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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/5595.txt b/5595.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e0dd2f --- /dev/null +++ b/5595.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1727 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook The Story of My Life, by Georg Ebers, v3 +#156 in our series by Georg Ebers + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: The Story of My Life, Volume 3. + +Author: Georg Ebers + +Release Date: April, 2004 [EBook #5595] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on August 24, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF MY LIFE, BY EBERS, V3*** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF GEORG EBERS + +THE STORY OF MY LIFE FROM CHILDHOOD TO MANHOOD + +Volume 3. + + +CHAPTER X. + +AFTER THE NIGHT OF REVOLUTION. + +When we rose the next morning the firing was over. It was said that all +was quiet, and we had the well-known proclamation, "To my dear people of +Berlin." The horrors of the past night appeared, indeed, to have been +the result of an unfortunate mistake. The king himself explained that +the two shots by the troops, which had been taken for the signal to +attack the people, were from muskets which had gone off by some unlucky +accident--"thank God, without injuring any one." + +He closed with the words: "Listen to the paternal voice of your king, +residents of my loyal and beautiful Berlin; forget what has occurred, +as I will forget it with all my heart, for the sake of the great future +which, by the blessing of God, will dawn for Prussia, and, through +Prussia, for Germany. Your affectionate queen and faithful mother, who +is very ill, joins her heart-felt and tearful entreaties to mine." + +The king also pledged his royal word that the troops would be withdrawn +as soon as the Berlin people were ready for peace and removed the +barricades. + +So peace seemed restored, for there had been no fighting for hours, and +we heard that the troops were already withdrawing. + +Our departure for Dresden was out of the question--railway communication +had ceased. The bells which had sounded the tocsin all night with their +brazen tongues seemed, after such furious exertion, to have no strength +for summoning worshippers to church. All the houses of God were closed +that Sunday. + +Our longing to get out of doors grew to impatience, which was destined to +be satisfied, for our mother had a violent headache, and we were sent to +get her usual medicine. We reached the Ring pharmacy--a little house in +the Potsdam Platz occupied by the well-known writer, Max Ring--in a very +few minutes. We performed our errand with the utmost care, gave the +medicine to the cook on our return, and hurried off into the city. + +When we had left the Mauer- and Friedrichstrasse behind, our hearts began +to beat faster, and what we saw on the rest of the way through the +longest street of Berlin as far as the Linden was of such a nature that +the mere thought of it awakens in me to this day an ardent hope that I +may never witness such sights again. + +Rage, hate, and destruction had celebrated the maddest orgies on our +path, and Death, with passionate vehemence, had swung his sharpest +scythe. Wild savagery and merciless destruction had blended with the +shrewdest deliberation and skillful knowledge in constructing the bars +which the German, avoiding his own good familiar word, called barricades. +An elderly gentleman who was explaining their construction, pointed out +to us the ingenuity with which some of the barricades had been +strengthened for defence on the one side, and left comparatively weak on +the other. Every trench dug where the paving was torn up had its object, +and each heap of stones its particular design. + +But the ordinary spectator needed a guide to recognize this. At the +first sight, his attention was claimed by the confused medley and the +many heart-rending signs of the horrors practised by man on man. + +Here was a pool of blood, there a bearded corpse; here a blood-stained +weapon, there another blackened with powder. Like a caldron where a +witch mixes all manner of strange things for a philter, each barricade +consisted of every sort of rubbish, together with objects originally +useful. All kinds of overturned vehicles, from an omnibus to a +perambulator, from a carriage to a hand-cart, were everywhere to be +found. Wardrobes, commodes, chairs, boards, laths, bookshelves, bath +tubs and washtubs, iron and wooden pipes, were piled together, and the +interstices filled with sacks of straw and rags, mattresses, and carriage +cushions. Whence came the planks yonder, if they were not stripped from +the floor of some room? Children and promenaders had sat only yesterday +on those benches and, the night before that, oil lamps or gas flames had +burned on those lamp-posts. The sign-boards on top had invited customers +into shop or inn, and the roll of carpet beneath was perhaps to have +covered some floor to-morrow. Oleander shrubs, which I was to see later +in rocky vales of Greece or Algeria, had possibly been put out here only +the day before into the spring sunshine. The warehouses of the capital +no doubt contained everything that could be needed, no matter how or +when, but Berlin seemed to me too small for all the trash that was +dragged out of the houses in that March night. + +Bloody and terrible pictures rose before our minds, and perhaps there was +no need of Assessor Geppert's calling to us sternly, "Off home with you, +boys!" to turn our feet in that direction. + +So home we ran, but stopped once, for at a fountain, either in +Leipzigstrasse or Potsdamstrasse, a ball from the artillery had struck in +the wood-work, and around it a firm hand had written with chalk in a +semicircle, "TO MY DEAR PEOPLE OF BERLIN." On the lower part of the +fountain the king's proclamation to the citizens, with the same heading, +was posted up. + +What a criticism upon it! + +The address set forth that a band of miscreants, principally foreigners, +had by patent falsehood turned the affair in the Schlossplatz to the +furtherance of their evil designs, and filled the heated minds of his +dear and faithful people of Berlin with thoughts of vengeance for blood +which was supposed to have been spilled. Thus they had become the +abominable authors of actual bloodshed. + +The king really believed in this "band of miscreants," and attributed the +revolution, which he called a 'coup monte' (premeditated affair), to +those wretches. His letters to Bunsen are proof of it. + +Among those who read his address, "To my Dear People of Berlin," there +were many who were wiser. There had really been no need of foreign +agitators to make them take up arms. + +On the morning of the 18th their rejoicing and cheering came from full +hearts, but when they saw or learned that the crowd had been fired into +on the Schlossplatz, their already heated blood boiled over; the people +so long cheated of their rights, who had been put off when half the rest +of Germany had their demands fulfilled, could bear it no longer. + +I must remind myself again that I am not writing a history of the Berlin +revolution. Nor would my own youthful impressions justify me in forming +an independent opinion as to the motives of that remarkable and somewhat +incomprehensible event; but, with the assistance of friends more +intimately acquainted with the circumstances, I have of late obtained +a not wholly superficial knowledge of them, which, with my own +recollections, leads me to adopt the opinion of Heinrich von Sybel +concerning the much discussed and still unanswered question, whether the +Berlin revolution was the result of a long-prepared conspiracy or the +spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm for liberty among the citizens. He +says: "Both these views are equally well founded, for only the united +effort of the two forces could insure a possibility of victory." + +Here again the great historian has found the true solution. It was for +the interest of the Poles, the French, and other revolutionary spirits, +to bring about a bloody conflict in Berlin, and there were many of them +in the capital that spring, among whom must have been men who knew how to +build barricades and organize revolts; and it can hardly be doubted that, +at the decisive moment, they tried to enhance the vengefulness and +combativeness of the people by strong drink and fiery speeches, perhaps, +in regard to the dregs of the populace, by money. There is weighty +evidence in support of this. But it is still more certain--and, though I +was but eleven years old and brought up in a loyal atmosphere, I, too, +felt and experienced it--that before the 18th of March the general +discontent was at the highest point. There was no controlling it. + +If the chief of police, Von Minutoli, asserts that he knew beforehand the +hour when the revolution was to break out, this is no special evidence of +foresight; for the first threat the citizens had ventured to utter +against the king was in the address drawn up at the sitting of the +popular assembly in Kopenickstrasse, and couched in the following terms +"If this is granted us, and granted at once, then we will guarantee a +genuine peace." To finish the proposition with a statement of what would +occur in the opposite case, was left to his Majesty; the assembly had +simply decided that the "peaceful demonstration of the wishes of the +people" should take place on the 18th, at two o'clock, several thousand +citizens taking part in it. While the address was handed in, and until +the reply was received, the ambassadors of the people were to remain +quietly assembled in the Schlossplatz. What was to happen in case the +above-mentioned demands were not granted is nowhere set down, but there +is little doubt that many of those present intended to trust to the +fortune of arms. The address contained an ultimatum, and Brass is right +in calling it, and the meeting in which it originated, the starting point +of the revolution. Whoever had considered the matter attentively might +easily say, "On the 18th, at two o'clock, it will be decided either so or +so." The king had come to his determination earlier than that. Sybel +puts it beyond question that he had been forced to it by the situation in +Europe, not by threats or the compulsion of a conflict in the streets. +Nevertheless it came to a street fight, for the enemies of order were +skillful enough to start a fresh conflagration with the charred beams of +the house whose fire had been put out. But all their efforts would have +been in vain had not the conduct of the Government, and the events of the +last few days, paved the way. + +Among my mother's conservative friends, and in her own mind, there was a +strong belief that the fighting in Berlin had broken out in consequence +of long-continued stirring of the people by foreign agitators; but I can +affirm that in my later life, before I began to reflect particularly on +the subject, it always seemed to me, when I recalled the time which +preceded the 18th of March, as if existing circumstances must have led to +the expectation of an outbreak at any moment. + +It is difficult in these days to form an idea of the sharp divisions +which succeeded the night of the revolution in Berlin, just as one can +hardly conceive now, even in court circles, of the whole extent and +enthusiastic strength of the sentiment of Prussian loyalty at that time. +These opposite principles separated friends, estranged families long +united in love, and made themselves felt even in the Schmidt school +during the short time that we continued to go there. + +Our bold excursion over the barricades was unpunished, so far as I +remember. Perhaps it was not even noticed, for our mother, in spite of +her violent headache, had to make preparations for the illumination of +our tolerably long row of windows. Not to have lighted the house would +have imperilled the window-panes. To my regret, we were not allowed to +see the illumination. I have since thought it a peculiarly amusing trick +of fate that the palace of the Russian embassy--the property of the +autocrat Nicholas--was obliged to celebrate with a brilliant display of +lights the movement for liberty in a sister country. + +On Monday, the 20th, we were sent to school, but it was closed, and we +took advantage of the circumstance to get into the heart of the city. +The appearance of the town-hall peppered with balls I have never +forgotten. Most of the barricades were cleared away; instead, there were +singular inscriptions in chalk on the doors of various public buildings. + +At the beginning of Leipzigstrasse, at the main entrance of the Ministry +of War, we read the words, "National Property." Elsewhere, and +particularly at the palace of the Prince of Prussia, was "Property of the +Citizens" or "Property of the entire Nation." + +An excited throng had gathered in front of the plain and simple palace to +whose high ground-floor windows troops of loyal and grateful Germans have +often looked up with love and admiration to see the beloved countenance +of the grey-haired imperial hero. That day we stood among the crowd and +listened to the speech of a student, who addressed us from the great +balcony amid a storm of applause. Whether it was the same honest fellow +who besought the people to desist from their design of burning the +prince's palace because the library would be imperilled, I do not know, +bat the answer, "Leave the poor boys their books," is authentic. + +And it is also true, unhappily, that it was difficult to save from +destruction the house of the man whose Hohenzollern blood asserted itself +justly against the weakness of his royal brother. Through those days of +terror he was what he always had been and would remain, an upright man +and soldier, in the highest and noblest meaning of the words. + +What we saw and heard in the palace and its courts, swarming with +citizens and students, was so low and revolting that I dislike to think +of it. + +Some of the lifeless heroes were just being borne past on litters, +greeted by the wine-flushed faces of armed students and citizens. The +teachers who had overtaken us on the way recognized among them college +friends who praised the delicious vintage supplied by the palace guards. + +My brother and I were also fated to see Frederick William IV. ride down +the Behrenstrasse and the Unter den Linden with a large black, red, and +yellow band around his arm. + +The burial of those who had fallen during the night of the revolution was +one of the most imposing ceremonies ever witnessed in Berlin. We boys +were permitted to look at it only for a short time, yet the whole +impression of the procession, which we really ought not to have been +allowed to see, has lingered in my memory. + +It was wonderful weather, as warm as summer, and the vast escort which +accompanied the two hundred coffins of the champions of freedom to their +last resting-place seemed endless. We were forbidden to go on the +platform in front of the Neuenkirche where they were placed, but the +spectacle must have produced a strange yet deeply pathetic impression. + +Pastor Sydow, who represented the Protestant clergy as the Prelate Roland +did the Catholics, and the Rabbi Dr. Sachs the Jews, afterwards told me +that the multitude of coffins, adorned with the rarest flowers and +lavishly draped with black, presented an image of mournful splendour +never to be forgotten, and I can easily believe it. + +This funeral remains in my memory as an endless line of coffins and +black-garbed men with banners and hats bound with crape, bearing flowers, +emblems of guilds, and trade symbols. Mounted standard bearers, +gentlemen in robes--the professors of the university--and students in +holiday attire, mingled in the motley yet solemn train. + +How many tears were shed over those coffins which contained the earthly +remains of many a young life once rich in hopes and glowing with warm +enthusiasm, many a quiet heart which had throbbed joyously for man's +noblest possession! The interment in the Friedrichshain, where four +hundred singers raised their voices, and a band of music composed of the +hautboy players of many regiments poured mighty volumes of sound over the +open graves of the dead, must have been alike dignified and majestic. + +But the opposition between the contending parties was still too great, +and the demand upon the king to salute the dead had aroused such anger in +my mother's circle, that she kept aloof from these magnificent and in +themselves perfectly justifiable funeral obsequies. It seemed almost +unendurable that the king had constrained himself to stand on the balcony +of the palace with his head bared, holding his helmet in his hand, while +the procession passed. + +The effect of this act upon the loyal citizens of Berlin can scarcely be +described. I have seen men--even our humble Kurschner--weep during the +account of it by eye-witnesses. + +Whoever knew Frederick William IV. also knew that neither genuine +reconciliation nor respect for the fallen champions of liberty induced +him to show this outward token of respect, which was to him the deepest +humiliation. + +The insincerity of the sovereign's agreement with the ideas, events, and +men of his day was evident in the reaction which appeared only too soon. +His conviction showed itself under different forms, but remained +unchanged, both in political and religious affairs. + +During the interval life had assumed a new aspect. The minority had +become the majority, and many a son of a strictly conservative man was +forbidden to oppose the "red." Only no one needed to conceal his loyalty +to the king, for at that time the democrats still shared it. A good word +for the Prince of Prussia, on the contrary, inevitably led to a brawl, +but we did not shrink from it, and, thank Heaven, we were among the +strongest boys. + +This intrusion of politics into the school-room and the whole tense life +of the capital was extremely undesirable, and, if continued, could not +fail to have an injurious influence upon immature lads; so my mother +hastily decided that, instead of waiting until the next year, we should +go to Keilhau at once. + +She has often said that this was the most difficult resolve of her life, +but it was also one of the best, since it removed us from the motley, +confusing impressions of the city, and the petting we received at home, +and transferred us to the surroundings most suitable for boys of our age. + +The first of the greater divisions of my life closes with the Easter +which follows the Berlin revolution of March, 1848. + +Not until I attained years of maturity did I perceive that these +conflicts, which, long after, I heard execrated in certain quarters as a +blot upon Prussian history, rather deserved the warmest gratitude of the +nation. During those beautiful spring days, no matter by what hands-- +among them were the noblest and purest--were sown the seeds of the +dignity and freedom of public life which we now enjoy. + +The words "March conquests" have been uttered by jeering lips, but I +think at the present time there are few among the more far-sighted +conservatives who would like to dispense with them. To me and, thank +Heaven, to the majority of Germans, life deprived of them would seem +unendurable. My mother afterward learned to share this opinion, though, +like ourselves, in whose hearts she early implanted it, she retained to +her last hour her loyalty to the king. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +IN KEILHAU + +Keilhau! How much is comprised in that one short word! + +It recalls to my memory the pure happiness of the fairest period of +boyhood, a throng of honoured, beloved, and merry figures, and hundreds +of stirring, bright, and amusing scenes in a period of life rich in +instruction and amusement, as well as the stage so lavishly endowed by +Nature on which they were performed. Jean Paul has termed melancholy the +blending of joy and pain, and it was doubtless a kindred feeling which +filled my heart in the days before my departure, and induced me to be +particularly good and obliging to every body in the house. My mother +took us once more to my father's grave in the Dreifaltigkeits cemetery, +where I made many good resolutions. Only the best reports should reach +home from Keilhau, and I had already obtained excellent ones in Berlin. + +On the evening of our departure there were numerous kisses and farewell +glances at all that was left behind; but when we were seated in the car +with my mother, rushing through the landscape adorned with the most +luxuriant spring foliage, my heart suddenly expanded, and the pleasure of +travel and delight in the many new scenes before me destroyed every other +feeling. + +The first vineyard I saw at Naumburg--I had long forgotten those on the +Rhine--interested me deeply; the Rudelsburg at Kosen, the ruins of a real +ancient castle, pleased me no less because I had never heard Franz +Kugler's song: + + "Beside the Saale's verdant strand + Once stood full many a castle grand, + But roofless ruins are they all; + The wind sweeps through from hall to hall; + Slow drift the clouds above," + +which refers to this charming part of the Thuringian hill country. We +were soon to learn to sing it at Keilhau. Weimar was the first goal of +this journey. We had heard much of our classic poets; nay, I knew +Schiller's Bell and some of Goethe's poems by heart, and we had heard +them mentioned with deep reverence. Now we were to see their home, +and a strange emotion took possession of me when we entered it. + +Every detail of this first journey has remained stamped on my memory. +I even know what we ordered for supper at the hotel where we spent the +night. But my mother had a severe headache, so we saw none of the sights +of Weimar except the Goethe house in the city and the other one in the +park. I cannot tell what my feelings were, they are too strongly blended +with later impressions. I only know that the latter especially seemed to +me very small. I had imagined the "Goethe House" like the palace of the +Prince of Prussia or Prince Radziwill in Wilhelmstrasse. The Grand +Duke's palace, on the contrary, appeared aristocratic and stately. We +looked at it very closely, because it was the birthplace of the Princess +of Prussia, of whom Fraulein Lamperi had told us so much. + +The next morning my mother was well again. The railroad connecting +Weimar and Rudolstadt, near which Keilhau is located, was built long +after, so we continued our journey in an open carriage and reached +Rudolstadt about noon. + +After we had rested a short time, the carriage which was to take us to +Keilhau drove up. + +As we were getting in, an old gentleman approached, who instantly made a +strong impression upon me. In outward appearance he bore a marked +resemblance to Wilhelm Grimm. I should have noticed him among hundreds; +for long grey locks, parted in the middle, floated around a nobly formed +head, his massive yet refined features bore the stamp of a most kindly +nature, and his eyes were the mirror of a pure, childlike soul. The rare +charm of their sunny sparkle, when his warm heart expanded to pleasure or +his keen intellect had succeeded in solving any problem, comes back +vividly to my memory as I write, and they beamed brightly enough when he +perceived our companion. They were old acquaintances, for my mother had +been to Keilhau several times on Martin's account. She addressed him by +the name of Middendorf, and we recognized him as one of the heads of the +institute, of whom we had heard many pleasant things. + +He had driven to Rudolstadt with the "old bay," but he willingly accepted +a seat in our carriage. + +We had scarcely left the street with the hotel behind us, when he began +to speak of Schiller, and pointed out the mountain which bore his name +and to which in his "Walk" he had cried: + + "Hail! oh my Mount, with radiant crimson peak." + +Then he told us of the Lengefeld sisters, whom the poet had so often met +here, and one of whom, Charlotte, afterward became his wife. All this +was done in a way which had no touch of pedagogy or of anything specially +prepared for children, yet every word was easily understood and +interested us. Besides, his voice had a deep, musical tone, to which +my ear was susceptible at an early age. He understood children of our +disposition and knew what pleased them. + +In Schaale, the first village through which we passed, he said, pointing +to the stream which flowed into the Saale close by: "Look, boys, now we +are coming into our own neighbourhood, the valley of the Schaal. It owes +its name to this brook, which rises in our own meadows, and I suppose you +would like to know why our village is called Keilhau?" + +While speaking, he pointed up the stream and briefly described its +course. + +We assented. + +We had passed the village of Schaale. The one before us, with the +church, was called Eichfeld, and at our right was another which we could +not see, Lichtstadt. In ancient times, he told us, the mountain sides +and the bottom of the whole valley had been clothed with dense oak +forests. Then people came who wanted to till the ground. They began to +clear (lichten) these woods at Lichtstadt. This was a difficult task, +and they had used axes (Keile) for the purpose. At Eichfeld they felled +the oaks (Fiche), and carried the trunks to Schaale, where the bark +(Schale) was stripped off to make tan for the tanners on the Saale. So +the name of Lichtstadt came from the clearing of the forests, Eichfeld +from the felling of the oaks, Schaale from stripping off the bark, and +Keilhau from the hewing with axes. + +This simple tale of ancient times had sprung from the Thuringian soil, +so rich in legends, and, little as it might satisfy the etymologist, it +delighted me. I believed it, and when afterward I looked down from a +height into the valley and saw the Saale, my imagination clothed the bare +or pineclad mountain slopes with huge oak forests, and beheld the giant +forms of the ancient Thuringians felling the trees with their heavy axes. + +The idea of violence which seemed to be connected with the name of +Keilhau had suddenly disappeared. It had gained meaning to me, and Herr +Middendorf had given us an excellent proof of a fundamental requirement +of Friedrich Froebel, the founder of the institution: "The external must +be spiritualized and given an inner significance." + +The same talented pedagogue had said, "Our education associates +instruction with the external world which surrounds the human being as +child and youth"; and Middendorf carried out this precept when, at the +first meeting, he questioned us about the trees and bushes by the +wayside, and when we were obliged to confess our ignorance of most of +them, he mentioned their names and described their peculiarities. + +At last we reached the Keilhau plain, a bowl whose walls formed tolerably +high mountains which surrounded it on all sides except toward Rudolstadt, +where an opening permitted the Schaalbach to wind through meadows and +fields. So the village lies like an egg in a nest open in one direction, +like the beetle in the calyx of a flower which has lost one of its +leaves. Nature has girded it on three sides with protecting walls which +keep the wind from entering the valley, and to this, and the delicious, +crystal-clear water which flows from the mountains into the pumps, its +surprising healthfulness is doubtless due. During my residence there of +four and a half years there was no epidemic disease among the boys, and +on the fiftieth jubilee of the institute, in 1867, which I attended, the +statement was made that during the half century of its existence only one +pupil had died, and he had had heart disease when his parents sent him to +the school. + +We must have arrived on Sunday, for we met on the road several peasants +in long blue coats, and peasant women in dark cloth cloaks with gold- +embroidered borders, and little black caps from which ribbons three or +four feet long hung down the wearers' backs. The cloaks descended from +mother to daughter. They were very heavy, yet I afterward saw peasant +women wear them to church in summer. + +At last we drove into the broad village street. At the right, opposite +to the first houses, lay a small pond called the village pool, on which +ducks and geese floated, and whose dark surface, glittering with many +hues, reflected the shepherd's hut. After we had passed some very fine +farmhouses, we reached the "Plan," where bright waters plashed into a +stone trough, a linden tree shaded the dancing-ground, and a pretty house +was pointed out as the schoolhouse of the village children. + +A short distance farther away the church rose in the background. +But we had no time to look at it, for we were already driving up to the +institute itself, which was at the end of the village, and consisted of +two rows of houses with an open space closed at the rear by the wide +front of a large building. + +The bakery, a small dwelling, and the large gymnasium were at our left; +on the right, the so-called Lower House, with the residences of the head- +masters' families, and the school and sleeping-rooms of the smaller +pupils, whom we dubbed the "Panzen," and among whom were boys only eight +and nine years old. + +The large house before whose central door--to which a flight of stone +steps led--we stopped, was the Upper House, our future home. + +Almost at the same moment we heard a loud noise inside, and an army of +boys came rushing down the steps. These were the "pupils," and my heart +began to throb faster. + +They gathered around the Rudolstadt carriage boldly enough and stared at +us. I noticed that almost all were bareheaded. Many wore their hair +falling in long locks down their backs. The few who had any coverings +used black velvet caps, such as in Berlin would be seen only at the +theatre or in an artist's studio. + +Middendorf had stepped quickly among the lads, and as they came running +up to take his hand or hang on his arm we saw how they loved him. + +But we had little time for observation. Barop, the head-master, was +already hastening down the steps, welcoming my mother and ourselves with +his deep, musical tones, in a pure Westphalian dialect. + + + + + ENTERING THE INSTITUTE. + +Barop's voice sounded so sincere and cordial that it banished every +thought of fear, otherwise his appearance might have inspired boys of our +age with a certain degree of timidity, for he was a broad-shouldered man +of gigantic stature, who, like Middendorf, wore his grey hair parted in +the middle, though it was cut somewhat shorter. A pair of dark eyes +sparkled under heavy, bushy brows, which gave them the aspect of clear +springs shaded by dense thickets. They now gazed kindly at us, but later +we were to learn their irresistible power. I have said, and I still +think, that the eyes of the artist, Peter Cornelius, are the most +forceful I have ever seen, for the very genius of art gazed from them. +Those of our Barop produced no weaker influence in their way, for they +revealed scarcely less impressively the character of a man. To them, +especially, was clue the implicit obedience that every one rendered him. +When they flashed with indignation the defiance of the boldest and most +refractory quailed. But they could sparkle cheerily, too, and whoever +met his frank, kindly gaze felt honoured and uplifted. + +Earnest, thoroughly natural, able, strong, reliable, rigidly just, free +from any touch of caprice, he lacked no quality demanded by his arduous +profession, and hence he whom even the youngest addressed as "Barop" +never failed for an instant to receive the respect which was his due, +and, moreover, had from us all the voluntary gift of affection, nay, of +love. He was, I repeat, every inch a man. + +When very young, the conviction that the education of German boys was his +real calling obtained so firm a hold upon his mind that he could not be +dissuaded from giving up the study of the law, in which he had made +considerable progress at Halle, and devoting himself to pedagogy. + +His father, a busy lawyer, had threatened him with disinheritance if he +did not relinquish his intention of accepting the by no means brilliant +position of a teacher at Keilhau; but he remained loyal to his choice, +though his father executed his threat and cast him off. After the old +gentleman's death his brothers and sisters voluntarily restored his +portion of the property, but, as he himself told me long after, the +quarrel with one so dear to him saddened his life for years. For the +sake of the "fidelity to one's self" which he required from others he had +lost his father's love, but he had obeyed a resistless inner voice, and +the genuineness of his vocation was to be brilliantly proved. + +Success followed his efforts, though he assumed the management of the +Keilhau Institute under the most difficult circumstances. + +Beneath its roof he had found in the niece of Friedrich Froebel a beloved +wife, peculiarly suited both to him and to her future position. She was +as little as he was big, but what energy, what tireless activity this +dainty, delicate woman possessed! To each one of us she showed a +mother's sympathy, managed the whole great household down to the smallest +details, and certainly neglected nothing in the care of her own sons and +daughters. + +A third master, the archdeacon Langethal, was one of the founders of the +institution, but had left it several years before. + +As I mention him with the same warmth that I speak of Middendorf and +Barop, many readers will suspect that this portion of my reminiscences +contains a receipt for favours, and that reverence and gratitude, nay, +perhaps the fear of injuring an institution still existing, induces me to +show only the lights and cover the shadows with the mantle of love. + +I will not deny that a boy from eleven to fifteen years readily overlooks +in those who occupy an almost paternal relation to him faults which would +be immediately noted by the unclouded eyes of a critical observer; but I +consider myself justified in describing what I saw in my youth exactly as +it impressed itself on my memory. I have never perceived the smallest +flaw or even a trait or act worthy of censure in either Barop, +Middendorf, or Langethal. Finally, I may say that, after having learned +in later years from abundant data willingly placed at my disposal by +Johannes Barop, our teacher's son and the present master of the +institute, the most minute details concerning their character and work, +none of these images have sustained any material injury. + +In Friedrich Froebel, the real founder of the institute, who repeatedly +lived among us for months, I have learned to know from his own works and +the comprehensive amount of literature devoted to him, a really talented +idealist, who on the one hand cannot be absolved from an amazing contempt +for or indifference to the material demands of life, and on the other +possessed a certain artless selfishness which gave him courage, whenever +he wished to promote objects undoubtedly pure and noble, to deal +arbitrarily with other lives, even where it could hardly redound to their +advantage. I shall have more to say of him later. + +The source of Middendorf's greatness in the sphere where life and his own +choice had placed him may even be imputed to him as a fault. He, the +most enthusiastic of all Froebel's disciples, remained to his life's end +a lovable child, in whom the powers of a rich poetic soul surpassed those +of the thoughtful, well-trained mind. He would have been ill-adapted for +any practical position, but no one could be better suited to enter into +the soul-life of young human beings, cherish and ennoble them. + +A deeper insight into the lives of Barop and Langethal taught me to prize +these men more and more. + +They have all rested under the sod for decades, and though their +institute, to which I owe so much, has remained dear and precious, and +the years I spent in the pleasant Thuringian mountain valley are numbered +among the fairest in my life, I must renounce making proselytes for the +Keilhau Institute, because, when I saw its present head for the last +time, as a very young man, I heard from him, to my sincere regret, that, +since the introduction of the law of military service, he found himself +compelled to make the course of study at Rudolstadt conform to the system +of teaching in a Realschule.--[School in which the arts and sciences as +well as the languages are taught.-TR.]--He was forced to do so in order +to give his graduates the certificate for the one year's military +service. + +The classics, formerly held in such high esteem beneath its roof, must +now rank below the sciences and modern languages, which are regarded as +most important. But love for Germany and the development of German +character, which Froebel made the foundation of his method of education, +are too deeply rooted there ever to be extirpated. Both are as zealously +fostered in Keilhau now as in former years. + +After a cordial greeting from Barop, we had desks assigned us in the +schoolroom, which were supplied with piles of books, writing materials, +and other necessaries. Ludo's bed stood in the same dormitory with mine. +Both were hard enough, but this had not damped our gay spirits, and when +we were taken to the other boys we were soon playing merrily with the +rest. + +The first difficulty occurred after supper, and proved to be one of the +most serious I encountered during my stay in the school. + +My mother had unpacked our trunks and arranged everything in order. +Among the articles were some which were new to the boys, and special +notice was attracted by several pairs of kid gloves and a box of pomade +which belonged in our pretty leather dressing-case, a gift from my +grandmother. + +Dandified, or, as we should now term them, "dudish" affairs, were not +allowed at Keilhau; so various witticisms were made which culminated when +a pupil of about our own age from a city on the Weser called us Berlin +pomade-pots. This vexed me, but a Berlin boy always has an answer ready, +and mine was defiant enough. The matter might have ended here had not +the same lad stroked my hair to see how Berlin pomade smelt. From a +child nothing has been more unendurable than to feel a stranger's hand +touch me, especially on the head, and, before I was aware of it, I had +dealt my enemy a resounding slap. Of course, he instantly rushed at me, +and there would have been a violent scuffle had not the older pupils +interfered. If we wanted to do anything, we must wrestle. This suited +my antagonist, and I, too, was not averse to the contest, for I had +unusually strong arms, a well-developed chest, and had practised +wrestling in the Berlin gymnasium. + +The struggle began under the direction of the older pupils, and the grip +on which I had relied did not fail. It consisted in clutching the +antagonist just above the hips. If the latter were not greatly my +superior, and I could exert my whole strength to clasp him to me, he was +lost. This time the clever trick did its duty, and my adversary was +speedily stretched on the ground. I turned my back on him, but he rose, +panting breathlessly. "It's like a bear squeezing one." In reply to +every question from the older boys who stood around us laughing, he +always made the same answer, "Like a bear." + +I had reason to remember this very common incident in boy life, for it +gave me the nickname used by old and young till after my departure. +Henceforward I was always called "the bear." Last year I had the +pleasure of receiving a visit from Dr. Bareuther, a member of the +Austrian Senate and a pupil of Keilhau. We had not met for forty years, +and his first words were: "Look at me, Bear. Who am I?" + +My brother had brought his nickname with him, and everybody called him +Ludo instead of Ludwig. The pretty, bright, agile lad, who also never +flinched, soon became especially popular, and my companions were also +fond of me, as I learned, when, during the last years of my stay at the +institute, they elected me captain of the first Bergwart--that is, +commander-in-chief of the whole body of pupils. + +My first fight secured my position forever. We doubtless owed our +initiation on the second day into everything which was done by the +pupils, both openly and secretly, to the good impression made by Martin. +There was nothing wrong, and even where mischief was concerned I can term +it to-day "harmless." The new boys or "foxes" were not neglected or +"hazed," as in many other schools. Only every one, even the newly +arrived younger teachers, was obliged to submit to the "initiation." +This took place in winter, and consisted in being buried in the snow and +having pockets, clothing, nay, even shirts, filled with the clean but wet +mass. Yet I remember no cold caused by this rude baptism. My mother +remained several days with us, and as the weather was fine she +accompanied us to the neighbouring heights--the Kirschberg, to which, +after the peaceful cemetery of the institute was left behind, a zigzag +path led; the Kohn, at whose foot rose the Upper House; and the Steiger, +from whose base flowed the Schaalbach, and whose summit afforded a view +of a great portion of the Thuringian mountains. + +We older pupils afterwards had a tall tower erected there as a monument +to Barop, and the prospect from its lofty summit, which is more that a +thousand feet high, is magnificent. + +Even before the completion of this lookout, the view was one of the most +beautiful and widest far or near, and we were treated like most new- +comers. During the ascent our eyes were bandaged, and when the +handkerchief was removed a marvellous picture appeared before our +astonished gaze. In the foreground, toward the left, rose the wooded +height crowned by the stately ruins of the Blankenburg. Beyond opened +the beautiful leafy bed of the Saale, proudly dominated by the +Leuchtenburg. Before us there was scarcely any barrier to the vision; +for behind the nearer ranges of hills one chain of the wooded Thuringian +Mountains towered beyond another, and where the horizon seemed to close +the grand picture, peak after peak blended with the sky and the clouds, +and the light veil of mist floating about them seemed to merge all into +an indivisible whole. + +I have gazed from this spot into the distance at every hour of the day +and season of the year. But the fairest time of all on the Steiger was +at sunset, on clear autumn days, when the scene close at hand, where the +threads of gossamer were floating, was steeped in golden light, the +distance in such exquisite tints-from crimson to the deepest violet blue, +edged with a line of light-the Saale glimmered with a silvery lustre amid +its fringe of alders, and the sun flashed on the glittering panes of the +Leuchtenburg. + +We were now old enough to enjoy the magnificence of this prospect. My +young heart swelled at the sight; and if in after years my eyes could +grasp the charm of a beautiful landscape and my pen successfully describe +it, I learned the art here. + +It was pleasant, too, that my mother saw all this with us, though she +must often have gone to rest very much wearied from her rambles. But +teachers and pupils vied with each other in attentions to her. She had +won all hearts. We noticed and rejoiced in it till the day came when +she left us. + +She was obliged to start very early in the morning, in order to reach +Berlin the same evening. The other boys were not up, but Barop, +Middendorf, and several other teachers had risen to take leave of her. +A few more kisses, a wave of her handkerchief, and the carriage vanished +in the village. Ludo and I were alone, and I vividly remember the moment +when we suddenly began to weep and sob as bitterly as if it had been an +eternal farewell. How often one human being becomes the sun of another's +life! And it is most frequently the mother who plays this beautiful +part. + +Yet the anguish of parting did not last very long, and whoever had +watched the boys playing ball an hour later would have heard our voices +among the merriest. Afterwards we rarely had attacks of homesickness, +there were so many new things in Keilhau, and even familiar objects +seemed changed in form and purpose. + +From the city we were in every sense transferred to the woods. + +True, we had grown up in the beautiful park of the Thiergarten, but only +on its edge; to live in and with Nature, "become one with her," as +Middendorf said, we had not learned. + +I once read in a novel by Jensen, as a well-attested fact, that during an +inquiry made in a charity school in the capital a considerable number of +the pupils had never seen a butterfly or a sunset. We were certainly not +to be classed among such children. But our intercourse with Nature had +been limited to formal visits which we were permitted to pay the august +lady at stated intervals. In Keilhau she became a familiar friend, and +we therefore were soon initiated into many of her secrets; for none +seemed to be withheld from our Middendorf and Barop, whom duty and +inclination alike prompted to sharpen our ears also for her language. + +The Keilhau games and walks usually led up the mountains or into the +forest, and here the older pupils acted as teachers, but not in any +pedagogical way. Their own interest in whatever was worthy of note in +Nature was so keen that they could not help pointing it out to their less +experienced companions. + +On our "picnics" from Berlin we had taken dainty mugs in order to drink +from the wells; now we learned to seek and find the springs themselves, +and how delicious the crystal fluid tastes from the hollow of the hand, +Diogenes's drinking-cup! + +Old Councillor Wellmer, in the Crede House, in Berlin, a zealous +entomologist, owned a large collection of beetles, and had carefully +impaled his pets on long slender pins in neat boxes, which filled +numerous glass cases. They lacked nothing but life. In Keilhau we found +every variety of insect in central Germany, on the bushes and in the +moss, the turf, the bark of trees, or on the flowers and blades of grass, +and they were alive and allowed us to watch them. Instead of neatly +written labels, living lips told us their names. + +We had listened to the notes of the birds in the Thiergarten; but our +mother, the tutor, the placards, our nice clothing, prohibited our +following the feathered songsters into the thickets. But in Keilhau we +were allowed to pursue them to their nests. The woods were open to every +one, and nothing could injure our plain jackets and stout boots. Even in +my second year at Keilhau I could distinguish all the notes of the +numerous birds in the Thuringian forests, and, with Ludo, began the +collection of eggs whose increase afforded us so much pleasure. Our +teachers' love for all animate creation had made them impose bounds on +the zeal of the egg-hunters, who were required always to leave one egg in +the nest, and if it contained but one not to molest it. How many trees +we climbed, what steep cliffs we scaled, through what crevices we +squeezed to add a rare egg to our collection; nay, we even risked our +limbs and necks! Life is valued so much less by the young, to whom it is +brightest, and before whom it still stretches in a long vista, than by +the old, for whom its charms are already beginning to fade, and who are +near its end. + +I shall never forget the afternoon when, supplied with ropes and poles, +we went to the Owl Mountain, which originally owed its name to +Middendorf, because when he came to Keilhau he noticed that its rocky +slope served as a home for several pairs of horned owls. Since then +their numbers had increased, and for some time larger night birds had +been flying in and out of a certain crevice. + +It was still the laying season, and their nests must be there. Climbing +the steep precipice was no easy task, but we succeeded, and were then +lowered from above into the crevice. At that time we set to work with +the delight of discoverers, but now I frown when I consider that those +who let first the daring Albrecht von Calm, of Brunswick, and then me +into the chasm by ropes were boys of thirteen or fourteen at the utmost. +Marbod, my companion's brother, was one of the strongest of our number, +and we were obliged to force our way like chimney sweeps by pressing our +hands and feet against the walls of the narrow rough crevice. Yet it now +seems a miracle that the adventure resulted in no injury. Unfortunately, +we found the young birds already hatched, and were compelled to return +with our errand unperformed. But we afterward obtained such eggs, and +their form is more nearly ball-shape than that seen in those of most +other birds. We knew how the eggs of all the feathered guests of Germany +were coloured and marked, and the chest of drawers containing our +collection stood for years in my mother's attic. When I inquired about +it a few years ago, it could not be found, and Ludo, who had helped in +gathering it, lamented its loss with me. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +FRIEDRICH FROEBEL'S IDEAL OF EDUCATION. + +Dangerous enterprises were of course forbidden, but the teachers of the +institute neglected no means of training our bodies to endure every +exertion and peril; for Froebel was still alive, and the ideal of +education, for whose realization he had established the Keilhau school, +had become to his assistants and followers strong and healthy realities. +But Froebel's purpose did not require the culture of physical strength. +His most marked postulates were the preservation and development of the +individuality of the boys entrusted to his care, and their training in +German character and German nature; for he beheld the sum of all the +traits of higher, purer manhood united in those of the true German. + +Love for the heart, strength for the character, seemed to him the highest +gifts with which he could endow his pupils for life. + +He sought to rear the boy to unity with himself, with God, with Nature, +and with mankind, and the way led to trust in God through religion, trust +in himself by developing the strength of mind and body, and confidence in +mankind--that is, in others, by active relations with life and a loving +interest in the past and present destinies of our fellow-men. This +required an eye and heart open to our surroundings, sociability, and a +deeper insight into history. Here Nature seems to be forgotten. But +Nature comes into the category of religion, for to him religion means: To +know and feel at one with ourselves, with God, and with man; to be loyal +to ourselves, to God, and to Nature: and to remain in continual active, +living relations with God. + +The teacher must lead the pupils to men as well as to God and Nature, and +direct them from action to perception and thought. For action he takes +special degrees, capacity, skill, trustworthiness; for perception, +consciousness, insight, clearness. Only the practical and clear-sighted +man can maintain himself as a thinker, opening out as a teacher new +trains of thought, and comprehending the basis of what is already +acquired and the laws which govern it. + +Froebel wishes to have the child regarded as a bud on the great tree of +life, and therefore each pupil needs to be considered individually, +developed mentally and physically, fostered and trained as a bud on the +huge tree of the human race. Even as a system of instruction, education +ought not to be a rigid plan, incapable of modification, it should be +adapted to the individuality of the child, the period in which it is +growing to maturity, and its environment. The child should be led to +feel, work, and act by its own experiences in the present and in its +home, not by the opinions of others or by fixed, prescribed rules. +From independent, carefully directed acts and knowledge, perceptions, +and thoughts, the product of this education must come forth--a man, or, +as it is elsewhere stated, a thorough German. At Keilhau he is to be +perfected, converted into a finished production without a flaw. If the +institute has fulfilled its duty to the individual, he will be: + +To his native land, a brave son in the hour of peril, in the spirit of +self-sacrifice and sturdy strength. + +To the family, a faithful child and a father who will secure prosperity. + +To the state, an upright, honest, industrious citizen. + +To the army, a clear-sighted, strong, healthy, brave soldier and leader. + +To the trades, arts, and sciences, a skilled helper, an active promoter, +a worker accustomed to thorough investigation, who has grown to maturity +in close intercourse with Nature. + +To Jesus Christ, a faithful disciple and brother; a loving, obedient +child of God. + +To mankind, a human being according to the image of God, and not +according to that of a fashion journal. + +No one is reared for the drawing-room; but where there is a drawing-room +in which mental gifts are fostered and truth finds an abode, a true +graduate of Keilhau will be an ornament. "No instruction in bowing and +tying cravats is necessary; people learn that only too quickly," said +Froebel. + +The right education must be a harmonious one, and must be thoroughly in +unison with the necessary phenomena and demands of human life. + +Thus the Keilhau system of education must claim the whole man, his inner +as well as his outer existence. Its purpose is to watch the nature of +each individual boy, his peculiarities, traits, talents, above all, his +character, and afford to all the necessary development and culture. It +follows step by step the development of the human being, from the almost +instinctive impulse to feeling, consciousness, and will. At each one of +these steps each child is permitted to have only what he can bear, +understand, and assimilate, while at the same time it serves as a ladder +to the next higher step of development and culture. In this way Froebel, +whose own notes, collected from different sources, we are here following, +hopes to guard against a defective or misdirected education; for what the +pupil knows and can do has sprung, as it were, from his own brain. +Nothing has been learned, but developed from within. Therefore the boy +who is sent into the world will understand how to use it, and possess the +means for his own further development and perfection from step to step. + +Every human being has a talent for some calling or vocation, and strength +for its development. It is the task of the institute to cultivate the +powers which are especially requisite for the future fulfilment of the +calling appointed by Nature herself. Here, too, the advance must be step +by step. Where talent or inclination lead, every individual will be +prepared to deal with even the greatest obstacles, and must possess even +the capacity to represent externally what has been perceived and thought +--that is, to speak and write clearly and accurately--for in this way the +intellectual power of the individual will first be made active and +visible to others. We perceive that Froebel strongly antagonizes the +Roman postulate that knowledge should be imparted to boys according to a +thoroughly tested method and succession approved by the mature human +intellect, and which seem most useful to it for later life. + +The systematic method which, up to the time of Pestalozzi, prevailed in +Germany, and is again embodied in our present mode of education, seemed +to him objectionable. The Swiss reformer pointed out that the mother's +heart had instinctively found the only correct system of instruction, and +set before the pedagogue the task of watching and cultivating the child's +talents with maternal love and care. He utterly rejected the old system, +and Froebel stationed himself as a fellow-combatant at his side, but went +still further. This stand required a high degree of courage at the time +of the founding of Keilhau, when Hegel's influence was omnipotent in +educational circles, for Hegel set before the school the task of +imparting culture, and forgot that it lacked the most essential +conditions; for the school can give only knowledge, while true education +demands a close relation between the person to be educated and the world +from which the school, as Hegel conceived it, is widely sundered. + +Froebel recognized that the extent of the knowledge imparted to each +pupil was of less importance, and that the school could not be expected +to bestow on each individual a thoroughly completed education, but an +intellect so well trained that when the time came for him to enter into +relations with the world and higher instructors he would have at his +disposal the means to draw from both that form of culture which the +school is unable to impart. He therefore turned his back abruptly on +the old system, denied that the main object of education was to meet the +needs of afterlife, and opposed having the interests of the child +sacrificed to those of the man; for the child in his eyes is sacred, an +independent blessing bestowed upon him by God, towards whom he has the +one duty of restoring to those who confided it to him in a higher degree +of perfection, with unfolded mind and soul, and a body and character +steeled against every peril. "A child," he says, "who knows how to do +right in his own childish sphere, will grow naturally into an upright +manhood." + +With regard to instruction, his view, briefly stated, is as follows: The +boy whose special talents are carefully developed, to whom we give the +power of absorbing and reproducing everything which is connected with his +talent, will know how to assimilate, by his own work in the world and +wider educational advantages, everything which will render him a perfect +and thoroughly educated man. With half the amount of preliminary +knowledge in the province of his specialty, the boy or youth dismissed +by us as a harmoniously developed man, to whom we have given the methods +requisite for the acquisition of all desirable branches of knowledge, +will accomplish more than his intellectual twin who has been trained +according to the ideas of the Romans (and, let us add, Hegel). + +I think Froebel is right. If his educational principles were the common +property of mankind, we might hope for a realization of Jean Paul's +prediction that the world would end with a child's paradise. We enjoyed +a foretaste of this paradise in Keilhau. But when I survey our modern +gymnasia, I am forced to believe that if they should succeed in equipping +their pupils with still greater numbers of rules for the future, the +happiness of the child would be wholly sacrificed to the interests of the +man, and the life of this world would close with the birth of overwise +greybeards. I might well be tempted to devote still more time to the +educational principles of the man who, from the depths of his full, warm +heart, addressed to parents the appeal, "Come, let us live for our +children," but it would lead me beyond the allotted limits. + +Many of Froebel's pedagogical principles undoubtedly appear at first +sight a pallid theorem, partly a matter of course, partly impracticable. +During our stay in Keilhau we never heard of these claims, concerning +which we pupils were the subject of experiment. Far less did we feel +that we were being educated according to any fixed method. We perceived +very little of any form of government. The relation between us and our +teachers was so natural and affectionate that it seemed as if no other +was possible. + +Yet, when I compared our life at Keilhau with the principles previously +mentioned, I found that Barop, Middendorf, and old Langethal, as well as +the sub-teachers Bagge, Budstedt, and Schaffner, had followed them in our +education, and succeeded in applying many of those which seemed the most +difficult to carry into execution. This filled me with sincere +admiration, though I soon perceived that it could have been done only by +men in whom Froebel had transplanted his ideal, men who were no less +enthusiastic concerning their profession than he, and whose personality +predestined them to solve successfully tasks which presented difficulties +almost unconquerable by others. + +Every boy was to be educated according to his peculiar temperament, with +special regard to his disposition, talents, and character. Although +there were sixty of us, this was actually done in the case of each +individual. + +Thus the teachers perceived that the endowments of my brother, with whom +I had hitherto shared everything, required a totally different system of +education from mine. While I was set to studying Greek, he was released +from it and assigned to modern languages and the arts and sciences. They +considered me better suited for a life of study, him qualified for some +practical calling or a military career. + +Even in the tasks allotted to each, and the opinions passed upon our +physical and mental achievements, there never was any fixed standard. +These teachers always kept in view the whole individual, and especially +his character. Thereby the parents of a Keilhau pupil were far better +informed in many respects than those of our gymnasiasts, who so often +yield to the temptation of estimating their sons' work by the greater or +less number of errors in their Latin exercises. + +It afforded me genuine pleasure to look through the Keilhau reports. +Each contained a description of character, with a criticism of the work +accomplished, partly with reference to the pupil's capacity, partly to +the demands of the school. Some are little masterpieces of psychological +penetration. + +Many of those who have followed these statements will ask how the German +nature and German character can be developed in the boys. + +It was thoroughly done in Keilhau. + +But the solution of the problem required men like Langethal and +Middendorf, who, even in their personal appearance models of German +strength and dignity, had fought for their native land, and who were +surpassed in depth and warmth of feeling by no man. + +I repeat that what Froebel termed German was really the higher traits of +human character; but nothing was more deeply imprinted on our souls than +love for our native land. Here the young voices not only extolled the +warlike deeds of the brave Prussians, but recited with equal fervor all +the songs with which true patriotism has inspired German poets. Perhaps +this delight in Germanism went too far in many respects; it fostered +hatred and scorn of everything "foreign," and was the cause of the long +hair and cap, pike and broad shirt collar worn by many a pupil. Yet +their number was not very large, and Ludo, our most intimate friends, +and I never joined them. + +Barop himself smiled at their "Teutonism" but indulged it, and it was +stimulated by some of the teachers, especially the magnificent Zeller, so +full of vigour and joy in existence. I can still see the gigantic young +Swiss, as he made the pines tremble with his "Odin, Odin, death to the +Romans!" + +One of the pupils, Count zur Lippe, whose name was Hermann, was called +"Arminius," in memory of the conqueror of Varus. But these were external +things. + +On the other hand, how vividly, during the history lesson, Langethal, the +old warrior of 1813, described the course of the conflict for liberty! + +Friedrich Froebel had also pronounced esteem for manual labour to be +genuinely and originally German, and therefore each pupil was assigned a +place where he could wield spades and pickaxes, roll stones, sow, and +reap. + +These occupations were intended to strengthen the body, according to +Froebel's rules, and absorbed the greater part of the hours not devoted +to instruction. + +Midway up the Dissauberg was the spacious wrestling-ground with the +shooting-stand, and in the court-yard of the institute the gymnasium for +every spare moment of the winter. There fencing was practised with +fleurets (thrusting swords), not rapiers, which Barop rightly believed +had less effect upon developing the agility of youthful bodies. Even +when boys of twelve, Ludo and I, like most of the other pupils, had our +own excellent rifles, a Christmas gift from our mother, and how quickly +our keen young eyes learned to hit the bull's-eye! There was good +swimming in the pond of the institute, and skating was practised there on +the frozen surface of the neighbouring meadow; then we had our coasting +parties at the "Upper House" and down the long slope of the Dissau, the +climbing and rambling, the wrestling and jumping over the backs of +comrades, the ditches, hedges, and fences, the games of prisoner's base +which no Keilhau pupil will ever forget, the ball-playing and the various +games of running for which there was always time, although at the end of +the year we had acquired a sufficient amount of knowledge. The stiffest +boy who came to Keilhau grew nimble, the biceps of the veriest weakling +enlarged, the most timid nature was roused to courage. Indeed, here, if +anywhere, it required courage to be cowardly. + +If Froebel and Langethal had seen in the principle of comradeship the +best furtherance of discipline, it was proved here; for we formed one +large family, and if any act really worthy of punishment, no mere +ebullition of youthful spirits, was committed by any of the pupils, Barop +summoned us all, formed us into a court of justice, and we examined into +the affair and fixed the penalty ourselves. For dishonourable acts, +expulsion from the institute; for grave offences, confinement to the +room--a punishment which pledged even us, who imposed it, to avoid all +intercourse with the culprit for a certain length of time. For lighter +misdemeanours the offender was confined to the house or the court-yard. +If trivial matters were to be censured this Areopagus was not convened. + +And we, the judges, were rigid executors of the punishment. Barop +afterwards told me that he was frequently compelled to urge us to be more +gentle. Old Froebel regarded these meetings as means for coming into +unity with life. The same purpose was served by the form of our +intercourse with one another, the pedestrian excursions, and the many +incidents related by our teachers of their own lives, especially the +historical instruction which was connected with the history of +civilization and so arranged as to seek to make us familiar not only with +the deeds of nations and bloody battles, but with the life of the human +race. + +In spite of, or on account of, the court of justice I have just +mentioned, there could be no informers among us, for Barop only half +listened to the accuser, and often sent him harshly from the room without +summoning the school-mate whom he accused. Besides, we ourselves knew +how to punish the sycophant so that he took good care not to act as tale- +bearer a second time. + + + + MANNERS, AND FROEBEL'S KINDERGARTEN + +The wives of the teachers had even more to do with our deportment than +the dancing-master, especially Frau Barop and her husband's sister Frau +von Born, who had settled in Keilhau on account of having her sons +educated there. + +The fact that the head-master's daughters and several girls, who were +friends or relatives of his family, shared many of our lessons, also +contributed essentially to soften the manners of the young German +savages. + +I mention our "manners" especially because, as I afterwards learned, they +had been the subject of sharp differences of opinion between Friedrich +Froebel and Langethal, and because the arguments of the former are so +characteristic that I deem them worthy of record. + +There could be no lack of delicacy of feeling on the part of the founder +of the kindergarten system, who had said, "If you are talking with any +one, and your child comes to ask you about anything which interests him, +break off your conversation, no matter what may be the rank of the person +who is speaking to you," and who also directed that the child should +receive not only love but respect. The first postulate shows that he +valued the demands of the soul far above social forms. Thus it happened +that during the first years of the institute, which he then governed +himself, he was reproached with paying too little attention to the +outward forms, the "behaviour," the manners of the boys entrusted to his +care. His characteristic answer was: "I place no value on these forms +unless they depend upon and express the inner self. Where that is +thoroughly trained for life and work, externals may be left to +themselves, and will supplement the other." The opponent admits this, +but declares that the Keilhau method, which made no account of outward +form, may defer this "supplement" in a way disastrous to certain +pupils. Froebel's answer is: "Certainly, a wax pear can be made much +more quickly and is just as beautiful as those on the tree, which require +a much longer time to ripen. But the wax pear is only to look at, can +barely be touched, far less could it afford refreshment to the thirsty +and the sick. It is empty--a mere nothing! The child's nature, it is +said, resembles wax. Very well, we don't grudge wax fruits to any one +who likes them. But nothing must be expected from them if we are ill and +thirsty; and what is to become of them when temptations and trials come, +and to whom do they not come? Our educational products must mature +slowly, but thoroughly, to genuine human beings whose inner selves will +be deficient in no respect. Let the tailor provide for the clothes." + +Froebel himself was certainly very careless in the choice of his. The +long cloth coat in which I always saw him was fashioned by the village +tailor, and the old gentleman probably liked the garment because half a +dozen children hung by the tails when he crossed the court-yard. It +needed to be durable; but the well-fitting coats worn by Barop and +Langethal were equally so, and both men believed that the good gardener +should also care for the form of the fruit he cultivates, because, when +ripe, it is more valuable if it looks well. They, too, cared nothing for +wax fruits; nay, did not even consider them because they did not +recognize them as fruit at all. + +Froebel's conversion was delayed, but after his marriage it was all the +more thorough. The choice of this intellectual and kindly natured man, +who set no value on the external forms of life, was, I might say, +"naturally" a very elegant woman, a native of Berlin, the widow of the +Kriegsrath Hofmeister. She speedily opened Froebel's eyes to the +aesthetic and artistic element in the lives of the boys entrusted to his +care--the element to which Langethal, from the time of his entrance into +the institution, had directed his attention. + +So in Keilhau, too, woman was to pave the way to greater refinement. + +This had occurred long before our entrance into the institution. Froebel +did not allude to wax pears now when he saw the pupils well dressed and +courteous in manner; nay, afterwards, in establishing the kindergarten, +he praised and sought to utilize the comprehensive influence upon +humanity of "woman," the guardian of lofty morality. Wives and mothers +owe him as great a debt of gratitude as children, and should never forget +the saying, "The mother's heart alone is the true source of the welfare +of the child, and the salvation of humanity." The fundamental necessity +of the hour is to prepare this soil for the noble human blossom, and +render it fit for its mission. + +To meet the need mentioned in this sentence the whole labour of the +evening of his life was devoted. Amid many cares and in defiance of +strong opposition he exerted his best powers for the realization of his +ideal, finding courage to do so in the conviction uttered in the saying, +"Only through the pure hands and full hearts of wives and mothers can the +kingdom of God become a reality." + +Unfortunately, I cannot enter more comprehensively here into the details +of the kindergarten system--it is connected with Keilhau only in so far +that both were founded by the same man. Old Froebel was often visited +there by female kindergarten teachers and pedagogues who wished to learn +something of this new institute. We called the former "Schakelinen"; the +latter, according to a popular etymology, "Schakale." The odd name +bestowed upon the female kindergarten teachers was derived, as I learned +afterwards, from no beast of prey, but from a figure in Jean Paul's +"Levana," endowed with beautiful gifts. Her name is Madame Jacqueline, +and she was used by the author to give expression to his own opinions of +female education. Froebel has adopted many suggestions of Jean Paul, but +the idea of the kindergarten arose from his own unhappy childhood. He +wished to make the first five years of life, which to him had been a +chain of sorrows, happy and fruitful to children--especially to those +who, like him, were motherless. + +Sullen tempers, the rod, and the strictest, almost cruel, constraint had +overshadowed his childhood, and now his effort was directed towards +having the whole world of little people join joyously in his favourite +cry, "Friede, Freude, Freiheit!" (Peace, Pleasure, Liberty), which +corresponds with the motto of the Jahn gymnasium, "Frisch, fromm, +frohlich, frei." + +He also desired to utilize for public instruction the educational talents +which woman undoubtedly possesses. + +As in his youth, shoulder to shoulder with Pestalozzi, he had striven to +rear growing boys in a motherly fashion to be worthy men, he now wished +to turn to account, for the benefit of the whole wide circle of younger +children, the trait of maternal solicitude which exists in every woman. +Women were to be trained for teachers, and the places where children +received their first instruction were to resemble nurseries as closely as +possible. He also desired to see the maternal tone prevail in this +instruction. + +He, through whose whole life had run the echo of the Saviour's words, +"Suffer little children to come unto me," understood the child's nature, +and knew that its impulse to play must be used, in order to afford it +suitable future nourishment for the mind and soul. + +The instruction, the activity, and the movements of the child should be +associated with the things which most interest him, and meanwhile it +should be constantly employed in some creative occupation adapted to its +intelligence. + +If, for instance, butter was spoken of, by the help of suitable motions +the cow was milked, the milk was poured into a pan and skimmed, the cream +was churned, the butter was made into pats and finally sent to market. +Then came the payment, which required little accounts. When the game was +over, a different one followed, perhaps something which rendered the +little hands skilful by preparing fine weaving from strips of paper; for +Froebel had perceived that change brought rest. + +Every kindergarten should have a small garden, to afford an opportunity +to watch the development of the plants, though only one at a time--for +instance, the bean. By watching the clouds in the sky he directed the +childish intelligence to the rivers, seas, and circulation of moisture. +In the autumn the observation of the chrysalis state of insects was +connected with that of the various stages of their existence. + +In this way the child can be guided in its play to a certain creative +activity, rendered familiar with the life of Nature, the claims of the +household, the toil of the peasants, mechanics, etc., and at the same +time increase its dexterity in using its fingers and the suppleness of +its body. It learns to play, to obey, and to submit to the rules of the +school, and is protected from the contradictory orders of unreasonable +mothers and nurses. + +Women and girls, too, were benefitted by the kindergarten. + +Mothers, whose time, inclination, or talents, forbade them to devote +sufficient time to the child, were relieved by the kindergarten. Girls +learned, as if in a preparatory school of future wife and motherhood, +how to give the little one what it needed, and, as Froebel expresses it, +to become the mediators between Nature and mind. + +Yet even this enterprise, the outcome of pure love for the most innocent +and harmless creatures, was prohibited and persecuted as perilous to the +state under Frederick William IV, during the period of the reaction which +followed the insurrection of 1848. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Hollow of the hand, Diogenes's drinking-cup +Life is valued so much less by the young +Required courage to be cowardly + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF MY LIFE, BY EBERS, V3 *** + +********** This file should be named 5595.txt or 5595.zip ********* + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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