Footnote 11: Dr. Waldo was a surgeon in the continental Army, -1775-1777.] - -[Footnote 12: Poem by Dr. Waldo in _Historical Magazine_, Sept. 1863, -p. 270.] - -[Footnote 13: Lyman, _Journal_, (Oct. 16, 1775). P. 121.] - -[Footnote 14: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 104.] - -[Footnote 15: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (Aug. 18, 1776), p. 78] - -[Footnote 16: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 104.] - -[Footnote 17: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 181.] - -[Footnote 18: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. 2, p. 185.] - -[Footnote 19: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 181.] - -[Footnote 20: Ibid., p. 176.] - -[Footnote 21: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. 1, p. 538.] - -[Footnote 22: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 528.] - -[Footnote 23: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 155.] - -[Footnote 24: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 202.] - -[Footnote 25: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 155.] - -[Footnote 26: See Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 302. Greene, -_Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 538 and Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. -155.] - -[Footnote 27: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 155, and _American Hist. -Mag._ Vol. 3, p. 157.] - -[Footnote 28: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. II, p. 160.] - -[Footnote 29: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 66.] - -[Footnote 30: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, Vol. II, p. 160.] - -[Footnote 31: See, Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 176, Trumbell -_Journal_, Aug. 7, 1775; Waldo, _Journal_ (Nov. 29, 1777.), p. 130.] - -[Footnote 32: Squir, _Journal_, (Sept. 13, 1775), p. 13.] - -[Footnote 33: Lossing, _Life of Washington_. Vol. VI, p. 572.] - -[Footnote 34: Waldo, _Journal_, (Dec. 1777.), p. 131.] - -[Footnote 35: Fitch, _Journal_, (Aug. 20.) p. 46.] - -[Footnote 36: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 570.] - - - - -Chapter II - -FOOD AND CLOTHING - - -If the problem of housing was a serious one and one which caused a -great amount of suffering the question of food was even more serious. -The theory of getting the food for the soldiers was all very simple, -but not so simple in practice. According to theory the various -colonies were apportioned the amount they were to supply and were to -deliver their portion to the camp which might be designated by the -commander-in-chief. The lack of authority of congress which played -havoc so many times with the smooth running of affairs also played -havoc in the commissary department. - -The apportionment plan was carried out to some extent, but of course -was not to be depended upon for often the colonies got the supplies -to camp, but more often they did not. The amount to be supplied was -divided up among the inhabitants of the states, in the case of meat -some giving one hundred and fifty pounds and others one hundred and -eighty pounds according to their ability. The other supplies were -divided up in the same way. When a given community was ready to send -their supply some of the farmers would take the job of driving the -cattle to the camp, receiving about a dollar a day and expenses while -they were traveling.[37] - -A Frenchman who traveled in America during the revolutionary period -told of his experience when he tried to get a room in an inn, which was -filled with farmers on their way to camp with a herd of cattle. In that -particular group there were thirteen men and two hundred and fifty -cattle. - -July 19, 1775, Joseph Trumbell was made commissary general of stores -and provisions[38] by the continental congress. November 4, of the same -year the following resolution was made in congress in regard to the -rations of the private soldier. "Resolved, that: A ration consist of -the following kind and quantity of provisions viz.: - - 1 lb. of beef, or ¾ lb. pork or 1 lb. salt fish, per day. - - 1 lb. bread or flour per day. - - 3 pints of pease or beans per week, or vegetables equivalent, at - one dollar per bushel for pease or beans. - - 1 pint of milk per man per day or at the rate of 1/72 of a dollar. - - 1 half pint of rice, or 1 pint of indian meal per man per week. - - 1 quart of spruce beer or cider per man per day, or nine gallons of - molasses per company of 100 men per week. - - 3 lb. candles to 100 men per week for guards. - - 24 lb. of soft or 8 lb. of hard soap for 100 men per week."[39] - -The rations mentioned in orderly books or journals were the same as -the above except that butter was added in some cases and a pint of -rum was allowed on the day a man was on fatigue duty or on special -occasions,[40] but in the large the rations given at the beginning of -the war by congress were followed whenever there were supplies enough -to admit of any definite plan being followed. The officers received -rations according to their rank.[41] - -Thus would have ended the story of the revolutionary soldiers food -if the theory had been practicable, but as it was not, there is a -different story to tell. The conditions on the march to Quebec with -Arnold were almost unendurable. The march was only started when the -soldiers were put on short rations receiving three-fourths of a pound -of meat and bread instead of a whole pound,[42] and as they proceeded -the conditions only grew worse until when they were not yet nearing -their destination the last of the flour was divided. There were just -seven pints for each man. That amount was to last seven days, thus -each man had a pint a day to live on and that had to be divided into -a gill for breakfast, half a pint for dinner and the remaining gill -for supper. It was mixed with clear water with no salt and laid on the -coals to heat a little and then was nibbled as the soldiers marched on -or else it was boiled like starch and eaten in that fashion.[43] It -happened sometimes that some soldier had the good fortune to kill a -partridge, much to his joy, for that meant soup could be made.[44] The -condition only grew worse instead of better and all the food was gone, -the next move was to kill the dogs which were in camp[45] even the legs -and claws were boiled for soup. When the situation had become so acute -that the soldiers had given up their moose skin moccasins to boil in an -attempt to get a little nourishment,[46] a moose was killed, a halt was -called and soup was made for the hungry soldiers of the entire animal, -hoofs, horns and all.[47] - -If we follow the division of the army which was sent against the -Indians in Sullivan's expedition in 1779, the conditions will be found -to be somewhat different for that march was made during the summer -and fall rather than fall and winter as the march to Quebec had been, -and besides the western campaign was into a country which abounded in -beans, peas, corn, cucumbers, pumpkins, squashes, and watermelons.[48] - -The soldiers were short on rations[49] and out of bread, but it was -not felt so keenly because of the substitutes they could get.[50] The -main object of the expedition was to devastate the Indian's land and -one duty was to destroy or take all the food which came in their way. -When the soldiers came to a field of corn, their first duty was to -feast on it and then destroy all they could not use or carry away with -them.[51] If the corn was in a condition for roasting, they did that or -made succatash; if it was too hard for roasting they converted some old -tin kettles found in the Indian villages into large graters by punching -holes in the bottom. Then one of the military duties of the soldiers -was to grate the corn into a coarse meal which was mixed with boiled -pumpkins or squash and kneaded into cakes and baked on the coals[52] -and even that coarse food was relished by the men when fatigued after a -long march. - -This rather amusing entry, yet terrible if true, is found in one diary -of the expedition "July 7—I eat part of a fryed Rattle Snake to day -which would have tasted very well had it not been snake".[53] - -The conditions in the camp were somewhat different than those on the -march for in camp what the rations were depended on the amount of -supplies. If they were plentiful, full rations could be drawn by each -soldier, but when they were scarce each soldier had to take less. The -time and place of drawing supplies seemed to vary with circumstances, -and no definite plan was followed. - -It is a mistake to think that the soldier of the American Revolution -was always suffering for the want of food. The picture drawn for us -most often is that of the distressing conditions. There was a brighter -side, although it is true that the soldier suffered many times. When -the camps were situated in or near an agricultural community the -farmers swarmed to camp with their produce charging exorbitant prices, -but if the soldier had any money he was usually willing to buy. In -the course of eight days the caterer of a single mess purchased three -barrels of cider, seven bushels of chestnuts, four of apples, at twelve -shillings a bushel, and a wild turkey[54] which weighed over seventeen -pounds. - -In winter when there was no produce to be brought in and no way of -securing provisions the story was not so bright. The conditions at -Valley Forge are quite well known. How the rations were cut down until -it was "Fire cakes and Water" for breakfast, and water and fire cakes -for dinner[55] or how the soldiers ate every kind of horse feed but -hay[56], and often they were without meat for eight or ten days[57] and -longer without vegetables. - -Supplies were gathered from every conceivable source, sometimes cows -were part of the supply company, taken along for the purpose of -supplying milk. One man writes in his diary his appreciation of a cow -which supplied them milk on the march with Sullivan's expedition.[58] - -The methods used at that time for cooking seem very simple and -inefficient now. Huge bake ovens were built in the camp and whenever -there was flour to use, bakers baked the bread for the camp.[59] The -quality of the bread furnished in that way was certainly not beyond -reproach for often it was sour and unwholesome.[60] - -There were huts built for kitchens, one for each company and there the -soldiers took turns cooking for their company[61] or else each soldier -cooked his own food over an open fire. At times the fuel became so -scarce that the fences[62] around the camp were torn down and burned, -and after that the food had to be eaten raw because of the lack of -fuel.[63] If there was material to be used for fuel and other supplies -some distance from the camp, it was no uncommon sight to see soldiers -yoked together acting the part of horses[64] in order to get the -supplies to camp. - -Today, this question of food for the revolutionary soldier, in -the light of present day events, looks rather inefficient and -unscientific. - -When there was plenty the soldiers feasted, when food was scarce they -fasted, but it must be remembered that there was no dependable supply, -no directing force, and no distributing agency, and beside those -hindrances there were no ways of preserving food as there are today. - -A naked or half clothed army did not make a very imposing looking -force, even if they did have a place to live and something to eat. -They had to have something to wear if they were to meet the enemy -on the field. Steuben wrote "The description of the dress is most -easily given. The men were literally naked some of them in the fullest -extent of the word. The officers who had coats had them of every color -and make. I saw officers at a grand parade at Valley Forge mounting -Guard in a sort of dressing gown made of an old blanket or woolen bed -cover".[65] This description, no doubt was appropriate for part of the -army, part of the time, but not for all the army all the time. - -The troops as they were assembled at Boston did present a peculiar -picture, each person wearing the costume best suited to his individual -notion of a suitable uniform, with a tendency toward frill, ruffles, -and feathers, each thinking that the gorgeousness added to the dignity -and effectiveness of the whole. Some were in citizens clothes, some in -the hunting shirt of the back-woodsman, and some even in the blanket of -the Indian, for, it was the notion of some, that riflemen should ape -the manners of the savage.[66] - -Washington took the matter into consideration and wrote congress "I -find the Army in general and the Troops raised in Massachusetts in -particular very deficient in necessary clothing upon Inquiry there -appears no probability of obtaining any supplies in this quarter and -the best consideration of this matter I am able to form I am of the -opinion that a number of hunting shirts not less than ten thousand -would in a great Degree remove this difficulty in the cheapest and -quickest manner I know nothing in a Speculative view more trivial yet -if put in practice would have a happier Tendency to unite the men -and abolish those provincial Distractions which lead to jealousy and -dissatisfaction".[67] - -He suggested the hunting shirt because it was cheap and "besides it is -a dress justly supposed to carry no small terror to the enemy who think -every such person a complete marksman".[68] - -It was decided that the hunting shirt should be used and also that -the continental government should supply the clothing and then ten -per cent of each man's wages should be withheld each month.[69] The -quartermaster general had charge of the clothing supply and at regular -intervals he was supposed to distribute clothing to the soldier, but -the supply varied to such an extent that no regular plan could be -followed. - -The following was considered an ordinary man's outfit for a year: - - Two linen hunting shirts, - Two pairs of overalls, - A leathern or woolen waist coat with sleeves, - A pair of breeches, - A hat or leathern cap, - Two shirts, - Two pair of hose, - Two pair of shoes.[70] - -The whole was to amount to about twenty dollars. - -The soldier was considered in full uniform when he appeared on parade -with "a clean shirt, leggings or stockings, hair combed, shirt collar -buttoned with stock. Hunting shirt, well put on hat".[71] - -Since the material for the hunting shirts was difficult to get, the -officers as well as the men were to dye their shirts in a uniform -manner.[72] - -The different ranks of a soldier were shown by the hunting shirt. -A captain's was short and fringed, the private's short and plain, -the sergeant's was to have a small white cuff and be plain, and the -drummer's was to have a dark cuff. Both officers and soldiers were to -have hats cut round and bound with black, the brims of the hats were -to be two inches deep and cocked on one side with a button and a loop, -and a cockade which was to be worn on the left side. There was also a -distinction made by the wearing of a certain colored cockade in the -hat. The field officers were red or pink, the captain yellow or buff, -and the subaltern green.[73] - -The material for the soldier's clothing was supplied by the various -colonies. The following resolution is typical of numerous ones passed -by the different colonies. "That a quanity of home made cloth or other -if that can't be obtained as far as may be of a brown or cloth colour, -sufficient for three thousand coats and the same number of waist -coats and as many blankets as can be obtained in the colony 3000 felt -hats, cloth of check Flannel or some linen if that can't be obtained -sufficient for six thousand shirts and also six thousand pairs of -shoes"[74] or as in Massachusetts a committee was appointed to collect -four thousand pairs of stockings. - -The material after being collected was made up by regimental tailors, -the commanding officer was to make a report as to the number of tailors -employed in the regiment and also whether there were not more tailors -in the regiment than were employed in making clothing.[75] - -The women at home aided very materially in the clothing problem by -their spinning, knitting and collecting of linen.[76] When persons -called on Mrs. Washington, whether she was at home or in camp, they -usually found her knitting and she had sixteen spinning wheels running -at one time.[77] Other women all over the country followed her example. - -Instances, almost without number, are mentioned in diaries and journals -of the nakedness of the army, some without shoes, with only pieces of -blankets wrapped around their feet,[78] thousands without blankets,[79] -others with their shirts in strings,[80] and added to all that the -paymaster without a dollar and the quartermaster in almost the same -situation.[81] - -Even the soldiers had to suffer from the want of clothing yet they were -able to see the funny side of the situation. The story is told in one -diary of a party that was given by an officer for which invitations -were extended to all, the only restriction being that no one with a -whole pair of breeches could be admitted.[82] - -[Footnote 37: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 58.] - -[Footnote 38: _Journals of Congress_, Vol. II, p. 190.] - -[Footnote 39: _Journals of Congress_, Vol. III, p. 322.] - -[Footnote 40: See, Lyman, _Journal_, App. and Thacher, _Military -Journal_, p. 62.] - -[Footnote 41: See, Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 62.] - -[Footnote 42: Meigs, _Journal_, (Oct. 15, 1775) p. 233.] - -[Footnote 43: Thayer, _Journal_, (Oct. 28, 1775) p. 12.] - -[Footnote 44: Ibid.] - -[Footnote 45: Headley, _Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution_, p. -100, and Thayer, _Journal_, Nov. 1, 1775.] - -[Footnote 46: Thayer, _Journal_, (Nov. 1, 1775) p. 14.] - -[Footnote 47: Headley, _Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution_, p. -100.] - -[Footnote 48: Barton, _Journal_, (Aug. 27, 1779) p. 7; Burrows, -_Journal_, (Aug. 27, 1779) p. 43.] - -[Footnote 49: Burrows, _Journal_, (Aug. 30, 1779) p. 44; Hubley, -_Journal_, (Oct. 1, 1779), p. 166.] - -[Footnote 50: Barton, _Journal_, (Aug. 27, 1779), p. 7.] - -[Footnote 51: Burrows, _Journal_, (Aug. 27, 1779) p. 43; Fogg, -_Journal_ (Aug. 29, 1779) p. 94.] - -[Footnote 52: Davis, _Journal_, Hist. Mag. Ser. 2, Vol. III, p. 203.] - -[Footnote 53: Dearborn, _Journal_, (July 7, 1779) p. 74.] - -[Footnote 54: Trevelyan, _American Revolution_, Vol. I, p. 327.] - -[Footnote 55: Waldo, _Journal_ (Dec. 21, 1777) p. 132.] - -[Footnote 56: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 180.] - -[Footnote 57: Ibid., p. 80.] - -[Footnote 58: Hubley, _Journal_, (Oct. 1, 1779) p. 166.] - -[Footnote 59: Roger, _Journal_, (June 24, 1779) p. 248.] - -[Footnote 60: Coits, _Orderly Book_, (July 7, 1770) p. 36.] - -[Footnote 61: Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 21) p. 127, and (Dec. 3, 1775) p. -131.] - -[Footnote 62: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 141.] - -[Footnote 63: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 141.] - -[Footnote 64: Lossing, _Life of Washington_, Vol. VI, p. 572.] - -[Footnote 65: Kapp, _Life of Steuben_, pp. 116-117.] - -[Footnote 66: Henry, _Journal_, in Penn. Ar. Ser. 2, Vol. XV, p. 59.] - -[Footnote 67: Ford, _Washington Writings_, Vol. III, p. 13.] - -[Footnote 68: Ibid.] - -[Footnote 69: Ibid. and "Uniforms of the American Army" in _Mag. of Am. -Hist._, Vol. I, p. 476.] - -[Footnote 70: Elbert, _Orderly Book_, p. 7.] - -[Footnote 71: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (Aug. 18, 1776), p. 77.] - -[Footnote 72: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (April 3, 1776), p. 13.] - -[Footnote 73: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (April 3, 1776), p. 13.] - -[Footnote 74: Elbert, _Orderly Book_, (Mar. 16, 1708) p. 8.] - -[Footnote 75: _American Archives_, Ser. 5, Vol. I., pp. 302, 456.] - -[Footnote 76: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 234.] - -[Footnote 77: Humphreys, _Catherine Schuyler_, p. 171.] - -[Footnote 78: Shreve, _Journal_, Am. Hist., Mag. Vol. III, p. 568.] - -[Footnote 79: Thacher, _Journal_, May 26, 1775.] - -[Footnote 80: Waldo, _Diary_, (Dec. 14, 1777) p. 130.] - -[Footnote 81: Ford, _Washington Writings_, Vol. III, p. 146.] - -[Footnote 82: Kapp, _Life of Steuben_, p. 119.] - - - - -Chapter III - -HEALTH AND SANITATION - - -The health of the soldier was not entirely forgotten. Those in -authority made an attempt to prevent or at least to lessen the pain -and suffering of those who were taken sick or were wounded in army -service, but often the measures of prevention instituted, the methods -of checking contagion and the means of allienating pain were of the -crudest sort and to us of the twentieth century they seem almost -inhuman. It must be remembered that not even our simple remedies of -today were known then, not to mention our modern methods of combating -disease. - -The continental congress thought of that phase of army conditions and -on July 25, 1775, the following provisions were made. For an army -of twenty thousand men a hospital was to be established under the -direction of a Director General, his salary was to be four dollars per -day. He was to superintend the whole, furnish the medicines and bedding -and make a report to and receive orders from the commander-in-chief. -Under the director there were to be four surgeons, one apothecary and -twenty surgeons' mates, each receiving two-thirds of a dollar per day, -whose duty it was to visit and attend the sick. There was also to be a -matron who had under her direction the nurses, one for every ten sick -soldiers.[83] Then in July 1776, the resolution was passed that the -number of hospital surgeons and mates was to be increased in proportion -to the increase in size of the army not to exceed one surgeon and five -mates to every five thousand men and to be reduced as the army was -reduced. - -Dr. Church was appointed by congress as director, but before October -14, 1775, he had been taken into custody for holding correspondence -with the enemy[84], and on October 17, 1775, Dr. Morgan was elected in -his stead.[85] But even after the new director was appointed there was -still room for complaint for Washington wrote to Congress "I am amazed -to hear the complaints of the hospital on the east side of Hudson's -river. * * * I will not pretend to point out the causes; but I know -matters have been strangely conducted in the medical line. I hope your -new appointment when it is made, will make the necessary reform in the -hospital, and that I shall not, be shocked with the complaints and -looks of poor creatures perishing for want of proper care, either in -the regimental or hospital surgeons".[86] - -Congress had made several attempts to organize the hospitals and in -July 1776, resolutions had been passed which defined more fully the -duties of the various officials both of the departmental and the -regimental hospitals.[87] There was to be a director and under him -the directors of the various departmental hospitals.[88] But since -there were only a few departmental hospitals and those few often a long -distance from the scene of battle it became necessary to have branch -hospitals or regimental hospitals. At the head of those were persons -known as regimental surgeons, who were to make reports of expenses, -and lists of the sick to the director of the departmental hospital and -receive supplies from him. - -The plan was then that the soldiers were to be cared for by the -regimental surgeon as long as it was possible and then they were to -be sent to the departmental hospital for further care.[89] These two -systems seemed to interfere with each others work and there was always -jealousy existing between the director of the general hospital and -the surgeons of the regiment. "There will be nothing but continued -complaints of each other; the director of the hospital charging them -with enormity in their drafts for the sick and they him with the same -for denying such things as are necessary. In short there is a constant -bickering among them which tends greatly to the injury of the sick * * -* The regimental surgeons are aiming, I am persuaded, to break up the -general hospital." - -The two most representative departmental hospitals were, it might be -said at Bethlehem and Sunbury, but there were others at Reading, Lititz -and Ephrata. Bethlehem was a Moravian village and was in the midst of -military affairs almost continually from 1775 to 1781; in fact it was -twice the seat of a hospital. On December 3, 1776, an order was sent to -the committee of the town of Bethlehem as follows: - -"Gentlemen,—According to his excellency General Washington's Orders, -the General Hospital of the Army is removed to Bethlehem and you -will do the greatest Act of humanity by immediately providing proper -buildings for their reception the largest and most capacious will be -the most convenient. I doubt not, Gentlemen but you will act upon this -occasion as becomes men and christians * * * "[90] - -It was by the above process that the little peace loving village of -Bethlehem and many others like it were thrown into confusion and -dwelling houses or other buildings were turned into hospitals, the men -began to play the part of nurses, to help care for the sick and dying -sent from camp, and the women prepared lint and bandages. The buildings -which under ordinary circumstances could accommodate about two hundred -were made to accommodate five or six hundred.[91] - -The housing accommodations of the regimental hospitals were even more -varied, for they were housed in any thing from a capital building[92] -to a log hut,[93] including private homes,[94] church,[95] barns, and -court house,[96] depending upon what happened to be near the camp. A -hut or group of huts were sometimes built for the purpose in or near -the camp. They were built in a manner similar to the dwelling huts[97] -only larger with furnishings as meagre, straw for the bed[98] tells the -tale of equipment. - -But the hospitals were of little value if there were not able -physicians[99] and antiseptics and anaesthetics were almost unknown. -Besides the lack of skill and proper medicine and instruments, for some -of the instruments described are almost unconceivable, there was a lack -of cleanliness in conducting the operations for that was not insisted -upon then as it is today.[100] Of hospital methods Dr. Waldo wrote -December 25, 1777, "But we treat them differently from what they used -to be at home under the inspection of old women and Doct ----, We give -them mutton and Grogg and avoid pudding, pills, and powders."[101] This -perhaps was a little extreme, but it at least reflects the conditions. -Thacher described the awful condition in which soldiers came to the -hospital with wounds covered with putrified blood and full of magots -which were destroyed by the application of tincture of myrrh.[102] - -Director-General Shippen, in explaining the causes of the mortality -among the soldiers attributed it to; "The want of clothing and covering -necessary to keep the soldiers clean and warm, articles at that time -not procurable in the country;—partly from an army being composed -of raw men, unused to camp life and undisciplined; exposed to great -hardships and from the sick and wounded being removed great distances -in open wagons."[103] - -As to the kind of disease most prevalent and the number in the -hospitals because of sickness in proportion to those there because of -injuries, some idea can be formed from the hospital reports sent in -weekly from the departmental hospitals. - -Although some of the diseases listed in the reports are unknown to us -now and there is no way of knowing what the proportion the sick was -of the entire army in that section. However, the returns do state the -number sick during the various seasons, and show in which season of the -year there was the most sickness. - -The following are the returns from the Sunbury hospital for the four -seasons of the year, spring, summer, fall and winter. - - -_March 6 to 13, 1780_ - - "Wounded 4 - Dysenteria 1 - Diorrhoea 0 - Rheumatism 2 - Ophthalmia 1 - Asthma 1 - Ulcers 1 - --- - Total 10"[104] - - -_July 13 to September 22 1779_ - - "Pleurisy 0 - Peripneumony 2 - Angina 1 - Rheumatism 14 - Bilious fever 8 - Intermitting fever 0 - Putrid fever 0 - Dysentery 19 - Dyarrhea 11 - Gravel 12 - Cough and Consumpt. 4 - Hernia 5 - Lues 14 - Epilepsy 2 - Itch 2 - Ulcers 9 - Wounded 33 - --- - Total 126"[105] - - -_November 1 to 7 1779_ - - "Dysentery 5 - Diorrhoea 2 - Rheumatis 2 - Intermit. 2 - B. Remit. 5 - Asthma 1 - Ophthalnia 2 - Ulcers 2 - Wounded 11 - --- - Total 30"[106] - - -_January 24 to 31 1980_ - - "Wounded 6 - Intermitting fever 0 - Dysenteria 1 - Diarrhoea 1 - Asthma 1 - Ophthalnia 1 - Rheumatism 3 - Ulcers 2 - --- - Total 15"[107] - -If the above tables are any index at all the most dangerous season was -summer in spite of the crowded unsanitary conditions of the winter -quarters. They also show that the number in hospitals due to sickness -was larger that the number due to injuries received in battle. - -Smallpox was one of the most dreaded of all the diseases, mostly -because there were few ways of combating the disease. Inoculation was -only slightly known and there was much opposition to it, even sermons -were preached on the question it was so much discussed.[108] The -British knew the New England people were especially opposed to it and -were known to send out spies to spread the disease in the American camp -which Shreve wrote "killed more Yankees than they did".[109] - -The disease was especially serious in the Northern army causing greater -dread than the enemy.[110] - -Thacher in his _Military Journal_ emphasizes another disease which -caused a great deal of suffering but strange to say there was only -one remedy for it and that was a furlough for the disease was -home-sickness. In reality that was a fact which caused anxious moments -for General Washington for the men were continually trying to bribe the -physicians to declare that they were unfit for duty.[111] - -Other provisions were made for the health of the soldiers besides -the establishment of hospitals. The others were along the line of -prevention, such as keeping the tents and huts clean and dry, the -careful preparation of food, the washing of clothes, caring for -refuse,[112] and the soldiers own personal cleanliness.[113] - -[Footnote 83: _Journals of Congress_, Vol. II, pp. 209, 210, 211.] - -[Footnote 84: _Journals of Congress_, Vol. III, p. 294.] - -[Footnote 85: Ibid., p. 296.] - -[Footnote 86: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. V, p. 204.] - -[Footnote 87: _Journals of Congress_, Vol. II, p. 568.] - -[Footnote 88: The country was divided into departments or divisions and -in each department there was what was called a general departmental -hospital, in distinction to the regimental hospitals where the soldier -received immediate care, before being sent to the general hospital.] - -[Footnote 89: Coit, _Orderly Book_, (June 7, 1775) p. 36.] - -[Footnote 90: Jordon, "Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz -during the Revolution" in _Penn. Mag._ Vol. XV, p. 137.] - -[Footnote 91: Jordon, "Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz -during the Revolution" in _Penn. Mag._ Vol. XX, p. 137.] - -[Footnote 92: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (June 11, 1776) p. 49.] - -[Footnote 93: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 70.] - -[Footnote 94: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 31.] - -[Footnote 95: Ibid., p. 112.] - -[Footnote 96: Jordon, "Continental Hospital Returns, 1777-1780," _Penn. -Mag._ Vol. XXIII, p. 38.] - -[Footnote 97: Chastellux, _Travels in America_, p. 70.] - -[Footnote 98: Elbert, _Orderly Book_, (Feb., 11, 1778) p. 101.] - -[Footnote 99: _American Archives_, Ser. V, Vol. III, Col. 1584.] - -[Footnote 100: Goodale, _British and Colonial Army Surgeon_, p. 10.] - -[Footnote 101: Dr. Waldo, _Diary_ (Dec. 25, 1777) p. 31.] - -[Footnote 102: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 112.] - -[Footnote 103: Jordon, "Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz -during the Revolution" _Penn. Mag._ Vol. XV, p. 137.] - -[Footnote 104: Jordon, "Continental Hospital Returns 1777-1780", _Penn. -Mag._ Vol. XXIII, p. 219.] - -[Footnote 105: Jordon, "Continental Hospital Returns 1777-1780". _Penn. -Mag._, Vol. XXIII, p. 211.] - -[Footnote 106: Jordon, "Continental Hospitals Returns, 1777-1780", -_Penn. Mag._ Vol. XXIII, p. 216.] - -[Footnote 107: Ibid., p. 217.] - -[Footnote 108: Sermon quoted in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Pro. Ser. 1_, Vol. -IX, p. 275.] - -[Footnote 109: Shreve, _Journal_ In _Am. Hist. Mag._, Vol. III, p. 565.] - -[Footnote 110: _American Archives_, Ser. 5, Vol. I, p. 145.] - -[Footnote 111: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 447.] - -[Footnote 112: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 5.] - -[Footnote 113: Coit, _Orderly Book_, (June 1, 1775.), p. 15.] - - - - -Chapter IV - -RECREATION IN CAMP - - -If there must be a certain proportion of work and play in every one's -life to make for efficiency, then the soldier of the Revolutionary War -was far below normal in the scale of efficiency for recreation in any -organized form is found to have been entirely lacking. - -But before too severe a judgment is placed upon this lack of recreation -the conditions the soldier left at home must be studied. Recreation as -such had not been a part of his daily routine. It has been estimated -that nine-tenths of the people lived in rural districts leaving only -one-tenth for the cities,[114] an estimate which no doubt is true. The -people had never thought of the problems of bad housing, congestion, -or recreation. They had had the whole of nature for their home and the -whole of the frontier to wrestle with. - -Speaking of the people a generation or two later, Dr. F. L. Paxson -says in _The Rise of Sport_, "The fathers of this generation had been -sober lot unable to bend without breaking, living a life of rigid and -puritanical decorum interspersed perhaps with disease and drunkedness, -but unenlivened for most of them by spontaneous play."[115] - -Thus in studying the life of the soldier at home before he went -into the army camp, even the slightest traces of twentieth century -recreation are found to have been lacking, but that does not mean that -those people never forgot their work. It would be hard to find a more -hospitable group. They were never too busy to entertain. There was the -occasional jollification with rum or beer, the card party, the ball, -the concert, the theater, and of a more rural type the picnic and the -"corn husking".[116] - -The conditions in camp were different than those at home. The problems -of bad housing, congestion and recreation were then factors to be -considered. There was the small unsanitary and poorly ventilated hut -with twelve to sixteen men and sometimes even more crowded into it. -When the troops first went into winter quarters there was plenty to do -in the way of exercise for there were logs to cut and huts to build, -but those were soon completed and the men were crowded together with -nothing to do. - -Something had to happen, the monotony of the dreary days had to be -broken. This was brought about in several ways. - -Often the punishments ordered by the court martial were administered -publicly in camp just to enliven the common routine. When a man was -sentenced to death, but had been pardoned by those in charge, the -force of going through the punishment was carried out. The condemned -man was brought to the side of his newly dug grave, he was bound and -blind-folded, the firing party got in position, the fire lock even -snapped, and as might have been expected, the culprit sometimes died of -the shock.[117] - -The hanging of a man was a gala day in camp and the place of hanging -was almost as popular as an amusement park of today; "Five soldiers -were conducted to the gallows according to their sentences. For the -crimes of desertion and robbing the inhabitants, a detachment of troops -and a concourse of people formed a circle around the gallows and the -criminal were brought in on a cart sitting on their coffins and halters -about their necks"[118] - -It was frequently stated in the sentence given by court martial that -the punishment whatever it was, riding the wooden horse, riding the -rail, receiving the biblical "Thirty-nine" lashes, or running the -gauntlet,[119] was to take place at some time when all the soldiers -were together as at the beating[120] of the retreat or at the head of -the regiment.[121] Punishments ordered by court martial in that way -served two purposes. They furnished amusement for the soldiers at the -same time the purpose for which they were intended, that of making an -example of the misbehavior of one of the soldiers. - -While the Virginia riflemen were in camp at the siege of Boston there -was a practice which served both as a source of amusement and as a -display of marksmanship. There were two brothers, one of whom would -place a board five inches wide and seven inches long with a bit of -white paper in the middle of it about the size of a dollar, between his -knees while the other at about sixty yards distance would shoot eight -bullets through it without injuring the brother.[122] - -The duel was another common practice which seemed to furnish amusement -besides deciding the honor of some individual.[123] - -Hunting, too, was a means of cheering the dreary days, but this too -was often "Killing two birds with one stone", for often the soldiers -went hunting to provide the regular rations, but at other times it was -done just for the sake of the sport to be found in it. The following -is taken from a New York paper of December 12, 1785. "A Fox hunt. The -Gentlemen of the army with a number of the most respectable inhabitants -of Ulsler and Orange purpose a Fox Hunt on the twenty third day of this -instant to which all Gentlemen are invited with their hounds and their -horses. The game is plenty and it is hoped the sport will be pleasant * -* * "[124]. - -Along with the hunting frays went fishing[125] and nutting[126] trips -which added a little variety to the ordinary camp scenes. There were -several days celebrated by the Americans at that time which meant a -holiday for the soldier with perhaps an extra allowance of rum[127] -or meat. Some of those days were Christmas, Thanksgiving, Fourth of -July, May day, Commemoration of the French Alliance, or a celebration -following a victory. The celebration usually consisted of a parade, a -sermon by the chaplain followed by a banquet and perhaps a dance for -the officers, and extra rations for the privates.[128] - -Another celebration mentioned by several diaries and one which seemed -to be a joyful occasion was as one writer said "and (we) convert(ed) -the evening to celebrate as usual wives and sweethearts which we do in -plenty of grog".[129] - -There were a few games which served to shorten some of the long dreary -days for the soldier, some of them were; fives,[130] shinny,[131] -goal,[132] ball[133] and a kind of football.[134] No description of -the above games has been found, but to judge by the context they were -all outdoor games. - -The diversions discussed so far in this chapter have all been outdoor -games, but the real test came when the soldiers were crowded into -the huts during the winter months with nothing to think of but their -own miserable conditions. Since no one had thought of organizing the -soldier's leisure time he had to invent something for himself. The -first things thought of, naturally, were the amusements which had -existed at home. Card playing came to his mind, but in the army the -game of cards or any other game of chance was absolutely forbidden -by order of congress and the commander-in-chief. "Any officer, -non-commissioned officers, or soldier who shall hereafter be detected -playing at toss up, pitch and hustle or any other games of chance in -or near the camp or villages bording on the encampments shall with -out delay be confined and punished for disobedience of orders * * * -The general does not mean by the above order to discourage sports of -exercise and recreation, he only means to discontinuance and punish -gaming".[135] In another order Washington said, "Men may find enough -to do in the service of their God and their country without abandoning -themselves to vice and immorality".[136] - -Dancing had been another form of entertainment at home but that -too was usually impossible because of the lack of room. That was -especially true at Valley Forge and other camps, but at Morristown, -however, a large room in the commissariat store house was reserved for -dancing,[137] lodge meetings, and the like for the masons had chapters -in the army camps.[138] - -At home the soldier had also had his friends and dinner parties, now -he had soldier friends, but the only way for him to keep in touch -with former friends was by letters and that was a very irregular and -uncertain way for mail could only be sent from camp or brought to camp -when some one was going home on a furlough or new recruits were coming -into camp.[139] The nearest the soldier came to his social dinner and -evening at home was the rallies from barracks to barracks when every -body who could sing sang.[140] - -As for the officers in camp, their leisure time was better provided -for. They lived in better quarters, generally, at least larger ones. -They, too, had the advantage of being entertained at the homes of the -people living in the vicinity of the camp. Even if one's imagination -must be drawn upon in order to make the recreation of the private seem -recreational, at least, there was a side of camp life which presented -a more pleasant picture "If our forefathers bled and suffered they -also danced and feasted."[141] The letters and diaries of the young -officers tell of the gaiety of the war. Even in midst of the gloom at -Valley Forge there was drinking from cabin to cabin and dinners in -honor of visiting foreigners. No sooner was the army in winter quarters -than the ladies began to appear, for Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Greene, and -Mrs. Knox made it a practice to spend the winters with their husbands. -Mrs. Washington was in the habit of saying that she always heard the -last cannon fired in the fall and the first one in the spring.[142] - -As soon as the wives appeared, the gaiety began among the families -of the officers, the dinner was the favorite method of bringing -the families together. "General Greene and his lady present their -compliments to Colonel Knox and his lady and should be glad for their -company tomorrow at dinner at two o'clock".[143] Often the dinners were -in name rather than in reality, for officers and privates suffered -alike when food was scarce, but the social time did not depend entirely -upon the supply of food. One such dinner is described as having been -potatoes with beech-nuts for dessert. - -The usual round of pleasure for the officers was dancing, dinners, -teas, sleighing parties, horse-back parties, or the celebration of some -day or event. Of the dance General Greene wrote on March 19, 1779, "We -had a little dance at my quarters a few evenings past. His excellency -and Mrs. Greene danced three hours without one sitting down upon -the whole we had a pretty little frisk".[144] Another such affair is -described as follows: "There were subscription balls in the commissary -store house at which Washington in black velvet, the foreign commanders -in all their gold lace, General Steuben being particularly replendent -and the ladies in powdered hair, stiff brocades and high heels made a -brilliant company."[145] - -In the large it can be said that, the recreation of the American soldier -during the Revolutionary War, was invented to supply the need felt -rather than an institution thought out before. Some of the practices -would hardly be classed as recreation, but they helped to break the -monotony and that was the object desired whether it was by enjoying a -fellow soldier's punishment or playing an innocent game of ball. - -[Footnote 114: Sherrill, _French Memories of 18th Century America_, p. -181.] - -[Footnote 115: Paxson, F. L., "_The Rise of Sports._" _Miss. Valley -Hist. Review_ Vol. IV. p. 143.] - -[Footnote 116: The facts pertaining to society at home has been -collected from books of travel of the period just previous to the war; -Chastellux, _Travels In America_; Sherrill, _French Memories of 18th -Century America_ and others.] - -[Footnote 117: Belcher, _The First American Civil War_, Vol. II, p. 83.] - -[Footnote 118: Thacher, _Military Journal_, (April 20, 1779) p. 158.] - -[Footnote 119: Barton, _Journal_ (Aug. 22, 1779) p. 7., Hearts, -_Journal_ Sept. 9, 1785.] - -[Footnote 120: Hearts, _Journal_ (Sept. 9, 1785) p. 68.] - -[Footnote 121: Coits, _Orderly Book_, (July 10, 1775), p. 43.] - -[Footnote 122: _Virginia Gazetta_, 1775 quoted Hart & Hill, p. 229.] - -[Footnote 123: Thacher, _Military Journal_ (Feb. 1779) 155.] - -[Footnote 124: _New York Packet_, Dec. 12, 1782, quoted in _Am. Hist. -Mag._ Vol. III p. 389.] - -[Footnote 125: Elmer, _Journal_ (June 24, 1779) p. 81, Livermore, -_Journal_ (May 27, 1779) p. 180.] - -[Footnote 126: _Military Journal of Two Private Soldiers_, p. 77.] - -[Footnote 127: Clinton, _Order Book_ quoted by Headley, p. 265.] - -[Footnote 128: McHendry, _Journal_, (Dec. 9) p. 211, and (Sept. 25, -1779) p. 207. Blake, _Journal_, (July 5, 1779) p. 39; Linermore, -_Journal_, (July 5), p. 182; and (Sept. 25, 1779), p. 188; Norris, -_Journal_, (July 5, 1779), p. 225., Hardenberger, _Journal_ (Sept. 25, -1779) p. 184.] - -[Footnote 129: Burrows, _Journal_, (Oct., 2, 1779) p. 50, Elmer, -_Journal_, (July 3, 1779) p. 84.] - -[Footnote 130: Shute, _Journal_, (June 13 and 14, 1779) p. 268.] - -[Footnote 131: Ibid., (July 23, 1779) p. 264.] - -[Footnote 132: Lyman, _Journal_, p. 118.] - -[Footnote 133: Ibid. and _Military Journal of Two Private Soldiers_, p. -70.] - -[Footnote 134: Fitch, _Journal_, (Sept. 14, 1775) p. 57.] - -[Footnote 135: Washington, _Orderly Book_, quoted by Ford, _Writings of -Washington_, Vol. III, p. 155.] - -[Footnote 136: Washington, _Orderly Book_, quoted by Ford, _Writings of -Washington_, Vol. III, p. 429.] - -[Footnote 137: Trevelyan, _American Revolution_, Vol. IV, p. 54.] - -[Footnote 138: _Penn. Archives_, Vol. II, p. 18.] - -[Footnote 139: Fitch, _Journal_, (Dec, 5, 1775), p. 88.] - -[Footnote 140: Humphreys, _Catherine Schuyler_, p. 177.] - -[Footnote 141: Humphreys, _Catherine Schuyler_, p. 167.] - -[Footnote 142: Ellet, _Domestic History of the Am. Rev._, p. 40.] - -[Footnote 143: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 193.] - -[Footnote 144: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. II, p. 161.] - -[Footnote 145: Humphrey, _Catherine Schuyler_, p. 176.] - - - - -Chapter V - -RELIGION IN THE CAMP - - -"It is earnestly recommended that all officers and soldiers diligently -to attend Divine Service and all officers and soldiers who shall behave -indecently or irreverently at any place of Divine worship shall if -commissioned officers be brought before a court martial there to be -publicly and severely reprimanded by the President, if non-commissioned -officers or soldiers, every person so offending shall for his first -offence forfeit one sixth of a Dollar to be deducted out of his next -pay, for the second offence he shall not only forfeit a like sum but be -confined for twenty-four hours and for every like offence shall suffer -and pay in like manner, which money so forfeited shall be applied to -the use of the sick soldiers of the troops or company to which the -offender belongs."[146] - -The continental congress in its acts for the regulation of the Army -issued the above orders. Orders also came from headquarters directing -the soldiers actions along religious lines. "All officers see that -their men attend upon prayers morning and evening also the service on -the Lord's Day with their arms and accouterments ready to march in case -of any alarm, that no Drums to be beaten after the parson is on the -stage".[147] - -But the religion of the American soldier was more than an order -from the provincial congress or from headquarters. It was an -influence which was an important factor in the soldiers life and in -the war. In the American Revolution perhaps the religious element -was not the paramount factor as it had been in the crusades or the -Puritan Revolution giving character to the whole movement, it rather -stayed in the back ground and supported the political and military -organizations.[148] - -The pulpit had been a factor in shaping the soldier's life before -he left home, it was a day when newspapers and other means of -disseminating ideas were not very plentiful and the pulpit was about -the only way of reaching the majority of the people. It is said of one -minister who was famous for his bold sermons and his purely political -discourses although they were delivered from the pulpit he "knows all -our best authors and has sometimes cited even in the pulpit passages -from Voltaire and Jean Jaques Rousseau".[149] - -The house of representatives of Massachusetts saw the value of the -clergy in shaping public opinion and passed a resolution asking them -to make the question of the rights of the colonies a topic of their -discussions on week days. The pulpit, too, had its place in the -election campaign. There was preached before the governor and house -of representatives of Massachusetts what was called the "election -sermon". It was a sermon preached by the best ministers of the colony, -not exactly as a mere compliment to religion, but with the object in -view of instruction. The ministers did not only deliver dissertations -on the doctrinal truths, but they discussed the rights of men, the -nature of government and theories of liberty and equality. The sermons -delivered on such occasions do not seem to be impracticable theological -discourses, but rather on the other hand very practicable. The -questions of the day being subjects discussed; for it was through the -medium of the church that the people received the foundation for their -beliefs in political affairs. - -On Monday the 29th of May, 1771, John Tucker of Newbury preached the -election sermon on the text "Submit yourselves to every ordinance of -men for the Lord's sake whether it be the king as Supreme". From that -as a text he went into a discussion of the sort of submission which -was due to the rulers. In 1773 Charles Turner preached from Romans and -tried to show why it was the right and duty of the clergy to enter -into politics. The next year when excitement was reaching its height -it is interesting to note the sort of text Rev. Hitchcock of Pembroke -took for the basis of his sermon. It was from Proverbs XXII, 2, "When -the righteous are in authority the people rejoice but when the wicked -bear rule the people mourn".[150] It is not hard to believe that just -such sermons and many others like them had some thing to do with the -Revolution as well as Navigation Acts and Correspondence Committees. Of -course it must be said that since the people did not rise as one man -there was another view to take on the question, but the people were -guided in the opposite view also by the clergy.[151] - -The clergy did more than discuss politics from the pulpit before the -conflict broke for when the war was on in earnest and troops were being -raised the ministers left their pulpits to take their place in the -army not always as chaplains, but sometimes in the ranks and sometimes -as head of the company. In one company of minute men from Domeers the -deacon went as captain and the minister as lieutenant.[152] Besides the -part played by the clergy, the church as a whole was one of the forces -working for the care and comfort of the American Soldier. The churches -were turned into barracks and hospitals.[153] Messages of the officers -of the army describing the soldiers' conditions in camp were read from -the pulpit on Sunday Morning; the afternoon congregation would be made -up almost entirely of men, and the women were to be found at home -knitting or spinning.[154] - -When Washington assumed command of the army at Cambridge he found -chaplains attached to different regiments sent from various colonies, -especially from the New England colonies. Some of these were volunteers -without pay and others were appointed by the provincial congress.[155] - -The chaplain of that war was not like the chaplain of the present time. -A sort of half-soldier, half-minister, never expected to fight or -endure the hardships of the private; on the other hand he was one of -the men on the field, but also reverenced by the soldiers because of -the place he had filled in their activities at home.[156] - -At first, as has been noticed, there was no regulation concerning -the appointment and pay of the chaplain by the continental congress. -Washington wrote to congress in December 1775 and said, "I need not -point out the great utility of gentlemen whose lives and conversation -are unexceptionable being employed for that service in the army".[157] -He went on to suggest plans whereby all regiments might be served by -a chaplain. The plan which congress adopted was of having a chaplain -for every two regiments and they fixed the salary at thirty-three and -one-third dollars a month.[158] The plan worked when the soldiers were -in camp, but not when they were on the march.[159] In 1776 a chaplain -was allowed for each regiment.[160] - -According to the regulations of the army, there were to be prayers -morning and evening,[161] and on Sunday services were almost -continuous. There were always two services and often more, the -chaplains from the various regiments preaching in rotation.[162] - -The places of holding religious meetings varied with circumstances, -services were held in a church[163] in or near camp, on a college -campus,[164] in an opening in the woods,[165] and in a log hut built -for the purpose.[166] When the army entered Cambridge, the next day -was Sunday and a stage was erected on the campus by turning up a rum -hogshead.[167] On another occasion a pulpit was formed out of knapsacks -piled together.[168] - -The kind of sermons provided by the chaplains to the soldiers makes -an interesting study, they were always of a practicable nature. The -sermons seemed to fall into two general classes, one class setting -forth the characteristics of a good soldier,[169] and the other those -which had to do with the political and social troubles of the time.[170] - -There are records of the attitude of the soldier being changed -very materially by some of the sermons heard both concerning his own -personal attitude[171] and his attitude in general toward the war. -The story is related that one time Rev. Gano knew that a number of -the soldiers in his audience were men who had only enlisted for a -few months, hence during the service he made the remark "he could -aver of the truth that our Lord and Saviour approved of all those who -had engaged in His Service for the whole warfare". The rank and file -were much amused and those who enlisted for the whole war forced many -short-term men by their jesting to re-enlist.[172] - -Another observance which might be considered part of the soldier's -religion, was the day of fasting and prayer ordered by congress and the -officials of the various colonies.[173] - -There is yet one more effect which grew out of the religious activities -of the soldier while in the army camp. That is the weakening of the -rigid lines which had been drawn between sects. When the soldier was at -home he was, Presbyterian, Anglican, Catholic or what not, but in the -army there was a tendency to forget the barriers; both Protestant and -Catholic services were held, but it was one of the orders of Washington -that no person should make light of another's religion.[174] It had -been the custom of the people near Boston to celebrate what was called -"Pope Day" when they burned an effigy of the Pope; the soldiers were -contemplating a celebration of this custom when Washington issued -orders against it calling it a "ridiculous and childish custom."[175] - -The fact that the chaplain of a regiment might have members of a number -of sects in his audience would tend to create a common interest, and -also the fact that whenever the troops were near a church they were -ordered to attend regardless of denomination. The incident is related -of Washington who was Anglican that he and a number of his men, asked a -Presbyterian minister to give them communion in his church, and it was -gladly done.[176] All of which were factors in bringing about democracy -in the church. - -[Footnote 146: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. II, p. 112.] - -[Footnote 147: Coit, _Orderly Book_, (June 14, 1775), p. 19.] - -[Footnote 148: Headley, _Chaplain and Clergy of the Revolution_, p. 14.] - -[Footnote 149: "Narrative of Prince De Broyle" in _American Historical -Magazine_ Vol. I, p. 378.] - -[Footnote 150: For election sermons see Headley, _Chaplains and Clergy -of the Revolution_.] - -[Footnote 151: See on that phase "Free Thoughts" by Samuel Sebury.] - -[Footnote 152: Greene, _Historical Men of American Revolution_, p. 215.] - -[Footnote 153: See, _Wilds Journal_, p. 80; Boudinot, Elias, p. 189; -Niles, _Principles and Acts of the Revolution_, p. 361.] - -[Footnote 154: Headley, _Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution_, p. 323.] - -[Footnote 155: Headley, _Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution_, p. 89.] - -[Footnote 156: Headley, _Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution_, p. 89.] - -[Footnote 157: Ford's, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 310.] - -[Footnote 158: Ibid., Vol. III, p. 310.] - -[Footnote 159: Ibid., Vol. IV, p. 187.] - -[Footnote 160: Ibid., Vol. III, p. 310.] - -[Footnote 161: Farnsworth, _Journal_, (April 20 and May 1, 1775), p. -79.] - -[Footnote 162: Gardner, "Last Cantonment of Continental Army of Rev." -in _Am. Hist. Mag._ Vol. X, p. 369.] - -[Footnote 163: Hosock, "Life of Clinton" in _Harper's_, February 1859.] - -[Footnote 164: Headley, _Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution_, p. 291.] - -[Footnote 165: Ibid., p. 95.] - -[Footnote 166: Gardner, "Last Cantonment of Army of Revolution" in -_Mag. Am. Hist._ Vol., X, p. 369.] - -[Footnote 167: Headley, _Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution_, p. 291.] - -[Footnote 168: Ibid., p. 95.] - -[Footnote 169: Hitchcock, Diary p. 87; Roger, _Journal_ (July 11, 1779) -p. 250; Lyman, _Journal_ (Oct. 15, 1775) p. 121.] - -[Footnote 170: Boardman, _Journal_ (Sept. 25, 1775), p. 227; -Farnsworth, _Journal_, (Oct., 1, 1775), p. 86, Thorton, _Pulpit in the -Revolution_, p. 187.] - -[Footnote 171: Farnsworth, _Journal_, (May 14, 1775), p. 79.] - -[Footnote 172: Quoted by Bolton in _Private Soldier Under Washington_, -p. 161.] - -[Footnote 173: Hitchcock, _Journal_, p. 107; Coits _Orderly Book_ (July -15, 1775) Moore "Diary" p. 18.] - -[Footnote 174: Griffin, _Catholics and the American Revolution_, Vol. -I, p. 127.] - -[Footnote 175: Griffin, _Catholics and the American Revolution_, Vol. -I, p. 127.] - -[Footnote 176: Hosach, "Life of Clinton," _Harper's_, Feb., 1859.] - - - - -Chapter VI - -CAMP DUTIES AND DISCIPLINE - - -The soldier's day began with reveille at sunrise or "when a Sentra Can -See Clearly one thousand yards around him and not Before"[177] and -ended with tat-too heating at eight o'clock;[178] for after tat-too -there was to be no straying about camp without a written pass.[179] - -Between reveille and tat-too there were numerous duties to be -performed and orders to be obeyed. Some of them seemed foolish and -most unnecessary to the average soldier. The first thing was roll call -before the doors of the barracks[180] which every one was to appear in -full dress, well shaved and with hat cocked.[181] Then came breakfast -prepared either by one of the company in the camp kitchen or by each -one for himself over the open fire. The breakfast was anything from -the "usual dish, a large plate of rice with a little salt"[182] to a -heavier meal of meat and potatoes. - -Morning prayers[7] followed breakfast and of the routine of the rest of -the day Simon Lyman of Sharon wrote "we marched out in the morning -and exercised and in the afternoon we marched out again and exercised -again".[183] Captain Lewis in his _Orderly Book_ recorded the following -order "For the future the fatigue parties to parade at 7 o'clock in -the morning and return at eleven to their dinners and parade again at -two".[184] Then came supper, evening prayers[185] and tat-too. - -Camp life was, however, not all a routine of reveille, prayers, drills, -meals, and tat-too for there were hundreds of other things which -had to be done. There were huts to build[186], roads to make,[187] -entrenchments to construct,[188] fuel to collect,[189] supplies to -provide,[190] armaments to make or clean, and drills for the "awkward -squad",[191] besides guard and fatigue duty;[192] not to mention -the more domestic duties of cooking,[193] of washing and mending -clothes,[194] and cleaning huts, or acting as 'grass guard.'[195] - -It can hardly be said that any hard and fast rule was followed in the -matter of camp activities for there were circumstances continually -arising which altered affairs; there were parades before a visiting -officer,[196] and days taken off for washing. Then, too, there was -the lack of a permanent organization of the army, which was a serious -hindrance in following any different course, for the short time -enlistment men were constantly leaving and the new recruits were coming -into camp, all of which broke into the routine of camp[197] and often -nothing of importance was accomplished for weeks at a time. Simon Lyman -of Sharon wrote of the week following August 29, 1775. "Friday, 29th, -In the forenoon we went round the town, and in the afternoon we putted -up our tents and marched through Cambridge to Charlestound, there we -was stationed, we put up our tents. - -Tuesday, 3th I rubbed up my gun and looked round the forts. - -Wednesday 4th w(eg)ot some boards to fix out tents and it rained and we -did not do it. - -Thursday 5th It rained, and I wrote a letter home and staid around the -house."[198] - -When the new recruit was given the duty of being on guard with the -orders that he was not to sleep or leave his post he felt for the first -time the hand of authority, he felt that the orders were ridiculous -when he must shave every day and appear at roll call every morning -with his hair powdered, but when he could not go more than a mile from -camp without a pass and that only two furloughs were allowed at one -time,[199] then he was sure that his personal liberty was imposed upon. - -It was just that attitude taken by the soldiers toward their officers -and the orders given by them or toward the duties they were ordered -to perform that made the question of discipline a serious one. Army -life was a novelty at first, but before many weeks had passed the -aspect changed. The soldiers were in new conditions and new modes of -doing things had to be learned. What to do and what not to do were -questions with the new recruits. There had been little of the "being -ordered" by anybody at home especially among the New Englanders.[200] -Now the private had to salute, take orders from and ask permission of -an individual, who in all probability had been his next door neighbor -at home with no more training than himself and perhaps one who had -just "taken" command without having been appointed by the proper -authority.[201] - -The trouble came from both sides; the officer felt the importance of -his position to such an extent that he could not see the private's -view point, but on the other hand the private was not willing to -endure an ordinary amount of subordination. The orders sent out from -headquarters concerning the matter were numerous depicting to the -soldiers and to the officers as well, their duties and privileges.[202] -The question of discipline was one which caused Washington a great -deal of concern on first entering camp,[203] and a matter which always -brought comment from the foreigners who visited our camps or worked -with our army.[204] As the war progressed the conditions grew better, -but the personnel changed so often that one group just reached the -stage where some sort of law and order was made possible when they -left and the whole process was to be gone through again with the newly -enlisted group. - -The general rules of discipline were laid down by the Continental -Congress in what were called "The Rules and Regulations for the -Government of the Army". Congress there described the general conduct -of the soldiers, as to their duties and privileges and also recommended -the punishments which should be inflicted by the court martial in -case of violation of the rules by any one.[205] There were also -orders issued from headquarters, which gave more detailed directions -in respect to the personal appearance of the soldier, how his hat -should be cocked, how his hair should be cut, and the like,[31] others -in respect to the duties of the soldier on fatigue,[206] on guard -or about the camp, his conduct toward citizens, the punishment for -stealing, and numerous other things which were incident to camp life, -as the regulation of 'Grog shops'[207] orders, concerning the morale of -the soldiers,[208] and health precautions. - -The means of enforcing the disciplinary rules was the court martial, -an instrument which is of common use in time of war, but some of the -trials and decisions of the revolutionary court martial are interesting -if not amusing and yet significant because of the state of affairs -which they reflect. - -First as to the organization of the court martial, there was to be -a general and a regimental court, the general, the higher and the -regimental the lower court. The general court was to consist of not -less than thirteen members none of whom were to be under the rank of -a commissioned officer and the president was to be a field officer. -The regimental court was to consist of not more than five members and -in case five could not be assembled three were sufficient, and any -commissioned officer of a regiment by the appointment of his colonel -could hold the court in the regiment for minor cases.[209] - -All crimes not capital and all disorders and neglect that officers and -soldiers might be guilty of, though not mentioned in the Articles of -war, were to be taken into a general or regimental court according to -the nature of the crime. The offense could be punished at the court's -discretion, but no one was to be sentenced to death except in the cases -mentioned in the rules layed down by congress and no sentence was to be -executed until the commanding officer had approved it. The commanding -officer also had the power to pardon or suspend sentence if he saw fit. -According to the organization of the court martial, it was to inflict -at its own discretion only degrading, cashiering, drumming out of camp -and whipping not exceeding thirty-nine lashes.[210] - -According to entries made in orderly books and diaries, those orders -were often overlooked and the originality of the members of the court -was worked into service. - -Thacher said of the punishments ordered by the court martial "Death -has been inflicted in a few instances of an atrocious nature, but in -general, the punishment consists in a public whipping, and the number -of stripes is proportioned to the degree of offense. The law of Moses -prescribing forty stripes save one but that number has often been -exceeded in our camp. In aggravated cases, and with old offenders -in our camp the culprit is sentenced to receive one hundred lashes -or more. It is the duty of the drummers and fifers to inflict the -chastisement, and the drum major must attend and see that the duty is -faithfully performed. The culprit being securely tied to a tree or post -receives on his naked back the number of lashes assigned him by a whip -formed of several small knotted cords which sometimes cut through the -skin at every stroke. However, strange it may appear, a soldier will -often receive the severest stripes without uttering a groan or once -shrinking from the lash even while the blood flows freely from the -lacerated wounds. - -"They have now, however, adopted a method which they say mitigates -the anguish in some measure. It is by putting between the teeth a -leaden bullet, on which they chew while under the lash till it is made -quite flat and jagged. In some instances of incorrigibles villians -it is adjudged by the court that the culprit receive his punishment -at several different times, a certain number of stripes repeated at -intervals of two or three days in which case the wounds are in a state -of inflammation, and the skin rendered tender and the terror of the -punishment is greatly aggravated. - -"Another mode of punishment is that of running the gauntlet, this is -done by a company of soldiers standing in two lines, each one furnished -with a switch and the criminal is made to run between them and receive -the scourge from their hands on his naked back; but the delinquent runs -so rapidly and the soldiers are so apt to favor a comrade that it often -happens in this way punishment is very slight".[211] - -Boardman thus recorded a punishment, "This morning another rifleman was -drummed out of camp not whipped, but if he ever returns again he is to -receive thirty lashes."[212] Other punishments were riding the wooden -horse for fifteen minutes with two guns tied to the victim's feet and -then ten minutes without guns, or riding a rail. There were, too, the -fines and imprisonments, but often the the penalties bordered on the -humorous line and furnished real amusement to the rest of the soldiers, -one man was sentenced to wear "A clogg chained at his legg for three -days, another was to wear a clog four days with his coat turned wrong -side outwards".[213] The last penalty was for Major Carnes's cordage. -Trials were held for anything from disorderly conduct or stealing a -shirt to treason. - -In the court martial and its actions it is possible to see a reflection -of England and the methods of torture used there. The colonists had not -been away from the mother country long enough to get away from those -devices for the punishment of offenders. - -The number and kind of trials also show that the soldiers as a rule -were inclined to have their own way and disregard orders for the -majority of the trials were for the disobedience of minor orders. - -A study of conditions during the Revolutionary War in the light of the -present day and especially in the light of the Great War with the care -given the soldiers in the way of housing, medical aid, sanitation and -recreation makes the soldier of 1776 more of a hero than he had been -before. That he under the most adverse circumstances withstood the war -conditions and came out victorious for liberty seems almost a miracle. - -John Adams described the continental army as follows: "Our Army at -Crown point is an object of wretchness enough to fill a human mind -with horror, disgraced, defeated, discontented, dispirited diseased, -naked, undisciplined, eaten up with vermin, no clothes, bed, blankets, -no medicines, no vituals but salt pork and flour". One almost wonders -that it is not a true characterization but it is interesting to -note that of the fifty diaries and journals studied only one or two -reflected a pronounced discontented or dissatisified spirit, the others -mentioned the sufferings and hardships but did not complain. - -The leaders of the War for Independnece have long been appreciated for -the part they played, perhaps over appreciated. But the leaders could -not have accomplished their goal had it not been for the private. The -private was undisciplined it is true and willful at times, but to him -with his sufferings, hardships and even willfullness must be given a -great amount of the honor. - -[Footnote 177: Coits, _Orderly Book_, (July 20, 1775), p. 54.] - -[Footnote 178: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (June 6, 1776), p. 47.] - -[Footnote 179: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. II, p. 115.] - -[Footnote 180: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.] - -[Footnote 181: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.] - -[Footnote 182: McDowell, _Journal_, (Jan. 11, 1782).] - -[Footnote 183: Lyman, _Journal_, (Aug. 28, 1775), p. 115.] - -[Footnote 184: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, April 6, 1776.] - -[Footnote 185: Farnsworth, _Journal_, (May 1, 1775) p. 179.] - -[Footnote 186: Greene, _Life of Greene_, Vol. I, p. 538.] - -[Footnote 187: Wild, _Journal_, (Dec. 27, 1778) p. 120.] - -[Footnote 188: Hutchinson, _Orderly Book_, p. 23, quoted by Bolton.] - -[Footnote 189: Wild, _Journal_, (Dec. 27, 1778) p. 120.] - -[Footnote 190: Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 2, 1775) p. 124.] - -[Footnote 191: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.] - -[Footnote 192: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (April 6, 1776), p. 16.] - -[Footnote 193: Lyman, _Journal_, (Nov. 21, 1775), p. 127.] - -[Footnote 194: Waldo, _Journal_, (Dec. 31, 1778), p.] - -[Footnote 195: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, p. 10.] - -[Footnote 196: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (March 31, 1779) p. 10; Lyman, -_Journal_, (Nov. 29, 1775) p. 125.] - -[Footnote 197: Thacher, _Journal_, (Sept. 1776) p. 60.] - -[Footnote 198: Lyman, _Journal_ (Aug. 29, Oct. 3, 4 and 5, 1775), p. -116.] - -[Footnote 199: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (June 21, 1776), p. 54.] - -[Footnote 200: Thacher, _Military Journal_, p. 60.] - -[Footnote 201: Ibid.] - -[Footnote 202: Lewis, _Orderly Book_, (Aug. 12, & 19, 1775); Ford, -_Writings of Washington_, Vol. VII, p. 5.] - -[Footnote 203: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 267.] - -[Footnote 204: Ford, _Writings of Washington_, Vol. III, p. 141 and -Kapp, _Life of Steuben_.] - -[Footnote 205: _Journals of Continental Congress._ Vol. III, p. 114.] - -[Footnote 206: Ibid., (April 6, 1776) p. 16.] - -[Footnote 207: Henshaw, _Journal_.] - -[Footnote 208: Coit, _Orderly Book_, (June 30, 1775), p. 28.] - -[Footnote 209: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. III, p. 114.] - -[Footnote 210: _Journals of Continental Congress_, Vol. III, p. 115.] - -[Footnote 211: Thacher, _Military Journal_, (Jan. 1780), p. 182.] - -[Footnote 212: Boardman, B., _Journal_, (Oct. 11, 1775).] - -[Footnote 213: Quoted by Bolton, _Private Under Washington_, p. 176.] - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -In the citation of footnotes, the following form has been followed, -Farnsworth, Diary, (May 12, 1775) p. 83 when referring to _Amos -Farnsworth's Diary in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_, -series 2, Volume VII, p. 83. - - -Source Material - - I Diaries and Journals of Contemporaries - - Barton, William, - - _Journal of Lieut. William Barton; in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 3-14 edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - The journal embraces from June 8 to October 9, 1779. - - Beatty, Lieutenant Erkuries, - - _Journal of Lieut. Erkuries Beatty in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 16-37, edited, by F. Cook. Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - Part first covers expedition to Onondaga from April 14 to - 29, 1779. - - Part second covers Sullivan's expedition June 11, to October - 22, 1779. - - Blake Lieutenant Thomas, - - _Journal of Lieutenant Thomas Blake_, An extract in _General - John Sullivan's Indian Expedition_, edited, pp. 38-41, by F. - Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887. The whole in _History of the First - New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution_ by - Frederick Kidder. Albany, 1868. - - Boardman, Reverend Benjamin, - - _Diary of Rev. Benjamin Boardman in Massachusetts Historical - Society Proceedings_ series 2 volume VII, pp. 221-231. Boston, - 1892. - - The diary covers the period from July 31 to November 12 - 1775. - - Boardman, Oliver, - - _Journal of Oliver Boardman_ of Middletown Burgoyne Campaign - 1777 in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, Vol. - VII, pp. 219-221. - - Burrowes, Major John, - - _Journal of Major John Burrowes_ in _General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition_ 1779, pp. 43-51 edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - Covers the period from August 23, 1779, to October 13, 1779. - - Hitchcock, Enos, - - _Diary of Enos Hitchcock in Rhode Island Historical Society - Publications_ new series Volume VII, Providence, 1899. - - Campfield, Dr. Jabez, - - _Journal of Dr. Jabez Campfield_ in _General John Sullivan's - Expedition_, pp. 52-61, edited by F. Cook, Auburn N. Y. 1887. - - Covers period from May 23 to October 2, 1779. - - Coit, Captain William, - - _Orderly Book of Capt. William Coit's Camping_ at siege of - Boston, 1775 in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, - Vol. VII, pp. 1-99. - - Hartford Conn. 1899. - - Dearborn, Lieutenant Henry, - - _Journal of Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn_ in _General John - Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 62-79, edited by F. - Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - Covers period from June 17, 1779 to October 25, 1779. - - Duncan, Captain James, - - _Diary of Captain James Duncan in Pennsylvania Archives_, - series II, Vol. XV, pp. 748-752, edited by William Egle, - Harrisburg, 1893. - - Elbert, Samuel, - - _Order Book of Samuel Elbert in Georgia Historical Society - Collections_, Vol. V, Savannah, Ga. 1901. - - Elmer, Ebenezer, - - _Journal of Dr. Ebenezer Elmer in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 80-85, edited by F. Cook, - Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - Covers period from June 18, 1779 to August 12, 1779. - - Farnsworth, Amos, - - _Amos Farnsworth's Diary in Massachusetts Historical - Proceedings_ series 2, Vol. XII, pp. 78-100, Boston 1899. - - This diary covers the period from April 19, 1775 to November - 17, 1777. - - Fellows, Moses, - - _Journal of Sergeant Moses Fellows in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 86-91, edited by F. Cook, - Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - Covers period from June 21, 1779 to September 19, 1779. - - Fitch, Jabez, - - _Diary of Jabez Fitch, Jr. in Massachusetts Historical Society - Proceedings_ series 2, Vol. IX, pp. 41-99, Boston, 1895. - - Fogg, Major Jeremiah, - - _Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 92-101, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - The journal covers the period from August 13, 1779 to - September 30, 1779. - - Gamble, Captain Robert, - - _Orderly Book of Capt. Robert Gamble_ of 2nd Va. Regiment in - _Virginia Historical Society Collection_, new series Vol. XI, - pp. Richmond 1892. - - Orderly Book covers period from August 21 to November 16, - 1779. - - Gano, John, - - _Memoirs of the Rev. John Gano in Historical Magazine_, Vol. - V, p. 330, New York, 1861. - - Gookin, Daniel, - - _Journal of Ensign Daniel Gookin in General John Sullivan's - Expedition, 1779_, pp. 102-106, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. - Y. 1887. - - The part there printed covers from May 4 to September 5, - 1779. - - Grant, Major George, - - _Journal of Serg't Major Grant, in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 107-114 by F. Cook, Auburn, N. - Y. 1887. - - The journal covers period from May 17, 1779 to December 25, - 1779. - - Hardenbergh, Lieutenant John L., - - _Journal of Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 116-136, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - The journal covers period from May 1, 1779 to October 23, - 1779. - - Heth, William, - - _Orderly Book of Major William Heth_ of the 3rd Va. Regiment - in _Virginia Historical Society Collections_. New series Vol. - XI, Richmond, 1892. - - Hubley, Adam, - - _Journal of Lieut.-Col. Adam Hubley in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 147-167, edited by F. Cook, - Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - The journal covers period from May 24, 1779 to October 7, - 1779. - - How, David, - - _Diary of David How_, Morrisonia, N. Y. 1865. - - The diary of a private. - - Joslin, Joseph, Jr., - - _Journal of Joseph Joslin, Jr._, of South Killingly, a teamster - in Western Connecticut, 1777-78, in _Connecticut Historical - Society_, Vol. VII, pp. 297-369, Hartford, 1899. - - Jenkins, John, - - _Journal of Lieut. John Jenkins in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 169-177, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - The diary covers period from April 1779 to December 19, - 1779. - - Lewis, Andrew, - - _The Orderly Book_ of that portion of the American Army - Stationer at or near Williamsburg, Va., under the command of - General Andrew Lewis. Richmond, Va., 1860. - - The orders cover the period from March 18, 1776 to August 28, - 1776. - - Livermore, Daniel, - - _Journal of Captain Daniel Livermore in General John - Sullivan's Indian Expedition_, 1779, pp. 179-191, edited by F. - Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - The whole journal was published in the _New Hampshire - Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, p. 308, the part used was - just an extract. - - Lyman, Simeon, - - _Journal of Simeon Lyman of Sharon_ 1775 in _Connecticut - Historical Collections_ Vol. VII, pp. 111-137. Hartford 1899. - - Machin, Thomas, - - _Journal of Captain Thomas Machin in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition, 1779_, pp. 193-197, edited by F. Cook, - Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - It covers period from April 19 to 23, 1779. - - McDowell, William, - - _Journal of Lieutenant William McDowell_, in _Pennsylvania - Archives_, series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 295-340. Harrisburg, 1893. - - McHendry, William, - - _Journal of William McHendry_, A Lieutenant in the Army of the - Revolution; in _Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_ - series 2, Vol. II, pp. 437-478. Boston 1886. - - McMichael, James, - - _Diary of Lieutenant James McMichael_ in _Pennsylvania Archives_ - series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 193-218, edited by William Egle, - Harrisburg, 1893. - - McNeill, Samuel, - - _Journal of Samuel McNeill, 1779_ in _Pennsylvania Archives_ - series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 753-759, edited by William Egle, - Harrisburg, 1893. - - Meigs, Major J. - - _Major Meig's Journal_ in Massachusetts Historical Society - Collections series 2, Vol. II, pp. 227-245. Boston, 1846. - - Morgan, Nathaniel, - - _Journal of Ensign Nathaniel Morgan_ at siege of Boston 1775 - in _Connecticut Historical Society Collections_, Vol. VII, - pp. 99-111, Hartford, 1899. - - Norris, James, - - _Journal of Major James Morris in General John Sullivan's - Expedition, 1779_, pp. 224-239, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. - Y. 1887. - - The part here quoted covers June 18, 1779 to October 25, - 1779. - - Nukerck, Charles, - - _Journal of Lieut, Charles Nukerck in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition_, 1779, pp. 214-221, edited, by F. Cook, - Auburn, N. Y. 1887. - - The journal covers the period from May 1, 1779 to December - 11, 1780. - - Melvin, James, - - _The Journal of James Melvin_, a private soldier in Arnold's - Expedition against Quebec in the year 1775. Portland, Maine, - 1902. - - Robbin, Ammi, R., - - _Journal of the Rev. Ammi R. Robbins._ A chaplain in American - Army in Northern Campaign of 1776, New Haven 1850. - - Roberts, Thomas, - - _Journal of Sergeant Thomas Roberts_ in _General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 240-246, edited, F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - The journal covers the period May 29 1779 to September 9, - 1779. - - Rogers, Rev. William, - - _Journal of Rev. William Rogers in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779_, pp. 247-265, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - Rev. Rogers was a chaplain in the army. - - Shreve, John, - - _Personal Narrative_ of the services of Lieut. John Shreve in - Magazine of American History, Vol. III, New York and Chicago, - 1879. - - Shute, Samuel M., - - _Journal of Lieut. Samuel M. Shute_ in General John Sullivan's - Indian Expedition 1779, pp. 268-274, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, - N. Y. 1887. - - The journal covers the period from May 29 to November 9, - 1779. - - Squir, Ephraim, - - _Diary of Ephraim Squir_ in Magazine of American History, Vol. - II, pp. 685. New York and Chicago, 1878. - - Thacher, James, - - _Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War_, - 1775-83. Boston, 1823. - - Thayer, Captain Simeon, - - _Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer_, in Rhode Island Historical - Society, Vol. VI, pp. 1-45, Providence 1867. - - Trumbull, Benjamin, - - _Benjamin Trumbull's Journal_ of the expedition against Canada - 1775 and _Benjamin Trumbull's Journal of the Campaign_ around - New York, 1776-77 in _Connecticut Historical Society - Collections_, Vol. VII, pp. 137-219, Hartford, 1899. - - Waldo, Albigence, - - _Diary kept at Valley Forge by Albigence Waldo_, surgeon in the - Continental Army, 1777-1778. In _Historical Magazine_, Vol. V, - p. 133, New York, 1861. - - Wells, Boyze, - - _Journal of Boyze Wells_ of Farmington in the Canada Expedition - 1775-1777 in _Continental Historical Society Collections_ Vol. - VII, pp. 259-297, Hartford, 1819. - - Williams, Ennion, - - _Journal of Major Ennion Williams_ in _Pennsylvania Archives_ - series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 1-20, edited by William Egle, Harrisburg, - 1893. - - Wild, Ebenzer, - - _The Journal of Ebenzer Wild_, (1776-1781) in Massachusetts - Historical Society Proceedings, series 2, Vol. VI, pp. 78-160. - - - II Collected Writings of Contemporaries - - Boudinot, Elias, - - _The Life, Public Services, Addresses and Letters of Elias - Boudinot._ Edited by J. J. Boudinot in two volumes, Boston and - New York, 1896. - - Washington, George, - - _The Writings of George Washington_, edited by Worthington - Chauncey Ford in 14 volumes. New York 1889-1893. - - - III Books of Travel - - Burnaby, Andrew, - - _Travels_ through the middle Settlements of North America, - 1759-60. London, 1775. - - Chastellus, Francois Jean, - - _Travels in North America_ 1780-82, translated by J. Kent, New - York, 1827. - - - IV Public Documents - - _American Archives_, series 5, compiled by Peter Force, - Washington, 1818-53. - - _Journals of the Continental Congress_, Vol. I to V, edited by - W. C. Ford, Washington 1904-1906. - - _New Jersey Archives_, second series, Vol. I, new paper - extracts, edited by Williams Styker, Trenton, 1901. - - - V Other Material - - Moore, Frank, - - _Diary of the American Revolution_ from Newspaper and original - documents. New York, 1850. - - Niles, Hezekiah, - - _Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America._ New York, - 1876. - - A collection of patriotic orations, letters, public, private - documents relating to the Revolutionary. - - -Secondary Material - - I Biographical Sketches - - Greene, George Washington, - - _Life of Nathanael Greene_, 3 volumes, New York, 1867-71. - - The work is valuable because of documents quoted direct but - the book shows the fact that it is written by a grandson of - Nathanael Greene. - - Kapp, Fredrick, - - _Life of Frederick William Stueben_, New York 1859. - - The impression of a foreigner as to American institutions. - - Kapp, Friedrick, - - _Life of John Kalb_, Major-General in Revolutionary Army New - York, 1884. - - The book gives the reactions a foreigner had to American - institutions. - - Lossing, Benson John, - - _Life and Times of Philip Schuyler_, New York, 1860-72 in two - volumes. - - Details of life and times of the period. - - Lossing, Benson John, - - _Illustrated Life of Washington_, New York, 1856 in ten volumes. - - Since it is a detailed life of Washington, it gives glimpses - of camp life. - - Pickering, Octavius, - - _Life of Timothy Pickering_, Boston, 1867-73. - - A life written by a son but has some valuable material. - - Reed, Henry, - - _Life of Jasper Reed_ in _Library of American Biography_ edited - by Jared Sparks, second series, Boston 1854. - - Sparks, Jared, - - _Life of Charles Lee_ in _Library of American Biography_ edited - by Jared Sparks, Second series Vol. VIII, Boston 1864. - - - II Magazine Articles - - Jordon, John W., - - "Continental Hospital Returns" in _Pennsylvania Magazine_ Volume - XXIII, pp. 33-50, 210-223. Philadelphia, 1899. - - Jordon, John W., - - "The Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during the - Revolution" in _Pennsylvania Magazine_, Vol. XX, pp. 137-157. - Philadelphia, 1896. - - - III General Works - - Botta, Charles, - - _History of the War of the Independence of the United States._ - Translated from Italian by George A. Otis, New Haven, 1884. - - A foreigner's view of conditions here. - - Bolton, Charles Knowles, - - _The Private Soldier Under Washington_, New York 1902. - - Channing, Edward, - - _A History of the United States_, Vol. III, New York, 1912. - - A good bibliography. - - Ellet, Mrs. Elizabeth Fries, - - _Domestic History of the American Revolution._ New York, 1850. - - Valuable only for the light it throws on every day life. - - Fiske, John, - - _The American Revolution_, Boston, 1891. - - Greene, Francis Vinton, - - _The Revolutionary War_ and the Military policy of United - States, New York, 1911. - - Military affairs emphasized. - - Hatch, Louis Clinton, - - _The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army_, New - York, 1904. - - Hart, Albert Bushnell, and Mabel Hill, - - _Camps and Firesides of the Revolution_, New York, 1903. - - The direct quotation of sources valuable. - - Headley, J. T., - - _The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution_, New York, 1864. - - A portraiture of the place of religion in the war especially - the clergy. - - Humphreys, Mary Gay, - - _Catherine Schuyler_ in women of Colonial and revolutionary - times. Series New York, 1897. - - Not good history, but gives insight into colonial - Revolutionary life. - - Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, - - _The American Revolution_, edited by James Albert Woodburn - from Mr. Lecky's _History of England in the Eighteenth - Century_. - - A good bibliography found in it. - - Lossing, Benson John, - - _Pictorial Fieldbook of the Revolution_, New York 1860, two - volumes. - - Some interesting details of life and times. - - Lower, Charlemagne, - - _The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution_, - Philadelphia, 1901 - - The impressions of a foreigner of American institutions. - - Thornton, John Wingate, - - _The Pulpit of the American Revolution_, Boston, 1876. - - A book showing the place of religion in the war especially - the Puritan pulpit. - - Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, - - _The American Revolution_, four volumes, New York, 1908-15. - - This book puts emphasis on the war characters and their - careers which was useful in this study. - - Whorton, Anne Hollingsworth, - - _Martha Washington_, in women of colonial and revolutionary - times. Series, New York, 1897. - - Not good history, but gives insight into colonial life and - camp life. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Study of Army Camp Life during -American Revolution, by Mary Hazel Snuff - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY CAMP LIFE DURING AMERICAN REVOL. *** - -***** This file should be named 55957-0.txt or 55957-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/9/5/55957/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Study of Army Camp Life during American Revolution - -Author: Mary Hazel Snuff - -Release Date: November 13, 2017 [EBook #55957] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY CAMP LIFE DURING AMERICAN REVOL. *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter newpage hideepub"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover" /> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter newpage"> - <img src="images/i_title.jpg" alt="Title Page" /> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak p1">Transcriber's Note</h2> - -<p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p><a href="#missing">Footnote 194</a>: Missing reference page number.</p> - -<p>Footnotes have been placed at end of their respective chapter.</p> - -<p>Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been repaired.</p> -</div> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - -<h1>A STUDY OF ARMY CAMP LIFE DURING AMERICAN REVOLUTION</h1> - -<p class="center bold in0">BY<br /> -<span class="large">MARY HAZEL SNUFF<br /> -B. S. North-Western College, 1917.</span><br /> -<span class="vspace"> </span><br /> -<span class="large">THESIS</span><br /> -Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the<br /> -Degree of<br /> -<span class="large">MASTER OF ARTS</span><br /> -IN HISTORY<br /> -IN<br /> -THE GRADUATE SCHOOL<br /> -OF THE<br /> -<span class="large">UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS</span><br /> -1918</p> - - - - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter newpage"> - <img src="images/i_frontis.jpg" alt="Acceptance Form" /> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">Page</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">INTRODUCTION</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chapter I<br /> HOUSING CONDITIONS</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chapter II<br /> FOOD AND CLOTHING</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chapter III<br /> HEALTH AND SANITATION</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chapter IV<br /> RECREATION IN CAMP</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chapter V<br /> RELIGION IN THE CAMP</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chapter VI<br /> CAMP DUTIES AND DISCIPLINE</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> BIBLIOGRAPHY</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - -<p>The object of this study is to produce a picture of the -private soldier of the American Revolution as he lived, ate, was -punished, played, and worshiped in the army camp. Drawing that -picture not only from the standpoint of the continental congress, -the body which made the rules and regulations for governing the -army, or from the officer's view point as they issued orders from -headquarters rather just a study of the soldier himself in the camp -conditions and his reaction to them. It was easy for congress to -determine the rations or for the commander-in-chief to issue orders -about housing conditions and sanitation, but the opportunities for -obeying those orders were not always the best. It is just that fact, -not what was intended, but what happened, that is to be discussed.</p> - -<p>The soldier in camp is an aspect of the Revolutionary -War which has been taken up only in a very general way by writers -of that period of history, except perhaps the conditions at Valley -Forge, for at least their terrible side is quite generally known. -Charles Knowles Bolton has studied the private soldier under Washington<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor"><sup>1</sup></a>, -but has emphasized other phases of the soldier's life than -those taken up in this study.</p> - -<p>The material has been gathered mostly from letters, -journals, orderly books, and diaries of the officers and privates, -written while in camp. The difficulty confronted has been to get -the diaries of the private soldier. They have either not been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> -published or if they have been published they have been edited in such -a way as to make them useless for a study of social conditions in -camp, the emphasis having been placed on the military operations and -tactics rather than the every day incidents in the soldier's life.</p> - -<p>The soldier has been studied after he went into camp. -Little has been said about the conditions which led to the war or -the conditions as they were before the struggle began except as they -are used to explain existing facts. It has been the plan in most of -the chapters to give a brief resume of the plans made by congress -or the commander-in-chief for the working out of that particular -part of the organization, then to describe the conditions as they -really were.</p> - -<p>There has been no attempt made, for it would be an almost -impossible task, to give a picture of the life in all the -camps but rather the more representative phases have been described -or conditions in general have been discussed.</p> - -<p>The first phase of camp life considered is that of the -housing conditions, the difficulties encountered, the description -of the huts, the method of construction, and the furnishing. This -is followed in the second chapter with a study of the food and -clothing, the supply and scarcity of those necessities. The -third chapter will have to do with the health and sanitation of -the soldier while encamped, the hospital system, the number sick, -the diseases most prevalent and the means of prevention. The -soldier's leisure time will be the subject of the fourth chapter, the -sort of recreation he had been in the habit of at home and the -ways he found of amusing himself in camp conditions. The soldier's -religion forms the subject matter of the fifth chapter, the influence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span> -of the minister before the war, his place in the army, the -religious exercises in camp and their effect upon the individual -and the war in general. The last chapter will in a way be a recapitulation -of all that has gone before by drawing a picture of a -day with a soldier in camp emphasizing the discipline and duties of -camp life.</p> - - -<div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1">1.</a> Bolton, <i>The Private Soldier Under Washington</i>.</p> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Chapter I<br /> -<span class="small">HOUSING CONDITIONS</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The war was on, the Lexington and Concord fray was -over, Paul Revere had made his memorable ride, and the young patriots -with enthusiasm at white heat were swarming from village and countryside -leaving their work and homes. Where they were going they -did not know, they were going to fight with little thought of where -they were to live or what they were to eat and wear. There was a -continental congress but it had little authority and the fact was -that very few members of that mushroom growth army even felt that -they were fighting for a confederation for in their minds they were -for the various states, and it was to the various states they looked -for support and it was to those states that the honors were to go. -It was not until the day before the battle of Bunker Hill that congress -had appointed a commander-in-chief and it was almost a month -later when Washington took command in Boston. There was an army of -sixteen thousand men mostly from the New England States strengthened -by about three thousand from the more southern states during the next -month<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor"><sup>2</sup></a>. It was more nearly a mob than an army. There was no directing -force, no one to superintend the building of barracks, no -one to distribute food or to take charge of the supplies.</p> - -<p>The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts on hearing of -Washington's appointment ordered on June 26, 1775 "the President's -(of the college) house in Cambridge, excepting one room, reserved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> -for the President for his own use, be taken, cleared, prepared, -and furnished for the reception of General Washington and General -Lee"<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor"><sup>3</sup></a>. It seems as though the General only occupied that house -for a short time and then moved to what was called the "Craige House" -for on July 8, 1775, the committee of safety directed that the house -of John Vassel, a refugee loyalist, should be put in condition for -the reception of the commander-in-chief and later that his welfare -should be looked after, by providing him with a steward, a housekeeper, -and such articles of furniture as he might ask for.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor"><sup>4</sup></a></p> - -<p>Such were the headquarters of the first camp of the -Revolution but the story of the privates' quarters is quite a different -thing. The troops were not quartered at one place, they were -scattered about the surrounding territory some at Roxbury, some at -Winter Hill, others at Prospect Hill and Sewall's Farm and at various -small towns along the coast.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor"><sup>5</sup></a> Some of them were living in houses -and churches, others were occupying barns<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor"><sup>6</sup></a> and still others were -constructing their own places of shelter using sail cloth, logs, -stones, mud, sod, rails or anything else which would lend itself -to the purpose.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor"><sup>7</sup></a> A good description of this motley host is given -us by Rev. Wm. Emerson of Concord, "the sight is very diverting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> -to walk among the camps. They are as different in their form as the -owners are in their dress and every tent is a portraiture of the -temper and taste of the persons who encamp in it. Some are made of -boards, some of sail cloth, again others are made of stone and turf -brick or brush. Some are thrown up in a hurry, others curiously -wrought with doors and windows done with wreaths and withes in the -manner of a basket".<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor"><sup>8</sup></a> Washington wrote from Cambridge to congress -on July 10, 1775 about a month after taking command and said, "we -labor under great Disadvantages for want of tents for tho' they -have been help'd out by a collection of now useless sails from the -Sea Port Towns, the number is yet far short of our Necessities"<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor"><sup>9</sup></a>.</p> - -<p>When tents were used for shelter at Cambridge or at -other places it was very seldom that any thing more than "Mother -Earth" served as floors and sometimes that was so wet and miry that -the soldiers during the rainy seasons were forced to raise the ground -with "Rushes, Barks, and Flags in the dry"<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor"><sup>10</sup></a> and at other times the -tents were taken down during the day for the ground to dry and then -put up again at night.</p> - -<p>It would be difficult to get any where more frank reactions -to housing conditions than those which were given by Dr. -Waldo<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor"><sup>11</sup></a> in a poem written while in camp describing the general conditions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> -but particularly the tents and huts. The part quoted below -describes a stormy day and the hardships endured when the army was -encamped in tents.</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="i0">"Though huts in Winter shelter give,</div> -<div class="i0">Yet the thin tents in which we live,</div> -<div class="i0">Through a long summer's hard campaign,</div> -<div class="i0">Are slender coverts from the rain,</div> -<div class="i0">And oft no friendly barn is nigh</div> -<div class="i0">Or friendlier house to keep us dry.</div> -</div> - -<div class="tb"> - * <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="i0">Move tents and baggage to some height,</div> -<div class="i0">And on wet cloths, wet blankets lie</div> -<div class="i0">Till welcome sunshine makes them dry.</div> -<div class="i0">Others despising storm and rain</div> -<div class="i0">Still in the flat and vale remain,</div> -<div class="i0">There sleep in water muck and mire,</div> -<div class="i0">Or drizzling stand before a fire</div> -<div class="i0">Composed of stately piles of wood,</div> -<div class="i0">Yet oft extinguished with the flood."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor"><sup>12</sup></a></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - - -<p>As the weather grew colder and the men were still in -tents it was the practice to build chimneys<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor"><sup>13</sup></a> on the tents or rather -in front of the tents. They were built on the outside and concealed -the entrance which served the double purpose of keeping out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> -the wind and also keeping in as much heat as possible.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor"><sup>14</sup></a></p> - -<p>The tents were supposed to house about six men and no -more than fourteen tents were allowed to a company of about seventy -two.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor"><sup>15</sup></a> The tent was the most common mode of housing. It was used -whenever it was possible to get material except when the army went -into winter quarters then the log huts were built. The tents were -usually formed in two ranks in regular lines<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor"><sup>16</sup></a> and often the seasons -advanced so rapidly that the snow would be four feet deep around -each tent<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor"><sup>17</sup></a>, it even being February before the huts were finished -in some instances<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor"><sup>18</sup></a>.</p> - -<p>The furnishings of the tents were very meagre, one -person even remarking that they were greatly favored in having a -supply of straw for beds. The straw was placed on the ground and five -or six soldiers would crowd together on it hoping to keep warm<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor"><sup>19</sup></a>, -sometimes each had a blanket and sometimes there was one blanket for -three or four. The sentry was instructed to keep the fire burning -in the chimney outside<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor"><sup>20</sup></a> which added a little to the comfort.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span></p> - -<p>When the army went into winter quarters the soldiers -were a little more comfortable. Morristown and Valley Forge were -the two representative winter quarters. The location of these permanent -camps was usually chosen because of the ease with which -building materials could be obtained or because there was easy access -to food supplies.</p> - -<p>As orders came to go into winter camp the men were divided -into companies of twelve. Each group was to build its own hut -and lucky was the group which happened to get the most carpenters, -for General Washington offered a prize of twelve dollars to the -group in each regiment which finished its hut first and did the -best work.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor"><sup>21</sup></a></p> - -<p>While the men were busy cutting the logs and bringing -them in, the superintendent appointed from the field officers -marked out the location of the huts. They were usually in two or -three lines with regular streets and avenues between them, altogether -forming a compact little village.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor"><sup>22</sup></a> The space in front of the huts -was cleared and used for a parade ground by the various regiments.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor"><sup>23</sup></a> -Whenever it was possible the huts were built on an elevation, the -health of the army being the object considered.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor"><sup>24</sup></a></p> - -<p>The only tools the soldier had to work with were his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> -axe and saw. He had no nails and no iron of any sort, just the -trunks of trees to cut into the desired lengths and a little mud -and straw.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor"><sup>25</sup></a> Each hut was fourteen by sixteen feet, with log sides -six and one-half feet high. The logs were notched on the ends and -fitted together in a dovetailing fashion. The spaces between the -logs being made airtight with clay and straw. The roof was a single -sharp slope that would shed the snow and rain easily, made of timbers -and covered with hewn slabs and straw. There might be boards -for the floor, but often there was not even a board to use for that -purpose and just dirt served instead. Each hut inhabited by privates -had one window and one door, the officers quarters usually had two -windows. The windows and doors were formed by sawing out a portion -of the logs the proper size and putting the part sawed out on wooden -hinges or sometimes in the case of windows the hole was covered with -oiled paper to let in light. The door was in one end and at the -opposite end a chimney was built, built in a manner similar to the -hut itself except that it was made of the smaller timbers and that -both the inner and outer sides were covered with a clay plaster -to protect the wood from the fire.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor"><sup>26</sup></a> The huts were in one room -usually, except the officers and theirs were divided into two apartments -with a kitchen in the rear. Each such hut was occupied by -three or four under officers, the generals had either their own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> -private hut or else lived in a private house near the camp.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor"><sup>27</sup></a></p> - -<p>In the same poem as mentioned above written by Dr. -Waldo is a description of the building and furnishing of a hut which -warrants repeating.</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="i0">My humble hut demands a right</div> -<div class="i0">To have its matter, birth and site</div> -<div class="i0">Described first! of ponderous logs</div> -<div class="i0">Whose bulk disdains the winds or fogs</div> -<div class="i0">The sides and ends are fitly raised</div> -<div class="i0">And by dove-tail each corner's brac'd;</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="i0">Athwart the roof, young saplings lie</div> -<div class="i0">Which fire and smoke has now made dry—</div> -<div class="i0">Next straw wraps o'er the tender pale,</div> -<div class="i0">Next earth, then splints o'erlay the whole;</div> -<div class="i0">Although it leaks when showers are o'er</div> -<div class="i0">It did not leak two hours before,</div> -<div class="i0">Two chimneys placed at opposite angles</div> -<div class="i0">Keep smoke from causing oaths and wrangles,</div> -</div> - -<div class="tb"> - * <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="i0">Our floors of sturdy timbers made,</div> -<div class="i0">Clean'd from the oak and level laid;</div> -<div class="i0">Those cracks where zephyrs oft would play</div> -<div class="i0">Are tightly closed with plastic clay;</div> -<div class="i0">Three windows, placed all in sight,</div> -<div class="i0">Through oiled paper give us light;</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> -<div class="i0">One door on wooden hinges hung,</div> -<div class="i0">Lets in the friend, or sickly throng;</div> -<div class="i0">By wedge and beetles splitting force</div> -<div class="i0">The oaken planks are made though coarse.</div> -<div class="i0">By which is formed a strong partition</div> -<div class="i0">That keep us in a snug condition;</div> -<div class="i0">Divides the kitchen from the hall,</div> -<div class="i0">Though both are equal and both are small,</div> -<div class="i0">Yet there the cook prepares the board,</div> -<div class="i0">Here serves it up as to a lord,</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - - -<p>The above description no doubt applies in general to -any of the winter quarters. Often the camp was better situated -for obtaining the necessary supplies and, too, after the soldiers -had built one such town of huts the next would be better because of -their experience. The camp at Morristown was better than the one -at Valley Forge.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor"><sup>28</sup></a> The quarters were large and huts were built -to be used for social affairs such as dances and lodge meetings.</p> - -<p>When the army was only stationed at a place for a short -time as for instance when they were encamped near the enemy planning -an attack and did not care to build the more permanent quarters, -which took more time to complete, and when living in tents was not -practicable, they built what the French called baroques, which -could be thrown up in a day or two.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor"><sup>29</sup></a> These temporary quarters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> -consisted of a wall of stone heaped up, the spaces between filled with -mud, and a few planks formed the roof. A chimney was built at one -end and the only opening was a small door at the side of the chimney.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor"><sup>30</sup></a></p> - -<p>When the army was on the march the soldiers carried -their tents with them if it was possible but a great many circumstances -arose which made that impossible. Then they had a hut of -brush or sod or even just sky to cover and protect them<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor"><sup>31</sup></a>. At other -times they slept in barns or churches,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor"><sup>32</sup></a> or where ever they could -find a place.</p> - -<p>As might be expected the furnishings of the huts were -of a very meagre sort. There were beds of straw usually on the -floor or else raised from the floor to get away from the dampness.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor"><sup>33</sup></a> -Each man was supposed to have with him his own blanket and cooking -utensils, but it often happened that there was but a kettle or two -for the whole company.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor"><sup>34</sup></a> Since the actual necessities were so meagre, -there surely were no unnecessary articles. There were none of those -things which would tend to make the camp quarters the least bit -like home. One man describes the difficulty of finding a place to -write and ends by saying that the railing in a near by church was -the best place.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor"><sup>35</sup></a> The only light they had was furnished by candles -which were a part of every man's rations and the tallow from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> -cattle killed for camp use was made into candles.</p> - -<p>The men crouched together in those huts and the poor -ventilation coupled with the fact that the only means of heating -was an open fire place which sent about as much smoke into the -room as it did out through the chimney produced a condition which -was almost unbearable.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor"><sup>36</sup></a></p> - -<p>From this study it would seem as if there were at -least three classes of barracks, the tents used when practicable, -the huts for winter quarters, the barroques for temporary housing, -and if one wanted to mention a fourth, it would be just any -place where ever a soldier might lie down.</p> - -<p>When the housing situation is looked at from one angle -the view is of the worst possible, but when on the other hand one -realizes that each time the troops went into camp the whole process -had to be gone through with from the cutting of the logs to the -moving into the huts and beside that they had no tools, the whole -thing seems wonderful.</p> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2">2.</a> Van Tyne, <i>The American Revolution</i>, p. 44.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3">3.</a> <i>Mass. Hist. Soc. Pro.</i> Vol. XII, p. 257, footnote, and Ford, -<i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 3.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4">4.</a> <i>Mass. Hist. Soc. Pro.</i> Vol. XII, p. 257, footnote, and Ford, -<i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 3.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5">5.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>. Vol. III, p.11.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6">6.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, (Nov. 17, 1775.) p. 126</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7">7.</a> Force, <i>American Archives</i>, Ser. 5, Vol. III, Col. 593.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8">8.</a> Quoted in Trevelyon, <i>American Revolution</i>, Vol. I, p. 324.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9">9.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>. Vol. III, p. 11.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10">10.</a> Trumbell, <i>Journal</i>. (Sept. 19, 1775), p. 146</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11">11.</a> Dr. Waldo was a surgeon in the continental Army, 1775–1777.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12">12.</a> Poem by Dr. Waldo in <i>Historical Magazine</i>, Sept. 1863, p. 270.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13">13.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, (Oct. 16, 1775). P. 121.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14">14.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 104.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15">15.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (Aug. 18, 1776), p. 78</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16">16.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 104.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17">17.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 181.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18">18.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. 2, p. 185.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19">19.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 181.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20">20.</a> Ibid., p. 176.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21">21.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. 1, p. 538.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22">22.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 528.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23">23.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 155.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24">24.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 202.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25">25.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 155.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26">26.</a> See Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 302. -Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 538 and -Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 155.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27">27.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 155, and <i>American Hist. -Mag.</i> Vol. 3, p. 157.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28">28.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. II, p. 160.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29">29.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 66.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30">30.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, Vol. II, p. 160.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31">31.</a> See, Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 176, Trumbell <i>Journal</i>, Aug. -7, 1775; Waldo, <i>Journal</i> (Nov. 29, 1777.), p. 130.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32">32.</a> Squir, <i>Journal</i>, (Sept. 13, 1775), p. 13.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33">33.</a> Lossing, <i>Life of Washington</i>. Vol. VI, p. 572.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34">34.</a> Waldo, <i>Journal</i>, (Dec. 1777.), p. 131.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35">35.</a> Fitch, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. 20.) p. 46.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36">36.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 570.</p> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Chapter II<br /> -<span class="small">FOOD AND CLOTHING</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>If the problem of housing was a serious one and one -which caused a great amount of suffering the question of food was -even more serious. The theory of getting the food for the soldiers -was all very simple, but not so simple in practice. According to -theory the various colonies were apportioned the amount they were -to supply and were to deliver their portion to the camp which might -be designated by the commander-in-chief. The lack of authority of -congress which played havoc so many times with the smooth running of -affairs also played havoc in the commissary department.</p> - -<p>The apportionment plan was carried out to some extent, -but of course was not to be depended upon for often the colonies -got the supplies to camp, but more often they did not. The amount -to be supplied was divided up among the inhabitants of the states, -in the case of meat some giving one hundred and fifty pounds and -others one hundred and eighty pounds according to their ability. -The other supplies were divided up in the same way. When a given -community was ready to send their supply some of the farmers would -take the job of driving the cattle to the camp, receiving about a -dollar a day and expenses while they were traveling.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor"><sup>37</sup></a></p> - -<p>A Frenchman who traveled in America during the revolutionary -period told of his experience when he tried to get a room -in an inn, which was filled with farmers on their way to camp with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> -a herd of cattle. In that particular group there were thirteen men -and two hundred and fifty cattle.</p> - -<p>July 19, 1775, Joseph Trumbell was made commissary general -of stores and provisions<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor"><sup>38</sup></a> by the continental congress. November -4, of the same year the following resolution was made in congress -in regard to the rations of the private soldier. "Resolved, -that: A ration consist of the following kind and quantity of provisions -viz.:</p> - - -<blockquote> -<p>1 lb. of beef, or ¾ lb. pork or 1 lb. salt -fish, per day.</p> - -<p>1 lb. bread or flour per day.</p> - -<p>3 pints of pease or beans per week, or vegetables -equivalent, at one dollar per bushel for pease or -beans.</p> - -<p>1 pint of milk per man per day or at the rate of -1/72 of a dollar.</p> - -<p>1 half pint of rice, or 1 pint of indian meal -per man per week.</p> - -<p>1 quart of spruce beer or cider per man per day, -or nine gallons of molasses per company of 100 -men per week.</p> - -<p>3 lb. candles to 100 men per week for guards.</p> - -<p>24 lb. of soft or 8 lb. of hard soap for 100 -men per week."<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor"><sup>39</sup></a></p> -</blockquote> - - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span></p> - -<p>The rations mentioned in orderly books or journals were -the same as the above except that butter was added in some cases -and a pint of rum was allowed on the day a man was on fatigue duty -or on special occasions,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor"><sup>40</sup></a> but in the large the rations given at the -beginning of the war by congress were followed whenever there were -supplies enough to admit of any definite plan being followed. -The officers received rations according to their rank.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor"><sup>41</sup></a></p> - -<p>Thus would have ended the story of the revolutionary -soldiers food if the theory had been practicable, but as it was -not, there is a different story to tell. The conditions on the -march to Quebec with Arnold were almost unendurable. The march was -only started when the soldiers were put on short rations receiving -three-fourths of a pound of meat and bread instead of a whole pound,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor"><sup>42</sup></a> -and as they proceeded the conditions only grew worse until when they -were not yet nearing their destination the last of the flour was -divided. There were just seven pints for each man. That amount was -to last seven days, thus each man had a pint a day to live on and -that had to be divided into a gill for breakfast, half a pint for -dinner and the remaining gill for supper. It was mixed with clear -water with no salt and laid on the coals to heat a little and then -was nibbled as the soldiers marched on or else it was boiled like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> -starch and eaten in that fashion.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor"><sup>43</sup></a> It happened sometimes that some -soldier had the good fortune to kill a partridge, much to his joy, -for that meant soup could be made.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor"><sup>44</sup></a> The condition only grew worse -instead of better and all the food was gone, the next move was to -kill the dogs which were in camp<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor"><sup>45</sup></a> even the legs and claws were boiled -for soup. When the situation had become so acute that the soldiers -had given up their moose skin moccasins to boil in an attempt to get -a little nourishment,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor"><sup>46</sup></a> a moose was killed, a halt was called and soup -was made for the hungry soldiers of the entire animal, hoofs, horns -and all.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor"><sup>47</sup></a></p> - -<p>If we follow the division of the army which was sent -against the Indians in Sullivan's expedition in 1779, the conditions -will be found to be somewhat different for that march was made during -the summer and fall rather than fall and winter as the march to Quebec -had been, and besides the western campaign was into a country -which abounded in beans, peas, corn, cucumbers, pumpkins, squashes, -and watermelons.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor"><sup>48</sup></a></p> - -<p>The soldiers were short on rations<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor"><sup>49</sup></a> and out of bread,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> -but it was not felt so keenly because of the substitutes they could -get.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor"><sup>50</sup></a> The main object of the expedition was to devastate the Indian's -land and one duty was to destroy or take all the food which came in -their way. When the soldiers came to a field of corn, their first -duty was to feast on it and then destroy all they could not use or -carry away with them.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor"><sup>51</sup></a> If the corn was in a condition for roasting, -they did that or made succatash; if it was too hard for roasting -they converted some old tin kettles found in the Indian villages into -large graters by punching holes in the bottom. Then one of the -military duties of the soldiers was to grate the corn into a coarse -meal which was mixed with boiled pumpkins or squash and kneaded into -cakes and baked on the coals<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor"><sup>52</sup></a> and even that coarse food was relished -by the men when fatigued after a long march.</p> - -<p>This rather amusing entry, yet terrible if true, is -found in one diary of the expedition "July 7—I eat part of a fryed -Rattle Snake to day which would have tasted very well had it not -been snake".<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor"><sup>53</sup></a></p> - -<p>The conditions in the camp were somewhat different than -those on the march for in camp what the rations were depended on the -amount of supplies. If they were plentiful, full rations could be -drawn by each soldier, but when they were scarce each soldier had -to take less. The time and place of drawing supplies seemed to vary -with circumstances, and no definite plan was followed.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span></p> - -<p>It is a mistake to think that the soldier of the American -Revolution was always suffering for the want of food. The picture -drawn for us most often is that of the distressing conditions. -There was a brighter side, although it is true that the soldier -suffered many times. When the camps were situated in or near an -agricultural community the farmers swarmed to camp with their produce -charging exorbitant prices, but if the soldier had any money -he was usually willing to buy. In the course of eight days the -caterer of a single mess purchased three barrels of cider, seven -bushels of chestnuts, four of apples, at twelve shillings a bushel, -and a wild turkey<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor"><sup>54</sup></a> which weighed over seventeen pounds.</p> - -<p>In winter when there was no produce to be brought in -and no way of securing provisions the story was not so bright. -The conditions at Valley Forge are quite well known. How the rations -were cut down until it was "Fire cakes and Water" for breakfast, -and water and fire cakes for dinner<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor"><sup>55</sup></a> or how the soldiers ate -every kind of horse feed but hay<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor"><sup>56</sup></a>, and often they were without meat -for eight or ten days<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor"><sup>57</sup></a> and longer without vegetables.</p> - -<p>Supplies were gathered from every conceivable source, -sometimes cows were part of the supply company, taken along for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> -purpose of supplying milk. One man writes in his diary his appreciation -of a cow which supplied them milk on the march with Sullivan's -expedition.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor"><sup>58</sup></a></p> - -<p>The methods used at that time for cooking seem very simple -and inefficient now. Huge bake ovens were built in the camp -and whenever there was flour to use, bakers baked the bread for the -camp.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor"><sup>59</sup></a> The quality of the bread furnished in that way was certainly -not beyond reproach for often it was sour and unwholesome.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor"><sup>60</sup></a></p> - -<p>There were huts built for kitchens, one for each company -and there the soldiers took turns cooking for their company<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor"><sup>61</sup></a> -or else each soldier cooked his own food over an open fire. At -times the fuel became so scarce that the fences<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor"><sup>62</sup></a> around the camp -were torn down and burned, and after that the food had to be eaten -raw because of the lack of fuel.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor"><sup>63</sup></a> If there was material to be -used for fuel and other supplies some distance from the camp, it -was no uncommon sight to see soldiers yoked together acting the part -of horses<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor"><sup>64</sup></a> in order to get the supplies to camp.</p> - -<p>Today, this question of food for the revolutionary -soldier, in the light of present day events, looks rather inefficient -and unscientific.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p> - -<p>When there was plenty the soldiers feasted, when food -was scarce they fasted, but it must be remembered that there was -no dependable supply, no directing force, and no distributing agency, -and beside those hindrances there were no ways of preserving food -as there are today.</p> - -<p>A naked or half clothed army did not make a very imposing -looking force, even if they did have a place to live and something -to eat. They had to have something to wear if they were to meet the -enemy on the field. Steuben wrote "The description of the dress is -most easily given. The men were literally naked some of them in -the fullest extent of the word. The officers who had coats had them -of every color and make. I saw officers at a grand parade at Valley -Forge mounting Guard in a sort of dressing gown made of an old blanket -or woolen bed cover".<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor"><sup>65</sup></a> This description, no doubt was appropriate -for part of the army, part of the time, but not for all the army -all the time.</p> - -<p>The troops as they were assembled at Boston did present -a peculiar picture, each person wearing the costume best suited to -his individual notion of a suitable uniform, with a tendency toward -frill, ruffles, and feathers, each thinking that the gorgeousness -added to the dignity and effectiveness of the whole. Some were in -citizens clothes, some in the hunting shirt of the back-woodsman, -and some even in the blanket of the Indian, for, it was the notion -of some, that riflemen should ape the manners of the savage.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor"><sup>66</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span></p> - -<p>Washington took the matter into consideration and -wrote congress "I find the Army in general and the Troops raised -in Massachusetts in particular very deficient in necessary clothing -upon Inquiry there appears no probability of obtaining any supplies -in this quarter and the best consideration of this matter I am able -to form I am of the opinion that a number of hunting shirts not less -than ten thousand would in a great Degree remove this difficulty -in the cheapest and quickest manner I know nothing in a Speculative -view more trivial yet if put in practice would have a happier Tendency -to unite the men and abolish those provincial Distractions which -lead to jealousy and dissatisfaction".<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor"><sup>67</sup></a></p> - -<p>He suggested the hunting shirt because it was cheap -and "besides it is a dress justly supposed to carry no small terror -to the enemy who think every such person a complete marksman".<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor"><sup>68</sup></a></p> - -<p>It was decided that the hunting shirt should be used -and also that the continental government should supply the clothing -and then ten per cent of each man's wages should be withheld each -month.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor"><sup>69</sup></a> The quartermaster general had charge of the clothing supply -and at regular intervals he was supposed to distribute clothing to -the soldier, but the supply varied to such an extent that no regular -plan could be followed.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></p> - -<p>The following was considered an ordinary man's outfit -for a year:</p> - - -<ul class="index"> - <li class="isub2">Two linen hunting shirts,</li> - <li class="isub2">Two pairs of overalls,</li> - <li class="isub2">A leathern or woolen waist coat with sleeves,</li> - <li class="isub2">A pair of breeches,</li> - <li class="isub2">A hat or leathern cap,</li> - <li class="isub2">Two shirts,</li> - <li class="isub2">Two pair of hose,</li> - <li class="isub2">Two pair of shoes.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor"><sup>70</sup></a></li> -</ul> - - -<p>The whole was to amount to about twenty dollars.</p> - -<p>The soldier was considered in full uniform when he -appeared on parade with "a clean shirt, leggings or stockings, -hair combed, shirt collar buttoned with stock. Hunting shirt, -well put on hat".<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor"><sup>71</sup></a></p> - -<p>Since the material for the hunting shirts was difficult -to get, the officers as well as the men were to dye their shirts in -a uniform manner.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor"><sup>72</sup></a></p> - -<p>The different ranks of a soldier were shown by the hunting -shirt. A captain's was short and fringed, the private's short -and plain, the sergeant's was to have a small white cuff and be -plain, and the drummer's was to have a dark cuff. Both officers and -soldiers were to have hats cut round and bound with black, the brims<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> -of the hats were to be two inches deep and cocked on one side with -a button and a loop, and a cockade which was to be worn on the left -side. There was also a distinction made by the wearing of a certain -colored cockade in the hat. The field officers were red or pink, -the captain yellow or buff, and the subaltern green.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor"><sup>73</sup></a></p> - -<p>The material for the soldier's clothing was supplied by -the various colonies. The following resolution is typical of -numerous ones passed by the different colonies. "That a quanity -of home made cloth or other if that can't be obtained as far as -may be of a brown or cloth colour, sufficient for three thousand -coats and the same number of waist coats and as many blankets as -can be obtained in the colony 3000 felt hats, cloth of check Flannel -or some linen if that can't be obtained sufficient for six -thousand shirts and also six thousand pairs of shoes"<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor"><sup>74</sup></a> or as in -Massachusetts a committee was appointed to collect four thousand -pairs of stockings.</p> - -<p>The material after being collected was made up by regimental -tailors, the commanding officer was to make a report as to -the number of tailors employed in the regiment and also whether -there were not more tailors in the regiment than were employed -in making clothing.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor"><sup>75</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></p> - -<p>The women at home aided very materially in the clothing -problem by their spinning, knitting and collecting of linen.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor"><sup>76</sup></a> -When persons called on Mrs. Washington, whether she was at home or -in camp, they usually found her knitting and she had sixteen spinning -wheels running at one time.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor"><sup>77</sup></a> Other women all over the country -followed her example.</p> - -<p>Instances, almost without number, are mentioned in diaries -and journals of the nakedness of the army, some without shoes, -with only pieces of blankets wrapped around their feet,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor"><sup>78</sup></a> thousands -without blankets,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor"><sup>79</sup></a> others with their shirts in strings,<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor"><sup>80</sup></a> and added -to all that the paymaster without a dollar and the quartermaster -in almost the same situation.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor"><sup>81</sup></a></p> - -<p>Even the soldiers had to suffer from the want of clothing -yet they were able to see the funny side of the situation. -The story is told in one diary of a party that was given by an officer -for which invitations were extended to all, the only restriction -being that no one with a whole pair of breeches could be admitted.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor"><sup>82</sup></a></p> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37">37.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 58.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38">38.</a> <i>Journals of Congress</i>, Vol. II, p. 190.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39">39.</a> <i>Journals of Congress</i>, Vol. III, p. 322.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40">40.</a> See, Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, App. and Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 62.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41">41.</a> See, Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 62.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42">42.</a> Meigs, <i>Journal</i>, (Oct. 15, 1775) p. 233.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43">43.</a> Thayer, <i>Journal</i>, (Oct. 28, 1775) p. 12.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44">44.</a> Ibid.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45">45.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution</i>, p. 100, and -Thayer, <i>Journal</i>, Nov. 1, 1775.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46">46.</a> Thayer, <i>Journal</i>, (Nov. 1, 1775) p. 14.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47">47.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution</i>, p. 100.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48">48.</a> Barton, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. 27, 1779) p. 7; Burrows, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. -27, 1779) p. 43.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49">49.</a> Burrows, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. 30, 1779) p. 44; Hubley, <i>Journal</i>, (Oct. -1, 1779), p. 166.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50">50.</a> Barton, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. 27, 1779), p. 7.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51">51.</a> Burrows, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. 27, 1779) p. 43; Fogg, <i>Journal</i> (Aug. -29, 1779) p. 94.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52">52.</a> Davis, <i>Journal</i>, Hist. Mag. Ser. 2, Vol. III, p. 203.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53">53.</a> Dearborn, <i>Journal</i>, (July 7, 1779) p. 74.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54">54.</a> Trevelyan, <i>American Revolution</i>, Vol. I, p. 327.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55">55.</a> Waldo, <i>Journal</i> (Dec. 21, 1777) p. 132.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56">56.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 180.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57">57.</a> Ibid., p. 80.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58">58.</a> Hubley, <i>Journal</i>, (Oct. 1, 1779) p. 166.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59">59.</a> Roger, <i>Journal</i>, (June 24, 1779) p. 248.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60">60.</a> Coits, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (July 7, 1770) p. 36.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61">61.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, (Nov. 21) p. 127, and (Dec. 3, 1775) p. 131.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62">62.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 141.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63">63.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 141.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64">64.</a> Lossing, <i>Life of Washington</i>, Vol. VI, p. 572.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65">65.</a> Kapp, <i>Life of Steuben</i>, pp. 116–117.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66">66.</a> Henry, <i>Journal</i>, in Penn. Ar. Ser. 2, Vol. XV, p. 59.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67">67.</a> Ford, <i>Washington Writings</i>, Vol. III, p. 13.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68">68.</a> Ibid.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69">69.</a> Ibid. and "Uniforms of the American Army" in <i>Mag. of Am. Hist.</i>, -Vol. I, p. 476.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70">70.</a> Elbert, <i>Orderly Book</i>, p. 7.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71">71.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (Aug. 18, 1776), p. 77.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72">72.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (April 3, 1776), p. 13.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73">73.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (April 3, 1776), p. 13.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74">74.</a> Elbert, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (Mar. 16, 1708) p. 8.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75">75.</a> <i>American Archives</i>, Ser. 5, Vol. I., pp. 302, 456.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76">76.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 234.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77">77.</a> Humphreys, <i>Catherine Schuyler</i>, p. 171.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78">78.</a> Shreve, <i>Journal</i>, Am. Hist., Mag. Vol. III, p. 568.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79">79.</a> Thacher, <i>Journal</i>, May 26, 1775.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80">80.</a> Waldo, <i>Diary</i>, (Dec. 14, 1777) p. 130.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81">81.</a> Ford, <i>Washington Writings</i>, Vol. III, p. 146.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82">82.</a> Kapp, <i>Life of Steuben</i>, p. 119.</p> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Chapter III<br /> -<span class="small">HEALTH AND SANITATION</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The health of the soldier was not entirely forgotten. -Those in authority made an attempt to prevent or at least to lessen -the pain and suffering of those who were taken sick or were wounded -in army service, but often the measures of prevention instituted, -the methods of checking contagion and the means of allienating pain -were of the crudest sort and to us of the twentieth century they -seem almost inhuman. It must be remembered that not even our simple -remedies of today were known then, not to mention our modern -methods of combating disease.</p> - -<p>The continental congress thought of that phase of army -conditions and on July 25, 1775, the following provisions were made. -For an army of twenty thousand men a hospital was to be established -under the direction of a Director General, his salary was to be -four dollars per day. He was to superintend the whole, furnish -the medicines and bedding and make a report to and receive orders -from the commander-in-chief. Under the director there were to be -four surgeons, one apothecary and twenty surgeons' mates, each receiving -two-thirds of a dollar per day, whose duty it was to visit -and attend the sick. There was also to be a matron who had under -her direction the nurses, one for every ten sick soldiers.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor"><sup>83</sup></a> Then -in July 1776, the resolution was passed that the number of hospital -surgeons and mates was to be increased in proportion to the increase -in size of the army not to exceed one surgeon and five mates to -every five thousand men and to be reduced as the army was reduced.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span></p> - -<p>Dr. Church was appointed by congress as director, but -before October 14, 1775, he had been taken into custody for holding -correspondence with the enemy<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor"><sup>84</sup></a>, and on October 17, 1775, Dr. Morgan -was elected in his stead.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor"><sup>85</sup></a> But even after the new director was appointed -there was still room for complaint for Washington wrote to -Congress "I am amazed to hear the complaints of the hospital on the -east side of Hudson's river. * * * I -will not pretend to point out the causes; but I know matters have -been strangely conducted in the medical line. I hope your new appointment -when it is made, will make the necessary reform in the -hospital, and that I shall not, be shocked with the complaints and -looks of poor creatures perishing for want of proper care, either in -the regimental or hospital surgeons".<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor"><sup>86</sup></a></p> - -<p>Congress had made several attempts to organize the hospitals -and in July 1776, resolutions had been passed which defined more -fully the duties of the various officials both of the departmental -and the regimental hospitals.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor"><sup>87</sup></a> There was to be a director and under -him the directors of the various departmental hospitals.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor"><sup>88</sup></a> But since<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> -there were only a few departmental hospitals and those few often a -long distance from the scene of battle it became necessary to have -branch hospitals or regimental hospitals. At the head of those -were persons known as regimental surgeons, who were to make reports -of expenses, and lists of the sick to the director of the departmental -hospital and receive supplies from him.</p> - -<p>The plan was then that the soldiers were to be cared -for by the regimental surgeon as long as it was possible and then -they were to be sent to the departmental hospital for further care.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor"><sup>89</sup></a> -These two systems seemed to interfere with each others work and -there was always jealousy existing between the director of the general -hospital and the surgeons of the regiment. "There will be -nothing but continued complaints of each other; the director of the -hospital charging them with enormity in their drafts for the sick -and they him with the same for denying such things as are necessary. -In short there is a constant bickering among them which tends greatly -to the injury of the sick * * * -The regimental surgeons are aiming, I am persuaded, to break up the -general hospital."</p> - -<p>The two most representative departmental hospitals -were, it might be said at Bethlehem and Sunbury, but there were others -at Reading, Lititz and Ephrata. Bethlehem was a Moravian village -and was in the midst of military affairs almost continually from -1775 to 1781; in fact it was twice the seat of a hospital. On -December 3, 1776, an order was sent to the committee of the town of -Bethlehem as follows:</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p> - -<p>"Gentlemen,—According to his excellency General Washington's -Orders, the General Hospital of the Army is removed to -Bethlehem and you will do the greatest Act of humanity by immediately -providing proper buildings for their reception the largest and -most capacious will be the most convenient. I doubt not, Gentlemen -but you will act upon this occasion as becomes men and christians -* * * "<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor"><sup>90</sup></a></p> - -<p>It was by the above process that the little peace loving -village of Bethlehem and many others like it were thrown into -confusion and dwelling houses or other buildings were turned into -hospitals, the men began to play the part of nurses, to help care for -the sick and dying sent from camp, and the women prepared lint and -bandages. The buildings which under ordinary circumstances could -accommodate about two hundred were made to accommodate five or -six hundred.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor"><sup>91</sup></a></p> - -<p>The housing accommodations of the regimental hospitals -were even more varied, for they were housed in any thing from a -capital building<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor"><sup>92</sup></a> to a log hut,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor"><sup>93</sup></a> including private homes,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor"><sup>94</sup></a> church,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor"><sup>95</sup></a> -barns, and court house,<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor"><sup>96</sup></a> depending upon what happened to be near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> -the camp. A hut or group of huts were sometimes built for the -purpose in or near the camp. They were built in a manner similar -to the dwelling huts<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor"><sup>97</sup></a> only larger with furnishings as meagre, straw -for the bed<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor"><sup>98</sup></a> tells the tale of equipment.</p> - -<p>But the hospitals were of little value if there were -not able physicians<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor"><sup>99</sup></a> and antiseptics and anaesthetics were almost -unknown. Besides the lack of skill and proper medicine and instruments, -for some of the instruments described are almost unconceivable, -there was a lack of cleanliness in conducting the operations -for that was not insisted upon then as it is today.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor"><sup>100</sup></a> Of hospital -methods Dr. Waldo wrote December 25, 1777, "But we treat them -differently from what they used to be at home under the inspection -of old women and Doct ——, We give them mutton and Grogg and -avoid pudding, pills, and powders."<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor"><sup>101</sup></a> This perhaps was a little -extreme, but it at least reflects the conditions. Thacher described -the awful condition in which soldiers came to the hospital with -wounds covered with putrified blood and full of magots which were -destroyed by the application of tincture of myrrh.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor"><sup>102</sup></a></p> - -<p>Director-General Shippen, in explaining the causes of -the mortality among the soldiers attributed it to; "The want of -clothing and covering necessary to keep the soldiers clean and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> -warm, articles at that time not procurable in the country;—partly -from an army being composed of raw men, unused to camp life and -undisciplined; exposed to great hardships and from the sick and -wounded being removed great distances in open wagons."<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor"><sup>103</sup></a></p> - -<p>As to the kind of disease most prevalent and the number -in the hospitals because of sickness in proportion to those -there because of injuries, some idea can be formed from the hospital -reports sent in weekly from the departmental hospitals.</p> - -<p>Although some of the diseases listed in the reports are -unknown to us now and there is no way of knowing what the proportion -the sick was of the entire army in that section. However, the returns -do state the number sick during the various seasons, and -show in which season of the year there was the most sickness.</p> - -<p>The following are the returns from the Sunbury hospital -for the four seasons of the year, spring, summer, fall and winter.</p> - - -<p class="in0 center p2t"><i>March 6 to 13, 1780</i></p> - -<table summary="Statistics"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">"Wounded</td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dysenteria</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diorrhoea</td> - <td class="tdr1">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rheumatism</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ophthalmia</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Asthma</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulcers</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr1">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> Total</td> - <td class="tdr">10"<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor"><sup>104</sup></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span></p> - - -<p class="in0 center p2t"><i>July 13 to September 22 1779</i></p> - -<table summary="Statistics"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">"Pleurisy</td> - <td class="tdr1">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Peripneumony</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Angina</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rheumatism</td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bilious fever</td> - <td class="tdr1">8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Intermitting fever</td> - <td class="tdr1">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Putrid fever</td> - <td class="tdr1">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dysentery</td> - <td class="tdr1">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dyarrhea</td> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gravel</td> - <td class="tdr1">12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cough and Consumpt.</td> - <td class="tdr1">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hernia</td> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lues</td> - <td class="tdr1">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Epilepsy</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Itch</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulcers</td> - <td class="tdr1">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wounded</td> - <td class="tdr1">33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr1">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> Total</td> - <td class="tdr">126"<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor"><sup>105</sup></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span></p> - - -<p class="in0 center p2t"><i>November 1 to 7 1779</i></p> - -<table summary="Statistics"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">"Dysentery</td> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diorrhoea</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rheumatis</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Intermit.</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">B. Remit.</td> - <td class="tdr1">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Asthma</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ophthalnia</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulcers</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wounded</td> - <td class="tdr1">11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr1">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> Total</td> - <td class="tdr">30"<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor"><sup>106</sup></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p class="in0 center p2t"><i>January 24 to 31 1980</i></p> - -<table summary="Statistics"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">"Wounded</td> - <td class="tdr1">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Intermitting fever</td> - <td class="tdr1">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dysenteria</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diarrhoea</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Asthma</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ophthalnia</td> - <td class="tdr1">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rheumatism</td> - <td class="tdr1">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulcers</td> - <td class="tdr1">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr1">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> Total</td> - <td class="tdr">15"<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor"><sup>107</sup></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span></p> - -<p>If the above tables are any index at all the most -dangerous season was summer in spite of the crowded unsanitary conditions -of the winter quarters. They also show that the number in -hospitals due to sickness was larger that the number due to injuries -received in battle.</p> - -<p>Smallpox was one of the most dreaded of all the diseases, -mostly because there were few ways of combating the disease. Inoculation -was only slightly known and there was much opposition to it, -even sermons were preached on the question it was so much discussed.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor"><sup>108</sup></a> -The British knew the New England people were especially opposed to it -and were known to send out spies to spread the disease in the American -camp which Shreve wrote "killed more Yankees than they did".<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor"><sup>109</sup></a></p> - -<p>The disease was especially serious in the Northern army -causing greater dread than the enemy.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor"><sup>110</sup></a></p> - -<p>Thacher in his <i>Military Journal</i> emphasizes another disease -which caused a great deal of suffering but strange to say there -was only one remedy for it and that was a furlough for the disease -was home-sickness. In reality that was a fact which caused anxious -moments for General Washington for the men were continually trying -to bribe the physicians to declare that they were unfit for duty.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor"><sup>111</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span></p> - -<p>Other provisions were made for the health of the soldiers -besides the establishment of hospitals. The others were along the -line of prevention, such as keeping the tents and huts clean and dry, -the careful preparation of food, the washing of clothes, caring for -refuse,<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor"><sup>112</sup></a> and the soldiers own personal cleanliness.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor"><sup>113</sup></a></p> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83">83.</a> <i>Journals of Congress</i>, Vol. II, pp. 209, 210, 211.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84">84.</a> <i>Journals of Congress</i>, Vol. III, p. 294.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85">85.</a> Ibid., p. 296.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86">86.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. V, p. 204.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87">87.</a> <i>Journals of Congress</i>, Vol. II, p. 568.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88">88.</a> The country was divided into departments or divisions and in -each department there was what was called a general departmental hospital, -in distinction to the regimental hospitals where the soldier -received immediate care, before being sent to the general hospital.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89">89.</a> Coit, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 7, 1775) p. 36.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90">90.</a> Jordon, "Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during the -Revolution" in <i>Penn. Mag.</i> Vol. XV, p. 137.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91">91.</a> Jordon, "Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during the -Revolution" in <i>Penn. Mag.</i> Vol. XX, p. 137.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92">92.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 11, 1776) p. 49.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93">93.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 70.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94">94.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 31.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95">95.</a> Ibid., p. 112.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96">96.</a> Jordon, "Continental Hospital Returns, 1777–1780," <i>Penn. Mag.</i> -Vol. XXIII, p. 38.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97">97.</a> Chastellux, <i>Travels in America</i>, p. 70.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98">98.</a> Elbert, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (Feb., 11, 1778) p. 101.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99">99.</a> <i>American Archives</i>, Ser. V, Vol. III, Col. 1584.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100">100.</a> Goodale, <i>British and Colonial Army Surgeon</i>, p. 10.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101">101.</a> Dr. Waldo, <i>Diary</i> (Dec. 25, 1777) p. 31.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102">102.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 112.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103">103.</a> Jordon, "Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during the -Revolution" <i>Penn. Mag.</i> Vol. XV, p. 137.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104">104.</a> Jordon, "Continental Hospital Returns 1777–1780", <i>Penn. Mag.</i> -Vol. XXIII, p. 219.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105">105.</a> Jordon, "Continental Hospital Returns 1777–1780". <i>Penn. Mag.</i>, -Vol. XXIII, p. 211.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106">106.</a> Jordon, "Continental Hospitals Returns, 1777–1780", <i>Penn. Mag.</i> -Vol. XXIII, p. 216.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107">107.</a> Ibid., p. 217.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108">108.</a> Sermon quoted in <i>Mass. Hist. Soc. Pro. Ser. 1</i>, Vol. IX, p. 275.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109">109.</a> Shreve, <i>Journal</i> In <i>Am. Hist. Mag.</i>, Vol. III, p. 565.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110">110.</a> <i>American Archives</i>, Ser. 5, Vol. I, p. 145.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111">111.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 447.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112">112.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 5.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113">113.</a> Coit, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 1, 1775.), p. 15.</p> -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Chapter IV<br /> -<span class="small">RECREATION IN CAMP</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>If there must be a certain proportion of work and play -in every one's life to make for efficiency, then the soldier of the -Revolutionary War was far below normal in the scale of efficiency -for recreation in any organized form is found to have been entirely -lacking.</p> - -<p>But before too severe a judgment is placed upon this -lack of recreation the conditions the soldier left at home must be -studied. Recreation as such had not been a part of his daily routine. -It has been estimated that nine-tenths of the people lived in rural -districts leaving only one-tenth for the cities,<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor"><sup>114</sup></a> an estimate which -no doubt is true. The people had never thought of the problems of -bad housing, congestion, or recreation. They had had the whole of -nature for their home and the whole of the frontier to wrestle with.</p> - -<p>Speaking of the people a generation or two later, Dr. F. -L. Paxson says in <i>The Rise of Sport</i>, "The fathers of this generation -had been sober lot unable to bend without breaking, living a life of -rigid and puritanical decorum interspersed perhaps with disease and -drunkedness, but unenlivened for most of them by spontaneous play."<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor"><sup>115</sup></a></p> - -<p>Thus in studying the life of the soldier at home before -he went into the army camp, even the slightest traces of twentieth -century recreation are found to have been lacking, but that does -not mean that those people never forgot their work. It would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> -hard to find a more hospitable group. They were never too busy to -entertain. There was the occasional jollification with rum or beer, -the card party, the ball, the concert, the theater, and of a more rural -type the picnic and the "corn husking".<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor"><sup>116</sup></a></p> - -<p>The conditions in camp were different than those at home. -The problems of bad housing, congestion and recreation were then factors -to be considered. There was the small unsanitary and poorly -ventilated hut with twelve to sixteen men and sometimes even more -crowded into it. When the troops first went into winter quarters -there was plenty to do in the way of exercise for there were logs -to cut and huts to build, but those were soon completed and the men -were crowded together with nothing to do.</p> - -<p>Something had to happen, the monotony of the dreary days -had to be broken. This was brought about in several ways.</p> - -<p>Often the punishments ordered by the court martial were -administered publicly in camp just to enliven the common routine. -When a man was sentenced to death, but had been pardoned by those -in charge, the force of going through the punishment was carried out.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> -The condemned man was brought to the side of his newly dug grave, -he was bound and blind-folded, the firing party got in position, -the fire lock even snapped, and as might have been expected, the culprit -sometimes died of the shock.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor"><sup>117</sup></a></p> - -<p>The hanging of a man was a gala day in camp and the -place of hanging was almost as popular as an amusement park of today; -"Five soldiers were conducted to the gallows according to their sentences. -For the crimes of desertion and robbing the inhabitants, -a detachment of troops and a concourse of people formed a circle -around the gallows and the criminal were brought in on a cart sitting -on their coffins and halters about their necks"<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor"><sup>118</sup></a></p> - -<p>It was frequently stated in the sentence given by court -martial that the punishment whatever it was, riding the wooden horse, -riding the rail, receiving the biblical "Thirty-nine" lashes, or -running the gauntlet,<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor"><sup>119</sup></a> was to take place at some time when all the -soldiers were together as at the beating<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor"><sup>120</sup></a> of the retreat or at the -head of the regiment.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor"><sup>121</sup></a> Punishments ordered by court martial in that -way served two purposes. They furnished amusement for the soldiers -at the same time the purpose for which they were intended, that of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> -making an example of the misbehavior of one of the soldiers.</p> - -<p>While the Virginia riflemen were in camp at the siege -of Boston there was a practice which served both as a source of -amusement and as a display of marksmanship. There were two brothers, -one of whom would place a board five inches wide and seven inches -long with a bit of white paper in the middle of it about the size -of a dollar, between his knees while the other at about sixty yards -distance would shoot eight bullets through it without injuring the -brother.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor"><sup>122</sup></a></p> - -<p>The duel was another common practice which seemed to -furnish amusement besides deciding the honor of some individual.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor"><sup>123</sup></a></p> - -<p>Hunting, too, was a means of cheering the dreary days, -but this too was often "Killing two birds with one stone", for often -the soldiers went hunting to provide the regular rations, but at -other times it was done just for the sake of the sport to be found -in it. The following is taken from a New York paper of December -12, 1785. "A Fox hunt. The Gentlemen of the army with a number of -the most respectable inhabitants of Ulsler and Orange purpose a Fox -Hunt on the twenty third day of this instant to which all Gentlemen -are invited with their hounds and their horses. The game is -plenty and it is hoped the sport will be pleasant * * * "<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor"><sup>124</sup></a>.</p> - -<p>Along with the hunting frays went fishing<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor"><sup>125</sup></a> and nutting<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor"><sup>126</sup></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> -trips which added a little variety to the ordinary camp scenes. -There were several days celebrated by the Americans at that time -which meant a holiday for the soldier with perhaps an extra allowance -of rum<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor"><sup>127</sup></a> or meat. Some of those days were Christmas, Thanksgiving, -Fourth of July, May day, Commemoration of the French Alliance, -or a celebration following a victory. The celebration usually -consisted of a parade, a sermon by the chaplain followed -by a banquet and perhaps a dance for the officers, and extra rations -for the privates.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor"><sup>128</sup></a></p> - -<p>Another celebration mentioned by several diaries and -one which seemed to be a joyful occasion was as one writer said -"and (we) convert(ed) the evening to celebrate as usual wives and -sweethearts which we do in plenty of grog".<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor"><sup>129</sup></a></p> - -<p>There were a few games which served to shorten some of -the long dreary days for the soldier, some of them were; fives,<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor"><sup>130</sup></a> -shinny,<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor"><sup>131</sup></a> goal,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor"><sup>132</sup></a> ball<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor"><sup>133</sup></a> and a kind of football.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor"><sup>134</sup></a> No description of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> -above games has been found, but to judge by the context they were -all outdoor games.</p> - -<p>The diversions discussed so far in this chapter have -all been outdoor games, but the real test came when the soldiers -were crowded into the huts during the winter months with nothing to -think of but their own miserable conditions. Since no one had thought -of organizing the soldier's leisure time he had to invent something -for himself. The first things thought of, naturally, were the amusements -which had existed at home. Card playing came to his mind, but -in the army the game of cards or any other game of chance was absolutely -forbidden by order of congress and the commander-in-chief. -"Any officer, non-commissioned officers, or soldier who shall hereafter -be detected playing at toss up, pitch and hustle or any other -games of chance in or near the camp or villages bording on the encampments -shall with out delay be confined and punished for disobedience -of orders * * * The general does not -mean by the above order to discourage sports of exercise and recreation, -he only means to discontinuance and punish gaming".<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor"><sup>135</sup></a> In another -order Washington said, "Men may find enough to do in the service -of their God and their country without abandoning themselves -to vice and immorality".<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor"><sup>136</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p> - -<p>Dancing had been another form of entertainment at home -but that too was usually impossible because of the lack of room. -That was especially true at Valley Forge and other camps, but at -Morristown, however, a large room in the commissariat store house -was reserved for dancing,<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor"><sup>137</sup></a> lodge meetings, and the like for the masons -had chapters in the army camps.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor"><sup>138</sup></a></p> - -<p>At home the soldier had also had his friends and dinner -parties, now he had soldier friends, but the only way for him to keep -in touch with former friends was by letters and that was a very irregular -and uncertain way for mail could only be sent from camp or -brought to camp when some one was going home on a furlough or new -recruits were coming into camp.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor"><sup>139</sup></a> The nearest the soldier came to -his social dinner and evening at home was the rallies from barracks -to barracks when every body who could sing sang.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor"><sup>140</sup></a></p> - -<p>As for the officers in camp, their leisure time was better -provided for. They lived in better quarters, generally, at least -larger ones. They, too, had the advantage of being entertained at -the homes of the people living in the vicinity of the camp. Even -if one's imagination must be drawn upon in order to make the recreation -of the private seem recreational, at least, there was a side of -camp life which presented a more pleasant picture "If our forefathers -bled and suffered they also danced and feasted."<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor"><sup>141</sup></a> The letters and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> -diaries of the young officers tell of the gaiety of the war. Even -in midst of the gloom at Valley Forge there was drinking from cabin -to cabin and dinners in honor of visiting foreigners. No sooner was -the army in winter quarters than the ladies began to appear, for -Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Greene, and Mrs. Knox made it a practice to -spend the winters with their husbands. Mrs. Washington was in the -habit of saying that she always heard the last cannon fired in the -fall and the first one in the spring.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor"><sup>142</sup></a></p> - -<p>As soon as the wives appeared, the gaiety began among the -families of the officers, the dinner was the favorite method of bringing -the families together. "General Greene and his lady present -their compliments to Colonel Knox and his lady and should be glad for -their company tomorrow at dinner at two o'clock".<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor"><sup>143</sup></a> Often the dinners -were in name rather than in reality, for officers and privates -suffered alike when food was scarce, but the social time did not -depend entirely upon the supply of food. One such dinner is described -as having been potatoes with beech-nuts for dessert.</p> - -<p>The usual round of pleasure for the officers was dancing, -dinners, teas, sleighing parties, horse-back parties, or the celebration -of some day or event. Of the dance General Greene wrote on -March 19, 1779, "We had a little dance at my quarters a few evenings -past. His excellency and Mrs. Greene danced three hours without one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> -sitting down upon the whole we had a pretty little frisk".<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor"><sup>144</sup></a> -Another such affair is described as follows: "There were subscription -balls in the commissary store house at which Washington in black -velvet, the foreign commanders in all their gold lace, General Steuben -being particularly replendent and the ladies in powdered hair, stiff -brocades and high heels made a brilliant company."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor"><sup>145</sup></a></p> - -<p>In the large it can be said that, the recreation of the -American soldier during the Revolutionary War, was invented to supply -the need felt rather than an institution thought out before. -Some of the practices would hardly be classed as recreation, but -they helped to break the monotony and that was the object desired -whether it was by enjoying a fellow soldier's punishment or playing -an innocent game of ball.</p> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114">114.</a> Sherrill, <i>French Memories of 18th Century America</i>, p. 181.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115">115.</a> Paxson, F. L., "<i>The Rise of Sports.</i>" <i>Miss. Valley Hist. Review</i> -Vol. IV. p. 143.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116">116.</a> The facts pertaining to society at home has been collected from -books of travel of the period just previous to the war; Chastellux, -<i>Travels In America</i>; Sherrill, <i>French Memories of 18th Century -America</i> and others.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117">117.</a> Belcher, <i>The First American Civil War</i>, Vol. II, p. 83.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118">118.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, (April 20, 1779) p. 158.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119">119.</a> Barton, <i>Journal</i> (Aug. 22, 1779) p. 7., Hearts, <i>Journal</i> -Sept. 9, 1785.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120">120.</a> Hearts, <i>Journal</i> (Sept. 9, 1785) p. 68.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121">121.</a> Coits, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (July 10, 1775), p. 43.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122">122.</a> <i>Virginia Gazetta</i>, 1775 quoted Hart & Hill, p. 229.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123">123.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i> (Feb. 1779) 155.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124">124.</a> <i>New York Packet</i>, Dec. 12, 1782, quoted in <i>Am. Hist. Mag.</i> Vol. III -p. 389.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125">125.</a> Elmer, <i>Journal</i> (June 24, 1779) p. 81, Livermore, <i>Journal</i> (May 27, 1779) -p. 180.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126">126.</a> <i>Military Journal of Two Private Soldiers</i>, p. 77.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127">127.</a> Clinton, <i>Order Book</i> quoted by Headley, p. 265.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128">128.</a> McHendry, <i>Journal</i>, (Dec. 9) p. 211, and (Sept. 25, 1779) p. 207. -Blake, <i>Journal</i>, (July 5, 1779) p. 39; Linermore, <i>Journal</i>, (July -5), p. 182; and (Sept. 25, 1779), p. 188; Norris, <i>Journal</i>, (July -5, 1779), p. 225., Hardenberger, <i>Journal</i> (Sept. 25, 1779) p. 184.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129">129.</a> Burrows, <i>Journal</i>, (Oct., 2, 1779) p. 50, Elmer, <i>Journal</i>, (July -3, 1779) p. 84.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130">130.</a> Shute, <i>Journal</i>, (June 13 and 14, 1779) p. 268.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131">131.</a> Ibid., (July 23, 1779) p. 264.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132">132.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, p. 118.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133">133.</a> Ibid. and <i>Military Journal of Two Private Soldiers</i>, p. 70.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134">134.</a> Fitch, <i>Journal</i>, (Sept. 14, 1775) p. 57.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135">135.</a> Washington, <i>Orderly Book</i>, quoted by Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, -Vol. III, p. 155.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136">136.</a> Washington, <i>Orderly Book</i>, quoted by Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, -Vol. III, p. 429.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137">137.</a> Trevelyan, <i>American Revolution</i>, Vol. IV, p. 54.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138">138.</a> <i>Penn. Archives</i>, Vol. II, p. 18.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139">139.</a> Fitch, <i>Journal</i>, (Dec, 5, 1775), p. 88.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140">140.</a> Humphreys, <i>Catherine Schuyler</i>, p. 177.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141">141.</a> Humphreys, <i>Catherine Schuyler</i>, p. 167.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142">142.</a> Ellet, <i>Domestic History of the Am. Rev.</i>, p. 40.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143">143.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 193.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144">144.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. II, p. 161.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145">145.</a> Humphrey, <i>Catherine Schuyler</i>, p. 176.</p> - -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Chapter V<br /> -<span class="small">RELIGION IN THE CAMP</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>"It is earnestly recommended that all officers and -soldiers diligently to attend Divine Service and all officers and -soldiers who shall behave indecently or irreverently at any place of -Divine worship shall if commissioned officers be brought before a -court martial there to be publicly and severely reprimanded by the -President, if non-commissioned officers or soldiers, every person -so offending shall for his first offence forfeit one sixth of a -Dollar to be deducted out of his next pay, for the second offence -he shall not only forfeit a like sum but be confined for twenty-four -hours and for every like offence shall suffer and pay in like -manner, which money so forfeited shall be applied to the use of -the sick soldiers of the troops or company to which the offender -belongs."<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor"><sup>146</sup></a></p> - -<p>The continental congress in its acts for the regulation -of the Army issued the above orders. Orders also came from headquarters -directing the soldiers actions along religious lines. -"All officers see that their men attend upon prayers morning and -evening also the service on the Lord's Day with their arms and accouterments -ready to march in case of any alarm, that no Drums to -be beaten after the parson is on the stage".<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor"><sup>147</sup></a></p> - -<p>But the religion of the American soldier was more than -an order from the provincial congress or from headquarters. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> -an influence which was an important factor in the soldiers life and -in the war. In the American Revolution perhaps the religious element -was not the paramount factor as it had been in the crusades or the -Puritan Revolution giving character to the whole movement, it rather -stayed in the back ground and supported the political and military -organizations.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor"><sup>148</sup></a></p> - -<p>The pulpit had been a factor in shaping the soldier's life -before he left home, it was a day when newspapers and other means -of disseminating ideas were not very plentiful and the pulpit was -about the only way of reaching the majority of the people. It is -said of one minister who was famous for his bold sermons and his -purely political discourses although they were delivered from the -pulpit he "knows all our best authors and has sometimes cited even -in the pulpit passages from Voltaire and Jean Jaques Rousseau".<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor"><sup>149</sup></a></p> - -<p>The house of representatives of Massachusetts saw the value -of the clergy in shaping public opinion and passed a resolution asking -them to make the question of the rights of the colonies a topic -of their discussions on week days. The pulpit, too, had its place -in the election campaign. There was preached before the governor -and house of representatives of Massachusetts what was called the -"election sermon". It was a sermon preached by the best ministers -of the colony, not exactly as a mere compliment to religion, but with -the object in view of instruction. The ministers did not only deliver -dissertations on the doctrinal truths, but they discussed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> -rights of men, the nature of government and theories of liberty -and equality. The sermons delivered on such occasions do not -seem to be impracticable theological discourses, but rather on the -other hand very practicable. The questions of the day being subjects -discussed; for it was through the medium of the church that -the people received the foundation for their beliefs in political -affairs.</p> - -<p>On Monday the 29th of May, 1771, John Tucker of Newbury -preached the election sermon on the text "Submit yourselves to -every ordinance of men for the Lord's sake whether it be the king -as Supreme". From that as a text he went into a discussion of the -sort of submission which was due to the rulers. In 1773 Charles -Turner preached from Romans and tried to show why it was the right -and duty of the clergy to enter into politics. The next year when -excitement was reaching its height it is interesting to note the -sort of text Rev. Hitchcock of Pembroke took for the basis of his -sermon. It was from Proverbs XXII, 2, "When the righteous are in -authority the people rejoice but when the wicked bear rule the people -mourn".<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor"><sup>150</sup></a> It is not hard to believe that just such sermons and -many others like them had some thing to do with the Revolution as -well as Navigation Acts and Correspondence Committees. Of course -it must be said that since the people did not rise as one man there -was another view to take on the question, but the people were -guided in the opposite view also by the clergy.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor"><sup>151</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p> - -<p>The clergy did more than discuss politics from the pulpit -before the conflict broke for when the war was on in earnest and -troops were being raised the ministers left their pulpits to take -their place in the army not always as chaplains, but sometimes in -the ranks and sometimes as head of the company. In one company of -minute men from Domeers the deacon went as captain and the minister -as lieutenant.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor"><sup>152</sup></a> Besides the part played by the clergy, the church -as a whole was one of the forces working for the care and comfort -of the American Soldier. The churches were turned into barracks -and hospitals.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor"><sup>153</sup></a> Messages of the officers of the army describing -the soldiers' conditions in camp were read from the pulpit on Sunday -Morning; the afternoon congregation would be made up almost entirely -of men, and the women were to be found at home knitting or spinning.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor"><sup>154</sup></a></p> - -<p>When Washington assumed command of the army at Cambridge -he found chaplains attached to different regiments sent from various -colonies, especially from the New England colonies. Some of these -were volunteers without pay and others were appointed by the provincial -congress.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor"><sup>155</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p> - -<p>The chaplain of that war was not like the chaplain of -the present time. A sort of half-soldier, half-minister, never expected -to fight or endure the hardships of the private; on the other -hand he was one of the men on the field, but also reverenced by the -soldiers because of the place he had filled in their activities at -home.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor"><sup>156</sup></a></p> - -<p>At first, as has been noticed, there was no regulation -concerning the appointment and pay of the chaplain by the continental -congress. Washington wrote to congress in December 1775 and said, -"I need not point out the great utility of gentlemen whose lives -and conversation are unexceptionable being employed for that service -in the army".<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor"><sup>157</sup></a> He went on to suggest plans whereby all regiments -might be served by a chaplain. The plan which congress adopted was -of having a chaplain for every two regiments and they fixed the salary -at thirty-three and one-third dollars a month.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor"><sup>158</sup></a> The plan worked -when the soldiers were in camp, but not when they were on the march.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor"><sup>159</sup></a> -In 1776 a chaplain was allowed for each regiment.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor"><sup>160</sup></a></p> - -<p>According to the regulations of the army, there were to -be prayers morning and evening,<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor"><sup>161</sup></a> and on Sunday services were almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> -continuous. There were always two services and often more, the -chaplains from the various regiments preaching in rotation.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor"><sup>162</sup></a></p> - -<p>The places of holding religious meetings varied with -circumstances, services were held in a church<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor"><sup>163</sup></a> in or near camp, on -a college campus,<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor"><sup>164</sup></a> in an opening in the woods,<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor"><sup>165</sup></a> and in a log hut -built for the purpose.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor"><sup>166</sup></a> When the army entered Cambridge, the next -day was Sunday and a stage was erected on the campus by turning up -a rum hogshead.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor"><sup>167</sup></a> On another occasion a pulpit was formed out of -knapsacks piled together.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor"><sup>168</sup></a></p> - -<p>The kind of sermons provided by the chaplains to the -soldiers makes an interesting study, they were always of a practicable -nature. The sermons seemed to fall into two general classes, -one class setting forth the characteristics of a good soldier,<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor"><sup>169</sup></a> and -the other those which had to do with the political and social troubles -of the time.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor"><sup>170</sup></a></p> - -<p>There are records of the attitude of the soldier being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> -changed very materially by some of the sermons heard both concerning -his own personal attitude<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor"><sup>171</sup></a> and his attitude in general toward -the war. The story is related that one time Rev. Gano knew that -a number of the soldiers in his audience were men who had only enlisted -for a few months, hence during the service he made the remark -"he could aver of the truth that our Lord and Saviour approved -of all those who had engaged in His Service for the whole warfare". -The rank and file were much amused and those who enlisted for the -whole war forced many short-term men by their jesting to re-enlist.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor"><sup>172</sup></a></p> - -<p>Another observance which might be considered part of the -soldier's religion, was the day of fasting and prayer ordered by -congress and the officials of the various colonies.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor"><sup>173</sup></a></p> - -<p>There is yet one more effect which grew out of the religious -activities of the soldier while in the army camp. That is -the weakening of the rigid lines which had been drawn between sects. -When the soldier was at home he was, Presbyterian, Anglican, Catholic -or what not, but in the army there was a tendency to forget the -barriers; both Protestant and Catholic services were held, but it -was one of the orders of Washington that no person should make -light of another's religion.<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor"><sup>174</sup></a> It had been the custom of the people -near Boston to celebrate what was called "Pope Day" when they burned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> -an effigy of the Pope; the soldiers were contemplating a celebration -of this custom when Washington issued orders against it calling it -a "ridiculous and childish custom."<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor"><sup>175</sup></a></p> - -<p>The fact that the chaplain of a regiment might have -members of a number of sects in his audience would tend to create a -common interest, and also the fact that whenever the troops were near -a church they were ordered to attend regardless of denomination. -The incident is related of Washington who was Anglican that he and -a number of his men, asked a Presbyterian minister to give them -communion in his church, and it was gladly done.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor"><sup>176</sup></a> All of which -were factors in bringing about democracy in the church.</p> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146">146.</a> <i>Journals of Continental Congress</i>, Vol. II, p. 112.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147">147.</a> Coit, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 14, 1775), p. 19.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148">148.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplain and Clergy of the Revolution</i>, p. 14.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149">149.</a> "Narrative of Prince De Broyle" in <i>American Historical Magazine</i> -Vol. I, p. 378.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150">150.</a> For election sermons see Headley, <i>Chaplains and Clergy of the -Revolution</i>.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151">151.</a> See on that phase "Free Thoughts" by Samuel Sebury.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152">152.</a> Greene, <i>Historical Men of American Revolution</i>, p. 215.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153">153.</a> See, <i>Wilds Journal</i>, p. 80; Boudinot, Elias, p. 189; Niles, <i>Principles -and Acts of the Revolution</i>, p. 361.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154">154.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution</i>, p. 323.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155">155.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution</i>, p. 89.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156">156.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution</i>, p. 89.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157">157.</a> Ford's, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 310.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158">158.</a> Ibid., Vol. III, p. 310.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159">159.</a> Ibid., Vol. IV, p. 187.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160">160.</a> Ibid., Vol. III, p. 310.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161">161.</a> Farnsworth, <i>Journal</i>, (April 20 and May 1, 1775), p. 79.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162">162.</a> Gardner, "Last Cantonment of Continental Army of Rev." in <i>Am. -Hist. Mag.</i> Vol. X, p. 369.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163">163.</a> Hosock, "Life of Clinton" in <i>Harper's</i>, February 1859.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164">164.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution</i>, p. 291.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165">165.</a> Ibid., p. 95.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166">166.</a> Gardner, "Last Cantonment of Army of Revolution" in <i>Mag. Am. -Hist.</i> Vol., X, p. 369.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167">167.</a> Headley, <i>Chaplain and Clergy of Revolution</i>, p. 291.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168">168.</a> Ibid., p. 95.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169">169.</a> Hitchcock, Diary p. 87; Roger, <i>Journal</i> (July 11, 1779) p. 250; -Lyman, <i>Journal</i> (Oct. 15, 1775) p. 121.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170">170.</a> Boardman, <i>Journal</i> (Sept. 25, 1775), p. 227; Farnsworth, <i>Journal</i>, -(Oct., 1, 1775), p. 86, Thorton, <i>Pulpit in the Revolution</i>, p. 187.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171">171.</a> Farnsworth, <i>Journal</i>, (May 14, 1775), p. 79.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172">172.</a> Quoted by Bolton in <i>Private Soldier Under Washington</i>, p. 161.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173">173.</a> Hitchcock, <i>Journal</i>, p. 107; Coits <i>Orderly Book</i> (July 15, 1775) Moore -"Diary" p. 18.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174">174.</a> Griffin, <i>Catholics and the American Revolution</i>, Vol. I, p. 127.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175">175.</a> Griffin, <i>Catholics and the American Revolution</i>, Vol. I, p. 127.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176">176.</a> Hosach, "Life of Clinton," <i>Harper's</i>, Feb., 1859.</p> - -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Chapter VI<br /> -<span class="small">CAMP DUTIES AND DISCIPLINE</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The soldier's day began with reveille at sunrise or -"when a Sentra Can See Clearly one thousand yards around him and not -Before"<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor"><sup>177</sup></a> and ended with tat-too heating at eight o'clock;<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor"><sup>178</sup></a> for after -tat-too there was to be no straying about camp without a written -pass.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor"><sup>179</sup></a></p> - -<p>Between reveille and tat-too there were numerous duties -to be performed and orders to be obeyed. Some of them seemed foolish -and most unnecessary to the average soldier. The first thing -was roll call before the doors of the barracks<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor"><sup>180</sup></a> which every one was -to appear in full dress, well shaved and with hat cocked.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor"><sup>181</sup></a> Then -came breakfast prepared either by one of the company in the camp -kitchen or by each one for himself over the open fire. The breakfast -was anything from the "usual dish, a large plate of rice with -a little salt"<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor"><sup>182</sup></a> to a heavier meal of meat and potatoes.</p> - -<p>Morning prayers7 followed breakfast and of the routine -of the rest of the day Simon Lyman of Sharon wrote "we marched out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> -in the morning and exercised and in the afternoon we marched out -again and exercised again".<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor"><sup>183</sup></a> Captain Lewis in his <i>Orderly Book</i> recorded -the following order "For the future the fatigue parties to -parade at 7 o'clock in the morning and return at eleven to their -dinners and parade again at two".<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor"><sup>184</sup></a> Then came supper, evening prayers<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor"><sup>185</sup></a> -and tat-too.</p> - -<p>Camp life was, however, not all a routine of reveille, -prayers, drills, meals, and tat-too for there were hundreds of other -things which had to be done. There were huts to build<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor"><sup>186</sup></a>, roads to -make,<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor"><sup>187</sup></a> entrenchments to construct,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor"><sup>188</sup></a> fuel to collect,<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor"><sup>189</sup></a> supplies -to provide,<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor"><sup>190</sup></a> armaments to make or clean, and drills for the "awkward -squad",<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor"><sup>191</sup></a> besides guard and fatigue duty;<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor"><sup>192</sup></a> not to mention the -more domestic duties of cooking,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor"><sup>193</sup></a> of washing and mending clothes,<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor"><sup>194</sup></a> -and cleaning huts, or acting as 'grass guard.'<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor"><sup>195</sup></a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span></p> - -<p>It can hardly be said that any hard and fast rule was -followed in the matter of camp activities for there were circumstances -continually arising which altered affairs; there were parades before -a visiting officer,<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor"><sup>196</sup></a> and days taken off for washing. Then, too, there -was the lack of a permanent organization of the army, which was a -serious hindrance in following any different course, for the short -time enlistment men were constantly leaving and the new recruits -were coming into camp, all of which broke into the routine of camp<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor"><sup>197</sup></a> -and often nothing of importance was accomplished for weeks at a time. -Simon Lyman of Sharon wrote of the week following August 29, 1775. -"Friday, 29th, In the forenoon we went round the town, and in the -afternoon we putted up our tents and marched through Cambridge to -Charlestound, there we was stationed, we put up our tents.</p> - -<p>Tuesday, 3th I rubbed up my gun and looked round the -forts.</p> - -<p>Wednesday 4th w(eg)ot some boards to fix out tents and -it rained and we did not do it.</p> - -<p>Thursday 5th It rained, and I wrote a letter home and -staid around the house."<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor"><sup>198</sup></a></p> - -<p>When the new recruit was given the duty of being on -guard with the orders that he was not to sleep or leave his post -he felt for the first time the hand of authority, he felt that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> -orders were ridiculous when he must shave every day and appear -at roll call every morning with his hair powdered, but when he could not -go more than a mile from camp without a pass and that only two furloughs -were allowed at one time,<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor"><sup>199</sup></a> then he was sure that his personal -liberty was imposed upon.</p> - -<p>It was just that attitude taken by the soldiers toward -their officers and the orders given by them or toward the duties -they were ordered to perform that made the question of discipline -a serious one. Army life was a novelty at first, but before many -weeks had passed the aspect changed. The soldiers were in new conditions -and new modes of doing things had to be learned. What to do -and what not to do were questions with the new recruits. There had -been little of the "being ordered" by anybody at home especially -among the New Englanders.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor"><sup>200</sup></a> Now the private had to salute, take -orders from and ask permission of an individual, who in all probability -had been his next door neighbor at home with no more training -than himself and perhaps one who had just "taken" command without -having been appointed by the proper authority.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor"><sup>201</sup></a></p> - -<p>The trouble came from both sides; the officer felt the -importance of his position to such an extent that he could not see -the private's view point, but on the other hand the private was not -willing to endure an ordinary amount of subordination.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> -The orders sent out from headquarters concerning the matter were -numerous depicting to the soldiers and to the officers as well, -their duties and privileges.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor"><sup>202</sup></a> The question of discipline was one -which caused Washington a great deal of concern on first entering -camp,<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor"><sup>203</sup></a> and a matter which always brought comment from the foreigners -who visited our camps or worked with our army.<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor"><sup>204</sup></a> As the war progressed -the conditions grew better, but the personnel changed so often that -one group just reached the stage where some sort of law and order -was made possible when they left and the whole process was to be -gone through again with the newly enlisted group.</p> - -<p>The general rules of discipline were laid down by the -Continental Congress in what were called "The Rules and Regulations -for the Government of the Army". Congress there described the general -conduct of the soldiers, as to their duties and privileges and -also recommended the punishments which should be inflicted by the -court martial in case of violation of the rules by any one.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor"><sup>205</sup></a> -There were also orders issued from headquarters, which gave more detailed -directions in respect to the personal appearance of the soldier, -how his hat should be cocked, how his hair should be cut, -and the like,31 others in respect to the duties of the soldier on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> -fatigue,<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor"><sup>206</sup></a> on guard or about the camp, his conduct toward citizens, -the punishment for stealing, and numerous other things which were -incident to camp life, as the regulation of 'Grog shops'<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor"><sup>207</sup></a> orders, -concerning the morale of the soldiers,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor"><sup>208</sup></a> and health precautions.</p> - -<p>The means of enforcing the disciplinary rules was the -court martial, an instrument which is of common use in time of war, -but some of the trials and decisions of the revolutionary court -martial are interesting if not amusing and yet significant because -of the state of affairs which they reflect.</p> - -<p>First as to the organization of the court martial, there -was to be a general and a regimental court, the general, the higher -and the regimental the lower court. The general court was to consist -of not less than thirteen members none of whom were to be under -the rank of a commissioned officer and the president was to be a -field officer. The regimental court was to consist of not more than -five members and in case five could not be assembled three were sufficient, -and any commissioned officer of a regiment by the appointment -of his colonel could hold the court in the regiment for minor -cases.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor"><sup>209</sup></a></p> - -<p>All crimes not capital and all disorders and neglect -that officers and soldiers might be guilty of, though not mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> -in the Articles of war, were to be taken into a general or regimental -court according to the nature of the crime. The offense could be -punished at the court's discretion, but no one was to be sentenced -to death except in the cases mentioned in the rules layed down by -congress and no sentence was to be executed until the commanding -officer had approved it. The commanding officer also had the power -to pardon or suspend sentence if he saw fit. According to the organization -of the court martial, it was to inflict at its own discretion -only degrading, cashiering, drumming out of camp and whipping -not exceeding thirty-nine lashes.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor"><sup>210</sup></a></p> - -<p>According to entries made in orderly books and diaries, -those orders were often overlooked and the originality of the members -of the court was worked into service.</p> - -<p>Thacher said of the punishments ordered by the court -martial "Death has been inflicted in a few instances of an atrocious -nature, but in general, the punishment consists in a public whipping, -and the number of stripes is proportioned to the degree of -offense. The law of Moses prescribing forty stripes save one but -that number has often been exceeded in our camp. In aggravated -cases, and with old offenders in our camp the culprit is sentenced -to receive one hundred lashes or more. It is the duty of the drummers -and fifers to inflict the chastisement, and the drum major must -attend and see that the duty is faithfully performed. The culprit -being securely tied to a tree or post receives on his naked back -the number of lashes assigned him by a whip formed of several small -knotted cords which sometimes cut through the skin at every stroke.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> -However, strange it may appear, a soldier will often receive the -severest stripes without uttering a groan or once shrinking from -the lash even while the blood flows freely from the lacerated wounds.</p> - -<p>"They have now, however, adopted a method which they say -mitigates the anguish in some measure. It is by putting between -the teeth a leaden bullet, on which they chew while under the lash -till it is made quite flat and jagged. In some instances of incorrigibles -villians it is adjudged by the court that the culprit receive -his punishment at several different times, a certain number of -stripes repeated at intervals of two or three days in which case -the wounds are in a state of inflammation, and the skin rendered tender -and the terror of the punishment is greatly aggravated.</p> - -<p>"Another mode of punishment is that of running the gauntlet, -this is done by a company of soldiers standing in two lines, -each one furnished with a switch and the criminal is made to run between -them and receive the scourge from their hands on his naked -back; but the delinquent runs so rapidly and the soldiers are so apt -to favor a comrade that it often happens in this way punishment is -very slight".<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor"><sup>211</sup></a></p> - -<p>Boardman thus recorded a punishment, "This morning another -rifleman was drummed out of camp not whipped, but if he ever returns -again he is to receive thirty lashes."<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor"><sup>212</sup></a> Other punishments were -riding the wooden horse for fifteen minutes with two guns tied to -the victim's feet and then ten minutes without guns, or riding a -rail. There were, too, the fines and imprisonments, but often the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> -the penalties bordered on the humorous line and furnished real -amusement to the rest of the soldiers, one man was sentenced to wear -"A clogg chained at his legg for three days, another was to wear a -clog four days with his coat turned wrong side outwards".<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor"><sup>213</sup></a> The -last penalty was for Major Carnes's cordage. Trials were held for -anything from disorderly conduct or stealing a shirt to treason.</p> - -<p>In the court martial and its actions it is possible -to see a reflection of England and the methods of torture used there. -The colonists had not been away from the mother country long enough -to get away from those devices for the punishment of offenders.</p> - -<p>The number and kind of trials also show that the soldiers -as a rule were inclined to have their own way and disregard orders -for the majority of the trials were for the disobedience of minor -orders.</p> - -<p>A study of conditions during the Revolutionary War in -the light of the present day and especially in the light of the -Great War with the care given the soldiers in the way of housing, -medical aid, sanitation and recreation makes the soldier of 1776 -more of a hero than he had been before. That he under the most -adverse circumstances withstood the war conditions and came out -victorious for liberty seems almost a miracle.</p> - -<p>John Adams described the continental army as follows: -"Our Army at Crown point is an object of wretchness enough to fill -a human mind with horror, disgraced, defeated, discontented, dispirited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> -diseased, naked, undisciplined, eaten up with vermin, no -clothes, bed, blankets, no medicines, no vituals but salt pork and -flour". One almost wonders that it is not a true characterization -but it is interesting to note that of the fifty diaries and journals -studied only one or two reflected a pronounced discontented or dissatisified -spirit, the others mentioned the sufferings and hardships -but did not complain.</p> - -<p>The leaders of the War for Independnece have long been -appreciated for the part they played, perhaps over appreciated. -But the leaders could not have accomplished their goal had it not -been for the private. The private was undisciplined it is true and -willful at times, but to him with his sufferings, hardships and even -willfullness must be given a great amount of the honor.</p> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177">177.</a> Coits, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (July 20, 1775), p. 54.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178">178.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 6, 1776), p. 47.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179">179.</a> <i>Journals of Continental Congress</i>, Vol. II, p. 115.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180">180.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181">181.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182">182.</a> McDowell, <i>Journal</i>, (Jan. 11, 1782).</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183">183.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, (Aug. 28, 1775), p. 115.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184">184.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, April 6, 1776.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185">185.</a> Farnsworth, <i>Journal</i>, (May 1, 1775) p. 179.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186">186.</a> Greene, <i>Life of Greene</i>, Vol. I, p. 538.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187">187.</a> Wild, <i>Journal</i>, (Dec. 27, 1778) p. 120.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188">188.</a> Hutchinson, <i>Orderly Book</i>, p. 23, quoted by Bolton.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189">189.</a> Wild, <i>Journal</i>, (Dec. 27, 1778) p. 120.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190">190.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, (Nov. 2, 1775) p. 124.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191">191.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (March 28, 1776), p. 8.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192">192.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (April 6, 1776), p. 16.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193">193.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, (Nov. 21, 1775), p. 127.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194">194.</a> <a id="missing"></a>Waldo, <i>Journal</i>, (Dec. 31, 1778), p.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195">195.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, p. 10.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196">196.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (March 31, 1779) p. 10; Lyman, <i>Journal</i>, -(Nov. 29, 1775) p. 125.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197">197.</a> Thacher, <i>Journal</i>, (Sept. 1776) p. 60.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198">198.</a> Lyman, <i>Journal</i> (Aug. 29, Oct. 3, 4 and 5, 1775), p. 116.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199">199.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 21, 1776), p. 54.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200">200.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, p. 60.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201">201.</a> Ibid.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202">202.</a> Lewis, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (Aug. 12, & 19, 1775); Ford, <i>Writings of -Washington</i>, Vol. VII, p. 5.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203">203.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 267.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204">204.</a> Ford, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, Vol. III, p. 141 and Kapp, <i>Life of -Steuben</i>.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205">205.</a> <i>Journals of Continental Congress.</i> Vol. III, p. 114.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206">206.</a> Ibid., (April 6, 1776) p. 16.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207">207.</a> Henshaw, <i>Journal</i>.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208">208.</a> Coit, <i>Orderly Book</i>, (June 30, 1775), p. 28.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209">209.</a> <i>Journals of Continental Congress</i>, Vol. III, p. 114.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210">210.</a> <i>Journals of Continental Congress</i>, Vol. III, p. 115.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211">211.</a> Thacher, <i>Military Journal</i>, (Jan. 1780), p. 182.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212">212.</a> Boardman, B., <i>Journal</i>, (Oct. 11, 1775).</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213">213.</a> Quoted by Bolton, <i>Private Under Washington</i>, p. 176.</p> - -</div> - - - - -<hr /> - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> -</div> - -<p>In the citation of footnotes, the following form has -been followed, Farnsworth, Diary, (May 12, 1775) p. 83 when referring -to <i>Amos Farnsworth's Diary in Massachusetts Historical Society -Proceedings</i>, series 2, Volume VII, p. 83.</p> - - -<p class="p2t">Source Material</p> - - -<blockquote> -<p>I  Diaries and Journals of Contemporaries</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Barton, William,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut. William Barton; -in General John Sullivan's Indian -Expedition 1779</i>, pp. 3–14 edited by -F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal embraces from June 8 to -October 9, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Beatty, Lieutenant Erkuries,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut. Erkuries Beatty in -General John Sullivan's Indian Expedition -1779</i>, pp. 16–37, edited, by F. Cook. -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Part first covers expedition to -Onondaga from April 14 to 29, 1779.</p> - -<p class="in0">Part second covers Sullivan's -expedition June 11, to October 22, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Blake Lieutenant Thomas,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieutenant Thomas Blake</i>, -An extract in <i>General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition</i>, edited, pp. 38–41, -by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887. The -whole in <i>History of the First New Hampshire -Regiment in the War of the Revolution</i> -by Frederick Kidder. Albany, 1868.</p> - -<p class="in0">Boardman, Reverend Benjamin,<br /> -<i>Diary of Rev. Benjamin Boardman in Massachusetts -Historical Society Proceedings</i> -series 2 volume VII, pp. 221–231. Boston, -1892.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The diary covers the period from July -31 to November 12 1775.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Boardman, Oliver,<br /> -<i>Journal of Oliver Boardman</i> of Middletown -Burgoyne Campaign 1777 in <i>Connecticut Historical -Society Collections</i>, Vol. VII, pp. 219–221.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>Burrowes, Major John,<br /> -<i>Journal of Major John Burrowes</i> in <i>General John -Sullivan's Indian Expedition</i> 1779, pp. 43–51 edited -by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Covers the period from August 23, 1779, to -October 13, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Hitchcock, Enos,<br /> -<i>Diary of Enos Hitchcock in Rhode Island Historical -Society Publications</i> new series Volume VII, Providence, -1899.</p> - -<p class="in0">Campfield, Dr. Jabez,<br /> -<i>Journal of Dr. Jabez Campfield</i> in <i>General John Sullivan's -Expedition</i>, pp. 52–61, edited by F. Cook, Auburn -N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Covers period from May 23 to October 2, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Coit, Captain William,<br /> -<i>Orderly Book of Capt. William Coit's Camping</i> at siege -of Boston, 1775 in <i>Connecticut Historical Society Collections</i>, -Vol. VII, pp. 1–99.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Hartford Conn. 1899.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Dearborn, Lieutenant Henry,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn</i> in <i>General John -Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 62–79, edited -by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Covers period from June 17, 1779 to October 25, -1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Duncan, Captain James,<br /> -<i>Diary of Captain James Duncan in Pennsylvania Archives</i>, -series II, Vol. XV, pp. 748–752, edited by William -Egle, Harrisburg, 1893.</p> - -<p class="in0">Elbert, Samuel,<br /> -<i>Order Book of Samuel Elbert in Georgia Historical -Society Collections</i>, Vol. V, Savannah, Ga. 1901.</p> - -<p class="in0">Elmer, Ebenezer,<br /> -<i>Journal of Dr. Ebenezer Elmer in General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 80–85, edited by -F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Covers period from June 18, 1779 to August 12, -1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Farnsworth, Amos,<br /> -<i>Amos Farnsworth's Diary in Massachusetts Historical -Proceedings</i> series 2, Vol. XII, pp. 78–100, Boston 1899.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">This diary covers the period from April 19, 1775 -to November 17, 1777.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span>Fellows, Moses,<br /> -<i>Journal of Sergeant Moses Fellows in General John -Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 86–91, edited -by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Covers period from June 21, 1779 to September -19, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Fitch, Jabez,<br /> -<i>Diary of Jabez Fitch, Jr. in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings</i> -series 2, Vol. IX, pp. 41–99, Boston, 1895.</p> - -<p class="in0">Fogg, Major Jeremiah,<br /> -<i>Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg in General John -Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 92–101, -edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers the period from August -13, 1779 to September 30, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Gamble, Captain Robert,<br /> -<i>Orderly Book of Capt. Robert Gamble</i> of 2nd Va. -Regiment in <i>Virginia Historical Society Collection</i>, -new series Vol. XI, pp. Richmond 1892.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Orderly Book covers period from August 21 to -November 16, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Gano, John,<br /> -<i>Memoirs of the Rev. John Gano in Historical -Magazine</i>, Vol. V, p. 330, New York, 1861.</p> - -<p class="in0">Gookin, Daniel,<br /> -<i>Journal of Ensign Daniel Gookin in General John -Sullivan's Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 102–106, edited -by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The part there printed covers from May 4 to -September 5, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Grant, Major George,<br /> -<i>Journal of Serg't Major Grant, in General -John Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 107–114 -by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers period from May 17, 1779 -to December 25, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Hardenbergh, Lieutenant John L.,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut. John L. Hardenbergh in General -John Sullivan's Indian Expedition 1779</i>, pp. 116–136, -edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N.Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers period from May 1, 1779 to -October 23, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>Heth, William,<br /> -<i>Orderly Book of Major William Heth</i> of the 3rd Va. -Regiment in <i>Virginia Historical Society Collections</i>. -New series Vol. XI, Richmond, 1892.</p> - -<p class="in0">Hubley, Adam,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut.-Col. Adam Hubley in General John -Sullivan's Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 147–167, -edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers period from May 24, 1779 to -October 7, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">How, David,<br /> -<i>Diary of David How</i>, Morrisonia, N. Y. 1865.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The diary of a private.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Joslin, Joseph, Jr.,<br /> -<i>Journal of Joseph Joslin, Jr.</i>, of South Killingly, -a teamster in Western Connecticut, 1777–78, in -<i>Connecticut Historical Society</i>, Vol. VII, pp. 297–369, -Hartford, 1899.</p> - -<p class="in0">Jenkins, John,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut. John Jenkins in General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition 1779</i>, pp. 169–177, edited by F. Cook, -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The diary covers period from April 1779 to -December 19, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lewis, Andrew,<br /> -<i>The Orderly Book</i> of that portion of the American Army -Stationer at or near Williamsburg, Va., under the command -of General Andrew Lewis. Richmond, Va., 1860.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The orders cover the period from March 18, 1776 to -August 28, 1776.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Livermore, Daniel,<br /> -<i>Journal of Captain Daniel Livermore in General John -Sullivan's Indian Expedition</i>, 1779, pp. 179–191, -edited by F. Cook, Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The whole journal was published in the <i>New Hampshire -Historical Collections</i>, Vol. VI, p. 308, the part used -was just an extract.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lyman, Simeon,<br /> -<i>Journal of Simeon Lyman of Sharon</i> 1775 in <i>Connecticut -Historical Collections</i> Vol. VII, pp. 111–137. Hartford -1899.</p> - -<p class="in0">Machin, Thomas,<br /> -<i>Journal of Captain Thomas Machin in General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 193–197, edited by F. Cook, -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">It covers period from April 19 to 23, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>McDowell, William,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieutenant William McDowell</i>, in <i>Pennsylvania -Archives</i>, series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 295–340. Harrisburg, 1893.</p> - -<p class="in0">McHendry, William,<br /> -<i>Journal of William McHendry</i>, A Lieutenant in the Army of -the Revolution; in <i>Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings</i> -series 2, Vol. II, pp. 437–478. Boston 1886.</p> - -<p class="in0">McMichael, James,<br /> -<i>Diary of Lieutenant James McMichael</i> in <i>Pennsylvania Archives</i> -series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 193–218, edited by William -Egle, Harrisburg, 1893.</p> - -<p class="in0">McNeill, Samuel,<br /> -<i>Journal of Samuel McNeill, 1779</i> in <i>Pennsylvania Archives</i> -series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 753–759, edited by William Egle, -Harrisburg, 1893.</p> - -<p class="in0">Meigs, Major J.<br /> -<i>Major Meig's Journal</i> in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections series -2, Vol. II, pp. 227–245. Boston, 1846.</p> - -<p class="in0">Morgan, Nathaniel,<br /> -<i>Journal of Ensign Nathaniel Morgan</i> at siege of Boston -1775 in <i>Connecticut Historical Society Collections</i>, -Vol. VII, pp. 99–111, Hartford, 1899.</p> - -<p class="in0">Norris, James,<br /> -<i>Journal of Major James Morris in General John Sullivan's -Expedition, 1779</i>, pp. 224–239, edited by F. Cook, Auburn, -N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The part here quoted covers June 18, 1779 to -October 25, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Nukerck, Charles,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut, Charles Nukerck in General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition</i>, 1779, pp. 214–221, edited, by F. Cook, -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers the period from May 1, 1779 -to December 11, 1780.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Melvin, James,<br /> -<i>The Journal of James Melvin</i>, a private soldier in Arnold's -Expedition against Quebec in the year 1775. Portland, -Maine, 1902.</p> - -<p class="in0">Robbin, Ammi, R.,<br /> -<i>Journal of the Rev. Ammi R. Robbins.</i> A chaplain in -American Army in Northern Campaign of 1776, New Haven -1850.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>Roberts, Thomas,<br /> -<i>Journal of Sergeant Thomas Roberts</i> in <i>General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition 1779</i>, pp. 240–246, edited, F. Cook, -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers the period May 29 1779 to -September 9, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Rogers, Rev. William,<br /> -<i>Journal of Rev. William Rogers in General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition 1779</i>, pp. 247–265, edited by F. Cook, -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Rev. Rogers was a chaplain in the army.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Shreve, John,<br /> -<i>Personal Narrative</i> of the services of Lieut. John Shreve -in Magazine of American History, Vol. III, New York and -Chicago, 1879.</p> - -<p class="in0">Shute, Samuel M.,<br /> -<i>Journal of Lieut. Samuel M. Shute</i> in General John Sullivan's -Indian Expedition 1779, pp. 268–274, edited by F. Cook, -Auburn, N. Y. 1887.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The journal covers the period from May 29 to -November 9, 1779.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Squir, Ephraim,<br /> -<i>Diary of Ephraim Squir</i> in Magazine of American History, -Vol. II, pp. 685. New York and Chicago, 1878.</p> - -<p class="in0">Thacher, James,<br /> -<i>Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War</i>, -1775–83. Boston, 1823.</p> - -<p class="in0">Thayer, Captain Simeon,<br /> -<i>Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer</i>, in Rhode Island Historical -Society, Vol. VI, pp. 1–45, Providence 1867.</p> - -<p class="in0">Trumbull, Benjamin,<br /> -<i>Benjamin Trumbull's Journal</i> of the expedition against Canada -1775 and <i>Benjamin Trumbull's Journal of the Campaign</i> around -New York, 1776–77 in <i>Connecticut Historical Society Collections</i>, -Vol. VII, pp. 137–219, Hartford, 1899.</p> - -<p class="in0">Waldo, Albigence,<br /> -<i>Diary kept at Valley Forge by Albigence Waldo</i>, surgeon -in the Continental Army, 1777–1778. In <i>Historical Magazine</i>, -Vol. V, p. 133, New York, 1861.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>Wells, Boyze,<br /> -<i>Journal of Boyze Wells</i> of Farmington in the Canada Expedition -1775–1777 in <i>Continental Historical Society Collections</i> -Vol. VII, pp. 259–297, Hartford, 1819.</p> - -<p class="in0">Williams, Ennion,<br /> -<i>Journal of Major Ennion Williams</i> in <i>Pennsylvania Archives</i> -series 2, Vol. XV, pp. 1–20, edited by William Egle, -Harrisburg, 1893.</p> - -<p class="in0">Wild, Ebenzer,<br /> -<i>The Journal of Ebenzer Wild</i>, (1776–1781) in Massachusetts -Historical Society Proceedings, series 2, Vol. VI, pp. -78–160.</p> -</blockquote> - - -<p>II  Collected Writings of Contemporaries</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Boudinot, Elias,<br /> -<i>The Life, Public Services, Addresses and Letters of -Elias Boudinot.</i> Edited by J. J. Boudinot in two volumes, -Boston and New York, 1896.</p> - -<p class="in0">Washington, George,<br /> -<i>The Writings of George Washington</i>, edited by Worthington -Chauncey Ford in 14 volumes. New York 1889–1893.</p> -</blockquote> - - -<p>III  Books of Travel</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Burnaby, Andrew,<br /> -<i>Travels</i> through the middle Settlements of North America, -1759–60. London, 1775.</p> - -<p class="in0">Chastellus, Francois Jean,<br /> -<i>Travels in North America</i> 1780–82, translated by J. Kent, -New York, 1827.</p> -</blockquote> - - -<p>IV  Public Documents</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"><i>American Archives</i>, series 5, compiled by Peter Force, -Washington, 1818–53.</p> - -<p class="in0"><i>Journals of the Continental Congress</i>, Vol. I to V, edited -by W. C. Ford, Washington 1904–1906.</p> - -<p class="in0"><i>New Jersey Archives</i>, second series, Vol. I, new paper -extracts, edited by Williams Styker, Trenton, 1901.</p> -</blockquote> - - -<p>V  Other Material</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Moore, Frank,<br /> -<i>Diary of the American Revolution</i> from Newspaper and original -documents. New York, 1850.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>Niles, Hezekiah,<br /> -<i>Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America.</i> New York, -1876.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A collection of patriotic orations, letters, public, -private documents relating to the Revolutionary.</p> -</blockquote> -</blockquote> - - -<p class="p2t">Secondary Material</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>I  Biographical Sketches</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Greene, George Washington,<br /> -<i>Life of Nathanael Greene</i>, 3 volumes, New York,1867–71.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The work is valuable because of documents quoted -direct but the book shows the fact that it is written -by a grandson of Nathanael Greene.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Kapp, Fredrick,<br /> -<i>Life of Frederick William Stueben</i>, New York 1859.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The impression of a foreigner as to American -institutions.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Kapp, Friedrick,<br /> -<i>Life of John Kalb</i>, Major-General in Revolutionary Army -New York, 1884.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The book gives the reactions a foreigner had to -American institutions.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lossing, Benson John,<br /> -<i>Life and Times of Philip Schuyler</i>, New York, 1860–72 -in two volumes.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Details of life and times of the period.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lossing, Benson John,<br /> -<i>Illustrated Life of Washington</i>, New York, 1856 in ten -volumes.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Since it is a detailed life of Washington, it gives -glimpses of camp life.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Pickering, Octavius,<br /> -<i>Life of Timothy Pickering</i>, Boston, 1867–73.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A life written by a son but has some valuable material.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Reed, Henry,<br /> -<i>Life of Jasper Reed</i> in <i>Library of American Biography</i> -edited by Jared Sparks, second series, Boston 1854.</p> - -<p class="in0">Sparks, Jared,<br /> -<i>Life of Charles Lee</i> in <i>Library of American Biography</i> -edited by Jared Sparks, Second series Vol. VIII, Boston -1864.</p> -</blockquote> - - - - <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>II  Magazine Articles</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Jordon, John W.,<br /> -"Continental Hospital Returns" in <i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i> -Volume XXIII, pp. 33–50, 210–223. Philadelphia, 1899.</p> - -<p class="in0">Jordon, John W.,<br /> -"The Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz during -the Revolution" in <i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i>, Vol. XX, pp. -137–157. Philadelphia, 1896.</p> -</blockquote> - - -<p>III  General Works</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Botta, Charles,</p> - -<p><i>History of the War of the Independence of the United -States.</i> Translated from Italian by George A. Otis, -New Haven, 1884.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A foreigner's view of conditions here.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Bolton, Charles Knowles,<br /> -<i>The Private Soldier Under Washington</i>, New York 1902.</p> - -<p class="in0">Channing, Edward,<br /> -<i>A History of the United States</i>, Vol. III, New York, 1912.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A good bibliography.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Ellet, Mrs. Elizabeth Fries,<br /> -<i>Domestic History of the American Revolution.</i> New York, -1850.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Valuable only for the light it throws on every day -life.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Fiske, John,<br /> -<i>The American Revolution</i>, Boston, 1891.</p> - -<p class="in0">Greene, Francis Vinton,<br /> -<i>The Revolutionary War</i> and the Military policy of United -States, New York, 1911.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Military affairs emphasized.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Hatch, Louis Clinton,<br /> -<i>The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army</i>, -New York, 1904.</p> - -<p class="in0">Hart, Albert Bushnell, and Mabel Hill,<br /> -<i>Camps and Firesides of the Revolution</i>, New York, 1903.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The direct quotation of sources valuable.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Headley, J. T.,<br /> -<i>The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution</i>, New York, 1864.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A portraiture of the place of religion in the war especially -the clergy.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>Humphreys, Mary Gay,<br /> -<i>Catherine Schuyler</i> in women of Colonial and revolutionary -times. Series New York, 1897.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Not good history, but gives insight into colonial -Revolutionary life.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lecky, William Edward Hartpole,<br /> -<i>The American Revolution</i>, edited by James Albert Woodburn -from Mr. Lecky's <i>History of England in the Eighteenth -Century</i>.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A good bibliography found in it.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lossing, Benson John,<br /> -<i>Pictorial Fieldbook of the Revolution</i>, New York 1860, -two volumes.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Some interesting details of life and times.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Lower, Charlemagne,<br /> -<i>The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution</i>, -Philadelphia, 1901</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">The impressions of a foreigner of American institutions.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Thornton, John Wingate,<br /> -<i>The Pulpit of the American Revolution</i>, Boston, 1876.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">A book showing the place of religion in the war -especially the Puritan pulpit.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Trevelyan, Sir George Otto,<br /> -<i>The American Revolution</i>, four volumes, New York, 1908–15.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">This book puts emphasis on the war characters and -their careers which was useful in this study.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0">Whorton, Anne Hollingsworth,<br /> -<i>Martha Washington</i>, in women of colonial and revolutionary -times. Series, New York, 1897.</p> -</blockquote> - -<blockquote class="block2"> -<p class="in0">Not good history, but gives insight into colonial -life and camp life.</p> -</blockquote> -</blockquote> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Study of Army Camp Life during -American Revolution, by Mary Hazel Snuff - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMY CAMP LIFE DURING AMERICAN REVOL. *** - -***** This file should be named 55957-h.htm or 55957-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/9/5/55957/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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