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diff --git a/old/55774-0.txt b/old/55774-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ed1a279..0000000 --- a/old/55774-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1471 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Law of Storms, by John Ross - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Law of Storms - The various phenomena by which their approach can be - ascertained with certainty, and practical directions to - mariners for the avoidance of their fury, compiled from - various sources - -Author: John Ross - -Release Date: October 19, 2017 [EBook #55774] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAW OF STORMS *** - - - - -Produced by MFR, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other - variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. - Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - - - - - =PAPER AND STATIONERY= - =Warehouse=. - - =JOHN G. HODGE & CO=., - Cor. Sansome and Sacramento sts., - - SAN FRANCISCO. - IMPORTING AND MANUFACTURING - - =STATIONERS=, - - Keep Blank Books, Stationery, School Books, Cheap Publications, - LOG BOOKS, Shipping Articles, Rolls - of Sale of Vessels, etc., etc. - - =The Best Grades at Lowest Prices=. - - G. W. BREWER. M. P. McLAUGHLIN. - - =McLAUGHLIN & BREWER=, - - =REAL ESTATE= - =AGENTS=, - - No. 328 MONTGOMERY STREET, - (Office No. 9,) - SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - =THE LAW OF STORMS:= - - THE VARIOUS PHENOMENA BY WHICH THEIR APPROACH - CAN BE ASCERTAINED WITH CERTAINTY, AND - PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS TO MARINERS - FOR THE AVOIDANCE - OF THEIR FURY. - - COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES - - BY - =CAPT. JOHN ROSS=. - - [Illustration] - - A. ROMAN & COMPANY, - BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS AND IMPORTERS, - 417 and 119 Montgomery Street, San Francisco. - 27 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK. - - 1869. - - Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, - - BY CAPT. JOHN ROSS, - - In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States - for the Northern District of California. - - Printed by SPAULDING & BARTO, - MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS JOB OFFICE, - 414 Clay Street, San Francisco. - - - - -ON HURRICANES AND THE LAW OF STORMS. - - -In the Northern Hemisphere, when the Polar and Equatorial currents of -air are alternating with each other, the regular shifting of the wind -round the compass will be through S., S.W., W., N.W., N., N.E., E., -S.E., S.—and the changes will take place oftener between south and -west, and between north and east, than between west and north, and -between east and south. - -Similarly in the Southern Hemisphere, it may be inferred that when -Polar currents of air alternate with Equatorial, the regular shifting -of the wind round the compass will be successive through S., S.E., E., -N.E., N., N.W., W., S.W., S. - -This is Dove’s “Law of Gyration,” (or the law of the rotation of -winds). And collecting the main points into a few general propositions, -it may be laid down, that all steady winds are modified by the rotation -of the earth, in such a manner that Equatorial currents of air receive -a westerly deflection, and Polar currents an easterly deflection; but -latitudinal currents suffer no change. The N.E. and S.E. Trade Winds -are steady Polar currents. The Monsoons are alternations of a Polar and -an Equatorial current, twice during the year. Therefore they are N.E. -and S.W. in the Northern Hemisphere, and S.E. and N.W. in the Southern -Hemisphere. - -The S.W. passage winds of the Northern Hemisphere, and the N.W. passage -winds of the Southern Hemisphere, are Equatorial currents. - -Bodies of air set in motion from a state of rest, turn the wind-vane in -the direction of the meridian as follows: - -The Polar current in the Northern Hemisphere from N. to E. - -The Polar current in the Southern Hemisphere from S. to E. - -The Equatorial current in the Northern Hemisphere from S. to W. - -The Equatorial current in the Southern Hemisphere from N. to W. - -In general the winds in the Northern Hemisphere are as follows: - -Those from N. to E. the Polar currents. - -Those from E. to S. the transition of the Polar to the Equatorial. - -Those from S. to W. the Equatorial current. - -Those from W. to N. the transition of the Equatorial to the Polar. - -Also, in the Southern hemisphere, the winds are as follows: - -Those from S. to E. the Polar currents. - -Those from E. to N. the transition of the Polar to the Equatorial. - -Those from N. to W. the Equatorial current. - -Those from E. to S. the transition of the Equatorial to the Polar. - -Thus, a complete revolution of the wind-vane in the Northern Hemisphere -is therefore S.W., N.E., S. with the sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere -the rotation is S.E., N.W., S., with the sun, also, in that region. - -When the course of a steady wind is obstructed in such a manner as to -produce a Hurricane, or Cyclone, the wind has a rotary or whirling -motion (as it were, on an axis), while the storm itself has a -progressive motion. - -N. B.—The rotation of the wind during a hurricane, in the Northern -Hemisphere, is in a direction contrary to that in which the hands of a -watch move. In the Southern Hemisphere, the rotation is in the same -direction as that of the hands of a watch. And hence the following -shiftings of the vane: In the Northern Hemisphere, when the vortex -(or center) of the storm passes to the westward of the place of -observation, the rotation is S.W., N.E., S., with the sun; when the -vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation, the rotation -is S.E., N.W., S., against the sun. - -In the Southern Hemisphere, if the vortex passes to the westward of the -place of observation, the rotation is S.E., N.W., S., with the sun. - -If the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation, the -rotation is S.W., N.E., S., against the sun. - - -On Hurricanes or Cyclones. - -Thus, in both Hemispheres, the passage of an equatorial whirlwind -storm on the west side of the place of observation produces normal -revolutions in accordance with the law of gyration; while, on the other -hand, its passage on the east side produces anomalous revolutions -contrary to the law of gyration. When the vortex of a whirlwind storm -passes over the place of observation, the vane may shift from one -direction to that immediately opposite to it. - -Generally, if the whirlwind storm is an equatorial one in the Northern -Hemisphere, it progresses from S.E. to N.W. in the Torrid Zone; it -recurves at the outer edge of the N.E. trade wind, and thence moves -from S.W. to N.E. But in the Southern Hemisphere an equatorial storm -moves first from N.E. to S.W.; recurves at the outer edge of the S.E. -trade wind, and then advances from N.W. to S.E.—bearing in mind -the direction of the rotation of the wind in each hemisphere, viz: -against watch hands in the Northern, but with watch hands in the -Southern Hemisphere. Certain portions of the storms are characterized -by certain hurricane winds, and dividing the storm by diameters drawn -from the northern to the southern margin, and again from the eastern -to the western margin, we find that in the Northern Hemisphere, on the -northern margin, the wind will be easterly; on the eastern margin, -southerly; on the southern margin, westerly; and on the western margin, -northerly;—each portion of the cyclone possessing its appropriate wind. - -The relations of the winds to the margin in the Southern Hemisphere, -will be exactly the reverse of their relation in the Northern. Thus: It -is the southern margin of the storm south of the Equator, that exhibits -an easterly; the western margin a southerly; the northern margin a -westerly, and the eastern margin a northerly wind. Hence, each portion -of the hurricane having its appropriate wind, there results, according -to the law of the rotation of revolving gales, a very simple rule for -determining the bearing of the center of the storm from the ship, viz: -Look to the wind’s eye and set its bearing by compass, the _eighth_ -point to the right thereof when in the Northern Hemisphere; but to the -left of the wind’s direction when in the Southern Hemisphere, will be -the bearing of the storm’s center. Thus, in the Northern Hemisphere, -from an easterly wind, which characterizes the northern margin of the -storm, its center will bear south; from a northerly wind the center -will bear east; from a westerly wind it will bear north, and from a -southerly wind, west. But in the Southern Hemisphere, from an easterly -wind, the center of the storm bears north; from a southerly wind the -center bears east; from a westerly wind, south; and from a northerly -wind, west. - -The above rule is perfectly clear and definite; but as it is especially -important to avoid the center of the storm,—its most dangerous -part,—the following table shows at a glance its relative bearing in -each Hemisphere. - - ═════════════════════════════════╦══════════════════════════════════ - IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. ║ IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. - ─────────────┬───────────────────╫─────────────┬──────────────────── - If the wind │ The center of the ║ If the wind │ The center of the - be— │ storm will bear ║ be— │ storm will bear - │ from the ship— ║ │ from the ship— - ─────────────┼───────────────────╫─────────────┼──────────────────── - North. │ East. ║ North. │ West. - N by E │ E by S ║ N by E │ W by N - NNE │ ESE ║ NNE │ WNW - NE by N │ SE by E ║ NE by N │ NW by W - NE │ SE ║ NE │ NW - NE by E │ SE by S ║ NE by E │ NW by N - ENE │ SSE ║ ENE │ NNW - E by N │ S by E ║ E by N │ N by W - East. │ South. ║ East. │ North. - E by S │ S by W ║ E by S │ N by E - ESE │ SSW ║ ESE │ NNE - SE by E │ SW by S ║ SE by E │ NE by N - SE │ SW ║ SE │ NE - SE by S │ SW by W ║ SE by S │ NE by E - SSE │ WSW ║ SSE │ ENE - S by E │ W by S ║ S by E │ E by N - South. │ West. ║ South. │ East. - S by W │ W by N ║ S by W │ E by S - SSW │ WNW ║ SSW │ ESE - SW by S │ NW by W ║ SW by S │ SE by E - SW │ NW ║ SW │ SE - SW by W │ NW by N ║ SW by W │ SE by S - WSW │ NNW ║ WSW │ SSE - W by S │ N by W ║ W by S │ S by E - West. │ North. ║ West. │ South. - W by N │ N by E ║ W by N │ S by W - WNW │ NNE ║ WNW │ SSW - NW by W │ NE by N ║ NW by W │ SW by S - NW │ NE ║ NW │ SW - NW by N │ NE by E ║ NW by N │ SW by W - NNW │ ENE ║ NNW │ WSW - N by W │ E by N ║ N by W │ W by S - ─────────────┴───────────────────╨─────────────┴──────────────────── - -The path which the axis of rotation describes is not inappropriately -termed the “Axis Line.” On the “Axis Line” there is no change of wind -until the center has passed, when, after a brief interval of calm, the -wind springs up with great fury from the opposite quarter. - -It has been remarked by Piddington, “that he who watches his barometer, -watches his ship.” This invaluable instrument, if well understood, -invariably announces the approach of a revolving storm; shows whether -the vessel is plunging into the vortex, or if she be receding from -it; and hence, by carefully noticing its indications, the disastrous -consequences of a hurricane may, to a great extent, be avoided,—for -the laws of its oscillations are very distinctly marked. The barometer -often stands unusually high before the commencement of a cyclone, and -frequently (if not always) just around the storm. And conceiving the -cyclone to be divided into two parts by a diameter at right angles -to its path, it may be noted that the barometer always falls during -the passage of the advancing semi-circle of a revolving storm. The -barometer always rises during the passage of the receding semi-circle -of a revolving storm. In cases of manɶuvering to take advantage of the -hurricane winds, and to keep just within the verge of the storm, the -barometer is of signal benefit,—it should be kept as high as possible, -without losing the wind. In whatever position the ship may be, the -rising of the mercury announces that the first (or dangerous) half of -the storm has passed. - -The barometer is a faithful guide in the zone of the Trade Winds. -Its ordinary variations are so small that any deviation from its -normal height requires attention. Its fluctuations are larger beyond -the Tropics; but the indications are scarcely less certain if used -in conjunction with the thermometer and hygrometer,—hence, more -watchfulness is required on the part of the navigator; and it is of the -utmost importance to have such a knowledge of the Law of Storms, of -storm instruments, and of the signs of the weather, as to be able to -detect the presence of a hurricane or cyclone, when as yet sky and sea -betoken but little of that blind fury, during the height of which it is -so difficult to guide the vessel in safety. One great advantage of such -knowledge is a quick apprehension of the indications which forewarn, to -make all snug in time. - -The meteorological signs indicating the approach of a hurricane or -cyclone, have been collected from various sources by Mr. Birt, and are -enumerated and classed according as the phenomena may be presented to -the external sensations of feeling, sight, or hearing. - - -METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE FEELINGS. - - 1. A sultry, oppressive state of the atmosphere. - 2. A calm. - - -METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE EYE. - - 1. A remarkably clear state of the atmosphere, so that the stars - may be seen to rise and set with nearly the same distinctness as - the sun and moon. - - 2. A peculiar white appearance in the zenith, more or less of a - circular form. - - 3. A remarkably red or fiery appearance of the sky. This is not - unfrequently of such intensity as to tinge all the surrounding - objects with a deep crimson; and when this is seen there can be no - question that the violent portion of the cyclone is not far from - the vessel. When this red light is seen at night, the impression - on the seaman’s mind is that day has broken before its time. - - 4. A peculiar coloring of the clouds, more especially of an olive - green. This is generally the precursor of a most violent and - terrific hurricane. - - 5. A thick, hazy appearance in that quarter of the horizon in - which the cyclone is raging. - - 6. A remarkable and peculiar appearance of the heavenly bodies. - When shining through a haze they are said to shine with a pale, - sickly light, and are not unfrequently surrounded by rings of - light, or halos. Some observers describe the stars “as looking - big, with burs about them”; others speak of their “dancing,” and - generally they have been noticed as being remarkably bright and - twinkling. - - 7. The sun, on some occasions, has exhibited a blue appearance, - and white objects have been seen of a decided light blue color. - The sun has also been observed of a pale and somewhat similar - appearance to that of the full moon. - - 8. A dense, heavy bank of cloud in the direction of the hurricane. - - 9. A peculiar appalling appearance in this bank, more particularly - as if it were a solid wall, drawing down upon and closing around - the ship. - - 10. A darting forward of portions of this bank, as if torn - into rags and shreds by some violent force, and driven before, - not borne, by the wind. When this indication - is distinctly recognized, a run of about two hours toward the - center will involve the vessel in a destructive hurricane. - 11. A peculiar motion exhibited by small bodies, as branches - of trees when agitated by the wind, consisting of an apparent - whirling, not a bending forward, as if bent by a stream of air. - - 12. Lightning of a remarkable columnar character, shooting up in - stalks from the horizon with a dull glare; also like flashes from - a gun, and sparks from a flint and steel. - - -METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE EAR. - - 1. A distant roar (probably of the hurricane itself) as of wind - rushing through a hollow vault. - - 2. A peculiar moaning of the wind, indicative of the close - proximity of the violent portion of the hurricane. - - -THE METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING A REVOLVING STORM -MAY ALSO BE ENUMERATED THUS: - - 1. A very rapid motion of the air constituting the hurricane, and - increasing in velocity as the center is approached. - - 2. A fitful variation of intensity in the force of the wind, which - sometimes blows with fearful violence, carrying away everything - that opposes its progress; then sinking to a gentle breeze, or - even lulling to a calm, but almost immediately afterwards - springing up with greater violence than before. The hurricane - winds are nearly if not entirely, without exception, puffy, - violent, and blowing in gusts. - - 3. An immense condensation of aqueous vapor, forming large banks - of cloud, which precipitate torrents of rain. The condensation - appears to be so exceedingly rapid that large quantities of - electricity are generally developed, giving rise to incessant - flashes of lightning. - - 4. A general darkness, and gloominess within the area of the cyclone, - relieved only by the fitful glare of the lightning, or the - appearance of the imperfect circle of light near the center or - axis of the storm. - - 5. A separation of the clouds in or near the center of the hurricane, - so as to produce in the immediate neighborhood of the axis a clear - sky, through which the sun and stars are often seen with great - brilliancy. - - 6. A calm in the center of the cyclone. - - -INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING OR EXISTING HURRICANES, MANIFESTED BY THE -OCEAN, OF ESPECIAL UTILITY TO VESSELS AT ANCHOR IN ROADSTEADS. - - 1. A swell, produced by the storm-wave, rolling in upon the shore, - at first of a gentle character. The direction of this swell will - pretty surely indicate the bearing of the storm, and its changes - will point out in some localities the course the hurricane may be - pursuing. - - 2. A swell rolling in, without changing its direction, may be - regarded as indicative of a hurricane approaching the shore. - The same phenomenon met with at sea (the ship’s course being - taken into account) will indicate the bearing down of the - cyclone on the vessel. - - 3. A dirty green appearance of the ocean; on some occasions its - assuming a muddy or brown color, on others its being remarkably - clear, its temperature increasing, and its swellings stronger - than at other times,—are all indications of the proximity of - a cyclone. - -The area over which these rotary storms have been known to expand, -varies from 30 to 40 to 1,000 miles; but while the diameter, so long -as the storm is within the tropics, expands but very gradually, it -suddenly increases in a remarkable manner after recurving. The rate at -which they travel on their onward course also varies greatly, not only -in different parts of the globe, but even in the same locality, and -at the same season. Generally, however, the rapidity with which the -vortex of the hurricane progresses is greater as the storm recurves -on reaching the outer edge of the trade winds. Thus, the hurricane of -August, 1853, traversed 6,276 English miles in about twelve days, with -a mean progressive velocity of twenty-six miles per hour; but after it -arrived at the Banks of Newfoundland this velocity was increased to -about fifty miles per hour. - -Within the area of the cyclone the moving body of air frequently -attains a rotatory velocity of from seventy to one hundred miles -an hour. - - -TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENT MONTHS OF THE YEAR IN WHICH HURRICANES AND -CYCLONES HAVE BEEN RECORDED IN VARIOUS REGIONS. - - ══════════════════════╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══ - LOCALITY. │Jan│Feb│Mar│Apr│May│Jun│Jul│Aug│Sep│Oct│Nov│Dec - ──────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼─── - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - No. Atlantic and W.I. │ 5 │ 7 │ 11│ 6 │ 5 │ 10│ 42│ 96│ 80│ 69│ 17│ 7 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - South’n Indian Ocean │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - & Mauritius. │ 9 │ 15│ 15│ 8 │ 4 │ │ │ │ 1 │ 1 │ 4 │ 6 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - North’n Indian Ocean; │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Bay of Bengal— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - N.E. Monsoon. │ 1 │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 12│ 7 │ 6 - S.W. Monsoon. │ │ │ │ 6 │ 16│ 4 │ 1 │ 2 │ 1 │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Arabian Sea & Bomb’y— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - N.E. Monsoon. │ 1 │ 1 │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ 12│ 9 │ 5 - S.W. Monsoon. │ │ │ │ 5 │ 9 │ 2 │ 4 │ 5 │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - China Sea and North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Pacific— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - (western part). │ │ 1 │ │ │ 2 │ 2 │ 12│ 5 │ 18│ 14│ 12│ 1 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Java Sea and Northwest│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Coast of Australia. │ 3 │ 5 │ 1 │ 1 │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 - ──────────────────────┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴─── - -From this table it appears that the hurricane seasons in the several -localities are as follows: - - 1. In the North Atlantic, from June to November, the greater number - occurring in July, August, September, and October. - - 2. In the Bay of Bengal they are most prevalent in October, November - and December, when the N. E. Monsoon is strongest; they occur also - during the S. W. Monsoon, especially in April, May or June. - - 3. In the Arabian Sea they have been experienced during both - Monsoons. - - 4. In the China Sea they are prevalent on the coast between June and - October; but in the central part of that sea during September, - October and November. - - 5. In the Southern Indian Ocean they may be expected between November - and April, but they are most prevalent during January, February - and March. - - 6. In the Java Sea, and on the N. W. Coast of Australia they have - been recorded during December, January and February. - - -RULES FOR TRIMMING THE SHIP IN A HURRICANE. - -Piddington long ago said: “That all positive rules tend to mislead.” -Every ship must have its own peculiar management depending on the four -great elements of the problem, which are— - - 1. The ship and her sea room. - - 2. The track of the cyclone. - - 3. Its rate of traveling. - - 4. The ship’s run and drift. - -While, on the part of the commander, caution and watchfulness are -essentially requisite, still all the circumstances being favorable, -rules may be given in a very brief compass for trimming a vessel to -the hurricane winds. These are embodied in the following tables. Where -the directions of the wind vane, as set down in the first column are -tangents to the whirlwind in its course, these indicate the quarter -from which the storm sets in. The points of the compass in the second -column show the position of the storm’s center as regards the vessel. -The fourth column gives the direction in which to steer when the wind -shifts as indicated in the third column; but if it shifts as indicated -in the fifth column, then bear away as told in the sixth column. - - - I.—FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. - - ═════════════════╤═══════════╤═════════════╤════════╤══════════════╤══ - Direction of wind│ If the │And the wind │ │ But if the │ - at commencem’t │ center │ shifts from │ Steer │ wind shifts │ - of storm │(or vortex)│ │ │ from │ - │ Bears │ │ │ │ - ─────────────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼────────┼──────────────┼── - North. │ East. │ N to W │ South. │ N to E │ - N by E │ E by S │ N by E to N │ S by W │ N by E to E │ - NNE │ ESE │ NNE to N │ SSW │ NNE to E │ - NE by N │ SE by E │ NE by N to N│ SW by S│ NE by N to E │ - NE │ SE │ NE to N │ SW │ NE to E │ - NE by E │ SE by S │ NE by E to N│ SW by W│ NE by E to E │ † - ENE │ SSE │ ENE to N │ WSW │ ENE to E │ - E by N │ S by E │ E by N to N │ W by S │ E by N to E │ † - East. │ South. │ E to N │ West. │ E to S │ - E by S │ S by W │ E by S to E │ W by N │ E by S to S │ † - ESE │ SSW │ ESE to E │ WNW │ ESE to S │ - SE by E │ SW by S │ SE by E to E│ NW by W│ SE by E to S │ † - SE │ SW │ SE to E │ NW │ SE to S │ - SE by S │ SW by W │ SE by S to E│ NW by N│ SE by S to S │ † - SSE │ WSW │ SSE to E │ NNW │ SSE to S │ - S by E │ W by S │ S by E to E │ N by W │ S by E to S │ - South. │ West. │ S to E │ North. │ S to W │ - S by W │ W by N │ S by W to S │ N by E │ S by W to W │ - SSW │ WNW │ SSW to S │ NNE │ SSW to W │ - SW by S │ NW by W │ SW by S to S│ NE by N│ SW by S to W │ - SW │ NW │ SW to S │ NE │ SW to W │ - ─────────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────────┴── - - Transcriber’s Note: - † † † † † stands for: - “Put the ship on the Starboard Tack.” - Printed vertically in 6th column. - - -II.—FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. - - ═════════════════╤═══════════╤═════════════╤════════╤═════════════╤══ - Direction of wind│ If the │And the wind │ │But if the │ - at commencem’t │ center │ shifts from │ Steer │ wind shifts │ - of storm │(or vortex)│ │ │ from │ - │ Bears │ │ │ │ - ─────────────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼────────┼─────────────┼── - South. │ East. │ S to W │ North. │ S to E │ - S by E │ E by N │ S by E to S │ N by W │ S by E to E │ - SSE │ ENE │ SSE to S │ NNW │ SSE to E │ - SE by S │ NE by E │ SE by S to S│ NW by N│ SE by S to E│ - SE │ NE │ SE to S │ NW │ SE to E │ - SE by E │ NE by N │ SE by E to S│ NW by W│ SE by E to E│ † - ESE │ NNE │ ESE to S │ WNW │ ESE to E │ - E by S │ N by E │ E by S to S │ W by N │ E by S to E │ † - East. │ North. │ E to S │ West. │ E to N │ - E by N │ N by W │ E by N to E │ W by S │ E by N to N │ † - ENE │ NNW │ ENE to E │ WSW │ ENE to N │ - NE by E │ NW by N │ NE by E to E│ SW by W│ NE by E to N│ † - NE │ NW │ NE to E │ SW │ NE to N │ - NE by N │ NW by W │ NE by N to E│ SW by S│ NE by N to N│ † - NNE │ WNW │ NNE to E │ SSW │ NNE to N │ - N by E │ W by N │ N by E to E │ S by W │ N by E to N │ - North. │ West. │ N to E │ South. │ N to W │ - N by W │ W by S │ N by W to N │ S by E │ N by W to W │ - NNW │ WSW │ NNW to N │ SSE │ NNW to W │ - NW by N │ SW by W │ NW by N to N│ SE by S│ NW by N to W│ - NW │ SW │ NW to N │ SE │ NW to W │ - ─────────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴─────────────┴── - - Transcriber’s Note: - † † † † † stands for: - “Put the ship on the Starboard Tack.” - Printed vertically in 6th column. - - -ADMIRAL FITZROY’S INSTRUCTIONS ON THE USE OF THE BAROMETER IN NORTH -LATITUDE. - - -THE BAROMETER RISES: - -For northerly wind (including from N. W. by the north to the eastward), -for dry, or less wet weather, for less wind, or for more than one of -these changes—except on a few occasions when rain (or snow) comes from -the northward, with strong wind. - - -A THERMOMETER FALLS: - -For change of wind towards any of the above directions. - - -THE BAROMETER FALLS: - -For southerly wind (including from S. E. by the south to the westward) -for wet weather, for stronger wind, or for more than one of these -changes—except on a few occasions when moderate wind with rain (or -snow) comes from the northward. - - -A THERMOMETER RISES: - -For change of wind towards the upper directions only. Moisture or -dampness in the air (shown by a hygrometer) increases before or with -rain, fog or dew. - - ══════════════════════════════════╦══════════════════════════════════ - On Barometer Scales the following ║ And the following Summary may - contractions may be useful in ║ be useful generally throughout - in North Latitudes. ║ the world. - ─────────────────┬────────────────╫─────────────────┬──────────────── - Rise for │ Fall for ║ Rise for │ Fall for - NE by NW-N-E │ SW by SE-S-W ║ Cold, dry or │ Warm, wet or - Dry or less │ Wet or more ║ less wind │ more wind - wind—except │ wind—except ║ —except wet │ —except wet - wet from NE │ wet from NE ║ from cold side. │ from cold side. - ─────────────────┴────────────────╨─────────────────┴──────────────── - -In south latitudes substitute south or southward for north, northward, -etc. - - - - - =ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT= - - - =THOMAS TENNENT=, - - =CHRONOMETER= - —AND— - =NAUTICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER=, - - BATTERY STREET, OPPOSITE THE CUSTOM HOUSE, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - ESTABLISHED IN 1850. - - DEPOT FOR - U. S. Government Chronometers. - - U. S. AGENCY FOR - Government Charts of Pacific Coast and Harbors. - - CHRONOMETERS carefully rated by - TRANSIT OBSERVATIONS. - - Repairs or Cleaning of CHRONOMETERS, WATCHES or - NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS executed in the best manner, under his - personal supervision, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. - - A full supply constantly kept of CHARTS of all parts of the world, - NAUTICAL BOOKS, NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS, etc., etc. - - =No Runners Employed=. - - Orders left at the store promptly attended to. - - - - - =JAMES CURTIS & CO=., - =MARINE DRUG STORE=. - - WHOLESALE AND RETAIL - DRUGGISTS, - - Corner Stewart and Market Streets, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - Particular attention paid to replenishing SHIPS’ MEDICINE CHESTS - with PURE MEDICINE. A good assortment of Medicine Chests always - on hand and for sale at reasonable prices. Also, - - =PURE WINES AND LIQUORS=, - Of our own importation, for sale in large or small quantities. - - JAMES CURTIS & CO. - - - - - =Merchants’ Mutual Marine Insurance Company= - =OF SAN FRANCISCO=. - - ORGANIZED April 8, 1863. - CAPITAL, PAID UP $500,000. - - Office—406 California Street, San Francisco. - - =NO FIRE RISKS= - - Disconnected with Marine Insured by this Company. - - =LOSSES PAID PROMPTLY IN U. S. GOLD COIN=. - - BOARD OF DIRECTORS.—C. L. Taylor, F. Roeding, - Isaac E. Davis, J. B. Scotchler, A. M. Simson, - James Irvine, Jabez Howes, A. L. Tubbs, C. Adolphe Low, - W. J. Adams, R. E. Raimond, James P. Flint, H. B. Williams. - - J. B. SCOTCHLER, President, - JABEZ HOWES, Vice-President. - E. W. BOURNE, Secretary, - - =This Company is Engaged Exclusively in Marine Insurance=. - - - - - FIRE AND MARINE. - - ALL LOSSES PAID IN UNITED STATES GOLD COIN. - - =THE CALIFORNIA INSURANCE COMPANY=, - Office, 318 California Street, - - Three doors east from Sansome San Francisco. - - =Capital paid up, $200,000=. - =Assets, $309,000=. - - C. T. HOPKINS, Pres. H. B. TICHENOR, Vice-Pres. - Z. CROWELL, Secretary. - - - - - =BLAKISTON & BERWICK=, - =Sail Makers=, - - No. 6 Clay Street, near East, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - Sails, Tents, Awnings, etc., - Made to order. - - =SAILS REPAIRED, BOUGHT AND SOLD=. - - Materials furnished at the Lowest Market Prices. - Work done with dispatch—neatly, substantially, - and on the most reasonable terms. - - =Orders Respectfully Solicited and Promptly Attended to=. - - - - - =W. S. PHELPS & CO=. - =Ship Smiths=, - - 13 and 15 Drumm street, - (Bet. Sacramento and California) - SAN FRANCISCO. - - ALL KINDS OF - =Ship and Steamboat Blacksmithing= - - Executed at the shortest notice, - And on the most Reasonable Terms. - - - - - =SAN FRANCISCO= - =Screw Bolt Works=, - - PHELPS BROTHERS, Propr’s, - - Manufacturers of all kinds of - =MACHINE BOLTS, BRIDGE BOLTS=, - =SHIP OR BAND BOLTS=, - - Sets of Car Bolts, Set Screws or Tap Bolts, Lag Screws, - Wrought or Cold Punched Nuts, Turn buckles, - Bolt Ends, Etc., Etc. - - =13 and 15 DRUMM STREET=, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - =J. CHADBOURNE’S= - =Steam Ship Bread= - =AND CRACKER BAKERY=, - - Manufactory, Oregon street, between Front and Davis, - Office, 441 JACKSON STREET, - SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. - - ALL ORDERS FOR - =Pilot and Navy Bread and Crackers=, - Of every description promptly attended to. - - =BAKER’S EXTRA & SUPERFINE FLOUR FOR SALE=. - - - - - =THE PACIFIC= - =PUMP MANUFACTURING COMPANY= - - No. 213 California street, San Francisco. - - =THE AMERICAN SUBMERGED= - =Ship Pump=. - - BOSTON, January 17, 1868. - - GENTS—I have with great interest examined your American - Submerged Ship Pump in full operation. I consider it the best - Pump I have ever seen, as to the steady and large volume of water - delivered, its simplicity, and great labor saved, which is the - desideratum on ship board. No clapper getting off. No packing. No - drawing of boxes to clear the clapper, and placed below freezing - point. As to force and head pumps on board ship, it cannot be - equalled. _It is the pump_. My opinion is based upon - _over half a century’s_ experience on shipboard. - - JOHN DEVEREUX, - Surveyor American Lloyds. - - - - - =THE CALIFORNIA= - =Dry Dock Company=, - - San Francisco, California, U. S. - - Notice to Ship Owners, Agents, Consignees, and Masters - - =THE COMPANY’S DRY DOCKS=, - Situate at HUNTER’S POINT, San Francisco, are now completed - and in successful operation, and afford every facility for - the Docking and Repair of all classes of STEAM and - SAILING VESSELS. - - =THE GRAVING DOCK=, - Excavated in the solid rock, and finished in the most - substantial manner, is of the following dimensions: Extreme - length, 450 feet, length on blocks, 416 feet; width at the - top, 120 feet; depth, 30 feet; width at entrance, 90 feet. - At mean high tide will take in a ship drawing 22 feet without - lightening. - - This Dock is fitted with a Caisson Gate, and is supplied with - two powerful Centrifugal Steam Pumps, capable of pumping out - the dock in two hours. - - =THE FLOATING DRY DOCK=, - Will receive vessels of 1500 tons measurement and under. The - Dock is 82 feet in width, and 210 feet in length; is built - of the soundest Oregon Pine, thoroughly braced and bolted, - and is furnished with all the requisites for Docking a Ship - successfully. Vessels taken up at all stages of the tide. - - The Company feel warranted in stating that Repairs on Vessels - can be made as advantageously in San Francisco in respect to - cost of materials and labor as in any other part of the world. - - For particulars, address - =JAMES POLLOCK, Supt.,= - San Francisco, California, U. S. - - - - - =JUDD & WHELAN=, - - =SHIPWRIGHTS, CAULKERS=, - —AND— - =Spar Makers=. - - REFER TO - Shedd & Farran; Major James T. Hoyt. Quartermaster’s - Department; Lester & Co., Shipping Office; Simmons, - Rowe & Co. - - =Yard—on Vallejo Street=, - - Between Front and Davis, SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - C. MOSS. D. BEADLE. - - =MOSS & BEADLE=, - =COMMISSION MERCHANTS=, - - =326 DAVIS STREET=, - Corner of Washington, SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - =JACKSON’S= - =PACIFIC HOTEL=, - - Pacific st., bet. Front and Davis, - =SAN FRANCISCO=. - - - - - =TO THE PUBLIC=. - No Cure. No Pay. - - Medical and Surgical Institute, Established in 1850, by - - =DR. J. C. YOUNG=, - (Formerly Professor of the University, Penn.) - - No. 618 Sacramento st., bet. Montgomery and Kearny, - =SAN FRANCISCO, CAL=. - - _Consultation by letter or otherwise, free._ The Doctor can - be consulted privately, and with the utmost confidence, by - the afflicted, at all hours, daily, from 9 A.M. until 8 P.M. - - _Cures always guaranteed, or no pay required._ - - =Seminal Weakness=. - I am aware that by dwelling upon so uninviting a subject as the decay - of manly vigor through the loss of the vital principle of life, the - ignorant may asperse my motive; but the desire to point out to those - who suffer, languish and decay, the true cause of their afflictions - is too great an incentive to be forced into abeyance. How extended - the terrible disease of Seminal Weakness is, no one but the practical - specialist, who devotes his time to its treatment can tell; but its - presence can be detected by the most inexperienced by noting the - following symptoms: _Weakness of the back and limbs; languishing - feelings; loss of muscular power; nervousness; irritability; cold - feet and hands, accompanied by hot head; symptoms of consumption; - short breath; flushings of the face; aversion in society; confusion - of the mind; loss of memory; nightly emissions; colorless, slight - discharges upon the least excitement; palpitation of the heart; - irregular appetite; variable temper, etc., etc_. - - =To the Afflicted= - there is hope and certainty of relief and cure. Thousands are - annually cured, without hindrance from business or change of diet. - The directions are readily followed. Even a man’s most intimate - companion cannot suspect of his being treated. - - _Persons afflicted living in the interior, can, by stating fully in - a letter their symptoms, receive advice and remedies at home._ - - =Important to Persons Afflicted with Venereal=. - - There are no maladies, either in a medical or moral point - of view, worse than those arising from the contamination of - VENEREAL POISON. None are more terrible in their effects, - or more disastrous in their results. MERCURY will not - cure VENEREAL, BUT DRIES ON THE SURFACE, TO ALLOW IT TO - POISON AND DESTROY THE BLOOD, TO RE-APPEAR IN HIDEOUS - MARKS UPON THE BODY, and in the throat, mouth and nose. - - Having treated a great number of nautical men, the Doctor - fully understands their peculiar requirements, and the medicines - prescribed do not interfere with their occupation. - - All letters should be addressed, Dr. BENJ. F. JOSSELYN, - M. D. 618 Sacramento street, between Montgomery and - Kearny, San Francisco. 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